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AtX-k-a-bw, Cy XXz-Nn--bpsS Ncn-{X-s-p-dn
kXy-k--amb ]T\w i-cm-Nm-cy-sc-tmse ap thZm-nI-sfbpw AwKo-I-cn-m \n_-n-p--Xm-Wv.
i-cm-Nm-cyv app-m-bn-cp thZm k]--fn
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im-]pcw Bm-\-am-bp dnkv hnwKn Akn-mbn tPmen.
`mcy sI.-Fw. sskZ (ko-\n-b Akn- v, sImn bq\n-th-gvkn-n)-. aI
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Xs "ico-chpw Bm-hpw', "hnm-\hpw ho-Whpw' Fo IrXnIfpw H-bn-cn-n Bhm-ln A\p-`qXn Ctmgpw a\-n ambmsX
\np-p. Av Cwo-jnep XXz-Nnm mkn-p-I hmbnp
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Imcy- a\-n-em-bn. Iptd Imcy- hg-msX \np. Fnpw
B Bth-i-n\v ]nm-ev Ipd-hp-mtbm FXv kwi-b-am-Wv.
GXm\pw hj-papmWv Fkv.-F. Zmkv Kp]vX-bpsS A
History of Indian Philosophy bpsS hmfy- I-Xv. CXm-sI Ap `mK-fp-v. AXn am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXZi-\s
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ta]cm-ais Imcy-am-sb-Sp-m t{]cn-n--Xv.
Cy XXz-Nn D-m-\o-bX t\Sp-Xv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
AssZz-X-tm-sS-bm-sWmWv AXp-h-scbpw Icp-Xn-b-Xv. Cu hnj-bI-amb Hsm {K-fpw Cu [mc-W-bpsS ASn-m-\-n Fgp-Xs--h-bm-Wv. CXmWv icn-sb-n Pb-XoY-bp-sSbpw hymk-XoY-bpsSbpw ssZzXm-\p-Iqe hmZ--tfmSv a\o-jn-bmb ZmkvKp-]vXbvv aXnp-m-Im km[y-X-bn-tm? {]tXy-Inpw, Atlw CXn-te-sX-nepw
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thpw-hw {Kln-n-n-m--Xp-amb asmcp kao-]\wIqSn thZm-tem-I-p-spw a\-n-em-bn.
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- p-ambn kwkm-cn-p. ""i-cm-Nm-cy PKXv amb-bm-sWp
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m\w t\Snbm PK-ns anYym-h \apv
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Cmcyw Atlw Fp-sImv \ntj-[np? PKv amb-b-spw

apJ-pdn
10
bmYmYy-am-sWpw am[zm-Nm-cy A`n-{]m-b-s--sX-p-sImv?''
CXn-\p A[ym-]I kplr-ns hni-Zo-I-cWw: ""Rm IqSp-X
hne In-p-Xv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Bi-b-m-Wv. am[zm-Nmcy A{X-bvv t]mcm FmWv tXmn-bn-p--Xv.''
""am[zm-Nm-cy-sc-m icm-Nm-cyv Xm Fp-sIm-v hneIn-pp'' Fv At-l-tmSv Xnc-n. AXn-\p {]Xn-I-c-Ww
C-s\-bm-bn-cpp: ""CXp shdpw bpn-bpsS am{Xw {]iv\-ambn ImWcp-Xv. lpssk\v a\-n-em-Im A\p-`-h--fpsS Xe-apv. Fs PohnX-n A]-sams AXp-Iq-Sn-bp-m-bn-p-v.'' kwkmcw ChnsS
kvXw`np Fp ]d-bmw. CXp-t-inp Xs-bm-hWw Atlw A\p`hns Imcyw FSp-n--Xv. Hcp hnj-b-s-n cm-fp-I kwkm-cnp-tm cpt]pw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dm-hp Xe-n \n-psIm-m-hWw kwhmZw. Fnte Bi-b-hn-\n-abw km[y-am-Iq. bpn]-c-amb Imcy- hni-Zo-I-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-s, bpn-bpsS Xe-ne, A\p-`-h-ns _e-n-emWv Rm Cs\ hmZn-p--sX
\ne-]m-Sn-tev Hcm amdn-bm ]ns kwhmZw AkvX-an-p-p. Hcm
bpn-bpsS Xe-nepw A]c A\p-`-h-ns taJe-bnepw \nm
Hpw ssIam-dm-\m-hn-. C-s\-bp hgn-ap--ep-I-fp-m-Ipw. ChnsS
{]iv\-a-X-. Ign-bm-hp-n-S-tmfw bpn-sIm-p-Xs Hcm kwkmcn-p-p. bpn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-p-Xs AXv XpS-cp-p. bpn-]-c-ambn
hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hmsX hcp-tm-gmWv CSbvv A\p-`-hs hen-n-gbvp--Xv. Cu kao-]-\-n ]n-tI-Sp-v. bpn-]-c-ambn Cmcyw
F\np t_m[y-am-bn-n Fp Xpdp k-Xn-p-X
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"Rm ChnSw hscbpw bpnsb B{i-bn-p. C\n-ta bpn Fs
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F\npw hnNn-{X-ambn tXmn. Fm, ]T\w XpS-tXmsS Ch
BNm-cys\ AWp-hn-SmsX A\p-[m-h\w sNp-I-bm-sWpw a\-nembn. Imc-Ww, i-cm-Nm-cyXsbpw CtX \ne-]m-SmWv ssIsmn-cp--Xv. Fn A\p-bm-bn-I-fn\npw adnv {]Xo-n-m-tam?

ambbpw {_hpw Xn-ep _w bpn-]-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cnm-\m-hn-s ImgvN-m-SmWv i-cm-Nm-cypw, tijwh AssZzX

Zmi-\n-Ip-ap-m-bn-cp--Xv. PKv anYy-bm-sWpw {_w am{Xta
bmYmYy-am-bn-p-q-shpw kaYn-m bpnsb Iqp-]n-Sn-p-Ibpw
Ah Xn-ep _w bpn-k-l-ambn hnh-cn-m-\m-hmsX h-tm
AXns\ ssIsbm-gn-pIbpw sNbvX coXn Zi-\-n\p tNcn-s-nepw
IuXp-I-n\p sImm-a-tm!
]T-\-n-\n-S-bn a\-n-ep-Snb asmcp Imcy-an-XmWv: AssZz-Xs-p-dn-s-gp-Xnb _lp-`q-cn-]--n\pw AssZzXw am{Xta Adnbq.
"Ip-m-bm t]mcm ImWWw' F ]g-samgn ss{]adn hnZymYnI a\-n-em-p-X
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hnhn[ Nnm-K-Xn-Isf Xmc-Xayw sNbvX-Xn\pw ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cpn-b-Xn\pw tijw Zmi-\n-I- `{Z-X-bp Hcp hyh--sb \ne-bn
AssZzXw kzoI-cn-s
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thZm Zi-\-ns auenI t{kmX-p-I-fn Hm-W-tm. i-cmNm-cy-cpsS {_-kq{X hymJym\w Gsd {]kn--hp-am-Wv. {_-kq-{Xn AS-n-bn-p-Xv AssZz-Xa
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{i tI{o-I-cn-p-sIm-p-Xs Cu hiw ]Tn--W-sav F\nv
tXmn-bXv AXp-sIm-m-Wv.
AssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cp-sSb-{X-Xs {]K`-cm-b-h ssZzX-hm-ZnIn-S-bnepw Dm-bn-cpp F hkvXpX ta kqNn-n-p-h-tm.
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- b
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{_-kq-{X-ns i-c-`m-jy-n\v {]mapJyw e`n-m-\p ImcWw
aqe-{K--tmSv Ghpw \oXn-]p-ep hymJym\w AXm-b-Xp-sIm-spw ap Nne kml-N-cy--fmWv AXn\p \nan--am-b-sXpw
a\-n-em-bn.
cmw A[ym-b-n, {_-kq-{X-n-e-S-n-bn-p-Xv ssZzXtam
AssZz-Xtam F N-bm-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-I-ns ioj-Ihpw
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`mKv kaYn-p-p. bpn-]-c-ambn t\mn-bmepw i-cm-ssZz-Xn knKv[X-I-fp-sv Cu A[ym-b-n hy-am-n-bn-p-v.
Cu ]T\w XpS-cp--Xn-\n-S-bn ImWm-\n-S-bmb sNdpXpw hep-Xpamb IrXn-I-fn {_-kq-{X-s-p-dnv hn-p A`n-{]m-b--sfmw

Fs \nK-a-\s IqSp-X _e-s-Sp-p--Xm-bn-cp-p. auen-I-X-bpXpw B[n-Im-cn-I-hp-amb ]T-\--fn\npw Xkw_--ambn Bhiy-am-bh Cu IrXn-bn tNn-p-v. ae-bmf {K-Im-nS-bn Adn-b-s-Sp Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X\y bXn Fgp-Xn-bXv ChnsS
sImSpmw:
"]e Xc-nepw ImSp-I-b-dn-tmb thZm imJ-I apn-en-cn-p-Xp-sImv _mZ-cm-b-Ws thZm--kq-{X- ]n-X-mpt]mepw Ctm Nnm-p-g--ap-m-p-p. Bb-Xn-\m i-c--cm-am\pP {]`r-Xn-Isf amn-sh-nv _mZ-cm-bW kq{X-n-tev Xncn-sItmbn kq{X-Im-c {]am-W-ambn kzoI-cn-n-p D]-\n-j-p--fpsS
shfn--n thZm-s ]p\x-{]-h-N\w sNbvXm am{Xta {_w,
Bm-hv, Poh, PK-v, {]IrXn Fn-h-bvv B\zo-nIo imkv{X
(Epistemology)nepw {]amW imkv{X (Methodology)nepw {]tbm-P-\imkv{X (Axiology)nepw kp\n-n-X-amb hnh--Isf kmh-{Xn-Iamb AwKo-Imcw e`n----hw m]n-m Ign-bp-I-bp-q. ]mc-cy-tm-Sp Af-h `n-sImpw ]qhm-Nm-cy-msc hnainpXv Kpcp-Xz-tZmjw hcp-ptam F `bw-sImpw, Ah \psS
apn shn-p {]tl-fnI ImWp-Ibpw AXp-sImv Akz--cmIp-Ibpw sNp ]n-X-m Ctmgpw Ad-p- \np--tX-bp-q.
Fm, [oc-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-Spv thZm kq{X-v iphpw
Ak-n-Kv[-hp-amb Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw \mw sImSp-t-n-bn-cn-p-p.'
(`m-c-Xob a\x-im-kv{Xw, t]Pv. 112, Id v _pIvkv, 1992)
CXn-\p-th Zmi-\nI [ocX ]n-Xh
- t- c-Wy-cn\npw C\nbpw
Dm-bn-n-s-m-Wtm CXns [z\n. {_-kq-{X-ns aqew ]cntim-[nv hnhn[ `mjy-f
- n GXmWp IqSp-X A\p-tbm-Py-am-bs
- Xv
Is-m-\p {ia- Imcy-amb tXmXn \S-n-n-. Brahmasutras
and their Principal Commentaries F tUm. _n.-F.-sI. ia-bpsS aqp
hmey- {it-b-am-Wv. _mZ-cm-b-Ws aqe-Ir-Xn-bn Fm-Wp-sXv At\z-jn--W-sa-n Hm-a-Xm-bn, AXn-ep-Xv i-cm-ssZz-Xam-sW ]c--cm-KX [mc-Wsb ASn apJ-hn-ebv-s-Sp-msX Hcp
h-a-nepw ]p\hn-Nn-\w \S--Ww. tijw Fp\nK-a-\-n-sem\pw At\z-j-I\v kzmX-{y-ap-v. CXp-h-scbpw tIp-h--Xn-\-pd-tv Rm\n F imTyw Iq]aq-I-ns Zmi-\nI \ne-]mSm-sW Imcyw Hma-bn-ep-m-I-Ww.
_rl-Zm-c-WyI D]-\n-j-n\v \nXy-ssN-X\y bXn Fgp-Xnb
hymJym-\-ns Bap-J-nepw ta kqNn-n--Xn\v kam-\-amb ]cmaiw Ip (The Brahadaranyaka Upanishad, D.K. Print World, New Delhi, 1994).

apJ-pdn
14
"_mZ-cm-b-Ws X\na hy-ambpw a\-n-em-nb GI-Zmi-\n-I
Hcp ]t i-c-\mWv' Fv bXn Fgp-Xp-p. XpSv i-c- Zi-\s-p-dn-p {io Ac-hn tLmjns hmNIw bXn D-cn-p-p.
AXn--s\-bmWv: "D]-\n-j-p-I-fn-tev shfnw hoip--Xp-sIm-
kzw Zi- \ - n- t ev hgpXn amdp- - X p- s Im- m- W v , C- s \sbmsbmsW-nepw i-c-`mjyw ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-p--Xv.' (neverthless,
it remains true that Sankara's commentaries is interesting not so much for the light it
sheds on the Upanishads as for its digression into his own Philosophy'). FmWv

CXn-\Yw? D]-\n-jZv Zi-\--sfm i-cm-NmcycpsS kzw Zi\--fmWv AssZz-X-ns D-Sw Fp -X-s.

sXmb [mc-W-Isf Xncpn m]n-pI Ffp--a-. icn-bmb
ImgvN-mSv cq]o-I-cn--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw AXv km[n--W-sa-n-. Htsd
kmaq-lnI m]-\--fpsS Iqmb bXv\w AXn\v thn-hcpw. Cmev Cy Zi-\--sf-n Fgp-Xp--h-cn {]ap-J\mb tUm. Zbm
IrjvW-bpsS hmp-I {it-b-amWv: "sshm-\nI taJ-e-I-fn-ep
]Sn-m-dns Dpw-K-X-bn \np-sImv Bob hyn-Xz-n-\mbp AXns tXhpw ]Sn-m-d Ctm-f-Pn- ]T-\-fpw HptN-tm Cy-bpsS Zmi-\nI ]mc--cy-s-n Hcp {]tXyI
Nn{Xw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. Cy-bnepw hntZ-i-p-ap A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw
hnZymYn-If
- p-sSbpw ]e Xe-ap-dI
- f
- n AXpXs am-an-msX sImnshbv-s-p. AkwJyw ]mT-]p-kvX-I- Cu Imgv-N-m-Sns\ tNmZyw
sNtem ]pXn-b-sXmv Bhn-jvI-cn--tem Akm-[y-am-Ip-amdv, AXpXs Dun-bp-d
- n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.' (Indian Philosophy, Oxford, Delhi, 1996,
P.VII).
tUm. Zbm-IrjvW kqNn-n {]iv\w ISp--Xm-sW--Xn kwib-an-. Fm, ]mm-Xy-cmb Ctm-f-Pn-p-Iv am{X-a- CXn
]p-Xv; kztZ-in-I-fmb ]n-X-mpw D-c-hm-ZnXz-n\npw
ssII-gp-Im-\m-hn-. Zbm-Ir-jvW-bpsS ]pkvX-I-nse {]ta-b-
am{Xw IW-n-se-Sp-p-tm `mcw ]mm-Xy Ctm-f-Pn-p-Ip
am{X-am-bn-cn-mw. Fm, Cy XXz-Nn-sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p
Zmi-\nI kcWn AssZz-X-am-sW sXmb [mcW ]mm-Xyv
]Ip sImSp- Xv Cy- m- c mb ]n- X - m- c m- s W- - X mWv
hkvXpX. Cu {K-Im-cs Hc-\p-`hw Ipdn--s:
ssZzX--A-ssZzX hnhmZw ]Tn-p--Xn-\nsS hfsc apt hmbn
tUm. {^ntPm^v Im{]-bpsS "Xmthm Hm^v ^nknIvkv'(Tao of Physics)
hopw adn-p-t\mn. PKXv amb-bm-sWXv Cy XXz-Nn--bnse
Ghpw apJy-amb ho-W-am-sWp Im{] [cn-n-p--Xmbn a\-n-

em-bn. Cu hnj-b-I-ambn GXm\pw kwi-b- D-bn-p-sImv tUm.

{^ntPm^v Im{]bvv Rm Is-gp-Xn. Ch-bvsmpw bmsXmcp hniZo-I-c-Whpw XcmsX adp-]Sn Atlw cp hcn-bn HXp-n: "Ccp-]Xn-tesd hj-p apmWv Rm Xmthm Hm^v ^nknIvkv FgpXn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw Rm Cy XXz-Nn--sb-p-dnv ]Tn-n-n-.
AXn-\m, Cu tNmZy-n\v Dcw \Im Rm tbmKy-\m-sWp
tXmp-n-.' Cy-bnse Zmi-\n-I-m-cn hen-sbmcp hn`mKw PKns\ \ntj-[n--h-c-spw PK-mbm knm-s FXn-h-cmsWpw Fs In DZm-lc-W-k-lnXw hy-am-n-bn-cp-p. tUm.
Im{] "Xmthm Hm^v ^nkn-Ivkv' Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\p tij-ap-mb hfb CXv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs Ign Ccp-]Xp hj-n-\n-S-bn
Cy XXz-Nn ]Tn-p-Ib
- p-m-bn FXv Hcp Hgn-Ig- n-hmbn t]mepw
ImWm-\m-hn-. Cy Zi-\-s-n a\-n-em-m {ian--tm
AssZzX ho-W-m-cp-tSXv am{X-amb ImgvN-m-Sp-I-fn Im{] ]T\w
]cn-an-X-amn F-XmWv {]iv\w. AXn\p ]pdv AXn\np `nam-b, hncpw t]mep-amb Nn-I hnImkw {]m]n-n-cpp Fv Ism Im{]bvp km[n-n-. Hcp \nebvv CXn Akzm-`m-hn-I-Xbn. Cy-mcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-amb ]nX ]pwK-h-m CtX sXmb
[mc-W-bmWv Bhn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xv. ip-K-Xn-tbmsS AXns\
Ah-ew-_n--XmWv {^ntPm^v Im{]bvp ]nW ]niIv. Cy
XXz-Nn--bnse Hcp hi-s-p-dnpw kvs]jy-ssekvUv Bb ]T\w
Im{] Dt-in-n-cn-n-. Izmw _e-X-{-n-sebpw ]uckvXy Zi\--fn-sebpw D]-cn-h kmZr-iy--fmWv At-ls BIjn--Xv.
Chsb at\m-l-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-m Ignp FXpw t]mv
tamtU kml-N-cy-n kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXn\p e`n-m-hp
hhn-]Wn kzmb--amsbXpw Im{]-bpsS ho-W-v klmb-Ia
- m-bn. Fs Cu hne-bn-cp-e
- ns\ km`n-Ia
- mb Hmbn Im
aXn. Cy Zi-\-sf ]m-nv ^nkn-Ivkp-ambn tUm. Im{] XmcX-ay-s-Sp-n-bXv hni-Z-ambn asmcp ki-`-n ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
AssZz-X-n P\nv AssZz-X-n Pohnv AXnXs kam[n-bm-Ip--h-cmWv Cy-bnse A[nI ]n-X-m-cpw. A[nI t]cpw
CXc homKXn-m AssZz-X-s-p-dnv Fp ]dp F-Xn
A-Xb
- p-h
- c
- m-Wv. AssZz-X
- ns ASn-m\ k-]
- sf \ninXhpw kaY-hp-ambn Jn-n-p IrXn-I Ipd-h F-XmWv
hkvXp-X. am[z-k-c-Wn-bnse hymk-cm-b (14781539) F Xmn-I
i- c m- s sZz- X s bpn- b pw \ncq- ] Ww sNbv X IrXn- b mWv
"XmXv]cy N{nIm'. cLp-\mY XoY(1695-1742) cNn "tij--Xm-Xv]cy

apJ-pdn
16
N{nIm' bnepw kZr- i - a mb {]Xn- ] m- Z - \ - ImWmw. ]- \ m`
XoY(1318-74) bpsS "KoXm-`mjy `mh-Zo-]nI', \c-lcn XoY(1324-83)
bpsS "`mh-{]-Im-inI' hymk-XoY(1478-1539)-bpsS "\ymbm-arX' XpSn
F{Xtbm IrXn-I Cu Zni-bn Fgp-X-s--h-bm-Wv. Ccw taJ-eI-fn-tev hmb-\-m-cpsS {i Xncn-m Cu {K-Im-cs ey-fn-semv k^-e-am-bn!
temI kZvKp-cphpw hniz-Zmi-\n-I-\p-amb {io i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
ho-W-sf hne-bn-cp-m F\n-p tbmKyX tNmZywsN-st-mw. CXn-\p kam-[m-\-an-Xm-Wv: Fs Ffnb _pn-bn \npZn-tXm Npcp-nb Imes a\-\-ns ^etam A Cu IrXnbnse D-S-w. {]i-kvXcpw tbmKy-cp-amb \nc-h[n kwkvIrX ]nX-m-cp-sSbpw {_-kq-{Xs {]tXyIw ]Tn--h-cpsSbpw Is-ep-I bpn-`-{Z-ambn tImn-W-p-I-bmWv Rm sNbvXn-p--Xv.
Fs Fm {]kvXm-h-fpw B[n-Im-cnI ]T-\-sf B[m-c-am-n-bnp--Xm-Wv. Ah-bpsS t{kmXv IrXy-amb ASn-p-dn-p-I-fn hyam-n-bn-p-v. AXn-\m, Cu IrXn-bnse hmZ-sf Xnc-kvI-cn-p-hm
B{K-ln-p--h Imcy-Im-cW klnXamIWw AXp sNt--sXv
DW-s.
im-c-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-Zhpw AssZz-Xhpw bpn-lo\w am{X-a,
thZ-{]-am-W-p \nc-m--Xp-am-sWv kaYn-Xv thZm-n-I-fn
{]ap-J-\mb am[zm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv. kwkvIrX ]n-X\pw thZm -_p-nbp-amb am[zm-Nm-cy Fp-sIm-n-s\ Xop ]d-p-shp ]cntim-[n-m-\p k-\v AssZz-Xm-\p-Iq-en-Ip-m-IWw F anXamb \ntZ-i-amWv F\n-p--Xv.
hmgvs
- -Sm Fs-tm-ep Fgp-p-Im-cpsS cN-\I
- sf AwKoI-cn-m nc-{]-XnjvTcmb ]n-X-mp aSn-bp-m-tb-pw.
CXn\p ]nnse Imc-W- kwth-Z-\--a-X-bp--hsc kw_-n-nS-tmfw Kth-jWw Bh-iy-am-b{X koWa-. Ah Gsd-psd
kpXm-cy-am-Wv. Hpam{Xw Nqn-m-mw: i-cm-ssZzXw FSp-m
s]mm{X Kw`o- c - a m- s Wp ]ecpw hnNm- c n- p- p- v . CXp
ssIImcyw sNm am{Xw F\np tbmKy-X-bptm FmIpw ChcpsS kwi-bw. Hcphn[w a\p-jysmpw a\-n-em-Im{X Kl-\amWv Cu k]--sfpw AXn-am-\pj _pnt AtX-p-dnv
Fs-nepw ]d-bm-s\mq Fpw Nne A`n-{]m-b-s-t-pw. Ch
BmY-am-bmWv As\ hniz-kn-p--Xv. CXn\p {][m\ ImcWw
i-cm-ssZzXw AXn-_p-nIt a\-n-emIq F-X; adn-v, Cs\
]d-bp--h-cpsS hnNm-c-tijn hfsc Xmsg-bmWv F-Xm-Wv. Hcp ]t,

icm-i-cn-sb-m Xmsg.
hfsc sNdn-sbmcp ]cn-[n-I
- p \np GXm\pw hnj-b
- tf
CXn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-q. CXpt]mepw ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn-em-sWv
k-Xn--s. i-cm-ssZz-X-ns D-S--tbpw ]cn-k-c-tbpw
HmsI ]cn-tim-[n-p-X
- n\v Zmi-\nI cwKw hnv kmaq-lnI imkv{Xw,
[aw, kZm-Nmc k]w XpS-n ap taJ-e-I-fn-tep IqSn \oWw. {_-kq-{X-ns cN-\, Ime-K-W-\, IXr-Xzw, hymJym-\-,
D]-\n-jpw ambm-hm-Zhpw XpSn IqSp-X ioj-I- Cu IrXnbpsS ]cn-jvIcn-p ]Xn-n Ds-Sp--W-sa-mWv B{K-lw.
CXns cN-\sb klm-bn--h-sc-n: kmc-k--hpw {]uV-hpamb Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn- tUm. hn.-B. apc-fo-[-c\v (M.Phil, Ph.D
in Sanskrit) Af-h \n Ipdn-p-p. kwkvIr-X -`m-j-bnepw {K-fnepw Akm-am\y ]mS-h-ap Cu bph{]Xn-`bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI A\p{K-lam-bn-s Rm ImWp-p. kplr-p--fmb s{]m^. Sn.-_n.
hnP-b-Ip-am(-Xr-iq), sI.-sI. Peo(-sIm-n), tUm. {^mknkv Akokn(-sIm-n) Fn-h-scbpw kvacn-p-p.

Ago-tmSv
'98, amv 28

lpssk

Ah-Xm-cnI
18

Ah-Xm-cnI
"Hns\-s _pn-am-m ]e-Xmbn ]d-bpp' F-Yw
hcp Hcp sshZnI kq-ap-v. Cu kq-ns Bym-nI
hymJym-\- kpe-`-am-Wv. ]t, ]e-tmgpw Fp-sImv _pnam-m ]e-Xmbn ]d-bpp F tNmZyw Bcpw D-bn-m-dn-.
Bob Zphym-Jym-\--sf-m B tNmZy-n\p {]kn IqSpsa-nepw _pn-am-m-cpsS ]nmse KXm-\p-K-Xn-I-\ym-tb\ \S-p-Xn kpJw Is-p--h-cmWv an-h-cpw. {]mtbW D]-\n-jZv
hmIy--fpsS ka-\z-b-kz-cq-]-amb {_-kq-{X-sf X\n-sm-hw hf-sm-Snp Ah-X-cn-n {io i-cs _pn-Iu-i-e-n\p
apn ]ecpw auVy-tmsS \np-t]m-bn. B[p-\nI Ime-p
]e Zmi-\nI{]Xn-`-I t]mepw i-c-Zi-\-ns {]`m-h-e-bn hymap- K v [ - a - X n- I - f mbn Xo Ncn- { X- a mWp- X v . AXn\mXs {_-kq-{X-ns ssZzX-]-c-X-sb-p-dnpw ambm-hm-Zns Am-No-\-X-sb-p-dnpw {io. F.-Fw. lpssk kwib-ap-bp-tm bmYm-n-XnI _pn-Po-hn-I Dd-p-Xp-n-tbmw. ]c--cm-KX hnm-\s tNmZyw-sN-p-Xpw kwi-bn-pXpw ]m]-am-sW-mWv Bj k]w.
i-cs AssZzX Zi\s tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn {][m-\n-I
thZm-n-I Xs-bm-Wv. cmam-\p-P\pw am[z\pw \nw_m\pw `mkvIc\pw apw AssZz-Xs \ncm-I-cn-m {][m\ambpw cp Imc-W-fm-Wp-X
- v. Hm-aX
- mbn AssZzX Zi\w {_-kq-{X-f
- psS Axk-sb ]e-tmgpw Dsm-p-n-. cm-aX
- mbn i-c- Zi\-ns
Dd-hnSw ]e-tmgpw kmwJy--_u---am-y-anI Zi-\--fm-Wv. ta]d kmwJy--_u-nI ]-Xn-Isf Ghpw FXn B IqSn-bmWv
i-c-s\-nepw i-cs\ {] _u-s\pw apw hnti-jn-n-Xv
]nme thZm-n-I Xs-bm-bn-cpp. i-cs\ `mc-Xnse Ghpw

alm-\mb Zmi-\n-I-\m-n-bXv hmkvX-h-n aowamw-k-I\pw _pncm--k-\p-amb Ipam-cn-`--\m-bn-cp-p. _u-Zi\ kmc-{Kmln-bmb

i-cs\ _u-hn-tcm-[n-bm-n-bXv am-cp-am-bn-cp-n-.
i-c-Zi-\-nse {][m\ XXz--fpsS t]mcm-bva-Ifpw ]ng-hpIfpw tkmZm-l-cWw lpssk FSpp ImWn-n-p-v. AXn-\m,
ap Nne {]iv\--sf-p-dnp Nnn-p-t\m-mw. i-cs ambm-hmZhpw PKXv-anYym hmZhpw hmkvX-h-n a\p-jys\ AIa-Wy-Xbn-tepw sshcm-Ky-n-tepw apw \bn--tXmsS `uXnI hnImk- - f n Ahs {i Ipd- p. _p Ime- L - - n DZbw
sIm BbpthZw apX-emb Pt\m-]-Im-c-{]-Z-amb `uXn-I-im-kv{X t]mepw hf apc-Sn-p-\n-p. tIhe sskm-nI NIaqew {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\- ad-m-\n-S-bm-bn. am\h ]ptcm-KXn-sb-p-dnv Nnn-t--Xn\p ]Icw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS anYym-Xzn \mw Dgdn \np. Npcpw ]d-m Pohn-Xm-`n-c-Xnbpw Xqe-ap {]h-\-hp-amWv \s \ne-\np LS-Iw. AXns\
\nc-kn-p-hm\pw Ae-k-amb Bo-b-hm-Z-n apgpIn t\cw Ifbp-hm-\p-amWv AssZzX Zi\w If-sam-cp-n-bXv.
ap- ]e hi--fn-eq-sSbpw \mw i-c-Zi-\s hne-bn-cp-phm {ian- t - - X p- v . kmaq- l y- ] - c - X - b n\nv AI- p- \ nv
tIhew Zmi-\nIamb hne-bn-cp--emWv ]e-tmgpw \S-p-h-cp-Xv.
Acw thXn-cnhv ]T-\--fpsS {]k-n-bn-mbva C\nbpw ]ecpw
{in-n-n-. Hcp Zmi-\nI ]-Xn-bpsS DZb hnIm-km-]-N-b--fpsS
Imc-W- At\z-jnp Is--W-sa-n \mw CXp-h-scbpw Adnn-sp \Sn Nne kXy- a\-n-em-tn hcpw. kmwJy
Zi- \ - n Ghpw {][m\w aqe- { ]- I r- X n- b m- W v . aqe- { ]- I rXn
kvss{XW in-bpsS {]`m-h-amWv. B in-bmWv Pohn-X-bm-{Xsb
\bn-p--Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS klm-b-an-msX ]pcp-j\p \ne-\n]p
t]mep-an-. Cs\ t\mp-tm kK-]-c-X- (Creativity) Xs-bmWv
{]Ir-Xn-sbp ImWmw. kmwJy-nse ]wKz--\ym-b-n hnIe-\mb ]pcp-j\pw Ahs\ \bn-p A-\mb {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xo
]p-cpj kl-hn-Xz-n-sbpw AXnXs kv{XobpsS {]mapJy-tbpw hy-am-p-p-v.
Cu Zi-\-s hn]-co-X-am-p--Xn-eqsS kv{Xohn-cp--amb \ne]m-SmWv ambm-hm-Z-n i-c-\m-hn-jvI-cn-p--Xv. kmwJy-n A{][m-\hpw hnI-e-\p-amb ]pcp-js\ i-c ]qW\pw kXy-hp-ambn AhX-cn-n-p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-sb kvss{XW ksb amb-

Ah-Xm-cnI
20
sbpw anYy-sbpw CIgvn ]d-bp-I-bp-amWv sNbX-Xv. kaq-ln kv{Xop-m-bn-cp {]m[m-\ys Cm-Xmn Hcp ]pcp-jta-[m-hnXz kaq-l-kr-jvSn-m-bn-qSn i-c-Zi\w CS-h-cp-n-sb
Imcyw \mw hnkva-cn-p-Iq-Sm. kv{Xo-Xzs amb-sbpw tamln-np--sXpw ]d i-c\pw kmwJyXXz-ns hne Adn-bmam-bn-cp-p. AXn-\mXs inv {]m[m\yw \Ip Nne Io-\-fpw At-l-n-s-Xmbn \ne-hn-ep-v. F{X \ntj-[n-mepw
\jvS-s-Sm HmWv krjvSypp-J-X-bpsS kv{XoXz {]Ir-Xn-sbp
]d-bmw.
kaq-l-nse Nqj-W--sfbpw sXp-I-sfbpw h-\-I-sfbpw
s]mcpXn tXm]n-m Hcp-s-Sp-tm CsXmw anYy-bm-sWtm
tbmK-am-sWtm ]dp ]nn-cn-n-p--Xns ]nnep a\ximkv{Xw hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. Nqj-I\v Nqjn-X-s\-Xnsc {]tbm-Kn-mhp Ghpw \ Xpcp-p-io-mWv anYym-hm-Zw AYhm ambm-hmZw. AXneqsS Nqj-I Xs hmIvkm-aYyw ImWn-pI am{X-a-, Nqjn-Xs\
hm-Xpw Xncn--dn-bm ]mSn-m--Xp-amb {]Xn-k-n-bn sNsn-p-I-bpamWv sNp--Xv. Adn-hp-]-tbm-Knv \S-p Nqj-W-sav
am{Xta CXn\p ]d-bm-hq. kl-Po-hn-kvt\-l-n\p t]cp-tI _p-aX-ns\ \J-in-Jmw FXnXn\p ]nnse a\x-im-kv{Xhpw asmp-a-. an Zmi-\n-Ipw ]nb t]mse i-c\pw kza-X -m-]\
hy{K-X-bn Nne ]ng-hp-I ]n-bXpw lpssk FSp-p-Im-Wn-pp-v.
PK-smw amb-bm-sWp ]d-bp i-cs Fm knm-
- fpw
{]mXn-`m-knI Zim-K-X--fm-I-bmXs amb am{X-am-sWp ]dbm-hp-t- X-bp-q. hmIvIk-n\p acpp asm-pa-t- m. aI hnizhn-Zym-e-b-n ]Tnv ]n-X-\mbn aS-n-h-cp Znhkw Irjo-h-ecmb A-\--am Ah\p \Im-\mbn cp amgw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-t{X.
aqp t]cpw `-Wn-\n-cp-t- m A cp am-gt- a-bpq Fp
Nqn-m-Wn--tm CXp-X-s-bmWv Fs ]mn-Xy-{]-Zi-\-n\p
Ah-k-c-sap Icp-Xnb ]p{X amXm-]n-Xm--msc X ]mS-h-m
aqp am-bp-sp t_m[y-s-Sp-m Xp\n-p. Abm Hcp
amsb sXmv Fn "Hv', cm-as amsb sXmv Fn "cv',
Fnp ]dp: "Atm Hpw cpw IqSn-bm "aqv.' BsI aqp
am.' aIs ]mn-Xy-n hnkvabw tXmnb ]mhw Irjo-he\mb ]nXmhv Hcp am- `mcybvp sImSp-p. asmp kzb-sa-Spp.
_pn-am-\mb aI-t\mSp ]dp: "aI-t\, \o aqm-as amgw FSpp-sIm-q' Fv. Ccw {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb _pn-]c-X sImv

sIm-\w- Im-Wn-p i-c-t\mSpw \app ]d-bmw, ""R Cu

anYy-bmb PK-n D-h-sb-Sp-p-sImp Xr]vXn-s-Smw. Xm Cu
anYy-bn-sempw hniz-kn-p-Itb th'' Fv. ASn-d sImsX
BIm-i-tm--I cNn-p-hm Bpw Ign-bpw. AXns\ ap--hv
t_m[y-s-Sp-p-hm ]n-s Imcyw Ah Nnn-p-n-sp am{Xw.
CXp-sImv h tZmj- Nn-d-b-. ap]p kqNnn-Xp-t]mse
`uXnI imkv{X--fpsS hf-bn apc-Snv A\p-`-h-s-p. ]gb IrXnI-fn `mh-\m-hn-em-k-m ]d-p-sh Imcy-sf Ab-hn-d-n,
Fmw thZ-n-epv Fp ]dv ap--h-cpsS apn ]cn-lm-kycm-hm\pw CS-h-p. sshZnI KWn-X-n-sbpw ]pjv]I hnam-\nsbpw hnhn[ {_m-kv{X-f
- psS al-Xz-tbpw ]pIgv
- n kzbw
s]m-n-W-n hoW Xh-f-sb-tmse Aap-J-cm-Im\pw \mw kabw
sNe-h-gn-p.
Bob Nnsb \ntj-[n-p-hmt\m tami-am-sWp hcp-phmt\m A C{Xbpw ]d--Xv. kaq-l-Po-hn-bmb a\p-jys kmaqlnI {]Xn-_--Xbpw am\-hnI aqey kwc--Whpw [am-N-c-Whpw
Xqew \psS sshb-nI tim` ]pjvI-e-am-hp-Ibpw sNp-tm
\mw Bob kpJw Bkz-Zn-p-p Fp ]d-bmw. AIa-Wy-X-bn-eqsS-b-, t\sc-a-dnv kIa-Wy-X-bn-eq-sS-bm-IWw \mw eyw t\tSXv Fp am{Xw. kz[a I
- a \nh-lW
-
- n-ep-]cn as-m-Wp-Xv?
AXn\p \mw PK-ns anYym-Xz-a Dss-kvXcw tLmjn-t--Xv.
PK-ns sshhn-[y-sf Adn-bp-I-bmWv thXv. tZzj-n-eq-sStbm
sshcm-Ky-n-eq-sStbm A, kvt\l-n-eq-sSbpw ]tcm-]-Im-c-n-eqsS-bp-amWv \mw eyw t\tS-X
- v. AXp ]Tn-n-Xv _u-cm-Wv. Ahsc
hmKvhn-X--I-fn-eq-sS-b t\cn-tS-n-bn-cp--Xv. {]tXy-Inpw Ah-cpsS
Bi-b-sf ssIsm-p-tm Ah-cpsS {]h-\-sf ]pI-gvpI-bm-bn-cpp \-Xv.
icZi-\
- ns \ hi- htc-Wy-Xb
- psS auen-Ih
- m-Z
- n\p
]W-b-s Zb\o-b Ncn-{X-amWv AssZz-X-n\p ]d-bm-\p-m-Ip-I.
{_-kq{Xw hymJym-\n-p-tm A]-iq-{Zm-Zn-I-c-Whpw apw hnkvXcn-p i-cs\ `mc-Xob Zmi-\n-I -kh--]oTw Ib-dnb alms\p hnfn-p-tm A]-am-\n-Xa
- m-Ip-Xv hniz-kmtlm-Zc
- y-sa hnimem-ib
- a
- m-Wv. `n-{]-m-\
- n-eq-sSbpw ssZzX-n-eq-sSbpw {]m]-nI
{]iv\-sf Nnn-p-hm\pw ]cn-lmcw Is-m\pw {ian cmam-\pP\pw am[z\pw apw i-c-s\-m kaql {]Xn-_--X-bp--h-cm-Wv.
Ah-cpsS amK-amWv ]nIme thZm-n-I-fmb Fgp--\pw I_odpw
Xpf-ko-Zmkpw \mcm-bW Kpcphpw hnth-Im-\-\pw ]nXp-S-Xv.

Ah-Xm-cnI
22
{]mtbm-KnI thZm--ns hm-hmb cma-IrjvW ]c-a-lw-k\pw
hnth-Im-\-\pw i-cs sskm-nI Zi-\-n HXpn\n-hcm-bn-cp-n-. i-c kz_p-n- ssh-`-h-m kzkn-m--sf ]gpXn-mhw ASp `{Z-amn Ah-Xc
- n-n-t- m Ah-bvp ]g-ab
- psS
]g--p-hbpw hopapepw Dm-sb-n AZv`p-X-s-Sm-\n-. hnai\-n\v AXoX-\mbn Bcp-an; Bcp-ap-m-Ip-Ibpw Acp-Xv.
Bi-bm-Zi--fpsS _mlym-Uw-_cw {]I-Sn-n-m\pw ap Zi\--fpsS Ax-k-sb Dun-sb-Spv Ahsb AK-Wy-tIm-Sn-bn
Xn--d-bm\pw AssZz-X-tmfw asmcp Zi-\-n\pw Ign-n-n-.
Cuiz-ct\m atm m\-an-s-nepw kvtXm{X Imhy--fpsS {]f-b-n\p-Xs AssZz-Xn-I a-cn-p-pv. ambsb ]c-{_--ns ]a-ln-jn-bmbpw in-bmbpw hio-I-cW kmaYy-ap kv{Xoc-Xv\-ambp-ap {]kvXm-h- an tZho-kvtXm-{X--fnepw ImWmw. ]d-bpXp XXz-sa-nepw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]hr-n-I-fn apgp-Ip ioew
Bo-b-hm-Zn-I-fn At{K-k-c-m-cmb Chv s]mXpth Ip-h-cpp.
ChcpsS kphn-Z-Kv[-amb hmIv]m-Shw km[m-c-W-m-c-s\-tmepw
tamln-n-n-p-v. cmam-b-W--a-lm-`m-cX Imhy--fn t]mepw AssZzX
[a- hmcn-\n-dv Imhy-Kp-Ws Cm-Xm-p-Ibpw tIhew [aimkv{X {K-f
- mn amp-Ibpw sNbvX IY {]kn-a
- m-Wv. B Zpxkzm[o-\-ns Zpc--^-e-amWv Fgp--s cmam-b-W-nepw apw
ImWp Bob hW-\m-]-c-amb k`--fpw, hnti-jW cln-X\mb ]c-{_w Xs Htsd ]Z--fm hnin-jvS-\m-bn, ambm-a-b\pw
Nn-b\pw PK--b\pw ap-ambn hWn--s-Sp-Xp ImWp-tm
hnkvabw tXmpw. app ]d--t]mse Nqj-W-n-\p \smcp
D]m-[n-bmn Zi-\s D]-tbm-Kn-m-sap hy-am-nb GI Zi\-am-Wn-Xv. kv{Xo-iq-{Zm-Zn-Isf C{Xbpw Ah-K-Wn-p asmcp Zi\-aptm FpXs kwi-b-am-Wv. Fnpw Imjm-bmw-_c _lp-IrX
thj-m DZ-c-\n-an--ambn A[zm-\-n Xm]-cy-an-m-sX, hnbsmgp-msX, Imcy-em-`-n-\mbn {]mXn-`m-knI k-I-fn \s hymtamln-n-m {ianv A[n-Imcw ssIb-S-mt]mepw {]m]vX-cm-IpXp
ImWp-tm Ah-cpsS ]mc-amYnI Zi-sb-p-dnv \mw Xncn--dn-tb
kabw AXn-{I-an-n-cn-p--Xmbn ]d-bmsX h.
AXn-\m {io. F.-Fw. lpssk cNn Cu {Kw Fm AYnepw Ahiyw ]Tn-n-cn-t Hcp IrXn-bm-Wv. hyn-]-c-amb
bmsXmcp kv]i NnIn--Ifpw \S-msX XnIpw ap]-T-\-fpsS
shfn--n kXy-k--amb kao-]-\-n-eqsS, CXp-h-scbpw {inmsX InS-n-cp Hcp kXy-n-tev \bn-p-I-bmWv At-lw.

AssZzX ]-]m-Xn-I-fmb Zmi-\n-I-m-cpsSXs D-c-Wn-I-fn-eqsS

At-l-n\p Dt-in Imcyw k^-e-am-m Ign-bp-p-v. Bcm-[\m
`mh-tmsS am{Xw ss]Xr-Is kao-]n-p--hv hmb\ shdpsamcp D]m-[n-bmWv. \ap-n-m-hiyw shdpw hmb-\-b; t\sc adnv
]p\hm-b-\-bmWv. hmb-\-tbm-sSmw Nnn-m\pw kXys hyamn ]p\x-kr-jvSn \S-m\pw Ign-bp-tmtg {]bXv\w k^-e-ambn
Fp ]d-bm-\m-hq. Am-cy-n {io lpssk \qdp iX-am\w hnPbn-n-p-v. At-l-ns ti-`q-bn-jvT-amb Cu {ias A`n-\-nm AXoh ktm-j-ap-v. C\nbpw C-c-n-ep kwcw-`-v
Cu IrXn t{]c-I-am-Im-Xn-cn-n-. A_ [mc-W-I-fpsS amaq knm-sf XpSp hrn-bm-p {]{Inb XpS-cm {io. lpssk\v
hopw hopw Ah-kc
-
- ssIhcs Fv Biw-kn-p-p. apjnp
IqSmsX Zmi-\nI kw_--ambn hne-]n-Sn ]e XXz-sf {Klnm\pw Ah-bpsS aqey \ncmkw \S-m\pw hmb-\-mv Inn-bnp Ah-kcw Cu {K-ns kqva hmb-\-bn-eqsS \nd-th-ds
Xriq
Fpw B{K-ln-pp.
26.03.1998
tUm. hn.-B. apc-fo-[-c,
{io i-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX kh-I-em-ime
Xriq {]mtZ-inI tI{w.

Zi-\
- n-tev
24

Zi-\-n-tev
a\p-jy {]mNo\ ImewapXte XXz-Nn--bnepw X]-c-cm-bn-cpp
Fp Icp-Xmw. Fm a\p-jycpw Zmi-\nI NnI-fn apgpIn-sb-
]d-bp--Xv. Ipd-p-t]-sc-nepw Npp-]mSpw t\mn CsXms F-s\,
Fp-sImv Fv ApXw Iqdn-bncn-pw. AXn-\m "a\p-jy D]I-c-W--fp-m-p Pohn-bmsW'v \chw-i-im-kv{X- \nNn
t]mse "a\p-jy XXz-Nn--I-\mb Pohn-bmsW'v Zmi-\n-Ipw
hne-bn-cp-m-hp--Xm-Wv. a\p-jys\ XXz-Nn--I-\mb Pohn-sbv \nNn--W-sa-n Fm a\p-jycpw XXz-Nn--I-cm-I-W-sa-n--tm. _lp`q-cn-]-hpw XXz-Nn-m-X]-c-c-s-n t]mepw As\ \n-Nnmw. a\p-jy D]-I-c-W--fp-m-p Pohn-bm-sW \n-N\w \chw-i imkv{X-n-Sn-bn kmw-Ko-Ir-X-am-Wv. Fm a\p-jycn F{X-t] D]-I-c-W--fp-m-p-pv? Ncn-{X-n Ctm-f-apmb tImSm-\p-tImSn a\p-jy-cn F{X-t] D]-I-c-W- \nan-pImWpw? AXn-\m a\p-jys\ XXz-Nn--I-\mb Pohn-sbtm knm--fp-m-p Pohn-sbtm \n-Nn-p--Xn bmsXmcp A]m-IX-bp-an-. GXm-bmepw D]-I-c-W--fp-mm a\p-jyt]mepw GsXnepw knm---fpsS hm--fm-bn-cn-p-sa-p-d-m-Wv. AXv aXamImw; `uXn-I-hm-Z-am-Imw.
GsX-nepw ImgvN-m-Sp-I shp-]p-emsX Hcp a\p-jyk-aqlhpw Ign-p-t]m-bn-n-. Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-nepw \ne-hm-cnepw hyXym-k--fp-m-Imw. Ah icn-bm-Imw, sXm-Imw. icn-bpsSbpw sXn-tbpw an{in-X-hp-am-Imw. Fnt]mepw GsX-nepw Xcw
XXz-im-kv{X-n hniz-kn-msX a\p-jy\v Pohn-m-\m-hn FXmWv bmYmYyw. aX--fntem `uXn-I-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X--fntem hnizkn-msX Ign-bp--h t]mepw kzIm-cy-ambn Pohn-X-s-n Nne [mc-

W-I sh-p]p-ep--h-cm-bn-cn-pw. AXn{]m Ir-X-sctm AXym-[p-\n-I-sc-tm hyXym-k-an-msX Zmi-\n-Im-\p-`-h-n `mK-`m-mIm a\p-jy-cptm Fv kwibamWv. CubY-n a\p-jy D]I-c-W-ap-m-p Pohn-bm-sW \n-N-\-s-m {]k--amWv
knm---fp-m-p--h-\m-sW--Xv.
BZy-Ime a\p-jy-sc-n k]np t\mq. GXm\pw aWn-q-dpI Ign-bp-tm shfnw IqSn-hc
- p-Xmbn Ah ImWp-p. D-tbmsS
ISp NqSpw shfn--hpw. apI-fn Ftm In \np-p. GXm\pw
aWn-q-dp-IIw AXv ]Sn-mdp `mK-t-p- \op-p. shfnw
Ipdv CcpaqSm XpS-p-p. Npp-]mSpw I\ Ccp-v. Hpw ImWm\m-hp-n-. hopw aWn-q-dp-IIw ]I {]Xy--am-Ip-p. `qan
kqcy-\p-Nppw Id-p-Ibpw kzbw Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNp--Xp-sIm-mWv
cm-Ie
- p-I amdn-amdn hcp-s
- Xv a\-n-emb Cm-es a\p-jyv
CsXmcp IuXp-I-am-I-W-sa-n-. Fm kuc-bqY hyh--sb-n
Hp-a-dn-bm--h B-cy-s-Sm-Xn-cn-ptam? Ccw At\z-j-Wv hni-Zo-I-cWw \Im-\p \qm-p-I \o {ia--fpsS
^e-amWv hm\-im-kv{Xw. Hmtcm hnm\imJbpw hfXv Ccw
IuXp-I- k-bn--s-m-Wv. ChnsS {]k--am-bXv XXz-im-kv{Xam-W-tm. ImWp-Xpw tIp-Xpw AXn-\-p-d-ap--Xp-amWv ap
hnm\-im-J-I-fpsS hnj-b-. AXn-\-p-d-amWv XXz-Nn--bp-sS
At\z-jW taJe. Zi-\w, XXz-Nn-, AXn-`u-Xn-I-imkv{Xw FnXymZn t]cp-I-fn hyh-l-cn--s-Sp--Xv Ccw hnj-b--fm-Wv.
a\p-jy-i-cocw F-s\-bmWv {]hn-p--sXv ^nkn-tbm-fPnbpw A\m--anbpw ap imkv{XimJ-Ifpw Is-m {ian-p-p.
Fm Pohn-X-ns AY-sa-m-sWpw ac-W-n\p-tijw Fpm-Ip-sapw Is-m-\p {iaw Zi-\-ns `mK-am-Wv. `uXntI-X-c-amb Imcy- am{X-am-Wv Zi-\-n s]SpI F CXn\Yw. `uXnI Imcy--fpsS Xs ]e hi-fpw CXns `mK-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Npp-]mSpw ]e-Xcw hkvXp- \mw ImWp-p. Iv,
av, cmk-hk
- vXp-, {Zmh-I
- , hmX-I
- , {]Im-iw, i_vZw FnXymZn Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m Xcw `uXnI ]ZmY-. Ch-bpsS ASnm-\-samWv? auen-I-ambn Fsms IqSn-tmWv Ch-bp-mbXv? Cu tNv B[m-c-amb \nb-a--fptm? CXymZn At\z-j-W.
GsXmcp `uXn-I-h-kvXp-hn-s\bpw Cv \apv et_m-d--dn-I-fn
AXn-kq-vaa
- mbn ]cn-tim-[n-m-\m-hpw. Fm BZy-Ime a\p-jyv

Zi-\
- n-tev
26
CsX-n Nnn-m am{Xta km[n-p-am-bn-cp-p-q. Gdn-bm ap
hmcn t\mmw. Is-Spv Xncnpw adnpw t\mmw. Fdnpw DSpw
t\mmw. shw Hgp-Ip-Xpw NqSm-Ip-Xpw \ocm-hn-bm-Ip-Xpw \ncon-mw. _mn Nnv hnSp-p. AtXmsS Zi-\-ns XpS--ambn.
Am-es et_m-d--dn-I a\p-jy-cpsS Xs \nco--W-fpw A\p`-h--fp-am-bn-cp-p. Cym D]-`q-J--nse Ghpw ]g--ap
(_n.kn. 6mw \qm-v) XXz-Nn-m-k-c-Wn-bmbn Icp-X-s-Sp kmwJyZmi-\n-I-cpsS At\z-j-W- DZm-l-c-Ww. `uXn-I--at\mbmYmYy-fpsS auenI kz`m-h-sa-v Ah Nnn-p. {]]--nse a\pjy\v A\p-`-h-t`-Zy-am-b-sXmw Dm-bn-p-Xv aqp ASn-m\ KpW hnhn[ Af-hn IqSn-tm-sWv Ah A\p-am-\np (triguna
theory) k, cP-kv, Xakv Fn-h-bm-W-h.1
Hcm Itkc ImWp-p. AXv kw_--amb t_m[-ap-m-Ip-p.
Abm-fpsS t_m[-n-eqsS ItkcbpsS k shfn-hm-Ip-I-bm-Wv.
Itkc ImWp-tm-tgpw t_m[-a--e-n Itk-c-bpsS Nn{Xw
sXfn-bp--sX--s\-bmWv? Itk-cv \mev Imtem aqSn Db-ctam
Dm-b-Xp-sIm- Cs\ kw`-hn--Xv. A-s\-bm-bn-cp-s-n
Itkc Cm-t- mgpw Itk-cb
- psS Nn{Xw hopw t_m[-a
e
-
- n
hcp--sX-s\? Itk-cXzw Fp hnfn-m-hp km-]-c-amb KpWw
AXn-\p--Xp-sIm-mWv Cs\ kw`-hn-p-Xv Fv kmwJy-Zmi\n-I knm-n-p. CXmWv kXz-Kp-Ww. Itk-c-sb-p-dnv t_m[-apm-Ip--tXmsS AXns cq]w, I\w XpS-nb kz`m-h- IqSn {]Xn^-en--s-Sp-p-v. Itk-c-bn-ep Xtam-Kp-W-amWv CXn\v Imc-W-amIp--Xv. Itkc HSnp t]mImw, Xobn hoWm Icnp t]mImw,
Ime{ItaW {Zhn-p-t]m-sbpw hcmw. Cu am-v B[m-c-amb
KpW-amWv ctPm-Kp-Ww.
B\sb ImWp-tm B\-bpsS \qdn-semp hen--ap akvXnjv-n B\-bpsS `oam-Im-c-cq]w Ib-dn-q-Sp--sX-s\? henw
Fp-sImv t_m[-X-e-n A\p-`-hn-m-\m-hpp?. ImcWw cq]w,
I\w XpS-n-bh
-
- m-[m-ca
- mb XtamKpWw sImm-sWv kmwJy-Zmi\n-I A\p-am-\n-p. a\pjy akvXn-jvspdnpw {Kmly-hy-hsb (cognitive system) nbpw Gsd ]T\w \S Cm-ev Ccw
hni-Zo-I-c-W- _men-i--fmbn tXmmw. Fm ]Xn-\v \qmp-Iv apv ]pdv \np B\sbbpw B\-sb t_m[sbpw _-s-Spn asp hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv \Im-\m-hpI?.
Xo-bmbpw Ah Am-es D-X-amb Zmi-\nI Nn-I-fm-bn-cpp.

]nm-es hnm\ hf-bn Am-es Htsd [mc-WI XnckvIr-X-am-bn-p--tm. Fnepw Am-es kwi-b- hensbmcp ]cn-[n-hsc Cpw tijn-p-p-v. ta kqNn-n-h Xs
DZm-l-c-Ww. a\p-jy hkvXp-hn-s\tbm Pohn-sbtbm as-s-nepw
{]Xn-`m-k--sftbm \nco-n-p-tm akvXn-jv-n \S-p
{]{In-b-Ifpw XpSp-m-Ip ad-hn, Hm, {Kl-Ww, hni-I-e-\w,
hnizmkw XpSn AXpambn _-s At\Iw {]iv\-fpw Cmepw {Kl-W-a-\-imkv{X (cognitive Psychology) n kPoh Nmhn-j-b--fm-Wv.
kmwJy-Zi-\
- n\v Cuiz-ch
- m-Z]
- c
- hpw \nco-iz-ch
- m-Z]
- c
- h
- p-amb cv
Dn-cn-hp-I-fp-v. Fm XnIpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-sap ]d-bm-hpXpw B[p-\n-I- Im-es `uXn-I-hm-Zn-I imkv{Xo-b-sav hntijn-n-p--Xp-amb temImbX Zi-\-nepw Ccw At\z-j-W-
ImWmw. temImbX Zmi-\n-I (Nm-I Fpw Adn-b-s-Sp-p.)
t\mp-tm Fn-bm-sem-Sp-m Xcw `uXn-I-h-kvXp- {]IrXn-bn ImWp-p. Ccw `uXnI bmYmYy--fn am{Xta Ah
hniz-kn-n-cp-p-q. ssZhhpw BXvamhpw kzK \c-I--fp-sams
anYym k--fm-sWv Ah Icp-Xn. Fnepw Zmi-\nI Nn
Ah-cnepw DWp. Ip-I Im Ah-bn am{Xw hniz-kn-pIbpw Pohn-I-sf--m Ah-bn am{Xw hniz-kn-p-Ibpw Impw
agbpw anepw A\p-`-h-s-Sp-tm Ah am{Xw kXy-sap hniz-knp-Ibpw sNbvXm am{Xw a\kv Zmi-\n-I-ambn kwXr-]vXn-b-S-bn-.
AXn-\m Cu ImWp-Xpw tIp--Xp-amb hnhn-[-Xcw `uXnI
hkvXp--fpsS auen-I-amb tNcp-h-I Fm-sW At\z-jWw
Ahp {]k--ambn tXmn. `qan, shw, AKv\n, hmbp Fo
\mev LS-I--fmWv {]]--ns ASn-m\ `qX- F \nK-a\-n-emWv temI-mb-Xam Fn-b-Xv. Cu \nK-a-\-ns ASn-m\-sa-mWv? D]-cn-X-e-n-se-hnsS t\mn-bmepw atm ]mdtbm
ImWpp. Ah-ti-jn-p-Xv Pem-i-b--fm-Wv. hkvXp- Xn-ep-ckn-bm Xobp-m-Ip-p. ]e-tmgpw Xo{]-f-b- t]mepw ImWm-\mhp-p. Impw kh-km-[m-cWw. kz`m-hn-Ia
- mbpw Ch-bn-sem-pw-s-Sm
\qdp-I-W-n\v `uXnI {]Xn-`m-k-fpw hkvXp-fpw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-snepw Af-hn Gsd ImW-s-Sp Cu \mep-L-S-I- tNm-bncnmw Ch-sbm-sbpw Dm-bXv Fv temIm-b-X-m Nnnp
ImWpw. Cm-es hnm\ \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cnv Xopw _men-iamb Nn-bm-bn-cpp CsXv hy-am-Wv. Fnepw temIm-b-X-m-cpsS
kao-]\w imkv{Xo-b-am-bn-cp-p Fv A`n-am-\n-p--h-cmWv Cs

Zi-\
- n-tev
28
`uXn-I-hm-Zn-I.2 bYmY-n temIm-b-X-m-cpsS \nco-iz-c-hmZw
FmWv hy-am-p-Xv? `uXn-Ih
- mZw hfsc {]mNo-\a
- m-sbmcp NnmK-Xn-bm-sW-t? {]Ir-Xn-bnse k-km-[m-c-W-amb `uXn-I-h-kvXpsfpdnv Fpw-s]mpw Xncn-bm-Xn-cp Am-e-p-t]mepw \ncoiz-c-hm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw henb Zmi\nI hyh--bmbn Nne {]Ncn-n-n-cp-p-sh-n imkv{X-hp-ambn AXn\v bmsXmcp _-hp-an-smWYw. GXm-bmepw ]co--W--\n-co--W--fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb
imkv{Xmt\z-j-W-pw \qm-p-Iv apt \ne-\n-n-cp AXn{]m-No-\-am-sbmcp ho-W-amWv `uXn-I-hmZw FYw. Bcw-`-n
\nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-am-bn-cp--Xp-sIm-mImw kmwJy-Zmi-\n-Ipw AXpt]mse temIm-b-X-Zmi-\n-Ipw "In-sbpw an-tbpw tIh-eamb `uXn-I-ko-a-I' Ipdw Nnm-ioew hfm Ign-n-. Cu
ImWp `uXnI {]]--n-\-pdw bmYmYy--sfm-p-an-sv apt
Xocp-am-\n Ahv AXn-\-p-d-tv Nnn-m km[n-p--sXs\? Ch-cpsS Nnm-coXn a\-kn-em-m GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-
\Imw.3
AKv\n-cpjvtWm Pew ioXw
ka-kv]i-kvXYm \ne:
tIt\Zw Nn{XnXw XkvamXv
kz`m-hmXv XZv hyh-nXn:
(Xo NqSp--XmWv; shw XWp--Xpw, hmbp NqSpw XWp-p-an-m-Xp-am-Wv. BcmWv Cu sshNn-{Xy-sa-m-ap-m-n-bXv? kz`m-hw--{]Ir-Xn-\n-b-aw sImmWv Ah-sbmw A-s\-bm-b-Xv)
{]mNo\ `uXn-I-hm-Z- Nn--I-cpsS _meni a\-n-Xnpw Zmi\nI iq\y-Xpw aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv. {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-v
Zmi-\nI hni-Zo-I-cWw At\z-jn-p--hsc kw_-n-n-S-tmfw
CsXmcp hni-Zo-I-c-Wta As-p--XmWv bmYmYyw. AKv\nv NqSpm-bXpw shw XWp--Xm-bXpw Fp-sIm-m-sWv Cs
Hcp kvIq hnZymYn A[ym-]-I-t\mSv tNmZnp Fn-cn--s; AXn\p
ImcWw {]IrXn \nb-a-am-sWv adp-]Sn ]d-bp A[ym-]-Is\
Cs hnZymYn-It]mepw A{X- a-Xn-tmsS hon-s-p-h-cn-.
]nsbt Zmi-\n-Is\! {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k- Fp-sImv F
kwib-n\v tNmZyw-Xs Bhn-pw-a-n AXv AXns {]IrXn-bm-sW hymJym\w {]mNo-\-am-bmepw B[p-\n-I-am-bmepw _meni-am-ImsX Xc-an-. Hcp hyh--bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw
AXn-\-p-d-ambncnpw. Iw]yq--dns AXy`pX-I-c-amb {]h\

sshNn-{Xy- Iv CsX-p-sImv Fv tNmZn-p--bm-tfmSv

AXv Iw]yq--dns {]Ir-Xn-bmWv Fv adp-]Sn ]d-m kmam\y-_p-n-sb-n-ep-ap--h (temIm-bX- Zmi-\n-I-cpsS ]napd-mc-\m-sWv ta\n \Sn-p--bm-fm-bm-epw) ]cn-l-knv Xn-sb-n-cnpw. Imc-Ww, {]IrXn Hcp bmYmYy-amWv; hni-Zo-I-c-W-a (Nature is a fact not an explanation).
{Zhy-ns LS-\tbm KpW-tfm {]h-\ -X-Xz-tfm F{X
khn-kvXcw Is-m km[n-mepw {]]--sbpw a\p-jy-s\bpw
Ipdn-p auenI kwi-b-v hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Ip-n-. DZm-l-c-Wambn `uXn-I-temIw F{X-Xcw IWn-I-I Fs\bp A\p-]m-Xn tNmWv Dm-bn-cn-p-Xv F Ghpw efn-Xamb tNmZyw
FSp-mw. CXn\v IrXy-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw C\nbpw e`y-am-bn-n-. Ccp\q-tdmfw auenI IW- Is-m-\mbn F-msX Ch-bpsS
Fw bYmY-n F{X-bm-bn-cn-p-sav Duln-m t]mep-am-hn.
AYhm Duln-p--Xn henb AY-sam-p-an-. `qan-bnepw sXmSp {Kl--fn-ep-ap {Zhy-i-I-e- kkqvaw ]Tn-m-\m-bm
t]mepw {]]--ns A\ {]hn-iy-I-fn-ep {Zhy-kw-bp--
Fsm-s-bm-sWv Is-pI Akm-[y-amWv. {Zhy-ns AXncp-IIv \np-sIm-p Ccw At\z-j-W- t]mepw FhnsSbpw Fn-bn-n-m-Xn-cns {]]-tm-ntbm IW--fpsS
D`hw t]meptam ssIImcyw sNm-\p sshm-\nI tijn-sbn ]d-bm-Xn-cn-p-I-bmhpw DNnXw. AXp-sIm-mWv Aev]-sa-nepw
kmam-\y-t_m-[a
- p imkv{X-
- m Cm-epw AXn-s\mpw apXncm-Xv. Pohn-n-cn-p `uXnI imkv{X-c
- n Hm-a Fp hntijn-n-m-hp (sFss\v tijw temIw I Ghpw {]Xn-`-bp
imkv{X- FmWv s]mXp-sh-bp hne-bn-cp-) o^ tlmnwKv cNn "F {_o^v lndn Hm^v ssSw' F IrXn-bn Cs\
ImWmw:
"lmhm-Un tem_v {]`m-j-W- \S-nb tijw ka-b-sbpw
e-sbpw Ipdnv Hcp efn-X-amb ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xm Rm Xocpam\n-p. BZna {]]w apX mv tlmfp-I hsc-bp hnj-b-sf-p-dnv AXn-\Iw [mcmfw _pp-I Cd-n-bn-cp-p. Ghpw
\ IrXn oh sshs_Kns "^v {Xo an\pvkv' BWv. Ghpw
tamiw IrXn-bpsS t]cv Rm hy-am-p-n-. Fm Ch-sbmpw
Fs JtJmf Kth-j-W-cw-K-tv \bn {]iv\- ssIImcyw
sNbvXncp-n-. FhnsS \npw {]]-a
- p-mbn? Fs\ Fp-sImv
AXp`hnp? C\n-bXv \in-ptam? Fn, Fs\? Ccw kwi-

Zi-\
- n-tev
30
b- \ap-smw Xm]-cy-ap--Xm-W-tm.'4
{]]--ns Bcw-`-L--s-]n (Early universe) bp Ghpw
\ IrXn-bmWv tlmnwKv kqNn-n oh sshs_Kns "Zn
^v {Xo an\pvkv.' AXn t]mepw {]]-tm-n-sb-n Hpw
]d-bpns-mWtm tlmnw-Kns ]cm-Xn. "Fp-sImv' Hpw
]d-bp-n F Imcyw am{Xw tlmnwKv Nnn-p-n-. e`y-amb
{]m]-nI ]T-\--fpsS ASn-m-\-n {]]-tm-n-sb-n
imkv{Xo-b-ambn Fs-nepw ]d-bm-\p Ignhv imkv{Xw t\Sn-bn-n
F-Xp-sIm-mImw Cu au\w Fv Icp-Xn-qtS? GXm-bmepw Cc-samcp ]cm-Xn-bp-ambn Cd-nb tlmnwKv Xm Ccw hnj-b-
{]Xn-]m-Zn-m-\mWv {K-c-N\ \S-n-bXv Fv hy-am-p-p. "{]]-ns D`-hhpw ]cn-WXnbpw' F Hc-[ym-bhpw tlmnwKns
]pkvX-I-n-ep-v. Fnepw Cu {]iv\-v Ak-n-Kv[-am-sbm-cpcw Atlw \Ip-n-. "{]]--n-s\mcp XpS--ap-s-n AXns\mcp krjvSm-hp-m-bn-cp-p-shp Icp-Xmw' Fv tlmnwKv A`n{]m-bs
- -Sp-p.5 C-s\-sbmcp A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-n-m tlmnwKns\tmse D-X-\mb Hcp imkv{X-s Bh-iy-an-. \qm-p-I-fmbn
Nnm-io-e-cmb F{Xtbm t]v Adn-bm-hp Imcy-am-WnXv. {]]-n\v XpS- - a p- s tm Cstm imkv { Xo- b - a mbn ]d- b m
tlmnwKn\m-hptam F-XmWv {]iv\w. ""{]]w kzbw]cym-]vXhpw
AXn-cp-I-fn-m--Xp-am-sW-n ]ns ssZh-n\v Fv {]kn?''
Fpw Ah-km-\-ambn Atlw tNmZn-p-p. Chn-sSbpw {]iv\w asm-. {]]w kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-sWv imkv{Xob sXfn-hp-I-tfmsS
Xop ]d-bm tlmn-wKn-\m-hptam? {]]--n\v AXn-cp-I-fn-sv
imkv{Xw sXfn-bn-n-ptm? Hpw Ak-n-Kv[-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hmsX
Fn, Fn Fv hnn--d-bp-I-bmWv Cu hntizm-c imkv{X. {]]--n\v D`-h-ap-stm Cstm ssZhw Ds-tm
Cstm tlmnwKv Xop-]-d-bp-n-. Hpw hy-am-msX
Fsm-stbm shfn-s-Sp-n-sb {]XoXn krjvSn-p--Xnepw t`Zw
sshs_Kn-s\-tmse au\w ]men-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Fp hmb-\m-c\p tXmn-bm Ip-s-Sp-m-\m-hp-tam-? Npcp--n, Ccw
auenI kwi-b-smpw imkv{X-ns ] Cpw hyamb hni-Zo-I-c-W--fn F-XmWv bmYmYyw. Fn-cn-s, Ccw
auen-I-Zmi-\nI {]iv\--sfms Hc kl-{km-_vZ-p apv
temIm-bX Zmi-\n-I ]cn-l-cnp Fv Bsc-nepw A`n-{]m-b-sm Ah-sc-p-dnv kl-X-]n-mt\ \nhm-l-ap-q.

tlmn-wKns \ne-]m-Sp-I-v Hcp adp-hiw IqSn-bp-v. Hm-aXmbn, {]]--n\v D`-h-ap-s \nK-a-\-n-\mWv Cv imkv{Xob
sXfn-hp-I-fp--Xv. {]]w Fm-ehpw Cs \ne-bn-em-bn-cpp
Fv knm-n-p "nc--nXn knm'(Steady theory)-n\v Cv
imkv{X-tem-Iv Imcy-amb kzm[o-\tam ]np-Wtbm C. ]Icw
ehpw ka-bhpw Cm-Xn-cp (Zero) Hcp AXohkm{ -_n-p (singularity)-hn\npw {]]w hnkvt^m-S-\-n-eqsS \ne-hn hp F
"_nKv_mv' knm--n-\mWv sXfn-hp-I-fp--Xv. Ghpw HSp-hn-embn, 2006-se `uXn-I-im-kv{X-n-\p s\mt_ km\w t\Snb
tPm amXdpw tPmPv kvaqpw imkv{X-n\p \Inb {][m\ kw`mh\ "_nKv_mv' amXr-Isb in-s-Spn F-Xm-Wv. 1940 Ifn
B^, Kmtam, sla Fo imkv{X- aptm-p-sh Cu
amXr-Isb _e-s-Sp-p Htsd sXfn-hp-I Ctmgpw e`y-am-bnsm-n-cn-pp F-XmWv hkvXpX. tPm amX t\XrXzw \Inb imkv{X-kwLw (B-bn-c-tmfw Kth-j-I) mv t_mUn tdUntb-j nco-I-cn--tXmsS {]]-tm`hw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-m-\-ap
km[y-X-bmbn amdn. AXn-\m tlmnw-Kns Xs \ymb-{]-Imcw
Hcp {kjvSmhv Dmtb Xocq.
{]]w kzbw-]c
- ym-]vXhpw AXn-cp-If
- n-m-X
- p-amtWm? BsWp
Icp-Xm e`y-amb imkv{Xob hnh-c
- s
- fmpw A\p-hZ- n-p-n-. kzbw
{]h\ \nc-X-am-Im-hp Hcp sam-\n-k-tm-sS-bmWv {]]w
Bhn`-hn--sX-n t]mepw AXn\pX tijn `uXn-I-{]-]--n
X\nsb cq]-s-p-shv hniz-kn-m-\m-hn-. Cu sam-\nkw AS-ap {]]--n\v D`-h-ap-m-bn-cns krjvSn--kw-hn-[m-b-I-\n-tem-WXv hnc Nqp--Xv.
{]]w AXnn-bn-m--Xm-sWv hm Xsbpw A\
(infinite)amI-W-sa-n-. `qanv AXnn-I-fn-(boundryless)-tm. ]t,
A\--a Xm\pw. AXp-sImv AXnn-I-fn-m {]]w A\-am-sW--Xn\v sXfnhp e`n-m-n-S-tmfw tlmnwKv kqNn-n-p
Cu km[yX Hgn-hm-Ip-I-bm-Wv. am{X-a-, "_nKv_mv' amXr-I-bmWv
icn-bmbsXn {]]w A\-a
- m-IpI km[y-a
- . ka-b
- nepw enepw {]mcw-`-ap `uXnI {]]--n\v A\--am-Im km[y-a-.
knp-em-cn-n(-{]-]-tm]n Bcw-`n-p _np) bn\npw hnI- m-bn-cns ekn-m XpS-nb {]]-
- ns {]mbw-(time) ]cn-an-Xa
]-c-ambn AXv A\--am-In-. AXn-\m o^ tlmnw-Kns Cu
hmZ-v bmsXmcp imkv{Xo-bm-Sn--d-bp-an-. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
imkv{Xo-b-ambn Fm-hp GI \nK-a\w CXp am{X-amWv: e`y-amb

Zi-\
- n-tev
32
{]] ]T-\- {]Imcw Hcp {kjvSm-hns AkvXnXzw bpn-kl-am-sWp am{X-a \ntj[w Aim-kv{Xo-b-hp-am-Wv.
ip-Zi-\-ns taJ-e-bns-Sp {]Ir-Xn-hy-mJym-\-n
am{X-a Bo-bm-Nm-c-sf hne-bn-cp-p--Xnepw CtX _men-iX
Nm-I {]I-S-am-n. acn--hv ]pWyw Inm {imw Dup A\pjvTm-\-n-s\-Xn-sc-bp Ah-cpsS hmZ-an-XmWv:
arXm-\m-a]n Pq\mw
{imw tNXv Xr]vXn-Im-cWw
K-Xm-anl Pq\mw
hyYw ]mtY-b- I]\w
"acn--hv {imw Xr]vXn-b-cp-fp-sa-n temI-n bm{X-sNp--hv s]mXn-tmdv In Icp-tX Bh-iy-an!' FYw.
AXm-bXv Bsc-nepw bm{X-]p-d-s-p-sh-n-cn-s. aqp-t\-chpw AhcpsS hon {im-aq-n-bm bm{X-m-c\v hni-n-tm FmWv
temIm-b-X-m ]cn-l-kn--Xv. Ah-cpsS asmcp hnai-\-anXm:
kzK nXm bZm Xr]vXnw
K tbp-kvX{X Zm\X;
{]mkmZ tkym]-cn-m-\m
a{X Ikvam ZobtX?
"Zm\w sImv kzK-n-ep--h Xr]vXn-t\-Sp-sa-n, Fp
sImv amfnI apI-fn-ep--hv ChnsS Xmgs \ne-bn `-WmZn-I \Ip-n' FYw.
`qan-sbbpw kzK-sbpw Ccp-\n-e-s-n-S-ns Xmsgbpw tasebp-ap cv \ne-I-fmbn ImWp--Xn-\-pdw temIm-b-X-m-cpsS `mh\-t]mepw hfn-cp-n Fm-Wn-Xn\npw a\-kn-em-Ip--Xv. ]nsbt Zmi-\n-I-]m-Shw? AXp-sIm-mImw temIm-bX Nn-Isf `hyX-tbmsS ImWp tUm. DWn-ncn t]mepw C-s\-sb-gp-Xn-bXv: "Cu
hmZ--fpsS emfnXyw temIm-b-X-cpsS al-Xz-n-s-sb--t]mse AhcpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp kmam\y-cq]w \apv \Ip-p. Cu
alXzw kqva koW-Xtbm ]mnXy {]I-S-\tam sIm-. Ahbn-sempw Ahv Hpw {i-bn-.... {im I-ns ASn-m\
[mc-W-sb, AtX-n XmXzn-I-amb Hcp hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-n-tev IS-psN-m-sX-X-s, ]mtS \ncm-I-cn-p temIm-b-X -co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.' 6
tUm. DWn-ncn XpS-cp-p: "{]mNo\ `mc-Xob Zi-\-n kXy-

ns am\-Z--s-n asm-tsd \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-v. AXyp--Xcmb Zmi- \ n- I B \ne- ] m- S p- I sf \ymbo- I - c n- n- p- a p- v . B

nXnv, kXy-ns bYmY- am\-Z--amWv {]tbm-K-sav hmZnp-d-n-pI n{]-km-[y-a-. hncp-m-i-b--sfbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw
Jn-p-sImt CXp km[n-q. temImbX-cm-Is Acw h
{iahpw \S-n-bn-p-sp tXmp-n-. AsX-p-dnv Ah t_m[hmam-cm-bn-cp-pthm Fp-Xs kwi-b-am-Wv.... AXp-sIm-s-pmbn? temIm-bX hmZ- Kuc-h-am-sb-Sp-t--Xn-m-{X efnX-am-sW {]XoXn kwPm-X-am-bn.' 7
temIm-bXm \nco-izc hmZ- efn-X-am-sW-Xv "{]XoXn'b
bmYmYyw (appearence and reality) Xs-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xnv \Imhp
Ghpw _men-i-amb hymJym-\-amWv `uXn-I-hm-Zw. AXv {]Ir-XnbmYmYy-fn\npw XpSn Ah-bnXs HSp-p-p. ^e-n,
{]IrXn bmYmYy--fn\nv XpS-p-pt]m-ep-an FYw. {]IrXn-bn FmtWm ImWp-Xv AXpXs Bh n-p--h-cmWv
`uXn-I-hm-Zn-I. {]]--ns `uXnI koa-I -pdw "Hp-an'
Fp-am{Xw ]d-p-sImv Zi-\-ns
BZy]Sn-t]mepw Nhnm aSn-p hom-K-Xn-bmWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. bYmY-n `uXn-IhmZw Hcp Zi-\-ta-b Fv Zmi-\n-Imht_m[-ap--hv tXmnq-Sm-bvI-bn-.
"s]m-n-W-dnse Xh-f-bpsS temIw' F sNmns\ A\p-kva-cnn-p-amdv {]]s, AXn\-Iv \np-sImpw ]cn-an-X-amb
GXm\pw {ZhyiI-e--fp-]-tbm-Knpw hymJym-\n-m-\p `uXn-I-hmZn-I-fpsS kl-P-amb Zmi-\n-I- ]-cn-anXn Cy-bnse temIm-bX ]mc-cy-ns Fm Nnm-]--Xn-I-fnepw ImWmw. kmwJyw, aoamwkm
Nn-I-m DZm-l-c-W--fmWv (kmJyw, aoamwkm Nn-IcpsS BZyX-e-ap-d-m \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cpp F tZ_o-{]-kmZv NtXm-]m[ym-b-bpsS A`n-{]mbw ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm. CXp-X-sbpw icn-bmtWm
Fv At\z-jn-t hnj-b-am-Wv.)
Fnepw Chsmpw A[n-II
- mew hc `uXn-Ih
- m-Z
- n XpScm-\m-bn Fv ImWmw. Cy XXz-Nn--I-fnse `uXn-I-hm-Z-]m-ccyw Dbn-n-Sn-p Cs kwkvIr-X-]-n-X-cn-sem-cm-fmb
tUm: DWn-ncn Fgp-Xpp: "\nco-iz-c-hmZw aoamwkm Zi-\-ns
At`Zy `mK-am-Wv. AXn hnp-hogvN sNp-Xv X-fpsS Zi-\ns ASn-d Xs XIp-sav aoamw-k-I IcpXn. Iaw kzbtah ^ew \Ipp F X-fpsS \nb-a-nse ]gp-X-S-m

Zi-\
- n-tev
34
A]qh-kn-mw Bhn-jv-cn--Xn-eqsS aoamw-k-I hy-am-pXv krjvSn--n-Xn--kw-lm-c-IXmthm Ia-^e-Zm-Xmthm Bbn
Hco-iz-cs\ X AwKo-I-cn-p-n-s--t{X.'8
CtX aoamwkm Zmi-\n-Iv ]no-sSp kw`-hn-p-shv tUm:
DWn-ncn Xs tcJ-s-Sp-pp: "Fm ]nme aoam-wk-I
Cu \nco-iz-c-Xz-n Dd-p-\np-n-sp ImWmw. Zh-\m-Y (12mw iXIw) \b-hn-th-I
- n thZ{]amW kn-\mb Cuiz-cs\ AwKoI-cn-m Xbm-dm-hp-p. \o-iz-c (13-mw iXIw) {]`m-Ic
- h
- n-Pb
-
- nepw
CtX \ne-]mSv ssIsm-p-p. Cuiz-cm]W _pn-tbmSpIqSn
sNp Iw tam tlXp-hm-sWv B]-tZ-h aoamw-km-\ym-b{]-Im-i-nepw euKmn `mkvI-c AY-kw{K-lnepw {]kvXmhn-p-sImv Cuiz-cs\ AwKo-I-cn-p-p-v.'9
{]mNo\ Cy-bnse {][m\ Zi-\-sf B[p-\nI ]n-X-m
apJy-ambpw Bdmbn Fn-bn-p-v. Ah jUvZi-\- F-dn-b-sSp-p. kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jn-Iw, aoamwk, thZmw
Fnh. Chsb-n hnh-cn BZy ]mmXy ]n-X\mb amIvkv
ap Xs IrXnp \Inb t]cp Xs "knIvkv knwkv Hm^v
Cy ^ntem-k^n' Fm-bn-cp-tm. _u--ssP\ Nn-I-cpsS
k--amb Zmi-\nI ]mc-cyw Chp ]pd-sa-bp-v.
ssPan\n (F.-Un. 2mw iX-Iw) bpsS aoamwkm kq{X-ns ASnm-\-n hnI-kn aoamwkm Nn-I \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-n\npw
Cuiz- c - h m- Z - n- t ev \on- b - X mbn \mw - I p. - j Uv
Zi-\--fns asmcp Zmi-\nI kc-Wn-bmWv \ymbw. {]Xyw,
A\p-am-\w, D]-am-\w, i_vZw Fo {]am-W
- sf Bkv]Z- a
- mn hf
\ymb-Zi\w X-im-kv{X-ns an-hmdpw e-W- {]I-S-amp-p-v. ]nm-ev \ymbhpw sshti-jn-Ihpw IqSn-tv \ymb-ssh-ti-jnI Zi-\-ambn amdn. IWm-Zs (F.-Un. cmw \qm-v)
AWp-kn-m--amWv sshti-jnIw F-dn-b-s--Xv. Chpw FmWv
kw`-hn--sXv `mc-Xob Zi-\--fnse `uXnI hmZ-ns {]tbmm-hmb tUm: DWn-ncn Xs hy-am-s:
""BZy-Ime \ymb-s
- sh-ti-jnI Zi-\
- `uXnIhmZ-]c
- hpw \ncoiz-c-hm-Z-]-chpw Bbn-cp-p. Fm ]nm-ev Cu \ne amdp-Xm-bmWv \mw ImWp--Xv. ]mw \qm-tm-Sp-IqSn XnIpw Cuiz-chm-Z Zi-\-ambn \ymb-ssh-ti-jnIw Adn-b-sp XpSn.''10
Xopw `uXn-Ih
- m-Z]
- c
- s
- av hnti-jn-n-m-hp temIm-bX
- - k
- mwJy--\ym-b-ssh-ti-jnI Zi-\--fpsS KXn-bn-Xm-bn-cp-p-sh-n `mKn-

I- a mb ap `uXn- I - h mZ {]m- \ - - f psS nXn Duln- m- h ptXbpq. ChnsS Hcp Imcyw hy-am--s. ]utcm-ln-Xy-n\pw
A-hn-izm-k-pw A\m-Nm-c-pw FXn-cmb t]mcm--sbpw
\ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw Nn-I-sfbpw `uXn-I-hm-Z-ntem \nco-iz-c-hm-Zntem Ds-Sp-m-\m-hn-. {]mNo\ `mc-nse Ccw {]h-W-X-Isf-qSn `uXn-Ih
- m-Z- ]m-c
- c
- y-nsSpn ]ecpw Fm-dp-v. hoW-]-c-amtbm Ncn-{X-]-c-amtbm CXv icn-b-. `uXnI-hm-Z-n-t-Xmb
CS-ap-dn-bm Hcp ]c-ctbm `uXn-Ih
- m-Zm-[n-jvTn-Xa
- mb \mK-cn-IX
- tbm
Ncn-{X-n Hcp Imepw Dm-bn-n-. C\n-sbm-cn-t]mepw Dmhp-I-bp-an-. `uXn-I-hm-Z-ns Cm-es {]Nm-c-I CsXmpw
AwKo-Ic
- n-s-p-hc
- n-. Fp-Xs
- -b Cm Ncn{Xw sIn-bp-mn
`uXn-I-hm-Zs Ae--cn-m-\mWv Ah-cpsS {iaw. temIm-bX Zi-\ns {]Nm-c-s-n amIvknv Fgp-p-Im-c-\mb Fw.-F-kv. tZhZm-kns Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-an-Xm-Wv:
""{]mNo\ bpK--fn EtKz-Z-ns {]mcw-`-Im-ew(-{In.- ap. 16-mw
\qm-v) sXmv {InkvXm_vZw 7,8,9 \qm-p-I hsc Cy-bnse km[mcW P\-n-Sb
- n temIm-bX
-
- n\v {]Nm-ca
- p-m-bn-cp-p-sh-X
- n\v
kwi-b-an-.''11
Hm-a-Xm-bn, C-Im-ev Pohn-n-cp hyn As-n C{X
]g--ap IrXn Fv IrXy-ambpw A\p-am-\n-m-hp bmsXmpw
temIm-b-X-m-cp-tS-Xmbn Is-Sp--s-n-n-. Ahsb ]cm-ain-p
ap--h-cpsS IrXn-I \n-b-ambpw {]mNo-\-Im-e-t-sXv ]d-bmhp-h hnc-f-hp-amWv. Fw.-F-kv. tZh-Zmkv kqNn-n-p--Xn Ghpw
]gw hymks alm-`m-c-X-am-Wv. ]e L--fn-embn Iqn-t-s
Hcp kam-lm-ca
- mWv alm-`m-cX
- s
- a-X
- n-\mepw AXnse "_ml-kv]Xyw'
km`n-I-amb ---- --- ]
-- cm-aiw am{X-am-b-Xn-\mepw temIm-bX P\-Io-b-amsbmcp Zi-\-am-bn-cp-sv sXfn-bp-n-. F.-Un. cmw \qm-p- apX Ime--gw \Im-hp Nne temIm-bX Nn-I-m D-bn-cpp-sh--msX AsXm-cn-senepw Hcp P\-Io-b Zi-\-am-bn-cp-psh--Xn\v bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-. Cu ]mc-cyw F.-Un. ]mw \qmtmsS AkvX-an-p--Xmbn tUm. DWn-ncn Nqn-m-n-bXv ta
kqNn-n--tm. Npcp--n Fv \qm-p-In-S-bn Nne temImbX Nn-I-m-cp-m-bn-cpp F-msX Am-e-p-t]mepw AsXmcp
P\-Iob ASn--dtbm {]Nm-ctam D ho-W-am-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn\v
bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-. Fnepw Fw.-F-kv. tZh-Zmkv Fgp-Xp--Xn-s\-bmWv:

Zi-\
- n-tev
36
""sshZnI aX-hn-izm-k-pw Fm-cw Bob hmZ-n\pw
kam--c-ambpw AtX-k-abw Ah-smw FXn-cmbn \nc-cw ]S-sh- n-e[
- nIw hjw P\-n-Sb
- n AXns
n-sm-p-amWv cm-bn-c
sImSn XmgmsX \ne-\n--Xv.''12
Cu Ah-Im-i-hmZw Akw-_--am-sWv A]w kqva-ambn ]cntim-[n-m CtX-h-cn-I-fn\np Xs a\-n-em-mw. ""cm-bn-c-ne-[nIw hjw P\-n-S-bn'' ""sImSn XmgmsX'' \ne-\nm
Ign-hp Hcp PohnX hyh--bm-bn-cpp temIm-bX Zi-\-sa-n
AXn\v ""\nc-cw ]S-sht'' Bhiyw DZn-p-n-. ""\nc-cw ]Ssh-tn'' hp F-Xn-\Yw (A-Xm-bXv cm-bncw hj-!) AhIm-i-s Ime-L---fn-sempw AXn\v Imcy-amb kzm[o\w P\n-S-bn Dm-bn-cp-n-s-m-Wv.
""cmbncn--e[nIw h
-- jw'' "-- "\nc-cw ]
-- S-sh-n''sb {]kvXmhw
Xs ASn-m--\c-- l
-- n-X-am-Wv. As\ ]S-sh-m-hp-{X B _etam
Ipd tXmXn-se-nepap P\-kzm-[o-\tam temIm-bX ]mc--cymp-m-bn-cptm Fp-t]mepw kwi-b-am-Wv. GXm-bmepw ChcpsS "]S-sh-' F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-p-shpw F{X-Imew \op-\n-pshpw (""\nc-cw'') t\mmw. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, temIm-bX ]mc--cyn s]-sXv Nne-sc-nepw Icp-Xp \ymb sshti-jnI Zi-\-fpsS nXn ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
""BZy-Ime \ymb-ssh-ti-jnI Zi-\ `uXn-Ih
- m-Z]
- c
- hpw \ncoiz-c-hm-Z-]-chpw Bbn-cpp'' Fv tUm. DWn-ncn Fgp-Xn-bXv apv
kqNn-n-p-h-tm. Cu Zi-\--sf-n Atlw \Inb hnhc-W-
IqSn {in-pI:
""...-B-i-b-hm-Z-n\pw Abp-n-I-X-p-sa-Xnsc Ah bpn-i-c Xpcp-Xpsc {]tbm-Kn-p-Xpw \apv ImWmw. Ah C{]-Imcw
AXn-\n-in-X-ambn Bi-b-hm-Z-J-\w \S-p-n A`p-X-s-Sm
bmsXm-p-an-. ImcWw Xhpw AWp-kn-m--hp-amWv X-fpsS
Zi-\
- ns Pohn-X k
- -kz-sapw Bi-bh
- m-Z
- n-\p-thn sNp
GXp sNdnb kuP-\yhpw Cu cs--n\pw amc-I-am-bn-cn-p-sa-pw
\ymb-ssh-ti-jn-Iv \-t]mse Adn-bmw.''13
Atlw XpS-cpp:
""\ymb-ssh-ti-jnI Zi-\s -kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Hpw A{][m-\-a-m--XmWv Abp-n-I-Xpw At-b-hm-Z-n-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn,
bpn-hm-Z-n-\p-th-n-bp \ymb-- h
--- m-Zw. Bi-b-hm-Zhpw AXns
FXn]-hpw Xn-ep auen-I-k-acw Abp-n-I-Xbpw bpn-

t_m[hpw Xn-ep ka-c-ns cq]w kzoI-cn-n-p `mc-Xob ]cntXm-h--bn CXns {]m[m\yw Hpw Ipd-p-Im-n-q-Sm. ASn-m-\]-c-ambn \ymb-ssh-ti-jnIw bpn-hn-Nm-c-tmSv {]Xn-m-_--amb-Xp-sIm-v, AXn\v Ahiyw aX-\n-c-t]--am-hm-Xn-cn-m h.
thZs {]am-W-ambn AwKo-I-cn-m km[y-a-s-Yw.''
Fm tUm. DWn-ncn B{K-ln-p--t]mse \ymb--ssh-ti-jnI-m Ah-cpsS knm-- A\p-k-cn-mtWm {]h n-Xv?
Asv hy-am-Wv. \ymb-X-Xz-Nn Bhn-jvI-cn (F.-Un. 2mw
\qmv) KuX-a\pw At-l-ns "\ymb-kq{X'sa {K-n\v
hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xnb hmym-b-\-\pw(-F.-Un. 5mw \qm-v) sshti-jnI
Zi-\-ns D]-m-Xm-hmb IWm-Z-\pw(-F.-Un. 2mw \qm-v)
bYmY-n Fp-sN-bvXp-shv tUm: DWn-ncn Xs hy-am-s.
""IWm- Z sshti- j n- I - k q- { X- n "XZv - h N- \ m- Z m- a v \ m- b ky
{]mamWyw' F kq{Xw Bhn-p-sImv thZw shfn-]m-Sm-sWv
{]Jym-]n-p-Xpw KuX-a \ymb-kq-{X-nepw hmym-b-\ \ymb
`mjy-nepw thZ-ns A\ntj-[y-amb {]mam-Wys sXfn-bn-m
t]mepw {ian-p-Xpw Ah-cpsS [mc-Wsb _e-s-Sp-p-p-ap-v.''14
\ymb-ssh-ti-jn-I
- m thZ-{]-am-Wys AwKo-Ic
- n-p-X
- n-\m
BkvXn-I-- c--- -- ---- m-- s-- Wv ]c--cm-KX ]n-X-m ]d-bpp. CXns\ _es-Sp-p--XmWv Ah-cpsS thZ-{]m-am-Wys AwKo-I-cn-p ta
hmIy- FmWv tUm. DWn-ncn A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv. \ymb-sshti-jn-I-m temIm-bX ]mc--cy-n s]-h-cm-sWv hmZn-p
tUm. DWn-n-cn-sb-tm-ep--h ChnsS Hcp kwi-b-n\v hni-Zo-IcWw \Im \n_-n-X-cm-hp-p. \nco-izc ]mc--cy-ns]-h
thZ-{]mamWyw AwKo-I-cn--sX-p-sImv? CXn\p hni-Zo-I-c-W-satmWw tUm. DWn-ncn Fgp-Xpp: ""IWm-Z-sbpw KuX-a-sbpw
Imev sshZnI bmYm-n-Xn-IXzw im--- kv{X-n-s\-Xnsc `b--c-amb
{]Xn-tcm-[t- as-Sp-n-bn-cp-p. AXp-sImv AWp-kn-m-
- n-sbpw
X-n-sbpw D]-m-Xm-v X-fpsS Bi-b- kpc-nX-ambn \n-Ws
- a-n, thZtmSpw {_mW ]utcm-ln-Xy-tmSpw
]pd--- ta---- s-nepw BZcw {]Zin-n-p--Xm-bn-cnpw \-sXv tXmnb-Xn sXn.''15
CXmWp bmYmYy-sa-n (Cu hymJym\w icn-bm-I-W-sa-n
FXv thsd {]iv\-am-Wv), CXns\ "]S-sh-' Fpw "\nc-c' kac-sapw hnti-jn-n-p--sX-s\? "\nc--c- Iog-S-' Ft ]d-

Zi-\
- n-tev
38
tb-Xv? {_mlvaW ]utcm-ln-Xy-tmSv ]pd-ta-s-nepw BZcw
{]Zin-n-p-Xv \-Xm-sWv \ymb-ssh-ti-jn-Iv tXmn FpXs Icp-Xp-I. ]t, AXn sXn Fp hn[n-I]n-m-\m-hptam?
{]tXy-Inpw "\nc-c t]mcmw' Dbn-n-Sn-p A`n-\h amIvknv
Fgp-p-Imv?
Fw.-F-kv. tZh-Zmkv XpSv Fgp-Xpp: ""Fm-epw AXv
sslh aX- ta-[m-hn-I-fn\np am{X-a-, _u ssP\ aX--fpsS
{]Nm-c-Icn\n-p-IqSn ]e-tmgpw ITn-\-amb FXnn\v ]m{Xo-`-hnn-p-v.''
sslh hnizm-kn-Ifpw _u--ssP\ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb `c-Wm[n-Im-cn-Ifpw B[n-]Xyw ]pep-Ibpw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-cs kmaqln-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cmWv {]mNo\ Ime-L--n
Cy-bn-ep-m-bn-cp--Xv. P\-n-S-bnepw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-In-Sbnepw Am-ev {]Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp-Xv Cu hnizm-k-m-bn-cpp. Fn ]ns atXp Ime-mWv temIm-b-Xv {]Nm-c-ap-m-bncp-Xv? temIm-bX hnizm-kn-bmb Hscm `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb-sb-nepw
{]mNo\ Cy-bn\npw Nqn-m-m-\m-Ip-tam? temIm-bX ho-Wm-c-\mb Hcp \mp-cm-Pm-hn-s\-sb-nepw {]mNo\ `mcX-n\npw
Nqn-m-m-\m-hp-tam?
tUm. F.-hn.-]n. DWn-ncn Fgp-Xpp: ""{]kvXpX Zi-\-ns
-
- m-cpsS Hcp eLp-teJ
{K-s
- fmpw Ip-In-n-bn-n-.''16 temIm-bX
t]mepw Ip-In-n-bn-n Fv ]d-bp-I-bmhpw IqSp-X icn. Fw.-Fkv.
tZh-Zmkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse "cm-bn-c-n-e-[nIw hjw P\-nS-bn' "sImSn XmgmsX \ne-\n' Hcp {]m-\-am-bn-cpp temIm-bX-m-cptSsX-n Ah-cpsS Hcp {Kwt]mepw Ahti-jn-m-Xn-cn-p-sX-s\? Npcp-n-bXv, Hcp {K-sa-nepw kwc-nv ]nme
Xe-ap-d-Iv ssIam-dm-\p tijnt]mepw Cm AXoh Zp_-ecm-bn-cpp {]mNo-\--a-[y-Ime `uXn-I-hm-Zn-I Ft CXn\npw
sXfn-bp-Xv?
_n.kn 16-mw \qm-p-apv apX F.-Un. 9mw \qm-p-hsc "Cybnse km[m-cW P\-n-S-bn' `uXnI hmZ-n\v {]Nm-c-ap-mbn-cp-p-sh-m-Wtm amIvknv Fgp-p-Im-c-\mb Fw.-Fkv. tZh-Zmkns hmZw. Cy-bn `uXn-I-hm-Z-n\v k--am-sbmcp ]mc--cyapv Fv kaYn-m Hcm-bp-jvImew sNe-hmnb {K-Im-c-\mWv
tZ_o-{]-kmZv NtXm_m-ym-b. ap cmPy--fn-sempw C-s\-sbmcp
]mc-cyw `uXn-I-hm-Z-n-\n Fpw tZ_o-{]-kmZv ]d-bp-p. Npcp-

-n cm-bn-c--qdv hj- \o Ime-b-f-hn Cybn am{X- a mWv `uXn- I - h mZw P\- I o- b - a m- b n- c p- Xv FYw.
`qanbn as- p- a n- msX Cy- b n am{X- a mbn A- s \- s bmcp
{]Xn`m-k-ap-m-hptam Fs-nepw Chv Nnn-m-am-bn-cp-p. Ncn{X-n aXtam GsX-nepw Xcw `uXo-Im-XoX hnizm-k-tfm
Cm Hscm \mK-cn-I-Xtbm kwkvIm-ctam t]mepw Dm-bn-nsv e`y-amb Fm ]T-\-fpw sXfn-bn-p-p-v. Ccp-]Xmw \qmnt]mepw `uXn- I - h m- Z m- [ n- j v T n- X - a mb imkv { X- k m- t - X nI
kwkvImcw cq]wsIm-tm AXv ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn A`ykvX-hn-Zyn-Sn-bn HXpn \np-I-bm-bn-cp-p. _lp-P-\-
hnizm- k - ] - c - a mbn `mK- ` m- m- h p Hcp `uXn- I - h m- Z m- [ n- j v T nX
kwkvImcw B[p-\nI Ime-p-t]mepw Dm-bn-n- FtmpI.
CXp Xsbpw C-{]-Xy--ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv. ]mmXy \mSp-Ifn `uXn-I-hmZw bn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. ISp `uXn-Ihm-Zn-Isf tasm-Sn-p-t]mepw Inm-\n-m Ah kwPm-X-ambn
hcn-I-bm-Wv. aX-hn-izmkw Poh-im-kv{Xm-Sn-m-\-ap--Xm-sWv a\n-em-nb Cs Zmi\n-I "ssZh-Po' Is-m-\p {iaw
t]mepw km[p-hmbn Icp-Xp-p. CXmWv bmYmYy--sf-n-cns
Bo-b-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Nne IrXn-I-fn \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Isf ]cm-ainp Nne `mK--fp-mbn F-Xns ASn-m-\-n Cy-bn
cm-bn-c--qdv hj--fpsS temIm-bX Ncn{Xw k]n-pm-p-Xv A]-lm-ky-am-hnt?
tUm. DWn-n-cn-bpsS hcn-I {inq:
""Npcp--n, FXn-cm-fn-I J-t\m-t-iy-tm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw ]cnl-kn-m thnbpw \Inb hnh-cW
-
- f
- n\n-p am{X-amWv temImbX Zi-\sn \apv Adn-bm Ign-bp--Xv.''17 Fsmcp KXntISv?!
hnai-I-cpsS {K--fn am{Xw Pohn-m hn[n--s-(-AXpw
J-\hpw ]cn-lm-khpw t]dn!) GsX-nepw Hcp Zi\w temI-Ncn{X-n thsd Dm-bn-ptm Fv temIm-b-X-m-cpsS Cy-bnse
]nKm-an-I F-hI
- m-is
- -Sp-h
- At\zjnp-Xv ap-h
- s
- c-m
Ahp-Xs D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-tb-pw. ChnsS {]k--amb {]iv\w
asm-m-Wv. Cs Nne amIvknv Fgp-p-Im Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-Xp-t]mse {]mNo\ Cy-bn `uXn-I-hmZw P\-Io-b-am-sbmcp hoW-am-bn-cptm? Bbn-cp-s-n kz-amb Hcp eLp-teJ t]mepw
Ah-ti-jn-n-m-sXbpw Hcp \mpcmPyw t]mepw krjvSn-m-sXbpw

Zi-\
- n-tev
40
hnai-I-cpsS IrXn-I-fn GXm\pw ]cm-ai--fn-sem-Xp-nbpw
A- c - s amcp ssh]p- e y- a m ]mc- cyw A{]- X y- - a m- h p- - s Xs\? Dcw hy-am-Wv. {]mNo\ Cy-bn `uXn-I-hmZ NnmKXn P\-Io-b-am-bn-cp-p-sh A`yqlw ASn-m-\-c-ln-X-am-sWp
am{X-a-, hymtPm-n-I-fn sIn--Sp--Xp-am-Wv.
{]mNo\ `mc-Xob `uXnI hmZ-s-n ae-bm-f-nepw Cwojnepambn N-I \S-p-Ibpw tIc-f-nse XXz-Nnm X]-cnS-bn amIvknv hymJym-\- {]N-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXp-sImv
A]w ZoL-ambn AXns\ hne-bn-cp-n-b-Xm-Wv. Cu IrXn-bpsS
{]tabw {_lva-kq-{X-am-b-Xn-\m PK-n\npw {_-n-te-v
\ot-n-bn-cn-p-p.
{]]-w, {]Ir-Xn, PKv Fsms hyh-lc
- n-s
- -Sp Cu Zriytem-I-n\v hni-Zo-I-cWw \Im {ian-p-tm-gmWv {Zhy-tem-I-n\v
]pdv IS-t-n-h-cp--Xv. `uXn-I-hmZ ]mc-cyw Dsv Icp-X-sSp \ymb--ssh-ti-jn-I-cpw apw `uXnI am{Xm hnizm-k--fn\npbv AXn-`u-XnI bmYmYy--sf-n At\z-jn-m XpS-pXv
CXns e-W-am-Wv. BkvXnI Zi-\--fnXs {]Ir-Xym-XoX
bmYmYy--fpsS hni-Zmw-i- tXSm-\p Xzc-bpmIp-Xv asmcp
e-W-hpw. {_-s-p-dn-p At\z-jWw Chn-sS-\n-m-Wv.
_mZ-cm-bWs "{_-kq{X' nse Hm-as hmIyw {in-pI:
""AYmtXm {_Pn-mkm.'' "A\-cw CXp Imc-W-ambn {_s
Adn-bm-\p Pnmk'sbYw. cm-as kqw A]hpw IqSn
hni-Zmw-i- \Ipp: ""Pm-Zyky bXx.'' "Dn nXn
ebv CXmWp ImcWw' Fv kmcw. kzman m\m-\ kckzXn Cu hmIy-n\p \Inb hymJym-\hpw IqSn {in-pI: ""PUamb Cu temI-nse hnNn-{X--fpw, hn`n---fp-amb hkvXp--sfbpw, Ah-I-fpsS D-n-sbbpw, nXn-sbbpw, \mi-sbpw t\mnm-Wp GXp hnm-\npw Bcyw P\n-msX Ign-bn-. AXyp-X-I-c-amb Cu PKXv hym]m-c-ns ]nn GtXm Hcp Znhy-in
Dm-hmsX Xc-an-. B Znhy-i-nsbXs ]cm]-c-s\-pw, ]c-a]p-cp-j-s\-pw, Cuiz-c-s\pw Hs ]d-bp--Xv.... am Im F{]Imcw amhns\ t_m[n-ptam AXp-t]mse Imcy-kz-cq-]a
- mb {]]-s
ImWp Hcmv ImcW kzcq-]a
- mb Cuiz-cs\ As-n {_s
at\m-_p-o-{n-b--sf-smv Adn-bm Ign-bp-n-s-nepw Dsp
t_m[n-m-Xn-cn- h.
temIw Ds-pw, AXp PV-am-sWpw \ap--dn-bmw. ktN-X-\-

amb Hcp in-bpsS kpi--amb {]h-\-n IqsS-b-msX

Cu cq]-n kw`-hn-m h. AXn-\m, tZh--A-kp-c--a-\p-jy-]-ip--]-n--hr---k-ky--e-XmZn At\-I-Pohn ]cn-]qWhpw, BZnXy-N{ \{X {Klm-Zn-I-tfm-Spw, \m\m-tem-Im--c--tfmSpw IqSnb-Xp-amb Cu {_mn\v Ahiyw Hcp Im-hp-mtb Xocq.
AXmWv {_w.''18
{]]w bmYmYy-am-Wv. AXv krjvSn--s-Xpw kwhn-[m-\n-s--Xp-am-Wv. CXn-s\mw ]nn {_w F A]-cn-tab inbm-Wp--Xv. Cu hoWw kv]jvS-am-Wv. Ahy--X-bn-m--XmWv. a\p-jys kmam\y _pnpw AXn-_p-npw Hcp-t]mse
{Kmly-am-Ip-Xpw kwXr]vXn \Ip--Xp-am-Wv. Fm Chn-sS\npw At\z-jWw hopw aptm-p-t]m-Ip-tm Nne kwi-b Db-cmw. {]]-hpw {]]--kr-jvSmhpw bmYmYy-am-sW-n
cpw Htc-t]m-ep bmYmYy--fmtWm? AtXm `n bmYmYytfm? Fn F{X Xcw bmYmYy- - f pv ? C- X ymZn kwi- b v `n adp-]-Sn-I- \I-s--Xmbn ImWmw.
Cm-cy-n {_-kq-{X-ns ho-W-sa-mWv ? Dcw
kv]jvS-am-Wv. PKv AYhm {]]w {_-ns krjvSn-bm-Wv.
{_w krjvSm-hm-b-Xn-\m Zmi-\n-I-ZrjvSym A\m-Zn-bm-I-Ww. kzm`mhn-I-ambpw ]ca bmYmYyhpw. PKv krjvSn-bm-b-Xn-\m BZn-bpXpw Ay-ap-Xpw BWv, kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw WnI bmYmYyhpw. Cu ImgvN-m-SmWv ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-Xv, am[zm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xv, Atl-n\v appw tijhpapmb Cy-bnse ssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cp-tSXv.
Fm Cu kwi-b-v {ioi--cm-Nm-cy \Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw
{in-p-I. "{_-kXyw PKv anYy' FmWv At-l-ns
k]w. AssZzX Zmi-\n-In-S-bn Ghpw {]mam-Wy-ap kq{Xhm-Iy-am-Wn-Xv. Fm kqva hni-I-e-\-n Akw-_--]q-cn-Xam-sbmcp k]-am-Wn-Xv. {_w kXy-am-sW-Xp icn-Xs
- . Fm
PKv anYy-bm-hp--sX-s\? PK-ns\ Wn-I bmYmYyw Fp
hnti-jn-n-p-Xp AY-h-m-Wv. i-cm-Nm-cy Xs PK-ns\
Hcn-Sv "hyh-lm-cnI kXyw' Fv hnti-jn-n-p-p--tm? hyhlm-cnI kXyw anYy-bm-Ip--sX-s\? ChnsS Nne Cs\ hmZnt- mw: {]]w Wn- I - a m- b - X p- s Impw {_- ns ]ca
bmYmYy-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-tm {]]--ns \ne-\npw
kbpw \nm-c-am-b-Xp-sImpw BImw "PKv anYy' sbp ]d-Xv. Cu \ymb-hmZw AY-iq-\y-am-Wv. PKv WnI bmYmYyamWv Fv hy-am-m\pw AXns hni-Zo-I-c-W-n\pw kwkvIrX

Zi-\
- n-tev
42
`mj- b n ]Z- maw Cm- X n- c ns sXn- m- c - W - b p- m- p- Xpw
Akw-K-Xhpw ]qW-ambpw A_--hp-amb "PKv anYy' Fsmcp
{]tbmKw Xnc-s-Sp-p--sX-n\v? C-s\-sbmcp IrXyw Bcp
sNbvXmepw Ghpw Npcp-n-bXv Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-n\v Ign-hn-m-h Fsmcp hnai-\sa-nepw \ymb-ambpw D-bn--s-Smatm? PKv hyh-lmcnI bmYmYy-am-sW-n AXns\ anYysbp hnti-jn-n-p-Xv Zmi-\n-I-ambpw `mjm-]-c-ambpw A_-am-Wv. AXn-\m ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fpambn kwhmZw \S-p--Xn\p apv
AssZz- X - h m- Z n- I n- S - b n N \S- s. "PKv anYy' FXmtWm AtXm "PKv hyh-lm-cnI kXyw' F-XmtWm XfpsS ho-W-sav! GXm-bmepw AssZz-Xm-Nm-cy {ioi--cm-NmcyXs cpw ]d nXnv CXn GXmWp icn-sb--Xns\-n At-l-n\p Xs \n-b-an-m-bn-cpp FmWv a\-nem- t - - X v . Atm i- c m- \ p- b m- b n- I v Cm- c y- n Hcp
Xop In-m km[n-p--sX-s\?
]cn-lm-c-ap-m-bmepw Cs-nepw Hcp Imcyw hy-am-Wv. icmssZz-X-nse kl-P-amb Cu Ahy-X ap--h-cn Bi-b-p-g- krjvSn-n-p-v. {][m\ ImcWw i-cm-ssZz-X-nse Ahy-X-I ap--h-cn-tev ]I-cp--Xm-Wv. PK-ns krjvSn--n-Xn--eb
Im-hmWv {_w Fv {_-kq{Xw kv]jvS-am-p-p. PKv anYybm-sWtm {_w am{Xta kXy-am-bp-p-shtm {_-kq-{X-n
Fhn-sS-bp-an-. cp-Xcw kXy--fp-spw {_-kq-{X-n-en-.
PKv krjvSn-bm-bX
- n-\m WnI bmYmYy-am-sWv \apv {KmlyamIpw Fp am{Xw. Cu ImgvN-m-Sn bmsXmcp Ahy--X-bp-an-.
Fm {_kq{X-n\v i-cm-Nm-cy hymJym\w \Im XpS-p-tXmsS Ahy--X-I-fp-sSbpw sshcp-y--fp-sSbpw tLmj-bm-{X-bmcw-`n-p-I-bm-bn. Cu ImWp PK-ns\ krjvSn-Xv {_-am-sW
ho-W-n\v kv]jvS-Xbpw bpn-`-{Z-Xbpw Bthm-f-ap-v. {_w
]c-ab
- m-YmYyhpw PKv WnI bmYmYy-hp-am-sWv hcp-t- XmsS
F{X-Xcw bmYmYy-f
- pv F {]iv\hpw ]cn-lr-Xa
- m-hp-p. Fm
i-cm-ssZz-Xn-s KXn asmcp hgn-m-Wv. "{_w am{Xw kXyw'
F AkXy {]kvXm-h-tmsS PKv anYytbm bmYmYytam F
{]iv\w XpS-p-I-bm-bn. {_w am{Xta kXy-am-bn-p-q-sh-n PKv
anYy-bm-sWv hmZn-m Ah \n_-n-X-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv. PKv anYybm-sW-n ]ns bmYmYy-am-sW "tXm' Dm-Ip--sX-psImv? AhnZy sImm-sWv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS adp-]-Sn. Fn
AhnZy ]ca bmYmYy-am-tWm, AtXm anYy-bmtWm F kwibw

Db-cp-p. CXn\v cv adp-]-Sntb AssZz-Xn-Iv \Im-\m-hq. ]cabm-YmYy-satm anYysbtm am{Xw ]d-m {_w IqSmsX
asmcp ]ca bmYmYywA-hn-Zy--Iq-Sn-bpv Fp hcpw. CXv {_w
am{Xta kXy-am-bn-pq F AssZz-X-ns apJy XXz-n\v
\nc-p--X-. AhnZy anYy-bm-sWv ]d-mtem? anYy-sb-s\
asmcp anYysb krjvSn-pp F kwibw Db-cpw. kwi-b-
Xocp- n- . anYy- b mb PKv Dsv tXmm a\p- j y- c n- .
Fm Cu PKv Dsv tXmn- n- p Ahn- Z y- b m- I s
Dsv Bpw tXmp-p-an-. CsXpsImv? Xmn-I-ambpw
{]mam- W n- I - a mbpw AssZz- X - s - m `{Zw ssZzX- a m- s Wv
CXn\npw sXfn-bp-p. {_w--bmYmy {]iv\-n am{Xa, AssZz-X-nse sNdpXpw hep-X-pamb Hmtcm k]-fpw
sshcp- y- \nd- Xpw bpn- i q- \ y- h p- a m- s Wv XpSp
A[ym-b--fn\npw {Kln-m-\m-hpw.
"PKXv krjvSm-hmb {_'n\v i-c-hym-Jym-\-n-eqsS Fp
kw`-hn-p-shv At\z-jn-p-Xv IuXp-I-I-c-am-hpw. {ioi--cm-Nm-cycpsS "hymJym-\-]m-Shw' AssZz-Xs Fhn-sS-sm-s-n-p-shtm?
icmssZzXw \nco- i z- c - h m- Z - ] - c - a m- s Wv kwi- b n- pXn- t ev
kwkvIrX ]n-X-m-cn Nne-sc-nepw Fn-tp. tUm. DWnn-cn-bpsS Cu hnh-cWw {in-pI: ""thZm-s kw_-n-n-Stmfw cmam-\p-Ps hnin-jvSm-ssZzXw am[zs ssZzXw apX-emb thZm-im-J-I hnjvWp-hn-sbpw IrjvW-sbpw apw cq]-n Cuizcs\ AwKo-I-cn-p-p-s-nepw i-cs AssZz-X-th-Zmw ]mcamYnI Zi-bn \nco-iz-ch
- m-Z]
- c
- a
- m-- hnt
---- --F kwibw Am\.
AXm-b-Xv, AssZz-X-n ]mc-amYnI kXyw {_w am{X-am-Wv,
{]]w anYy-bm-Wv--]-c-amY-n Cm--XmWv; Dsv tXmpI
am{Xw sNp--Xm-Wv.... Atm {]]--ns krjvSn-nXnkwlmc Im-sh \ne-bn-tem, Ia-^-e-Zm-Xm-sh \ne-bn-tem,
Bcm-[y-aqn-sb \ne-bntem k]n--s-Sp Cuiz-c\v AssZzX-nse ]mc-amYn-I-Z-i-bpsS BXy-n-I- ]cn-W-Xnbn m\-an-mXm-bn-o-cp-p. AXp-sIm-m-bn-cn--Ww, Nne ]n-X-m AssZzXth-Zmw \mkvXn-I-am-sWv hne-bn-cp-n-b-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, `oamNm-cy Xs \ymb-tIm-i-n kmwJy-tm-sSmw AssZzX thZm-sbpw \mkvXn-I-Zi-\--fn D-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p. Atlw
]d-bpp: ""ambm-hmZo thZm-y]n \mkvXnI Gh ]cy-h-kmt\ kZytX.'' (am-bm-hm-Zn-bmb thZm-nbpw Ana ]cnKW\bn \mkvXnI Xs.) [`m-c-Xob Zi-\w, II, t]Pv Anse Ipdn-n cm[m-Ir-

Zi-\
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44
jvW D-cn--Xv].'19
{_s m]n-m F `mth\ PK-ns\ \ntj-[n--XpsIm-p-mb Zmi-\nI hn\ t\mtW! {_-hmZw HSp-hn Nne
kwkvIrX ]n-X-m-cpsS t\m-n \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-ambn HSp-n.
CXv am-cpsSbpw A]m-IX sIm. {ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Zmi-\n-Iamb njvS-X-bn-mbva sImm-sWv hyw. Ccw {]iv\-sfmpw A]w-t]mepw kv]in-msX Zmi\nI ta-tbmsS ssZzX
hoWw \ne-\np-p. Fm Ccw {]Xn-k-n-I-sf-n tIptIhn t]mep- a n- m kztZ- i - s bpw hntZ- i - s bpw AssZzXmhnizm-kn-I X-fpsS ho-W-amWv Cy Zi-\--fn
A{Kn-a-m-\-sv Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNp-p.
{ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cpsSbpw ]nme AssZz-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hymJym-\fn Gsdbpw bpn-kl
- a
- s
- p am{X-a thZ-D
- ]
- \
- n-jZv {]mamWyw
Cm--h-bp-am-sWv Htsd kwkvIrX ]n-X-m Nqn-m-n-bnp-v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "t\Xn,- t\Xn' (C-X-, CX-) F _rl-Zm-cWyI D]- \ n- j - nse(4.4.22) {]tbmKw t\mmw. {_- ns
AkvXnXzw m]n-sSp--tXmsS asmcp At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-pI-bm-bn. {_w \nKp-W-\mtWm AtXm kKp-W-\mtWm? Imcp-Wyhm, \oXn-am, kh-i- Fn-XymZn KpW- {_-n\v
Dsv ]d-bm-tam? AtXm Ch-smw AXo-X\m-b, a\p-jy\v
k]n-m-hp KpW-smw Ap-d-ap \nKp-W-\mtWm
{_w? i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hymJym-\-{]-Imcw {_w \nKp-W-\m-Wv.
CXn\p sXfn-hmbn takq-Nnn D]-\n-j-Zv{]-tbmKw Nqn-m-p-p.
{_-ns KpW--sf-n hnh-cn-p-tm "CX CX' Ft ]dbm-\m-hq, CXmWv Fv {]kvXm-hn-p KpW- Hpw Xs-bn-
FmWv AssZz-X-hmZw. 16mw \qm-nse ssZzX Zmi-\n-I\pw Ihnbp-am-bn-cp hmZn-cmP XoY "bpn-a-nI' F _rlZv IrXn-bn
Cu {]iv\w N sNbvX-Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp D]-\n-jZv hmIy-ns
Ah-km-\-amWv "t\Xn t\Xn' F {]tbmKw hcp--Xv. B hmIy-anXmWv:
""ap-th-n-bp B{Klw k-n-\p-th-n-bp B{K-lam-Wv. k-n\pthn-bp B{Klw Cu temI-n\pthn-bp
B{K-l-am-Wv. Xobm-bpw, Ch cpw A{K-l- am{X-am-Wv. Cu
Bmhv CX-, CX-.''20
ta D]-\n-jZv hmIy-nse Bibw hy-amWv: `mjm-]-c-amtbm
LS- \ m- ] - c - a mtbm bmsXmcp Ahy- - X - b p- a n- m Cu hnh- c - W -

n\npw FmWv a\-n-em-hp-Xv? apw k-n\pw

thn-bp a\p-jys B{K-lw, k-n\pw temI-Im-cy-pw
thn-bp a\p-jys B{K-lw-Cu cv B{K-l-fpw B{K-l am{X-am-Wv. Fm Cu Bmhv Ch-sbm-p-a FYw.
Bm- h n- s \bpw a\p- j ys imco- c nI C- I - s fbpw thXn- c nv
ImWn-p D]-\n-jZv hmIy-am-Wn-Xv. a, kv Fo ]cmai- - f p- - X n- \ m a\p- j y- s \- - n- b mWv D]- \ njZv hmIy- s av
hy-am-Wv. "Bm' F kwkvIr-X-]Zw hyn-I-fpsS Bmhns\ Ipdn-m-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv. a\p-jys Bmhv shdpw
CO-I-fpsS kwLm-X-a Fv [cn-n-p-I-bmhmw Cu hmIy-ns
eyw. Cu hmIyw {_-s-p-dn--sv H-t\m--n Xs
hy-am-Wv. BZys "CX' sImv Dt-in-Xv a-sfbpw cmas "CX' temI-Im-cy--sf-bp-am-sWv hmZn-cmP A`n-{]m-b-sSp-p.21 AXn-\m Cu D]-\n-jZv kqw {_-s-p-dn-p-a-,
{_hpw PKpw Xn-ep _-s-p-dn-p-a-sv Atlw
]d-bp-p. Fn CXv {_lva-s-p-dn-m-sWv AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I
]d-bp--Xns ASn-m-\-sa-mWv? i-cm-Nm-cy A-s\-bmWv
hymJym-\n-Xv F-Xp-sImv "]ns Kanpw _lp tKm-sf-mw...'
F-t]mse ap--h-cpw AXm-hnp Fp-am-{Xw. F{X-tm-fsa-m Cy Zi-\--sf-n {it-b-amb Hcp-]-T\w Xm-dmnb o^ ^nen]vkv Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWp-I.
Here also is the proclamation probably most often quoted by Advaitins, ''neti,
neti'' ''[Brahmam is] not thus, not thus'')22

{_- s - p- d n- mWv Cu D]- \ n- j Zv hmIy- s av ^nen]v k v

{]kvXm-hn-pXv i-cm-ssZz-Xn-I As\ hmZn-pp F-XpsImp am{X-amWv. XpSv At-l-sa-gp-Xp-Xv ''This statement underscores themes 3 and 9, the transcendence and inconceivability of Brahmam''
FmWv. aqv, HXv Fo Bi-b- Fsm-s-bm-sWtm?
3 Brahmam is transcendent of ''names and forms'' (nama-rupa), ie, is transcendent of finite individuality.
9 Brahaman is beyond the power of thought uninformed by mystical awareness.

{_-s--n-b-m Hcp D]-\n-jZv kq-n\npw {_s--n-bm-sW hymtP\ C{X-tbsd hymJym-\- sIn--a-pm-m AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I Xm-dm-hp-sa-n {_-s--n-bp
D]-\njZv kq--fn\npw Ah-sc-sms sIn--a-p-m-psav Duln-m-hp--tX-bp-q. Bi-b-kv^p-S-X-bp Hcp D]-\n-jZv

Zi-\
- n-tev
46
kqs C{Xv Zphym-Jym\w sNm Ah [rjvS-cm-hp-san Ahy-amb D]-\n-jZv kq-sf Ah-scp sNp-sav
Duln-m-hp--tXbq-q.
"Bm' F kwkvIrX ]Z-n\v kmam-\y-ambn a\p-jymmhv Fm-WYw. CXn\v k`m-\p-kmcw aY- \Im-dps-n t]mepw ta kqNn-n D]-\n-jZv kq-n "a\p-jym
mhv' Fp Xs-bmWv AY-amnbnp--sXv k`-n
\npw sXfn-bp-p-v. Chn-tS-v {_w IS-p-h-cm Hscm hgntb-bp-q. ]c-amYn-ImY-n {_hpw Bm\pw Hm-sWv
i-cm-ssZz-Xn-I hmZn-p-p. Fm Cu hmZw Xsbpw bpn]-camtbm {]mam-Wn-I-amtbm \ne-\n---X-sv ]no-Sp
A[ym-b--fn kaYn-n-p-v. {_hpw Bm\pw Hm-sWv
hy-am-p Hscm thZ--D]-\n-jZv hmIyhpw i-cm-ssZz-Xn-Iv
lmP-dm-m-\m-bn-n-. {_w am{X-amWv kXyw Fv BZyta hmZnp-t]m-b-Xn-\m PK-ns\ \ntj-[n-t KXn-tISv kzbw hcpn-o-h-cm-Wtm icmssZzXn-I. Bm AYhm Pohmmhv bYmY-am-sWp hmepw Ahv {]iv\-amWv. AXn-\m
Pohm-m-hn-s\bpw \ntj-[n-msX \nhr-n-bn-sp hp. CXn\p
Is- nb X{- a mWv Pohm- m- h p- X s {_w F- X v . ASnm\-c-ln-Xhpw sshcp-y- \nd--Xp-amb Cu kao-I-c-Ws
Bkv]-Z-am-n-bmWv ta D]-\n-jZv hmIy-n Pohm-m-hns
m\v Ah {_s XncpInb-p--Xv.
Cu kq-ns asmcp hiw t\mmw. ap-th-nbp
B{Klw k-n-\p-th-n-bm-sW-pw k-n-\p B{Klw Cu
temIw t\Sm thn-bm-sW-p-am-Wtm D]-\n-jZvkqw hy-amp-Xv. afpw B{K-lhpw kpw Cu temIhpw bYmY-n
D-Xm-sW-t CXn-\Yw? Ch-sbmsbpw anYy-bm-sW-n Cs\-sbmcp D]-\n-jZv hmIyw AY-iq-\y-am-hnt? am{X-a-, PKpw
afpw B{K-l
- fpw kpw anYy-bm-sWv {]kvXm-hn-p Hscm
thZ--D-]-\n-jZv hmIyfpw Ct-hsc Nqn-m-m i-cm-ssZz-XnI Ch-sbm-sbpw bmYmYy-am-sWp hy-am-n--cp Cu D]\n-jZv hmIys Fp sNm-\mWv? Ah-msI Adn-bm-hp-Xv
Zphym-Jym-\hpw Zmi-\n-I-amb sIn--a-bv-ep-I-fp-am-Wv. AXn-\m
{_- s - p- d n- - m Cu D]- \ n- j Zv hmIys {_- ns
\nKpW knmw \an-m-\p Icp-hmn Ah amp-I-bm-bn-cpp
F-\p-am-\n-mw.

"t\Xn t\Xn' F-h-km-\n-p D]-\n-jZv hmIy-n\v {_ns \nKp-W-Xz-hp-ambn _-an-s--Xn-cn-s-s. {_w \nKp-Wam-sWv {]kvXm-hn-p Hscm thZ--D-]-\n-jZv hmIy-fpw i-cmssZz-Xn-I CXp-h-scbpw aptm-p-sh-n-n-. Fm {_w kKp-W\m-sWp hy-am-p \nc-h[n thZD]-\n-j-Zv--{_--kq{X hmIy Dv-Xm-\pw. Cu IrXn {_-kq-{X -kw-_nbmI-bm XZvkw_--amb Nne kq- \Imw.
{_-kq{Xw 3mw A[ymbw 2mw ]mZw 37-mw hcn CXmWv:
""At\\ k-K-XXzw Abmami_vZm-ZnZyx''
"C{]-Imcw t`Zm-t`-Z- \n-cq-]Wmepw {ipXn-bn hym]-I-Xm-kq-NI-fmb i_vZ--sf-smpw {_w kh{X hym]vX-sapw knam-hpp' FYw. ChnsS {_-ns Hcp KpW-ambn kK-XXzs (k-hym-]n-Xzw) FSpp ]d-bp-p. "Hav\n-{]-k v' (omnipresent) Fv Cwo-jn kqNn-n-pXpw CXp-X-s. CtX hmIy-nep "Bbmam' F hmn\v e-]-c-amb hym]-IXzw (unlimited extension in terms of space) Fm-WYw. Cu cv ]Z-fpw {_-ns
hnti-j-W--fm-Wv. {_w \nKp-W-am-bn-cp-s-n {_-kq-{X-Im-c
Hscm kq- nXs cv hnti- j - W - \In kKpW
{_s ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-am-bn-cptm?
{_-ns KpW--K-W- IrXy-amtbm hy-amtbm a\-n-emp-Xnepw `mj-bn-eqsS {]Im-in-n-p--Xn-epw a\p-jy\v ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpv FXv Ghcpw AwKo-I-cn-p hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AXp-sImv
{_w \nKp-W-\m-sWv hcp-n-. ssZhnI KpW- \nh-N-\o-bf F hmZw icn-bm-Wv. Fm \nKp-W-\m-sW hmZ-am-Is
Akw-_--am-Wv. "\nKp-W' Fm kwkvIrX- `mj-bn KpW-fn-m-Xv Fm-WYw. a\p-jy\v k]n-m-hp KpW-v
AXo-X F AYw "\nKp-W' F ]Z-n\v knn-p-n-.
Ccw hkvXp-X-I {Kln--Xp-sIm-mImw BZy-Ime thZm NnI-sf-n Bg-n ]T\w \S-nb kwkvIr-X-]-n-X-\mb tUm.
lPnan \I-apd Cs\ A`n-{]m-b-s-Xv: ""i-cm-Nm-cy k]n-Xn\npw hyXy-kvX-ambn kKpW {_-s-bmWv {_-kq-{X-Imc Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv.23''
im- c m- s sZz- X n- I {]tXy- I - a mbn knm- n {_w am{Xw
bmYmYyw, PKXv anYy, \nKpW {_w, Pohm-m--]-c-amm kao-IcWw XpSnb Hscm k]-hpw {_-kq-{X-n\v \nc-p-X
- s
- p
am{X-a bpn-lo\w IqSn-bm-Wv. XpSp A[ym-b--fn Cmcyw

Zi-\
- n-tev
48
Ipd-p-IqSn hni-Z-am-mw.
Ipdn-p-I
1. A.S. Gupta, Essays on Samkhya (M.R.Sen: Allahabad) 1977, p.1
2. ""temI-kr-jvSn-sb-n `uXn-I-hm-Z-]-chpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ho-W-amWv NmIp-Xv'' tUm. DWn-n-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Zi-\w(-Nn ]n-tjgvkv: Xncph-\--]p-cw) 1993, t]Pv. 26
3. am[zm-Nmcy "k-Zi\ kw{Kl'n D-cn--Xv. taIr-Xn, t]Pv: 24
4. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time( Bantam Books: NewYork) 1989, P.VI
5. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 149. {]]--n\v Hcp krjvSm-hp-stm Cstm imkv{Xob
sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-m--- --- \
--
-- n Xop ]d-bm (Xm-e-t-s-nepw!)
o^ tlmnwKv Xm-dm-bn-n-. \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bnpw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-m-\n ssZh-\n-tj[w km[p-hm-sWv tlmnwKv {]kvXm-hn-p-n-s-Xv {itb-am-Wv. `uXn-I -im-kv{X--cn A{K-K-Wy\pw hnizm-k-]-c-ambn \nco-iz-c-hm-Znbp-amb tlmnwKv imkv{Xm-Sn-m-\-n \ntj-[- \n-K-a-\-n-se-m-Xn\npw Hcp Imcyw hy-am-Wv; \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bmb Hcp AXyp-X imkv{X-\p-t]mepw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-m-\-n ssZhm-kvXn-Iy- \n-tj[w km[y-a
Fv. Fm imkv{X-s-m kzw hnizm-ks Dum {ian-p Im
kmK tlmnw-Kns IrXnv Bap-J-sa-gp-Xn-b-tm Imcyw adn-m-bn. e-]c-ambn AXn-cp-I-fn-m-Xpw Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-an-m--Xp-amb {]]--n
ssZh-n\v Hpw sNm-\n F \nK-a-\-n-emWv tlmnwKv Fn-b-sXv
kmK Ip-dn-p-p. CXv XnIpw sXm-Wv. {]]w AXn-cp-I-fn-m--Xm-sWtm
Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-an-m--Xm-sWtm tlmnwKv ]d-bp-n-. "BsW-n'
FmWv At-l-ns ssien. BsWv {]kvXm-hn-m imkv{Xo-b-ambn
km[y-a-s-Xp sImm-Wtm Cu ssien. Hcn-Sv tlmnwKv C-s\ IqSn
Fgp-Xp-p-v: Science seems to have uncovered a set of laws that, within the limits set by
the uncertainty principle, tell us how the universe will develop with time, if we know its
state at any one time. These laws may have originally been decreed by God, but it appears
that he has since left the universe to evolve according to them and does not now intervene
it.'' (p.129)

CXns ASn-m-\-n tlmnwKv ssZhm-kvXn-Iyw AwKo-I-cnp Fpw hmZnm-hm-hp--Xm-Wv. ]mm-Xy-tem-Is imkv{X-pw Zmi-\n-Ipw
Ccw auenI {]iv\-fn hy-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv FSp-m Ign-bm-Xv
Fp-sIm-m-sW At\z-j-W-n\v {]k-n-bp-v. imkv{Xkm-t-XnI
cwKv Ah apn-em-sW-nepw Zmi-\n-I--[manI taJ-e-I-fn Ah-cn-tmgpw
ssiih Zi-bn-em-sW--XmWv bmYmYyw. `uXn-I-hm-Zm-[n-jvTnX imkv{X kwkvIm-c-n \n-p-sImv tlmnw-Kns\tmep ISp `uXn-I-hm-Zn-It]mepw
ka-bs
- -p-dn-p XnIpw imkv{Xo-ba
- m-sbmcp IrXn-bn ssZhsn Nnnm XpS-pp FXv {it-b-am-Wv. tlmnwKv \nco-iz-c-m-cn Ah-km\
Xe-ap-d-m-c-\m-sWp ]d-bmw. _pnbpw t_m[hpw t\c-s-bp-Zn--h apt
CXv XpS-n-bn-cp-p.
6. tUm. DWn-n-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Zi-\w, t]Pv. 185
7. ta IrXn, t]Pp-I 185-186
8. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 37
9. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 39. Du {K-Imct-Xv.
10. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 18. Cu hmN-I
- p-tijw {K-Im-c Fgp-Xpp: ""Atmgpw
AXv AWp-kn-mw ssIsh-Sn-bp-n-s-nepw Cuiz-cs\ IqSn AtXm-sSmw
AwKo-I-cn-p sshcpyw \ne-\np-p.'' Hp-In AWp As-n Cuiz-

c F {K-Im-cs _men-i-t_m-[-n\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]k-n-t]mepw

Csv \ymb-ssh-ti-jn-I-cpsS Zmi-\n-I amw sXfn-bn-p-p. Cuizc krjvSnsb \ne-bn {]Ir-Xnsb IW-m-p--tXmsS AWp--Cu-izc sshcp[yw A{]Xy--am-Ip-sav {Kln-m ]p \qm-p-Ip aps-nepw \ymb--ssh-tijn-Iv Ign-p. Fm `uXnI-hm-Zn-bmb {K-Im-c\v 21mw \qm-nepw
AXn\v km[n-p-n-. `uXn-I-hm-Z-ns kl-P-amb ]cn-an-Xnv Pohn-p
DZm-l-c-Ww!
11. Fw.-F-kv. tZhZm-kv, amIvknv Zi\w, t]Pv. 62. tUm. DWn-ncn D-cn--Xv.
Du F-t-Xv.
12. ta IrXn, Du F-t-Xv.
13. tUm. DWn-n-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Zi-\w, t]Pp-I 186-187
14. ta IrXn, t]Pp-I. 187-188
15. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 188
16. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 23
17. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 23
18. {_-kq-{Xw, hymJym\w: kzman m\m\ kc-kz-Xn, (B-\ IpSocw: I\ymIp-am-cn) 1993, t]Pp-I. 23
19. tUm. DWn-n-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Zi-\w, t]Pv. 42
20. S. Radhakrishnan, Principal Upanishad, p. 279
21. L. Stafford Betty, Vadiraja's Refutation of Sankara's Non-Dualism (Motilal Banarsidass:
Delhi) 1978; D.N. Shanbhag, Vadiraja: The Dvaita Poet (Shri Rama Prakashana:
Dharwad)1996.
22. Stephen Philips, Classical Indian Metaphysics (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi)1997, p.10
23. Hajimi Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosphy (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi),
1983, p.486

{]Nm-cW clkyw
50

{]Nm-cW clkyw
Cy XXz-Nn--bnse Ghpw {]Nmcw t\Snb Nnm-k-c-WnbmWv thZmsa-Xn kwi-b-an-. sshcp-yhpw sshhn-[y-hpam \nc-h[n Nm-hy-h--I AS-p--XmWv Cy Zi\w.
Fn-epw, Cm-ev apJy-[m-c-bmbn thZmw AwKo-Imcw ssIhcn-n-p-v. Cy Zi-\-s-p-dnv ]Tn--h-cn {]kn--\mb Pm\okv {K-Im-c tUm. lPnan \I-ap-d-bpsS A`n-{]mbw t\mq:
""Cy-bpsS ss[j-WnI Xe-n thZm ]mc--cy-n\v almb {]m[m-\y-ap-v. B cmPys {][m\ Nnm-[m-cbpw Zmi-\nI
{]Xn-\n-[n-bp-am-W-Xv.''1
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp:
""thZmZi\w AXyw {i-bln-p-p. AXns Zmi-\n-Iaqeyw am{X-a CXn\p Imc-Ww. `mc-X-nse aX-tmSv Ghpw
ASpv _-s--Xm-sW-p-Xpw `mcX `qJ--n-ep atXp
hnNm-c-]--Xn-sb-mfpw kPo-h-am-sW-p-Xpw CXns {]m[m-\yn\p Imc-W-am-Wv.''2
tXmakv \oens hmpI:
""i-c-s\bpw At-l-ns thZm--sbpw Cy Bo-b-Xbnse ]c-tam-XirwK-ambn IW-m-mw. Imc-Ww, apIm-e-th-Zm
Zi\w ]cn-]I
- zX {]m]n-p-Ibpw ]nme Nn-bpsS ]cm-ai tI{am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX Zim-k-n-bm-W-Xv.''3
thZm ]mc--cy-n {][m-\-ambpw aqv [mc-I ImWmw. {ioi-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-Xw, cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cpsS hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xw, am[zmNm-cy-cpsS ssZzXw Fnh. Ch-bn G-hpw -{]-kn--am-bXv i-cm-

ssZz-X-am-Wv. Cy XXz-Nn--I-fn tI{-m-\amWv AssZz-X-n\p--Xv. ]n-p-I F-dn-b-s-Sp ]c--cm-KX ]n-X-m-cn

Bdn Ap-t]cpw ic ]c-c
- b
- n s]-Xm-sW-n-cns CXv kzm`mhn-I-am-Wv.4
thZm kq{X--fpsS Cwojv hnh-\-n\v Bap-J-sa-gp-Xnb
tPmPv Xnt_m-ns A`n-{]mbw Cu s]mXp[mc-W-sb {]Xn-^-en-np-p-v. "]uckvXy temIs ]hn{X {K-' F ]c--cbn i-c-`mjyw Xnc-s-Sp--Xns Hcp Imc-W-ambn Atlw FgpXn-b-Xn--s\-bmWv:
""ip-amb Zmi-\nI ImgvN-m-Snepw ssZh-imkv{X ]cn-K-W-\-Ifmepw Cy an Db Ghpw {][m-\-s-Xpw Bth-i-`-cn-Xhp-amb knm--amWv i-c aptm-p-sh--Xv. i-c-\n\npw hn`n-amb thZm-cq]-tm atsX-nepw thZmt-Xc hyh-Itm sscyw, Bgw, Nnm-]-c-amb kqvaX Fo Imcy-fn AXn-t\mSv InS-\nm-\m-hn-.''5
Cy XXz-Nn--I-fn Ct-hpw {]i-kvX-am-b kcWn i-cmssZz-X-am-Wv.6 Fp-sIm-mWv i-cm-ssZzXw C{Xbvp {]Nmcw t\Snb-sX tNmZyw {]k--am-Wv. XmnI `{Z-X-bnepw Zmi-\nI tabnepw AXv ]pep AZzn-Xo-bX
- b
- m-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ws
- av s]mXpsh
hniz-kn--s-Sp-p. Cu [mcW F{X-am{Xw icn-bmWv? im-c-ssZzX
Zmi-\n-I-cp-sS-b{X XmnI tijn-bp--h ssZzXm-\p-Iq-en-InSn-bn Dm-bn-cp-nt? hnin-jvSm-ssZzX hmZn-I-fn Bcpw-Xs ic
Zmi-\n-I-cp-sS-b{X {]K--cm-bn-cp-n-s--XmtWm icn? Ccw kwib- km[m-c-W-bmbn Db-cm-dn-. Cy-bnse Cp XXz-Nnm
cN-bn-Xm- s]mXpsh Cu Zni-bn-ep At\z-j-W-fn X]-cc. i-cm-ssZz-X-tmsS am\-h-cm-inbpsS Zmi-\n-Im-t\z-jWw ]cn]qn-bm-bn-cn-pp Fp-hsc ]ecpw [cn-p-h-n-p-v. Cu hI \nKa-\- hkvXp-X-I-fp-ambn CW-p-p-tm?
Cy XXz-Nn--bpsS Ncn{Xw kXy-k--ambn ]Tn-m Cs
\nK-a-\-n-emWv Fn-t-cp-I. i-cm-Nm-cy-sc-tmse Zmi-\nI knn
ap thZm-n-Ipw Dm-bn-cp-p. {]tXy-Inpw, am[z-k-c-Wn-bnse
XXz-Nn--Iv. Pb-XoY\pw hymk-XoY\pw ssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cn
{]ap-Jc
- m-bn-cp-p.- thtZm]\n-j
- p-Isf Bkv]Z- a
- mn ssZzX-hm-Za
- mWv
{]mam-Wn-I-sapw AssZzXw bpn-]-c-ambpw thZm-Sn-m-\-nepw
kzoIm-c-tbm-Ky-a-spw Ch kaYn-n-p-v. Ch-cpsS cN-\-I-sfbpw
AssZzX kmlnXysfbpw Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-n-smv Fkv.-F.-Zmkv
Kp]vX Fgp-Xn-bXv {it-b-amWv. Ap hmfy--fn-embn Cy XXz-

{]Nm-cW clkyw
52
Nnm Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb Kp]vX \memw hmfy-ns Bap-J-n
Ipdn-pp:
""Fs A`n- { ]m- b - n, Pb- X oYbpw hymk- X oY- b p- a mWv
Cy Zi-\-ns Ghpw D-X-amb XmnI ]mS-hs {]Xn\n-[o-I-cn-p--Xv. Cy XXz-Nn--bpsS Ah-km-\-L-s ics AssZzXw Ah-X-cn-n-p-p-sh-smcp s]mXphnizmkw [mcmfw
t]n-S-bn-epv. ]t, Cu hmfy-n Pb-XoY-bpsS, {]tXyInpw hymk-XoYbpsS Zi\w hnh-cn-Xp hmbn-p--hv ssZzX
kao-]-\-ns inbpw hyn-{]-`m-hhpw a\-n-em-Ipw. hymkXoY-bpsS XmnI knnbpw AXns Bghpw Cy Zmi\nI taJ-e-bn-em-I-am\w Gsd-psd shp-hn-fn--Xo-X-ambn \nesIm-p-p.''7
CXmWv hkvXp-X-sb-n Fp a\-n-emmw? XmnI knnbnepw Zmi-\nI ta-bnepw AssZz-Xs
- -mfpw AssZz-Xn-Is
- f-mfpw
Hpw ]nd-In-em-bn-cp-n ssZzXhpw ssZzX-hm-Zn-Ifpw Fp-X-s. am{Xa-, ZmkvKp-]vXb
- psS Xmc-Xay ]T-\{- ]-Imcw ssZzX Zmi-\n-Ic
- m-bn-cpp
AssZzX Zmi-\n-I-sc-m XXz-Nn-m-]m-S-h-n anIp \np-Xv. CXn-tev shfnw hoip kw`h hnh-cWw \Imw.
am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS injy-m-cn HSp-hn-e-s-bm-fmb Atm`y
XoYbpw {]kn AssZz-X-Nn--I hnZym-c-Wybpw Xn Hcp
kwhmZw \S-p. ]Xn-\memw \qm-nse hnin-jvSm-ssZz-XI
- m-c\
- mb thZm-tZ-in-J-bm-bn-cpp tamU-td-. hnjbw XXz-akn Xs. tImemdn\npw ]p ssa AI-se-bp ap_m-Ke
- n-em-bn-cpp kwhmZw.
hnP-bn-Xv ssZzX Nn-I\
- mb Atm-`y-XoY-bm-sWv A[y-\
- mb
thZ-m-tZ-inJ hn[n ]d-p. hnin-jvSm-ssZzXw ssZzX-s-m ASpXv AssZz-Xt- m-Sm-Wv. Fn-cns hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X
- m-c\
- mb A[y ssZzX-hm-Zn-bmb Atm-`y-XoY hnP-bnXmbn {]Jym-]n-p-sh-Xn\npw kwhm-Z-n AssZz-X-hmZn Ak-n-Kv[-ambpw ]cm-Pb-s-p-shv a\-n-em-mw. hymk-XoY-bpsS "Pb-XoY hnPbw' F
IrXn-bn Cu kw`hw ]cm-ain--s-n-p-s-v(11, 54.68) s{]m^.
_n.-F.-sI. ia tcJ-s-Sp-pp.8 kwhm-Z-hn-Pbw kvacn-m Hcp
IkvXq]w m]n--Xmbpw hymk-XoY Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v. Chn-sSbpw
IuXp-I-I-c-amb asmcp kw`hw IqSn-bp-m-bn. Nne AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I
hn[n Ah-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-sv Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-p-v. F.-hn. tKm]mem-Ncy 1907 {]kn-o-I-cn "bmZhm`yp-Zb' F IrXn-bpsS BapJ-n As\ {]kvXm-hn-p-p. bmsXmcp sXfnhpw kqNn-n-m-

sX-bmWv Cu Ah-Im-i-h-mZw. Fm hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-I-fpsS IrXnI-fn ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fmWv Pbn--sX--Xn\v sXfn-hp-s Imcyw

Ch ad-p-p-sh-mWv s{]m^. ia Nqn-m-p--Xv. am{X-a-,
kwhm-Z-hn-Pbw kvacn-m ap_m-K-en Hcp IkvXq]w m]n-Xmbn hymk-XoYs "Pb-XoY-hn-Pb'n kqNn-n-p--p-tm. CtX e- p- \ npw hnIr- X - a m- - s Hcp Ikv X q]w
]nm-ev Ipgn-s-Sp--s--Xmbpw s{]m^. ia hy-am-pp.
ssZzX-Zmi-\n-I-cpsS ]c--c-bn {]K`-m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cpp
hymk-XoY(14781539). Ct-l-ns "\ymbm-arXw' F IrXn-bn
AssZz-X-nse Zmi-\nI sshcp-[y- Xpd-p-Im-n-bn-pv. {]IrXn-bpsS bmYmyw \ntj-[n-p-X
- nse \ncY-IX
- bpw bYmXY XXzNn--bpsS km[p-Xbpw CXn NsNp-p. {]Xy hkvXp-X-Isf
BK-a, \nK-a-\--fp-]-tbmKnv Zp_-e-am-m-\p AssZzX hmZn-IfpsS {ia-sf kbp-nIw Jn-pp. {_-s-p-dn-p
\nKpW, \ncm-Im-c, kz {]Im-i-Xz, Ahm-NyXz k]-sf ka-{Kambn \ncq-]Ww sNbvXv ssZzX ho-Ws m]n-p-p.
ssZzX Nn-I-cpsS \o ]c--c-bn hymk-XoY\v Nne {]tXyI-X-I-fp-v. am-[zm-Nm-cy, Pb-XoY, hnjvWpZm-km-Nmcy XpS-nb
apKm-an-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf Ctlw Ah-ew-_n-p-p-s-nepw X\n-abp hni-I-e-\- hymk-XoYs IrXn-I-fn ImWmw. apKmanbmb hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy-bpsS {i-bnsSm-Xn-cp ]e AssZzX
IrXn-I-sfbpw Atlw ]cn-tim-[n-n-p-v. Hcp]t, AssZzX cN-\I-fn Ghpw hyp]-n-bp-m-bn-cp ssZzX Zmi-\n-I hymkXoY-\m-Imw. am{X-a hymk-XoY-s\-tm-se, ssZzX IrXn-I-fn
Bghpw ]cpw t\Snb GsX-nepw AssZzX Nn-I-cp-m-bn-cptm
Fv kwi- b - a m- s Wv s{]m^. ia \nco- n- p- p- v. 9
hymkXoYs apKman Fp hnti-jn-n-m-hp hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nmcy\pw(1390-1440) ]e hnti-jX
- I
- f
- p-v. hymk-XoYsb{X-Xs Zmi\nI ]Sp-hm-bn-cp Pb-XoYs {]apJ IrXn-bmWv "hmZm-heo.' CXnse
hni-I-e-\- Iptd-IqSn hni-Z-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-Xv hnjvWpZm-km-Nmcys "hm-ZcXv\m-hen'bmWv. aoamw-k-bp-sSbpw hymI-c-W imkv{X-nsbpw XXz- {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Spn ssZzX-ho-Ww kaYn-p-Ibpw
AssZzX \ncq-]Ww \S-p-Ibpw sNbvX BZy Zmi-\n-I Ct-lamImw. Ipam-cn-f, `h-\m-Y, hc-Zc
- m-P XpS-nb aoamw-kI
- c
- psS hmIyfpw sPan-\n-kq-{X-fpw hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy D]-tbm-Kn-pp. "XXv
Xzw Akn' F D]-\n-jZv {]am-W-n\v Ccp-]Xv hymJym-\-

{]Nm-cW clkyw
54
Ctlw \Ip-p. "GIw Gh-Zzn-Xobw' F-Xn\v Ggp hymJym-\fpw. Ch-sbmw i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZzX hymJym-\-n\v hncp-am-Wv. Poh\pw (hy-n-I-fpsS Bm-hv) {_hpw cm-sWv
kaYn-p--h-bmWv Cu hymJym-\--sf-mw. "alm-`mjy', "]Z-aRvPcn' XpS-nb {]mam-WnI kwkvIrX {K--fn\npw sXfnhp-I \nc-n temIw amb-bm-sW hmZ-sbpw hnjvWpZm-k
Jn-p-p.
Cu IrXn-bnse Hmw A[ymbw Xs ambm-hm-Zs Jnp--Xm-Wv. PKXv anYym-hm-Z-ns ]Xn-s\mv km[y-X-I hniZ-ambn ]cn-tim-[nv \ncq-]Ww sNbvXn-p-v. a\p-jys t_m[-hpw
(-[r-Iv) AXns hnj-bhpw(Zr-iy) Hms-Wv Fs\ ]d-bm-\m-Ipsav hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy tNmZn-p-p. Ch Xn-ep _w Fs\-bp--Xm-sWv hmepw t_m[-n\v hnj-bo-`-hn-p Zriy-{]]w anYy-bm-sWp hcp-n-. Zriy-{]-]w Cs-n hnjbhnjbo _-ns N-t]mepw AY-iq-\y-am-hpw. thZ--D-]-\n-j-pI-fn Poh-s\bpw {_-sbpw cmbn hnh-cn--Xn\v Htsd DZm-lc-W- Ah-X-cn-n-p-sImv Poh--{_ At`-Z-sa i-c-ho-Ws {K-Im-c Xnc-kvI-cn-p-p.- Po-h-s\bpw {_-sbpw
Hmbn ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm-gp-m-Ip Xmn-I-amb ka-ky-Ifpw
hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nmcy Nqn-m-pp. {_s Am\w aqSn \npp-sh hmZ-sbpw Atlw Jn-n-p-v. i-cm-Nm-cy knmn--t]m-ep BtKmf Am\w thZ--D-]-\n-j-p--fn ImWpn-sv hjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy hy-am-p-p. \nKp-W-hm-Zs
Jn-p-Ibpw kKp-W-{_--n-s\-Xnsc AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I D-bn
hnai-\--fnse A]m-I-X-I shfn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v. Npcp-n hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cys "hmZ-c-Xv\m-hen' i-cm-ssZz-X-ns
ka-{K- J--\-am-Wv.
Cy XXz-Nn--bnse Hcp {][m\ kc-Wn-bm-Wtm \ymb-ssh-ti-jn-Iw. AssZz-X-n\v t\hn-cp--amb ho-W--fm-bn-cpp
Chv. i-cm-Nm-cy {_w Hgnv asmw anYy-bm-sWp hmZn-tm Hsm-gn-bmsX Fmw bmYmYy-am-sWv \m-bn-I
- m hmZnp.
ka-bw, ew, Bm-hv, {_w, {]m]-nI XXz- (universals),
{]mtZ-inIXXz- (particulars) XpSn Fmw bmYmYy--fm-Wv.
Fp Xs-b A]hpwIqSn ISv anYy Xsbpw (non-existence)
bmYmYy-am-sWp hy-am-n. Cm-bva (nothingness)bpw bmYm
Yy-at? Asv hmZn-m AssZzX ambm-hm-Zn-Im-hp-tam-?
kz]v \ hpw Hcp bmYm- Yyw Xs- b t? CubY- n Fmw

bmYmYy-am-sWv hmZn-p--hsc Xmn-I-ambn t\cn-Sm Hcp

AssZzX Zmi-\n-I\pw km[n-n-n F-XmWv kXyw. DZn-tZm-I-c,
{]im--]m-Z, hmN-kv]Xn an{i, DZ-b-\m-Nm-cy XpSn \nc-h[n
{]K`-cmb Zmi-\n-I \ymb--sshti-jnI Nnsb kp-jvSamn-bn-pv. Ch-cn hmN-kv]Zn an{i-bm-bn-cpp Ghpw kaY.
\ymb- - s sh- t i- j nI Nn- b psS Ncn- { X- s a- g p- X nb [t- { - \ mY
imkv{Xn ""Zmi-\nIcwKv Hcp ]t, i-c-s\m kaY-\mbn-cpp hmN-kv]Zn an{i''sbv A`n-{]m-b-s-n-pv.10 an{i-bpsS
{][m\ IrXn-bmWv "\ymb--hmn-I--Xm-Xv]-cy--ToIm'. \ymb--sshti-jnI Zi-\-ns Ghpw \ne-hm-c-ta-dnb Ah-X-cWw CXn-emWp- - X v . ]mn- X y- ns Imcy- n hnm- \ - t Im- i - ] - c hpw
X-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn tdbvk-dns aq-bp-amWv Cu IrXn-bpsS
hnti-j-X-I-sfv imkv{Xn hne-bn-cp-p-p.11 Cy-bnse sshhn[y-amXpw sshcp-[y-am-Xp-amb XXz-Nn--Isf kw{K-lnpw kaXp-en-X-ambpw Ah-X-cn-n-p IrXn-bmWv hmN-kv]Zn an{i-bp-sSsXpw Atlw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. X\nv hntbm-Pn-p NnmK-Xn-I {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-tm t]mepw Ah-bpsS A\p-bmbn Ft]mse hf-sm-Sn-msX kXy-k--ambn hmZ- Ah-X-cn-n--bmfmWv hmN-kv]Zn an{i-sbv imkv{Xn Nqn-m-p-p-v.
AssZzX hmZ-m \nc-nb hmZ-s
- fmw Imem-Im-e
- f
- n kbpnIw Jn--s-n-p-s Imcyhpw {it-b-am-Wv. {ioi--cm-Nmcy-cpsS hmZ- am{X-a-, ]nme AssZz-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xpw. {ioi--cmNm-cyp-tijw Ghpw {it-b-cmb AssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cn {]ap-J\m-bn-cpp {iolj. \ymb XXz-hm-Zn-bmb KtW-i {iolj NnIsf \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp-sImv "XXz-Nn-m-aWn' Fsmcp IrXn Xmdm-n. Ct-l-ns aI-\mb h[-am-\ {ioljs "J-\-J-ImZy' F {K-n\v asmcp hnai-\hpw Ah-X-cn-n-p-I-bpm-bn. AXn-\p-tijw asmcp \ymb-Zmi-\n-I-\mb i-c-an-{ibpw
{ioljs AssZz-X-hm-Z-sf \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp. \nKpW {_sa k]w D]-\n-j
- p-If
- psS ]np-Wb
- n-m-X
- m-sWv \nc-h[n
D]-\n-jZv hmIy- \ncn i-c-an{i kaYn-p-I-bp-m-bn.
Zmi-\n-I-ambn AssZzX hmZn-Isfm ]mShw sXfn-bn--h
ssZzX-k-c-Wn-bpsS hm--fm-bn-cp-p-sh-nepw {]Nm-c-W-]-c-am-b (propaganda)- hn-Pbw t\Sm Ahv km[n-n-.
AssZz-X-n\p ssIh Cu {]Nm-c-W-ns clkyw IpSn-sImp GXm\pw hkvXp-X-I kqNn-n-mw.

{]Nm-cW clkyw
56
Hv, AssZz-X-n-\-p-dw--{]-tXy-Inpw i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS--aq-ey-hmb asmcp Zi-\h
- p-an-s hnNm-c
- n\v apJy-Im-cWw, CXc hoW--sfbpw Ah-bpsS _em-_-e-sbpw Ipdn-p A-X-bm-Wv.
i-cm-ssZzXw a\-n-em-n-b-Xns ]Ip-Xn-t]mepw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cys
hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X-tam, am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXtam a\-n-em-n-bn-p-mhn-. Chsb Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-Itbm \ncq-]W ZrjvSym hne-bn-cpp-Itbm sNbvXn-p-m-hn-. Cy-bn-sebpw hntZ-i-sbpw XXzNnm X]-cn-S-bnepw {K-Im-n-S-bnepw Hcp-t]mse
\ne- \ np kp- N nX kao- ] - \ - a m- W n- X v . {]i- k v X - c mb XXzNnmcNbn-Xm--fpsS nXn t]mepw hyXy-kvX-a-.
{io i- c m- N m- c y- c psS thZm kq{X- ` mjyw Cwo- j n- t ep
hnh\wsNbvX tPmPv Xnt_mv AXn\v \qn-]-Xn-s\p t]Pp-I
\o Bap-J-sa-gp-Xn-bn-p-v. Fm, AXn Hcp JnI t]mepw
ssZzX-ho-Ww ]cm-ain-m \on-sh-n-n-. am[zm-Nm-cy-cp-sStbm
]nm-es ssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cp-sStbm t]cp-I t]mepw Atlw
kqNn-n-p-n-. hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mb cmam-\p-Ps Zi-\-hpambn AssZz-Xs Xmc-Xa
- y-s-Sp-p-p-v. Fm, AssZz-Xh
- p-ambn
auenI `nX ]pep ssZzXs Xs Xmc-Xay {]{In-b-bn
Xnt_mv ]m-fn-bm-p-t-bn-. CsX-p-sImv kw`-hnp?
i-c-Zi\w krjvSn {]Nm-c-W-tIm-em-l-e-n ssZzX-hm-Zns inbpw ku-cyhpw Xncn--dn-bm Xnt_m-n\pw AXp-t]mep ]mm-Xy ]n-X-mpw Ign-n F-XmImw Imc-Ww.
]mmXy ]n-Xn-S-bnse asmcp alm-c-Y-\m-bn-cp amIvkvap-d- psS nXnbpw `n-a
- . "Z knIvkv knwkv Hm^v Cy ^ntemk^n'bn Cy Zi-\-s-n hni-Z-ambn ap {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-ps-nepw i-cm-Nm-cycpw cmam-\p-P\pw am{Xta At-l-n\p hnjbo-`-hn-p-q. am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX-Nn--sb-n ap Xopw \n_vZ-\m-Wv.
Cy XXz-Nn-sbn [mcmfw ]T-\- djy ]n-X-m-cptS-Xm-bn-p-v. Fm Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnepw CtX {]h-WX ImWmw.
Cy XXz-Nn-sb hne-bn-cp-n-smv hn. s{_mtUmhv Fgp-Xnb
IrXn-bn Cy Zi-\-s-p-dnv Ign GXm\pw Zi-I--fn
{]kn-o-Ir-X-amb IrXn-I-sf-p-dnv ]d-bp-p-v.
cm[m-Ir-jvW, ZmkvKp-]vX, lncn-b-, NmPn, Z, dmwtam-l
-tdmbv Fn-h-cpsS IrXn-I-sf-bmWv kqNn-n-n-p--Xv. Cu `mKv
s{_mtUmhv \Ip ASn-p-dn-n Cu ]T-\
- Hpw i-cs
- bpw

cmam-\p-Psbpw ho-W--p-d-ap--hsb Ipdnv {]Xn-]m-Zn-pn-sv \ymb-ambpw ]cm-Xn-s-Sp-p. s{_mtUm-hns Cu hne-bn-cp-en-e-S-nb sshNn-{Xy-sa-m-sWtm? Hm-a-Xm-bn, Atlw kqNnn- Fkv.-F. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS Ap hmfy--fn-sem-n am[z-Zi\-s-n khn-kvXcw Fgp-Xn-bn-pv F-Xm-Wv.
asm-v, s{_mtUm-hns IrXn-bn am[z-cpsS Nn-I-sf-n Hcp
JnI t]mep-an F hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. thZm Zi-\-nse almc-Y-m-cmbn hnti-jn-n-sSp i-cm-Nm-cy-scbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cyscbpw ]n Fgp-Xnb s{_mtUmhv am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS t]cv t]mepw Xs
IrXn-bn kqNn-n-p-n-. Fm At-l-ns ]cm-Xn-tbm, ap-h i-c\pw cmam-\p-P\pw Apdw t]mIp-n-spw! AssZz-Xns {]N--amb {]Nm-cWw aqew ssZzX-Nn--tbm-Sp-mb AhKW\ Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm s{_mtUm-hn-s\bpw _m[n--Xns
^e-am-Wn-Xv.12
Pa kwkvIrX ]n-Xcn {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp F.-_n. Iov
"F lndn Hm^v kmkv{Inv en-td-' F IrXn-bn i-csbpw
cmam-\p-P-sbpw ho-W- hnh-cn--tijw "ap hymJym-Xm-'
(other commentators) F D]ioj-I-n Fgp-Xn-bXv t\mq:
""{]m[m-\y-n-s Imcy-n i-cs
- bpw cmam-\p-Ps
- -Xp-ambn XmcX-ay-s-Sp-m-hp ap hymJym-\--fn-. Cy Zi-\-nse Ghpw
mbn-bmb ss[j-WnI {]b-Xv\-amWv BZy-t-sX-n kmam\y
ss{IkvXh hnizm-k-hp-ambn Htsd kmZr-iy--fp knm--amWv
cm-a-t-Xv.''13
XpSv, ssZzX-Zi-\s Iov cp hcn-I-fn-sem-Xpn FXp
am{X-a {]iv\w; thZm Nn-I-fn Ghpw {][m-\-s cs-w,
{ioi--c-sXpw cmam-\p-P-t-Xp-am-sWpw hy-ambn ]d-bp-p.
kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-ns Ghpw ka-{K-amb Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb
hn\n-vkpw CXn\np `n-\-. aqv _rlZv hmfy--fp Atl-ns "lndn Hm^v Cy en-td-d- ns' Hmw hmfy-n {_kq-{X-s-p-dnv Fgp-X-ptm i-cm-Nm-cy-scbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cyscbpw am{Xta hn\nvkv ]cm-ain-p-pq FXv {in-t-Xm-Wv.14
Cu hnh-c-W--fn\npw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw sXfn-bp--sX-mWv?
an ]n-X-mpw i-cm-ssZzXw am{X-a-dn-bmw. Nnev cmam-\pPs hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn ]cn-N-b-apv. Fm,
Chmpw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXtam, B hom-tIm-Wn kaYn-

{]Nm-cW clkyw
58
-s ssZzX-hm-Z-tfm Am-X-am-Wv! i-cm-ssZzXw Zmi-\nI
hf-bpsS An-a-L--ambn Ch IW-m-p--Xn ]ns ApX-n-s\--h-Imiw?
{]K-- hntZi kwkvIrX ]n-X-m-cm am{X-a ssZzX-hmZw
XXz- N n- - b psS ]pd- t m- p- I - f n- t ev AIn\ns- n- p- - X v .
Cy-bnse thZ--D-]-\n-jZv ]n-X-mcpw A-s\-bmWv sNbvXnp--Xv. AssZz-X-n-\-p-dtam Cp-dtam Zi-\-ta-bn F anemWv Ch-cpsSsbmw XXz-Nn-m-hy-h-lm-c-. XXz-Nnm ]mccyw AssZzXsa Hscm XqWn\p Nppw Id-p--Xm-sW
sXn-m-c-W-bmWv Cy-bnse Zm-i\nI ]mmXy kwkvIrX
]n-X-mv ]Ip-sIm-Sp--sXv ]d-bmw. Cmcyw kv]jvSambn hy-am-p \mK-cmP ia-bpsS hmp-I D-cn-s:
""Cy-bn-sebpw hntZ-i-sbpw ]n-X-m-cpsS {]h-\fpw t\--fp-ap-m-bnpw Cy Zmi-\nI hyh--I ]mmXy-tem-Iv icn-bmw-hw a\-n-em--s-Sp-Itbm Bkz-Zn--s-SpItbm sNbvXn-n-. Cm-ev hntZ-io-b Zphym-Jym\w sNbvXXn-s\-m Cy Zi-\s kztZ-io-b Zphym-Jym\w sNp-XmWv ss[j-WnI temIv henb \mi-ap-m-p--Xv. Nne ac-_p-n-I ]mmXy temIs {]km-[-\m-e-b-pw tPWep-Ipw thn Cy Zi-\s Zphym-Jym\w sNbvXv AhX-cn-n-p-p. Cy Zi-\-ns Zphym-Jym-\-sf almkXy-sf hymtP\ ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-m-\p Bkq-{XnX {ia--fp-v.15
{_-kq-{X-n\v cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw am[zm-Nm-cycpw hymJym-\-sf-gp-Xn-bn-p-s-nepw Ahsb Aln-pw-hn[w ]cn-K-Wn-msX
i-c -hym-Jym-\-n am{Xw ZrjvSn-I-fq-p-I-bmWv ]n-X-m
sNbvXXv. Cu Ah-K-W-\-bpsS ^ew Duln-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Ign
cp \qm-p-In-S-bn thZm Zi-\--sf-p-dn-p ]T-\-sfmw ic tI{o-Ir-X-ambn Xop-shv lPnan \I-apd Nqnm-p-p.
""]sm-Xmw \qm-n thZm--s-p-dn-p Kth-j-Ww
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb am--sfbpw hnIm-k--sfbpw Hsms ]qW-ambpw Ah-K-Wn-p. i-c-s\(-Fmw \qm-ns BZy ]Ip-Xn) Hmas {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn IW-m-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At-l-ns
{_- k q{X `mjyns hnh- \ - s bpw hymJym- \ - s bpw
am{Xw tI{o-I-cn-mbn Kth-j-W-.''16
thZm--nse FSp-p-]-d-bm-hp cv hymJym-\- {io

i-c-sbpw cmam-\p-P-s-Xp-am-sWv F._n. Iov A`n-{]m-b-sp- h - t m. am[zm- N m- c y- c psS ssZzX- h m- Z - s bpw B kc- W n- b nse
Zmi\nI kXysbpw Ipdn- p A- X - b - msX asmpw
CXn-\npw shfn-hm-Ip-n-. thZm--nse cv {]apJ hymJym\- F \ne ]cn-K-Wn-mt]mepw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX-Nnsb ]cm-ain-msX hnSm-\m-hn-. Imc-Ww, IrXy-amb `nX
]pep thZm--nse cv [mc-I-fmWv AssZz-Xhpw ssZzXhpw. Fm Ch-bvn-S-bnse A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-hp-ambn Xmc-Xay- s - S p- p- t m AssZz- X hpw hnin- j v S m- s sZz- X hpw Xn- e p
`nX eLp-hm-Wv. {]K--cmb AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I Xs CXv hyam-n-bn-p-s-XmWv IuXp-I-I-cw. sI. \mcm-bns hmp-I
{inq:
""ic thZm- - ns FXn- c m- f n- I - f n Hcp- ] - t , Ghpw
iw am[zhyh--bm-Wv. ap--h, DZm-l-c-W-ambn cmam-\p-P
i-cs Bib Zi-\s hyh-m-]n-X-ambn hnain-m {iann-p-v. Fn-cp-mepw Ah-cpsS Xs XXz-imkv{X \ne-]m-Sp-IfpsS ^e-ambn am[z ]-m-cp-sS-b{X in-tbm-sSbpw hocy-tmsSbpw cwK-n-d-m Ahv km[n-n-. am[z-Zi-\-ns hnpho-gvN-bn-m bYm-X-Y-hm-Zhpw kqW ssZzX kao-]-\hpw Atls ic Bi-b-hm-Z-ns ISp FXn-cm-fn-bm-n.''17
XmXzn-I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn ImWp `nX am{X-a ChnS-bn-ep--Xv. i-cm-ssZz-X-ns \ninX hnai-\- am[z-k-c-Wnbnse Zmi-\n-I-cn\n-mWv hn-p--Xv. kzw ho-W-sf
Ipdnv hop-hn-Nmcw \S-m AssZz-Xn-Isf t{]cn-n-p-amdv AXni-- \ncq-]-W--fm-bn-cpp Ch. i-cm-\p-Iq-en-bmb sI. \mcmbns\ hopw D-cn-s:
""Cu hnai-\--fpsS Ncn-{X-n, am[zs J-\-amWv Hcp]-t, Ghpw ihpw Atem-k-c-I-c-hp-am-b-Xv. am[zs Ii-\ssZzX-\n-e-]m-SmWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. Ah-cp-sS, {]tXy-Inpw Pb-XoYbp-sSbpw hymk-XoY-bp-sSbpw B{I-a-W-ns hnj-en-]vXX ic]- - msc, X- f psS Zmi- \ nI ASn- - d - I ]p\x- ] - c n- t im- [ nm\pw a[p-kq-Z-\s "AssZz-X-knn' t]mep \ymbo-I-cW {]_- cNn-m\pw \n_-n-X-cm-n.''18
i-cm-ssZz-Xn-I-fpsS \nco--W-n Ah-cpsS i-cmb {]Xntbm-Kn-I hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-I-f ssZzXn-I-fms-W-Yw. hoW
hyXym-k-ns XovWX am{Xw IW-n-se-Sp-p-sIm-p hne-

{]Nm-cW clkyw
60
bn-cp--e CXv. kzw knm-- IrXy-ambpw hy-ambpw
XmnI ]mS-h-tm-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xn hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-Isf-m hfsc apn-em-bn-cpp ssZzX-hm-Zn-I. i-c-\p-tijw
AssZzX Zmi-\n-In-Sb
- n-ep-mb {]K`m-cn-sem-cm-fmbn \mcm-bn
kqNn-n a[p-kq-Z\ kc-kz-Xn(1500 AD) _wKm-fnse {iocm-a an-{ibpsSIpSpw-_-n s]Sp-p. ipmY Zo]nI (KoXm hymJym-\w),
AssZzX cXv\-c--W, {]m-\-t`-Z, `n-c-km-b\, thZm I]XnIm XpSn At\Iw cN-\-I Ct-l-n-t-Xm-bp-v. am[z-k-c-Wnbnse ssZzX Nn-I-\mb hymk-XoY-bpsS "\ymbm-arX' F IrXnbn D- b n FXnhm- Z - sf a[p- k q- Z \ kc- k zXn "AssZz- X knn'bn Jn-p-p. AssZz-X--ssZzX Nn-Ip-m-bn-cp
XmnIknn hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-Ip-m-bn-cp-n-sv ZmkvKp]vX
Nqn-m-pp:
""]pXnb Nn-I hnI-kn-p--Xn\v t{]c-W-bm-Im X t{kmXm-bn-cp-n hnin-jvSm-ssZzX Zi-\w. Cu kc-Wn-bnse XmnI
hnZ-Kv[ i-c-sbp am[z-sbpw kc-Wn-bnse {]apJ Nn-I-cp-ambn
Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-tm hy-ambpw Xmgv \ne-hm-c-ap--h-cm-bn-cpp. cmam-\pP Nnm-K-Xn-bpsS Ctm-f-ap Ncn-{X-n XmnI
kqva-X-bpsS Imcy-n Pb-XoY-tbmtSm hymk-XoY-tbmtSm XmcX-ay-s-Sp-m-hp Hcmt]mep-ap-m-bn-cp-n-.''19
thZm- - nse hnh[ [mc- I sf Nm hnt[- b - a m- p- t m
ssZzXs Ah-K-Wn-p-Xpw In-sp \Sn-p-Xpw Zmi-\n-Iambn bmsXmcphn[ \ymbo-I-c-Whpw Aln-p-n-sv CXn-\np
hy-am-Wv. kmam-t\y\ ]pen-h-cp Cu kao-]-\-ssh-I-eys
_n.-F.-sI. ia kw{K-ln--Xn--s\-bmWv:
""Cy Zi-\-n ssZzX Nnm-KXn Ncn{Xw krjvSn-n-pv.
]t, Cu Ncn{Xw CXp-h-scbpw Fgp-X-s-n-n-.''20
{]Nm-c-W-]-c-amb AssZz-X-ns hnPbw ssZzX-Nn-sb IqSp-X
A]-cn-Nn-X-am-n. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS XmnI ]mShw a\-n-em-m
Ign--hp-Xs am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS {]mKyw {Kln-m Ah-k-cap-m-bn-. Cmcyw ZmkvKp]vX hy-am-pp:
""AssZzX hmZn-I-fmb i-c-h-m-fpw ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fmb am[h
hm-fpw Xn \S hnhm-Z--fn, A[n-I-am-fp-Ipw ic-]-n-\\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-I-sf--n-b-dn-bmw. Fm Gsd t]pw
am[-hm-\p-Iqe \ymb--sf-n Adn-hn-.''21
cmP-iasb hopw D-cn-s:

""Hmdn-b-en-p-I-fpsS {ia- i-cs AssZzXw ]Tn-p-Xn ]cn-an-X-am-bn. CXp-hgn XmXzn-I-Nn--bpsS hnIm-k-ns Ncn{X-]-c-amb ss\c-cyw a\-n-em-m-\m-bn-. Fp-am-{X-a-, i-c\p-tijw Zmi-\n-I-cw-Kv ]T-\tam At\z-j-Wtam Aln-p
bmsXm-p-ap-m-bn-n-s sXn-m-cW ]c-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am[hs knm-- hni-Z-ambn Ah-X-cn-n--s-m A-Xns Zmi\n-I- Dm-gvNbpw k--Xbpw XmnI kwn-cXbpw ImWm\m-hpw. Imcy-t_m-[-ap Hscm XXz-Nnm Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw CXns\
Ffpw Ah-K-Wn-m-\m-hn-.''22
thZm--s-p-dnv Cp \S-p N-I-fn-semw Cu GI-]o-b- `mhw ImWmw. hhn[ "{_kq{X' hymJym-\-sf Xmc-Xay
hnt[-b-am-p-n-S-p-t]mepw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX hni-I-e\w ]cmain--s-Sm-dn-. _n.-F.-sI. ia-bpsS hmp-I-fn:
""Cwo-jn {]kn-o-Ir-X-amb {_-kq-{X-s-p-dn-p A[nI
IrXn-I-fnepw am[h hymJym-\- Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp-Itbm A{i-ambn ]cm-ain--s-Sp-Itbm BWv ]Xn-hv. As-n Imcy-amb Zmi\nI KpWn-an-m--sX an GXm\pw hmp-I-fn Npcp-p-p.''23
CXv A\o-Xn-bm-bn-cp-p-shv Atlw XpSv ]d-bp-p.
thZm--s-p-dn-p N-I i-cm-ssZz-Xs Npn--n-bm-bXns Imc-W-amWv ta kqNn-n--Xv. AXm-bXv thZm--nse CXc
ho-W--sf-p-dnv, {]tXy-In-v am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX-hm-Z-s-n
]-nX-mp A-X. CXv \s asmcp tNmZy-ntev \bnp-p. thZm-s Ipdn-p At\z-j-W- apgps i-cm-Nm-cycn tI{o-I-cn--s-Sm FmWp ImcWw? C\n-bp `mK- Cu
At\z-j-W-n-tev shfnw hoip--h-bm-Wv.
{_-kq{Xw {][m-\-ambpw aqv hn[-n hymJym-\n--s-n-ptm. ]c-kv]c hncp--amb Cu ho-W- DS-se-Sp-m-\p ImcW--fn-semv {_-kq-{X--fnse Zp{Km-ly-X-bm-Wv. Bi-b-fpw
hmZ-fpw At-bw kw{K-ln-p-m-nb hcn-I-fm-Wn-Xn-ep--Xv. hnhc-W-ns ssZLyw IqSp--Xn-\-\p-k-cnv s]mXpsh Bi-b-kv^pSX h[n-p-sav ]d-bmw. CXn\p t\hn-]-co-X-amWv kq{X-Im-cs
coXn.
tUm. \I-ap-dsb D-cn-s:
""hymJym-\-an-msX {_-kq-{Xnse Hcp hmIyw t]mepw a\-nem-m {]bm-ka
- m-Wv. AXnse Hcp hmIy-n hnj-btam hnj-bntbm
Cm-Xn-cn-p-Xv km[m-c-W-am-Wv. Nne-tm Ghpw {][m-\-s ]Zw

{]Nm-cW clkyw
62
Xs hnp-t]m-bn-cn-pw. AXn-msX hmNIw {Kln-m-\m-hn-. ctm
Gdn-bm ]tm hmp-If
- S-
- n-bX
- mWv Hcp kq{Xw. ZoL-amb kq{Xw
A]qh-am-Wv. Nne-tm Hcp kq{X-n Hscm hmt ImWq.''24
asm-cn-Sv \I-apd XpS-cpp:
""hmN-I-nse ]e `mK-fpw hnp-I-fv hfsc Bn-p-dpn-b-h-bmWv X\-Xmb kq{X-sa--Xn-\m AXns Dt-iyw hyam-m Htsd hmp-I tNt-n-h-cpw. hy-X-bvp-thn
GXp hmp-I D]-tbm-Kn--W-sa-Xv hymJym-Xm-hns Xocp-am\s B{i-bn-n-cn-p-p. Nne-tm XnIpw hyXy-kvX-amb hmpI Iqn-t-s-Smw. Htc hmp-I hn`n k`--fn ]ckv]c hncp--amb AY-n hymJym-\n--s-t-mw. Htc kq{X
n\v XnIpw hncp--amb hymJym-\- \I-s-Sm CXv hgnsbm-cp-p-p.''25
kq{X- C{X-am{Xw km{o-Ir-X-am-b-Xns Imc-W- Nne
]n-X-m Nqn-m-n-bn-p-v. ChnsS AXn-s- hn-i-Zmw-i--fn-tev
IS-p-n-.
Dlmns hcn-I IqSn D-cn-s:
""Dt-iy-s
- f-m-bn-cp-m-epw kq{X- Zp{Km-ly-f
- m-sW-X
- n
bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-. ktm-N-te-i-at\y hmp-I Hgn-hm-n-bn-pv. D]-tbm-Kn-n-p hmp-I-fmIs hmN-ImY-n-tev kqN\
\Ip--h-bp-a-. ]nstbm km[m-cW ]Z--fm-Wv. Ch ]pXn-sbm-ct\z-j-Is ]T-\-sf klm-bn-pI F-Xn-s\-m kaY-\mb
hnZymYn-bpsS Hma ]pXp-m Dt-in-n-p--h-bm-Wv.''26
`nm-`n-{]m-b--fpsS Cu {]fbw thZm ]T-\-n-\n-d-n-b-hsc
sXsm-p-a {]bm-ks-Sp-n-b-Xv. GsX-nepw Hcp hymJym-\{Ks Ah-ew-_n-msX kq{X-ns Bibw a\-n-em-m-\mhn F \ne-bm-bn-cp-p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw {_-kq-{X-nse X\Xmb Bi-b Fs-p {Kln-m-\p {ia-v km[y-X-bnm-Xm-bn. ]Icw GsX-nepw Hcp `mjy-Im-c-\n-eqsS e`n-p--Xns\
D]-Po-hn-m Ghcpw \n_-n-X-cm-bn. hymJym-\{K-nse Bib- {_-kq-{X-ns aqe k]--fp-ambn tbmPn-p--XmtWm
F At\z-jWw Ffp--am-bn-cp-n-. AXn-\mcpw Xp\n-p-an-. {]Nmc-n-ep--Xns\ ASn kzoI-cn-p-I-sb kao-]-\-amWv Ghcpw
ssIsm--Xv. Dlm-ns hmp-I {it-b-amWv:
""knm--ns Nne hi- Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw ap Nneh Dun-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-p--Xn-\mepw A[n-I-`m-K--fnepw Ahy--Xbpw

Zp{Km-ly-Xbpw \ne-\np--Xn-\mepw hymJym-Xm-v tass

e`n-p-p. ]nm-es Cu hni-Zo-I-c-W--fpsS klm-b-an-msX
kq{X- a\-n-em-m-\m-hn-. AXn-\m hymJym-\n--s-Sp--Xn-s\m hymJym-\-v {]m[m\yw hp-Iq-Spp. Cm-c-W-m
kq{X--sf-n hni-Z-ambn N sNm {]-bm-k-am-Wv. {]Nm-c-nep hymJym-\- Ah-ew-_n-mt\m kq{X-sf e`y-amb `mjy-fpsS shfn-n t\mmt\m D]-tZ-in-p-I-bmWv C-c-sam-ch--bn Ic-Wobw.'' 27
Cmcyw t]m Uyqks hcn-I-fn:
""av Cy Zmi-\n-I-hy-h--IfpsS B[mc {K--fn-te-Xpt]mse {_-kq-{X-nepw kq{X--fpsS \nc-bm-Wp--Xv. CXns
hmYw "NcSv' Fm-Wv. he-bpsS aqe-L-S-I Nc-Sm-sW-nepw
Ah s\bvsX-Sp-mte he-bmbn amdq. AXp-t]mse hn`n---fmb
kq{X-sf hymJym-\--fn-eqsS hmsam-gn-bmtbm hc-sam-gn-bmtbm Cg
tNt--Xp-v. C-s\-b-s-n ctm aqtm hmp-I-f-S-nb
A[nI kq{X-fpw a\-n-em-hn-...-C-sXmw hymJym-Xm-hn\v hnSm
Imc-W-am-Ip-p.''28
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvWs hmp-I t\mq:
""hmp-I Ign-bm-hp-{X Ipd-bvm-\p Xnc-n kq{X-
Zp{Km-ly-am-hp-Ibpw hymJym\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.''29
tUm. tXmakv \oens A`n-{]m-b-an-XmWv:
""Fm kq{X--sfbpwt]mse D]-\n-jZv Nnsb Ah-X-cn-n-p
{_-kq{Xw kw{K-l- kz-`m-h-ap--Xm-Wv. AX-Sn \ne-\np-p.
sshhn-[y-am Bi-b-sf Dsm-p-Ibpw sNp-p. `mjytam
hymJym-\tam IqSmsX AXp a\-n-em-m-\m-hn-.''30
]mm-Xy-cm-Is
- , Cy-m-cm-Is
- {]Nm-cnep `mjy-sa \nebn ]n-X-mv Ffpw e`y-am-bXv {_-kq-{X-ns i-c`mjy-am-bn-cp-p. aqe-{Kns HutZym-KnI hymJym-\-sa sXn-mc-W-bn an-hcpw CX-Sn kzoI-cn-p.
{]Nm-c-n-ep-Xv i-c-`mjyw am{X-am-bn-cp-p FXv Xnc-sSp-n-\p-(Choice) km[yXt]mepw Cm-Xmn Fp ]d-bmw. i-cmNm-cyv appw Htsd kq{X-hym-Jym-Xm--fp-m-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn
kwi-b-an-. D]-hj _um-b, {_m-\-, {_-Z-, `Xran{i, `Xr-{]-]
- , S, Krl-tZ-h, Zmcp-Nn, I]mZn, kpc-]my
XpS-n-b-h. Fm, Ch-cpsS cN-\-I-sfmpw Inm-\p-m-bn-cp-n.

{]Nm-cW clkyw
64
Ghpw BZys `mjy-sa \nebn e`y-am-bXv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
hymJym\w am{X-am-bn-cp-p.31
ap `mjy--sf-n kqN-\-I e`n-pXv e`y-amb ap hymJym\
{K--fn\n-p-am-Wv. "am[z--hn-P-b--`m-h--{]-Im-inI' F IrXn-bn
am[zm-Nm-cyv app-m-bn-cp Ccp-]-smv {_-kq-{X-`m-jy-Im-cm-sc-p-dnv \mcmbW ]nv ]d-bpp. Fm, Ch-bn \apv
e`y-ambXv shdpw apv `mjy--fm-Wv. i-cm-Nm-cy, `mkvI-cm-Nmcy, cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy Fn-h-cp-tSXv am{Xw.32
C-c-samcp kml-N-cy-n thZm--s-p-dnv ]Tn-m-\n-dn-b-hv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mjys B{i-bn-msX \nhr-nbn-sp hp. Cu \n_-n-Xm-h--sb-n tUm. \I-apd FgpXn-bXv {it-b-am-Wv: ""{_-kq{Xw AXoh km{hpw hni-Zmw-i hnp-I-f--Xp-am-b-Xn-\m AYw {Kmly-a-. thZm Zi-\s-p-dn-p Kth-jWw Bcw-`n Imev i-cs {_-kq{X-`mjyw B[m-c-am-n-bm-WXv a\-n-em-n-b-Xv. A\--c-^-e-ambn
{_-kq-{X-nse Nn-I kzX-{-ambn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-bn-. Cu
hymJym-\-tm-sSm--amWv Fm-bvtmgpw AtX--n-bp At\z-jW- a p- m- b - X v . {_- k q- { Xhpw i- c s Nnbpw Hp- X - s - b msW [mc-W-bm-bn-cpp CXns ^e-am-bp-m-b-Xv.''33
thZm Nn-Isf BZy-ambn hyh-m-]n-X-amb tXmXn ]mmXyv ]Icw sImSp--h-cn {]ap-J-\mb t]m Uyqk(Paul Deussen)
Xs Cu A\n-hm-cy-Xbvp _en-bm-Sm-b-Xn\v Hm-cw DZm-l-c-Wam-Wv. ""Das System des Vedanta'' F Uyqks IrXn-bpsS Cwojv
hnh\w Nmkv tPm 1912- {]kn-o-I-cn-p. thZm--sp-dn-p Uyqks hnh-c-W-n cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cpsS hnin-jvSmssZz-Xtam am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXtam Nm-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-n-; B\pjw-Kn-I-ambn t]mepw. thZm Zi-\-ns B[m-c-IrXn {_-kq{X-am-bn-cn-s, AXn\p \I-s hnhn[ `mjy-sf Uyqk ]cn-KWn-p-t-bn-. ]Icw thZm k]-sa \ne-bn ]cn-N-b-s-SppXv i-cm-ssZzXw am{X-am-Wv. Cmcyw Atlw Xpd-p-]-d-bpp-apv:
""Imcy-sf Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn `mKn-m-sX, Cu IrXn thZm kq{Xsbpw i-c`- m-jy-sbpw B[m-ca
- m-n-bmWv cNn-n-p-X
- v. Ch cns\bpw thXn-cnv ssIImcyw sNm-\p {iaw CXp-h-scbpw Dmbn-n-. \psS hyh-m-]n-X-amb hnh-c-W-n\v Ch cpw Hmbn
]cn-K-Wn-p-I-bm-Wv.''34

Hcp \qmp app-m-bn-cp nXn-bm-Wn-sXpw ]no-S-Xn\p

am-ap-m-sbpw Bcpw sXn--cn-t-. {_-kq-{X-ns GI-`mjy-sa hymtP\ i-cm-ssZz-Xs Ah-X-cn-n-p k{-Zmbw
Ctmgpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. Cy-bn am{X-a-, hntZ-i--fn-epw. tUm.
\I-ap-d-sb-s kmn-bmbn lmP-cm-s:
\I-apd Fgp-Xpp:
""Cy- b nse Cs ]n- X - mn- S - b n t]mepw CtX
kz`m-h-m-c-m--h Ipd-hm-Wv. ]mc-cy hnm\w A\-n-c-saSp-sp Icp-X-s-Sp _lp-`q-cn-]w ]n-p-Ifpw ic ]c-c-bn s]Sp--h-cm-Wv. AXn\m-e-h At-l-ns `mjyw hnai\m-Xo-X-amb BXy-nI kXy-am-sWp Icp-Xp-p. AXv {_-kq{X-ns icn-bmb AY-n\p \nc-p--XmtWm At Fsmcp
kwibwt]mepw Ah ]cn-K-Wn-p-n-.''35
tIpw Ipw ]cn-N-bn Cu k{-Zmbw A\p-I-cn-pI am{Xw
sNp thZm ]n-X-m-sc-n tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW\v A{X aXnn-sv Xmsg hcn-I-fn\np a\-n-em-mw(-A-Sn-h-c-bn `mKw {inp-I):
""D]-\n-jp ]Tn-p B[p-\nI ]n-X-m X apIqn
kzoI-cn GsX-n-ep-samcp knm-s ASn-m-\a-- m-n-bmWv A[yb\w Bcw-`n-p--Xv. Bfp-Iv X-fpsS kzX-{-amb \nWbn hnizmkw Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-sImv GsX-nepsamcp {]mam-WnI-s\bpw ]mc--cy-sbpw B{i-bn-p-p. euInI hyh-lm-c-nepw
BNm-c-hn-Nm-c--fnepw Pohn-X-bm-{X-bnepw amK-Zi\w \Im\pw
B{i-b-ambn \nm\pw Ch XnI-pw aXn-sb-nepw kXys kw_n-n-S-tmfw A ZrjvSnbpw kzbw-\nW-bhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
Cp Nn-I-m-cn _lp-`q-cn-]--n-sbpw A`n-{]mbw Nmbp-Xv
i-cs ]-t-mWv:''36
kXym-t\z-jIs\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cu {]hWX Bim-ky-asv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW\v A`n-{]mbapsnepw At-l-ns hnhc-Whpw CXn\np ap-a-sv "Cy ^ntem-k-^n'bpsS cmw
hmfyw hmbn-m a\-n-em-Ipw. CXnse Ggmw A[ymbw "thZm-kq{X'sp-dnm-Wv. Fmw A[ymbw i-cm-ssZz-X-s--nbpw. Cu
hnh- c Ww Ccp- \ q- n- - s m- Xv t]Pp- I \o- X m- W v ( - ` m- c - X ob
Zi\w-11)
Fm am[z-cpsS ssZzX hoWw {]Xn-]m-Zn-m tUm. cm[mIr-jvW \on-sh--tXm, shdpw ]Xn-\mev t]Pp-I!

{]Nm-cW clkyw
66
_mZ-cm-b-Ws {_-kq-{X-nse kmm {]Xn-]m-Z-\-hp-ambn
kzX-{-ambn Hp-t\m-msX, i-c-`m-jyw-Xs ]ca kXy-sa
hnizm-k-n thZm--Zi-\-n aqSp-d-n-m Ign-p-sh--XmWv
AssZz-Xn-I-fp-sS- hn-P-b-c-lkyw.
CXc hymJym-\--fp-am-bp Xmc-X-ay-n\npw Ah-cn hfsc-t t_m[-]qhw hnp-\np-p. apIqn kzoI-cn k]sf ]p\x]-cn-tim-[n-msX AtX-]Sn \ne-\nm Cu bmYm-nXnI at\m-`mhw klm-bn-p-p. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mjyw Cwo-jn-tep
hnh\w sNbvX tPmPv Xnt_mv Fgp-Xpp:
""i-c-]-s Cy ]n-p-Isf kw_-n-n-S-tmfw Cu
tNmZy-n\p t\sc Ah apJw Xncn-p-p. IrXy-am-bn-d
-
m Cs\-sbmcp kwibw Db-cm-Xn-cn-m-\h
- {in-p-p.-hn-hm-Z
- n\pw kwib-n\pw AXo-X-amb m\-amWv i-c\v Ah \Ip-Xv. i-c-`mjys _mZ-cm-bW
- s {_-kq-{X-hp-ambn Hp-t\m-m-Xn-cn-m-\mWv
an-tmgpw {ian-m-dv. ]Icw A\p-am-\-ns ASn-m-\-n, ics Zmi-\nI ho-W-amWv _mZ-cm-b-Ws kq{X-fpsS Htc-sbmcp
icn-bmb hymJym-\-sap hcp-m {ian-pw.''37
i-c-`m-jys _mZ-cm-b-Ws {_-kq-{X-ns X\-Xmb AYhp-ambn Hp-t\m-p-Xp am{X-a-, i-cm-ssZz-Xn-I Hgn-hm-p--Xv.
CXc thZm-n-I-fpsS hyXy-kvX-amb ho-W--fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-sSp-m\pw Ah hnapJX ImWn-p-p. i-cm-ssZz-X-n-\-pdw Zmi\nI temI-an-sv hniz-kn-p-Ibpw thZm--tem-Is CXc hoW--sf-p-dnv XnI AX kzmb--am-p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv
i-cm-ssZz-Xn-I-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-]-c-amb hnPb-Im-c-W--fn {][m\sap ]d-bmw.
Ipdn-p-I
1. Hajimi Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy p.1
2. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xo-b-Zi\w (a-e-bmf hnh-\w, amXr-`qan ]njnwKv lukv)1975, hmfyw cv, t]Pv. 420.
3. Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1980, p.71
4. M. Winternitz, A History of Sanskrit Literature, vol: 111(Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1990,
p. 432; A. Barth The Religions of India (Light life Publishers: New Delhi) 1978, p.206; H.
Zimmer, Philosophies of India(Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1990, p.458
5. George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras with the commentary of Sankaracharya(Motilal Banarsidass:
Delhi)1998, p.XIV
6. F. F _jm-ans \nco-Ww t\mpI: "Sankara's greatness lies in his brilliant
dialectic. By able use of logical argument, and, we must admit, by interpreting some phrases
very figuratively, he reduced all the apparently self-contradictory passages of the upanishads
to a consistent system which, though not unchallenged, has remained the standard philoso-

phy of intellectual Hinduism to this day'' (The Wonder that was India, p. 331)

7. S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1991, Vol: IV,
P.VIII

8. B.N.K. Sharma, A History of Dvaita School of Vedanta (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1981,
p. 230

9. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 300

10. D.N. Shastri, The Philosophy of Nyaya-Vaisesika and Its conflict with the Buddhist
Dignaga

school (Bharatiya Vidhya Prakasham: Delhi) 1976, p. 132

11. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 137

12. V. Brodov, Indian Philosophy in Modern Times (Progress publishers: Moscow) p.33
13. A.B. Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature (Motilal: Delhi) 1993 p. 479
14. M. Winternitz, A History of Sanskrit Literature Vol: I, p. 246
15. R. Nagaraja Sharma, Reign of Realism in Indian Philosophy (The National Press: Madrass)
1937 p.3

16. Hajimi Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, p. 4

17. K. Narain, A Critique of Madhva Refutation of the Sankara School of the Vedanta (Udayana
Publications: Allahabad) 1964, p.1

18. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 5 (Preface)

19. S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol: III, p. III
20.B.N.K. Sharma, A History of Dvaita School of Vedanta, p. XVIII
21. S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol: IV, p. VIII
22. Reference 15, p.4
23.B.N.K. Sharma, The Brahmasutras and their Principal Commentaries (Bharatiya Vidhya
Bhavan: Bombay) 1971, p.X

24. Reference 16, p.440

25. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 442
26.W.S. Urquhart, the Vedanta and modern thought (Gian Publishing House: Delhi) 1986
p.40

27. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 40

28. Paul Deusson, The System of the Vedanta (D.K. Publishers: Delhi) Reprint 1995, pp 25-26
29. S. Radhakrishnan, The Brahma Sutra (George Allen : London) 1971, P. 23
30. Reference 3,P.69
31. G.C. Pande, Life and Thought of Sankaracharya (Motilal : Delhi) 1994, P. 145
32. Reference 29,P.26
33. Reference 16, P.440
34. Reference 28,P.4
35. Reference 16,P.441
36. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xo-b-Zi\w, hmfyw Hv, t]Pv 116. Du Ft-Xv.
37. Reference 5,P.xv

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam

68

3
{_-kq{Xw
ssZzXtam AssZz-X-tam?
thZm Zi-\-ns B[m-c-{K--amWv _mZ-cm-b-Ws {_kq-{Xw.1 hn`n-hpw ]c-kv]c hncp--t]mep-amb hymJym-\-
CXn\p \I-s-n-p-v. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-Xhpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nmcy-cpsS hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXhpw Ah-bn {]apJam-Wv. {_-kq-{X-s-p-dnpw thZm Nn-I-sf--nbpw {]Xn-]mZn-m-dp {K-Im-c-m Ch-cpsS hyXykvX ho-W- Ah-X-cnn-m-dp-v. AssZz-Xs hni-Z-ambpw \ymbo-I-c-W--tfm-sSbpw hnhcn-pw. ssZzX-s GXm\pw hcn-I-fn HXp-p-Itbm Xosc ]cm-ainm-Xn-cnp-Itbm sNpw. CXmWp ]Xnhp coXn.
asmcp ncw {]h-WX IqSn-bp-v. "{_-kq{X'n\p \I-s
`n hymJym-\- Ap-dhpw Cp-d-hp-ambn Ah-X-cn-n-m-dp--h
Xsbpw Hcp {][m\ {]iv\w Ah-K-Wn-p-p. GXp hymJym-\-amWv
"{_-kq{X'hpambn IqSp-X tbmPn-p--sX At\z-j-W-am-W-Xv.
i-cm-ssZz-X-s-p-dnv {K- cNn--h AXn am{Xw ZrjvSn-Ifq-p-Ibpw CXc kq{XhymJym-\--sf-n au\w ]men-p-Ibpw sNpp. i-cm-ssZz-X
- n-\p bpn-I Is--pI-sb-X
- n-\
- pdw AXp
kw_--amb at-sX-nepw ]p\ hn-Nm-c--fn Ah X]-c-c.
hnhn[ hymJym-\
- Ah-Xc
- n-n-m kln-jvWpX-bp-h
- Xsbpw
aqe-{K--tmSv IqSp-X ASp-p-\np--tXXv F hne-bn-cp-en\v hnap-JX Imp-p.
i-c-`m-jyhpw cmam-\p-P-`m-jyhpw Cwo-jn-tep hnh\w
sNbvX kwkvIrX ]n-X-\mWv tPmPv Xnt_mv. cmam-\pP`mjy-

ns hnh-\-n-\p apJ-hp-c-bn Xnt_mv Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-s\bmWv :

""kq{X--fpsS icn-bmb AYw GXm-sW At\z-jWw Ipdsms Bth-i-I-c-am-Wv. Ccw {]iv\fnep Xm]cyw Ffp-n A[n-I--mbpw ht-mw. Cu {]iv\w Rm ssIImcyw
sNbvX-Xns\ hnain--h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b- A{X hne-s--h-bmbn
F\np tXmp-n-. kq{X--fpsS icn-bmb AY-s-n Rm
D-bn {][m\ hmZ--sf(-cm-am-\pP hymJym-\-tmSv AXv A{Xsbmpw A\p-Iq-e-a-.) Ah kv]in-n-n-. Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cnm-\m-hn-sv Rm Hcp hn[-nepw hnNm-cn-p--n. apgp-h
kq{X--sfbpw e`y-amb Fm hymJym-\--tfm-sSbpw hni-Z-ambn
]pXn-sbmcp hni-I-e\ ]mS-h-tmsS At\z-jn-p-sIm-m-IWw CXv
\
n

h
l
n
-t--Xv2''
Hcp \qm-p ]g--ap hne-bn-cp--em-WnXv. i-c-`mjyhpw cmam\p-P-`m-jyhpw Hp-t\m-n-b-tm {_-kq-{X-ns icn-bmb hnh-tb-sXv Is-p-Xv {]k-a
- m-sWv Xnt_m-n\p a\-n-embn.
Fn-cp-mepw cmam-\pP hymJym-\-n-\p-a-pdw ssZzX hoWw IqSn
Xmc-Xay ]T-\-n\p ]cn-K-Wn-m-\p Ah-kcw At-l-n\p e`np-I-bp-m-bn-. Xnt_mv Bin--Xp-t]mse e`y-amb Fm hy--mJym\--sfbpw Xmc-XaysSpn hni-I-e\w sNm ]e ]n-X-mcpw
]noSv {ian-p-I-bp-m-bn.
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-Zs Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw Zmi-\n-I-ambpw
hni-I-e\w sNp Hcp {Kw Maya in SankaratXmakv H.\o cNnn-p-v. AssZzX hoWns At`-Zy-`m-K-amWv ambm-k]w.
{]]w AYhm PKv a-- mb-- b
--- m- s---- Wv icm- N---- m-cy {]kvXm-hn-Xv
{_w am{Xta kXy-am-bn-pq F AssZzX Zi\w kaYn-m\m-Wv. ambm knm-s H. \o khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p-snepw CXv {_-kq-{X-nse hnh-c-W--fp-ambn F{X-tmfw A\p\-b-n-em-sWv At\z-jn-p-n-. i-cm-Nm-cyp app sshZnI-{K---fnse ambm -k-]-s--nbpw H. \o hni-Z-ambn FgpXp-p-v. Fnepw Cu BZy-Ime ]mc--cy-hp-ambn i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
ambm k]w F{X-tmfw Hp-t]m-Ip-p-s ASn-m-\-]-camb At\z- j - W - n\npw {K Imhv Hgn- p- a m- d p- p.
Cmcyw At-lw-Xs k-Xn-p-Xv ImWpI:
""BZy-Ime ]mc--cy-n amb-bpsS IrXy-amb AY-sa-m-bn-

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?

70
cpp Fv Is-t-Xv \psS Hm-as ey-a-. \psS
At\z-j-W-n\p ]pd-m-WXv... i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-k-]w
BZy-Ime ]mc--cy-ns "icn-bmb hymJym\'ambn-cptm At
FXv Hcp X hnj-b-a-.''3 sshNn{Xyw \nd \ne-]m-SmWv
CsXv ]d-bm-Xn-cn-m-\m-hn-. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS k]w {_kq-{X-ns k-tbmSp \nc-pptm F ]cn-tim-[-\bvp
an\-s-Sp-n Fp am{X-a-, i-cs ambm-hmZw BZy-Ime ]mc- c y- ns IrXy- a mb hymJym- \ - a m- s W- - X n X- a n- s - ,
XnIpw A_--]qW-amb {]kvXm-h-\-IqSn {K-Im-c \S-pp. ]e {]K--cmb kwkvIrX ]n-X-mcpw i-cs ambm-hm-Zn\v sshZn-I--ssh-Zn-Im-\-c kmln-Xy--fn sXfn-hn-sv Nqnm-Wn-n-p-Xv hgnsb D-cn-mw. AXn-cn--s, i-c\p tijw
thZm--nse alm-c-Y-m-cmb `mkvI-cm-Nm-cycpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw
Cmcyw Xs-bt sXfn-bnp Imn-bXv? Cu cv kc-Wn-bn-sebpw
F{Xtbm {]Xn- ` m- i m- e n- I PKv amb- b - s - - X n\v AkwJyw
kmy- \nc-n-bn-pv? ]t, i-c-`m-jy-n\pw AXns
al-Xz-hI-cWw Dt-iy-amn Fgp-X-s IrXn-Ipw ]pdv
Zi\w F{X hym]-cn-n-p-sp a\-n-em-m Xm]-cy-an-mXp- s Im- mImw kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw CsXmcp hnhm- Z - h n- j - b ta
Asp tXmakv \o \ncq-]n--Xv. Fm, Xs IrXn-bn-sem-cnSv i-cs ambm-k-]s cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw am[zm-Nm-cycpw
hnain--Xmbn \oXs kqNn-n-p-p-p-Xm-\pw.4 CsXmcp Xhn-j-b-a-s-n ]ns hnhm-Zhpw hnai-\hpw Dm-Ip--sX-s\?
AXn-cn-s, \apv BZyw kqNn-n hnj-b-n-tep Xncnbmw.
Zmi\n-I-aqeyw Adn-bm--Xp-sImtm A{i--bmtem t_m[]qhtam Ah-K-Wn--s-Sm-dp Cu {]iv\-amWv XpSv ]cn-tim-[np--Xv:
{_-kq-{X-n AS-n-bn-p-Xv AssZz-X-amtWm ssZzX-amtWm
hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xa
- mtWm FmWv Is-t-X
- v. AXoh km{-Xb
- n
HXp-n-d- Npcpw Nne hmp-Itf B IrXn-bn-ep-q.5 tUm. cm[mIr-jvWs A`n-{]mbw Xmsg sImSpmw:
""kz`m-th\ kq{X- _pn-K-ay--f-, Fm Imcyhpw `mjy-Imc-mp hnp-sIm-Sp-n-cn-p-p. Ah t{]mn-b-kn-s\-tmse kv]jvSambn Hcp cq]-n ]nSn-sIm-Sp-m A\p-h-Zn-p-n-. Ah-bnse
mt\m-]-tZ-i- Nnte-Sv Cuiz-chm-Z-ns DuP-kz-e-amb
kv]jvSX-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Nnte-Sv \nc-t] {_-hm-Z-ns Akv]-

jvS- `mhm--I-co-Xn-bnepw hymJym-\n--s-n-cn-p-p... hymJym-Xm-fn i-c, `mkvI-c, bmZ-h-{]-Im-i, cmam-\p-P, tIi-h,

\oe-I-WvT, am[z, _e-tZ-h, h-`, hnm-\-`ojva Fn-hcmWv {]ap-J-. Htc A`n-{]m-b-a Ch-sc-m-hcpw hnI-kn-n-n-p-Xv. kq{X-ns icn-bmb AY-{K-l-W-n\v Ch-bn-te-Xn-s\-bmWv
amK- Z inbmbn kzoI- c n- m Ign- b p- I - s b {]iv \ w Xocp- a m\npI Ffp--a-. Fs-m, knm-- Kpcp-X-c-amb ktl- n\pw Kw`o- c - hmZ- { ]- X n- h m- Z - pw hnj- b - a m- b n- c p ImemWo `mjy- cNn--s-n-cp-Xv. Ch X-fpsS ]qh-\n-nX- - f mb A`n- { ]m- b - sf apn shp- s Im- mWv X- f psS
hymJym-\-sf hnI-kn-n-p--Xv. Nne-tm-fn-h X kz-ambn
kzoI-cn Zmi-\nI knm--v {]mam-Wy-ap-d-n-m kq{X-fn kw sNep-p {ia-n i_vZ--fpsS kXymY-sfbpw kv]jvSmY--sfbpw {in-msX t]mIpp. Hmtcm-cppw Xmm--fpsS tbmKy-X-bv-\p-k-cnv {]Xn^ew t\Smhp A]qh {K--fn-sem-mWv thZm--kq-{Xw.''
kq{X-hym-Jym-\--fn s]mXpth ImW-s-Sp A]m-I-X-I-fmWv
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW hy-am-p-X
- v. Fm hymJym-Xm-pw _m[I-am-Im-hp \ncq-]W
- a
- m-Wn-sX-nepw Ch-cn BcpsS `mjy-amWv {_kq-{X-nse hmIy--fpsS Bi-b-tmSv IqSp-X tbmPn-p--sX
]cn-tim-[-\bvp {]kn Ipd-bp-n-. {_-kq-{Xhpw `n hymJym\-fpw X\-Xmb cq]-n e`y-ambm kwkvIrX `mj-bnepw {]mNo\
`mc-Xob kmln-Xy--fnepw Bgw t\Sn-b-hv Cu Zni-bn-ep hnebn-cp-, Ffp--a-s-nepw km[y-am-sW--Xn kwi-b-an-. ta
kqNn-n hymJym-Xm--fpsS `mjy--sfbpw kmm {_-kq-{Xsbpw \njv]--ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvX ]e thZm Kth-j-Icpw
Cu hnj-b-I-ambn A`n-{]m-b- kv]jvS-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
Fm, Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNm tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW ss[cys-Sp-n-. Atlw AXn\p \Ip \y--mbo-I-cWw IuXp-I-I-c-amWv:
""i-cs Zi\w {]mNo\ in-W-ns XpS-bmtWm ]p\hymJym-\-am-tWm, AYhm A\p-_--amtWm Fpw \n-bn-pI Xobmbpw hnj-a-am-Wv. \app ]g-b-Xn\npw ]pXn-b-Xns\ Xncn--dnbm Ign-bn-. Fs-m Pohn-X-n ]g-bXv ]pXn-b-Xpw, ]pXnbXv ]g-b-Xp-am-Wv.7 CsXmcp hnja {]iv\-am-sWv k-Xn-mw. ]gb-Xn\npw ]pXn-b-Xns\ Xncn--dn-bm\pw ]pXn-b-Xn\npw ]g-bXns\ Xncn--dn-bm\pw {]bm-k--fpv. Fp IcpXn Cu ka-kysb
ssIsXm-SmsX hnSm Zmi-\n-It- _m-[a
- p Bsc-nepw Xm-dm-Iptam?

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?

72
Ffp--a-m-Xpw AXn-k-oW-hp-amb tNmZy-p ]nmse
]mbp-Xv ss[j-WnI el-cn-bmbn ImWp XXz-Nn--Is\ Cu
hI {]bm-k- \ncm-i-\m-p-I-b, Dkp-I-\m-p-I-bmWv sNpI. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Akm-[y-sa \ne-bn Dt]-n Cu
At\z-jWw ap ]e Kth-j-Icpw Gs-Sp--p-I-bp-mbn FXv
{it-b-am-Wv.
D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw {_-kq-{X-hp-ambn i-c-\p _w tUm.
cm[m-Ir-jvW ]cm-ain-p-p-v. ""At\Iw thZm hnZymYn-Ifmb ]n-X-m hninjym Xnt_m, cmam-\p-P-\mWv thZm--kq-{XIm-cs Dt-iy--tfmSv G-hp-a-[nIw Iqdp ]pep-Xv F A`n{]m-bs A\p-Iq-en-p--h-cmsW''v cm[m-Ir-jvW k-Xn-pp. ]t, ASn-p-dn-n ""i-c _mZ-cm-b-Ws IrXn-bpsS `nam-\mb Hcp hymJym-Xm-hmtWm Atbm F Imcy-n Bpw
Dd-smpw ]d-bm Ign-bn'' FmWv cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-XpXv .8
{_-kq-{X-n\v {io i--cm-Nm-cy Fgp-Xnb `mjyw Ctsd
{]kn--am-Wv. Fm, i-cm-Nm-cyv appw tijhpw Htsd
kq{X-`m-jy- Fgp-X-s-n-cp-p-h-tm. AXm-b-Xv, AssZz-Xm-Sn-m\- n- e p i- c m- N m- c y- c psS hymJym\w At\Iw {_- k q{X
hymJym-\--fn Hp am{X-am-sW-Yw. sshhn-[y-am Cu `mjy-fn Ghpw apgp \np A`n-{]m-bm-cw ssZzXhpw AssZzXhpw Xn-em-Wv. Ch-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn bYm-{Iaw am[zm-Nmcy-scbpw i-cm-Nm-cy-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-mw. ta kqNn-n {]iv\ns ]cn-lm-c-n\v Cu cv hn`m-K--fp-sSbpw hm-sf hn[nIm--fm-p-Xv kmam-\y-am-bn-s km[p-hmb coXn-bm-hn.
ssZzX-hm-Zn-I X-fp-sS hymJym-\-amWv {_-kq-{X-tmSv ASpp- \ np- - s Xpw AssZz- X - h m- Z n- I X- f p- s S- X mWv kq{Xns kbvp \nc-p `mjy-sapw Ah-Im-i-s-Sm-\p
km[y-X-bp-v. AXn-\m, Cu hymJym\ kc-Wn-I-fpsS hm-fpsS hmp-I \man-hnsS sXfn-hmbn lmP-cm-p-n-. adn-v, Cy
XXz-Nn--sb-n ka-{K-ambn ]Tn-n-p-, GsX-n-ep-samcp tNcn-tbmSv
{]tXyI ]-]m-XnXzw hp-]p-en-sb Btcm-]-W-n\v hnt[b-am-bn--nm-tXm AXn\p km[y-X-bn-m-tXm Bb kwkvIrX
]n-X-msc am{Xta Cu hnj-b-I-ambn D-cn-p-p-q.
Cy XXz-Nn--bpsS Ncn{Xw ka-{K-ambn Ah-X-cn-n--h-cn
{]ap-J-\mb Zmkv-Kp-]vX-bpsS hmp-I t\mq:

""kq{X--fpsS ASn-m-\-n hn[n-I]n-p-I-bm-sW-n

i-cs Zmi-\nI kn-ms {_-kq{Xw ]np-W-bvp-Xmbn F\np tXmp-n-. i-c Xsbpw ssZzX-kz-`m-h-n
hymJym-\n Nne kq{X- AXn-epv Xm\pw''9
Kp]vX asm-cn-Sv Fgp-Xpp:
""{_-kq-{X-n\v Bdn-e-[nIw sshjvWh hymJym-\--fp-v.
Ah i-cs hymJym-\-n\npw `n-am-sWp am{X-a-, ]ckv]cw hyXy-kvX--fp-am-Wv. ssZzX ho-W-v Ah \Ip
Du--]ehn[n-em-Wv. AsXsmsbm-Is i-cs hymJym-\-sf-m kq{X--tfmSv IqSp-X ASp-Xv {_-kq-{X--fpsS
ssZzX hymJym-\--fm-sWv Rm hniz-kn-p-p.''10
{_-kq{Xw Xsbpw D]-\n-jZv ho-W-sf ASn-m-\-amn-bp--Xm-Wv. ]c-kv]c sshPm-Xy--tfmsS Nn-nn-Xdn InS
D]-\n-jZv ]mcm-hm-cs Nn-tbm-sSbpw kw{K-l -cq-]-nepw ]p\cm-hn-jvI-cn-p-I-bmWv {_-kq-{X-Im-c sNbvXn-p--Xv. D]-\n-jp-Ip \Is hyXy-kvX--fmb hymJym-\-sf _mZ-cmb-WX-s ]cm-ain-p-p-v. kq{X-Im-cs Dt-iy-sa-m-bn-cpp-shv cm[m-Ir-jvWs Xmsg-sm-Sp hcn-I-fn\np kv]jvSam-Wv.
""D]-\n-jZv Zi-\-ns hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv {_-kq-{Xw. ]c-cm-KX Nn-I-f-S-p hnhn[ D]-\n-jZv [mc-Isf Nn-s-Sp-m\p {ia-am-W-Xv......- D-]-\n-jZv A[ym-]-\-sf kw{K-ln-p-I-bmbn-cpp {_-kq-{X-ns eyw F Imcy-n Fm hymJymXm-fpw tbmPn-p-p.''11
{_-kq-{X-ns B[mcw D]-\n-j-p-I-fm-sW-n D]-\n-jp-I-fn ImWp-Xv ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam F tNmZy-n\v
{]kn- b p- v . {_- k q- { X- ns Ax- k - - t bmSp tbmPnpXv. AssZz-X-a-, ssZzX-am-sW ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS kmyw
\map--cn-p-htm. D]-\n-jZv Bi-b--fp-ambn i-cm-ssZzXw F{Xam{Xw Hp-t]m-Ip-p-sv Atlw At\z-jn-p-p-v. AXns
^ehpw `n-a-. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS hcn-I- Xmsg:
""Xs Zi\w D]-\n-j-p-I ]Tn-n-p--Xm-sWv sXfn-bnp--Xn-em-bn-cpp i-c\v Xm]cyw ]t, BkvXn-I-hm-Z-]-chpw
ssZzX ho-W--tfmSp IqSn-b-Xp-amb [mc m--- fw hmIy- D]-\nj-p-I-fn-ep-v. `mjm-]-c-amb Iuiew F{X-bp-m-bn-cp-mepw ics knm-s A\p-Iq-en-p AYw Cu hmN-I--fn\npw

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?

74
\njv]m-Zn-n-m-\m-hn-.''12
hntZ-iob kwkvIrX ]n-X-m-cn {][m-\n-bm-bn-cpp Pa
Im-c F.-_n. Iov. thtZm-]-\n-jv kmln-Xy--sf-n Htsd IrXnI cNn-n-p Ctlw Cu hnj-ba
- mbn Fp ]d-p-shv t\mmw.
F.-_n. Ions hmp-I:
""i-cs knmw iamsbm-cm-bp-[-am-Wv. D]-\n-j-p-IfpsS
Nnm-hy-h-sb Hscm Zmi-\nI Xzc-bmbn hymJym-\n-m AXn\p
Ign-bpw. Fn-cp-mepw BXy-n-I-ambn icn-sbv hn[n-m-\m-hm
X{-]-c-am-sbmcp {ia-am-W-sX-Xn kwi-b-an-...... D]-\n-j-p-I
hni-Za
- mbn ]cn-tim-[n-m CsX-fpw a\-n-em-m-\m-hpw. {_-kq{Xw
Xsbpw i- c s \ne- ] m- s S- S p- p- n F- X p- X s CXphyamhm aXn-bm-hpw.''13
Iov "F lndn Hm^v kmkv{Inv en-td-' F IrXn-bn
Cu hnj-b-ambn FgpXn:
""i-cs ambm knm--n _mZ-cm-b-W hniz-kn-n-cp-nsv hy-am-Wv. {_-n\npw D`q-Xam-bXm-sW-nepw Pohmmhv hyXy-kvXhpw bmYmYy-hp-am-sW ho-W-am-bn-cpp _mZcm-b-W-\v.''14
i-c-`m-jy-sbpw AXn\p appmbn-cp thZm k]-sfbpw ]n ]T\w \S-n-b-h-cn {]ap-J-\mWv tUm. lPnan \I-ap-d.
i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw
`mjy- Xmc-Xayw sNbvX-tijw \I-apd Fgp-Xp--Xn--s\-bmWv:
""hmp-Isf hymJym-\n--Xns ASn-m-\-n t\mn-bm ics `m--- jyhpw Ah-ew-_n-m tbmKy-amWv. ]mc-cy hoWw
AXpsm-p-p-v. ]t, At-l-ns cN-\-I-fnse s]mXphmb
Nnm-coXn {_-kq-{X-ns X\-Xmb AY-n\nv XnIpw
hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.''15
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn hfsc sshPm-Xy-ap k]- ImWmw.
Cu hn`n-X F{X cq-am-sWp a\-n-em-m thZm ]n-Xcn {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp tKbvns hmp-I aXn-bmIpw:
""Hcp {]tXyI Nnm- k - { - Z m- b s A]w- t ]mepw apn
ImWmsX kzX-{hpw [oc-hp-ambn kXyw Is-m-\p {ia-f
- mWv
D]-\n-j-p-I-fn-te-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI knmw D]-\n-j-p-I ]Tn-np-p-shv ]d-bp-Xv \oXo-I-cn-m-\m-hn-. Imc-Ww, Htc D]-\n-jnse Htc `mK-p-Xs ]c-kv]c hncp--amb Jn-I-I \mw

ImWp- p.'' 16
Ah-bn ]e hmIy--sfbpw AssZz-X-]-c-ambn hymJym-\n-m
kuI-cy-ap-v. Fm, D]-\n-j-p-Isf Hm-sb-Sp-m i-cm-ssZzX-tmSv Ah tbmPn-p-I-bn-sv ]e ]n-X-m-cpw hy-am-pp.
F.-_n. Ions hmp-I ta D-cn--tm. D]-\n-j-p-In-Wp- ho-W-amWv i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-sXv hm t]mepw {_kq-{X-hp-ambn Ah s]mcp--s-Sptam F Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv.''17
D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse hnhn[ hnNm-c-sf ASn ]p\-c-h-X-cn-n-pI-b kq{X-Im-c sNbvXn-p--Xv; ]Icw Ahsb Nn-s-Sp-p-I-sb
ZuXyw IqSn \nh-ln-n-p-v. D]-\n-j-p-Iv hnhn[ hymJym-\-fp--Xmbn {_-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W Xs FSp-p-]-d-bpp-v.18 Chsb GIo-Ir-X-am-sbmcp Zi-\-ambn ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-p-IbmWv kq{X-Im-c sNp--Xv. BZy A[ym-b-n\p \Inb t]cpXs "ka-\z-bw' Fm-sW-Xv {it-b-am-Wv. AXn-\m, D]-\n-jp-I-fnse GsX-nepw hmN-I- ]n_-e-ambn lmP-cm-n-b-Xp-sImp-am{Xw AssZzXw ]mc-cy Zi-\-n-W-p--Xm-sWv sXfnbp-n-. "{_-kq{X's B[m-c-{K--ambn kzoI-cn-p-n-S-tmfw
Imew kq{Xnse {]Xn-]m-Z-\-hp-ambn hymJym-\-v CW--ap-mI-Ww. Cm-es thZm--]-n-X-cn {][m-\n-bmb Dlmv i-c`m-jys {_-kq-{X--fp-ambn kzX-{ambn Xmc-X-ay ]T-\n\p hn-t[-b-am-n-bn-p-v. At-l-ns \nK-a\w Xmsg sImSpmw:
""i-cs knm--nse apJy k]- IW-n-se-Sp-m
{_-kq-{X--fpsS icn-bm-sbmcp hymJym-Xm-h At-l-sa \nK-a\-nemWv \msa-n-t-cp--Xv. D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse {][m\ {]h-W-XIsf i-c ]p\\nan-p-Ibpw _lp-Zqcw hnI-kn-n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-p-p.''19
i-cm-ssZz-Xhpw {_-kq-{Xhpw Xn F{X tN-bp-sv
Is-m DZm-l-c-W-ambn ambm-kn-m-s ]cn-tim-[n-mw. icm-ssZz-X
- ns At`-Zy-`m-Ka
- mWv ambm-kn-m-w. s{]m^. Ad-]p-db
- psS
hmp-I-fn:
""Cs `mj-bn, i-c apJy-ambpw Hcp Zmi-\nI ssZh
imkv{X--\m-bn-cp-p. thZm--ns tI{-k-t-is Ghpw
bpn-\n-jvT-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xn-em-bn-cpp At-l-n\v AXoh
Xm]cyw. CXv At-ls AssZz-X-hm-Z-n-se-n-p. CXns
Xmn-I-amb A\n-hm-cy-X-bpsS A\p-_--^-e-sa-tmWw ambm-knm--ap-m-bn.''20

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?

76
ambm knm{]Imcw Cu {]]w (P-K-v) anYy-bm-Wv. {_w
am{Xta bmYmYy-am-bn-pq Fp kaYn-m {]]w anYy-bmsWv i-cm-Nm-cyv hmZn-t-n-h-p. Fm, {]Ir-Xntbm {]]tam PKtm anYy-bm-sWv thZ-tfm D]-\n-j-p-Itfm {_kq-{X-tfm ]Tn-n-p-p-tm? Cs--XmWv hkvXp-X. PK-n-s\n Ah-bn [mcmfw hnh-c-W--fp-v. `uXnI {]]w kz]v\-stmse Ab-YmY-am-sW ]mT-a s]mXpsh Ah \Ip-Xv. PKn-s\--n-bp Cu hnh-c-W-sf i-cm-Nm-cy \ntj-[n-p-n-.
Ch anYy-bm-sW-n Fp-sImv D-Xp-t]mse hnh-cn--sp F
tNmZyw Db-cm-a-tm? AXn-\p i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hni-Zo-IcWw hnNn{X-am-Wv. {_s ]c-amnI bmYmy-sapw PK-ns\ hyhlm-cnI bmYmy-sapw Atlw cmbn Xncn-p. thZ-D-]-\n-jZv
{_-kq-{X--fnse PK-n-s\-p-dn-p hW-\-I hymh-lm-cnI
bmYmy-sa \ne-bn-em-sW-mWv i-cm-Nm-cy hmZn--Xv. Chn-sSbp-b-cp kwi-b-an-XmWv:
bmYmys ]c-amYn-I-sapw hymh-lm-cn-I-sapw cmbn
Xncn-p-sIm-p Hscm ]cm-ai-sa-nepw thZ--D-]-\n-j-Zv--{_--kq{X--fn ImWm-\m-hp-tam-? Cs--XmWv kXyw. Ccw thXn-cnhv
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Ir{Xna krjvSn-bm-Wv. thZ--D-]-\n-j-p-I-fntem {_kq-{X-ntem A-s\-sbmcp hKo-I-c-W-an-. PK-ns\ anYy-bm-b
bmYmYy-am-bn--s-bmWv Ah-bn {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p--Xv. AXn-\m,
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mjy-n {_-kq-{X-nse hmp-Isf icn-bmb
coXn-bnXs hnkvX-cn-n-p-v. ]t, {_-kq-{X-ns Ax-kbvp \nc-m-Xpw AXn em-\-bm-bn-t]mepw {]Xy--s-Sm-Xp-amb ambm-hmZw i-cm-Nm-cy Ir{Xn-aa
- mbn sa\-s-Sp-p-Ib
- mWv
sNbvXn-p--Xv. AXn-\m, {_-kq-{X-nse hmp-Iv \I-s
AYw ASn-m-\-amn t\mn-bm Ghpw DNn-X-amb hymJym\w
i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xm-sWv hniz-kn-p tUm. \I-apd Fgp-Xpp:
""A\m-h-iy A`yq-l-fpw Bi-b-fpw i-c Xs `mjy-n
Xncp-In--b-p-p. {_hpw Pohm--
-- mhpw Xn--- e p--- ------ _s
ssIImcyw sNbvXXv DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-mw. kq{X-nse hmp-Isf
icn-bmb hn[-n-emWv i-c hymJym-\n-p-X
- v. ]t, Fn-t- lw
Dun--d-bp-Xv C-s\-bmWv: "CXv hymh-lm-cn-ImY-n-ep hniZo-I-c-W-amWv: ]c--amYnI Xe-n-ep--X-. ]c-amYnI Xe-n Ch
cpw Hp-X-s-bm-Wv.' i-c-\n\np-m-Ip Ccw Nn {_kq-{X-ns k-tbmSp \nc-p--X-.''21

{]kn thZm ]n-X-\mb Dlmv Fgp-Xpp:

""BZy-Ime D]-\n-j-p-I-fn-sempw ambm-kn-mw hy-ambn
{]Xy-s
- -n-n-sv Dd-np ]d-bmw. {]]s bmYmYy-ambn IWm-p--Xn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I Ah-bn-ep-v.''22
Dlm-ns\ hopw D-cn-s:
""ssZh-n\v Cu temI-hp-am-bp _w N sNp-tm
i-cs ambm-kn-m-s {_-kq{Xw ]np-W-bvp-ptm
F-t\z-jn-mw......-{_--kq-{X--fn {]Xy--s-Sp-Xv kKpW
{_- a m- W v . i- c - \ m- I s kKpW {_s amb- b psS krjv S nbmbmWv In-p--Xv. CXns ISbvp In-sh-bvp kKpW
k]-amWv {_-kq-{X-n ImWp--Xv.''23
BZy-Ime thZm--s-n {]tXyI ]T\w \S-n-bn-p tUm.
\I-ap-d-bpsS hmN-I- t\mq:
""Cu {]mXn-`m-knI {]]-s kXyhpw bmYmYy-hp-ambmWv;
ambtbm B-\njvT {]Xo-Xn-bmtbm A {_-kq{Xw IW-m-p-Xv. At-bw bYm-X-Y-amWv AXns \ne-]m-Sv. Cu \nebvv ics ho-W-n\v t\hn-cp--amWv AXns ImgvN-m-Sv. Nne BZyIme thZm-n-I-fpsS k]-n\pw hncp--am-W-Xv. {_-kq-{X-fn ambm-hmZw knm--n-s--nn-s \nK-a-\-n-se-m \mw
\n_-n-X-cmWv.''24
{]]-tm]-n, kwc--Ww, \miw Fn-XymZn {]Xn-`mk-sfmw {_-n\n-p--Xm-sWv kq{X-n IrXy-ambpw {]kvXmhn-n-p-v. _mZ-cm-b-Ws IrXn-bnse cm-as hmIyw CXp kw_n-m-Wv. kakvX temI-n-sbpw t{kmXv {_-am-sWv Akn-Kv[-ambn AXn hy-am-p-p. {]]w D-hn-tijw \S-psIm-n-cn-p Fm {]{In-b-Ifpw {_s B{i-bn-m-Wn-cn-p-Xv. HSp-hn AXns Ayhpw {_-s IqSm-sX-b. "PmZn Akyb
- Ym' F {_-kq-{X-hmIyw ssX-cob D]-\n-j
- nse (III-I) hnkvXcn-p Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z-ns kw{Kl cq]-am-Wv.25 kIe D-Ifpw
P\n-p-Xpw Pohn-p-Xpw aS-p-Xpw {_-n-em-sWv AXn
{]kvXm-hn-p-p. I]m-cw-`-Im-ev PKv {_-n-\npw P\np-p. ]ns {_w PK-ns\ \bn-p-p. I]m--Im-ev PKv {_-n-tev aS-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Cu kq{X-n\v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW \Inb hymJym\w CXmWv:
""{]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb hymJym-\-ns ASn-m-\-n-ep ssZh-im-

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?

78
kv{X-amWv Cu kq{X-n-ep--Xv. A\p-`-h-t`-Zy-amb \nco--W-fn\npw BXy-nI bmYmYy-s-p-dn-p knmw \mw cq]oI-cn-p-p. ASp kq{Xw sshZnI t{kmX-p-I-fn-tev \psS {i
Xncn-p-p. temI-ns kz`m-h-s-n Nnn-p-tm GI ]-ctam-X bmYmYy-s--n-bp \nK-a-\-n-emWv \msa-p--Xv.
temIw AkvXn-Xz-n\pw \ne-\n]n\pw hne-b-\-n\pw Ah-ew-_np kz-bw-]-cym-]vX\mb kr-jvSn-ssh-`-h-\n \msa-p-p.''26
AXm-b-Xv, {_-kq{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv kh-i-\pw
kh-\pw kh \nb-m-hp-amb {_-s-bm-Wv. Fm, Cu
KpW- \ntj- [ n- m i- c m- N m- c y Is- nb D]m- b - a mWv
ssZhs cmbn Xncn-p-I-sb--Xv.
Hv--{_-w, cv--Cu-iz-c Fn--s\-bmWv hn`-P-\w. Cu hnhcWw {_s Dt-in--spw hymh-lm-cnI Xe-n-ep ssZhw
AYhm Cuiz-cs\ Dt-in-m-sWpw im-cm-Nm-cy knm-n-pp.
{]]--ns krjvSn, kwc--Ww, \miw F-nXym-Zn-I-sf-n {_kq- { X- I m- c ]d- b p- t m {]]w anYy- b m- s W- - , bmYmYyamsWmWtm sXfn-bp--Xv. CXv adn-I-S-m i-cm-Nm-cy ta
kqNn-n--Xp-t]m-e-p hmZw sa\-bp-p. AXm-b-Xv, ]c-amYn-I-X-en\n-p-sIm--, hymh-lm-cnI Xe-n\n-p-sIm-mWv kq{XIm-c temI-s-n Cn[w ]d-bp--sX-mWv i-c-`m-jyw. ChnsS
{it-b-amb Imcy--an-Xm-Wv. bmYmYys cmbn Xncn-p-Xpw
ssZhs cmbn Ah-X-cn-n-p-Xpw {_-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cmb-W-\; {ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv. (CXp Xbpw HcpXcw ssZzX at\m-`mh-ns {]Xn-^-e-\-at?) {_-kq-{X-n-se-hn-sSbpw bmYmYyw
cm-sWtm aqm-sWtm kqNn-n-p-p-t]m-ep-an-. {_w FXv
]c-amYn-I-am-sWpw Cuizc hymh-lm-cn-I-am-sWpw AXn FhnsSbpw Ahy--am-bn-tmepw {]kvXm-hn-n-n-. CXn\npw \ymbambpw Fm-hp \nK-a-\-sa-m-Wv? PKv AYhm {]]w anYybm-sW hnizmkw {_-kq-{X-Im-c\v Dm-bn-cp-n-. Cu k]w
im-cm-Nm-cy Ir{Xn-aa
- m-bp-mn kq{X-hym-Jym-\
- n-eqsS ASn-t]np--Xm-Wv.
PK-ns t{kmX-mbn {_s ImWpp kq{X-Im-c\
- mb _mZcm-bW
- . Fm, i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS knm-{- ]-Imcw PKv Fsmcp
bmYmYy-an-. CXm-bn-cpp kq{X-Im-cs hnizm-k-sa-n {_s
PK-ns Imc-W-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-tam-? Ahn-Zy-bmWv PKv
bmYmYy-am-sW tXm-ep-m-p--sXv i-cm-Nm-cy ]d-bp-p.
AXm-bXv PK-ns kmm ImcWw Ahn-Zy-bm-sW-Yw. i-

cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-Zw, _mZ-cm-b-Ws hnizmk-{]-am-W-am-bn-cp-sn ""{_-amWv {]]--ns ImcWw'' F ""Ahn-Zy-bmWv {]]-ns ImcWw AYhm t{kmXv'' Fm-bn-cpp {_kq-{X-n
{]kvXm-hn-t-n-bn-cp--Xv.
Xs {_-kq{X hnh-\-nepw hymJy-\-nepw i-cm-Nm-cysc-bmWv ]np-S-cp--sXv Xpd-s-gp-Xn-bn-p tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW(apJ-hp-c, t]Pv.11) t]mepw Amw hmIys ({_--kq{Xw: 1.1.5)
hni-Zo-I-cn-sh Cs\ Fgp-Xp-p:
""AhnZy sImmWv temIw bmYmYy-ambn tXmp--sX
Imgv N - m- S {_- k q- { X- I m- c - \ p- m- b n- c p- - s Xp hy- a m- W v .
{]]-krjvSn Kuc-h-I-c-amb {]iv\-am-bmWv kq{X-Im-c In-p- X v . kmwJy- m- c psS {]Ir- X n- b {]]- - n\p Imc- W - s apw
AXoh _pn-bmb {_-amWv AXns krjvSnp ]nn-sepw
kq{X-Im-c hmZn-pp. temIw amb-bm-sW bmsXmcp kqN-\bpw
Chn-sS-bn-.'' 27
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW hymJym-\n tahm-Iy-n kmwJy-Zi\s _mZ-cm-bW
- Jn-p-Ib
- m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bnse kI-ea
- m\ {]{Inb-I-sfbpw hnIm-k-sbpw {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Imc-W--fpsS ASn-m\-n hni-Zo-I-cn-p kmwJy-Zi-\-n-s\-Xncmb kq{XIm-cs
hmZw _pn-lo-\-amb {]IrXn F-s\-bmWv _pn-tbmsS kwhn-[m\n--s--Xmbn ImW-s-Sp--Xv Fm-Wv. _mZ-cm-b-W PK-v anYybm-sWv hniz-kn-n-cp-p-sh-n PK-ns bmYmYyw AwKo-I-cnp-sIm-p FXnhmZw D-bn-p-am-bn-cp-n-. {_w anYy-bm-sWv
hniz-kn kmwJy-Zmi\n-Isc kXy-n PK-mWp anYy-sbv
kanv kq{X-Im-c t\cn-Sp-am-bn-cp-p. PK-mWp ]ca bmYmYysap in-bmbn hmZn kmwJy Zi-\-n\p t\sc-bmWv kq{X-Imcs A{I-aWw Ghpw ItTm-c-am-bn-p-Xv Ftmp-I.28
Fnpw Hcn-S-p-t]mepw PKv bmYmYy-a-sv _mZ-cm-b-W
]d-bp-n-.29 i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ho-Ws _mZ-cm-b-Ws {_-kq{X-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-n-smv tUm. \I-apd Fgp-Xpp:
""{]]--Im-c-W-amb {_hpw BXy-n-I-{_-hpw cm-sWv
i-c knm-n-p-p. Fm {_-kq-{X-Imc {]]--Im-c-WXzw
{_-ns A\n-hmcy KpW--fn-sem-mbn Ah-X-cn-n-p-p. AXn\m, {_-kq-{X-ns cN-bn-Xmhv {_s cmbn Xncn-p-n.
{]]--ns ImcWw {_-am-sW-Xv {_-kq-{X-n-ep-S-\ofw ASn-bn-p ASn-m\ ho-W-am-Wv.''30

{_-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?

80
A`o-jvS-{]-Imcw krjvSn \S-nb {_-s-bmWv _mZ-cm-bW ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xv. kmwJy-cpsS AtN-X\ {]Ir-Xn-s-Xnsc
ktN-X-\hpw kh-\pw Bkq-{X-W-ssh-`-h-\p-amb {_-sp- d n- mWv hnh- c - W w. im--c - m- Nm- c y- c psS \nKp- W- { _w F
k]w {_-kq-{X-n-se-hn-sS-bp-an-. tUm. \I-ap-dsb hopw
D-cn-s:
""hyn-Xz-ap _pn-i-nt Nnn-m km[n-q. {_kq-{X-nse Ccw JnI ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm {_w AYhm
Bm Hcp hynXz XXz-am-Wv kq{X-Im-c a\-n-em-p-Xmbn hy-am-Ip-p. {_-kq-{X-{]-Imcw temI-kr-jvSn-th-f-bn
{_- ns A`o- j v S - a mWv krjv S n- b psS Imc- W - a mbn hn- sXv {_-kq-{X-n-ep-v. CubY-n {_s \nKp-W\m-b kKp-W-\m-bmWv kq{X-Im-c In-p--Xv. Fm, ic
kKpW {_s Cuiz-c-\mbn IW-m-p-Ibpw kmm {_n\npw AXv `n-am-sWp hmZn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {_-kq{X-am-Is C-s\-sbmcp thXn-cnhv \ntZ-in-p-n-.''31
"amb' F ]Zw {_-kq-{X-n Hcn-Sp am{Xta {]tbm-Knn-p-q ({_--kq{Xw: 3.2.3). "ambm am{Xw Xq ImXvkvt\y\m-\`n
hykz-cq-]-Xzm' FmWv kq{X-hm-Iyw.
kz]v\-temIw AXns kz`m-h-nXs tXm-em-sWpw
DWn-cn-p-tm-gp Ah--bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I AXn-\n-s-pamWv CXns Bi-bw. temIw amb-bm-sWtm PKXv anYy-bm-sWtm
A ChnsS _mZ-cm-b-W hy-am-p--Xv; adn-v, kz]v\w Ab-YmYamWv Fm-Wv. IqSmsX DWn-cn-p-tm-gp Ah--bp-sS {]tXyI-X-I kz]v\-n-\nspw kv]jvS-ambn ]d-bpp. AXm-b-Xv,
kz]v\w amb-bm-sWpw temIw amb-b-s-p-amWv {_-kq-{X-n-ep-Xv.
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kKp-W\
- n-tj-[hpw ]c-amYn-I- h
- ym-hl
- m-cnI hyhtO-Zhpw PKXv ambm-hm-Zhpw {_-kq-{X-n\p \nc-p--X-s \nKa-\-n-te-mWv ta hnh-cWw \s-sb-n-p--Xv.
Ipdn-p-I
1. D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw `K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw thZm--ns ASn-m\ t{kmX-p-I-fmbn
IW-m--s-Sp-p. Fm, Ch-bnse Bi-b- t{ImUo-I-cn-n-p {Ksa \ne-bn _mZ-cm-b-Ws {_-kq-{X-n\v {]apJ m\-ap-v.
2. George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras of Ramanuja (trans), Introduction.
3. Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara, P. 39
4. Ibid, pp 92-93

5. {_-kq-{X-ns Zp{Kl kz`m-h-s-n Cu IrXn-bn asm-cn-Sv hni-ZoIcn-n-p-v.

6. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xob Zi-\w, thmfyw cv, t]Pv 421
7. taIr-Xn, t]Pv 459
8. taIrXn, t]Pv 461
9. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol.II, P. 2
10. Ibid, Vol. I pp 420-421
11. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, pp 21-22
12. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. II, P.2
13. Keith, Philosophy of Veda and Upanishads, Vol, II, P.508
14. Keith, Philosophy of Sanskrit Literature, P. 475
15. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P.464
16. V.S. Ghate, A Study of the Brahmasutras, P. 9
17. Keith Fgp-Xn: "His dealectical skill is very great, and, though he doubtless misrepresents
Badarayana the does more justice to the Upanishads in so far atleast as they seem to
consider that at death the soul when released is merged in the absolute and does not continue to be distinct from it (A History of Sanskrit Literature, P. 477)

tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvWs hmp-I: ""D]-\n-j-p-I PK-n-s\-n kwK-X-amb

Hcp hoWw \Ip-n-. Ah-bpsS Im- ]e-cm-Wv. Ah-scmw Htc
Ime-L-
- n s]-hc
-
- . PK-n-s\-n GIm-`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-n-W
- s
- av Ah
Dt-in-n-cp-pthm Fp-IqSn kwi-b-amWv'' (`m-c-Xob Zi\w, hmfyw cv, t]Pv
459)
18. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P.25
19. Urquhart, The Vedanta and Modern Thought, P.71
20. Arapura, in Two Truths in Budhism and Vedanta, P. 109, quoted by Thomas O'Nail, Maya
in Sankara, P.93

21. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P.460

22. Urquhart, The Vedanta and Modern Thought, P.70-71
23. Ibid, P.70
24. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P.490
25. "PmZn Aky bYm' ({_--kq{Xw 1.1.2)
26. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P.236
27. Ibid, P.252
28. Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature, P. 475
29. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tKmhn--]m-t-bpsS hcn-I {in-pI.
D]-\n-j-Zv--{_--kq{X Zi-\hpw i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ho-Whpw Xn-ep tNbn-mbva ]mt-bpsS hnh-c-W--fn \ng-en-p-pv: "The Brahmasutra at the
outset defines Brahman as that from which the organaization etc. of the world takes place.
Thibaut has pointed out that the Brahmasutra apparently regard Brahman as the cause of
the universe to be the same Brahman who is to be enquired into in Vedanta as proposed in
the earlier sutra. such Brahman is obviously not the highest reality for Sankara. So it
would seem that the point of view of the Brahmasutra is that of atheistic monism and does
not agree with the illusionistic and absolutistic monism of Sankara'' (Govind Pande, Life
and Thought of Sankaracharya, P. 191)
30. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P. 487
31. Ibid, P.488

AssZzXw bpnbpw sshZhpw

82

4
AssZzXw:
bpnbpw thZhpw
a\p-jy BcmWv, ico-chpw Bmhpw IqSnb Pohn-bmtWm
a\p-jy, F-s\-bmWv hnm-\-ap-m-Ip--Xv, {]Ir-Xn-sb-mWv, {]Ir-Xy-XoX in F-s\-bp--Xm-Wv, AXn\v {]]--hp-ambp _-sa-m-Wv, PohnX ey-sa-v, ZpxJ--fpsS Imc-W-sf-v, AXn\npw apn {]m]n-p--sX-s\ XpS-n-b- tNm-Zy thZm Zmi-\nIcn {]ap-J-\mb {ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hnNn-\-n\v ]m{X-am-bn-p-v. thZ--th-Zm kmln-Xy--fpsS ]m-e-n Cy-bn ]c--cm-K-X-ambn D-bn--s knm-sf Xt-Xmb ssien-bn ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-p-I-bmWv Atlw
sNbvXXv.
Zmi-\nI Xe-n CXn-\p {iaw \S-n-sb--msX takqNn-n {]iv\
- f
- n Hp-t]mepw bpn-`{- Z-ambn hni-Ie
- \w sNmt\m
]cn-lm-c kan-mt\m {ioi--cm-Nm-cyv km[n-p-I-bp-mbn-. Fp-Xs
- -b
- , AssZz-Xh
- n-Pb
- t- Lm-j
- n-\p-tijw Ncn{Xw I
Ghpw PoW- kmaq-lnI hyh-(-hWm-{i-a-[aw) Cy-bn
]qthm-]cn {]_-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. AssZz-X-ns kmaq-ln-Iimkv{Xw Cu IrXn-bpsS hnj-b-a-. ta kqNn-n Zmi-\nI kaky-Iv {ioi--cm-Nm-cy Is-nb D-c- m\-im-kv{X]-c-ambn km[p-hmtWm Fv At\z-jn-mt\ ChnsS {ian-p-p-q.
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Xmn-I-]m-S-hhpw Ah-X-cW NmXp-cnbpw ap
Zmi-\n-I-cp-sS -hn-Nn--\--sf-p-dn- Adn-hn-m-bvabpw Hp-tNtm Ime-{I-taW Hcp sXn-m-cW {]_-e-am-bn. Zmi-\nI ka-ky-

I Ghpw \mbn ]qcn-n-p-Xv i-cm-ssZz-X-am-sW hnizmk-am-bn-cpp AXv. atXp thZm-n-I-sf-mfpw i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS

Nnm-]--Xn-bmWv XXz-imkv{X {]iv\-sf ian-n-p--Xn hnPbn-Xv F [mc-Wbpw {]N-cn-n--s-p. im-c-ssZz-X-n\p ta
hmcn-tm-cn-bn-Sp {]iwkm hN-\--fpsS bYmY ImcWw Ccw
A]Iz \nco- - W - - f m- W v . tUm. cm[m- I r- j v W s Xmsg- b p
hmp-I t\mq:
""i-cs {K- Kpcp-X-c--fmb kqva hnNm-c--fm
]qW--fm-Wv. Ah hmbn-p-tm AXy kqva-amb Ax{]-thi inbpw {]Km-V-amb B[ym-n-I-X-bp-ap Hcp _pntbmSv \mw kw ]pep-p-sh-Xv \apv t_m[y-am-Im-Xncnm h. A]-cn-ta-b-amb hniz-tmSp X\n-p Xo{h hnIm-cmepw Bm-hns AKm[ cl-ky-n-te-p Xs Dz-eZrjv S n- b mepw kaY- \ o- b - a m- b - X n am{Xw G- p- d hp IqSmsX
]dbpI F Xs ZrV-\n--b-mepw i-c a[y-Ime `mc-Xnse an- h mdpw sshhn- [ y- a p aX- N n- - I - c psS kaq- l - n
Hmw InS-bn-ep Hcp hoc-hy-n-bmbn \ne-sIm-p-p. At-lns XXz-hn-Nmcw ]qthm--cm-t] IqSmsX ]cn-]qW-am-bncn-p-p. AXn\p Iem-in]--fpsS khn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-amb Hcp
]qW- X - b pv . AXp kz- a mb Fm ]qh k]- - s fbpw
hymJym-\n-p-p. kzw ey-n-\p-thn hn-p-p. Xs
Fm XXz--sfbpw nchpw bpn-kw-K-Xhp-amb ]co--W-n\p
hnt[-b-am-p-Ibpw sNpp.''1
CXv shdpw ]h-Xo-I-c-W-am-Wv. thZm--k-c-Wn-bnse atXp
Zmi-\n-I-sc-mfpw cm-am-\p-P, am[z ]qWX i-cm-Nm-cypsp ]d-bp-Xv At-l-tm-Sp ]qh-`-ym-Z-c-m-em-Wv. ASnm\ Zmi- \ nI ka- k y- I v hnin- j v S m- s sZz- X tam ssZzXtam
aptm-p-sh-p--Xn-s\-m hne-s-tXm {]k-tam Bb ]cnlm- c - - s fmpw i- c m- s sZz- X hpw kan- p- n- s - - X mWv
hkv X pX. Fp- X - s - b - , atXp thZm ]- X n- s b- p- d npw
Dbm-hp{X kwi-b-v i-cm-ssZz-Xhpw CSw \Ip-pv .
{_- a mWv temI- ns krjv S npw \ne- \ n]n\pw \min\pw Imc-W-sav {_-kq{Xw IrXy-ambpw hy-am-pp:
""Pm-Zyky bXx'' (1: 1: 2)
""CXns D]n nXne-b- bmsXmp tlXp-hm-bnv''

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

84
FmWv ta kq{X- ns A- c mYw. CXns AY- s smn Bpw `nm-`n-{]m-b-an-. {]]--ns D-n, nXn,
kwlm--c-v ImcWw {_-am-sW-mWv kmam\y hnh-. ChnsSbpw X-an-. hymJym\w Bcw-`n-p-tm `nX Xe-s]m-pp. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "PmZn' F ]Zw. ""Phpw BZn-bm-b-hbpw''
FmWv Cu kwkvIrX hmn-\Yw. "Pw' FXv hy-am-Wv.
BZn- b m- b h AYhm apX- e m- b h F- X p- s Imv kq{X- I m- c
FmWv Dt- i n- Xv ? Duln- mt\ \hm- l - a p- q. GXm- b mepw
krjvSn, nXn, kwlmcw Fnh AXn s]Sp-sav Gsd-psd
hy-amWv. an-hmdpw Fm hymJym-Xm-fpw CXwKo-I-cn-p-p.
(Nne hymJym- X m- ap Nneh IqSn CXn DsSp- m
{iannpv). Npcp--n {]]--kr-jvSn, nXn, kwlmcImcWw
{_- a m- s W- - X n {ioi- - c m- N m- c y AS- - a p {_- k q{X
hymJym-Xm-smw GIm-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. AXm-bXv {_-kq-{XIm- c {]]- - ns krjv S n, nXn, kwlmc Imc- W - a mbn
{_s IW-m-n-sb-Yw. {]]w krjvSn--s-Xpw kwcn--s-SpXpw kwl-cn--s-Sp--Xp-amsWt CXn\npw
{Kmly-am-hp-Xv? PKv anYy-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-n {_-kq-{X-Im-c
Cs\ Acp-fp-am-bn-cp-tm-? nXn, kwlm-c--sf-n kq{X-Imc ]d-bp-n-s-nepw PKv P\n--Xm-sWv hy-am-p-p-tm. anYybmb Hv P\n- p- s hp ]d- b p- Xv AY- i q- \ y- a t?
Cm Hns\ Fs\bmWv kwc- n- p- Xpw kwl- c n- pXpw?
Chn- s S- b mWv i- c m- N m- c y hymJym- \ - h p- a mbn hcp- - X v . Hcp
hmtm hmIytam hymJym-\n-t-n hcp-Xv Ftm-gmWv? HpIn hmtm hmIytam Ahy--am-bn-cn--Ww. As-n `mKn-Iamtbm ]qW-amtbm Zp{K-l-am-bn-cn--Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ""kqcy
Ingv DZn- pp'' F hmN- I w. CXns AYw hy- a m- W v .
A]w t]mepw Zp{Km-ly-X-bn-m hmN-Iw. ChnsS hymJym-\ns Bh-iy-ta-bn; A]w t]mepw. Cu hmIy-n\v hymJym\w
Na-bvm apXn-cp--bmv _pn-n-c-X-bptm Fm-sc-nepw
kwi- b n- m AXns\ Ips- S p- m- \ m- h n- . ""kqcy sImv
ChnsS hnh- n- p- - X v . ..'' Fv ]dp XpS- p- t m- t gpw
kmam\y _pn-bp--hcpw alm _pn-am-mcpw Nncn XpS-n-sbp
hcmw. AXp-t]mse ""Ingv sImY-am-p--Xv...'', ""DZn-pp FXns bYmY AYw...'' Fsms GXv hniz-Kpcp ]d-bm XpSn-bmepw ^ew XssY-h. ImcWw tahm-N-I-n bmsXmcp Ahy-

-X-bp-an- F-Xm-Wv. ""PK-ns P\-\hpw Pohn-Xhpw \mihpw

{_w Imc-W-amWv'' F {]kvXm-h-nepw bmsXmcp Zp{Km-lyX-bp-an-. AXn-\m CXns\ hymJym-\n-t Bh-iy-an-. PK-ns\-p-dntm P\\w, PohnXw, \miw Fn-h-sb-p-dntm hni-Zmwi- \Ip-Xv {]k--am-Wv.
Fm Cu ]Z-sImv as-s-n-ep-amWv AY-am-p-sXv Hcp alm]n-X-\mWv ]d-bp--sX-nepw AXv Akw-_--ambn-cn-p-sav am{X-a B kao-]\wt]mepw Akw-K-X-am-bn-cn-pw.
hymJym-\-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw Xmn-I-ambpw sshZnI kmln-Xym-Sn-m\-nepw Cu coXn A_--am-sWp hy-am-Wv.
Hm-a-Xm-bn, PKXv F-Xn\v {_-kq-{X-n {]]-w, {]IrXn
Fsms am{Xta AY-ap-q. PK-n\v as-s-nepw hnh--I-fp-Xmbn {_-kq-{X-n Fhn-sSbpw hnZqc kqN-\t- ]mepw C. {_kq-{X-nse Hcp hmIys Zphym-Jym\w sNbvXp-t]mepw PK-n\v
as-s-nepw hnh--I-fp--Xmbn kaYn-m-\m-hn-. AXp-sImp
Xs-bmImw {ioi--cm-Nm-cy t]mepw A-s\-sbmcp {iaw \S-mXn-cp--Xv. AXn-\m {_-kq-{X-Im-c Dt-in PKv Cu ImWpXpw a\p-jy\v A\p-`-h-t`-Zy-hp-amb {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. AXv P\n--XmWv
Fv kq{X-Im-c hy-am-p--Xn\npw PKv AkvXn-Xz-ap
Hm-sWv sXfn-bp-p.
cm-a-Xm-bn, PKv Cm--Xm-sWtm amb-bm-sWtm tXmem-sWtm anYym-bm-sWtm kz]v\w-t]m-se-bm-sWtm Hpw {_kq-{X--fn Fhn-sS-bp-an-. Hscm kq{X-hm-Iy-sbpw Zphym-Jym\w
sNbvXmt]mepw PKv anYy-bm-sW Bibw e`n-p-n-. AXpsIm-p-X-s-bmImw {_-kq-{X-n\v i-cm-Nmcy \Inb hymJym\--fn Fhn-sSbpw A-c-samcp {_-kq-{X-hmIyw DZm-lc-W-ambn
t]mepw \Im-Xn-cp--Xv. PKXv anYym hmZw {_-kq-{X--fn-en
FmWv CXn\npw sXfn-bp--Xv.
aqm-a-Xm-bn, {_-kq-{X-nse Ccw ]cm-ai-v i-cmNm-cy \Inb hymJym-\hpw hkvXpXm hncp--am-sWpImWmw.
{_-kq-{X-Im-c PK-ns\ ]cm-ain-pXv hymh-lm-cn-ImY-nem-sWpw ]c-amYn-I-am-b-s-p-amWv i-c-`m-jyw. i-cm-Nm-cy
tkzOm-]qhw Cs\ {]kvXm-hn-p-p-sh-
- msX hymh-lm-cn-Ia
- mb
hnh-c-W-am-Wn-sXv {_-kq-{X--fn Fhn-sS-bp-an-. {_-kq-{X-fn PK-ns\ ]cm-ain-p-Xv hymh-lm-cn-ImY-n-em-sWv atsX-nepw sshZn-I--ssh-Zn-Im-\-c cN-\-I-fn-eptm? Cs--XmWv

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

86
bmYmYyw. C-s\-sbmcp Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-n\v i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mh\-bn am{Xta \ne-\np-q. Npcp-n--d-m PK--, i-cmssZz-X-amWv amb; bmYmYy-tem-Iv \ne-\nm--Xv.
{_-amWv temI-ns krjvSnpw \ne-\n]n\pw \mi-n\pw
Imc-W-sav {_-kq{Xw (1.1-2) IrXy-ambn {]kvXm-hn-n-p--tm.
temIw AYhm PKv amb-bm-sW i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS knm--{]Imcw CXns\ hymJym-\n-m AssZz-Xn-I \n_-n-X-cm-Wv.
krjvSn-n-s\-p-dnv ]d-bp-Xv hymh-lm-cn-ImY-n-em-sWv icm- N m- c y hmZn- p. Fm, ]nIm- e s i- c - h Iv - X m
A]wIqSn hni-Zo-I-cWw \Im {ian--tm `nm-`n-{]m-b-
DS-se-Sp-p. {_-amWv {]]n\p Imc-W-sa--Xns\ AssZzXn-Iv \ntj-[n-m-\m-hp-n-. Fm, ]c-amYn-ImY-n
{]]w Cspw krjvSn \S-n-n-spw {]]w Ds tXmep-m-Ip-Xv AhnZy sImm-sW-p-amWv Ah knm-n-p-Xv. ChnsS Db-cp kwi-b-an-XmWv. PK-n\p ImcWw {_tam
AtXm Ahn-Zy-tbm? CXn\p aqphn[-n Dcw \Im-hp-Xm-Wv. Hv: {_w am{X-amWv Imc-Ww. cv: {_hpw Ahn-Zybpw
Imc-W-am-Wv. aqv: AhnZy am{X-amWv ImcWw. Ch-bn GXp Xncs-Sp-m\pw sskm-n-I kqva-X-sbmpw Bh-iy-an-. GXp
kzoI-cn-mepw Zmi-\n-I-ambn IqSp-X ta ssIh-cp-I-bp-an-. \ne]mSv GXm-sW-nepw kwi-b-p km[yX Gdp-sap am{Xw.
AXm- b Xv i- c m- N m- c y- c psS ""XXz- h n- N mcw ]qthm- - c m- t ]
IqSmsX ]cn-]qW-am-bn-cn-pp''sh cm[m-Ir-jvWs hne-bn-cp s]m-bm-sW-Yw.
]nme AssZzX Zmi-\n-I ta sImSph-bn aqp- c - fpw \ntZ- i n- n- p- v . i- c m\pbmbn kh- m- - a p\n
"kwt-]im-cocI' F IrXn-bn {_w am{X-amWv temI-n\v
Imc-W-sav ]d-bp-p. kptc-izc F Ct-l-ns Kpcp-hn\pw
Cu ho-W-am-Wp-m-bn-cp--Xv. B`m-k-hm-Z-sa-m-Wn-X-dn-b-s-Sp- X v . ]- ] mZ, hmN- k v ] - Z nan{i Fn- h {_hpw Ahn- Z ybpw
tN-XmWv (A-h-tO-Z-hm-Zw) Imc-W-sav hy-am-p-p. aZ-\-an{ibpw {]Im-im-\-bpw AhnZy am{X-amWv temI-n\p Imc-W-sav
({]-Xn-_nw_ho-Ww) hmZn-p-p.2
Hm-as hymJym\w {in-pI. temI-ns ImcWw {_am- W v . CXv hy- a mbpw {_- k q- { X- n D- X m- W v . temIw
bYmYn D-Xm-sWpw AXns D]-np ImcWw {_-

am-sW-p-ap hnizm-k-{]Imcw C-s\-sbmcp {]iv\-ap-Zn-p-n-.

Fm, {]]w amb-bm-sWpw AXn\p ImcWw Ahn-Zy-bm-sWpw
knm-n-p--tXmsS (A--s\-sbmcp knmw {_-kq-{X-Im-c
kqNn-n-p-n-.) {]]--n\p ImcWw ambtbm {_tam AtXm
cpwIqSntbm F kwi-b-ap-m-Ip-p. {_w am{X-am-sW-n
]ns Ahn-Zy-bp-m-p {]]--sav ]d-bp--sX-s\ icn-bmIpw?
asmp IqSn: AhnZy BcpsS krjvSn-bmWv? AXn\p ImcWw {_amtWm? BsW-n {_w Ahn-Zy-bpsS Imc-W-sa AssZz-Xn-IfpsS {]kvXmhw hymh-lm-cnI kXytam ]c-amYnI kXy-tam? hymhlm-cnI kXy-am-sW-n, AssZz-X-{]-Imcw AhnZy Fsm-n-spw
AXv tXm-em-sWpw ]d-tb-n-h-cpw. AXm-b-Xv, {]]w amb-bmsWv AssZz-X{- ]-Imcw ]d-bm-\m-hn-s-Yw. Fm, amb-bm-sWv
Ah ]d-bp-p. CXv sshcp-[y-amWv.
C\n ]camYnI kXy-am-sWp Icp-Xp-I. Fn, {_-hp-apv
Ahn-Zy-bp-apv FXv ]c-amYnI kXy-am-sWp hcpw. AXm-bXv
{_-sa Htc-sbmcp ]c-amYnI kXy-ta-bpq F AssZz-Xw
Zp_-e-am-Ip-Ibpw {_hpw Ahn-Zy-bp-apv F ssZzXw Bhn`-hnp-Ibpw sNpw. CXpw AssZz-X-n-ep-m-Ip sskm-nI sshcpy-am-Wv.
hmN-kv]-Zn-an-{i, ]-]mZ Fn-h {_hpw Ahn-Zybpw tNXmWv PKv Imc-W-ambn hn-p--sX`n{]m-b-s-Sp-p. ChnsSbpw AhnZy ]c-amYn-Itam hymh-lm-cn-Itam Fp hy-am-tn-h-cpw. ]c-amYn-I-am-sW-n ssZzX-ap--hn-pw. hymh-lm-cn-I-amsW-n Ahn-Zy-Xs amb-bm-Wv, Cm--Xm-sWpw hcpw. X^-eamb {_hpw Ahn-Zybpw tNv {]]--n\p Imc-W-am-sb hmZw
AY-iq-\y-X-bn-tep hogp-p.
aZ-\-an-{ibpw {]Im-im-\-bpw Duln-p--Xp-t]mse AhnZy am{XamWv temI-n\p Imc-W-sap Icp-Xp-I. Fmepw AhnZy hymhlm-cn-Itam ]c-amYn-Itam Fp hy-am-t _m[y-X-bn\npw
AssZz-Xn-Iv Hgn-bm-\m-hn-. Fp-X-s-b {]]--ns ImcW-ambn {_s Nqn-m-p-Ibpw Ahn-Zysb Imc-W-ambn FhnsSbpw kqNn-n-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvX _mZ-cm-b-Ws \ne-]m-Sn\v
Ch Fp hymJym-\-amWv \IpI?
AhnZy hymh-lm-cn-I-am-sWp ]d-mepw ]c-amYn-I-am-sWp
hmZn-mepw i-cm-ssZzXw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw ta kqNn-n sshcp[yn sNp hogpw. ssZzX Nn-I-cpsS AssZzX hnai-\-sf

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

88
i- c m- N m- c y- c psS ]- p- \ n- p- s Imv t\cn sI. \mcm- b n
Cmcyw Xpdp k-Xn-p-Xp ImWpI:
""{_hpw ambbpw Xn- e p _- s a- mWv ? {_s
IqSmsX \ne-\n]n-m amb F-s\-bmWv PK-mbn {]Xy-am-Ip-Xv? i-c-\p-tijw thZm--Nn--bpsS hnImkw \nWbn Nne {][m\ tNmZy--fm-Wn-h. i-cs A\nh-N-\o-b-amb
k]s {_- ns in- b mbn hymJym- \ n- m- \ p {ia-fmWv ]no-Sp-m-b-Xv. Cu {]hWX-bvv AXn-t-Xmb XI-cmdp-v. Imc-Ww, i-cm-ssZz-X-n AXv ssZzXw kn-th-in-n-pp.
Fn-cp-mepw thZm Zi-\-n\npw ambm-kn-m--n\np- s a- m- h p A\n- h mcy \nK- a - \ - a m- W - X v . i- c m- s sZz- X - n
ssZzXw \neo-\-am-sW hnai-\-n \ymb-ap-v.''3
ChnsS Fsnepw hni-Zo-I-cWw \ImsX Hgnhm-Im {KIm-c\v km[n-p-n-. AXn-\m, i-cm-ssZz-X-n\v Cu {]iv\w ]cnl-cn-m Ign-bm-Xn-cp--Xnse bpn(-lo-\-X)-A-t\z-jn-p-I-bmWv
At-lw. \mcm-bns hmp-I hopw D-cn-mw:
""i-c Xsbpw Cu {]iv\-s-n t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-p. AXpsIm-mWv ambm-XXzw hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hm--Xm-sWv Atlw ]dXv. amb A\nh-N-\o-b-am-sW-XpsImv At-l-ap-t-in-Xv,
\psS _pn-pw, bpnpw {_-hp-ambn amb-bvp _s
Dsm-m-\m-hn Fm-Wv... amb-bpsS bYmY {]Ir-Xhpw {_hp-am-bp _hpw kIe bpn-I-sfbpw AXn-hn-p--Xm-Wv.''4
AXm-b-Xv, AssZz-X-nse asm k]--sfbpw bpn-bpsS
Xe-\m-cngIodn \ymbo-I-cn-m {ian {ioi--cm-Nm-cy ChnsS
Bbp[w shv Iog-S-p--Xmbn bpn-t_m-[-ap--hp t_m[yamIpw. bpn--p-dhpw bmYmYy-n\p Htsd Xe--fp-s--Xn
kwi-b-an-. Fm, Ccw Hgn-In-gnhv i-cm-Nm-cy ]d-bp-Xv
bpyXo-X-amb Fs-nepw ImcWw Dm-b-Xp-sIm-m-sW- a\n-em-Ip--Xv. adn-v, {_w PK-ns Imc-W-am-sW--Xn\pw PKXv
anYy-bm-sW--Xn\pw Ahn-Zy-bmWv PKv A\p-`-h-n\p \nZm-\-sa-Xn\pw XpSn asm AssZzX XXz-pw bpn-]-c-amb \ymb i-cm-Nm-cy \nc-n-bp-p-v. Fn, Ahn-Zybpw {_hpw Xnep _w am{Xw bpn--Xo-X-amsWp hnNm-cn-m Fp \ymbam-Wp--Xv. PK-n\p ImcWw {_-am-sWp hniz-kn-p-tm
PKpw {_hpw Xn-ep _-amWv shfn-s-Sp--Xv. PK-n\p
ImcWw _pn-iq-\y-amb {]Ir-Xn(-{]-Ym)-b Fv kmwJy-Zi-\-n-

s\-Xn-cmbn FXnhm-Z-ap--bn-p-tm i-cm-Nm-cy bpn-sb-bmWv

B[m-c-am-p--Xv. AXm-b-Xv, {_hpw PKpw Xn-ep _w
bpn-[
- o-\a
- m-sW-Yw. PKv anYy-bm-sWv hmZn-p-hm kz]v\ns Fm {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw DW-bnse `uXn-Im-\p-`-h-p-apsv hy-am-p-p. AXm-b-Xv, PKpw Ahn-Zybpw Xn-ep
_w shfn-s-Sp-m\pw i-cm-Nm-cy bpnsb icWw {]m]n-pp.
{_hpw Bmhpw Xn-ep kao-I-c-W-n\pw i-cm-Nm-cyv
bpn-bpv. Fm, Xs AssZzXw kmm sshcp-[y-nsSp k`-n i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kam-[m\w Ahn-Zybpw {_hpw
Xn-ep _w bpn-sImv hni-Zo-I-cn-m-hp--Xn-\-p-d-am-sWmWv! Xs hmZw bpn-hn-cp--ambn Xocp-tm AXns\ adp
shm bpyXoX Xes hen-n-g-p-sIm-p-h-cm\p {ia-am-WnsXp hy-am-Wv.
\mcm-bn XpSv Fgp-Xpp:
""GI {_-ns amb-bn-eq-sS-bp {]Xy-o-I-c-W-amWv PKspw AXns B-cmYw a\p-jy-[m-c-W-bv-Xo-X-am-sWpw \mw
a\-n-em-m-n-S-tmfw i-c-th-Zm--n\v bpn-]-c-amb \oXo-IcWw Is-m-\m-hn-.''5
AXm-bX
- v, amb a\p-jy-a\
-
- n\v Dsm-m-\m-Im-X
- m-sWv \mw
[cn-m-n-St- mfw i-cthZmmssZz-X
- n\v bpn-bt- \z-jn-p-Xv
Akm-[y-am-Ip-sa-mWv \mcm-bn Nqn-m-p--Xv. amb bpy-Xo-Xam-sWv AwKo-Ic
- n-m i-ct- h-Zmw bpn-kl
- a
- m-Ip-sa-mWv CXp
hmbn-m tXmp-I. lm amb! F-msX Fp-]-d-bm. amb bpyXo-X-am-sW-w-Ko-I-cn-m AXv bpy-Xo-X-am-Ip-sa-msX bpn]-c-sav Fs\ hcpw? CsXmw bpy-Xo-X-am-sWp ]d-bp icm-\p-Iq-en-I ]dv ]dv AXmWv i-c-th-Zm--nse bpn
Fv D]-kw-l-cn-pw. AXm-bXv bpn-lo-\-X-bmWv i-cm-ssZz-Xns bpn-sbv ]-bmbn ]d-bmw. ]t, Cs\ hf-p-sI-nmsX kXyw shfn-s-Sp-m Ahp aSn-bp-v. AXn-\m \mcmbn Cu hnj-b-I-amb N Ah-km-\n-n--Xn--s\-bmWv:
""CXmWv i-cs \ne-]m-sS-n At-l-ns ambm-k-]hpw
AssZzX Zi-\hpw Xmn-I-ambn km[p-hm-sWv a\-n-em-m\mhpw.''6
AXm-b-Xv, bpn-bn-m hmZ- Ah-X-cn-n--Xn\npw icm-Nm-cy-cp-tSXv bpn-]cambn km[p-hmb Zi-\-]--Xn-bm-sWv a\-

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

90
n-em-m-sav!
AssZz-X-ns bpnbpw thZm-Sn-m-\hpw kw_-nv Nne
]cm-ai- i-cm-Nm-cy Xs \S-n-bn-p-v. AXn-s\-n tUm.
cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp:
""i-cm-Nm-cy Xs "ayq-Iy-Im-cnI'p hymJym-\-n
AssZzXw thZm-Sn-m-\-n am{X-amtWm AtXm bpn-bpsS klmb-mepw kaYn-m-\m-hptam F tNmZyw Dbn-bn-p-v.''7
AssZz-X-s-p-dn-p A[ym-b-n bpn-]-camb km[yX
sXfn-bn-n-p-sv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW XpSs-gp-Xp-p. tijw,
""bpn-sImv Fmw hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hn-. AXn\v \ne-\n]nm a-e-hp-ap-v'' FmWv ]d-bp--Xv. AXm-b-Xv, ta`m-Kv
\mcm-bn {]tbm-Kn Iui-e-amtb CXn-s\bpw ImWm-\m-hq. Ignbm-hp-n-S-tmfw bpn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-pXs AssZzXw kaYnpI. bpn-]-c-ambn kaYn-m-\m-hmsX hcp-tm AXv kzknm--nse bpn-bn-m-bva-bm-sWv k-Xn-m Xm-dm-Im-Xncn-p-I. X-fpsS Ign-hp-tI-S-, bpn-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-bmWv CXn\p
Imc-W-sa-m-bn-cnpw CXn-\p kam-[m-\w. bpnpw _pnpw
]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-sv AwKo-I-cn-m--h-cp-tm? ]t, bpn--XoX- a m- b Xpw bpn- h n- c p- - a m- b Xpw Xn henb hyXym- k - a p- v .
bpnv AXo-X-am-bXv Hcn-epw bpn-hn-cp--am-In-. {_hpw
Ahn- Z ybpw Xn- e p _w bpy- X o- X - a m- s W- - X n- s \- m
bpn-hn-cp--am-bmWv AssZz-X-n knm-n--s-n-p--Xv FXmWv hkvXp-X.
PK-ns\ \ntj-[n-p-hm ambm-k-]w krjvSn i-cmNmcy `uXn-Im-kvXn-Xz-ns {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p-I-b koWam-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-kn-m--n\p t\sc
Db hnai-\- t\cn-Sp--Xn ]nIme i-c-Zmi-\n-I
th{X hnP-bn-n-n-sp ImWmw. {_w am{Xta bmYmYy-am-bnpq F-Xm-Wtm AssZz-X-ns apJy {]ta-bw. {_-s-p-dnp Nbpw At\z-j-W-hp-amWv thZm--ns k. Fm,
At-bw Bi-b-p-g--ap-m-p ambm-k-]-nse Zmi-\nI
ka-ky-I HXp-n-om i-cm-\-c AssZz-Xn-Ip ITn-\m[zm\w sNt-n-h-p. Fnpw Cu eyw km[n-p--Xn Ah
]cm-Pn-Xc
- mbn FmWp a\-n-em-Ip-X
- v. F{X-tm-fs
- a-m, "{_w'
F apJy-{]-tabw N sNbvXv Ah-sc-n-bXv "amb'bnem-Wv. ]noSp XhnX- apgps ambsb Np--n-bm-bn. H. \oens

hcn-I t\mq:
""{_hpw ambbpw Xn-ep _w F-s\-bm-sW {]iv\n\v hni-Zo-Ic
- Ww \Im-\p {ia-n i-c\p tij-ap AssZzXn-If
- psS N apgps {_-s-p-dnv BtI-X
- n\p ]Icw ambsb
tI{o-I-cn-m-bn; Cm-es AssZzX hmZn-I CXv \ntj-[n-t-msa-n-epw.''8
{_-hmZw, ambm-hm-Z-ambn Adn-b-s-Sm\pw CXp Imc-W-am-bn.
\oens hcn-I hopw:
""AssZz-X-ns "m\-ao-amwk'bnepw Zi\ N-q-Snepw
ambbvv {][m-\-s m\-ap-s-Xv kXy-am-Wv. ]t, Hcp
{]tXyI AY- n- e - msX ambm- k - ]s km- i m- k v { X
(Ontology)]-c-ambn hymJym-\n--cp-Xv. Imc-Ww, {_-s-p-dn-p
knm--n\npw Xmn-I-ambn D`q-X-am-Ip Hcp A\p-_
\nK-a\w am{X-am-W-Xv. AXn-\m, ambmhmZ-s-n \apv Fp ]dbm-\mIpw? {_-kn-m-
- n\np-m-Ip-s
- X \ne-bn AXns\
ssIImcyw sNp-Xv AssZz-X-tmSv \nc-p--Xm-Wv. Fm,
AXns\ Cu hn[-a D]-tbm-Kn-m-dv. Fn AssZz-X-tm-Sp
At-b-s A\o-Xn-bmIpw ambm-hm-Zw. i-c-\p-tijw AssZz-XnIn-S-bn {_-hm-Z-n\npw ambm-hm-Z-n-tev Ncn-{X-]-c-amb
hyXn-bm-\-ap-m-bn-p-v.''9
A\m-h-iy- knm--hI-c-W-ns A\n-hm-cy- hn\-I-fn-semmtb CXns\ ImWm-\mhq! CXp shdpw t]cp-am-s
- -b
- , ASn-m\
\ne-]m-SpI-fpsS Zmi-\n-I- NypXn Xs-bmWv shfn-s-Sp-p-X
- v. {]m]nI {]Xn-`m-k--fpsS Ab-YmYX ambm-k-]-\-n-eqsS hni-ZoI-cn-m-\p AssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cpsS {iaw ]cn-lm-c-t-m {]iv\ krjvSnp Fm-WnXp sXfn-bn-p-Xv.
PKv bmYmYy-am-sWp hm {_-ns ]c-amYnI
bmYmYy-sa \nebvv Ipd-n-ep-m-hp-sa-mWv i-cm-Nm-cy [cn-Xv. Cu \nK-a\w Zmi-\n-I-ambpw sshZn-Im-Sn-m-\-nepw A_-am-sW--XmWv hkvXp-X. PKv bmYmYy-am-sWp ]d-bp CXc
thZm-n-I AXv ]c-amYnI bmYmYy-am-sWp hniz-kn-p-n-.
WnI bmYmYy-ambn am{Xta AXns\ IW-m-p-p-q. PKv
AXns D]-npw \ne-\n]n\pw \mi-n\pw kqW-ambpw
Ah-ew-_n-p-Xv {_-s-bm-Wv. {_s B{i-bn-msX AXn\v
Hcp \nanjwt]mepw AkvXn-Xz-ap-m-Ip-n. Cu \ne-bvp AssZztX-Xc hoWw GsX-nepw \ne-bn {_-ns ]c-amYnI ]Z-

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

92
hnsb CI-gvp-n Fp-Im-Wmw. AXp-sIm-mWv PKv anYybm-sW hmZw {_-kq-{X-n {]Xy--s-Sm--Xv. D]-\n-j-pI-fpsS Bi-b- sshPmXyn-Snbn Hcp ho-W-sa \nebn ambm-hm-Zns em-\-I It-mw. Fnepw D]-\n-jp--fpsS s]mXp-hmb ho-W-ambn AXv Ah-X-cn-n--s-n-n. Ah-bn Ghpw {]_e- [mc-W-bm-W-sXpw ]d-bm-\m-hn-.
thZ-km-ln-Xy--fn-em-I-s, PKv anYy-bm-W kqN\t]mepw e`np-I-bn-.- tem-Ihpw AXnse A\p-`-h-fpw At-bw bmYmYyam-sW hn[-n-emWv Ejn-am-cpsS hnh-c-W-. thZ--fnse
EpI cNn Ejo-iz-c-mv {_-m-\-ap-m-bn-cp-n-spw
AXp-sImmWv PK-nse A\p-`-h- A{X lrZy-ambn hnh-cnsXpw hniz-kn-m-\m-hp-tam?
`uXn-I-tem-I-sbpw a\p-jys A\p-`-h--sfbpw \ntj-[nm Bpw km[y-a F-XmWv bmYmYyw. temIw amb-bmsWv Hcm ]d-bp-tm Npcp-n-bXv ]d-bp Bsf-nepw bmYmYy-am-sW-v k-Xn-msX Xc-an--tm. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AbmfpsS Nn-bpw {Kl-Whpw hmp-Ifpw kXy-am-sWv hniz-kn-tn-h-cpw. CsXmw \ntj-[n-p-I-bm-sW-n temIw amb-bm-sW
{]kvXmhhpw amb-bm-sWpw Cm--Xm-sW-p-ap sshcpyw
DS-se-Sp-pw. temI-ns bmYmYyw F{X Ipd \ne-hm-c-nep--Xm-sWp hmZn-p--hpw `uXn-Im-\p-`-h-sf iq\y-sa
\ne-bn Xn--f-bm-\m-hn. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXn\v \ymb-sap
tXmp Hcp hymJym\w \Intb Xocq. PKv anYy-bm-sWv
i-cm-Nm-cy ]d-bp-tm AXns AkvXnXzw ]s \ntj-[n-pI-bm-sWv sX--cn--cp-sXv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW-s\-tm-se-bp-h Nqn-m-p-p. {_-kq{Xw III-2.3 \v i-cm-Nm-cy \Inb
hymJym- \ - ns ASn- m- \ - n `uXn- I - t em- I - ns
bmYmYys Atlw \ntj-[n-n-n-sv cm[m-Ir-jvW A`n-{]mb-s-Sp-p.
""kz]v \m-h-bpw DWbpw Xn-ep hyXymkw i-c
Dun--d--Xn\npw DW tXm-e-sv hy-am-Wv.''10
{_-kq{X hymJym-\-n kz]v\w Xopw anYy-bm-sWv
i-cm-Nm-cy kaYn-p-p-v.11 DWn-cn-p-tm-gp Ah-bpsS bYmY nXn AXn-\n-sv DZm-l-c-W- klnXw icm- N m- c y Nqn- m- p- p. Dd- p- - b m Hcp cYs kz]v \ w
ImWpp. Hcmv cYs `uXn-I-ambn Dsm-m-\m-hn--tm.
B\ a\p-jy-\m-Ip-Xpw tImgn-bm-hp-Xpw kz]v\-n ImWmw.

CsXmpw bYmY-ambn kw`-hn-p--X--tm. AXn-\m, PKv

anYy-bm-sW i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ASn-m\ \ne-]m-Sn\v A\p-_-ambn PKXv hymh-lm-cn-I-ambn kXy-am-sWv Atlw Xs hyam- p- p. ]c- a mYn- I - a mbn PKv anYybm- W v ; {_w am{Xta
bmYmYy-am-bnpq Fp kmcw. BXy-n-I-ambn Ipd Afhn-ep bYmY nXntb PK-n-\p-q-sh-nt]mepw i-cm-Nmcy ]d-bpt]mse AXv anYy-bm-sWv {]kvXm-hnp--Xn-t\mSv
ap ]e thZm-n-Ifpw in-bmbn hntbm-Pn-p. {]kn thZm
`mjy-Im-c-\mb `mkvI-c(-F.-Un. 1000) i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-Zs
AXn-i--ambn Jn-p-p-v. Ct-l-ns ka-Im-en-I-\mb
bmZh {]Im-ibpw bmYmYy-hm-Z-]-c-am-bmWv `mjyw cNn-n-p-Xv.
cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw (F.-Un. 1140) am[zm-Nm-cycpw (F.-Un. 1238) {ioIm
(F.-Un.1400) XpSn ap thZm `mjy-Im-c-mcpw i-cm-ssZz-Xs
Xnc-kvI-cn--h-cm-Wv.
{_-kq-{X-ntem sshZnI kmln-Xy--fntem ambm-k-]w
ImWp-n F-XmWv Ch-cp-sS-sbmw {][m\ FXnhm-Zw. {_kq{X hmIy-n(111-2-3) kz]v\hpw DWbpw Xn-ep hyXymkw
Dun--d-n-p-v. CXns hymJym-\-n kz]v\w shdpw amb-bmsWpw DW-bnse bmYmYy-ns IWn-I-t]mepw kz]v\-n-enspw i-cm-Nm-cyXs ]d-bp-p-v.12 Fnpw asmcp k`n, AXm-bXv amyq-tIym-]-\n-j-n\v i-cm-Nm-cy cNn `mjyn temIw anYy-bm-sW-mWv kaYn-p--Xv.13 CXn\m-[m-c-am-p-Xm-Is kz]v\-sbpw DW-sbbpw-Xs! kz]v\w Ab-YmYam-Wpw DW bYmY-am-sW-p-amWv {_-kq-{X-n-ep-X
- v. AXmb-Xv, PKXv kz]v\w t]mse-b bYm-Y-am-sW-mWv _mZ-cm-b-W
]Tn-n-p--Xv. Fm "amyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn i-cm-Nm-cy knmn-p--Xm-Is DWbpw. AXm-b-Xv, PKXv kz]v\w t]mse-s
shdpw tXm-em-sW-pw. Cu hncp---fmb \ne-]m-Sp-Isf Nqn
`mkvIc
- m-Nm-cy, {_-kq-{Xs Zphym-Jym\w sNbvXX
- n\pw P\-sf
I_-fn-n--Xn\pw i-cm-Nm-cysc hnain-p-p.14
{_-kq{X `mjy-n PKv XYy-bm-sWp kaYn-p-p. (B
k`-n hymh-lm-cn-I-amb XYy-bmWv PKv Fsmpw kqNnn-pp t]mep-an-.) i-cm-Nm-cy amyq-IyIm-cnIm hymJym-\-n
PKv anYy-bm-sWv Ii-\-ambn hmZn-p-Xv kzbw sshcp-[y-amsW--Xn-cn--s, ic kao-]-\-nse sskm-n-I- Nmm--
Chn-sSbpw Ah-km-\n-p-n-s--XmWv hkvXpX. alm-bm-\m-_p
Zmi-\n-I-cpsS hmZ-sf Jn-p-tm temIw bYmYy-am-sW

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

94
\ne-]m-SmWv i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xv. Xs ambm-kn-mw Ah-X-cn-np-tm-gm-Is t\sc Iogva-dn-bp-p. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS _p-hn-ai\- {]tXy-I-ambn ]Tn-n-p Zm\n-b CwKmkv CXv Nqnm-pp:
""i-c-s\-Xnsc `mkvI D-bn Im]Syw F Btcm-]Ww
t\mmw. Cm-es Nne ]n-X-mcpw CtX hnai\w D-bn-np-v. AXn--s\-bmWv: hnm-\-hm-Zn-Isf FXnp-tm ic
dnb-en-ns\tmse-bm-Wv hmZn-pXv. _mly-tem-I-ns (P-K-v)
bmYmYy-n Atlw Dup-p. Fm, Xs Zi\w hnI-knn-p-tm Hcp h-a \qdp-hw PKv anYy-bm-sWv i-c hmZnp-p. am{n-Is Iuiew t]mse, sh-nse Ipan-f-t]m-se, acoNn-I-t]m-se, kz]v\w-t]mse PKv anYy-bm-sWv At-lw knmn-pp. CXp Im]-Sy-a-s-n Npcp-n-bXv XmnI sshcp-[y-san-ep-at?15
kz]v\w bYmY-a-sv Bcpw kXn-p-a-tm. AXnse A\p-`h--fpsS Nne {]tXy-I-X-I i-cm-Nm-cy FSp-p-Im-p-p. Hm-aXm-bn, kz]v\w ImWptm AXv icn-bmbn \S-pXp Xsbm-sWmWv Dd-p--bmv tXmp--Xv. bmYmYy-\n-jvT-amb A\p-`-h(Objective experience)-am-Wn-sX-Yw. cm-a-Xm-bn, hnj-bn--hn-j-b(-Subject-Object)-_w kz]v\-n-ep-ap-v. aqm-a-Xm-bn, kz]v\-nse kw`h-v Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-ap-v. ka-b-{I-a-ap-s-Yw. Cu
aqp {]tXy-IX
- I
- fpw DW-bnse `uXn-Im-\p-`h
-
- p-ap-s-mWv
i-cm-Nm-cy hmZn--Xv. AXp-sImv PKv A\p-`-h-fpw kz]v\-nte- X p- t ]mse amb AYhm anYy- b m- s W- Yw; {_w am{Xta
bmYmYy-am-bn-p-q-sh-pw.
Cu Xmc-Xayw bpn-lo-\-am-sWp a\-n-em-m henb {]bmk-an-. Hm-a-Xm-bn, kz]v\-n-ep A\p-`hhpw DW-bnse A\p`0hhpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-sW-Xp sXv. kz]v\w bYmYwXs-bm-sWv
tXmp-Xv shdpw tXm-em-Wpw kXy-as
- pw Fm-hp-ad- nbmw.
Dd-p--bm-fpsS A\p-`-h-pw hyXym-k-ap-v. Hcm Xnf Fbn In-m s]mp-sa-Xv Xo. Fm, As\ kz]v\w Imtem? s]mp anYym-\p-`hw Dm-Ipw. Hcn-epw ssI s]mn.
i-cm-Nm-cy Nqn-m-nb ap cp {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw anYym-cq-t]-Wbpw
hnIr-X-hp-am-bmWv kz]v\-n {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. Imcy-Im-cW
_tam Ime-{I-atam bpntbm Hpw Ah-bnse kw`-h--fn-e-S-W-sap \n_--an-.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn Imcy-Im-c-W-_-w. kw`-h--fnse GXm\pw

In-I {in-p-I. Hcm acw shp-p. apdnv Nofp-I-fm-p-p.
XSn- - j v W - - f p- ] - t bm- K nv taitbm Itk- c tbm \nan- p- p.
`uXnI -tem-Iv C-c-samcp {Ias Dw-Ln-p-sImv taitbm
Itk-ctbm \nan-m-\m-hn-. Fm, kz]v\-n\v CsXmcp \nebvpw _m[-I-a-. Cu Imcy-Im-cW irwJ-esb A\n-hm-cy-am-p
\nb-a--sfmpw kz]v\tem-I-n-. DW-bn ImW-s-Sp Cu
Xmf-{Iaw kmam-t\y\ kz]v\-nepw {]Xn-^-en--s-Spp Ftbp-q. iq\y-X-bn\npw taitbm Itk-ctbm Dm-Ip-Xpw \nanp--Xp-samw kz]v\-n {]Xy--am-sbp hcmw. AXn-\m,
kz]v\-sbpw DW-sbbpw kao-I-cn-m i-cm-Nm-cy aptmp-sh-p Imc-W--sf-m Gsd, Ah Xn-ep `nX kaYnm Nqn-m-m-\m-Ipw.
PKv kz]v\w t]mse amb-bm-sW knm--n\v FXn-cmbn
PKv kz]v\w-t]mse bmYmYy-am-Wpw hmZn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. kz]v\nse Nne kw`-h-fpw AXn-\n-S-bn {]Xy--s-Sp hkvXp-fpw
Cm--Xm-sW-Xp icn-X-s. Fm, kz]v\w FXpw bmYmYyw
Xs-bt? kz]v\w Ip Fsm-cm ]d-m, kz]v\w I-Xmbn
Abmp tXmn F-tm AYw. AXm-b-Xv, kz]v\w AXn
Xs bmYmYy- a m- W v . kz]v \ - ns D- S w anYy- b m- s Wp
hmepw kz]v\w ImWp--bm bmYmYy-am-ImsX Xc-an-. AXn-\m[m-c-amb cmk--ssP-hn-Im-Sn-m-\--sfmw `uXnI bmYmYy-n
s]Sp-p. kz]v\w AwKo-I-cn-p Hcmv Dd-hpw Dd-p--bmfpw
anYy-bm-sWp Icp-Xm-\m-hn.
kz]v\-n {]Xy--s-Sp--h-sbmw ]qW-ambpw anYy-bmsWp ]d-bm-\m-hn-. Ah-bn Gdnb ]pw bYmY-n-ep-tXm
Ah-bpsS hnIr-Xo-I-c-Wtam Bbn-cn-pw. Nnd-Ip ]qsb Hcm
kz]v\w Isp hcmw. ChnsS Nnd-Ip ]q k]-am-Wv. Fm,
NndIpw ]qbpw `uXnI temI-p-Xp Xs-bm-Wv. GXp hn{`-amI kz]v\- Xnc-mepw Cu nXn ImWmw.
anb shfn--n Ib A\-p--Xmbn Im AXp ]mmsWp sXn--cn--s-Smw. C{]-Imcw Am\w aqew temIw DXmbn \app tXmp-I-bm-sWv KuU-]m-Z\pw tijw i-cm-Nm-cycpw
hmZn-p. shfn-a
- S- n-m AXp ]m-, Ib-dm-sWp icn-bmb m\w
e`n-p-p. CXp-t]mse {_-m\w BPn-p-t- XmsS PKv anYybm-sWp t_m[y-am-Ip-sa-mWv Ch-cpsS kaY\w. Ch-cpsS DZm-l-

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

96
c- W - n kqNn- n- p Ib, Ccp- v , ]mv Fnh anYy- b
bmYmYywXs-bm-sWv ad--cp-Xv. Ibdpw ]mpw bmYmYy-amWv.
bYmY temIv Ibdpw ]mpw Cm-bn-cp-s-n C-s\-sbmcp
sXn-m-cW t]mepw Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp-n-. AXm-b-Xv, Cu DZm-l-cWw
t]mepw PK-ns anYym-h--sb-m XYym-h--bmWv sXcy-sSp-p--Xv.
{_-ns \ncm-{i-b-Xzhpw ]c-amYn-I-Xzhpw Dun--d-bp--Xn
Zmi-\nI ta-bp-v. CXn-\p-thn PK-ns ]cm-{i-b-Xzhpw WnI-Xbpw Dun-d- b
- p-X
- nepw A]m-IX
- b
- n-. Fm {_-ns \ncm{i-b-Xzhpw BXy-n-I-Xbpw knm-n-p--Xns `mK-ambn PKv
anYy-bm-sWp hmZn-p-Xv Zmi-\n-I- hne--W-X-bmWv. i-cm-ssZzX-ns apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn Cu Zmi-\nI sshcq]yw amdn-sb-Xv asmcp
hn[n ("ssh]-coXyw' Fp hnti-jn-n-m-\m-hn-) bmWv. {_ knm-ambn Bcw-`n i-cmssZzXw ]nm-ev ambm knm--ambn
Adn-b-s-tS KXn-tI-Sn-em-sbXv {in-p-I. "ambm knm' n\v
{_- k q- { X- h p- a mbn Fv _- a m- W p- - s X- At\z- j - W - n\v
ChnsS {]tXyIw {]k-n-bp--tm.
"amb' F kwkvIr-X-hmv ("anYy', "Cm-Xv' Fsm-sbmWv CXns kmam\y `mjmYw) {_- k q- { X- n Hcn-
am{Xta {]Xy--s-Sp-p-q. kq{Xw CXmWv:
""ambm-am{Xw Xp Imvt\y\m-\`n
hy-kz-cq-]-Xzm'' (3.2.3)
"]qW-ambpw hy-a-m {]IrXw sImp-Xs ambm-am-{XamWv ' kz]v \ - s a- mWv CXns `mjmYw. AXm- b Xv kz]v \ w
bmYmYy-a-s-mWv _mZ-cm-b-W ]Tn-n-p--Xv. kz]v\w anYybm-sWp {]kvXm-hn-p--bm `wKy--tcW Pm{K-mb Ahbpw temIhpw a\p-jy-\pw(-kz]v\w ImWp--bm) bmYmYy-amsWp hniz-kn-p-sa-Xv hy-am-W-tm. kz]v\-s-p-dn--msX
asm- n- s \- p- d npw {_- k q- { X- I m- c amb F hnti- j Ww
{]tbm-Kn-n-n-s-n-cns Cmcyw kpXmcmw kv]jvS-am-Wv. CXn\npw Pm{K-mb a\p-jy\pw PKpw AXnse kIe Ncm-N-cfpw "amb'bmsW knmw Na-bv-W-sa-n F{X Zmi\nI-iq-\y-amb akvXnjvI "tijn' Bh-iy-ambn hcp-sav Nnmioe IW-m--s.
{_-kq-{X-n\v Hcn-epw \nc-m ambm-hmZw Bhn-jvI-

cn i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS injy-m Kpcp-hns ]mccyw \ne-\nnsb-Xv IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv. Hcp-Zm-l-cWw \Imw: PK-n\v ImcWw
{_- a m- s W- - X n AssZz- X n- I n- S - b n `nm- ` n- { ]m- b - a n- .
Fm Imc-W-_w F-s\-sb--Xn Ahn-S-bn A`n{]mb hyXym-k-ap-v. {][m-\-ambpw cv knm--. Hv, {_]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zw. asmv hnh-hm-Zw. BZy-tXp {]Imcw {_w
]cn-W-an-mWv PKpw Pohm-mhpw Dm-Ip--Xv. hnh-hm-Z{]-Imcw PKv Dmbn FXv tXm am{X-am-Wv. (C-hbv-n-Sbn-ep hyXym-k--fpsS hni-Zmw-i- ChnsS {]k--a. asmcp
Imcyw Nqn-m-m-\mWv Cmcyw ]cm-ain-t-n-h--Xv). {_kq-{X-n hnh-hm-Z-an F-Xn an kwkvIrX ]n-Xmcpw tbmPn- p- p. i- c m- s sZz- X - I m- c - \ mb khm- ap- \ n( AD
900)bpw CXw-Ko-I-cn-p-p. an ]n-X-mcpw {_-kq-{X-n
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-am-Wp-sX A-`n-{]m-b-m-cm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
AssZz-Xn-I-tfmSv ChnsS Hcp kwibw D-bn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. {_kq- { X- ns ASnm\- n- e p XXz- N n- - b mWv AssZz- X n- I fptSsX-n {_-kq-{X-n-en-m hnh-hmZw \n-sf-psImv kzoI-cnp? CXn\v khm--ap\n \Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw
Fm-sW-t? icn-bmb knmw ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-am-sW \nebn {_-kq-{X-Im-c Ah-X-cn-n-m-\p ImcWw, hnh-hmZ-tmSv ASp-p-\np hoWw AXm-b-Xp-sIm-m-sW-pw
AXn- s e- n- b - h sc hnh- h m- Z - n- t e- p \bn- m Ffp- amsW-Xp-sIm-m-sWpw Atlw hni-Zo-I-cn-p. (S.N. Das Gupta,
A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol: II, P. 44). Fsmcp hymJym\ tijn?
tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW AS--ap Cy-bnse XXz-Nn--Iv
CsXms "hymJym\ ]mSh'ambn tXmpp F-XmWv hnNn-{Xw.
CsXms hmbn-p Cy-bnse "sNdp-InS Zmi-\n-I' Ap-Xs-Sp-p; AssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cpsS [nj-Wm-tijn F{X hep-XmsWv! temIv C{Xbvv hymJym\ ]mS-hhpw Zmi-\nI _pnbp-ap-m-bn-cp amcpw Cm-bn-cp-sv Ch-scms A`n-am-\n-pIbpw sNp-p. kXy-sa-mWv? CXv _pn-bp-sS-b-, aT-b--ns
e-am-sWv Ch-cptm Adn-bpp!
ssZzX hmZn-Iv C-s\bpw hmZn-m-a-tm {_-kq-{X-n
AssZzXw ImWm-\p ImcWw, ssZzX-tmSv Ghpw ASp-p
\np hoWw AXm-bX
- p-sIm-m-sWpw. AssZz-Xn-Isf ssZzXn-te-v \bn-p-I Ffp-a
- m-bX
- p-sIm-m-sWpw. `mKy-hi
- m ssZzX-

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

98
Nn--In-S-bn kh-m ap\n-sb-tm-semcp hymJym-Xmhv Dmbn-n-.
temIw anYy-bm-sWp hmZn-m i-cm-Nm-cy \n_-n-X-\mb-Xm-sWp i-cm-ssZz-X-ns LS-\m-]-{K-Y-\-n\np a\-nemmw. {_w am{X-amWv ]c-amYnI bmYmYy-sa-Xv AssZzXns Hm-as {]am-W-am-Wv. CXp Xopw icn-bm-I-W-sa-n
`uXn-I-tem-I-ns bmYmYyw ]s \ntj-[n-tnhcp-sav icm-Nm-cy Icp-Xn. i-cm-\p-Iq-en-bmb \mcm-bns hmp-I-fnXm:
""temI- ns kz`m- h - s - p- d n- p i- c s hnh- c - W - fn\npw PKv {]Xn-`m-k-v A]wt]mepw bmYmYyw hIshp sImSp-n-n-sv hy-am-Wv. "Ds'tm "Cs'tm t]mep
GsXmcpXcw a\p-jy-[m-c-W-bmepw hni-Zo-I-cn-m-\m-hm--XmWv temIsav Atlw knm-n-p. BXy-nI bmYmYyw A\n-b-{W-\obhpw iphpw GI-hp-am-Wv. BXy-nI bmYmYy-ns Cu AssZzX
kz`m-hs
- -p-dn-p Zmi-\nI \ne-]m-Sn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Ip-hm ic\pw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw temI-ns BXy-nI kz`mhw anYy-bn-tep
Npcp-m \n_-n-X-cm-bn. {_w am{X-amWv bmYmYyw Fp hmZnp Hcp Zi-\-n\v Xmn-I-ambn Fm-hp GI \nK-a\w
PKv anYy-bm-sW-m-Wv.''16
Atlw XpS-cpp:
"hnth-I-Nq-Vm-aWn'bn i-c Ak-n-Kv[-ambn Fgp-Xn-b-Xpt]mse PK-ns BXy-n-IXzw m]n-m-\p GsXmcp {iahpw
{_-ns BXy-n-I-Xzs \in-n-pw. temI-ns BXy-nIXzw asmcp BXy-nI bmYmYy-ap-sp hcp--tXmsS Cm-Xmhp-sa--Xp-Xs Imc-Ww. PKv bmYmYy-am-sW-n {_s
IqSmsX AXn\p \ne-\n]p-sp hcp-p. bmYmYyw GI-a-smWv CXn-\nYw'17
{_--ns BXy-n-I-Xzhpw tIh-e-Xbpw bmYmYyhpw kaYnmthn-bmWv i-cm-Nm-cy PKv anYy-bm-sWp hmZn--Xv. Cc-samcp hyXn-cn k]w cq]o-I-cn-t Bh-iy-sa-m-sW-mWv
apJy-kw-i-bw. {_w ]c-amYnI bmYmYy-am-sW-Xv a\-n-em-mw.
PK-v WnI bmYmYy-am-sW-Xpw icn-Xs. Fm, AXns\
anYy-sbtm amb-sbtm hnti-jn-n-m bmYmYys \ntj-[n-em-hpw. {_-kq-{X-n C-c-samcp kmt-XnI {]tbmKw PKns\n \S-n-bn-n FXv {it-b-am-Wv. temI-ns kqW
t{kmXv {_-am-sWv hy-am-p-p-s-nepw temIw Ab-YmY-

am-sWv Fhn-sSbpw {_-kq{Xw ]d-bp-n-. D]-\n-j-p-I-sfbpw

i-cm-ssZz-X-sbpw Cu hnj-b-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-n-smv tUm.
\I-apd Fp \nK-a-\-an-XmWv:
""Cu Bibw {]mNo\ D]-\n-j-p-I-fn t\cs {]Xy--s-np-v. Fp-Im-enbpw hebpw F D]a D]-\n-j-p-I-fn Bhn-Xmbn ImWmw. temI-ns ]cn-Wm-a-s-p-dnv ]pXnb Bi-b-sfmpw ]Tn-n--s-n-n-. Ah-bpsS apJy-ho-Ww ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zam-Wv. ambm knm-w t]mep hymJym-\
- s
- fmpw Ah-bn ImWpn-. CubY-n, "amWvUyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn\npw i-c AS-ap AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-Xn\npw XnIpw hyXy-kvX-amWv PKv
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zw.''18
amWvUyq-tIym-]\
- n-jv hymJym-\
- n thZm-Sn-m-\
- n am{XamtWm AtXm bpn-bp-sSbpw ]n_ew AssZz-X-n-\p-m-Iptam
F Imcyw i-cm-Nm-cy At\z-jn-p-p-v. BZy-Ime thZm-sbpw thZm kq{X-sbpw {]tXyIw ]Tn \I-ap-d-bpsS ta
\nK-a\w i-cm-ssZz-X-n\v bpn-bpsS am{X-a-, thtZm-]-\n-j-p-Ifp-sSbpw ]np-W-bn-s-mWv sXfn-bn-p--Xv.
]c-am-mhpw({_-w) Pohm-m-hpw(-Po-h) Xn-ep _-ns
nXnbpw asm. ]c-amYn-ImY-n Pohm-m-hpw {_hpw
Hp-X-s-bm-sWv i-cm-Nm-cy knm-n-n-p-v.19 AXm-bXv ]camYnI Xe-n {_w am{X-ta-bp-q, Pohm-m-hn-. Pohm-mhv
anYy-bm-sW-Yw. ChnsS {]k--am-Ip Nne kwi-b--fp-v.
Pohm-mhv {_-m\w t\Sp-I-hgn {_-am-sWv Xncn--dn-bp-Xmbn i-cm-ssZz-Xn-I ]d-bp-p. hymh-lm-cnI Xe-nse Pohmm-hmWv ]c-amYnI Xe-nse {_-ambn amdp-p-Xv. ]c-amYnI
Xe-n AkvXn-Xz-an-m Pohm-mhv Fs\ ]c-amYnI Xen {_-ambn amdp-sav AssZz-Xn-I hni-Zo-I-cn-t--Xp-v.
KuU- ] m- Z \pw i- c m- N m- c ycpw \Ip D]- a - b n- t ev Xncn- b p- I .
kqcy\pw sh-n-ep AXns {]Xn-_nw-_hpwt]mse-bmWv ]cam-mhpw Pohm-m-hp-sav Ch Nqn-m-p-p. {]Xn-_nw-_wkqcyt\m kqcys `mKtam A. ]c-amYnI Xe-n AkvXnXzw
t]mep-an-m kqcy-Omb F-s\-bmWv kqcy-\mbn amdp-Xv? ]camYn- I - a mbn Pohm- mhv anYy- b m- s W- n ]ns BcmWv
{_lvam\w t\Sp-Xv? {_-m\w ]camYnI bmYm-Yytam
hymh-lm-cn-I-tam? hymh-lm-cn-I-am-sW-n {_-m\w anYy-bmsWp hcpw. {_-m\w t\Sp {]{In-bbpw anYy-bm-sWv hcpw.

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

100
]c- a mYnI bmYmYy- a m- s W- ntem {_s IqSmsX {_m\w Fsmcp ]c-amYnI bmYmYyw IqSn-bp-spw hcpw.
ssZzXw DS-se-Sp-m CXp aXn-bm-Ipw.
Pohm-mhpw ]c-am-mhpw Hp-X-s-bm-sW k]s
am[zm-Nm-cy Xnc-kvI-cn-p-p.20 Atlw Imc-W-fpw hy-am-pp.
{_-s-p-dn-p kq{X-hn-h-c-W-fpw Pohm-m-hns\ Ipdn-p
hnti-j-W-fpw Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-I. cn-s\bpw cm-bmWv kq{XIm-c IW-m-n-bn-p--sXv t_m[y-am-Ipw. Fp-X-s-b-, cpw
hyXykvX {]Ir-Xn-bp--Xm-sWv kq{X-Im-cXs AY-i--bvnS-an-m hn[w kv]jvS-am-p-p. {_-kq-{X(12-8)n "sshtijyXv' (hy-Xy-kvXw) Fp-Xs {]tbm-Kn-n-p-v. CXn-\p hymJym\-n cm[m-Ir-jvW FgpXpp:
""Pohm-mhv Ia-\n-c-X-am-Wv. AXv B\--n-em-Wv. KpWhpw
tZmjhpw BPn-p-Ibpw kpJhpw ZpxJhpw A\p-`-hn-p-Ibpw sNpp. ]c-am-m-hn\v hyXy-kvX-amb {]Ir-X-am-Wp--Xv. Fm Zpcn-X-fn\npw AXv kzX-{-am-Wv. cpw XnIpw `n-am-b-Xn-\m Pohmm-hns A\p-`-h- ]c-am-m-hns\ _m[n-pn. Pohm-mhv
kpJhpw ZpxJhpw A\p-`-hn-p-p. Imc-Ww, AXv Ia-hn-t[-b-am-Wv.
Fm ]c-am-mhv AXn-\-Xo-X-hp-amWv.''21
cm[m-Ir-jvW asm-cn-Sv Fgp-Xpp:
""kK-i-n-bmb {_w Pohm-m-hn\np hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
Pohm-m-hn\v kzbw-`q-hm-Imt\m kzbw \in-mt\m Ign-hn-. {]tbmP-\-I-camXpw CjvS-I-c-a-m--Xp-amb Ia--sfmpw {_w
sNp-n-. D]-Im-c- sNt- Bh-iytam D]-{Z-h- sNm-Xncn-t Bh-iytam AXn-\n-. {_-n\v Adn-bm-tXm {_-n\v
]n-m-t- Xm Bbn bmsXm-p-an-. Pohm-m-hn\v hyXy-kvXa
- mb kz`mh-am-Wp--Xv. ta kqNn-n ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfmw AXn-\p-v.''22
{_-kq-{X(II3-3)n Pohm-mhv {_-ns Awi-am-sWpw
]d-bp-p-v. Awi-am-sW {]tbm-K-n\np-Xs cpw H-sp(Identical) hy-am-Ip-p. i-c-`m-jy-ns ASn-m-\-n-emWv
Xsbpw hymJym\w Fp ]d- n- p tUm. cm[m- I r- j v W
Xsbpw CtX-p-dnv tcJ-s-Sp-n-b-Xn--s\-bmWv:
""Pohm-mhpw ]c-am-mhpw Hp-X-s-bm-sWv \mw Icp-Xp-n,
Fp-sIm-s-m Ah-bvn-S-bnse hyXym-k- hy-ambn
{]kvXm-hn--s-n-p-v.''23
{_-kq-{X(III-2-25)n "Assh-tijyw' Fpw hnti-jn-n-n-p-

v. CsXmcp sshcp-[y-ambn IW-m-mw. Htc {K-n-Xs

"sshtiy-jyXv' Fpw "Assh-tijyw' Fpw hnh-cn-p-tm {]tXyIn-pw. Fn-cp-mepw {]Xy sshcp-y--fmbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wnv
hymJym-\
- n-eqsS ka-\z-bn-n-m-\p {ia-am-Wtm `mjy-Im-c
- m-cpsS
{][m\ ZuXyw. {_-ns "Awiw', "hyXykvXw', "hyXy-kvX-a'
Fo {]tbm-K-sf ]c-kv]cw Iqn-bn-W-p-tm {_-ns \nb{-W-n-ep (II-3.42) hyXy-kvX {]Ir-Xn-tbmSp IqSnb Fm
Nne KpW--fn kmZr-iy-ap Pohm-mhv F k]-amWv Dcpn-cn-bp--Xv. F{X Cem-kvXn-I-ambn hymJym-\nmepw {_hpw Pohmmhpw Hp-X-s-bm-sW i-cmssZzX k]w {_-kq-{Xn\npw Is-Sp-m-\m-hn-.
i-c-`m-jys apJyambpw Ah-ew-_n-p ]n-X-\m-bn-p-IqSn
{_-kq{X hymJym-\-n tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW\v Cs\ Fgp-tXn-hp:
""Cu kq{Xhpw sXmp-ap-p kq{Xhpw Pohm-mhpw ]c-am-mhpw
Xn-ep hyXymkw ]cm-ain-p-sIm-p--Xm-sWv i-c ]d-bpp. Imc-Ww, At-l
- ns A`n-{]m-b
- n cpw HmWv. Cu kq{X{]-Imcw cn-\p-an-Sb
- nse hyXym-k
- bYmYw Xs-bm-Wv. Fm,
i-c-\m-Is Pohm-mhpw {_hpw bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hp-an-s-mWv
A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv.''24
{_- k q- { X- s bpw AXns hnhn[ `mjy- - s fbpw kzX{ambn Xmc-Xay ]T-\-n\v hnt[-b-am-nb tUm. \I-ap-dsb ZoLambn D-cn-mw:
""IuXp- I - I - c - a mb
Imcy- s a- s - m,
{_- k q{X
ImhpXs Xs knmw AssZz-X-a-sv hy-am-pp
F- X m- W v. kq{X- n(21- 21) tNmZn- pp: D]- \ n- j v
Bhnp ]Tn-n-p--Xv Pohm-mhpw {_hpw hyXy-kvX-a-smWv. Zpcn-X- \nd Cu temIw krjvSn-Xv {_-am-sWn {_-n\v A`o-jvS-{]-Im-c-ap am- hcpnqtS? CXv
kh-i-\pw kh\p-amb {_-n\v \nc-p--X-. CXn\v
D-c-ambn {_-kq-{X-Imhv thZ--fn\npw D-cn-p-p.
{_w Pohm-m-hn\pw AXo-X-am-sW--Xn-\mepw cpw Xn-ep
hyXym-k- thZ- ]Tn-n-p--Xn-\mepw {_w A\njvS-I-camb Imcy- kzbw sNp-sav Icp-Xm-\m-hn-.
""Pohm-mhpw ]c-am-mhpw Xn-ep hyXym-k- FSp-p]-d-bp Htsd kq{X--fp-v. cn-\p-an-S-bnse {[phm-cw kq{X--

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

102
fn Bhnp hn-p-v. Pohm-m-hns\ ]c-am-m-hp-ambn XmcX-ay-s-Spn "CXcw' Fp-Xs hnti-jn-n-p-p-v. (11-16, 11222, 13-18-2-121).... apn-p-tijwt]mepw cpw Hmbn amdp-n. apn-p-ti-jhpw Pohm-mhn\v krjvSn-p--Xn-\p tijn
ssIh-cp-n. ap-amb Bmhv Cuiz-c-s\-bmWv B{i-bn-p-Xv
(4-4-17-18).... cn-s\bpw C{]-Imcw hy-ambpw {_-kq{Xw thXncn-p--Xn\m i-c-sXn\npw auen-I-am-bn-Xs `n-am-WXns Zmi-\nI \ne-]mSv.''25
""B[p-\nI kml-N-cy-n thZm--ns {]k-n-sb-n
Nnn Dvlmns hmp-I t\mq: ""Pohm-mhpw {_hpw HpX-s-bm-sW ImgvN-mSv {_-kq-{X-n-ep--Xmbn sXfn-bn-m
{]bm-k-am-Wv.''26
i-cm-ssZzX {]Imcw ]c-amYn-I-X-e-n Pohm-mhv anYy-bmWv.
{_-m\w t\Snb Bm-hmWv apn {]m]n-p--Xv. AXm-b-Xv,
apn {]m]n-p--Xn\p apmWv {_--m\w t\Sp {]{Inb \Sp--Xv. apn-t\-Sp--tXmsS ]c-amYnI \nesb {]m]n-p Pohmmhv AXn-\p-apv hymh-lm-cnI Xe-n-em-bn-cn-p-atm. AXm-b-Xv,
{_-m\w t\Sp {Inbbpw AXns ]qo-I-c-Whpw AssZz-X{]-Imcw hymh-lm-cnI bmYmYy-n-emWv s]SpI. CXn\npw {_m-\hpw AXv BPn-p {]{In-bbpw anYy-bm-sW-m-Wtm sXfnbp--Xv. Ccw XmnI {]iv\--sfmpw {_-kq-{X-nse
apn-k-]-n-en-s--XmWv hkvXp-X. apn-sbbpw \nm-Wsbpw Ipdnv i-cm-Nm-cy {]Xn-]m-Zn-p hn[-a _mZ-cm-b-W
hy-am-p--Xv. i-cm-Nm-cycpsS ho-W-{]-Imcw ]c-amYnI Xen {_w am{X-ta-bp-q; Pohm-m-hn-. {_-m\w t\Sp-tXmsS Pohm- mhv {_- a m- s Wv kzbw Xncn- - d n- b p- I - b m- W v .
Fm, "{_-kq{X'n {_-m\w t\Sp--Xn\p apv ]camYn-I-ambn Pohm-mhv anYy-bm-sW-tm, {_-m\w BPnp--tXmsS Pohm-mhv {_-ambn amdp-satm ]d-bp-n-. apn
t\Sn-b-ti-jhpw AXv Pohm-m-hmbn XpS-cp-sa-mWv kq{X-Im-c
hy- a m- p- - X v . hymh- l m- c n- I - a m- h - s , ]c- a mYn- I - a m- h s (Cu
k]- i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tSXv am{Xw) Pohm-m-hns hynXzw
\in-p-n-s-Yw. Hmtcm Pohm-mhpw ap-am-b--\nm-W--Ah- - b n t]mepw kzw hynXzw kqn- p- p- s hv
CXn\npw a\-n-em-mw. {_-kq-{X(IV 4-12)n ""ZzmZ-im-hlXv DZ-b--hn-[w, _mZ-cm-b-W-t\mY''Fp ImWmw. CXn\p tUm.

cm[m-Ir-jvW \Ip hymJym-\-an-XmWv:

""_mZ-cm-b-Ws A`n-{]m-b-n {_-temIw ]qInb apamb Bm-hn\v cp hn[-nepw \ne-\nmw. icocw IqSm-sXbpw
ico-c-tm-sS-bpw.'' 27
CXn\npw IrXy-ambpw Fm-hp A\p-am-\-sa-mWv? icm-Nm-cy-cpsS hmZ-{]-Imcw Pohm-mhv anYy-bm-Wv. F{X-tm-f-sa-m
Pohm-mhpw {_hpw Hm-sWp ]d-bp--Xp-t]mepw ]c-amYn-I-Xe-n Akw-_--am-Wv. hymh-lm-cn-I-amtb Chsb cmbn kqNnn-m-\m-hq. sI. \mcm-bns hmp-I t\mq:
""Pohm-mhpw ]c-am-mhpw Xn-ep GI-Xs
- b k]w {]Xn`m-knI Xe-n \np-tm \apv {Kln-m-\m-hp-X
- mWv. BXynI \ne-]m-Sn CXp km[y-a
- . ]c-amYnI Xe-n, {_w am{Xta
bmYmYy-am-bn-pq; {_hpw Pohm-mhpw GI-am-sW N-Xs
AY-iq-\y-am-Wv.''28
Chn-sS-bp-b-cp kwi-b-an-Xm-Wv. ]c-amYnI Xe-n Pohm-mhn-, {_w am{X-ta-bp-q-sh-n apn-p-tijw {_-tem-Iv
Pohm-m-hn\v CjvSwt]mse PUw [cn-p-Itbm [cn-m-Xn-cn-p-Itbm
sNm-sav {_-kq-{X-Im-c hy-am-p--sX-p-sImv? i-cm-Nmcy hmZn--t]mse apn e`n-p--tXmsS Pohm-mhv {_-am-sW
Xncn--dnhv t\Spp F knmw kq{X-Im-c-\p-m-bn-cp-n- FmWtm CXn-\Yw. {_w thsd, Pohm-mhv thsd F ho-WamWv _mZ-cm-b-W-\p-m-bn-cp--sXv CXn\np hy-am-Wv.
{_-kq-{X-Imc (IV 4-15) ap-amb Pohm-m-hn\v Hn-tesd
icocw Dm-Ip-sa-p-t]mepw kqNn-n-p-p. Bmhpw a\pw AXns\mcp ico-chpw Dm-Ip-tm-gm-Wtm kpJm-\p-`-h-ap-m-Ip--Xv. Iptd
ico-c--fp-m-bm Ah arX-am-bn-cn-nt F FXnhm-Zs kq{XIm-c Jn-p-p. ap-amb Pohm-m-hn\v AXns in-sImv
Fm ico-c--sfbpw Poh-m-m-\m-Ipw FmWv kq{X-Im-c hmZnp--Xv. CtX-p-dnv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW C{X-IqSn Fgp-Xpp:
""apn-{]m-]n Bm-hn\v B-cn-Im-h-b-h--fp ico-c--f-Wnbm Ign-bpw.''29
asmcp `mKv cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp:
""ap-amb Bm-hn\v ico-ca
- p-m-Ip-tm DW-bn-se-t- ]mse
B{K-l-fpw bYmY-am-bn-p-m-Ip-p.''30
\I-ap-d-bpsS hmp-I {it-b-amWv:

AssZzXw: bpnbpw thZhpw

104
""apn-sImv Pohm-m-hn\v \mi-ap-m-Ipp FY-an-. B
Ah--bnepw AXn\v CjvSm-\n-jvS--fp-m-Ipw.''
Npcp--n ambm-k-]w, Poh--{_ kao-I-cWw XpSn icm-ssZz-nse apJy-{]-ta-b--sfmw Zmi-\n-I-amtbm bpn-]-c-amtbm
{_-kq-{Xm-Sn-m-\-ntem Xr]vXn-I-c-a-s \nK-a-\-n-se-tn
hcp-p. Cu bmYmYy-ns ]m--e-n i-c-th-Zm-s Dtinv Fgp-X-s Xmsg sImSp-p Ah-Im-i-hm-Z--fn A{X Ig-nsp a\-n-emIpw:
""A\p-[m-h-\-aln-p Hcp Zi\w Fm XI-cm-dp-I-fn\npw
ap-am-bn-cn--Ww. Hcp Zi\w XXz-Nn-m-]-c-ambn DX \ne-hm-c-ap-Xm-sW-nepw [man-I-hiw bn--Xm-Imw. Bob {]_p--Xbntem AZr-jvSn-bntem AXv ]ntm-a
- m-Imw. asmcp Zi\w [manI-\n-e-bn D-Xhpw Zmi-\n-I-ta--bn Zp_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-pw.
thsdmv Bo-bX XnI--Xm-sW-n kaY-\-]m-Shw Ipd-Xpw
bpn-lo-\-am-sbpw hcmw. Hns m\-ao-amwk AXnsXs
Zmi-\nI \ne-]m-Sp-In-W-p--Xmbpw ht-mw. Fm thZm -Zi-\-am-I-s... Zi-\-n-sbpw Bo-b-X-bp-sSbpw kt-f-\-amWv... Fm Zmi-\nI {]iv\-fpw AXv {Iao-Ir-X-ambn ssIImcyw
sNp-p.''32
Cu A[ym-b-nse hni-I-e\w D]-kw-l-cn-m {io. Ac-hn-tLm-jns\ D-cn-s:
""anYy F AY-n-ep ambm-kn-m-hpw {]]w Ab-YmYam-sW hmZhpw Zmi-\nI {]iv\- ]cn-l-cn-p-I-b-, krjvSnp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv. AkvXn-Xz-{]iv\w AXv bYmY-ambn ]cn-l-cnp-n-; adnv AXns\ A]-cn-lm-cy-amn hnSp-I-bm-Wv.''33
AssZzX Zi-\-n AS-m--Xmbn bmsXm-p-an-sv ds\Usbtmep--h tLmjn-p-p-sh-nepw kzman hnth-Im-\- IqSpX bmYmYy-t_m-[-tmsS kwkm-cn--Xmbn ImWmw. 1897- hnthIm-\ emtlm-dn sNbvX {]`m-j-W-n Cs\ hy-amn:
""AssZzX Zi-\-n-\p Hcp XI-cmdv AXv Bob Xe-n
am{Xw HXp-n-\np {]hnp F-Xm-Wv. \n-f-Xns\ {]mtbm-KnI-am-t kabw Bk--am-bn-cn-p-I-bm-Wn-tm. AXv Hcp clky-am-Im ]mSn-. lnam-eb
-
- n-sebpw h\-f
- n-sebpw Kpl-If
- n-sebpw
k\ym-kn-I-fn am{X-ambn AXp ]cn-an-X-am-I-cp-Xv. AXv kmam\y P\-fpsS \nXy Pohn-X-n-te-n-dn hc-Ww......''34
Ipdn-p-I

1. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xob Zi\w (a-ebmfw ]cn), hmfyw cv, t]Pv 436
2. S. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 234, 237
3. K. Narayin, A Critique of Madhva Refutation, P. 339
4. Ibid, P. 339
5. Ibid
6. Ibid, P. 340
7. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 104
8. Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara, P. 195
9. Ibid, P. 193
10. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 444
11. Sankaracharya, Vedantasutras commentary, Trans. George Thibaut, Part II, P 134-136
12. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tKmhn ]mWvtU-bpsS hmp-I: "The
word maya occurs only once in the Brahmasutra (III.2.3) in the context of the dreaming
self and that too suggests that the sutrakara would not call the context of waking as maya''
(Life and Thought of Sri Sankaracharya, P.191)

13. CsXmcp ho-W-am--at Fp kwi-bn--Ww. Imc-Ww, KuU-]m-Zs ImcnIv hymJym-\s

- a-gp-Xn-bt- m temIw anYy Xs-bm-sWv i-ambn kaYn
i-cm-Nm-cy {_-kq{X-`m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-bt- m DW-bnse A\p-`h
-
- bmYmYy-am-Wv Dun-d
- b
- p-p. CXns\ Bkv]Z- nv i-cm-Nm-cy temI-ns bmYmYys \ntj-[n-n-n-sv tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp (Brahamasutra P.
444) Fm, Cu cv `n ho-W- i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Nn-bnse BcnI sshcp-y-am-bmWv kptc-{-\mYv Kp]vX Nqn-m-p--Xv. (S.N. Dasgupta, A
History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. II, P. 28, 29)
14. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 444
15. Daniel Ingalls, Sankara's Arguments against Budhist Philosophy; East and West, Vol. III,
No.4 1954. quoted by G.J. Darling, An Evaluation of the Vedantic Critique of Buddhism,
P. 111
K. Narayin, Critique of Madhava Refutation, P.242
Ibid, P. 242
Hajimi Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P. 213
K. Narayin, Critique of Madhava Refutation, P.275

16.
17.
18.
19.
20. am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS "D]m-[n-J-\' F IrXn-v Pb-XoY `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-bn-p-v.
\nW-b-km-K {]kv, t_mws_. K. Narayin D-cn--Xv, t]Pv. 294-295.
21. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 273
22. Ibid, P.355
23. Ibid, P.417
24. Ibid, P.260
25. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P. 502
26. Urkhart, The Vedanta and Modern Thought, P. 68
27. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 557
28. K. Narayin, P. 294
29. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 559
30. Ibid, P. 558
31. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P. 529
32. Rannade, Vedanta: The Culmination of Indian thought, P.1
33. Sri, Aurobindo, The Life Divine, 1949, P. 418. quoted by Thomas O'Neli, P. 201
34. Quoted by Swami Ranganathananda, The message of the Upanishads, P. 115

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
106

5
ambm-hm-Z-ns DXv]n
i-cm-ssZzXw, {]tXy-Inv ambm-hmZw _mZ-cm-b-Ws {_-kq{X-n ImWp-n-s \nK-a-\-n-em-Wtm Ign A[ymbw
D]-kw-l-cn-Xv. {_-kq-{X-sbpw AXn-s\-p-dnv Fgp-X-s
hnhn[ hymJym-\--sfbpw Xmc-X-ay-s-Spn hni-I-e\w sNbvX
kwkvIrX ]n-X-m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b- k`m-\p-kmcw lmPcm-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw At\z-jn-t Hcp kaky-bmWv Cu A\p-am-\-n\np-b-cp--Xv. i-cm-ssZz-X-ns
t{kmXv GXmWv? GXp-h-gn-mWv {_-kq-{X-`m-jy-n Cc-samcp hoWw Ib-dn-q-SnbXv?
i-cm-Nm-cy-c AssZz-X-nse apJy-amb k]--fpsS D]m-Xmhv. Xt-Xmb ssien-bn AssZzX ho-Ws ]nmev Ah-X-cn-n-Xv At-l-am-sWp am{Xw. i-cm-Nm-cy Xsbpw
AssZz-X-n X\n-p IS-mSv tcJ-s-Sp-p-Xv KuU]m-Z-\mWv.
KuU]m-Zs "ayq-Iy-Im-cnI'v i-cm-Nm-cy `mjyw cNn-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-p-v. i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xmbn a\-n-em--s-n-p {][m\
ho-W--sfmw Gsd-psd ]qWamb tXmXn KuU-]m-Zs
"ImcnI'bn Ah-X-cn-n--s-n-p--Xm-Wv. CXn-s\-n kn-Zm-\-aqn-bpsS \nco-Ww t\mq:
""i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS knm--n-\p {][m\ t{]c-W-bp-m-bXv
KuU]m-Z-\n (Ggmw \qm-ns Ay-tam, Fmw \qm-ns
BZytam) \nmWv . D]- \ n- j - p- , _pnv hnm- \ - h m- Z w,
am[yanI hyh--I Fn-h-bpsS kzm[o-\-m Cu {]K NnI AXoh kwn-c-amb AssZzXw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-p.''1

KuU-]m-Z-t\mSv X\n-p IS-m-Sv i-cm-Nm-cyXs hyamnbXn-\m AsXmcp hnhm-Z-hn-j-b-a-. {]tXy-Inpw ambm-hmZw

kaYn-p--Xn\v i-cm-Nm-cy D-bn-p hmZ- ASn KuU]m-Z Xs "aWvUyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn D]-tbm-Kn--Xm-sW--Xnepw A`n{]mb sFIy-ap-v. AXm-bXv kz]v\w anYy-bm-Wv, kz]v\-ns Fm
{]tXy-I-X-Ifpw DW-bnse `uXn-Im-\p-`h-p-apv; AXn-\m
PKpw A\p-`-h-fpw anYy-bm-Wv--F-n--s\-bp kaY-\-.
i-cs ]mc--cy-n tKmhn tbmKo-{p sXmp-ap-mbn hcpXv KuU-]m-Z-\mWv. tKmhn--\m-Is i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Kpcp-hm-Wp-Xm\pw.2 AXm-b-Xv, i-cs Kpcp-hns Kpcp-hmWv KuU-]m-Z-s\-Yw.
ho-W--fpsS Imcy-nepw Cu KpcpXzw kqW-am-bXv kzm`mhnIw.
A[ym-bm-cw-`-n kqNn-n tNmZyw i-cm-Nm-cy-cn\npw
KuU]m-Z-\n-tev amdp-I-bm-Wv; KuU]m-Z\v ambm-hmZw Fhn-sS-\np
e`np? i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Imcy-n-se--t]mse KuU-]m-Zs hoW-fpw ap t{kmX-p-I-fn\n-p--Xms-Wv ]n-X-m Nqnm-p-p. {]tXy-Inv ambm-hm-Z-n\v KuU-]m-Z Ah-ew-_n-Xv almbm\ _p-a-X-nse iq\y-hm-Zn-I-sf-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn ambm-hmZ
(P-KXv bYmY-am-sWp tXmp-Xv AXsImm-sW-v)saSpmw. "{]-]-c-an-X-kq{X'n Cs\ ImWmw:
""Hpw bmYmYyw AS-p--X-. Cm-cyw (A-h-bpsS {]IrXn
iq\y-am-Wv) P\--dn-bn-. CXmWv AX (Fm hkvXp--fpw
anYy-bm-Wv). Cm-cy-n P\- A-Xb
- psS ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. Bthi- m hnIrX [mc- W - I fpw am\- k nI Nn{X- - f p- a p- m- I p- p.
CXns\bmWv A-X-sbp ]d-bp--Xv. anYy-bmb hkvXp--fn-tev
BIjn--s-Sp--Xn-\m s]mXp-P-\s Ipn-I-tfmSv D]-an-mw.
sshZ-Kv[y-an-m-X
- n-\m Ch `mh\m \nan-Xn-If
- n-tev ]Xn-p-p.''3
DZm-l-c-W-, ssien-I, \ymb- Fn-Xym-Zn-I-sfmw [mcmf-ambn ]nIme AssZzX Zmi-\n-I \nan-n-p-m-Imw. Fm,
Ah-bp-sS-sbmw k-bmb ambm-hmZwXs-bmWv ta hcn-I-fn-epap--Xv. sskm-nI D]n-cn-hp-I Gsd-bp-s-nepw ASn-m\k]w Hp-X-s. D]-\n-j-p-I s]mXp-hmbn C-c-samcp
hoWw Dt_m-[n-n-p-n-s-nepw Nne-bn-S
- f
- n CXn-t\mSv kmZriy-ap ]cm-ai- ImWmw. Chsb hnI-kn-n-Xv AssZz-Xn-I-f.
Ahpw hfsc apt alm-bm\ _p-a-X-nse am[y-an-I-m-cm-WXp
\nh-ln--Xv. aqmw(-F.-Un) \qm-nse Zmi-\n-I-\m-bn-cp \mKmPp-

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
108
\\v AXn apJy ]pv.4 "iq\y-hmZw' F-dn-b-s-Sp XXz-Nnm
]-Xn-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-I Ct-l-am-Wv.5 "aqe-am-[y-a-Im-cnIm' Ctl-ns {][m\ IrXn-bm-Wv.6
kXy- cp hn[ap-sv \mKmPp-\ Xs "am[y-anI
kq{X'fn (XXIV. 8) kn-mn-p. Cu hyXymkw a\-n-em-Im-n-Stmfw _ps A[ym-]-\- \apv Am-X--fmbn XpS-cpw.
[aw Cu cv `n kXy--fn-t-emWv \ne-sIm-p--Xv. Hv:
kwhrXn-kXyw. (kwhrXn-sb-m aqS-s--sX-Yw)7 cv: ]c-amY
kXyw. hni-Zmw-i--fn F{Xbvp hyXn-bm-\--fp-s-nepw KuU]m-Z\pw XpSv i-cm-Nm-cycpw kXys hn`m-Ko-I-cn-Xv Cu hn[w
Xs-bm-Wv. `uXnI Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h- kz]v\-n-teXpt]mse anYybm-sWv \mKm-Pp-\\pw knm-n-n-p-v. AXv am{n-Is Iuiew
t]msebpw \nco--W--I-cmdpt]msebpw hnIrX [mc-W-I-fm-Wp-mp--Xv. A-X-bmWv temI-ns Nn{Xw D]m-Zn-n-p-Xv.
\mKmPp-\s hmp-I:
""hnth-I-im-en-I A-Xsb Dq-e\w sNp-tm kXyw
hopw {]Im-in-p-p. ip-amb BIm-is taL- ad-bvp-p.
taL- ambp-tm BIm-i-ns ]cn-ipn hop hopw sXfnbp-p.''8
Cu AX BXy-nI bmYmYytam AtXm ambtbm F
kwi-b-n\v Dcw ]d-bm AssZz-Xn-Isft]mse \mKmPp-\\pw
hnj-an-n-p-v. HSp-hn Ccp Iq-cpw Fnb \nK-a\w Hp-X-s. AXv
\nKq-Vhpw hni-Zo-I-c-Wm-Xo-X-hp-am-Wv. AsX--n anYy-sbtm XYysbtm ]d-bm-\m-hn-t{X! AssZz-X
- n\v am[y-anI knm-h
- p-am-bp
kmZriyw F{X hep-Xm-sWv t\mq. i-cm-Nm-cycpw CXns\ A\nhN-\o-b-sa-mWv hnti-jn-n-Xv! \mKmPp-\s Cu hmZ- hnm\-hmZ kc-Wn-bnse hkp-_p, nc-aXn Fn-h-cmWv hnI-kn-nXv. Ch KuU-]m-Zs\ kzm[o-\np F Imcyw {]K-- kwkvIrX
]n-X- Nqn-m-p-p. ZmkvKp]vXsb D-cnmw:
""Cu knm-- am[y-an-I-m-cn\npw IS-sa-Sp--Xm-sWv
hfsc hy-am-Wv. \mKmPp\s "ImcnI'bnepw hnm-\-hmZ knm- {]Xn-]m-Zn-p "em-h-Xmc'bnepw CXv ImWmw. Cu Imcyw
sXfn-bn-t Bh-iy-an-m--hn[w kv]jvS-am-Wv. _pnv iq\y-hmZhpw hnm-\-hm-Zn-Ifpw A[ym-]-\-fpw KuU-]m-Z kzmwio-I-cnp-Ibpw D]-\n-j-p-I {]t_m-[\w sNbvX ]ca kXy-n\v Ch
A\p-Kp-W-am-sWv Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''9

tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Fgp-Xpp:

""KuU]m-Zs IrXn-bn _p-a-X-kzm-[o-\-ns eW-
ImWmw. hnti-jn-pw, hnm-\-hm-Z-n-sbpw am[y-anI k{-Zm-bfp-sSbpw Imcyw FSp-p-]-d-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. KuU-]m-Z {]Xy
hnj-b-am-Ip _mly-]-ZmY--fpsS Ab-YmY-Xsb sXfn-bn-m
hnm-\-hm-Zn-Ifp]tbm-Kn-p AtX hmZ-ap-J- kzoI-cn-p-p.
_mZ-cm-b-W\pw i-c\pw kz]v\-n-sebpw Pm{K-Xm-h--bn-sebpw
{]Xo-Xn-I Xn auen-I t`Z-ap-spw Pm{K-nse {]Xo-Xn-I
\ne-hn-ep hnj-b--fn\npw ths]--h-b-spw \njvIjnpp. KuU-]m-Z-\m-Is kz]v\m-\p-`-h--sfbpw Pm{K-nse A\p-`h--sfbpw Xn _n-n-p-p-v.''10
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW asm-cn-Sv Fgp-Xpp:
""_p-a-X-n\v {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp Ime-mWv KuU-]mZ Pohn-n-cp--Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw At-l-n\v _p-aX knm--sf-n ]cn-m-\-ap-m-bn-cp-p. Xs AssZzX knm--tmSv
sshcp-y-an-m _p knm---sf-sbmw Atlw kzoI-cn-p.
Xs hoWw bmsXmcp [a-imkv{X {K-s
- fbpw Cuizc t{]m-sfbpw Znhym-\p-`q-Xn-I-sfbpw B[m-c-am-p-n F ASn-m-\n Atlw _p-a-X-m-tcmSp \nth-Z\w sNp-I-bp-m-bn. bmYmn-XnI lnp-t- fm-St- lw Xs ho-W
- n\v thZ- {]-am-Wy-ns
k-Xn-bp-spw ]d-p. At-l-ns DZmc ho-W- _pa-X-tmSv _-s knm---tfmSv tbmPn-n-m\pw Ahsb
AssZzX ]-Xn-tbmSv s]mcp--s-Sp-m\pw At-ls kaY\mn.''11
]c-am-mhpw Pohm-mhpw Hp-X-s-bm-sW-v {_kq{Xw ]Tnn-p-n-. A-c-samcp hymJym\w KuU-]m-Z Na-n-p--XmWv.
CXm-I-s, thZm--s-m alm-bm\ _pn-k-tm-SmWv ASp-p\np--Xv. i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tKmhn--]m-sbpsS hmp-I {inq:
""_pnv hnm-\-hm-Z-n\npw AXns tIhe hymJym-\n\npw KuU-]m-Zs Bm k]s thXn-cn-m {]bmk-am-Wv.''12
KuU-]m-Z-s\-n tKmhn--]mt asm-cn-Sv XpS-cpp:
""D]-\n-jZv Bi-b-sf hymJym-\n-pI am{X-a alm-bm\ ]Zfpw k]-fpw \ymb-fpw hfsc hy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
110
sNpp i-cm-Nm-cy. _pn-k-s-n i-cm-Nm-cy XnIpw
t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-p-sh-Xv A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. _p-t\m-Sp BZchv i-cm-Nm-cy kv]jvS-am-n-bn-p-v. _p- X-Xz-amb "APmXn'sb
thZmw FXnp-n-s-pw Atlw {]Jym-]n-p-p.13
KuU-]m-Zs {_w Cuiz-c-k-]-n\npw hfsc `namWv. _pn-k-nse "[a-[mXp' k]-n\npw AXns\
thXn-cn-m-\m-hn-. KuU-]m-Zs {_w iq\y-hm-Z-s-bmWv A\pkva-cn-n-p--Xv.''14
iq\y-hm-Zn-I-fpsS k]- thZm--a t]cn {]N-cn-np-I-bmWv KuU-]m-Z\pw i-cm-Nm-cycpw sNbvX-sX--Xn-\pw, Chbvsmpw {_-kq-{X-Im-cs hnizm-k--fp-ambn _-an-s--Xn\pw
CXn]cw kmy--fm-h-iy-ap-tm?
Fkv.-F-kv. tdmbn KuU]m-Z-s\-p-dnv \S-nb ]T-\-n\npw
{Kln-m-hp-Xpw adn--. At-l-ns hmp-I Xmsg:
""KuU-]m-ZtXp-t]m-ep hmZ-K-Xn-I {_mW ]mc--cy-nse
asmcp thZm-nbpw D-bn-n-n-. \mKmPp-\s "aqe-am-[y-aIm-cnI',
"hn{K-l-hym-hY\n' Fo IrXn-I-sfbpw N{-Ion-bpsS "am[y-aIm-h-Xc', "{]k--]Z' Fo IrXn-I-sfbpw Ah-tbman-n-p-p.
\mKmPp-\\pw [a-Ionbpw KuU-]m-Z-\n-eqsS thZm--n ISp-Iq-Sn-b-Xmbn tXmp-p.''15
{]apJ AssZzX Nn-I-\mb s{]m^: alm-tZ-h Fgp-Xpp:
""KuU-]m-Z Xs amyq-Iy-Im-cn-I-bn AssZzXw ]Tn-n-m
_pnv ]Z-fw k]-fpw D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-v. {]tXy-Inpw
\memw A[ym-b-n. temIw anYy-bm-sWp ImWn-m am[y-an-IcpsS hmZ-fpw DZm-l-c-W-fpw Atlw D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.''16
alm-bm\ _p-m-cpsS ]Z-fpw k]-fpw KuU]m-Z ISwsIm--Xmbn alm-tZ-h k-Xn-p-p. Fm CXv AssZzX A[ym]-\-n-\m-sW-mWv At-l-ns hmZw. AssZzXw thZm-Sn-m-\n-ep--Xm-sW-n alm-bm\ _p-m-cpsS ]Z-fpw k]-fpw
Ah-ew-_n-tnhcp--sX-s\? alm-bm\ _p-m-cpsS ]Z-
Ah-cpsS k]--sfbpw, k]- Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Bib {]]-sbpw tZymXn-n-p-h
- b
- m-bn-cn-pw. Ch IS-sa-Sp-p-tm kzm`mhn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS Bi-b- kw{I-an-p-I-bmhpw ^ew. Cu
kmam\y hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-p-tm AssZzXw alm-bm\ _u
Bi-b-sf F{X-b-[nIw {]Xn-^-en-n-p-p-m-Ip-sav Duln-m-

hp--tX-bp-q.
s{]m^. alm-tZ-hs XpSp hnhcWw Cu IS-mSv F{X
hep-Xm-sWv hy-am-p-pv:
""_pnv AY--fn {]tbm-Kn--s {][m\ ]Z-: DZml- c - W - a mbn [a(- A - k vXnXzmwiw), kwLm- X (- k w- L m- X w),
A[v h m(\n- c o- - I - \ n\npw \nco- n- X - n\npw kzX- { amb), A[zm(-k-abw), IrX-I(-Ir-{Xn-aw), {]m-]vXn(-{]m-tbm-KnI
A\p-jvTm-\w), kwti (-A-ip-w), kwhr-Xn(-{]m-tbm-KnI kXyw),
\nan-XnI(-an-Yy), \nan-w(-Im-c-Ww), -[-- a-[m-Xp(-bm-YmYy-ns
k), ip-eu-In-I-(XnIpw `uXn-Iw), temtIm-c (-`u-Xo-ImXo-Xw), imn(--a), \nm-W(-\nm-Ww), Xmbn(-Kp-cp).''17
C{X-tbsd alm-bm\ ]Z-fpw k]-fpw D]-Po-hnv sIn-Sp i-cm-ssZz-X-n\v Gsd-sbmpw Zmi-\n-I--\na Ah-Imi-s-Sm-\m-hn F-Xt bmYmYyw?
AssZzX Zmi-\n-I-cn Ghpw {]` {ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cm-bncp-p-sh-Xv X-c-ln-X-am-Wv. D]-\n-j-p-I-sftbm thZ--sftbm
B[m-c-amn A{Xbvv kaY-amb Zmi-\nI hnNn--\- \S-nb
asm-cm i-cm-Nm-cyv apv Pohn-n-cp-n-n- FXpw s]mXpsh
k-Xn-s hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv, thtZm-]-\n-jXv Nn-I
Ghpw hnImkw {]m]n-Xv {ioi--cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZzX k]-fn-em-sW-Yw. Fn C{Xv auen-I-Xbpw {]mKyhpw Ah-Im-is-Sp-sm-cm am[y-anI_p Nn-Isf C{X-tbsd ISw-sIm-n-ps-n Xopw X\n-a-bp Hscm Zmi-\n-I\pw AssZzX Zmi\n-In-S-bn Dm-bn-t-bn Ft sXfn-bp-Xv?
]mm-Xy--]u-ckvXy Zi-\--fn Bh-Km-l-ap-mbncp t]m
{KntKm-dn-tbmkv Cs\ A`n-{]m-b-s--Xns ImcWw asm--;
""_p Zi-\-hp-ambn hmKzm-Z-n-tes-mWv lnp Zi\w hnIkn-Xv FXv Hcp efn-X-kXyw am{X-am-Wv. Cy-bn BZy-ambn Zi\hpw X-im-kv{Xhpw hnI-kn-n-s-Sp-Xv _p-m-cm-bn-cpp.''18
Cy Zi-\--sf-p-dn-p N-bn {ioi--cm-Nm-cysc Bib-hm-Z-ns {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]ecpw IW-m-p-p. thZm Nn-Icnse ap cp alm-cY
-
- m-cmb am[zm-Nm-cy-scbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-scbpw
`uXnI ho-W-m Bi-b-hm-Zn-I-fn-emWv s]Sp-p--sX-nepw
B-\njvT Bi-b-hm-Zn-In-S-bnse At{K-k-c-\mbn Ahcpw ]cn-KWn-p-Xv {ioi--cm-Nm-cy-sc-bmWv. Cy XXz-Nn--bpsS Ncn{Xw

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
112
tcJ-s-Sp-m {ian--h Cu KW-n Fn-bn-p ]{mw
\qm-nse asmcp Zmi-\n-I-\mWv {iolj. \ymbZi-\-ns\Xnsc i-amb hnai-\- \nc-p-Ibpw thZm Nn-IsXncmb hnai-v adp-]Sn \Ip-IbpwsNbvXp {iolj. Ct-lns kw`m-h-\-I-sf-p-dnv khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn {K-Im-c-\mWv
ko-^ ^nen-]vkv. {ioljs Nn-Isf ]cm-ain-p-tm Ah
_pnv AXn-`u-Xn-I-hmZ ]mc--cy-n\npw A\--c-sa-Sp--XmsWv ^nen]vkv Fgp-Xp-p. i-cm-ssZzX ]c--c-bnse Zmi-\n-I\mb {iolj\v thZ--fp-ambn Fs-nepw XXz-Nn-m-_--ap-Xmbn Ctlw Nqn-m-p-n- FXv {it-b-am-Wv. {ioi--c\pw
{]ap-J-\mb asmcp AssZz-Xnpw Zmi-\n-I-amb IS-mSv alm-bm\
_u knm---tfm-Sm-sW--Xn-te-p asmcp kqN-\-bm-WnXv.
A\p-I-c-W-sa Cu hogvN-sb-tmepw hnZy-bm-m-\mWv AssZzX
Zmi-\n-I-cpsS {iaw. s{]m^-k alm-tZ-h A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xv {inpI:
""hymJym-\-n\v _p ]Zm-h-enbpw k]-fpw KuU-]mZ
D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-s-nepw Xs ho-Ws hnm-\-hm-Z-amtbm
am[y-an-I-Xz-amtbm Atlw hnti-jn-n-p-n-s-Xv {it-b-am-Wv.
AssZzXw F eys Atlw Hpw hnkva-cn-p-n-.''19
hnm-\-hm-Z-amtbm am[y-anI _pn-k-amtbm Xs ho-Ws
KuU-]m-Z hnti-jn-n-p-n-sv am{X-a C{X-b-[nIw tImn-bSn
\S-n-bnpw sNdnb tXmXn-se-nepw IS-mSv kqNn-n-m\pw Atlw
{ian-n-n-. Cu t_m[-]qh-amb I-S-n-cp-m- AssZzX Zmi-\nI ey-t_m-[-ns e-W-ambn IW-m-pp!20
alm-bm-\--Ku-U-]m-Z--i--c- _--s-n hni-I-e\w \S-nb
Nne Kth-j-I KuU-]m-Z-tXv thZm-m-Sn-m-\-n-ep Nn-I-fmsW-pw alm-bm-\-m-cpsS Nne kt-X-sf Atlw D]-tbm-Kn-pp-q-shpw kaYn-n-p-v. s{]m^. Ad-]p-d-bpsS hmp-I AXnte-p kqN-\-bm-Wv. At-l-ns hmN-I- Xmsg sImSpmw:
""am[yanI Xmn-I-m apJy-ambpw Ah-cnse \mKmPp-\
kv]jvS-ambn cq]o-I-cn s]mXp-hmb kwhr-Xn-kn-m-ns hI-t`Z-amWv ambm k]-sa-Xv Fm-hpw Adn-bm-hp hkvXp-Xb
- mWv.
Cu _p- m\ aowamw- k m- c oXn thZm- - n sImp- h - Xv
KuU]m-Z-\m-sW-Xpw {]kn--am-Wv.''
C{Xbpw Fgp-Xn-b-tijw s{]m^. Ad-]pd kaYn-pXv almbm-\-m-cp-sSbpw KuU-]m-Z-sbpw ho-W-n-S-bn Cu kmZr-

iy-s-m henb `n-X-bp-s-m-Wv. At-l-ns Xs hmpI-fn:

""KuU-]m-Zs {_-a
- mb knm-
- fpw Pohm-- ]
- c
- a
- mm At`Zhpw D]\nj-p-f
- n\npw hn-p-X
- mWv; _p ]Tn-n-h
- b
- ...
At-l-ns {][m\ {i {_-n-em-Wv. CXp kaYn-p-Xn\v
_p-m cq]o-I-cn kt-X- D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-sbp am{Xw.''21
KuU]m-Zs t{kmXv Nne D]-\n-jv hmIy--fm-sW--Xn\v
kwi-b-an-. Fm, D]-\n-j-p-I-fn An-mbn Ahn-I-knX cq]n am{Xw {]Xy--s AssZz-X--ambm k]- hnI-kn-nXpw Xmn-I-ambn m]n-Xpw alm-bm\ _p-m-cm-Wv. CXv
kmm _p ]Tn-n--Xns--X-s \nco--Whpw icn-X-sbm-Wv. D]-\n-j-p-I-fnse(hy-Xy-kvX--fmb At\Iw [mc-W-I-fn)
Nne A`n-{]m-b- amlbm\_p-m hgn KuU-]m-Z-\n-se-n-sb
Ncn{X hkvXp-Xsb Dun-bp-d-n-p--XmWv ta D-cWn. KuU-]mZ\v D]-\n-j-p-I-fp-am-bp _hpw alm-bm-\-mv _p-s(-lo\-bm-\w) ho-W--fp-am-bp-m-bn-cp hyXym-k-fpw Cu bmYmYys Zp_-e-am-p-I-b-; ]np-W-bvp-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
KuU]m-Z-sbpw i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw knm-- apgp-h almbm-\-m-cp-tS-XmsWv Bs-nepw A`n-{]m-b-ap--Xmbn tXmpn. knm-
- f
- nepw Ah-Xc
- W
- c
- o-Xnbnepw Chn-Sb
- nse kmZriyw
Ah-KW
- n-m-hp-X
- n-tesd hep-Xm-sW-X
- mWv apJy-amb Imcyw.22 ta
D-c-Wn-bn teJI `wKy--tc-W-sb-nepw CXv k-Xn-p-p-v.
AXm-bXv, {_-kq-{X-n {]Xy--s-Sm ambm-hm-Zhpw kXyfpsS hn`m-Ko-Ic
- W
- hpw apw i-cm-ssZz-X
- n IS-p-Iq-Sn-bXv KuU]m-Z hgn alm-bm-\-m-cn\nm-sWv CXn\np sXfn-bp-p-v.23
KuU]m-Z Hcp alm-bm\ _pn-m-bn-cpp F Nne ]n-XcpsS A`n-{]mbw ChnsS {]k--am-Wv. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS \nK-a\w
t\mq.
""Aizm-tLm-j, \mKmPp-\, Akw-K, hkp-_p XpS-nb
{]apJ _p ]n-X-mp tij-amWv KuU-]m-Z hcp--Xv. KuU]m-ZXsbpw Hcp _pn-m-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn\v th{X sXfn-hp-I
At-l-ns hymJym\ IrXn-I-fn-ep-s-mWv Fs hnizm-kw. D]\n-j-n-sbpw _p-sbpw A[ym-]-\- kam-\-am-sWv KuU]m-Z Icp-Xn.''24
\ymb-ambpw Db-cm-hp kwi-b-an-Xm-Wv: _p ambm-hmZnbpw
AssZzX hmZn-bp-am-bn-cp-tm? Hcn--ep-an-. Fnpw _p ]mc--cy-

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
114
n Fs\ ambm-hmZw Ib-dn-q-Sn-sb--XmWv {]iv\w. Cy
XXzNnm Ncn-{X-n H-s {]Xn-`m-k-a- C-s\-bp "Zmi-\nIm-[n-\n-thi' Fp ImWm {]bm-k-an-. Kth-jWw \S-msX-s Ip-In-p hkvXp-X-I-fn s]Spp CXv. {_-kq-{X-Imc ambm-hmZn Am-Xn-cp-npw AXns hymJym-\--fn-t ambmhm-Zw Btcm-]n--s--tm. _p iq\y-hmZn Am-Xn-cp-npw iq\yhmZw _p-]m-c--cy-n-tev kw{I-an-Xpw kam-\-am-sbmcp BtZi\{]{Inb hgn-bm-Wv. C{]-Im-c-ap AkwJyw hymP k]-
_psta alm-bm\ hn`m-K-m ASn-t]n-p-I-bp-m-bn.
\mKmPp-\-\m-Wtm kwhr-X-hm-Z-ns D]-m-Xm-hv. {_mW
IpSpw-_-n P\n \mKmPp-\ ]noSv _p-a-X-n tNp.
_ps Bi-b- Am-ev Hsms ssII-S--ep-Iv
hnt[-b-am-ImsX \ne-\np-p-m-bn-cp-p. Cu _p {K--sfmw
\mKmPp-\ ]Tn-p. ]t, AsXmpw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn At-l-n\p
tXmn-bn--t{X. HSp-hn Akw-Xr-]vX-\mbn cmPy-sapw Atlw Npnn-cn-p. Cu {]bm-W
- n-\n-Sb
- n kap-{Z-n-Sb
- nse \mK-f
- psS
sImm-c-n\npw "alm-bm-\-kq{Xw' Xm Is-n-b-Xmbn \mKmPp-\ ]d-bpp.25 Ch kam-l-cn--XmWv "{]m-]mc-anX.' CXn\p
tij-amWv Xs B-ob-XrjvW ian--sX-mWv \mKmPp-\s
{]Jym-]-\w. alm-bm\ hn`m-K-ns hnip {K--sfmw \mKmPp\ C{]-Imcw Is-n-b-Xm-Ws{X. CtX-n Am-es _u
]n-X-m ]d-Xv Ah \mKmPp-\Xs cNn--Xm-sWs{X.
BZy-Ime _p-msc lo\m-b\-m FmWv ]nm-e-p-h hnfn--Xv. Cs\ hnfn alm-bm-\-m bYmY-n BZy-Ime
_p ho-W--sf Xn--f--h-cm-Wv. \mKmPp-\s Ghpw
{][m\ injy-\m-bn-cp Bcy-tZ-h Xs IrXn-If
- n sNbvX ]Wnsbm-bn-cp-p-shtm? {]mNo\ _pNn-I-cpsS ho-W-sf JnpI! tZ_o-{]-km-Zns hcn-I {inq:
""_ps ac-W-tijw GXm\pw \qm-p-I-Iw At-l-ns
BNm-c- h
- n-izmk hyh-b
- n hfsc \mS-Io-b- am-f
- p-m-bn. CXns
`mK-ambn Hcp hiv A-hn-izm-k- hfm t_m[-]qhw
{ia- \S-p. htXm-Xn-ep-mb Cu amw _pn-ks Xncn--dnbm-\m-hm hn[w ]cn-hn-n-p. B aX-n\v ]pXn-sbmcp t]cpXs Bh-iy-ambn h-Xn Ap-X-an-. As\ alm-bm\w F
t]cp-m-bn.''26
_p\pw _p-a-X-n\pw kw`-hn--Xn\p kZr-i-amb Bi-b-hy-

Xn-bm-\- _mZ-cm-b-W\pw thZm--kq-{X-n\pw kw`hn-p. Cu cv

DZm-l-c-W-fpw H-s--X-. k\m-X-\-ambn Cy-bnse Zi-\--fnep-m-bnsmn-cp Iep-I-fpsS ct-Sp-I am{X-am-Wnh. 27
auen-I-amb Bi-b--sfbpw cN-\-I-sfbpw aen-\o-I-cn-p k{Zmbw Cybnse k\m-X-\-am-sbmcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. \nn]vX Xm]cy-m-cmWv Cu ssII-S--ep-Iv ]nn; an-tmgpw ]utcm-lnXy-ns ]v Hfn- sXfn-p-Xs ImWm-\m-hpw. alm-bm\
_p-Imes Hcp {]apJ Nnm-kc
- W
- n-bmWv ssie hn`m-K
- m-cptSXv.
]qh-ssi-e-m, temtIm-chmZn-I Fn-s\ Ch-cn Ap
hn`m-K--fp-m-bn-cp-p. Cu Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Ahv apt \ne-\nn-cp aqe-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS {Iahpw `mjbpw {]m[m-\y-{I-ahpw
amn-a-dn--Xmbn Cy Bi-b-hm-Z-ns Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tUm. ]n.F-kv. imkv{Xn tcJ-s-Sp-p-p.28 ho-W]-c-am-b -kwncXbpw
emfn-Xyhpw kv]jvSX
- bpw B{K-ln-p kwip a\-p-Iv Ccw
Iep-I Dsm-m-\m-hn-.
AssZzX cN-\I
- f
- psS Imcy-sa-Sp-mw. {ioi-c
- m-Nm-cy-cm hnc-NnXw
Fv s]mXpsh Icp-X-s-Sp "ku-cy-e-lcn'bn ssII-S--ep-I
\S--Xmbn hfscapt A`n-{]m-b-ap-bn-cp-p. "tIcfob kwkvIrX-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{X'n cmP-cm-P-ha-cmP Fgp-Xpp: ""ku-cy-e-lcn-bn BZys \m]-n-sbmv ]Zy- am{Xta BNm-cy-kzm-anI-fpsS IrXn-bm-bn-pq FmWv sFXnlyw. Cu `mK-n ImWp
Imhy-Kp-W-]p-jvSnbpw kthm-]cn {]`m-thm-XvI-jhpw ap ]Zy--fn
A\p-`-h-s-Sp-n-s-p hkvXpX hnNm-cn-p-tm, Cu sFXnlyw
tIhew ASn-m-\-c-ln-X-a-sp ]d-tb-n-h-n-cn-p-p.''29
"ISm--i-XI' `mjm hymJym-\-ns Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn B.
\mcmb-W
- W
- n- "ku-cy-el
- cn' {ioi-c
- m-Nm-cy Fgp-Xn-bX
- Fv
A`n-{]m-b-s--Xmbpw cmP-cm-P-ha-cmP FgpXp-p-v. am{X-a, {KIm-c C-s\bpw hy-am-pp: ""BNm-cy-kzm-an-bn IXrXzw
Btcm-]n--p-sImv AkwJyw kvtXm{X- {]kn--s-Sp-n--np-v. AXn ]eXpw BZn-i--cs kvtXm{X--f-spw Duln-phm \ymb-ap-v.''30
Ccw Ir{Xn-a
- IS-n-q-n-bXv GXm-bmepw ]mac P\-tfm
km[m-c-W-mtcm Bbn-cn-n-sp hy-am-Wv. kwkvIrX `mj-bn
Akm-am\y ]mS-h-ap--h-cm-Ipw CXn\p ]nn.
ChnsS Hcp kwi-b-ap-Zn-mw. i-cm-Nm-cy _p aXs inbmbn Jn-n-p-tm? alm-bm\ _p aX-m-tcmSv i-cm-Nm-cyv

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
116
henb IS-m-Sp-m-bn-cp-s-n C-s\-sbmcp hnaiw Dm-Ipam-bn-cptm? tZ_o-{]-km-Zns hmp-I-fn CXns ]m-ew
Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-np-v:
""D]-\n-jZv Bi-b-hm-Zs hnI-kn-X-amb cq]-n ]p\hymJym-\n-p-I-bm-sW-nepw alm-bm\ _p-m-cn\npw ISw-sImm--Xmbn AXn bmsXm-p-an-. hn tXmXn-ep Cu ISmSv _p-msc hnain-p-sImv aqSn-h-bvp-I-bmWv i-cm-Nm-cy
sNbvX-Xv. Xm Xsbpw {]N-cn-n-m-\m-{K-ln-p ImgvN-m-SpI aptm-p-sh--Xn-\mWv Ahsc ]gn-Nm-cn-b-Xv. iq\y-hm-Z-ns
hm--fp-ambn Zmi-\nI N \S-p-Xv {]tbm-P\ cln-X-amsWv Ah- a - X n- t msS Atlw ]d- b p- p. Imc- W w Ah
km[phmb hnm\ t{kmX- p- I - f n- s em- nepw hniz- k n- p- ns{X. bpn-tbmSv bmsXmcp aXn-p-an-m--h-tcmSv Zi-\-s-n
Fs\ N \S-m-\mIpw! AtX-k-abw km[p-hmb Fm-cw
hnm-\-t{km-X-p-I-fp-sSbpw bpn-bp-sSbpw \ntj[w kzw
knm--ns Hc-Sn-m-\-ambn i-cXs IW-m-n-bn-p-apv. Xs {]kn--amb Zmi-\nI IrXn Bcw-`n-p--XpXs km[phmb Fm hnm\ t{kmX-pI-sfbpw {]am-W--sfbpw BXynI \ne- ] m- S n\np Xnc- k v I - c n- p- s Im- m- W v . kzw amXmhv
hy-bm-Wp sXfn-bn-m {ian-p--h-cp-sS-b{X \ne--cmWv
hnm-\-hm-Zn-I-sfv Atlw Bt-]n-p-p. `Ww Ign-pIbpw Fn- - X ns bmYmYyw \ntj- [ n- p- I bpw sNp- - h - s ctmse. Fm, i-cs Zmi-\nI \ne-]mSv A\p-k-cnv XXz-Nn- I Ign- p `- W w- - ` u- X nI temIs as- m- n- s \bpw
t]mse anYym-[m-c-W-bn Ihn-sm-p-a-. hnm-\-hm-Zn-I
ImWp--Xn-s\-m IqSp-X bmYmYy-sampw i-c\pw Chbvv
A\p-h-Zn-n-n.''31
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS _p-hn-ai--ns Dp-I-nI CXmsWn ta D-bn kwibw \nhn--s-Sp-a-tm. i-cs {_kq{X hymJym-\-n-tev _mZ-cm-b-W aptm-p-sh-m XXz IS-p-h hgn kwi-b-an-m hn[w kv]jvS-am-Im CXp
klm-bn-pp.
_mZ- c m- b - W s {_- k q- { X- n ImWm- Xpw Ah- b nse
A[ym-]-\-v \nc-m--Xp-amb hmZ- ]nIm-ev i-c`m-jy-n-eqsS Ib-dn-q-Sn-sbv i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS- Xs hnh-c-W-fn\np ]tcm--ambn a\-n-em-Ip-p-v. i-cm-Nm-cy AssZz-

X- c q- ] o- I - c - W - n X\np IS- m- S p- - X mbn {]kv X m- h n- p- Xv

KuU-]m-Z-t\m-SmWv; {_-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W-t\m-S-. KuU]m-Z-\m-Is Xm cNn "ayq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn X\np apv D]\n-j-p-Isf am-sc-nepw AssZz-X-co-Xn-bn hymJym-\n--Xmbn ]dbp- n- . {_- k q- { X- I m- h mb _mZ- c m- b - W s\t]mepw Xs
apKm-an-bmbn KuU-]m-Z ]cm-ain-p-n-sv ZmkvKp]vX Nqnm-p-p.32 CXn\np a\-n-em-Ip-Xv i-cm-Nm-cytcm KuU-]mZt\m {_-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-Ws\ Ah-cpsS apKm-an-bmbn
KWn-n-n FmWv; Ah-cpsS thZm Nn-bpsS B[mc {K-fn-sem-mbn IW-m--s-Sp-Xv {_-kq-{X-am-sW-nepw!
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-n tKmhn--]mt Hc-[ymbw
\on-sh-n-p-Xv _p-aX hnai-\- ]nc-tim-[n-m-\m-Wv. Ahtbm-tcmpw kqva-ambn hnh-cn tijw ]mt Fgp-Xnb Cu
hcn-I {it-b-amWv:
""_mZ-cm-b-W knm-n--Xp-{]-Imcw D]-\n-j-p-I {_s ]c-tam-X krjvSm-hmb ssZh-ambn ImWpp: PK-ns\
{_-ns ]cn-Wma ^e-am-bmWv hon-n-p--Xv. Pohm-m-hns
hyXn-cn--Xsb anYybmb Ah-X-cn-n-p--Xv. C-c-n-ep
thZm ]mc- - c y- n\nv XnIpw hyXy- k v X - a mWv i- c s
ImgvN-m-Sv. i-cs `mjyw Bcw-`n-p-Xv {]kn--amb anYym
knmtm-sS-bm-Wv. XpSv kq{X--fn {]Xy--amb hoW--sfbpw Xs BXy-nI \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw ka-\z-bn-n-m
cp-Xcw kXy--fpsS knm--n-tev i-c Fp-p. Cu
_u Bi-b- KuU-]m-Z-\n\nmImw At-l-n\p e`n-Xv . '' 33
AXm-b-Xv, i-cm-ssZzXw thZm--]m-c--cy-n\nv XnIpw
hyXy-kvX-am-Wv ]mt ChnsS k-Xn-p-p-sh-Yw!
i-cm-ssZz-X-ns {]tXy-Inpw ambm-hm-Z-n-s- t{km-Xv tXSptm asmcp Zni-bn-ep At\z-j-W-n\p km[y-X-bp-v. km[p-Xbp-ap-v. "thZmw' Fv hnti-jn-n--s Zmi-\nI ]-Xnv GXp
Ime-mWv XpSw Ipdn--Xv, AXns D-S--sa-m-bn-cp-p. icm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-X-nse ASnm\ k]- {]mKvth-Zm-n Imam-\ptm, Ah-bvn-S-bn-ep kmZr-iy-fpw sshPm-Xy-fp-sav? CXymZn tNmZy- ]cn-K-Wn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
thZmw F hmns AYw thZ-ns Ayw Fm-Wv.
thZ-ns Ay-`m-K--fmbn IW-m--s-Sp- D]-\n-j-p--fmWv

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
118
Ah-bn-e-S-nb knm--sav Npcpn-d-bmw. Fm, GIo-IrX- a m- s bmcp knmw D]- \ n- j - p- - f n- e p- t m? Csv ]e
kwkvIrX ]n-X-mcpw hy-am-n-bn-p-v. Ch-bnse XXz-hnNmc-sf Nn-s-Sp-p-I-bmWv {_-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W
sNbvXn-p--Xv. hnhn[ ho-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS {]Im-in-X-amb D]-\njv Bi-b--sfbpw Ah-bn {]Xy--ambn tXmp sshcpy--sfbpw `n-X-sbbpw {Iao-I-cn-p-I-bmWv {_-kq-{X-Im-c.
ka- \ z- b - I rXyw Ghpw apJy- a mb ey- a mbn IW- m- p- I bpw
{]Ya A[ym-bw-Xs AXn\p \on-sh-bvp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{_-kq-{Xw, D-c-aow-amw-k, thZm--kq-{Xw, imco-cn-I-kq{Xw
Fn-XymZn t]cp-I-fn _mZ-cm-b-Ws IrXn Adn-b-s-p-sh-nepw
thZmw F t]cn-emWv Cu Zi\w {]kn--am-bXv. GXp Imew
apX-emWv thZmw F-dn-b-s-Sm XpS-n-bXv? Cy-bnse BZyIme kmln-Xy- ]cn-tim-[n-m CXn-tep shfnw hoip
sXfn-hp-I e`n-m km[y-X-bp--tm. {_mW ]mc--cy-nepw
_p--ssP\ kwkvIm-c-fnepw s] ]gb IrXn-I hni-I-e\w
sNbvX-tijw \I-apd Fp \nK-a-\-an-XmWv:
""thZm--Zi-\-ns {]mKv Bi-b- _p\p app-mb
BZy-Ime D]-\n-j-p-I-fn ImWmw. Hcp {]tXyI Nnm-[m-c-bmbn
Ch hI- k n- Xv ]nme \qm- p- I - f n- e m- W v , _pn- k - ns
kphW-Im-e-n-\p-tijw.'' 34
BZyIme _p kmln-Xy--fn thZm-s i-\mb FXncm-fn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-n-n- F-XmWv CXn-\p {][m\ sXfn-hv.35
A\yZi-\
- s
- f \ne-bn(-Xnn-I) _p Nn-I
- m ssIImcyw
sNbvXn-p-Xv kmwJy--ssh-ti-jnI knm---sf-bm-Wv. _p-mcpsS At\Iw IrXn-I ssN\okv `mj-bn-tev hnh\w sN-sn-p-v. ]ns ImWp-Xv kmwJy--ssh-ti-jn-I-m-cpsS IrXn-I-fpsS
`mjm--c--fm-Wv. _p kmln-Xy-fp-ambn Xmc-XaysSp-p-tm
Ch-bpsS Afhv hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. Ccw ssN\okv kmln-Xy--fnsempw thZm--sa-smcp {]tXyI Zi\w ]cm-ain-s-Sp-n-.
_ps BZys Poh-Nc
- n-{X-{K-a
- mWv "efn-Xh
- n-kvXmc'. kmwJy,
tbmK, sshti-jn-I, _rl-kv]-Zob XpSn Amev {]Nm-c-ap-mbn-cp ]e Nnm-K-Xn-I-sfbpw Ch-bn kqNn-n-n-pv. Fm,
thZm--sa-smcp Zi\ hn`m-K-s-n Ch \n-_vZ-am-Wv.
alm-bm\ hn`m-K-ns {]mcw` Zmi-\n-I-\m-bn-cpp \mKmPp\. Ct-l-ns injy-\m-bn-cpp Bcy-tZ-h. _pn-k-n\p ]pd-

p Zi-\-sf Ctlw "imkv{X' F {Kn Jnp- p- v . GI- t Ziw Amw \qm- nemImw CsX- g p- X - s - - X v .
Fm, thZm-n-I Fsmcp hn`m-Ks]n Ctlhpw ]cmai--sfmpw \S-n-bn-n-.
ssat{X-b-\mY Fsmcp _p Zmi-\n-I cq]o-I-cn XXz-Nnm- k-c-Wn-bmWv "hnm-\-]vXn-am-{XX.' F.-Un. aqmw \qm-n-emWnXv. tijw h Akw-K-\mWv CXp hnI-kn-n--Xv. CXn\p {]Nmcw
\In-bXv \memw \qm-nse hkp-_-p-hm-Wv. "tbmKm-Im-cm-`q-animkv{X' Fsmcp _rl-ZvIrXn ssat{X-b-\mY cNn-p. CXn ]Xn\mdp Xcw A]-{`wi Zi-\--sf-n hni-Z-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v.
Fm, AXn-sempw thZmw s]n-n-s-Xv {it-b-am-Wv.
thZm Bi-b--tfmSv kmZr-iy-ap k]- BZy-ambn
{]Xy--s-Sp-Xv alm-bm\ _p-m-cpsS cN-\-I-fn-em-Wv. AXm-bXv, ]nIme _p Nn-I-m am{Xta thZm-s ]cm-ain-n-pq
FYw. _p\p tijw Npcp-n-bXv Hcp \qm-s-nepw Ign-mWv
alm-bm\w F t]cn thdn-smcp hn`mKw Dm-b-sX-tmp-I.36
{]tXyI Nnm-k-c-Wn-sb \nen-bn thZmw BZy-Ime _p
IrXn-I-fn ImW-s-Sp-n-. Fn-epw, kZr-i-amb Nne ]cm-ai--fS-p Nne `mK--fp-v. hoSpw IpSpw-_hpw kzpw apw Dt]-nv
\mSp-Np-p {_m-W-sc-p-dnv Ah-bn tcJ-s-Sp-p-p. Ch-cpsS
ho-W-sa \ne-bn NneXv D-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-pv. ]c-amY
kXys {_-sap hnti-jn-n-p Ch-cm-bn-cnmw BZys
thZm-n-I. Cu \nK-a\w icn-bm-bmepw Cs-nepw at-sX-nepw Xcns] thZm-n-I Ame-p-mbncpXn\v bmsXmcp sXfnhpan-. {_s Ch ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-n-bn-p-Xv {ioi--cm-Nm-cy
knm-n--Xn\npw XnIpw `n-am-bm-Wv. PKv anYy-bm-sWtm
{_hpw Pohm-mhpw Hm-sWtm Ah ]d-bp-n-. adnv, ssZzXhm-Zn-Ip {_-k]-amWv kmam-t\y\ Ahp-ap-m-bn-cp-sXv tXmp-p. kh-\n-b
- m-hmb ssZh-amWv temI-ns {kjvSm-shv Ah hniz-kn-n-cp-p. Cuizc Imc-W-hm-Zn-bmbn "alm-t_m[n-Pm-XI'bn Chsc ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-p. hn[n-I-fp-sS-sbmw (kpJZpxJ-) Imc-W-ambn In-cp-Xv ssZh-s-bmsWv "ssXtjm{Xn-]n-SI'bn ]d-bp-p. _p kmln-Xy-amb "AwKp-c
- \
- n-Imb'bnepw
"ZoL-\n-Imb'bnepw Chsc CtX hn[-amWv Nn{Xo-Ic
- n-n-p-X
- v.37 _p
IrXn-I-fnse {_-hn-izm-kn-Isfn-bp Cu hnh-c-W--fn\np
a\-n-em-Ip--Xv, BZy-Ime thZm-n-I Fp hn-ti-jn-n-m-hp

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
120
Chv i-cm-Nm-cy Na--Xp-t]m-ep hnizm-k--f {_-sp-dn-p-m-bn-cp-Xv Fm-Wv.
thZm--]--Xn-sb-p-dnv kv]jvS-ambn tcJ-s-Sp-nm-Wp-Xv
]nIme _p-Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv. am[ya hn`m-K-m-c-\mb `mh-hn-thI
(`-hy) Fsmcp Zmi-\n-Is "am[y-a-I--lr-Z-b-Im-cnI' F {Kn. Av--Bdv \qm-p-In-S-bn-te-Xm-Wn-Xv. CtlwXs
CXn- s \mcp hymJym- \ - s a- g p- X n- b n- p- v . "am[yaI lrZ- b - h rn'
AYhm "X-Pzme' F ioj-I-n Cu `mjy-ns Fmw
A[ym-b-n thZm--s Jn-p-p.
i-cm-Nm-cy-scm Npcp-n-bXv Ccp-\qdv hj--p-apv
Pohn--bm-fmWv `hy-sbv tUm. \I-apd A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.38 ChnsS
{]k--am-Ip kwi-b-an-XmWv: `hy-bpsS cN-\-I-fn {]Xy-amb thZm--ns kz`m-h-sa-mWv? AXv i-cm-ssZzXw t]msebm-bn-cp-tm? As-mWv a\-n-em-Ip--Xv.
{_w, Bm, Cuiz-c, ]pcp-j-a-tl-izc Fn-XymZn t]cpI-sfmw ]c-am-m-hns\ Ipdn-m-\mWv Am-es thZm-n-I
D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp--Xv. Hcp Imcyw hy-am-Wv: thZm--ns `mKsa \ne-bn ambm-hm-Ztam AssZz-Xtam `hy Fhn-sSbpw N
sNbvXn-n-.39
]nIme _p-Ir-Xn-I-fn ImW-s-Sp D]-\n-jZv Zi-\-fpsS kz`m-h-sav? Ahv i-cm-ssZz-X-hp-ambn tN-bptm?
Cu kwi-b- \psS Nm-hn-j-b-hp-ambn _-ap--Xm-Wv.
"AssZzXw' F t]cn D]-\njZv Zi\w am[y-an-I-km-ln-Xyfn ]cm-ain--sn-p-v. F.-Un. Fmw \qm-nse _p NnI-\mb Ia-e-io-e Xs Kpcp-hmb im-c-n-Xs XXz-kw-{K-ln\v Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-{K--amb "]nI'bnse hnh-c-W-
DZm-l-c-Ww. CXns Bdmw A[ym-b-n thZm ho-W-sf
Jn-p-p. Fm, Cu AssZz-X-n\v i-cm-ssZz-X-hp-ambn
bmsXmcp kmZr-iy-hp-an-sv tUm. \I-apd Nqn-m-p-p.40 Ia-eio-es IrXn-bnse thZm k]-sf i-cs knm-hpambn Xmc-XaywsNbvXp ]Tntijw \I-apd Fp \nK-a-\-anXmWv :
""Ia-e-io-e AssZz-X-sap hnti-jn-n-Xv ImWp-tm Bcpw
BZyw HmpI i-c-s\-bm-hpw. ]t, ta kqNn-n {]tXy-I-XIsf Hmtcm-mbn \mw ]cn-tim-[n-m Ahbpw i-c-`m-jy-nse
k]-fpw Hcp \nebvpw Hcp-t]m-se-b-sv Is-m-\m-Ipw.''41

_p kmln-Xy- am{Xta \man-hnsS kqNn-n-n-p-q. Fm

Cy-bnse GXp hn`m-K-m-cpsS BZy-Ime Zmi-\nI cN-\-I-sf-Spmepw nXn `n-a-. CXn\npw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw Fm-hp
\nK-a-\-an-Xm-Wv: KuU-]m-Z\pw i-cm-Nm-cypw app-m-bn-cp
thZm k]--fn ambm-hm-Ztam Pohm-m--]-c-amm kao-I-cWtam ImW-s-Sp-n-. i-cm-ssZz-X-nse Cu ASn-m\ ho-W thZm ]mc- - c y- n- W - p- - X - . {_- k q- { X- ns
Ax-kv \nc-m Cu ImgvN-mSv KuU-]m-Z-sbpw i-cmNm-cy-cp-sSbpw kzbw-IrX k]--fm-Wv. tUm. _n.-F.-sI. iabpsS A\p-am\w {it-b-am-Wv.
""i-c\p app GsX-nepw {_-kq-{X-`mjyIm-c ambmhym- J ym\w Na- n- c ptm Fv kwi- b - a mWv . i- c s {][m\
apKman KuU]m-Z Xs hymJym-\-{K---fn {_-kq{Xw D]tbm-Kn-p-Itbm Xs ImgvN-m-Sp-Iv ]np-W-bmbn AXns\
lmP-cm-p-Itbm sNbvXn-n-s-Xv {it-b-am-Wv. {_-kq-{X-sf
Xs AssZzX k]- n\v A\p- I q- e - a mbn hymJym- \ n- m
ic hfsc Ijv S - s - n- p- v . At- l - ns hyJym- \ - - f psS
Ir{Xn-a-Xzhpw Btcm-]n-X-Xz-hp (Paranthetical)-amWv CXp-hgn sXfn-bn-s-Sp--Xv. kq{X--fpsS k-bvpw ]Z--fpsS AY-n\pw
Bcn-I -bp-npw \nc-m--hn[w hmZ- hgp-Xn-tm-Ip-tmgm-Wn-s\ kw`-hn-n-p--Xv.''42
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb kwkvIr-X -]nX\pw
Kth-j-I-\p-amb tUm. Pn.-kn. ]mt BZy-Ime thZm--hp-ambn
i-cm-Nm-cyp _w N sNp-p-v. tUm. \I-ap-d-bp-tSXp-t]mse hni-Zmw-i--fn-tev Cd-p hni-I-e-\-a ]mt-bptS-Xv. Hcp ]t, Cu Dtiyw Poh-N-cn-{X-Ir-Xn-bn A`n-Im-ay-a
Fp Icp- X n- b Xp sImp- a m- I mw. GXm- b m- e pw, i- c m- N m- c yv
apIme thZm--hp-am-bp tN-sb-n ]mt kqNn-n-p-pv. AXn--s\-bmWv:
""Kp]vX Ime-L--ns Ay-nse {][m\ Zi-\- _pn-kw, ssP\n-kw, kmwJyw, \ymb--ao-amwk Fn-h-bm-bn-cp-p. ]gbtXm ]pXn-btXm Bb A\p-jvTm-\--fnepw hn{K-l-cq-]--fnepw
Ah-Xm-c--fn-epw tZh-m-cnepw tI{o-Ir-X-am-bn-cpp Am-es
aXw. ]g--ta-sd-bp-s-nepw thZm--n\v {]m_-ey-ap-m-bn-cpn. bmYm- n- X nI BNm- c - fpw Cuiz- c - - \ n- c o- i z- c - h m- Z - fpw
]cnjv-I-cW Nn-Ifpw Xn-ep Gp-ap--en AXns i_vZw

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
122
t\-Xm-bn-cp-p. Cu kml-N-cy-n Zphym-Jym-\--fn-e-I-s
thZm-s X\-Xmb AY-n ]p\x-m-]n-p--Xn-embn ics apJy-{i-.''43
thZm--ns X\-Xmb AYw ]p\x-m-]np Fm-Wtm
tUm. ]mt ta hcn-I-fn A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xv. app-m-bncp thZm hymJym-\--sftbm Ah-bp-ambn i-cm-ssZz-X-n\p kmZr-iytam ]cn-tim-[n-m-sX-bmWv {K-Im-c Cu \nK-a\-n-se-p--Xv. ]mt Fgp-Xnbt]mse Zphym-Jym-\--fn hgnam-dn-tmbthZm Nnsb i-cm-Nm-cy ]qhmY-tmsS ]p\xm-]n-p-I-b sNbv-XXv. adn-v, AXphscbpw {_-kq-{X-n\v
\Im-Xn-cp hymJym-\- ]pXp-Xmbn sI-n-av kq{X-ns
X\-Xmb AY-I]-\-I-fn\npw i-cm-Nm-cy kzbw AIp
amdp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. ]mt-bpsS XpSp hcn-I ]tcm-am-sb-nepw CXn-tev kqN\ \Ip-pv:
""]nm-ev sFXn-lm-kn-I-ambn IW-m--s hn{ip-X-fmb hymJym-\-Ir-Xy--fn-eqsS i-c km[n-Xv X\-Xmb thZm
AY-ns ]p\x-m-]\w am{X-am-bn-cp-n-, AssZz-X-]-c-ambn
bpn-k-l-am-sbmcp Zi-\-ambn AXns\ ]p\hym-Jym-\n-p
IrXyw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-p.''44
i-cm-ssZzXw Hcp ]p\hym-Jym-\-am-bn-cpp Fp ]mt kXn-p-p--tm. KuU-]m-Zpw i-cpw apv at-sX-nepw {_kq{X hymJym-Xm C-s\-sbmcp hymJym\w Bhn-jvI-cn-n-ptm
F-XmWv ImX-emb {]iv\w. Cu A[ym-b-n Ah-X-cn-n sXfnhp-I ap\n-dpn Dd-n-p-]-dbmw: KuU-]m-Z\pw i-cm-Nm-cypw
apv {_-kq-{X-stbm thZm--stbm ambm-hm-Z-nepw Pohm-m-]-c-amm kao-I-c-W-nepw A[n-jvTn-X-ambn hymJym-\n--Xn\v
sshZnI ]mc--cy-n bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-.
Ipdn-p-I
1. Sachidananda Murti, Philosophy in India: Tradition's, Teaching and Research (Motilal;
Delhi) 1985, P.40

2. T.M.P. Mahadevan,Gaudapada: A Study in Early Advaita. P.2 quoted by Thomas O'neil,

Maya in Sankara, P.52

3. Quoted by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, What is living and what is dead in Indian Philosophy (Peoples Publishing House: New Delhi) 1977, P.98

4. hkp-_-p, Znm-K, [a-Ion, Ipam-cnf Fn-h ap {]ap-J-cm-Wv.

5. hni-Zmw-i-v Yan Yun Hua, 'Nagarjuna: One or more: A New Interpretation of Buddhist Hagiography', History of Religion's, Vol:X, No:2, 1970.

6. Cu IrXn Cwo-jn-tev hnh\w sNbvXn-p-v. Nagarjuna: A Translation of this

Mulamadhyamakarika with an Introductory Essay (Hokuseido Press: Tokyo) 1970

7. kwhrXn kXys \mKmPp-\ hopw cmbn `mKn-p. anYym kwhr-Xn; acoNn-I, kz]v\w, amPnIv t]mep sFln-I anYy-I-fm-Wn-Xv. asmv XYym-kw-hrXn-bm-Wv. `uXn-I-tem-Ihpw AXnse A\p-`-h-fpw CXns]-Sp-p.
8. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, What is living and what is Dead in Indian Philosophy, P 99100.

9. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol:I, P.423

10. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xob Zi-\w, hmfyw cv, t]Pv: 455. KuU]m-Z-s\-tmse
i-cm-Nm-cycpw CXp sNbvXn-p-v. {_-kq-{X-`m-jy-n-e-, KuU]m-Zs
"amyq-Iy-Im-cnI'v i-cm-Nm-cy Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-n.
11. cm[m-Ir-jvW, `mc-Xob Zi-\w, hmfyw cv, t]Pv: 444
12. Pande, Life and Thought of Sri Sankaracharya, P.115.
13. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 150
14. ta IrXn, t]Pv: 155
15. Roy, The Heritage of Sankara, P.9 quoted by Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara, P.58.
16. T.M.P Mahadevan, 'Contemporary Relevance of the Insights of Advaita' in Contemporary
Indian Philosophy. P. 111, Edited by Margaret Chatterjee (Motilal: Delhi) 1998.

17. Ibid t]Pv: 111

18. Paul Gregorios, Enlightenment: East and West (B.R. Publishing Corp: Delhi) 1989, P.130
19. Reference 16, P.111
20. alm-bm\ _p -Nn--I-cpsS Bi-b-fpw hmZ-K-Xn-Ifpw hKo-I-c-W-co-Xnbpw
sam-ambpw Nn-dbmbpw IS-sa-Sp Zmi-\n-I-\mWv {ioi--cm-Nm-cy FXv
\ntj-[n-m-\m-hm kXy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-m-Im-atm ]e bmYm-n-XnI
]n-X-mcpw {ioi--cm-Nm-cysc "{]O _p' Fv A]-l-kn--Xv. ]t,
Cs\-bp {ioi-c
- m-Nm-cy-sc auen-IX am{X-ap Zmi-\n-Im-ib
-
- f
- psS tIZmc-amn Ah-X-cn-n-m-\p {ia--fmWv AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I \S-n-bn-p--Xv. HcpZm-l-cWw kqNn-n-mw:
"ku-cy-e-lcn' {io i-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xm-sWv s]mXpsh Icp-X-s-Sp-p.- ]-t,
tIc-f-nse AssZzX ]n-X-m-cn {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp hnZym-hm-N-kv]Zn hn.
]t\m-fn adn-smcp A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s-Sp-p-I-bp-m-bn. Atlw Nqn-m-pXv "ku-cy-e-lcn' i-cm-Nm-cy cNn--X-s-m-Wv. Imc-W--fn-semv ""kucy-e-l-cn-bnse BZy tmIw Xs Hc-\p-I-c-W-amWv'' F-Xm-Wv. Zmi-\nI
cwKv A\p-I-c-W-n\pw B{i-b-Xz-n\pw "Da' amXr-I-bmb {io i-cmNm-cycpsS tmIw A\p-I-c-W-am-Ip--Xn bmsXmcp Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-bp-an FXmWv hkvXp-X. bYmY-n A\p-I-c-W-am-sW-n AXv i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
cN-\-bm-Im-\mWv km[y-X-sbv Icp-Xp-I-bmWv IqSp-X bpn-k-lw. hn.
]t\mfn Fgp-Xpp: ""kzamb Hcm-ibw sa\s-Sp-m Ign-bmsX hcp-tmgm-Wtm Aamb A\p-I-c-W-n\v Hcp-h Hcp-s-Sp--Xv. "kh-iq\ym Zcn{ZXm' Fp ]d-bm-dp--Xp-t]m-se, Bi-b-Zm-cn{Zyw aqew hgn-ap-n-b-h-\mWv A\pI-c-W-n-eqsS Imcy-sam-n-m tImp-Iq-p--Xv.'' alm-bm\ _p Nn-I-cpsS
iq\y-Xm-hm-Zhpw ambm-hm-Zhpw A\p-I-cnv AssZz-X-k-cWn hymJym-\n-sm-n
{ioi--cm-Nm-cy "Bi-b-Zm-cn-{Zyw aqew hgn-ap-n-b-h-\mWv' Fv teJ-I k-Xn-p-sav {]Xo-n-mtam? km[y-ta-b Fv At-l-ns Cu {]Jym-]\w
kmy-s-Sp-pp: ""BNmcy kzman-I-fpsS `mjy-a-lmW-h-n\nv \nXy\q-X\
- - Bi-b
- F{X-Xs Dun-sb-Sp-mepw A{X-bv{X ]nsbpw AhnsS
tijn-p-X
- mbn ImWmw.'' alm-bm\ _p Nn-I
- m Ah-Xc
- n-n-X
- n\npw
`n-ambn i-cm-ssZz-X-n ImWp ""\nXy-\q-X-\- Bi-b-'' Fsm-sbm-sWv teJ-I BZyw hy-am-t-n-bn-cp-p. Fm-I-s, Cu ""\nXy-\q-X-

ambmhmZ-ns DXv]n
124
\- Bi-b-'' F{X-Xs Dun-sb-Sp-mepw A{X-bv{X ]nsbpw AhnsS
tijn-p-as{X! Hcp ]t, Zzmc--fm Ae-r-X-amb ]m{Xw sImv Dun-b-XpsImmImw A{Xbv{X ]nsbpw AhnsS tijn-Xv!! (hnZym-hm-N-kv]Xn hn.
]t\mfn, "ku-cy-e-l-cnbpw BNmcy kzman-Ifpw', amXr-`qan hmcm---Xn-v, 31
HIvtSm: 1999)
"ku-cy-e-lcn' bn A\p-I-c-W- ImWp--Xn-\m AXv {ioi--cm-Nm-cycm hnc-Nn-X-am-Im h F \ne-]m-SmWv tIc-f-nse Ghpw {]apJ
AssZzX ]n-X\
- mb hmN-kv]Xn hn. ]t\m-fn-v. Fm A{X-sbmpw ]nX-\-s-nepw i-cm-\p-bm-bnbmb s{]m^. sI. them-bp-[ \mbv t\hncp-amb A`n-{]m-ba
- m-Wp-X
- v. Atlw FgpXn: ""\nKpW {_-sa ]mcamYnI
kXy-ns {]tW-Xm-hmb {ioi--c kvtXm{X- cNn-pI ANn-y-sapw
AXp-sImv Ah At-l
- ns IrXn-If
- m-Im-\n-Sb
- n-spw A`n-{]m-ba
- p ip
AssZz-Xn-I-fp-ap-v. Znhym-m--sf--n-bp A-X-bmWv C-s\-sbm-c-`n-{]mb-n\p \nZm\w. Htckabw Xs k-bpsS Fm Xe--fnepw Fm `mh-fnepw hn-m Ign-hp hyn-I-fmWv Ak-n\nv kn-te-pw,
Xa-n\nv tPymXn-kn-te-pw, arXyp-hn\nv Aar-X-Xz-n-tepw Db
alm-Nm-cy-m. Ahv Htc-k-abwXs _nw_m-cm-[\ \S-m\pw kKpW
{_-amb Cuizcs\ kvXpXn-m-\pw, \nKpW {_-km-m-XvImcw A\p-`-hnm\pw kn-Zm-\--n ebnv au\w Zon-m\pw Ign-bpw. AXn\p Ign
alm-m-hm-bn-cpp {ioi--cm-Nm-cy Fp \mw ad-m-Xn-cn-p-I.'' (sI. thembp-[ \mb, "i-cm-Nm-cycpw AssZz-X-th-Zm-hpw', amXr-`qan BgvN--Xnv 1988
G{]n, 17-23, t]Pp-I 68, 33)
""k-bpsS Fm Xe--fnepw hn-m'' Ign-hp--h-cm-b-Xn-\m Fpw
{]Xo-n-m-sa-Yw. FhnsS \ns-nepw aT-b-- \nd Hcp IrXn
i-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS t]cn IpInn-sb-n-cn--s, i-cm-Nm-cy Xmn-I-]-Sphpw
[nj-Wm-im-en-bp-am-b-Xn-\m C-c-samcp aT-b IrXn cNn-m\nS-bn Fv
"ip AssZz-X-hmZn'I ]d-t-pw. Fm them-bp-[ \mb-sc-tm-ep-hv FXnhmZw D-bn-m-\m-hpw. ""k-bpsS Fm Xe--fnepw hnm'' Ign-hp--h-\m-I-bm i-cm-Nm-cy "aT-b'fpw Fgp-Xn-sb-n-cn-pw.
Htc-k-abw [nj-Wm-]-c-amb hym]m-c--fnepw aTb cN-\-I-fnepw Gs-Sm almm-msX km[m-c-W-m-c\p km[n-p-tam-? "lm amb' F i-cm-Nm-cy
]d-Xv Cu ""A\nh-N-ob koW Ah-m-c ]cn-Wn-Xn''(A-ssZz-X-`m-jbmtW!)-sb-qSn Dt-in-m-Im-sap t]mepw Atlw hmZnp IqSm-bvI-bn.
i-cm-ssZz-X-n\v t]cp-tZm-j-ap-m-m GXm-bmepw ssZzX-hm-Zn-Itfm hninjvSm-ssZz-Xn-Itfm an\-s-tS--Xn-. Ccw `mhnizm-kn-I HutZym-KnI
]n-X-m-cm-bm aXn.
21. Arapura, Truths in Buddhism and Vedanta, Ed: M. Sprung, p 112-113, quoted by O'Neil,
maya in Sankara, p 60-61

22. {_w, Pohm-mhv Fn-XymZn kwhK- {_-kq-{X-nse aqe-[m-c-W-Ifm-Wv. Fm thZm hymJym-\-n kq{X-hn-h-c-W-p \nc-m "amb'
t]mep k]- i-cm-Nm-cy Fn\v {]tbm-Knp FXv {]k--amb
tNmZy-am-Wv. Ch-bpsS t{kmXv iq\y-hmZ _pn-k-am-Wv.
23. i-cm-Nm-cysc "{]O--_p-' Fp hnfn-m CS-bmbXv CubY-n am{Xam-Wv. "kmwJy -{]-h-N-\-`mjy'ns Bap-J-n hnm-\-`np i-cm-Nmcy-sc Cs\ hnti-jn-n-p-p. ambm-hm-Zn-I-fpsS {_w iq\y-hm-Zn-IfpsS iq\yX-bm-sWv {_-kq-{X-`m-jy-n (II.2.29) am[zm-Nm-cycpw A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.
24. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol:1, P. 423
25. Yan Yun Hua, History of Religions, Vol:X, No:2, 1970. quoted in Maya in Sankara, p 4041

26. Reference 3, P. 154

27. Cu ]cn-h-\--fpsS cmjv{So-bhpw km-n-I-hp-amb hn]-cy-b- Adnbm, Ram Sharan Sharma bpsS Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient
India (Motilal; Delhi, 1991, pp 212 - 218) t\mmw.
28. P.S. Sastri, Indian Idealism (Bharatiya Vidya Prakasam: Delhi) 1976, P.550
29. tIcf kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw, t]Pv. 262, hn. ]t\mfn D-cn--Xv, amXr-`qan
hmcm---Xn-v, 31 HIvtSm-_: 1999
30. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 264
31. Reference 3, P. 42-43
32. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol:1, P. 422
33. Pande, Life and Thought of Sankaracharya, P.269
34. Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy P. 131
35. i-cm-Nm-cy-v app {_mW Zmi-\nI {K- th{X tXmXn e`ya-. CXp-ambn Xmc-Xa
- y-s-Sp-p-tm ssP\-_
- u Zmi-\nI {K- Gsd
k--am-Wv. Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy P. 330
36. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, Two Trends in Indian philosphy, p 5-6.
37. Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy P. 135-136.
38. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 183
39. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 265
40. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 252
41. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 253
42. B.N.K. Sharma, Brahmasutra and its Principal Commentaries Vol:1, P.16
43. Pande, Life and Thought of Srisankaracharya P. 132
44. ta IrXn, t]Pv. 133.