CHEMISTRY

chemistry is easy

Manufactured Substances In Industry

Name : Farah Nur Liyana Binti Azman Class : 4P2

INTRODUCTION

All the objects that exist around us are made up of chemical substances. These objects exist an element, compound or mixture. All these objects contribute benefit to human kind. As time goes on, human has done many researches to ensure all these chemical substances will be enough for the use of themselves. Chapter 8 of Form 4 syllabus introduces the students with manufactured substances in industry. This is important for the students to appreciate the knowledge of chemistry that is still new for themselves. Personally, I think that this chapter is an interesting chapter as it revealed the way of scientist produces the material around me. It also gives me new knowledge of the uses of chemical substances that I usually found in the laboratories. I hope, by learning this chapter, I will be more interested in learning chemistry as it will help me in the future. All the equations from this chapter make me more understand of the previous chapters.

*refers from the Module Chemistry Form 4 (pg 157)*

SULPHURIC ACID Write an equation for Contact protect and Haber process, stating the temperature, pressure and catalyst required. - List the uses of sulphuric acid and ammonia. AMMONIA ALLOY - Explain how sulphur dioxide causes environmental pollution. - State the meaning of alloy. - Draw the arrangement of atoms in metals and alloys. - Explain why an alloy is stronger than its pure metal. - Design an experiment of alloys, compositions and properties of alloys. - List example of alloys compositions and properties of alloys. - State the meaning of polymers - List naturally occurring polymers and synthetic polymers and synthetic polymers. - State the use of synthetic polymers. - Explain the effect of environmental pollution caused by the disposal of synthetic polymers. - Ways to reduce pollution caused by synthetic polymers.

POLYMERS

GLASS AND CERAMICS - List uses of glass and ceramics. - List types of glass and ceramics. - State properties of ceramics.

COMPOSITE MATERIALS State the meaning of composite materials - List example of composite materials and their components, and uses. - Compare and contrast properties of composite materials with those of their originals components. - Design an experiment to produce composite materials.

SULPHURIC ACID
Uses of Sulphuric Acid

1. Suphuric acid is one of the most important industrial chemicals. 2. It is used in industries to make fertilizers, detergents, paints, chemicals and any others uses.

Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid 1. Sulphuric acid can be prepared by using the contact process using vanadium(V) oxide as a catalyst. 2. There are three main stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid namely: a) Combustion of sulphur b) Conversion of sulphur dioxide 3. The process at each stage is summarised in the table below:

Stage 1: In the furnace, molten sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide, SO2. The gas produced is purified and cooled. S(l) + O2(g) SO2(g) Stage 3: In the absorber, the sulphur trioxide, SO3 is first reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 to form a product called oleum, H2S2O7. SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7 The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produced concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities. H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l) The two reactions in the third stage are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l) Stage 2: In the converter, sulphur dioxide, SO2 and excess oxygen gas, O2 are passed over a 2 2 7 few plates of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5 catalyst at 4500C to produce sulphur trioxide, SO3. 2 2 7 3 2 4 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) About 99.5% of the sulphur dioxide,7 2 2 SO2 is converted into sulphur trioxide, SO3 through this reversible reaction.

oleum, H S O . SO (g) + H SO (l) H S O The oleum, H S O is then diluted with water to produced concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities. H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l) The two reactions in the third stage are equivalent to adding sulphur trioxide, SO3 directly to water. SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)

SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7 The oleum, H2S2O7 is then diluted with water to produced concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4 in large quantities.

H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) 2H2SO4(l) The two reactions in the third stage are equivalent to adding Environmental Problems of Sulphur Dioxide sulphur trioxide, SO3the burning of sulphur and the burning directly to 1. Sulphur dioxide is released to the air from of coal. water. dioxide is oxidized to sulphur trioxide 2. The sulphur SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l)