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Chapter 2: Internetworking Concepts Overview
Chapter 2: Internetworking Concepts Overview
Chapter 2: Internetworking Concepts Overview
Internetworking
Concepts Overview
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 21
Objectives
On completion of this chapter, you will
be able to perform the following tasks:
• Describe how data traffic is exchanged
between source and destination devices
• Identify the roles and functions of a hub,
switch, and router, and where they best fit in
the network
• Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a
given set of network requirements
Distribution
Layer
Access
Layer
Access Layer
End station entry point to the network
Core Layer
• Fast transport to enterprise services
• No packet manipulation
Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
Application
Application
(Upper) Presentation
Layers
Session
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Flow
Layers
Data Link
Physical
EXAMPLES
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA232
pinout cables V.35
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—29
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link
• Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA232
pinout cables V.35
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—210
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link
• Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA232
pinout cables V.35
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—211
Role of Data Flow Layers
EXAMPLES
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP
Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link
• Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA232
pinout cables V.35
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—212
Role of Data Flow Layers
Application
Presentation
EXAMPLES
Session
• Reliable or unreliable delivery TCP
Transport • Error correction before retransmit UDP
SPX
Provide logical addressing which IP
Network
routers use for path determination IPX
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames 802.3 / 802.2
Data Link
• Access to media using MAC address HDLC
• Error detection not correction
• Move bits between devices
Physical • Specifies voltage, wire speed and EIA/TIA232
pinout cables V.35
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—213
Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
PDU
Upper Layer Data Session
Segment
Transport
TCP Header Upper Layer Data
Network Packet
IP Header Data
Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—214
Deencapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper Layer Data
Transport
Upper Layer Data
e a der
H
Network TCP
TCP+ Upper Layer Data
e a der
IP H
IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
Data Link a der
LC He
L
LLC Hdr + IP + TCP + Upper Layer Data
r
e ade
AC H
M
Physical
0101110101001000010
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—215
Physical Layer Functions
Defines
• Media type
EIA/TIA232
Ethernet
• Connector type
802.3
Physical
V.35
• Signaling type
10Base2—Thick Ethernet
10Base5—Thick Ethernet
Host
Hub
10BaseT—Twisted Pair
Hosts
Physical
A B C D
• All devices in the same collision domain
• All devices in the same broadcast domain
• Devices share the same bandwidth
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—218
Hubs: One Collision Domain
• More end stations means
more collisions
• CSMA/CD is used
Frame Relay
802.2
Data Link
• Higher layer protocol
HDLC
(Service Access Point)
associated with frame
Ethernet
• Network topology 802.3
Physical EIA/TIA232
• Frame sequencing v.35
• Flow control
• Connectionoriented
or connectionless
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—220
Data Link Layer Functions (cont.)
MAC Layer
# Bytes 8 6 6 2 Variable 4
Preamble Dest add Source add Length Data FCS
0000.0C xx.xxxx
IEEE assigned Vendor
assigned
MAC Address
1 2 3 4 OR 1 2
• Each segment has its own collision domain
• All segments are in the same broadcast domain
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—222
Switches
Switch
Memory
• Each segment has its
own collision domain
• Broadcasts are
forwarded to all
segments
• Defines logical
Network
source and IP, IPX
destination
addresses
Frame Relay
associated with a 802.2
Data Link
HDLC
specific protocol
Ethernet
• Defines paths
through network 802.3
Physical
EIA/TIA232
• Interconnects v.35
multiple data links
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—224
Network Layer Functions (cont.)
Network Layer End Station Packet
Source Destination
IP Header Data
address address
• Logical
Address
172.15.1.1
Network Node
Address Mask
172.16.122.204 255.255.0.0
172 16 122 204
Binary
Address
10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
255 255 0 0
Binary
Mask
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Network Host
2.1 2.2
1.3 4.3
1.2 4.2
E0 S0 S0 E0
Routing Table Routing Table
NET INT Metric NET INT Metric
1 E0 0 1 S0 1
2 S0 0 2 S0 0
4 S0 1 4 E0 0
• Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network
• Configuration required
• Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—227
Routers: Operate at the
Network Layer
• Broadcast control
• Multicast control
• Optimal path
determination
• Traffic management
• Logical addressing
• Connects to WAN
services
Mobile User
Branch Office
Main Office
Internet
• Distinguishes between
upper layer applications
• Establishes endtoend
Transport
connectivity between TCP UDP SPX
applications
• Defines flow control
Network
IP IPX
• Provides reliable or
unreliable services for
data transfer
Sender Receiver
Synchronize
Acknowledge, Synchronize
Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
Collision Domains:
1 4 4 4
Broadcast Domains:
1 1 1 4
Core Layer
Distribution
Layer
Access
Layer
• First select WAN
technology solutions
based on the following:
Cost per
Modem/ISDN
Month
– Availability of service
– Bandwidth requirement Leased Line, T1
Frame Relay
– Cost
• Second, choose products
0 Usage
that support selected WAN
solutions
64
ISDN, Voice
56 Frame Relay
19.2 Web Browsing
New Modem
9.6
EMail, File Transfer
4.8
Old Modem Telnet
Determine applications that you want to run
© 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND—235