Chng V KEO T V KH NNG HP PH CA T

1. Keo t 1.1. Khi nim t l mt h thng a phn tn phc tp bao gm cc ht c kch thc khc nhau. Keo t l nhng ht rt t tan trong nc, c ng knh rt nh. V kch thc ca ht keo gia mt s tc gi khng thng nht. ng knh ht keo dao ng t 0,01 - 10 m (1 m = 10-6 m) (Garrison Sposito), hoc nh hn 1 m (Nyle C. Brady, Ray R. Well, Hinrich L. Bohn, Brian L. McNeal, George A. O'connor), hoc nh hn 0,2 m (A.E. Vozbutskaia) hoc bn knh nh hn 1 m (Van Olphen),... Do kch thc ca keo nh nh th nn chng thng l lng trong dung dch, c th chui qua giy lc ph thng v ch quan st c cu to ca chng bng knh hin vi in t. S lng keo trong t rt khc nhau tu theo loi t, t 1 - 2% (t ct) n 40 - 50% khi lng t (t st nng). Ngay c khi c hm lng rt nh trong t, keo t vn l i din ch yu cho kh nng hp ph ca t Trong t c keo v c, keo hu c v keo phc tp hu c- v c. Nhng keo v c c to thnh do tc dng phong ho hoc do s ngng t cc phn t trong dung dch, keo hu c to thnh do qu trnh bin ho xc hu c trong t. Keo v c kt hp vi keo hu c thnh keo hu c - v c. Cu to chung ca keo t (hnh 5.1) nh sau: phn trong cng ca ht keo (mixen keo) l nhn keo, l mt hp cht phc tp c cu to v nh hnh hoc tinh th. Thng thng keo v c c nhn l axit silisic, nhm silicat, oxyt st, oxyt nhm... Keo v c bn, n ch b ph hu sau mt thi gian di. Keo hu c c nhn l axit humic, axit fulvic, prtit hoc cenlulo. Keo hu c km bn, n c th b ph hu ri li to thnh ngay t cc sn phm phn gii xc ng vt, thc vt.
Ion
khu h c

b i n p L p nk i p
-

L
Mi
+ +

Ion kh ng Ion quy t

n t

xe nk eo H t keo V i l p
-

d ch

n Du g

n y chu

th h n

c d h quanh

Nh n
-

+ +

keo

+ +

Hnh 5.1. S cu to mixen keo (theo N.I. Gorbunov)

Theo Gorbunov keo t c cu to nh sau: trong cng l nhn keo, trn mt nhn keo c lp in kp, lp nm st ht nhn gi l lp ion quyt nh th, lp ion ngoi mang in tri du gi l lp ion b. a s ion ca lp ion b nm st lp ion quyt nh th gi l tng ion khng di chuyn, nhng ion cn li nm xa cch tng ion quyt nh th lm thnh tng ion khuch tn. a s keo t c lp ion quyt nh th mang in m. iu cn lu l trong t nhng ion trn lp in b c th trao i vi nhng ion trong dung dch tip xc vi n nn gi l "tng ion trao i". Tng s cation trn tng ion trao i tnh bng s ly ng lng gam (meq) trong 100 gam t kh gi l dung tch hp ph ca t. Keo t gi vai tr rt quan trng v chng quyt nh nhiu tnh cht c bn ca t v mt l hc, ho hoc, c bit l c tnh hp ph ca t. Bi vy nhng l lun v keo c vn dng rng ri trong lnh vc phn loi t, ci to t v bn phn cho t. 1.2. c tnh c bn ca keo t Khi nghin cu keo t ngi ta thy c 4 c tnh quyt nh nhiu tnh cht c bn ca t, l: a. Keo t c t din ln T din l tng s din tch b mt ca mt n khi lng (g) hoc mt n v th tch (cm3). Din tch b mt ca cc ht c kch thc khc nhau c th hin bng 5.1. Keo t c kch thc rt b nn t din ca n rt ln. Theo s liu bng 5.1, s lng keo t ch bng 4% khi lng pha rn ca t, nhng c din tch b mt bng 80% tng din tch b mt ca t. Nh vy t st c t din ln nht ri n t tht v b nht l t ct. Bng 5.1. Vai tr ca kch thc ht trong s hnh thnh din tch b mt ca t tht trung bnh Kch thc ht (mm) 0,25 - 0,05 0,05 - 0,01 0,01 - 0,005 0,005 - 0,001 0,001 - 0,0001 0,0001 Tng s Hm lng (%) 17 50 20 6 3 4 100 Din tch b mt (m2/1g t) 0,5 4,1 9,9 12,7 18,8 194,0 240,0 % b mt tng s 0,2 1,7 4,1 5,2 7,8 81,0 100,0

b. Keo t c nng lng b mt Cc phn t trong ht keo chu nhng lc tc ng xung quanh nh nhau nn khng c g c bit. Phn t trn b mt ht keo chu cc lc tc ng xung quanh khc nhau v n tip xc vi th lng hoc th kh bn ngoi. Do cc lc ny khng th cn bng ln nhau c, t sinh ra nng lng t do, sinh ra nng lng b mt ch tip xc gia cc ht keo vi mi trng xung quanh. Thnh phn c gii t cng nng th t din cng ln v do nng lng b mt cng ln, kh nng hp ph vt cht cng cao.

c. Keo t c mang in y l mt c tnh rt quan trng ca keo t m cc ht t c kch thc ln khng c. Do ht keo c kch thc rt nh nn ht nhn ca keo c th hp ph ln trn b mt cc ion khc nhau. S hp ph ny ph thuc vo bn cht ca keo. Tu thuc vo cu trc ca ht keo m keo t c th mang in m hoc in dng. Trong t c keo m, keo dng v keo lng tnh. Phn ln keo t mang in m d. Keo t c tc dng ngng t Keo t c th tn ti hai trng thi khc nhau: trng thi keo tn (sol) v trng thi keo t (gel). Khi nhng ht keo phn b trong mt th tch nc th chng nm xa cch nhau, l trng thi sol (hay hydrosol). Trong trng hp ny mi trng phn tn l nc, tng phn tn l cc ht keo. Nh th sol ch keo trng thi l lng trong cht lng. Hin tng ny do cc nguyn nhn: do th in ng (in th zeta) lm cho cc ht keo y nhau khng tin li gn nhau c, hoc do mng nc bao bc ngoi keo ngn cn khng cho chng dnh lin nhau. Song trong thin nhin li c c qu trnh ngng t, ngha l qu trnh bin sol thnh gel. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi keo b trung ho in hoc sc ht gia chng ln hn sc y. S ngng t keo c th do nhng nguyn nhn chnh sau: + Keo ngng t do tc dng ca cht in gii: y l nguyn nhn ch yu. Ion cht in gii tip xc vi ht keo, in ca keo s b trung ho bi ion mang in tri du. Ta bit, a s keo t mang in m nn ni chung chng b ngng t do c cation trong dung dch t. Do cht in gii l mt mui, cc ion ca mui ny hydrat ho ly nc ca ht keo, lm gim b dy mng nc gip cho chng c th gn nhau; mt khc ion mui ngn cn kh nng in phn ca cc cation trao i lm gim in th zeta. C 2 nguyn nhn dn ti hin tng keo t lin kt vi nhau m ngng t. Ho tr ca cation cng cao th sc ngng t keo cng mnh. Nghin cu s ngng t keo st Gedroiz thy rng sc ngng t ca cation ho tr 2 ln gp 25 ln cation ho tr 1, cation ho tr 3 gp 10 ln cation ho tr 2 (bng 5.2). Cc cation ho tr 1 nh Na+, K+, H+ c tc dng ngng t nhng khng bn, khi cht in gii trong dung dch b ra tri th xy ra hin tng tn keo. Bng 5.2. S ngng t keo st ph thuc ho tr cht in gii Ho tr 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 Cht in gii NaCl NH4Cl KCl MgCl2 CaCl2 AlCl3 FeCl3 Nng cht in gii khi keo bt u ngng t (N) 0,015 - 0,0125 0,025 - 0,0125 0,025 - 0,0125 0,0012 - 0,0005 0,0012 - 0,0005 < 0,000125 < 0,000125

+ Keo ngng t do hin tng mt nc: tu kh nng gi nc ngi ta chia keo thnh keo a nc v keo ght nc. Keo a nc trn b mt c nhng phn t nc hoc cht lng nh dung dch t. Nhng keo a nc nh gelatin, axit silicic, nha cy, mt vi cht hu c trong t, mt s keo st... Keo ght nc nh hydroxt st, kaolinit... Chng khng c mng nc xung quanh nn d ngng t, ch cn dng dung dch mui nng thp. Tri li cc keo a nc ch ngng t trong trng hp cht in gii nng cao. Nhng lc thi tit hanh kh hoc hn hn ko di lm cho t kh th keo a nc cng c th ngng t do mng nc quanh n b mt.

+ Keo ngng t do s lin kt hai ht keo mang in tri du Nh trn ni, a s keo t mang in m. Tuy nhin vn gp mt s keo mang in dng nh keo Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3, khi keo m v keo dng kt hp vi nhau, sau lc trung ho in to thnh gel hn hp. Nu s lng keo m nhiu gp bi keo dng th cc keo m bao bc keo dng to thnh mng bo v mang in m, kt qu li to thnh sol. 1.3. Phn loi keo t Nhng keo t ph bin l axit humic, axit silicic, hydroxyt st, nhm v keo st. Ni chung hm lng keo ph thuc t l st v mn trong t, t cng nhiu st v mn th cng cha nhiu keo. Da vo tnh mang in, thnh phn ho hc ngi ta phn loi keo t nh sau: a. Da vo tnh mang in Theo tnh mang in ca keo, c th chia keo t thnh cc loi: keo m, keo dng v keo lng tnh, + Keo m (asidoit) Trn mt nhn keo mang in m hay ni cch khc l lp ion quyt nh th l nhng anion. Cc ion trn lp in b l H+ hoc cc cation khc. K hiu keo m l XH. Trong t, keo m chim a s. Thng gp l axit silicic, axit humic, keo st...V d cu to keo axit silicic nh hnh 5.2. Phn t axit silicic trn b mt ht nhn phn ly thnh cc ion: H2SiO3 = 2H+ + SiO322Anion SiO3 c hp ph ngay trn b mt ht nhn lm thnh tng ion quyt nh th. H+ l ion b phn phi tng ion khng di chuyn v khuch tn
khu t ch n khng di chu y Ion n t q. hh i n u Io Nh SiO 2n
I on
3

+ + + + +

H+ H+

SiO2 yH2O SiO32SiO32SiO32-

H+

H+

+
+ H+

H+ H+

H+

Hnh 5.2. S cu to keo m (theo Gorbunov) + Keo dng (Basidoit) Trn lp ion quyt nh th hiu l cc cation, cn lp in b l ion OH- v cc anion khc. K hiu keo dng l X-OH. Cc keo dng thng gp trong t l Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 (trong mi trng axit). Cng c th l kaolinit do qu trnh ion ho to thnh keo dng: ...O3SiO2(OH)Al2(OH)3 D [...O3SiO2(OH)Al2(OH)2]+ + OH-

V d cu to keo Fe(OH)3 (hnh 5.3)

Hnh 5.3. S cu to keo dng (theo Gorbunov)

khu t ch n khng di chu y on I n t hh q. i n u Io Nh n + FeO+

Ion
+ + + +

ClClCl-

Fe(OH)3
FeO+

FeO+ FeO FeO+ Cl+

Keo ny to thnh do s thu phn FeCl3 FeCl3 + 3H2O D Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl Ht nhn keo to nn do nhiu phn t Fe(OH)3. Nhng phn t Fe(OH)3 trn b mt ht nhn phn ng vi HCl to thnh FeOCl: Fe(OH)3 + HCl D FeOCl + H2O FeOCl l cht in gii nn ion ho: FeOCl D FeO+ + ClCation FeO+ c hp ph ngay trn b mt ht nhn lm thnh lp ion quyt nh th. Cc anion Cl- c phn b tng ion trao i. + Keo lng tnh (Ampholitoit) Keo ny mang in m hay dng ph thuc vo phn ng ca mi trng xung quanh. Cc ion trao i c th l H+, OH- hoc cc ion khc. K hiu keo ny l X-O-H. Cc keo lng tnh trong t thng gp l Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3,... V d: i vi keo Fe(OH)3, khi pH< 7,1 biu hin keo dng, nhng khi pH > 7,1 biu hin keo m (keo ny c im ng in ti pH=7,1): Fe(OH)3 + HCl Fe(OH)2+ + Cl- +H2O (keo dng) Fe(OH)3 + NaOH Fe(OH)2O- + Na+ + H2O (keo m)

Cl-

i vi keo Al(OH)3 khi pH < 8,1 biu hin keo dng, khi pH >8,1 l keo m (im ng in ca keo ti pH=8,1): Al(OH)3 + HCl Al(OH)2+ + Cl- + H2O (keo dng) Al(OH)3 + NaOH Al(OH)2O- + Na+ + H2O (keo m) b. Da vo thnh phn ho hc Da vo thnh phn ho hc c th chia keo t thnh cc loi: keo hu c, keo v c v keo hu c-v c + Keo hu c Keo hu c to thnh do s bin ho xc sinh vt trong t. Ni chung lp t mt cha nhiu keo hu c hn cc lp di. Cc keo hu c thng gp l axit humic, axit fulvic, lignin, protit, xellulo, nha v cc hp cht hu c phc tp khc. Nhng nguyn t ch yu cu to nn keo hu c l C, H, O, N, S, P v mt lng nh Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Si... V d cu to keo axit humic (hnh 5.4)
khu t ch n khng di chu y on I n t q.hh i n u Io Nh n COOIon

+ + + +

H+ COO R(COOH)n COO H+ OH CO OH - O H+

O CO
-

H+

+
+ H
+

H+ H+

Hnh 5.4. S cu to keo axit humic (theo Gorbunov) + Keo v c (keo khong) Ch yu l keo nhm silicat c hnh thnh do kt qu ph hu v khong vt to thnh. Thnh phn ho hc ca keo ny gm: SiO2 = 40% - 60% Al2O3 = 10% - 25% Fe2O3 = 5% - 10% v mt t Ca, Mg, Ti, Mn, K, Na, P, S cng cc nguyn t vi lng nh B, Zn, Mo, Cu... T l cc nguyn t y ph thuc m, iu kin hnh thnh, kh hu, thi gian, thc b, vi sinh vt... V d cu to keo nhm silicat (hnh 5.5) + Keo hu c-v c Cc keo hu c t trng thi t do m thng lin kt cht vi cc cht khong hoc cc keo v c to thnh keo hu c-v c phc tp. Theo L.N. Alexandrova cc hp cht hu c v c trong t c chia thnh 3 nhm: cc mui d cc, cc mui phc d cc v cc phc cht hp ph.

+ +

= = =

khu t ch n di ch khng uy Ion n t q.hh i n u Io 2- Ca2+ Nh n SiO 3

Ion
)m l O3 (A 2
(Si O
SiO3 22 )n

Ca2+

+ + +

SiO
2-

2 3 -

H+ H+

+
+

Hnh 5.5. S cu to keo nhm silicat (theo Gorbunov) - Mui d cc (mui n gin): khi cc axit mn phn ng vi phn v c ca t to thnh cc mui d cc hay cc humat hoc fulvat. Cc mui ny c cng thc cu to chung nh sau: (COO)nMem

R (O)pMeq
trong : Me l Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+.... Cc mui d cc cng c th c hnh thnh do s tng tc gia cc axit mn vi cc khong vt st qua cu ni canxi c cu to nh sau: Si O Ca OOC R Si O Ca OOC COO Ca O Si COO Ca O Si

Cc humat canxi khng tan c th kt ta v hnh thnh cc mng trn b mt cc ht keo. - Mui phc d cc c hnh thnh do phn ng gia cc ion st, nhm vi axit mn hnh thnh mui phc, trong mui ny kim loi tham gia vo phn anion ca phn t. Hp cht phc ny vn cn cc nhm cacboxyl v nhm hydroxyl phenol t do, cc nhm ny c th tip tc phn ng vi phn v c ca t to thnh cc mui d cc n gin. L.N. Alexandrova gi nhng hp cht c bn cht kp nh vy l mui phc d cc. Mui ny c cu to nh sau:
H2O OH OOC Me H2O OH HO R (OH)m-1 (COOH)n-1

trong Me l Fe3+, Al3+. Cc nhm cacboxyl v nhm hydroxyl phenol t do c th phn ng vi cc cation kim v kim th trong t.

O3 Si 2Si O 3

Mg2+ H+

H+

- Phc cht hp ph l cc sn phm ca s tng tc gia cc cht mn vi cc khong vt dng tinh th hoc v nh hnh ca t hoc cc sn phm hu c v c hp ph cc cht mn bng phn v c. Cc phc h st mn cng l phc cht hp ph. i din cho cc phc hp ph trong t l phc mn vi nhm v st (a), phc mn silic (b) v phc h st mn (c)
OH Me(OH)3 Me OH OH
(COOH)n H2O ...R SiO2.nH2O H2O ...[RMe] (OH)m COO OH Me1+

OOC R

(COOH)n-1

(OH)m-1

(a) Phc mn nhm, st

O- ...R Si (COOH)n (OH)m

(b) Phc mn silic

COO OH ...[RMe] O OOC (COOH)n-1 R O OH ...R (COOH)n (OH)m (OH)m-1 Me

Al

Al

Si O- ...[RMe] COO Me O

(c) Phc h st mn 1.4. Cc loi keo st trong t Cc keo st thuc loi keo v c, l cc khong vt th sinh alumin silicat, c hnh thnh do s bin i t cc khong vt nguyn sinh trong qu trnh phong ho hnh thnh t, phn b rng ri trong cc loi t. Cc khong vt ny l thnh phn ch yu ca cp ht st v vy chng c gi l cc khong vt st. chng c phn bit vi nhau bi mc phn tn cao, khng tan trong nc Trong t c nhiu loi keo st, nhng trong chng c vai tr quan trng nht l cc keo st nhm kaolinit, montmorilonit v hydromica

a. c im chung ca keo st c im chung ca cc keo st l chng c cu to lp ging nh mica v s thay th ng hnh. + Cu to lp ca keo st c to thnh do s lin kt ca phin khi t din (bn mt) oxit silic v phin khi bt din (tm mt) gipxit. - Phin oxit silic c to thnh do s gn lin cc khi t din oxit silic vi nhau. Mi khi t din chnh gia l mt nguyn t silic, bn nh l bn nguyn t oxi. Nh th th khi ghp thnh phin hai bn l hai lp oxi, gia l lp silic, - Phin gipxit: phin ny c to thnh do s gn lin cc khi bt din vi nhau. Mi khi bt din chnh gia c mt nguyn t Al, xung quanh c 6 oxi hay 6 OH- hoc va oxi va OH- (hnh 5.6). + Hin tng thay th ng hnh - mt s khong vt, trong c cc khong vt st (keo st) c hin tng mt s nguyn t trong mng li tinh th ca chng c th b cc nguyn t khc bn ngoi vo thay th. S thay th ny khng lm thay i hnh dng ca khong vt m ch thay i tnh cht. V th gi l hin tng thay th ng hnh.

oxi Si
oxi

Si

oxi

Al

Hnh 5.6. S cu to khi t din oxit silic, phin oxit silic v khi bt din, phin gipxit - iu kin quan trng ca s thay th l: 2 ion mun thay th nhau phi c bn knh tng ng, V d Al3+ trong tinh th c bn knh R = 0,57 c th b Fe3+ c R = 0,67 thay th ch khng th b Li+ c R = 1,22 thay th. S thay th ny xy ra ph bin mt s keo st, v d trong khi t din oxit silic: Si4+ thng b Al3+ th, c trng hp Mn3+ hoc P5+ thay th Si4+ song rt t; trong khi bt din Al3+ b Mg2+ hoc Fe2+ th. - c im ca s thay th l: nu ho tr ca 2 ion thay th tng ng nhau th khng nhng khng thy im g khc trn tinh th m cn lm cho khong vt trung ho in. Nu ha tr ca chng chnh lch nhau th khong vt mang in m hoc dng. V d Al3+ th cho Si4+ th khong vt mang in m, P5+ th cho Si4+ khong vt mang in dng. Hin tng thay th ng hnh thng gp keo st l Al3+ th Si4+ hoc Mg2+ th Al3+ v vy keo st mang in m c th hp ph cation. b. c im ca cc nhm keo st chnh + Nhm kaolinit: - Nhm ny gm keo kaolinit v haluzit, metahaluazit, dikkit v nakrit. - Cu trc tinh th loi hnh 1:1, mi lp tinh th (tinh tng) gm mt phin oxit silic v mt phin gipxit. Nhng lp tinh th nh vy chng xp ln nhau, gia chng c cc khe h lm cho kaolinit c cu trc lp (hnh 5.7). - Theo hnh v cu trc ca kaolinit, nhn c bn ca mng li tinh th keo trung ho v in v c cng thc tng ng l Al2Si2O5(OH)4, nhng b mt sn l trn khi ph hu c ho tr khng bo ho gy ra s hp ph cc ion t mi trng xung quanh. Haluazit khc vi kaolinit bi s tn ti ca nc trong mng li tinh th, cu

trc ca n ph hp vi cng thc Al2Si2O5(OH)4.2H2O. Haluazit khi b hydrat ho s bin thnh metahaluazit Al2Si2O5(OH)4.4H2O. Dikkit v nakrit khc vi kaolinit bi cc gc lch ca tng paket.T l Si:Al = 1:1 - Khong cch gia cc paket khng i v bng 7,2 . - Rt t hoc khng c hin tng thay th ng hnh xy ra trong mng li tinh th. - Lc lin kt gia cc lp tinh th tng trong kaolinit rt cht nn khng th co gin m rng khe h ht nc v khng c kh nng trng. - Do cc c im trn m kh nng hp ph ca kaolinit thng thp (CEC = 5 - 15 ll/100g keo). Bi vy, t no cha nhiu keo nhm kaolinit th tnh gi phn v gi nc km.

7,2A

0,2A

Phi n gipxit Phi n oxit silic

6(OH) 4Al 4O + 2(OH) 4Si 6O

Hnh 5.7. S cu trc kaolinit + Nhm montmorilonit - Nhm ny gm keo montmorilonit, baydenlit v nontronit. - Cu trc tinh th loi hnh 2:1, ngha l mi lp tinh th gm 2 phin oxit silic nm 2 bn v mt phin gipxit gia (hnh 5.8). - Cu trc ca montmorilonit ph hp vi cng thc Al2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O. Baydelit khc vi montmorilonit ch, 1 trong 4 ion Si4+ ca lp khi t din oxit silic b thay th bng Al3+, in tch m d tha c b bng cch thay th 1 trong cc ion oxi bng nhm hidroxyl. Baydelit c cng thc l: Al3Si3O9(OH)3.nH2O. Cn nontronit, trong cc khi bt din ca n, ion Al3+ hon ton c thay th bng ion Fe3+. Nontronit c cng thc: (Al,Fe)2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O. T l Si: Al (hoc Fe) = 2: 1. - Khc vi kaolinit, khong cch gia cc paket ca montmorilonit thay i rt mnh t 9,6 n 28,4 , ph thuc vo lng nc c ht vo khe h gia cc paket. Khi ht nc keo st montmorilonit trng ra. - Hin tng thay th ng hnh xy ra ph bin: Al3+ thay th Si4+ trong khi t din ca phin oxyt silic, Mg2+ hoc Fe2+ th Al3+ trong khi bt din ca phin gipxit. Kt qu l keo mang in m c th hp ph cation. - Lc lin kt gia cc lp tinh th ca montmorilonit km cht nn c th gin n khi ht thm nc v cation.

- Do nhng c im trn m kh nng hp ph cation ca nhm keo ny rt cao (CEC = 80 - 150 ll/100 g keo). Bi vy, t no cha nhiu keo t nhm montmorilonit th tnh gi phn v nc kh cao.

9,6-21,4 A

4A

Phi n oxit silic Phi n gipxit Phi n oxit silic

6O 4Si 4O + 2(OH) 4Al 4O + 2(OH) 4Si 6O

Hnh 5.8. S cu trc montmorilonit + Nhm hydromica - Chim mt lng ln trong s cc keo st ca t, bao gm cc loi sau: hydro mica trng (hydromuscovit hoc illit), hydro mica en (hydrobiotit)v cc dng khc ca mica b hydrat ho - Hydromica c cu trc loi hnh 2:1 tng t montmorilonit (hnh 5.9) - Cng thc ca hydromuscovit KAl2(Al.Si3O10)(OH)2.

10 A

yK 6O (4-y)Si.yAl 2OH + 4O Al4.Fe4.Mg4Mg6 2OH + 4O (4-y)Si - yAl yK

Hnh 5.9. S cu trc ca hydromica - Khong cch gia cc paket khng i v bng 10 . - C hin tng thay th ng hnh xy ra trong mng li tinh th, ch yu l s thay th ca Si4+ trong phin khi t din bng ion Al3+, kt qu lm cho n mang in m c th hp ph cation c bit l K+ phn b khe h gia cc paket. - Do lc lin kt gia cc lp tinh th kh bn vng v vy keo thng c tnh trng thp v kh nng hp ph khng cao. - Kh nng hp ph ca hydromica khong 20 - 40 ll/100 g keo.

+ Trong t cng thng gp vermiculit gn ging hydromica, gia cc paket ca mng li tinh th ca keo ny tn ti lp kp cc phn t nc bao quanh cc kim loi, thng l Mg. Vermiculit l magiealuminsilicat, Mg c trong cc khi bt din. Trong cc khi bt din Mg2+ c th c thay th bng Fe2+, cn trong cc khi t din Si4+ c thay th bng Al3+. Cng thc tng qut ca vermiculit nh sau: (Mg2+,Fe2+)3(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2.4(H2O). Vermiculit c dung tch hp ph kh cao, CEC ca n dao ng t 60 - 150ll/100 g keo. Trong t cn gp cc keo dng lp hn hp. Trong mng li tinh th ca chng xen k cc lp khi bt din ca cc khong vt khc nhau: montmorilonit vi illit, kaolinit vi muscovit, vermiculit vi clorit... c. Keo st trong t Vit Nam Qua cc kt qu nghin cu thnh phn keo st trong t Vit Nam ca cc tc gi: Phm Gia Tu, Nguyn Vi v Trn Khi, Cao Lim, o Chu Thu, Nguyn Hu Thnh... bng phng php ho hc, phng php quang ph, phng php nhit, phng php quang tuyn X v phng php hin vi in t c th khi qut v s phn b ca chng nh sau: + i vi t vng i ni: keo st ch yu trong cc loi t ca vng ny l keo kaolinit, gtit v gipxit, ngoi ra tu theo loi t c th gp cc loi keo st: hydromica (t vng trn granit, t feralit mn trn ni trn philit, t en trn vi...), montmorilonit (t en trn vi, t en trn bt), vermiculit (t en trn vi, t en trn bt, t feralit mn trn philit). + i vi t ng bng: keo st ch yu ca cc loi t vng ng bng l kaolinit v hydromica. Vermiculit gp cc t ph sa trung tnh t chua, t mn trung tnh, t phn, t ct bin. Ngoi ra c th gp gipxit (t ph sa chua, t bc mu, t ct bin) v gtt (t bc mu). 2. Kh nng hp ph ca t 2.1. Khi nim chung Hp ph l c tnh ca cc ht t c th ht c cht rn, cht lng, cht kh hoc lm tng nng cc cht trn b mt. Bemmelen (H Lan) ln u tin ch ra rng keo t l c s ca tc dng hp ph, tc dng ny ph thuc cht mn, hydroxyt st v oxit silicic trong t. Nm 1908, Gedroiz (Lin x c) tm ra quy lut hp ph, khng nh khi nim hp ph mt cch chnh xc. Gedroiz cho rng, tnh hp ph ca t lin quan n phc h hp ph, phc h y khng tan trong nc, thnh phn khong ca n l nhm silicat, thnh phn hu c ca n ch yu l mn, l cc loi keo t. Gedroiz chia kh nng hp ph ca t thnh 5 dng: hp ph sinh hc, hp ph c hc, hp ph l hc, hp ph ho hc v hp ph l ho hc. 2.2. Cc dng hp ph ca t a. Hp ph sinh hc Hp ph sinh hc l kh nng sinh vt (thc vt v vi sinh vt) ht c cation v anion trong t. Nhng ion d di chuyn trong t c r cy v vi sinh vt ht bin thnh nhng cht hu c khng b nc cun tri. R cy, thn cy sau lc cht i s tch lu xc hu c trong t. Vi sinh vt phn gii xc hu c ny, do c qu trnh hp ph sinh hc. Vi sinh vt c nh m cng l mt hnh thc hp ph sinh vt. S trao i cation gia t v r cy c nghin cu nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Nhiu th nghim khng nh rng, ngoi hin tng cy ht thc n di dng ion t dung dch t, cation v anion c th i t t vo cy theo qu trnh trao i ion.

Do r cy h hp thi ra CO2. CO2 kt hp vi H2O trong t to thnh H2CO3. Axit ny phn li: H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-. H+ khuch tn n keo t v ti n trao i vi Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ v cation khc hp ph keo t, Cn cc anion HCO3- trao i vi NO3-, SO42-, v PO43-. H2CO3 cn c tc dng ho tan cc mui khong khc (phosphat, sulfat...) c trong t gip cho cy c th ht c cc ion ny. b. Hp ph c hc Hp ph c hc l c tnh ca t c th gi li nhng vt cht nh trong khe h ca t, v d: nhng ht st, xc hu c, vi sinh vt... y l dng hp ph ph bin trong t. Hin tng ny thy r nht khi ma, nc ma c do ln ct, st... nhng khi thm su xung cc tng t di, nc mch chy vo ging, nc tr nn trong, v khi thm qua cc tng t, cc cht l lng trong nc b hp ph c hc. Nguyn nhn ca hp ph c hc do kch thc khe h trong t b hn kch thc cc vt cht hoc b khe h g gh lm cn tr s di chuyn cc ht hoc cc vt cht mang in tri du vi b khe h nn b ht gi li. C trng hp hp ph c hc khng li cho qu trnh hnh thnh t nh lm xut hin trong t nhng lp qu nhiu keo st, t tr ln cht do l tnh xu. Nhng mt khc, nh tnh hp ph ny m cc phn t t khng b ra tri xung su. c. Hp ph l hc (hp ph phn t) Hp ph l hc l s thay i nng ca cc phn t cht tan trn b mt cc ht t. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng hp ph l hc do tc dng ca nng lng b mt pht sinh ch tip xc gia cc ht t vi dung dch t (hoc khng kh). Nng lng b mt ph thuc sc cng b mt v din tch b mt. Vt cht no lm gim sc cng mt ngoi ca dung dch t s tp trung trn mt ht keo, y l s hp ph dng. V d axit axetic c tc dng lm gim sc cng mt ngoi ca dung dch t s c tp trung trn mt ht t. Vt cht no lm tng sc cng mt ngoi ca dung dch t th b y ra khi keo t i vo dung dch, s hp ph ny gi l hp ph m. V d phn t ng lm tng sc cng mt ngoi ca dung dch t s b y ra khi keo t i vo dung dch t. Tm li, bt k mt s chnh lch no v nng ch tip xc gia ht keo vi mi trng xung quanh cng sinh ra tc dng hp ph l hc. Ngoi phn t cc cht ho tan, t cn hp ph cht kh. t kh hp ph khng kh rt cht. Kh nng hp ph cc cht kh t mnh n yu th t nh sau: hi nc, NH3, CO2, O2, N2. t cng nhiu mn cng hp ph nhiu NH3, CO2, v nc. Kh nng ht kh v hi nc ca t ph thuc thnh phn cht rn trong t (bng 5.3). V vy t c kh hp ph kh NH3 sinh ra trong qu trnh phn gii cht hu c cha m. y ta cng thy r li ch ca vic trn t bt kh vi phn chung khi phn. t bt ht NH3 c to ra trong qu trnh phn, lm gim s mt m. Bng 5.3. Kh nng ht kh v hi nc ca t (ml /100 g cht ht) Thnh phn t Thch anh CaCO3 Kaolinit Fe(OH)3 Mn CO2 12 14 166 3526 1264 NH3 145 320 947 5278 24228 Hi nc 197 278 3172 19236 19772

d. Hp ph ho hc Hp ph ho hc l s to thnh trong t nhng mui khng tan t nhng mui d tan. V d: Na2SO4 + CaCl2 CaSO4 + 2NaCl, Na2SO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 CaSO4 + 2NaHCO3, hoc NH4H2PO4 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 Ca3(PO4)2 + 2NH3 + 6CO2 + 6H2O Fe3+ + PO43- FePO4 Al3+ + PO43- AlPO4 S hp ph ho hc l nguyn nhn tch lu P v S trong t, lm cho 2 nguyn t ny b "gi cht" trong t. e. Hp ph l ho hc (hp ph trao i) Hp ph l ho hc l c tnh ca t c th trao i ion trong phc h hp ph vi ion ca dung dch t tip xc. Trong dung dch t, cc axit v c v mui ca chng phn ly thnh cation v anion. Khi dung dch t tc ng vi keo t, keo t khng nhng ch hp ph cc phn t (hp ph l hc) m cn hp ph c ion na. Nu ly mt t t (chua) tc ng vi dung dch NH4Cl ri lc ta s pht hin trong dch lc cha nhiu H+ cn NH4+ th gim. Qu trnh trao i ion ny c th biu th bng phn ng sau: [ K]H+ + NH4Cl [K]NH4+ + HCl T ta thy thc cht ca hp ph l ho hc l s trao i ion trn keo t vi ion trong dung dch quanh keo. Hin tng ny xy ra khi thay i m, khi bn phn, khi nc ngm dng ln, khi ti nc cho t, ngha l khi c s chnh lch nng ca phn ng thun nghch. Trong t c keo m v keo dng nn t c kh nng hp ph c cation v anion nhng hp ph cation l ch yu v phn ln keo t l keo m. Hp ph trao i ion c nh hng rt ln ti ph nhiu t, cc tnh cht vt l, ho hc t cng nh dinh dng cy trng. V vy cn nghin cu su hn dng hp ph ny phn tip theo. 2.3. Hp ph trao i ion a. Hp ph trao i cation * Hp ph cation xy ra nhng keo m v tng ion trao i ca keo cha cation nn c th trao i vi nhng cation trong dung dch tip xc vi n. Keo m chim a s trong t nn tc dng hp ph cation l ch yu. V d khi bn m sunphat th NH4+ c hp ph theo phn ng sau: [K]Ca2+ + (NH4)2SO4 [K]2NH4+ + CaSO4 Mt phn nh cation hp ph nh K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ c th khng trao i c, ngha l khng b cation ca dung dch mui y ra ngoi. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny c th khc nhau. Nhiu th nghim cho thy K+ mt kh nng trao i do keo t qu gi v phn no kt tinh. K+ tham gia cu to li tinh th do khng trao i c na, hoc c th do cation i vo khe h gia cc lp tinh th khong vt nh montmorilonit, baydelit, sau t kh i hay b bao bc xung quanh bi cc ht keo khc nhau nh Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 hoc cc cht hu c nn cation mt kh nng trao i. Nguyn nhn r nht v ph bin nht l do cc cation lin kt ho hc to thnh cc hp cht khng tan. S hp th cation do vi sinh vt cng l nguyn nhn lm cho cation mt kh nng trao i. * S hp ph cation tun theo nhng qui lut nht nh:

+ S hp ph cation tun theo quan h ng lng: 1 ng lng gam cation ny trao i vi mt ng lng gam cation khc. V d trong phn ng: [K]Ca2+ + 2 NaCl [K]2Na+ + CaCl2 th 1 ng lng gam Ca (20 g) trao i vi 1 ng lng gam Na (23 g). Do trao i bng ng lng (me) cho nn nu c 3% Ca th phi tnh trao i Na cng cn c
3.1000 = 150 me, mun 20
150 .23 = 3,45% Na mi trao i vi 3% Ca c. 1000

+ Trao i cation c th tin hnh theo chiu thun v nghch ph thuc nng v c tnh cation trong dung dch t. + Trao i xy ra rt nhanh: cc phn ng trao i cation trong t tin hnh rt nhanh, c khi ch sau 5 pht thc hin xong. im ny c ngha thc tin khi bn phn cha cation v bn vi kh chua. Cn ch l phi to iu kin cho tip xc u gia cation vi t bng cch ba k, sc bn trn u, hoc bn phn kt hp vi vun gc cho cy. + Trao i cation ph thuc ho tr, ln v mc thu ho ca cation: Ho tr ca cation cng cao, kh nng trao i cng mnh, ngha l kh nng trao i ca cation ho tr III > cation ho tr II > cation ho tr I. Nu cng ho tr th cation no c bn knh ln (tc bn knh thu ho b) th trao i mnh hn. Tr H+ do c mng thu ho rt mng nn kh nng trao i ca H+ khng nhng vt cc cation ho tr I m cn vt c cation ho tr II (bng 5.4). Bng 5.4. Quan h gia ho tr, bn knh v bn knh thu ho ca cation vi kh nng trao i cation Cation Li+ Na+ NH4+ Mg2+ Ca2+ H+ Ho tr 1 1 1 2 2 2 Bn knh cation () 0,78 0,98 1,43 0,78 1,06 Bn knh thu ho () 10,03 7,90 5,37 13,30 10,00 Th t trao i 6 5 4 3 2 1

+ Kh nng trao i ph thuc nng ion trong dung dch. Ni chung, nng ion trong dung dch t cng cao th phn ng trao i cng mnh. * Dung tch trao i cation v no baz ca t + Dung tch trao i cation ca t Dung tch trao i cation ca t (dung tch hp ph) l tng s cation hp ph (k c cation kim v khng kim) trong 100 gam t, tnh bng ly ng lng gam, k hiu bng ch CEC (cation exchange capacity). Dung tch trao i cation c xc nh bng cch phn tch trc tip hoc tnh theo cng thc: CEC = S + H. Trong S l tng s cation kim, kim th hp ph (ch yu l Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ v Na+), H l tng s ion H+ v Al3+ hp ph ( chua thu phn). Tt c u tnh bng n v ll/100 g t.

Dung tch trao i cation ca t ph thuc thnh phn keo, thnh phn c gii t, t l SiO2/R2O3 v pH. - Thnh phn keo khc nhau th CEC ca t khc nhau (bng 5.5) Bng 5.5. Dung tch hp ph ca mt s loi keo t Loi keo Fe(OH)3 v Al(OH)3 Kaolinit Montmorilonit Illit Axit humic CEC (ll/100 g) Rt b 5 - 15 80 - 150 20 - 40 350

Nh vy, t cng nhiu mn v nhiu montmorilonit th CEC cng ln. - Thnh phn c gii t cng nng CEC cng ln (bng 5.6) Bng 5.6. Cc cp ht khc nhau v CEC ca t Cp ht (mm) 0,25 - 0,005 0,005 - 0,001 0,001 - 0,0025 < 0,0025 CEC (ll/100 g t) 0,3 15,0 37,2 69,9

- T l SiO2/R2O3 cng ln th CEC cng ln (Bng 5.7) Bng 5.7. Quan h gia t l SiO2/R2O3 v CEC ca t T l SiO2/R2O3 3,18 2,68 1,98 1,40 0,42 CEC (ll/100 g t) 70,0 42,6 21,5 7,7 2,1

- pH t tng ln th CEC tng ln (Bng 5.8) Bng 5.8. nh hng ca pH n CEC ca mt s keo st Keo pH CEC (ll/100 g t) Kaolinit 2,5 - 6,0 7,0 4 10 Montmorilonit 2,5 - 6,0 7,0 95 100

Bng 5.9. CEC ca mt s loi t Vit Nam Loi t t nu pht trin trn bazan t vng pht trin trn phin st t pht trin trn vi t vng pht trin trn liparit (riolit) t macgalit - feralit CEC (ll/100 g t) 8 - 10 7-8 6-8 4-6 30 - 40

t phn t bc mu t ph sa sng Hng

10 - 12 4-6 10 - 15

+ no baz ( bo ho baz) ca t Ni chung CEC c gi tr cng cao th t cng tt v cha nhiu keo. Tuy nhin dung tch trao i cation ch ni ln kh nng trao i cation m cha ni ln thnh phn cation hp ph. Thc t mt s t tuy c CEC ln nhng do nhiu H+ nn t chua. V th, cn c CEC ln nhng t l cation baz (bao gm c cc cation kim v kim th) cng ln t mi tt. Bi vy ngi ta cn dng ch tiu " no baz" nh gi ph nhiu t. no baz ca t l t l phn trm cc cation kim, kim th chim trong tng s cation hp ph, k hiu l BS (Base saturation), n v % v c tnh theo cng thc: BS (%) = (S x 100)/CEC = (S x 100)/(S + H) trong , S: tng s cation baz trao i, H: chua thu phn, CEC: dung tch trao i cation ca t, c ba i lng ny u tnh bng ll/100g t. BS c gi tr cng ln th t cng bo ho baz. Ngi ta nh gi nh sau: BS < 50% : BS = 50 - 75%: BS > 75% : t i baz t c no baz trung bnh t no baz

nc ta, phn ln t i ni v mt s t ph sa chua do b ra tri cc cht kim, kim th mnh nn thng c BS < 50%. V vy vic bn vi kt hp vi bn phn cho nhng t ny l cn thit. a. Hp ph trao i anion t khng nhng c kh nng hp ph cation m cn c kh nng hp ph anion. S hp ph anion xy ra trong trng hp keo mang in dng. T l keo dng trong t khng nhiu nn hp ph cation vn l ch yu. S hp ph anion ca t ph thuc vo cc yu t: c im ca cc anion, t l SiO2/R2O3 v phn ng mi trng t. + Anion khc nhau xy ra s hp ph khc nhau. Kh nng hp ph anion c th sp xp nh sau: H2PO4- > HCO3- > SCN- > SO42- > Cl- > NO3-. Da vo kh nng hp ph c th chia cc anion trong t lm 3 nhm: - Nhm th nht: gm c nhng anion c th b hp ph rt mnh bng cch to thnh kt ta kh tan vi cc cation trong dung dch t nh Ca2+, Fe3+... l kiu hp ph ho hc ni phn trn. Nhm ny c cc anion ca axit phosphorit nh PO43-, HPO42- v H2PO4- v anion ca mt s axit hu c. Ngoi vic lin kt vi cation hnh thnh cc hp cht khng tan, cc ion ny c th b hp ph vo keo t bng cch trao i vi anion OH- trn b mt keo t nh trng hp kaolinit. - Nhm th hai: gm nhng anion hu nh khng b hp ph. Nhm ny c NO3-, NO2- v Cl-. Nguyn nhn khng c s hp ph cc anion ny l v chng khng to thnh vi cc cation ca dung dch t nhng cht kh tan. Chng cng khng c gi cht bi keo dng do tnh d ho tan, tr trng hp t rt chua, cha rt nhiu secqui oxit, mt lng nht nh cc ion ny s c hp ph. Da vo tnh d di ng

ca Cl- c th dng nc ngt ra Cl- cho cc t mn v ch khi s dng phn m, nht l cc loi phn c cha NO3- hn ch s mt m do NO3- d b ra tri. - Nhm th ba: gm cc anion c kh nng hp ph trung gian gia 2 nhm trn, l SO42-, HCO3-, CO3 2- v SiO32-. Cch chia nh th ch c ngha tng i v ngay c nhng anion ny tu iu kin ca mi trng t c th c kh nng hp ph cao. V d, SO42- b hp ph rt t, ch trong iu kin t c nhiu canxi v m t thp mi to thnh CaSO4 hoc CaSO4.2H2O dng kt ta. Cc mui SO42- khc (Mg, K, Na) u d tan, cc anion CO32-, HCO3- hp ph ho hc vi canxi to thnh nhng cht cacbonat kh tan. + Kh nng hp ph anion ph thuc t l SiO2/R2O3. T l ny cng thp (tc t l keo dng tng) th hp ph anion cng nhiu (bng 5.10).

Bng 5.10. Quan h gia SiO2/R2O3 vi hp ph anion (Matxn) SiO2/R2O3 3,82 2,82 1,89 0,55 PO430,52 0,93 1,15 1,60 SO42ll/100 g t 0,04 0,15 0,27 Cl0,03 0,04

+ Kh nng hp ph anion cn ph thuc vo phn ng mi trng. t c phn ng cng chua, t l keo dng trong t s cng tng, v vy s hp ph anion ca t cng s tng ln (bng 5.11). Bng 5.11. Quan h gia pH vi hp ph anion (ll/100 g t) theo Matxn pH 7,2 6,7 6,1 5,8 5,3 4,0 Cl0,0 0,3 1,1 2,4 3,8 5,9 Kaolinit pH SO427,2 0,0 6,9 0,7 6,6 2,9 6,2 4,6 5,9 6,6 5,0 10,5 pH 7,5 6,7 6,1 5,5 4,6 3,8 PO4329,7 40,8 46,5 56,1 75,0 92,1 pH 6,8 5,6 3,2 3,1 3,0 2,8 Montmorilonit ClpH 0,0 6,5 0,0 5,1 0,1 4,8 0,1 4,0 0,1 3,3 0,4 2,9 PO4332,4 36,3 38,7 47,4 60,6 81,0

3. nh hng ca keo t, kh nng hp ph n tnh cht t v ch bn phn v ci to t 3.1. Quan h gia keo t vi qu trnh hnh thnh t + Kaolinit l keo st in hnh cho qu trnh hnh thnh t nhit i m, montmorilonit c trng cho qu trnh hnh thnh t n i. Keo st c trng ca mt s loi t th gii nh sau (theo J. Toth) Loi t t tundra t nu ht d t chernozem t ng c m t potzon t vng potzon ho t feralit nhit i t mn gley t mn cacbonat t ph sa v t mn Keo st c trng Illit Montmorilonit Illit + Montmorilonit Montmorilonit Illit Kaolinit Kaolinit + halluazit Montmorilonit Montmorilonit + kaolinit Illit + kaolinit + haluazit

+ Cng ln cao nhit cng gim, cng ph hu gim, qu trnh hnh thnh t cng thay i, t l keo st gim nhng t l keo hu c tng. + T l SiO2/Al2O3 trong keo st lin quan mt thit vi mc phong ha, ra tri v mc bin i trong qu trnh hnh thnh t:

T l SiO2/Al2O3 <2 >3 2-3

Qu trnh hnh thnh t Qu trnh alit Qu trnh sialit Trung gian gia 2 qu trnh trn

3.2. Quan h gia keo t vi l tnh t + nh hng ca hin tng t keo v tn keo n trng thi kt cu t: trong t, keo thng trng thi t (gel), t m mt phn cc ht keo tn ti trng thi tn (sol). D keo t trng thi tn t vn c hi cho t v n lm cho t b. Hin tng t keo lm cho cc ht t dnh li vi nhau to thnh ht kt c ln khc nhau. Nu gel khng tr li trng thi sol th nhng ht kt ny bn, cn khi gel phn no bin thnh sol th ht kt d nt vn, t c kt cu khng bn. Hin tng keo tn khng li cho t v ph v kt cu, ra tri cc ht keo lm cho t tr nn xu. + nh hng ca thnh phn cation hp ph n kt cu t: nu keo hp ph nhiu cation ho tr 1 nh Li+, Na+, K+ th t l cc ht keo v cc ht kt kch thc b t 0,005 - 0,002mm tng ln nhiu. Ngc li khi hp ph nhiu cation ho tr 2 th t l cc ht kt c kch thc ln t 0,02 - 0,25mm tng ln rt nhiu (bng 5.12). + nh hng ca tnh trng, co ca keo t n l tnh t: do tnh trng co ca keo t lm cho th tch t b thay i, t b nt n khi kh v nho nhot khi ma, nh hng n ch nc v ch kh trong t cng nh s pht trin ca b r cy. t cng cha nhiu keo st t trng co cng mnh, keo thuc nhm montmorilonit trng co mnh hn keo nhm kaolinit. Bng 5.12. Quan h gia thnh phn cation hp ph vi ht kt trong t Cation hp ph Li Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ Be2+
+

> 0,02mm 10,53 11,74 32,09 54,97 56,33 53,90

T l % ht kt 0,02 - 0,002mm 35,94 37,48 33,32 38,02 36,35 37,66

< 0,002mm 53,53 50,58 34,59 7,11 7,32 9,04

3.3. Quan h gia keo t vi ho tnh t Thnh phn cation hp ph trn keo cn nh hng n ho tnh t. Trn mt ht keo lun lun tn ti nhiu loi cation nhng cation no chim u th th n nh hng r rt n ho tnh t. + Nhng t giu Ca2+ v Mg2+ c phn ng trung tnh hi kim v no baz cao (t ph sa ngoi sng Hng c BS > 80%). + Nu t l Mg2+ di 15% dung tch hp ph th khng c hi g n tnh cht t, khi ln hn t l ny sinh ra hin tng mn magi (vng Trung ven Hc Hi). + Nhng t cha nhiu H+ v Al3+ trong thnh phn cation hp ph s c phn ng chua, no baz thp (t feralit, t , t vng, t potzon, t ph sa chua). + Nhng t c nhiu Na+ trong thnh phn cation hp ph s c tnh kim (t mn kim). + Cc cation K+ v NH4+ dng hp ph tng i t v cy d dng hp th chng, v vy cc cation ny t nh hng n tnh cht ca t. + t cng nhiu keo tnh m ca t cng cao.

3.4. Quan h gia kh nng hp ph ca t vi ch bn phn v ci to t * Vi ch bn phn Ch bn phn cho cc loi t khc nhau tu thuc vo kh nng hp ph ca t: + i vi t c kh nng hp ph cao, khi bn phn c th tp trung bn lt, bn lng phn ln, cn t c kh nng hp ph nh khng nn bn lt nng, cn bn thc vo cc giai on sinh trng cy cn nhiu dinh dng tng hiu qu ca phn bn. + Bn phn khong khng km theo bn vi lm chua ca t tng ln rt nhanh, lm gim mc bo ho baz ca t, tng hm lng H+, Al3+ i khi c K+ trong thnh phn cation trao i ca t. + Khi s dng phn m c cha gc NO3-, nn hn ch bn cho cc cy trng trong iu kin ngp nc gim s mt m do qu trnh ra tri v phn nitrat ho. + Bn vi cho cc t chua trc khi s dng phn ln hn ch s c nh cc ion phosphat bi st v nhm. + Khi bn phn kali cn ch s c nh kali bi cc keo st, c bit cc keo nhm hydromica. * Vi cc bin php ci to t + Phn ng trao i cation ca keo t l c s khoa hc ca bin php ho hc ci tao t. Trn c s cc phn ng ny c th s dng vi ci to cc t chua, hoc s dng thch cao ci to cc t mn kim [K]2H+ + CaCO3 [K]Ca2+ + H2O + CO2 [K]2Na+ + CaSO4 [K]Ca2+ + Na2SO4 + S dng nc ngt ci to cc t mn (ra Cl-, SO42-). Khi s dng nc ti, nc ra mn, ch hm lng Na+ trong nc trnh nguy c mn kim ho t. 4. Bin php duy tr v nng cao kh nng hp ph ca t Nh cc phn trn trnh by, phc h keo nh hng ln ti thnh phn v nng dung dch t, tnh cht l hc, ho hc, ch nc v kh ca t, iu kin pht trin ca vi sinh vt... V vy mun bo v v nng cao ph t cn tm cch duy tr, tng cng v thay i thnh phn, s lng keo t. + t ct cha rt t keo, kh nng hp ph km, tnh gi phn km. V vy i vi loi t ny cn tng keo bng cch bn t st kt hp vi phn hu c tng phc h hp ph cho t, tng dnh ht kt lm cho n tr nn bn. Hungari ci to t ct bng cch trn t st vi phn hu c lm thnh lp dy 2 - 3 cm em ri bn cho t ct. l phc h keo st mn c kh nng to cho t nhiu c tnh tt m ring phn chung khng th c c. D nhin, khng phi t st no cng bn c cho t nh, v d t st mn khng ci to c t ct, min Bc nc ta vic dng bn ao hoc cy su lt st di su ln kt hp vi phn hu c ci to t thnh phn c gii nh nh t bc mu. + Ph sa cc sng ln cha nhiu keo c th dng ti cho rung nhiu ct, cng l bin php tng lng keo t. + Bn phn hu c v v c cn l bin php thay i thnh phn ion hp ph ca keo. Cc ion OH-, COO- v SiO32-...c th lm cho cc mui phosphat tr thnh d tan hn. V d bn natri silicat: Na2SiO3 + H2O = H2SiO3 + 2NaOH H2SiO3 + Ca3(PO4)2(kh tan) = 2CaHPO4(d tan) + CaSiO3 hoc bn phn hu c:

R(COOH)2 + Ca3(PO4)2(kh tan) = R(COO)2 - Ca + 2CaHPO4(d tan) + i vi nhng t thnh phn c gii qu nng khng ph hp yu cu cy trng c th ci to bng cch bn ct, bn t ph sa th, bn nhiu phn hu c v trng cy phn xanh. + i vi nhng loi t c kh nng hp ph thp c th bn vo t cc khong vt c dung tch trao i cation cao nh bentonit, zeolit nng cao dung tch hp ph cho t. Cu hi n tp 1. Khi nim keo t, cc c tnh c bn ca keo v phn loi keo t? 2. c im ca cc loi keo st chnh trong t, thnh phn ca keo trong cc loi t chnh ca Vit Nam? 3. Kh nng hp ph ca t l g? Cc dng hp ph ca t, bin php duy tr v nng cao kh nng hp ph ca t? 4. Quan h gia keo t, kh nng hp ph ca t vi tnh cht ca t v ch bn phn, ci to t?