‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪.١‬ردﻳﻔﻬﺎي اﻓﻘﻲ ﺗﻨﺎوب ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪.٢‬ﺳﺘﻮنﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي ﮔﺮوه)ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده( ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎ)ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ در ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪاده‬
‫ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎمﻫﺎي وﻳﮋهاي دارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٣‬اﻛﺜﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم ﻓﻠﺰ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪).‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻼي ﻓﻠﺰي‪،‬‬
‫ﭼﻜﺶﺧﻮاري‪ ،‬رﺳﺎﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﻮب ﺑﺮق و ﮔﺮﻣﺎ( ﻓﻠﺰات در ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ ﻗﺮارﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٤‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰ در ﺳﻤﺖ راﺳﺖ ﺟﺪولﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ ﻗﺮاردارﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰات ﻋﻜﺲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٥‬ﺷﺒﻪﻓﻠﺰات)ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪرﺳﺎﻧﺎﻫﺎ( در ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ ﻧﻮار ﺑﺎرﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻠﺰات و ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰات را از‬
‫ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﺷﺒﻪﻓﻠﺰات ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻓﻠﺰات و ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰات اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻪﻓﻠﺰات‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﹰﺎ رﻓﺘﺎر ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲاي ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻓﻠﺰات و ﻇﺎﻫﺮي)درﺧﺸﺎن( ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻓﻠﺰات دارﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٦‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺮوه ‪ ( IA,IIA,IIIA,… ) A‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.٧‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺮوه ‪ ،B‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ واﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ از‪ :‬ﺧﻨﺪان ﮔﺮدان‬ ‫‪www.mekanikemashinalat.blogfa.com‬‬

 ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺧﺎﻟﺺ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺼﻮرت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮ ﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪن ﻣﺎدهاي ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺎوي ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﺨﺼﻮص ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ آﻫﻦ؛ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻴﺖ)‪ (Fe2O3‬و ﻣﮕﻨﺴﻴﺖ)‪ (Fe3O4‬و ﺳﻴﺪرﻳﺖ)‪ (FeCO3‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮي ﻛﻪ ﺑﻄﻮر ﺧﺎﻟﺺ در ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﮔﺮاﻧﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪).‬ﻣﺜﻞ؛ ﻃﻼ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺮه و ﭘﻼﺗﻴﻦ(‬

‫آﻟﻮﺗﺮوپﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫اﺷﻜﺎل ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮن)ﭼﻴﻨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺗﻤﻲ( ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮع ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺳﺎده‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬آﻟﻮﺗﺮوپﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﺑﻦ؛ اﻟﻤﺎس‪ ،‬ﮔﺮاﻓﻴﺖ‪buckeyball ،‬‬
‫آﻟﻮﺗﺮوپﻫﺎي اﻛﺴﻴﮋن؛ ‪)O3 ،O2‬اوزون(‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر اﺗﻢ‪:‬‬
‫اﺗﻢ‪ :‬واﺣﺪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪهي ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت آﻧﺮا ﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﻛﺮدهاﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ اﺗﻢ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺮوﺗﻮن)ذرهي ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎد‪ (p+‬و ﻧﻮﺗﺮون)ذرهي ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎد‪(n‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﺮم اﺗﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮون‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ذراﺗﻲ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ)ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎد ‪ (e-‬ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ را اﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﻛﺮده اﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬اﺷﻐﺎلﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻓﻀﺎي اﺗﻢ اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﺑﺎر ﺳﺒﻜﺘﺮ از ﭘﺮوﺗﻮن ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﺗﺮون دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﺗﻤﻲ)‪:(Z‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭘﺮوﺗﻮنﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻋﺪد ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪهي ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ را ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻳﻜﺘﺎﻳﻲ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮﻣﻲ)‪ :(A‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻮﺗﺮونﻫﺎ و ﭘﺮوﺗﻮنﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ از‪ :‬ﺧﻨﺪان ﮔﺮدان‬ ‫‪www.mekanikemashinalat.blogfa.com‬‬

 ‫ﻳﻮن‪:‬‬
‫اﺗﻢ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‪ :‬ﺷﻤﺎر اﻟﻜﺘﺮونﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﭘﺮوﺗﻮن ﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪(#e- = #p+).‬‬
‫ﻳﻮن‪ :‬اﺗﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ از دﺳﺖ داده اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮن‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻳﻮن ﻣﺜﺒﺖ)ﺑﺎ از دﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲ آﻳﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﺎر ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﻜﺘﺮونﻫﺎي ازدﺳﺖ رﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻮن ‪ Ca2+‬داراي ‪ ٢‬ﭘﺮوﺗﻮن‬
‫و ‪ ٢٠-٢=١٨‬اﻟﻜﺘﺮون اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫آﻧﻴﻮن‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻳﻮن ﻣﻨﻔﻲ)ﺑﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪن اﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ‪(.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﺎرآﻧﻴﻮن ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﻜﺘﺮونﻫﺎي ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻳﻮن ‪ Na-3‬داراي ‪ ٧‬ﭘﺮوﺗﻮن و‬
‫‪ ٧+٣=١٠‬اﻟﻜﺘﺮون اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﺪد اﺗﻤﻲ و ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﻜﺘﺮونﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮًا ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻧﻮﺗﺮونﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻲ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپﻫﺎ‪ :‬اﺗﻢﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪد اﺗﻤﻲ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ وﻟﻲ اﻋﺪاد ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‪).‬ﻛﻪ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از ﺗﻔﺎوت در ﺗﻌﺪاد‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮونﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪(.‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎد اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﺎد اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ‪ X‬ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪد ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ‪ A‬و ﻋﺪد اﺗﻤﻲ ‪ zX ، Z‬اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺑﻮر‪ 5B ، ١٠‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپ ﺑﻮر ‪ A - Z = ١٠-٥=٥‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮون دارد‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺮم اﺗﻤﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ )وزن اﺗﻤﻲ(‪:‬‬

‫اﻋﺪاد ﻛﺴﺮي روي ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ از ﻛﺠﺎ آﻣﺪهاﻧﺪ؟‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮارداد ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ اﺗﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ١٢‬داراي ﺟﺮﻣﻲ دﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‪ ١٢‬واﺣﺪ ﺟﺮم اﺗﻤﻲ)‪(amu‬‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺮم اﺗﻤﻲ اﺗﻢﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮ در ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس زﻣﺎن ﮔﺮﻳﺰ آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ ١٢‬در وﺳﻴﻠﻪاي ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻧﺎم ﻃﻴﻒﺳﻨﺞ ﺟﺮم ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ از اﻋﺪاد اﺗﻤﻲاي ﻛﻪ در ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ داده ﺷﺪه)ﺑﺠﺰ‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﺗﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‪ (١٢‬ﻋﺪد ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ و اﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ آن دﻟﻴﻞ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻳﻚ‬
‫اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار دارﻧﺪ و ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپﻫﺎ ﺟﺮم ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ دارﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ روي ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ از‪ :‬ﺧﻨﺪان ﮔﺮدان‬ ‫‪www.mekanikemashinalat.blogfa.com‬‬

 ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺟﺮم اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺗﻮزﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺲ)‪ (Cu‬دو اﻳﺰوﺗﻮپ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار دارد؛ ﻣﺲ‪ ٦٣-‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮم ‪ amu ٦٢/٩٣٢٦‬و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬
‫‪ %٦٩/١٧‬و ﻣﺲ‪ ٦٥-‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮم ‪ amu ٦٤/٩٢٧٨‬و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ‪ . %٣٠/٨٣‬ﺟﺮم اﺗﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد؛‬
‫‪٠/٦٩١٧×٦٢/٩٣٢٦+٠/٣٠٨٣×٦٤/٩٢٧٨=٦٣/٥٥‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻮاب ﻫﻤﺎن ﻋﺪد اﺗﻤﻲاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ روي ﺟﺪول ﺗﻨﺎوﺑﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ آﻣﻴﺰهاي ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري از ‪ ٢‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﻋﻨﺼﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻧﺎم ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮﻳﻦ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺳﺎده‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬اﮔﺮ ﻳﻜﻲ از اﺗﻤﻬﺎ در واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻳﻮن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬در آﻧﺼﻮرت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻣﻮارد اﮔﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻠﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪).‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Ca(NO3) ,Fe2O3 , NaCl‬و…(‬
‫‪ (٢‬واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲاي ﻛﻪ در آن ﻫﻴﭽﻴﻚ از اﺗﻤﻬﺎ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰه ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮل ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد وﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬اﮔﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻠﺰ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ در آﻧﺼﻮرت ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ ،‬اﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ‪).‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ HCl , N2O , SiF4 ,H2O:‬و…(‬
‫ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻫﺮﻧﻮع از اﺗﻤﻬﺎي ﺑﻪﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در واﺣﺪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻲ را ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ آب ‪ H2O‬اﺳﺖ‪ .‬در آب ﻳﻚ اﺗﻢ اﻛﺴﻴﮋن ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ‪ ٢‬اﺗﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪروژن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺟﺮم ﻫﻤﻪي ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﺎص ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ١٥/٠‬ﮔﺮم ‪ Br‬و‪ ١٠/٧‬ﮔﺮم ‪ F‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‪.‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺮم در ﻣﻘﺪاري از اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ ٣٠/٠‬ﮔﺮم ‪ Br‬اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬وﺟﻮد دارد؟‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‪:‬‬
‫ﮔﺮم‪ (١٠/٧ / ١٥/٠) = ٣٠/٠ (١٠/٧ / ١٥/٠) = ٢١/٤‬ﺟﺮم‪ = Br‬ﺟﺮم‪ = ١٠/٧ / ١٥/٠ F‬ﺟﺮم‪ / Br‬ﺟﺮم‪) F‬از ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﺴﺒﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ(‬

‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ از‪ :‬ﺧﻨﺪان ﮔﺮدان‬ ‫‪www.mekanikemashinalat.blogfa.com‬‬

 IA VIIIA
IIA VIIA
N
A Metalloids -- O
A L H B
L K B, Si, Ge, As, A L
K A Sb, Te L E
A L O
L I G G
I N Transition Metals E
N
A
E S
M (B Group elements) S E
E E S
T A
A R
L T
S H
S

Lanthanides
} Rare Earths
Actinides

Periodic Table Details

1) The horizontal rows are called periods.

2) The vertical columns are called groups (or families). Some groups, as shown above, have special names.

3) The great majority of elements are classified as metals (defining properties: lustrous, malleable, ductile, good
conductor of electricity and thermal energy). The metallic elements lie on the left side of the periodic table.

4) The nonmetal elements lie on the right side of the periodic table. Nonmetal properties are opposite those of metals.

5) The metalloids (or semi-metals) are a thin band of elements that separates the metals and the non-metals on the
periodic table. The properties of metalloids are in-between metals and nonmetals: metalloids often behave
chemically like non-metals, but are lustrous like metals.

6) The group A elements (IA, IIA, IIIA, etc.) are sometimes called collectively the representative or main-group
elements.

7) The group B elements are called the transition metals.

The Elements in Nature

Most elements are not found pure in nature, but rather combined chemically with other elements. An ore is a mineral
that contains a particular element. For example, the principle ores of iron are hematite (Fe2O3), magnesite (Fe3O4), and
siderite (FeCO3). Elements that are found pure in nature – e.g. gold, silver, and platinum – tend to precious.

Allotropes
Different forms (atom arrangements) of the same pure element

Examples: carbon allotropes – diamond, graphite, buckeyballs; oxygen allotropes – O2 and O3 (ozone)
Composition of the Atom
Atom – building blocks of the elements; the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of the element.

Nucleus – 1) the center of the atom 2) contains protons (positive charge, symbol p+) and neutrons (neutral charge,
symbol n) 3) contains most of the atom’s mass

Electrons – 1) negatively-charged particles (symbol e-) that surround the nucleus 2) account for most of the atom’s
size, but are about 2000 times less massive than protons or neutrons

Atomic Number (Z) – 1) the number of protons in the nucleus 2) The element “Social Security number”: uniquely
identifies each element

Mass Number (A) – the sum of neutrons and protons in the nucleus

Ions

Neutral atom -- number of electrons equals number of protons (#e- = #p+)

Ion – an atom that has gained or lost electrons

cation – 1) a positive ion (formed by losing electrons) 2) the charge of the cation equals the number of electrons lost, e.g.
the Ca2+ ion has 20 protons and 20 – 2 = 18 electrons

anion – 1) a negative ion (formed by gaining electrons) 2) the charge of the anion equals the number of electrons
gained, e.g. the N-3 ion has 7 protons and 7 + 3 = 10 electrons

Isotopes
In contrast to the atomic number and the number of electrons, the number of neutrons in a neutral atom is not uniquely
determined by a particular element, but instead may vary

Isotopes – atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers (that is, different numbers of neutrons)

A
Isotope Symbols – For element X with mass number A and atomic number Z, isotope symbol is Z X,
10
Example: boron-10 is 5 B ; this isotope of boron has A – Z = 10 – 5 = 5 neutrons.

Relative Atomic Mass (“Atomic Weight”)

Where do the fractional numbers on the periodic table come from?

By international agreement, an atom of carbon-12 has a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units (amu).

The atomic masses of the other atoms on the periodic table are tabulated by their time of flight, relative to carbon-12, in a
device called a mass spectrometer. For most all atoms, even carbon, the atomic mass given on the periodic table is not a
whole number. This is because many elements have more than one stable isotope, each with a different mass. The mass
which appears on the table is an average of the masses of the isotopes, weighted by the natural abundance of each isotope.
As an example, consider copper (Cu) which has 2 stable isotopes: copper-63, with mass 62.9326 amu and natural
abundance 69.17% and copper-65, with mass 64.9278 amu and natural abundance 30.83%. The average atomic mass is
then the weighted average, calculated by
(0.6917)(62.9326 amu) + (0.3083)(64.9278 amu) = 63.55 amu
Note that the result is the atomic mass that appears on the periodic table. ☺
Compounds
A compound is a chemical combination of 2 or more elements in fixed proportion

Formula Unit – general term for the smallest possible unit of a compound

A simple generalization: 1) If any of the atoms in the formula unit is an ion, then the compound is an ionic compound.
In many cases, if the formula unit contains a metal, the compound will be ionic
(e.g. NaCl, Fe2O3, Ca(NO3)2, etc.)

2) A formula unit in which none of the atoms is ionized is called a molecule; the
resulting compound is molecular . If the formula unit does not contain a metal, then the
compound is most likely molecular (e.g. H2O, SiF4, N2O, HCl, etc.)

Chemical Formula – gives the number of each kind of atom in the formula unit

For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O – in water, 2 atoms of hydrogen are
chemically combined with 1 atom of oxygen

Law of Definite Proportions – the ratio of masses of each element contained in a pure compound is fixed

Example – A compound is found to contain 15.0 g of Br and 10.7 g of F. What mass of F would be contained in a
sample containing 30.0 g of Br?

mass F 10.7  10.7   10.7 

From Definite Proportions, = . Therefore mass F = mass Br   = 30.0 g   = 21.4 g
mass Br 15.0  15.0   15.0 