trsf

ww&

pmrsufs

em
1
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;

tdyfrufuav;
vsycjhwjhtwguf
armifhudk
urefrtjrj
aus;zl;wifaeawmhrsmyg
armif

yhkesdyfrswfwrf;

*sl; &jy yxrqhk; 0w�k&snf trswfw&udk 1987ckespf? pufwifbmrsm tifmuif;nrdkif pmayu

yxrqhk;tbudrf
yhkesdyfxkwfa0cjhygw,f/
rsufesmzhk;yef;csd -yef;csdjrifharmifausmf
yhkesdyf -&mausmfyhkesdyfwdkuf
wefzdk; -22 usyf

pmrsufs

em
2
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef; (1)
urefrmum;aeus
pum;ohwpfckjzifh
urefrudk budkqdkrnfhol r&sdyg/
aomhydwfxm;aom
whcg;ab;wgif
urefremrnf qdkif;bkwfjym; wpfckom
&sdawmhonf/
rdk;oufavjzifh
tenf;i,f
csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfogm;�
vufaygutdwfxjrs
aomhudk uysmuod
xkwf,lvdkufonf/
�aomhudk zgifhrnfhol[l�
urefr wpfod;wnf;om
&sdawmhonf/

pmrsufs

em
3
trsf

ww&

aeg;axg;aysmf&ifpgm bdkqdkrnfholr&sdaom &xm;qif;c&d;onfwpfd;\ 'k�udk wwd, tbudrf

tuouchpm;&aomtcg yxrqhk; tudrfavmuf pdwfqif;&jri ryif;xefawmhlwm&hk taqmuftth\

tjfbufwif

bjyg/bkyigrdk;zjgzjg usaeaomamumifh qif0iem; uyfvsuf&sdaeaom ohk;bd;wpfpd;udkom

tvgfwul ism;vdkuf&avonf/

f,
aeg&mod zpfrdk;&modjzpap? vrf;xgufvif b,fawmhrs xd;raqmif; wwfaom urerudk

jap? fqf]b,fvdkrdef;uav;vj[} [k rthhmobj ? thhojyrnfholf; ted;wgif r&sdyg/

re�av;nrdkuonf ,cifuvdyif

mvnkpdkpgwfxkdif;ridif;vsuf &sdonf/ vrf;ray:wgif yef;ygifha<ursm;? opf&gufa<ursm;

[dkwpfp onfwppfvigfh&if;
wcskdf; a&pdknyd; wcskduvnf; ajcmufaoguaeqj jzpfonf/ rdk;u wpfcsuf wpfcsurfsm
jzef;cej

uvnaeonf;yufvdkufnd; wpfcsufwpfcsuf usawmh jzifhvgifhyg� rdk;pufrsm;

aysmufaysmufgm;jyef\/ 'g re�av;rdk;rs

yavor[kwfbj/ rdk;pdkpgwfaom uw�&mvrf;r\ tehuesifhtwl rjy,fhwjy,f zkefaigutehuu

urefrudk cyfpdrf;pdrf;
eiwfqufazmf&avonf/

uskh;axmifhu pdeff;yifbud;rsmawmh [dkvgefjhonfh umvrsm;enf;wl ed&jaeatmif ygifhqj/

tyigfhrsm;

yecajrjfgifjyefyusjvsuf? wcskduu ohqefum\onfbuf yvufazmif;ay:txd vifhusaeonf/

tckaersm;

yiwgwpfphkwpfftodrdwfaqg esifhawgnyd; ]a[m ... tvnfvmwmvm;} [k eiwfcgf;qufvqif

uefrb,fvdk

a,muuerajz&yghrvj/ kh;a&yifay: odky rdk;pufrsm; vgifhj vgfhcej epfj�kyfusaeonf/

eef;a&skh;a&jyifbufwgi

usjceiruusfom
awgu&wwfaom yef;eka&mif mumihkygifhrsm;udk pwif jrif&vqif urefrwdky aetdrfuav;odky
a&mufvknyd/ &if;esd;aeus
xaemif;yifrsm;? a&arsmfyif ao;ao;aug;aug;uav;rsm;? mum&guft&g,fphkrsm;? aemuf
mumzl;ihkrsm;? mumygifhrsm;/

a&edajrmif;aygifxdyfwigf urefr qif;&ygrnf/ um;&yfvdkufaomtcgrs rdk;u a0gcej

&gmcsypfvdkufawmhonf/ rdef;rudkifvufqgjaow�m tao;uwpfzuf? ychk;� vG,fxm;aom
vufaygutdwfuwpff?

zurdk;a&xj� csufcsif; pdk&tgjogm;onf/ 'guawmh re�av;rdk; tppfyjgufogm;aomtcg urer

rdk;a&x�JcP

/ um;xfusef&pfonf/ pufbd;udk,pfdesifh ausmif;olt&g,f redf;uav;wpfzgjuu urefrudk

aemujfyefvsnfhmunhf ogm;mu\/
ajrmif;aygiftwdkif; cyfogufoguf avqmufvsrf;vmaom tcdkuftwefy� pdkpgwfaom
urefrqhyifrsm;
wpfcsufwpfcsufvgifhogm;onf/

a[m [dkrsm ... opfom;whwm;jzluav;/ �whwm;uav;udk 1982 ckespf wkef;u

urefrwdkyespfa,muf
cif;cjhonf/ aq;tjzludkawmh urefrudk,fwdkif okwfcjhonf/ �whwm;uav;onf urefrudk
armifhudk,fpm;
budkqdkoljzpfavonf/ whwm;ay:wigf &sdaeus uav;wpfodkuf r&sdyg/ urefrwpfa,mufwnf;
a&pdk&tjvquf
jzwfoef;vm&onf/ mumzl;mumcdkifrsm; a&pd;amumif;\ wdkufwgef;riamumifh ,drf;egju
aemuon/ oflwdkyudkmunhfvqif
urefr&ifu ,ckwdkif emusifqj jzpfygonf/ jch0if;whcg;onf ygifhvquf&sd\/ bmyjjzpfjzpf
wpfcsdefcsdefrsmawmh
tdrf&siftewfdesifh y#doe�m&pum;rsm;qdk&od;rnf/

�tdk ... wpffwnf;vm;�

[kom olr eiwfqufwwf [ef&sdonf/ uhaumif;axmufrpgm tefw\

a,mudtdrfonf urerwdkytdrfwpfbufrsm &sdae� urerfcpawmh a&smifaevdky&onf/

unhfprf;ygod;?

fuav;\
esif;qdyifrsm; tawmf&snfxguf udkif;vsuf&sdnyd/ wpfyif? espfyif? ohk;yif/ tdk ...
[dkbufu espfyifu
rdk;pufrsm;atmufwgif ajcmufguvsuf &sdonf/ tif;av ... ureffeifh rxd&wm
b,favmufawmifmumnydj/

aorvusvwpfespf ed;yg;&sda&mhf/ 'df &sifoefaeonfrsm yifvqif tefwd\aus;zl;ygyj/

opfom; avsum;ohk;xpfudk

rnavmuwufnyd;aomtcg ysofcif;murf;jyifay: a&mufa&mufcsif; rdk;pufrs vgwfogm;\/

whpufnrdwfrs a&wdky pd;usaeonf/
]munhfprf; rdk;&gmxjrsm b,fawmhrqdk xd;raqmif;bl;/ tjrjpd&kjtvdky? jrefjref
0ifprf;yg} urefrmum;aeus
pum;ohwpcfkjzifh urefrudk budkqdkrnfhol r&syg/ daomhydwfxm;aom wcg;ab;whgif
urefremrnf qdkif;bkwfjym;

pmrsufs

em
4
trsf

ww&

wpfckom&sdawmh onf/ rdk;oufavjzifh tenf;i,f csrf;pdrfhpdrfhjzpfogm;�

vufaygutdwxfjrs aomhudk uysmuod
xkwf,lvdkufonf/ �aomhudk zgifhrnfhol[l� urefr wpfod;wnf;om &sdawmhonf/

0ifvdkufaomtcg xhk;phtwdkif; opfawmfod;ehyu oif;art;vquf &sdonf/ armifhenf;wl

urefrvnf;
thhmo&avmufatmif �tdruav;onff opfawmfod;ehy tjrjoif;art; aeavonf/ arsmifydwfaom
{nfhcef;udk
prf;w0g;0g; jzpfraebj aeom;wus urefr avqmufogm;edkif\/ urefrwdky{nfhcef;rsm pm;ygj
ukvm;xdkif r&sdyg/
a[monfbufrsm aomufa&tdk;pif? onfbufu axmifxm;aom oifjzl;zsmvdyfespfck?
urefrrswfrdaeonf/
eh&hwpfbufodky avqmufogm;nd; rd;cvkwfudk qgjcsvdkufonf/ vif;vufogm;aom zefrdf;
rd;a&mifatmufwgif

y;acsmieh&huyfmunhfrsefxj� pdkuyfaeaom qhyifrsm;esifh arqmfvifhcsuf uif;rjhaeaom

rsuefsmwpfckudk &kwfjcnf; awu&ongf/
vufqjgaow�mudk murf;jyifay:odky tomt,mcsvdkufnyd; tdrf\ {nfhcef;wavqmuf [dkonf
pl;prf;munhfonf/
urefr r&sdonfhtcsdefgif; wpfphk wpfa,muf vmaeogm;onfh togifjyifr&sdfwpfacguf
urfrtjyef

twtyg/,ciewkef;u arhavsmhxm;cjhonfh oeyfcg;ysd;yifaygufuav; espfrsm yef;tdk;i,f

uav;rsm;xjwgif t&gufwdkyyif

kyifr&sdawmhbj vdrfajcmufaom tudkif;uav;rsm;om usefawmhonf/ onftrdfudk

armifra&mufvmwm aocsmogm;nyd/
r[kwfao;ygbl;av? ontyifg onfae&mrsm &sdae&hkjfh? armirvm[k raymedkfyg/ armifu

fuav;awzifjiyef;yifpdkufzdky 0goemrsj/

rygb

wpfckwnf;aomtcef;onf whcg;&gufapydwfvsuf &sdonf/ tcef;whcg; txufgifawmh (tjyifrs

hwajymif;a&tdwfxm;cjhaom) armifhemrnf qdkif;bkwfjsdonf/ tyifrsm txifsm; csdwcfgifh

r&aomfvnf;

ucsym; uav;&jt&
rnfolrq rjrifedikfaom aomhydwfxm;aom tdrfx&jsd tcef;wcg; htxurfsmawmh
csdwfqgjcgifh&sdvdrfhrnf[k
urefr,ckwdkif ,hkmunfaeao;onf/ tcef;whcg;udk wgef;zigfhvdkuf\/ armifhudk
erf;art;wdkif; &avh&sdonfh cskdjraom
armifhudk,fehyonf tcef;xjwgif urefgrf;qgwemusiff apavmufatmif ododomom
art;ysuaeavonf/ armif

rvha&mufaewmawmh rjzpefdkifyg/ ckwifacgif;&if;rs rd;cvkwfudk prf;� zigfhvdkufonf/

urefr &ifxjrsm vdiufcej
vgifh[mogm;onf/ ckwifay:rsm oifjzl;wpfcsyfom &sdonf/ pm;ygjay:wgif urerxm;cfjhonfh
yef;pdkuftdk;wpfck
twgif;� bmyef;[k roeddkif avmufatmif ajcmufaoguaeaom esif;qdyef;wdkyonf ,ckwdkif
rvjrnykd&sdaeao;onf/
pm;ygjay:rsm urefrxm;cjhaom pawmfa,f&d,dkbl;esifh aygifrekfyvsd;onhf "g;onf
ae&mr,gif;ao;yg/ vufnd�k;av;esifh
tzhk;udk xdwdkymunhfvdkufonf/ zkefrsm;murf;&svsuf vufnd�k;udk ayushogm;onf/
taotcsm &idufart;awmh art;aeus
udk,fehywpfctjf zkefaigutehyyg &vmonf/ armif a&mufvmcjhonfh txdrf;trsftjzpf
wdk;vdkywgjavmif;

kyiwcsdwfqgjxm;aom tus�rsm;? ykdk;rsm; r&sd/ aomufvufp aumfzdyef;uefrsm;?

t&uffcgufrsm;? pd;u&utwfdkrsm;

qzer&sd/ jyefyusjaeaom zjcsyfta[mif;rsm; r&sd/ zmcef;qd;udk yifhwif xm;jcif;r&sd/

ckwifab;rs jylwif;aygufudk urefrzgifhvdkufaomtcg avesifhtwl rdk;puf ao;ao;uav;rsm;

rsufesmqddky ajfvmmuonf/ at;pdrfhogm;onhchpm;riudk &&sdcsdefwif uefryhk;rdogm;onf/

qyihfa&pdk

oy;0ifgrjt0wfa&pdesifh cyfummum rwfwyf&yf ai;idkiffjcjhvqif ... / urfronf ckwifab;

aow�mxj

kmaewmrsm; armirifers
rsufesmokfyk0gudk tvsifxkf� qhyirsm;udk okwypfaerdonf/
rsufesmokwyk0grskwfvhk;ehyart;aeao;onf/

wwfffmy&
tu,f� armif a&mufvmcjhnyd; armif �yk0gudk a&okwfcjhvqif y&kwfvhk;ehy &sdawmhrsm
r[kwf/ (aow�mxj vhk;axg;
xnfhxm;cjhrsmvnf; aocsmygonf/) tif;av ... armif[m �tdrfudk bmtamumif;udpjzihf
vmrnff;/

�enracsmi

tm;avsmh pdwfysufiesifh txd;usef0rf;enf;rionf urefr&ifxjrs vnff;qdtxd

qdkyeifhvmonf/
bmawgyjzpfzpfwpfa,mufwnf; usefaewmawmh aocsmygonf/ vufqgjaow�mudk jyef,l� a&pdkt0w

jaejae f
rsm;udk vjonftcgvnf; wpfphkwpck vdktyfaeovdk chpm;&onf/ tcef;xj&sd zkefdk
pifmu,fogm;atmif

hfrsm;utenf;i,f yifyef;pgm vsjusif;oefy&sif;vdkufvqif armifhudk wrf;wpdwfrsm;

tenf;i,f ajyavsmh ogm;vdrfhf/

rn

pmrsufs

em
5
trsf

ww&

rswfrswf&&
xdkaeyu
rdk;&gmaeonf/

rdk;&gmaersef;vnf;
jchtjyifa&mufrs
urefrwdkyespfod;
odmuonf/

armifesifhurefr espfod;
aq;tjzlokwfxm;aom
whwm;av;ay:�
&kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfaemuonfudk
a&edajrmif;xjrs
csmwdwfuav;espfod;u
txl;tqef;ozg,f
munhfaemuonf/

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef; (2)

pmrsufs

em
6
trsf

ww&

arharhaysmufaysmuf jzpfgm;rsmyg[laom ajzorfhpum;udk &kwfw&uf mum;a,mifdonf/ armif

odvmrajymcjhaompum; r[kwfedki/ armifesifh ywfouforq urefr tpgjf; bud;rm;onfudk

armiftodqhk;yg/

ftvr&sif;oefyaeaom pm;ygjay:rsm wpfckckvdkao;onf/ armihf"gwfyhk vdkaewmyj/

xif;&sl;aow�mxjrsm arsmufodrf;
xm;aom zdkwdkpwif;efudk xkf,l� vufudkifk0gjfh zkefkwfay; vdkufonf/

wyzio

armif "gwfyhk&dkufvif tjyifrsdk munhfraumif;yg/ "gwfhkxjwgif armifheiwff;

(atmufeiwfcrf;) on

qmvycrf
e*dkxuf ydk�xlaenyd; tenf;i,f tvif;&dyf usvqifyif wgjusvked;yg; jzpfogm;onf/
armifhfvhk;rsm;u

rsutjyifrsmavmuf rpl;&sbj &sfudk;&sufuef; jzpfzpfaewwf\/ aemufyd; &,fvdkufvif

wtm;cspfzdky aumif;aom

ujnqarmifonf "gwyfhkxjrsm rnfodkyrq r&,fjykh;wwfyg/

armif &,farmonfhtcsdefwgif urefr ai;armmunhfrd� �armifu uav; vdkyjaemf�

[k wzgzg&gwfwdkif;
pdwfwdkwwfaom armiff urefrudkawmh rmumcp pdwfaumufwwygonf/ armifrdky
pdwfaumufnydqdkvqif

onfrypyeufyg/

urefru tjj&dfrd wwfonf/ armifdwfaumufndqdkvqif ehfwdkif; urerqd vmaeus

rvmawmhaq;&hkrsmvnf; armifesifh wpfzgjuwnf;r[kw� ufrefrwdkyespfa,muf rawgumuyg/

xdktcguefrunaeausmif;qif;vqif �tdrfdkyvm&ygonf/ tcef;xrjsm wa,mufwnf;xdkif�

rozj&dkufaeaom armifhudk urfracsmh& wwff/ jzifh �armif aeyv,fu bmpm;ovj[kom

eygontrsm;tm;�
ar;wwfygonf/ armifu rmum;csifa,mifaqmifaewwfygonf/ armifonf npmudkom tdrf&isfxhrs
xrif;cskdifh,lnd; aeyv,fpmudk ausmif;ted;upm;aomufqdkifwpfcckrsm mhkovdk
pm;wwfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&h

pm;ykuarmiyfdkufqhjywfonfhtcg aeyv,fpmzdk; r&sdonfh tcg urefrwdkytaqmifrs

urefrtwguf aeyvnfpm xrif;[if;udk
xrif;bl;xjwgif jynfhodfaeatmif xnfhvmnyd; aq;&hkmd;u pmoiff;r (oda,wm)wgif
jzpfausmif;u

yuceap?
pmoiff;rwgif jzpfap? ausmif;uiefwif;rsm vuff&nfaomu&if; jzpfap? urerwdky
esfa,mutwfl

cefzuffppm;wwfygonf/
urefrudk armifpdwfaumufvqif ydkufqhjywfaeapumrl aeyv,fpmudk urefresifhtwl
rpm;awmhyg/
taqmifae oli,fcsif; wpfa,mufa,mufxhrsm ogm;pm;vqif pm;rnf/ odkyr[kwf
wpfusyfavmurfs r&sdawmhvqif
0if;odwm vufzu&nffqdkirfsm ta<u; ogm;aomufrnf/ nyd; b,folesifhrq pum;rajymbj
aq;&hkqif;p&m
&sdvqifogm;rnf/ twef; r&sdawmhvqif eef;a&suodky jyefvmnyd; olytcef;usof;av;xju
ckwifay:rsm
arsmufvsufvsjtdyfnyd; urefr vmtacsmhudk apmifhaernf/

armifpdwfaumufnydqdkvqif urefr naepm xrif;,lxm;zdky

oli,fcsif;udkrsmnyd;eef;a&suodky tvsifqhk;
vmcjh&ww\/ f

]]armifaeyv,fubmpm;vj}}

armifjurfru armifhtwguf,lvmaom uskdif;whkaygifrefyudk axmywfokwfomum;jzl;um

razyg/ ek�
armihfudkaur;ygonf/ armionf aygifrkefy axmywfkwfudk tvgefudkufonf/ wpfcgavmuf
aur;&hesifh

fobkarmiff xifvif rsm;ogm;vdrfhrnf/ armifonf wpfcgwpf&h pdwf&snfvufsnf aumufae wwf

pm;rnq&\/

]]armifqmaersmodvdky 0,fvmwm pm;aemf}}

onfavmufesfh armipdwfaumuf rajywwf

ifyg/

pmrsufs

em
7
trsf

ww&

]]uj ... uj ... aemufwpfcgqdkf armifrbudufbj wpfa,mufwnf; &kyf&sifogm;rmunhf

awmhbl;aemf}}

&ik

armif pdwfaumuffqdkvqvnf; aumufcsifp&m? urronf &yf&sif um;wpfum;udk budkufndqdkvqi

rnifefkyf
rnfujhodky tcuftcrsjkd;&sdaeygap munfhjzpfatmif munfhwwfygonf/ armifesifhurefr
tzgjucsif; rwlojzifh
tm;vyfdefcif;vnf; rwlurer tm;vyfcsdefwgif armifu aq;&hkrm uslwdkd,,f
&sdcsif&sdrnf/ vufcsm

csjyg/ fs&
&sdcsi&fsdrnf/ odkyr[kwf atmifqef;aqmifrsm zj0dkif;jzpfcsif jzpfaernf/ ureruawmfh
urefr tm;vyfcsdefqdkvqif
tazmfwpfa,mufa,muf ac:� &kf&sif ogm;munhfypfvdkufj/ tazmfvdkufrnfholsdvnf;
urerwpfa,muf

ywmygyr&fwnf; ogm;munhfonf/ xdktcg armifu t&rf;pdwfqdk;onf/

yxrespfuwnf;u cifriff;esd;vmaom ureresifh 0goemwl? p&dkufwl a,musfm;av;

oli,fcsif;esifh

&ifwarhwajrm vufzu&nffqdkirfsm pum;ajymjzpmfu vqifvnf; armifpdwfaumufrnf/

]]rdef;uav;udku rdef;uav;ejy rwlbl;/}} [k jypfwif&iwfcsrnf/

�roifhawmfwmqdk odyfvkyfcsifw,f? enf;enf;rs xdef;odrf;ri r&sdbl;}} [k

vlbud;wpfa,mufvdk
rnyd;edkifrpd;edkif tjypfqdkaeawmhonf/

]]&dk;&dk;om;om; pum;aymwmyj op�fuvj? olyrsmvj &nf;pm;ejy armifvjtod}}

jm armi

]]r&snefjy....}} wjh/

urefru tenf;i,f pdwfaumufzdky muhg,fqj olu tvsif pdwfaumuff/

&avon

]]wu,fygyjawmf? yxrespfuwnf;u cifvmwm tckyj ckespfespf&sdnyd/ olejy

&nf;pm;jzpfrsyj cskyfcs,f

wm
ch&awmw,f/ ruhzl;ygbl;/ ciff;0if;uzifh 0if;jfhxef;udk pdwfraumufygbl;? olyj ighudk
aumufaumu

hbkpejrigf
aeawmhwmyj}} urefru olmum;avmufatmif? odyfvnf;rus,fatmif tohcyfwdk;wdk;jzifh
wwgwfwgwf nnf;nl
vqifvnf; oluawmh rmum;[ef aqmifaewmygyj/

]]bmawgrsm; ta&;wbud; ajymp&m&sdvdky epsfem&d ohk;em&dmumatmif xdkifaemuwmvj}}

armifonf urfrudk a,musfli,ff;esifh ywfoufvqif tenf;i,frq pdwrcswwfyg/ armifhuk

em;av; ocsifdurefr acsmh&aom enf;rsm;rsm rrswfrd avmuatmif rsm;jym;jcif; r&sdyg/

urefronf wpffh

fcgwp&
acsmhenf;wpfckwnf; udkom xyfwvjvj ohk;wwfygonf/ aygifrkefyaxmywfokwfaur;� acsmhaom
tajctaeonf
odyfrqdk;&gm;aom y#dyu� wpcfkwpfavtwguf jzpfonf/ &yifygaeaom armifhtcef;udk
&isf;vif;� armifht0wftpm;
wcskddkodrf;? wcskduudk avqmzgyf�? armiftwguf npmudk jyifqif� acsmhnydqdkvif
y#dyu� enf;enfbud;aom

uufh&q;
amumifh jzpfonf/

odyfpdwfqdk;vif armifonf xrif;yef;uersm;? cskifhrsm;udk ypfayguf&dkucgj wwfao;onf/

wpfke

qfdfcgwf;u
naps;wef; pmtkyff;qdkifrs a,musfm;av; oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufesfh ywfouf� tbud;tus,f

ta&miipum;rsm;cjhzl;on/furefr uawmh �udp�ESifh ywfouf� urefrtjypfr[kwf[k

tjrj,hmkunf\/ armifonf
aps;cskdjfap? w&yfwef;naps;jzpfap urefdk b,fawmhs vdkufrydkywwfyg/ armifu
wpfkd;ygyj/ armifhtwgf

zpkrurrsupydky&syf0,fvqifawmif armif b,fawmhrs rvdkufcsifwwf/ xdkyamumifhvnf;

aps;ogm;vqif armifhudk rac:jzpfcjhyg/

pmrsufs

em
8
trsf

ww&

naps;rskyfogm;0,fcif;? ogm;a&mif;jcif; triudwdky� armifhudk b,awmhq tm;rudk;cjh/

oli,fcsif;eifhtw

mpmtjp�frSl
ogm;pjrjjzpfonf/ naps;ogm;aomaey\ aemufwpfaeywigf urefrwdkyespfa,muf
pdwfqdk;mupjrjjzpfonf/

wpfcgrsmawmh armifu]]naps;u aumifawgu tvum;aumifawg? eif wpfaey 'ku�a&mufr,f}}

[laomt"dy�g,fkd; (armifhpum; twtustwdkif; rrswfdyg) urerudk ajf/ urefru
oli,ff;bufrs

rsdrfymvmoncsirchr&yedkifzpfnyd; armifhudk jyeffrdonf/

fjatm

�armifaemf oldk tom;vgwf rapmfum;ejy? xgef;xgf;u armifhxufawmif cspfudk

em;vnfao;w,f?

rsm;ueodvm;}}
�pum;wpcfgef;onf armifhudk jyif;xefpgm emusifap[efwlygonf/ armifu amumufp&m
aumif;avmufatmif awmuffcsuacgufydd; urerudk &dkufrvdk vuf&g,fvdkufao;onf/ nyd;rs
olpdwfdkol

wpfnfyujyefxef;um urefdk tmbd; ai;armpdkufmunhfaecjhonf/ xdktcgusrs urefrpum;

rnfrq jyif;xefl;&smumif;

druumupa&dyfrdf/ odkyaomf rwwfdkifawmhjctaetm;vhk; vgefnydnydrefmunhfaeqj armifu

jyhk;jyonf/

&oneyg?ta;/urai;
armifthjyhk;udk urefr rmunfh&ufyg/

]]aumif;nydav? 'gqdkvj armifhxuf em;vnfwjhoeljy bmjzpfvdky twlraewmvj}}

xdkrqom pum;wdkwdkav;qdknd; armifu csmcej vsfhxgufogm;onf/ urfr amumif&yfraeb

ynej
armifhaemufu csuff;tay;tvtvdkufogm;cjhonf/ tjonfwkef;ursm; urfr bmvkf&rsef;robj

csijm; eydwidkidkw&,f&,f usefjhvif armifhesifhuefr tvgfapmpgm vrf;cgjmfjzpfamf;

jyefawg;rdwdkif; ,ckwdkif

aecqreu&rnumi&ifzdkxdwfvefyqj jzpfonf/

rswfrswf&& xdkaeyu rdk;&gmaeonf/ rdk;&gmaersef;vnf; jchtjyifa&mufrs

urefrwdkyespfod; odmuonf/
armiefsifhurefr epsfod; aq;tjzlokwfxm;aom whwm; av;ay:� &kef;&if;qefcwf
jzpfaemuonfudk a&edajrmif;xrjs
csmwdwfuav;espfod;u txl;tqef;ozg,f munhfaemuonf/

]]armif b,rfsrogm;ygejy? cspfudk oem;ygod;ug,f}

]]cifdk em;rvnfwjholejy bmjzpfvdky qufaecsif&wmvj? ogm;ygapaygh}}

asm;u

]]r[kwfbl;? cspf aemufudk armifrbudkufwm bmwpfckrs rvkyfawmhygbl;/ trdfxj

jyefvdkufcjhygaemf/
rauseyf&if cspfudk &dkufypfyg}}

armif urefrudk b,fwkef;urs r&dkufbl;yg/ rdk;pdk&tjaersef; ,ckrs owd& ogm;aom

armifonf
raumif;wwf� vdkufvm&aom trlt&mrskd;jzifh urefr ab;em;rsm ygvmaomamumifh
urefraysmfrdonfrsm
bmesifhreidif;� &rnrxiyg/ tcef;jfa&mufawmh iliidkifdkifbud; rwfwyf&yfaeaom
armifh&jfpdkawg uefru

qffyeliut0wrcgswfay;vdkufonf/ vhkcsnfqgjcrwfrnf [efyifh armiff;uwef; jyefqgjxm;yd;

...

jawmuuren

]]uav;r[kwfbl;? udk,fhbmomudk,fvjr,f}} cyfaigufaigufqdkonf/

armifykqdk;vjnyd;aomtcg urefru armifha&pdkt0wfrsm;udk tcef;tjyifu budk;wef;rsm

ogm;vsrf;onf/
jyefvmonftxd armifuawmh rwfwyf&yf� rsufarsmifmuwf aeqj/ urefr rsufesmokwfykdk,l�

k0gu

pmrsufs

em
9
trsf

ww&

armifhqyifa&pdkdk aczsm;axmufyd; rrdwrd vsrf;okway;onf/ armifu rsufesmxm;

tenf;i,frq qmhyg/

hrsm;ujnfravtcgwdkif;omqdkvqif ]ykvdkufjht&yaemf} [k urfrudk pwwfaomfvnf; ,cktcg

tvgfnidrfouf awga0aeonf/

wfee
]]aeygap? cifhfawgvnf; pdkaewmyj? udk,fh[mudk,fokwf}}

asm; qyiwnfnidrffesmxm;eifh cyfqwfqwf ajdkufaomamfh urfrpdwfxj jrifuwf vmrdonf/

aomrsusymvumietodkyaomf urefu acsmhnydqdkvqif pdwf&snfvu&fsnf acsmhwwfol r[kwfvm;/

]]armifu cspfudk rkef;ogm;nydvm; [if}}

armifh ar;aphvhk;vhk;av;udk qgjf� ar;vdkufaomtcgvnf; armif urfrudk ihkmunhfyd; bmr

n�pens
jyefymyg/

raj
]]cspfudk cgjrogm;&bl;aemf armif}}
]]aemufudk armif rudufwm b,fawmhrs rvkyfawmhbl;aemffwpfcg vkyf&if owffvdkuf}}

bk?aemuyp

armif ckwiay: ofdky cyfajz;ajz;xdkifcsvdkufonf/ urefrudk tujcwfovdk

rsufemcsisf;qdkif� Munhfaeonf/
urefru armifhudk wtm;zufwg,fnyd; armifhyg;udk erf;vdkufonf/ armirfnykh;yg/
&ekf;vnf;r&kef;yg/ xdkyaemuf
armifheiwfcrf;udk urefr erf;ygonf/ yxrawmh armif cyfwnfwnf nidrfouff/ aemuyfdkif;
urer

aeao;onfrsufesmudk wgef;z,fvquf jyhk;vmygonf/ armif bmajymawmhrnfdk odaeaom

urefruvnf; armifhudk

uwtm;jff� armifheiwfcrf;udk erf;jyefonf/

yezu]]z,fygugm? erf;vj rerf;wwbfjejy}}

]]thrm... erf;wwfygh}}
armif raeedikfawmhyg/ urefrudk wif;usyfaeatmif zufaygunyd; tohxgufatmif &,farmaeyg
awmhonf/

armif pdwfaumufajyaeygnyd/

]]awmfawmtflwjh aumifrav;}}

armifu urfrudk &ifcifxj jkfaeatmif zufxm;&if; &,fh[[esifh ponf/ urer

rerf;wwfonfudk

egryof&nf&g,fajymjcif; jzpfygonf/
]][kwfyg&juaemf? erf;w,fqdkwm 'davmufcurfsef; &nf;pm;xm;rs odawmhw,f}}
]]tdk ... b,frsm cufvdkyvj? eiufdku t wm ... whk;wm}}
ajymnyd; armif w[m;[m; &,faomtcg urefr odyf&sufogm;cjhygonf/

pmrsufs

em
10
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef;(3)

armifu
vdkufcjh[k
ac:wkef;uvnf;
armifhab;rsm urefrygonf/

armifu
ae&pfcjh[k
qdkjyefawmhvnf;
armif pdwftaesmifht,sufjzpfrnfh
pmwpfapmif
pum;wpfcgef;rq
armif rmum;&apbj
urefr nidrfoufpgm
ae&pfcjhwm trsefygyj/

tjonftxd
urefr armifhudk
cspfjrwfedk;cjhygonf armif/

pmrsufs

em
11
trsf

ww&

wpfckaom awmifay:rdkui,ffndksm armif aexdifvquf &sdonf/ vsyqef;us,f onfqdkaom

nav;wprurkarmifhnrdkuuav;udk urer &ykf&sifxrsmom wpfcgjrifzl;ygonf/ jchwhcg;

wpfbufwpfcsu�fxif;&sl;yifespff

fjyi,sof�aygufaeaom wpfxyfdkuf ykykav;udk rifvdkuf&wkef;uqdkvqif ]'g armifaewjh

tdrfuav; rsm;vm;} [k

wjvgrf;qgwfjcif;bud;pgm trswf&vdkufrd ao;onf/ 'dyhpkh[m armifodyfmudkufwjh

wdkuftdrfyhkprshkd;y/j

armif tjonfnrdkuuav;rsm &sdaejcif;udkvnf; owif;pmxjrsm vufxyfnyd;pd;jcif;

amumfjimygvmrs
od&onf/ wpfcsdefcsdef� rvGJraog &ifqdkifzdky arqmfvifhxm;aom owif;jzpfaomfvnf;
wu,fwrf; awhawhqdkifqdkif
&ifqdkifvdku&aomtcg furefr rsufvhk;rsm; jyma0ogm;cjhonf/ qhk;&ih;&nyd[k
odvdkuf&aom tcsderfsm urerfrsuf&nfus� rjzpfaom ae&ma'ojzpfae� awmff/ (urefronf
armif cpcpajdk

ygao;onymovrsuf&nfodfvg,favonf/) xdktcsdefefr or0g,raq;cef;rsm &sdaeonf/ xdkyaeyu

rsuf&nfruscjhyg/

yuur

armifhb0esifh urefrb0udk wpfckpd[k b,fwkef;urq rowfrswfcjhzl;aom urefronf

tjzpftysuftrsefudk
vufchzdky vaygif;rsm;pgm tm;,lcjh&ygonf/ aemufawmh armif ted;tem;rsm r&sdbjejy
urefr\ od;oefyb0udk
twm;tqd;r&sd jzwfausmfvmedkifcjhonf/ ureru [effaqmifaumif;ygonf/

urefronf yhkreftwdkif; or0g,raq;cef;eifh udk,fydkiff;wdkyudk puf&yfwpfckjhodky

tcsdfrsefpgm

ssaq;cekueviyf&sm;touf0if aecjhonf/ tdrfesfh aq;cef;tmgif urefrnfonfh tyltyifrq

r&sdovk

ium;wr� d&,farmaysmf&tifaernf/ vlria&;up�if omreftwdkif; yg0if cjhonf/

urefdkyepfa,muf

drsm;wgrws\
ausmif;om;b0wkef;u &if;esd;riudk odxm;aom oli,csiff;rsm;u urefrxh pmjzifh
vsrf;a&;nyd; thhmooem; muonf/
armifxm;&pfcjhaom usef&pfol wpfa,muftjzpf u&kpmoufmuonf/ urefr vmorqpmrsm;udk
vhk;0rjyecfjhyg/

b,fes,fhvkyfnyd; pmjyef&rvj/ r*fvmaqmif zdwfpmuav;awmif vrsf;ydky rch&bj

owif;pmrswqifh
od&aomtamumif;udk b,folyogm;nyd; &ifzigfh&ef vdktyfyg ovj/

trsm;tjrifwigf urefronf ausmif;olb0utwdki;fbmrqrajymif;vjyg/ aemufnyd; urefr

,cka&mufaeaom nrdkuuav;� armifeisfh urefrtamumif; mum;zl;ol &sdrnfrxifyg/
xdkyamumifhvnf; vlyavmu
0w�&m;rsm;udk omrefdkif; aqmif&ufusifvnf aeedkifcj\/ h

twg

wrf;qgwf owd&pdwfgm jynfhtefvmaomtcg urfr re�av;udk ogm;rdrnf/ armif aexdkifcjhaom

rsm;peeef;a&suu wpff ysoftrfuav;qdodky urefr a&mufvmwwfrnf/ armif xgufogm;yd;

onfhaemuf trfvc usyf

xydnd100 qdkonfrsm ausmif;olb0wkef;u rsm;jym;oavmuf q&m0efb0wgif enf;yg;vsojzifh

urefruyj
awmif;awmif;yefyefesifh quifsm;xm;cjhrdonf/ bmt"dy�g,fesifh urefr jykvkyfrdrsef;
rodaomfvnf; urefrtwguf
�tdfuav; &sdaers zpff/ �tdfuav;odky wpfepfwgif wpcg? odkyr[kwf esfcg vm&onfrsm
armifhx

rjrnrsfph
vm&ovdkyif urefr chpm;&onf/

tdrfxj 0ifvqif0ifcsif; armifhudk,faigutehytoufrsm;udk urefr &rnf/ bk&m;pifwpfckrs

vgj�
wjcm;tdrfaxmify&dabm*rsm; jynfhphkfonfh �tdfuav;onf urefr twgufawmh aeg;axg;aom

yg0irvgrf;qgwfjcif; wpfckzpfon/ �tdrfodkya&mufvqf urff nrdkursmusef&pfcjhaom

vlemrsm;udk vnf;aumif;?

jfieronaqgrskd;rsm;udkvnf;aumif;? vlria&;jy�emrsm;udkvnf;aumif; owdr&awmhbj urefr\

esvhk;tdrfesifh od;aesmufrsm
armifwpfa,mufom 0ifa&mufaeawmhonf/

pmrsufs

em
12
trsf

ww&

armifhudk urfr arhazsmuff cspfcjhonf/ arhzdky rbukd;pm;csifavmufatmif rufarm

e�r&atmiaysmufwg,fwmcjhonf/ emmunf;rkef;wd;� r&avmufatmif jrwfed; wrkf;wcjhonf/

urefrcspfarmifonf awmifay:rduuav; wpfkwgif urfresifh qefyusipgm nirdf;csrf;om,m

aom nkcef&sdaevdrfhrnf/ txufwef;ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u armif jrwefdk;� tonf;toef

vdkuf,lcjh&onf[k
owif;mum;aom armifhzed;esfh &,farmaysm&tif aeayvdrfhrnf/ tvkyfs yifyef;pgm
yefdkif; cspfpzg,ftjhk;av;

ifrjvmwyesifh ta&;w,l qd;budkespfodrfhrnfh vsyaomzed;udk armif auseyjfrwefdk;rqhk;

&sdvdrfhf/ aq;cef;rs nudk;em&d

rnq,fem&d tdrfyefa&mufaomtcgwdkif; at;puf aeaom xrif;eifh[if;udk ajffpgm

urfrpm;aecsdfwgif

jscmuuyeearmifuawmh armifhzed; yiffaur;aom ylaeg;onfhnpm cspfaomzed;esifh

pdkjynpgm pm;aomuf aeayvdrfrnf/

jqifhtdyf&m0ifdfwdkif; tdf&may:wif tvsm;arsmufum acgif;thk;wgif yg;tyf�

Nidrfouffwefypgm urfr

tcseyg&yetdyfaysmfzdkybudk;pm;aecsdefwgif armifuawmh cspfzed;udk

&ifcgifrsmayguzuf� Espfespnfckdufnckduf tdyfarmus aeayvdrfhf/

rneheuf tdyf&mxcsedf pm;ygjwifem&d\ eid;pufjrnfohjzifh xdwfvefywmum;

urefredk;xcsdef wigf armifuawmh
nifomaom terf;wpfckjzifh espfodrfhpgm edk;xcjhayrnf/ pdpofwusr[kwfaom eheufdk
muhkovdk urefrpm;ae&

pmucsdefwdkif; armifhrsmawmh tqifoifh jyifqifaur;arg;rnfh zed;u &sdaeonf/

uhqdk;aom ynmwwfrdef;r
wpfa,mufesifh uhaumif;aom ynmwwf a,musfm;wpfa,mufonf �rq ugmjcm;rsmyj r[kwfvm;/

]]rdef;rqdkwmynmwwfzdkyrvdkbl;? &kyfacsmzdkyyjvdkw,f? rdef;rydozdkyyjvdkw,f}}

&,fovdkarmovdk rmumcp a<u;amumfavh&sdaom armiff omrefbgju& wpfd; jzpfonfh vsyaom

onordef;uav;udk a&g;cs,fwm rseffygonf/

ue

]]'gjzifh ynmwwfnyd; &kyfracsmwjhrdef;rudk armifbmjzpfvdky armifhab;rsm

vufwgjac:cjhao;vj}}

armifhudkajymcsifaom pum;rsm;pgmxjrs ao;zgjaom pum;av;wpfcgef;om jzpfygonf/

urerfpum;wpfgefmumifh armifxdcdkufrnfqdkvif urefdk urfr typf'pf cwfypfvdkuff/
ureframumifh armif

c;aqruejrnrawga0ap&yg? armifhqhk;jzwfcsuf onf ureframumifh rsm;,gif;ri r&sdap&yg/

armifwpcfkckrsm;onf qdkvqifvnf;
�trsm;onf armifudk,fwdkifzefwd; jykvkyfcjhaom trsm;omjzpfap&rnf/

odkyaomf armifhb0rsm aemufxyftrsm;[l� &sdawmhrswf/ urerudk

cspfjhjcif;onfarmifhtwgu

mr[kfcom f
tbud;qhk;trsm;jzpfonf/ tb,famumifhqdkaomf armifhesifuhrefronf tppt&m&m aygif;pyf�
r&edkifavmufatmif
od;jcm;jzpfwnf aecjhaomamumifhjzpfonf/(�tcsufudkvnf; tcsdefvgefrs espfod;pvhk;
&dyfrdcjh&onf)

armifu olycspfoludk redf;uav;ydo apcsifonf/ urefronf oeyfcg;vdrf;zdkyudkyif

tvgefysif;&dojlzpf&m
rdef;uav;rsm; vrdf;tyfonfh rdwfuyf? aygif'g? a&art;? eiwfcrf;qdk;aq; ponfwdkyudk
pdwful;xj�yif
xnfhazmfr&yg/ t0wfftyif udkvnf; muhovdk aumuf0wfogm;wwf\/ pdwfsvhk;esifh od;aesmuf

tpm; tqijket&nff;udkom wefdk;xm;wwfaom urfronf ce�mudk,f ta&ym;ay:rs tvstyudk

wefzdk;rxm;

tcsizejwwfcjhonfrsm trseyifjfzpfonf/ jyifytvsrsm;amumifh a,musfm;wpa,muffesifh

vgj&rnfqdkvqif q,fcgjyef
vgjvdkufprf;ygap [laom rmew&m;jzifh &j0hphgm b0udk jzwfoef;cjhaom urefronf
armifhudkcspfrdonf rsmvnf;
armifhudk,ce�m\ tvsumifh r[kwyj tjjwrf; pl;&sav;eufaom rsufvhk;esifh xufjrufaom
ompynm

ftyamfrfamumifhom zpfcspfol&ifcgifsm egjursdmfel;aom tcm; rdef;uav;rsm;

rnfjhodkyaernf rodaomfvnf;

j\/ runju

pmrsufs

em
13
trsf

ww&

armifhcgifrsm zufwg,fmfel; aeaom urfruawmh urefrwdky espfa,mufrs arg;zgm;vmrnfh

om; odkyr[kw

&ifunef
ord;udk odyompfxufjf udk;pm;rnfh &ifaogjzpf pdwfl;aysmf&ifaecjhaom tcsdefu
rsm;avonf/

frub;tut

armifu rdef;uav; ydoapcsifvgef;aom urefronf rd;zdkacsmifwgif xrif;[if;

csufjykwf&if;
tcsedfukefqhk;zdky 0goemrygaom rdef;rwpfa,mufvnf; jzpfonf/ pae? we*faeg
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wgif
eef;a&sutdf� armifesfhtwl aeyv,fpm pdpofcsufjkfzdky wpffhrsom 0goemyg\/
trsm;tm;jzifh

riywcgwp&
vg,fulnyd;pd;aom? armifvnf; budkufwwfaom aygifrkefyudkyif trskd;rskd;
vkyfpm;cjhonf/ aygifrkefyesifh aumfzdudk
urefr nid;aiguvmaomtcgrs armifudkufwwfonfh ig;muif;om;qdjf zpf0ufom;yig;yd zpfap?

byejap? jjig;oavmufaygif; jzpfap pdfvdkvuf& csufaur;wwavonf/

wf

armifu olycspfoludk a,musfm;wumesifh vufzuf&nqdkiftwlxdkifwm tvgefpdwfdk wwfonf/

fwurefruawmh 0goemwl rdwaqg (rdef;rjfap? a,musfm; jzpfap) wpfod;od;esifh

&kyfsifmumif;? pmtyfmumif;?

fzp&taktaaemufqhk; odf;wdfacgsifh *dwtaumif;txd warhjrm pum;xdkifaymzdky twgf

0eff/

csiyrsm;emwajurav;ww

urefr 0w�rsm;udk zwfrfrudk av;pm;aom? rdwfaqggjucsifaom vli,rsm;u wpcgw&h

taqmifodky

k�uezffvma&muffonf/ urfronf armirbukufrsf; odaomamumifh tamf;wpfckkja&smif&ef

budk;pm;cjhzl;

wwefdeumicy�
aomfvnf; ratmifjrifyg/ rnfolrnf0g[krodbj vufchpum;ajymzdky urefrwm0ef jzpfovdk?
ta&;w,l
txifwbud; cifrifjrifzl;vdkpgm vma&mufaom pmzwfoltm; whk;wdpgm pum;quf
jzwfrypfzdkyvj urefr wm0eff

yijzpfonf/ wpf&h armiu urefrudk ygvmxjrsm vm&smaomtcg urfr pum;jf� Esifvdky&\/

armi

cgwpffezwfu
vdkufrvmyj am'hyifrs &yfmunfhnd; a'gowud; xgufogm;nydqdkvqf urefr rsufsmrysufatmif
atmufybietwif;[efaqmif xm;cjh&\/ �upd�ESifh ywfouf� pum;rsm;muvqif armifb,fawmhrs
tavqmhray;yg/

�ogm;prf;yg? rif;y&dowfu rdef;rudk r&sdbl;? a,musfm;csnf;yj}} [k a'gowbud;

a&&gwf\/

urefq yefrajymwwf

r bmrjyg/

]]0dz�m -ody�H wu�odkvfrsm redf;rawgvj trsm;bud;? rif;qdvmorq y&dowfuawmh

a,musfm;csnf;yj}} [k
rvdkwrmajymwdkif; urefruawmh tjyhk;rysuf espofdrfhjrjjzpf\/

0w�k? �f; zwfzdky 0goemrygaom armifonf vpofkwf �f;wdkyudk vsefavsm� urer0w�uk

r*zixr*zifkd&smavrnf�f;wpckudk munhfydqdkvqif umwgef;udom od;pm;ay; zwfaom armionf

ure0w�krsm;udkawm

vm;/r*zifnkffh
0w�&m;rysuf zwf&icjhygonf/ wpfcgw&h]]bmawga&;xm;wmvj[if}} [k rug,fr0suf nnf;nlavh
&sdaom armi\fygifhvif;&dk;om;[efudk urefr cspfjrwfedk;\/

�cspfa&;wjh 0w�kawg armif rbudkufbl;vm;}} [k cyfaomaomar;vqif armifu uav;qefpgm

rsufesm&ihu
jywwfon/f

]]budkuzfdkyaeaeomom bmawga&;xm;resf;awmif rodbl;}} wjh/

armif[mav t&rf;udkcspfdkyaumif;wmyj[k refru &,farm&if; rswfcsufqf

zucsviarmi&fsufogm;nyd;]]bmvj[}} [k a&&gwfwwf\/ trsm;wumu rmumcp wdkufwgef;rs

ajymvgef;rs ...

pmrsufs

em
14
trsf

ww&

(]cspf} udk vlawgu ajymaew,f? pma&;usjvdky qdkvm;yj/) [k wpfqifhpum;jzifh

&dk;om;pgm
wdkufwgef;wwfaom armiff urefresifh a0;ugm aeaom armifhnidf;at;ritwgif;� uRefr\
emrnfudk

onrowdw&&szdkyawmh awmfawmf cj,of;rsmyg/ �f;xjrs urefra&;aom 0w�jzifh urfrudk

owdfuvnf;

dr*zike&atmirjzpfedki/farmifeisfha0;ugmcjh&onfh (3)esptwfgif; armifvurxyfrfd

0w�kwkdwpfyk'f? armifvufxyfnyd;
0w�kwkdwpfyk'fom xnfhjzp\/ armiffvufxyfnyd; r*�f;rsm ygaom 0w�kuvnf;
[dk;tvsifuwnfnyd;om;

zi;u a&;
pmrlmurf;udk tenf;i,f jyiffrgrf;rhcjhjcif;yif jpzff/ tamumif;wdkufqdkif� urefrudk
armifowd&cjhvqif

qiavonbmjzpfvdky 0w�kra&;awmhygvdrfh[k em;vnfpgm pdwfraumif; jzpfaernfvm;?

(�onfrsm &l;esrf;aom
xifjrifcsufwpfckomjzpf

\/)

bmyjjzpfjzpf &sm;yg;vpgmaom wpfcgw&hrsmawmh armif urefrudk owdsmyg/

s&r

oyrm ... armifhvlemwpfa,mufonf urefresifhemrnf qifwlaevqifaygh/ aemunfyd;

,dk;',m;zdeyf
cgmjrifhod;cef pd;xm;aom t&yfkykaumifdk jfvqifaygh/ odkyr[kwfvnf; re�av;odky
qif;onfh

ryrav;rsm;uri&ufydkif;rsm;wgif armifesifhurfgm;cjhaom ae&mrsm;udk jrifvqifaygh/

w&kwfwef;u zufxkyfamumfqdifrsm urfrudk

erokeowd&pdwfzifh armif zufkyfamumfogl;[k rnfolu jiif;qdkdkifrnfv/jzufxkyfamumf

pm;aeonfh

jxm;rpm;bewpfnaecif;wekf;u cyfvrsf;vsrf;rs nrkdue,for0g,r aq;cef;xjrs xgufvmaom tb

(orm;awmfbud;) udk
av;pm;amumuf&ghdwfjfh epfd;om; rsufemcsif;qdkifzdky &sf&ghupgm xgufjy;cjh&jf;
tamumif;udk armif owd&csif

upzisosuaci&aevrdfhrnf/ tvkyfoifq&m0ef b0wkef;u urefrudkjrifwdkif;

armifhemrnfjzifh olb,frsm a[mufqm*sif
vkyfovj[k owdw&ar;wwfaom tbonf armifwpod;wnf; jrifqifvnf; urfremrnjzifh b,frsm
aq;cef;

fvefzgifhaeovj[l owdw& ar;od;rsm aocsmvsf/ xdkarmifu]]t...tj'g urfawmfrodbl; k

ygontcg jetb}}[
&dk;om;pgmajzvrdfhrnf/ wwgjwgjaecjhmuaom cspfwynfh espfod;tm; rnfonfhq&murs
ugjugmapvdkrnf r[kwfyg/

re�av;a&mufwdif; ]oif;yshdkfrsm a&cjrefy ogm;pm;zdky armif owdfvnf; &aersmaygh/

aps;csd

ku} tat;qik&csikrvg,faygufu nrd;&snfqdkifdky rkefypm;zdky oufouf urefrudk

vdkufykdycjhzl;onfudk owd&csif &aernf

o/
0if;vdkuf&kyf&si&fhk ab;u tekf;edkyacgufqgjqdkifrsm jyifopf&kyf&sifrif;om;
atvedf;'dvgefesifh ywfoufnyd; urefrwdky
espfa,muf pdwfqdk;pdwfaumufcjhzl;amumif; owd&rdvqif armif pdwfvgwfudk,fvgwf
jykh;&,frdavrvm;/ armif
vufxyfxm;aom armifhcspfzed;uawmh armif pdfaumuf&avmufatmif &kyf&sfrif;om;wpfa,muf\

wirsufvhk;eiwfcrf; trlt&mrs pwfoabmxm;txd pdw0ifwpm; aumufcsufd;usl;vdfhrnf

rxifyg/

dfcscsr

awmiforeftif;a& wufptcsdefwgif r,fz,fyifatmuf a&pyfehab;wpfc�kEpSfa,muftwlxdkif�

bmpum;rs jymbj wpffudkwpfa,muf aygrsdegju&if; idrfoufjhzl;amumif; armif owd&csif
&vdrfhrnf/

raa,muuzufnaecxdktcg uefrtay: oem;muifempdwfuav; tenf;i,f 0ifa&mufqiff uefr

auseynyd/

rvyirf

armifhf;rsm urerudk owd&vgrf;qgwfdwfamumifh tvgrf;ajmunf&ef xm;zdkyqdk� Zgwfw&gw

tcefpyhf
awmif;cjhaom uefr"gwfyhk b,frsm;a&mufaeygvdfh/ armif re�av;rs yeffwef;u urefr
jfawmif;xm;vdkuzfdky

rrjpokyeowd&aomfvnf; raumif;wwfbl; xifonf/ tufamumif;ay:aeonfudk jrifae&nyd

jzpfaom urefrtaejzifh
eon

tufamumif; ydkrdkbud;xgm; ugjjywfrogm;atmif twwfdkifqhk; xdef;odrf;cjhrdonf/

tdrfaxmiffb0 a&mufrs
&nf;pm;a[mif;\ "gwfyhkudk woo vgrf;qgwfaernfh ta&twguf enf;yg;vsaom
a,musmf;trskd;tpm;xjwigf
armif ryg0ifsef; urfr odygonf/ armifonf tenf;i,frs pdwfl;r,offyg/ jrjvufguuszdky

reuwwtawbudk;pm;aeol wpfa,muf zpff/ zpfekdfonfrsm ureffyhkudk armif rd;&iduyd;

jzpfrmyg/ s

jonjir"gwn

pmrsufs

em
15
trsf

ww&

ausmif;om;b0wef;u armifdkufpfwm} em;usyf em;axmifcgufjym; uav;atmufrsm ]a*s} [laom

k\]&
teda&mif pmvhk;av; wpfck xnfhxm;cjhygonf/ aq;&hkrsm em;usyfudk tohk;jykwdkif;
xigf;azmujfrifae&aom ]a*s}
[lonfh pmvhk;uav;udk munhf� q&mwpfod;u]]a[h ... a*sqdkwm rif;emrnfawmh
r[kwfbl;ugaemf?
rif;&nf;pm;emrnf r[kwfvm;? b,folwjhvj}} [k &,farm� ar;cjhonf qdk\/

tckawmh armifhrsm ]a*s} pmvhk;av; &sdcsifrs &sdawmhf/ odkykwfvnf; t*fvefjynjfzpf ]

vpfwf}

em;usyfrnr[
em;usyfudk ajymif;vj tohk;jykaenyd jzpfcsifjzprnff/ wpcfkaocsmonfrsm armifudkifaom
jyxmef;pmtkyfwdkif;\
yxrqhk; pmrsufesm nmbufxdyfwgif ]a*s} [laom pmvhk;rsm;uawmh tckxuxfd
&sdaeygvdrfhrnf/ armif
zjaygif&dkufaom jyxmef;pmtkyfwdkif; urefr jyefa&g;ay;nyd; urefr jyefa&g;ay;aom
pmtkyfwdkif; armifu urefr
emrnfhk; mfh jzpfygon/ 'gu armifhpmtyf r[kwfawmhbl;av? csppmtkyf[k armifu

pmva&;xm;aomaumifkfrcskdrcsof aj&sdygonf/ bmyjjzpfjzpf armifonf pmvhk;rsm;udk

qkwfypfonftxd urefrtay: pdwemzfgf

ymavh,
tamumif;r&sdyg/

armifhudk emusnf;rnfqdkvqif emusnf;xdkufaom urefruvnf; armif arg;aeyvufaqmif

ay;cjhzl;aom
*pfwmav;udk &dkufcskd;ypfzdky urefr pdwfrul;cjhyg/ tpgjtvrf; bud;rm;vsaom ureronff
armif0,fay;aom
uekurm vucwfym; (yufx&r) vsvsav;udkyif razmuf&uf? azmuff taygufazmuf
edkifvgfbudk;uav;jfh

fjf&uezicsnf� raysmufysufatmif *pfwmesifh wgjfxm;cjhonf/ &,p&maumif;aeonfrsm

armifesifhywfouforq

csnftao;trtm; yp�nf;uav;rsm; (a&cskd;&if; pd;aom a&mfbmzdeyfutp) urefrxhrsm

rugjugm &sdaeygvsuf
armifudk,fwdkfuawmh ureresifh rdkfaygif;rsm;pgm a0;aom awmifnrkdui,fuav;� uRefrudk
arhavsmhaejcif;?

ifiay:
aemufnyd; urefr b,fvdk usef&pfyghrvj[k tenf;i,frq jyefijrhmunfhcjhjcif; jzpfavonf/
b,folawg bmajymajym
armifhfolsm urfr jzpfcjhmumifh armifuhaumif;onf/

cspre&aoma

armifu vdkucfjhyg[k ac:wekf;uvnf; armifhab;rsm urefr ygonf/ armifu ae&pcfjh[k

qdkjyefawmhvnf;
armif pdwtaesmifht,sufzpffh pmwpfapmif? pum;wpcgef;rq armirmum;&apbj urfr
nidfoufpgm ae&pcjhwm

fjrnfferftrsefygyj/ tjonftxd urefr armifhudk cspfjrwfedk;cjhygonf armi/f

pmrsufs

em
16
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef; (4)

armif rpof;pm;rdbl;vm;ug,f/
armifesifh wpfvavmuf
cjg&rsmudkyif
rsuf&nfusrdatmif
0rf;enf;xdcdkufvg,faom
urefronf
armifesifh
wpfoufvhk;cjg&vqif
b,fvdkrsm;
ae&pfcjhyghrvj[k
armifenf;enf;rq
jyefrijhmunhfrdbl;vm;/

pmrsufs

em
17
trsf

ww&

jreff0wk? edkifijcm; tcspf�rsd;phk zwfl;cjhaom urefrtaezifh tcspf[lonf

&ehyoif;art;aom

rmtcsp�h0wkkzjyef;jhkatmufwgfjzpfap? om,mat;csrf;onfh c&rf;a&mif naecif; wpfckwif

zpfsif;aighkyqdkf;aeonh

cigjap?eursm;tifeheufcif;wpckwgifzpfypgm wnf&sdaevdrfhrnf[k txifa&mufcjhzl;on/

odkyr[wfvqifvnf; a&cjaigursm;jzifh

fjapvsfkat;pdfhpdkvufaeaom aomufvufp azsmf&nzecgufwpfcgf twgif;rsmzpfap?

a&art;ehyf;aom

rffujoivufudkifyk0gwpfctwgif;rsjzpfap &sdvdrfhf[k txifa&mufcjhzl;\/ wu,fwrf;usawmh

tcspfqdkwm tifrwef

km rnthhmozg,&mygyjvm;? yltdkfaom 2em&dtcsdef aeyfcif; wpfc\ aumufrufzg,&m

ehfvsaom

fuv,kmfapmvlaocgjpdwcef;wpfckxjwgif tcspf jzpfwnfvmcjhonf/ azmfrvifaq;ehy ehapmf�

atmfdqefzg,&m ce

fuvf�maa'
cgjpdwfcef;xjrsm? q&mq&mrwdky\ ompfprf;ar;cgef;rsm;xjsm? vsyqef;u,faom tcspfwpfck
pwifjzpfjh&aom

rmay:ctamumif;onf munfel;zg,fvnf;aumif;� &,farmzg,f; aumif;ygonf/

vnf

eig;v

urefronf ce�maa'udk tvgefrkf;\/ vufhk;ru xlaom *a&;temwrdac: pmtkyfbud;

udkvnf;aumif;? trsnfhvgef� aysmhjyjaeaom od;art;isufaysmod;\ tefcsifp&m
tehyrskd;esifh ykyftjhaom vlaotehy
a&mxm;onfh ce�maa' cjgpdwfcef;\ tehyudkvnf;aumif;? tom;rqifrsm; wpfppd
`rtmxgufaeaom vufrsm;jzifh
rsufvhk;a[muffesfh vlaotavmif;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tvgfamumufwwfol zpfygonf/ urefr
tvgef

yuiejamumufvefywkefvyfaom ce�maa' cjgpdwff;udk w&ifsd; cspfvmatmif pdwffpm;vmatmif

armifu

ice;we0ijykjyifay;cjhonf[k qdkvqif armifuawmh &,farmjrjjzpf\/ [kwfon/furefronf

armifesifh ywfoufnyd;rs
ce�maa'udk cspfwwfvmol jzpf\/

ce�maa' cjgdwfcef;onf pmoiff;wpfckxuf espfqed;yg;&snfaom tcef;bud;wpfck jzpfonf/

pcexdktcef;xjwgif pmoufchkwef;rsm;r&sd/ pm;ygjrsm;r&sd/ vlaowifnyd; cjgpdwf&aom

ukwif[k urefrwdkyac:aom
chkjrifh&snfrsm;om wpfbufwpfcsufwgif wef;pd�xm;onf/ ausmif;om; q,fa,muf odykr[kwf
q,fhespfa,mufcefy
yg0ifaom tkyfpkuav;rsm;udk cjgxm;nyd; wpfzjguvqif q&mwpfa,mufu acgif;aqmif�
pmoifay;&ygon/f

urefrwdkytzjguesifh armifwdkytzjguonf tjrjvdkvdk [dkbufwef; onfbufwef;

rsufapmif;xdk;
ae&mavmufwif &sdaewwfygonf/ yxr wpfesfcgjvhk;vhk; wpfa,mufsifhwpff bmodbmom aecjhm

gpea,muuaom
urefresifh armifonf 'kwd,epsfusrs todtrswfjykaom rsufvhk;rsm;esifh tpjyk cjhonf/

urefrudk wpfphkwpfa,mufu vsrf;munhfaeovdk chpm;&wdkif; cgjpdwfchkay: odky

acgif;ihkymunhfae&mrs
acgif;axmifum [dk[dkonfonf &smazg munfhrdwwf\/ xdkokdy munhfrdwdkif;vnf;
cyfvsrf;vsrf;rs urefrqd
ai;ai;aeaom armifhudk wthhmo awg/

wu&onf

yxrawmh urfr r,hkmunf jzpfaerdao;onffhf0ef;rsm;udk jrif&vif

&ifdrfhodrfhckefgm;nyd;

er/armirsuqooeiwfcrf;zsm;rsm; ajfaoggm;onfrsm urefgefw&m aysmhnhhvgef;aomamumifh

jzpfsmyg/ armif[m urefrudk

cmuuortvrvsrf;munfhwmrs [kwf&jyvm;? tenf;i,fraorcsm jzpfcjh&ao;on/ft0wftpm;rsm;udk

('kwd,espfa&murfs)
oyfoy&yf&yf 0wffnyd; vsvsyy amumhmumhav;aewwfonfh armifonf t0wftpm; uydku&dk?
rsufesmrsm

fwwaoeyfsdaom? &kyf&nfespffpgjvef;zg,fwpdk;waphrq r&sdonfh urfrudk bmamumifhrsm;

pdw0i

cg;r&ou&m effwpm;
munhfae&ygoenf;/

t"dy�g,fazmf&cufaom rsufvhk;rsm;jzifh urefr armifhudkvsrf;vsrf;munhfaomtcg

rsuf0ef;csif; qhkrdnydqdkvqif
&sufwwfaomarmifu tvsif rsufvhk;vtjavh &sdygonf/ bmyjjzpfjzpf aemufawmh
armifpdwf0ifpm;orlsm urefr[k

pmrsufs

em
18
trsf

ww&

tenf;tusof; &dyfrdvm&onf/ rsm;rsm;pm;pm; &dyfrd&atmifvnf; tajctae ray;yg/

q&mod;wifarmif&ifu
pmodyfar;ygonf/

onfvdkesifh ce�maa' cjpdwfceffwdif; pmodyfar;aom q&mudk rsufesmcsif; rqdifrdatmif

a&smi

g; a&mukkf&aom
tvkyftjyif armifesifh rsuvfhk;jcif;qhkzdku cyf&suf&sufjzifh budk;pm;&aom
tvkyfwpfckyg ydkvmonf/ wpfcgwpfcg
usawmh t&yfykaom ureronff urerwfdky vltkyfmum;wgif aysmufug,faeonfhtcg
t&yf&snfog,faom
armifonfyifvqif ajczsm;axmuf� axmuf� Munhf&wwfygon/fwpfcgwavawmh q&mod;udkav;u
tzgjuwpfcckkodky 0ifa&mufvmnyd; pmoifjcif;wpfvsnfh? pmar;jcif;wpfvsnfh
jykvkyfwwf\/

wpfaeywm ce�maa' oifcef;pmrsm; nyd;pd;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; q&mhted;odky

a&mufogm;wwfhpum;udk tm;vhk; 0dkif;em;axmiffmuonf/ xdktcg armiuvnf; q&m&sddky vm�

\/q&mwwf&moem;axmifwwfygonf/ armifhtm&hku q&mhqdrsm &sdcsif&sdedikfrnfjzpfaomfvnf;

armifhrsufvhk;uawmh urefrqdrsmyj
&sdaewwf\/ urefr &,fcsifonfhtcg armifhqdrs rsufvhk;vtjypfum usdwf&,favh &sdygonf/
urefr jyhk;&,fvqif
armifuvnf; &sufovdk rcskdfjhk;� rsufesm csucsiff;vtjypfwwfonf/

rcsoy

wpfcgwkef;u armifesifhuefr wpfa,mufsifhwpff rsufesmcsif;qdkif tumtug,f r&sd

cyfvrf;vsrf;rsm

rea,muswnf&sdaecjh muzl;\/ armifsifh odyfwgjaom armifholi,fcsif; thhausmfu wrifwum

armifa&uodky 0iffnd;

es&yyarmifhrifugif;udk ug,fypfvdkf\/ armifonf tvgfw&m cspfzdkyaumif;atmif

&su&,f&,fvsuf armifholi,fcsif;uk

juefda&surs wgef;z,fxkwffjhzl;avonf/ tj'dwkf;u uefr &sufvnf;&uf? aysmfvnf;aysmfnd;

armifhudkvnf;

ypcersyeifheifhonf;onf; cspfrdaersef; yxrqhk;tburdf uwdjykrdcjhygonf/

armifhudk cspfrdyd[k udk,hfudkfudk 0efhvdkuf&aomaeu urer tbud;tus,f

wkfviyfogm;ygonf/

n,cyfebmamumifh csprfdrsef;vnf; raocsmaomamumifh tenf;i,f em;rvnfedikfyg/

armifhtjyktrl taetxdkiftp

u
urefr tao;pdwf cspfrodgm;wmu tvgefaocsmygonf armif ... /

yxrespfuwnf;u urefli,fcsif; cifpef;0if;u cpcp ajymvgef;� armifhemrnfudk urer

rofodcjh&ygonfciff;0if;u taumifjymcif; r[kwfyg/ twif;tyfjcif;om jzpfarmifhudk
ciff;0i

/ pe;ajk\/ pef;u
[ife&d'l;eefy espf [k ac:ygonf/ ([ifd'l;eefywpf onf tj'dwkef;u ciff;0if;eisfh
&nf;pm;rjzpfao;aom

e&peurefrolfcsif; 0if;rifhxgf; jzpfygon/) muufacedeifh rqdifyg/ pmoiff; 'l;viyf

jcvyf

i,jefjsk&iaiviyfaewwfaomaumifh jzpfaemufchkwef;u wpfcsdefvhk;viyfaeaomtcg olr\

chkuyg vdkufviyf�

m\/
rl;aemufvmonf[k ciff;0if;u pdwfwdkojfh aymjl;\/ tj'dwkf;uawmh urfreifharmif
wpfcsdfcsdefrsm

pezijyzeeseywfoufvmvdrfhrnf[k rnoflrq rxifcjhmu/ urefresifharmif &nf;pm;jzpfaomtcg

armif 'l;viyfvqif urefru
armifhudk qdwfqgjwwfaomamumifh armiftenf;i,f xedf;cskyfvm\/ (odkyaomf
z&jdkufae&if; wpfcgwpfcg
viyfaewwfyg ao;onf/) urefr ajymcsifwmu urefr b,fvdkrs rbudkufaom tusifhqdk;wpfck
armifhqdrsm
&sdaevsufesifh xdkfhqdk;udkyif cspfg,fzpfvmatmif armifu uefrtay: vtrf;rdk;edkiff
qdkwmygyj/

tusipzjron

aemufnd; ce�maa' cjgpdwff;rsm vufawgucgjpdwfqif wpwef;vhk; *slwdukwftjff/ *slwdkw

yce&vfzl0w&onuf
rygvmvqif xmersl; q&m od;cifarmifdefu tcef;xrs xgufogm;cdkif;ygonf/ 'kd,espfrm
*slwdukwfu

pjwszuf&sifwpfck jzpfojzihf vlwdif;aumhyshf rd;ylxdk;nd; oyfoyff&yf 0wfxm;muonfh

txjwgif armifhudkawm

kaeatmiy&yh
amurgaeaom tus�jzifh wpfcgwpfcg awgu&\/ avqmfzgyfnyd; rd;ylrwdkuf&ao;�
amurgjcif;rskd; r[kwfyg/
vhk;axg;ypfwifxm;nd; amurgaomyhkphom jfjjzpfjf armifhusawmh cspfzdky
aumif;ogm;wygyj/ wcm;ol

yzp\/ bmyzpjrsm;

pmrsufs

em
19
trsf

ww&

*slwdukwfudk ychk;ay:wifxm;vqif urer munhfr&aomfvnf; armifhudkusawmh

urefdyfmunhfaumif;ae ygonf/

frotcspfqdkwm rsufesmvdkufww\/ f

aq;ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;\ &kyf&nfudk urefru ohk;rskd;ohk;pm; cgjxm;\/

acsmarmvsyjcif;esifh
rqdkifyg/ wcskdyausmif;om;rsm;onf ausmif;om;b0rsmuwnf;u q&m0ef&kyf &sdaewwf\/
wcskdy ausmif;om;
rsm;onf q&m0efjzpfnyd;vqifawmh q&m0efesifh wlvmrnfh&kyf&nf &s\/
wcsdkduausmif;om;rsm;onf q&m0efjzpfnyd;
aoonfhwdkifatmif q&m0efkyf wpffrq aygufrnr[kwf/ �ohk;rskd;udk urefoyrmtjzpf
ajymjyzl;\/

&pufru
oyrmaygh[m? cifog,fodef;udkmunfh? olqdk&if q&m0ef rjzpfao;bl; q&m0efejy wlaenyd?
r[kwfbl;vm;/ olu
ehygwf (1) trskd;tpm;xjrsm? oyrm eifwdkyespfa,muf (cifpef;0if;esifh rax;0if;
wdkyudk qdkvdkygonf/) tck
q&m0ef&yfrxgufao;bl;/ 'gayr,fh eifdky q&m0ef jzpffawmh q&m0e&kyfxguvmawmfhrsm
aocsmw,f/

kw&iftm;udk;csifp&m aygh[,f/ eifwdkyu ehygwf (2) trskd;tpm;[/ 'gjzifh ehygwf

(3)ua&m[k ar;vdkufawmh ehf

ygw(3)uawmh igaygh[,/ftckvj q&m0efejy rwll;/ q&m0efzpfvj wlrsmr[kwfbl;/ urefrwdky

ohk;a,mufvhk;

bj&,farmrdmuonf/

a,mufsm;awgusa&m[k ar;mujyef\/ urefru rsufesmwnfwnfesifh ajzygonf/ at; ...

0if;jrifhxgef;
uawmh ighvdkyj[/ q&m0efjzpfnyd;vnf; q&m0efejy wlrsm r[kwfbl;/ (cifpef;0if;u
urefrudk rsufapmif;xdk;um
rodcsifa,mifaqmifxm;\/) tj ... vspdk;ngefyuawmh q&m0efjzpfnyd;&if q&m0ef&ykf
aygufvmrsm aocsmw,f/
(rax;0if; pyfjzjjzejsifh &,fonfudk urefr rodcsifa,mifaqmif&jyef\/) q&m0ef
rjzpfcifuwnf;u q&m0efejy
wlaewmuawmh a,musfm;av;xjrsm wpfa,mufwnf;&sdw,f/ ]b,folwkef;} nydkifwlar;mu\/
urefru
cyfwnfwnf rsufesmxm;jff budk;pm;vsuf armifhemrnfudk ajdkufaomtcg espfa,mufvhk;u
urefruk

zpatmizvd0dkif;qjmuawmhonf/

urefr\ wg,fwmjrwfedk;riudk yxrqhk; armif &ydfrdogm;aomaeyudk urefrwdky

espfa,mufvhk; trswfxifxif
owd&aeuygonf/ wpfoql;aa' ([ppudkvdk*sdfawgucef;rsm jff/ vlaygif;
140ausmf&sdonfhtwgf

mf) vuzpygonutzjgucgj� tcef;espfcksm pmoifmu&ygonf/ uhaumif;axmufrpgm armifhehfonf

urefrwdky\ tzgjuespfxjodky
rygwuyfygvmcjhonf/ &hk;ohk; uref;pm;ygcjhk t&snfrsm;udk wpcfkesifhwpfck
ed;uypfgmquf� chkwef;&snfbud; jzpff

atmivkyfxm;nyd; ab;espfbuf wpfzufwpfcsufpdwgif wpweff;pd? tv,fwgif wpfwef;?

tvsm;vdkuf ohk;wef;cj�Gvufawguvkymu&\/ armiff 0ifaygufbufkwaom jf;bufeh&hu
twef;wgifsdnyd; ure

fonr[fywi&ru ftv,fpm;yjgchkwef; jzpf\/ tpkmunhrsefajf; (rdkufu&dkpukyrsm; ) udk

jffrsm; &sdaombufdky

fymifywi;ayguovsnfhxm;aomamfh armiff jywif;aygufudk rsufsmrlvsuf (urerudk

aemufausmay;vsuf) &sdonf/

umionefurefronf tv,fchkwef; armifhaemufwnfhwnfhrs armif&sd&mbufodky rsufesmrlvsuf

(tcef;0ifaygufrsm;udk
ausmay;vsuf) &sdonf/

xdkaeyu armifonf a,musffa,mufesfh rnfodkrq roufqdifaom ednka&mif �f&snf?

m;av;wpiykdtusvuteufa&mirsm;aom efdndka&mif abmif;bdwdkyudk 0wfqifxm;cjh\/

(xdk0wpfhkrsm wwd,espf trfbda&mufonfh tcg
zj&skh;ogm;\/) armifonf qvdkufjym;udk munhfae&mrs wpfcsufwpfcsuf acgif;ijh�
urefrudk jyefjyefvsnfhmunhf
aeygonf/ armifwpcsuffmunhf vdkufwdkif; urefr esvhk;om;u 'dwfcej aqmifhwdk;wwf\/
mumawmh urefr
rsufesmylaeg;vmnyd; armifhudk rmunhfyj rdkufu&dkpukwfudk ojojrjrj munhfaecjh\/
urefronf tawmf
tlamumifamfdkif\/ qvdkufudk munhfaend; bmrs rjf&onfrsm urfrrsufpd&sufpdwfjzifh
jymaeaom

umieyriersm;
amumifh[k xicjh\/ tenf;i,f &,farmp&m aumif;ogm;aom tjffwpck uhqdk;pgm
armihfa&sursm jfjhonf/

fzptysufzpc

pmrsufs

em
20
trsf

ww&

]]b,fhes,fvj awu&gjyvm; csmwdwf}} q&m *refvscdikfu urefr aemufem;odky a&mufvmonf/

�[ifhtif;�
urfr &dk;om;pm ajzygonf/ q&mu urefrdkufu&dkpukfudk ikhymunfhonf/ xdkyaemuf

egr\ w[ufce&,jfvsuf urefr\ acgif;udk vufacgufjzifh rematmif cyfzgzgxk\/

]]munfhprf; rif;qvdkufxjrsm tvif;a&mifrsr0ifwm b,fhes,fvkyf jrif&rvj?

'da&suursefudk 'dvdka&tuav?
rif;b,fpdfa&mufaeovj}} urefr t&rf;&sufum &,fdk idk&rvdk xllogm;avon/ armifu
aemufausmay;

w&rvyfxm;&mrs vsnfhmunhf� olyxhk;phtwdkif; rcskdfjyk;ae\/ q&mhaympum;u

wd;wdk;av;ayr,fh armifsifh

rcsohjkeurefrab;u wpfa,mufepsfa,mufawmh vhkavmufpgm mum;&ygvrdfhrnf/ jyhk;aeaom

armifhudk tjrifuwfuwfesifh
rsufapmif;xdk;ypfvdkufrdawmhonf/

�tjzpftysufesifh ywfouf� aemuyfdkif;usawmh armifu urefrudk rmumcp pwwfonf/

]]aumiffa,muf ighdk &sdwfaewmejyyj rdkufu&dkpukwfawmif rcsedfwwfawmhbl;}}

rav;wpu

]][m ... bmrsef;vnf;rodbl; armifaemf}} armifu urer qfgjqdwfrnfhvufudk zrf;qgjxm;�

w[m;[m;
&,farmavonf/

armifu paumvm;&spfyf (ynmoifqk) &ol/ urefpwdkifyif (ynmoifaxmufyhhamu; ) &ol/

ru
wpfcgwpf&h aigogif;xmewgif aigvmxkwf&if; urefrwdkyepsfa,muf qhkwwfmuonf/
(rqhkvqifvnf; qhkatmif
armifu jzpfjzpf? ureru jzpfjf zefwd;wwfon/) wpfcgawmh armifff/ pwdkiyifpmtkyff

fzpfunponfonarmiefsifhvnf;rqdkifygbejsifh paumvm;&spfyg pmtykfatmufwgifch� armif

at;at;aq;aq; pm&gujfznfhaeonf/
urefr armifhudk bmrs rajym&jaomamumifh armif jrefjrefnyd;� xgufogm;&efom
pdwfapmaeonf/

armifonf whqdyfacgif;uyff; tmumbud; zdf/ vufrswfxdk;awmhvnf; tmumud;/ urfr

wmvnaeonbersufesmudk wpfcsufrsvnfsnfhrmunfh/ xdkyaemuf pmtyfdk 0efxrf;qd

vsrf;ay;awmhf; pwdkiyif pmtkfudkyg

;vkuvnfywpfxyfwnf; ay;avonf/ urefr armifhudk tjrifuwfvsnyd/ aemufh 0efxrf;qdu

wpfcg

awmjyefawmif;,lf/ refr pm&gujznhfaepof armifu ydkufqhxkwfnyd;� jyefxgufgm;zdkyyj

&sdonf r[kwfvm;/
&onufoodkyaomf armif rjfkfvsef� urefemrnf&smaepof armifu pmtkyfxj ihkymunh\/
b,folawm

yeao;/ pmtyr fh
xkwfnyd;yd/ b,folawmh rxkf&ao;bl;/ b,folypwdkifyiffolyqd zjaygif&dkufxm;wm pojzifh
armifhab;u

nwub,
ygvmoludk &,f&,farmarm ajymae\/ tifrwef &jwif;onfh armifyg/ urefruvnf;
cyfvrsf;vsrf;uqdk&ifom
armifhudk munh&jol/ ted;uyfqf armifhudk armf�yif rmhf&jol/ urefmumufav armifu
&jwif;av jzpfrsm/

faeviunraarmif raumif;bl;aemf/

armifu urfresifh ywfoufqif ompfvnf;rsm;wwf\/ ureru armifhudk rrifa,mif aqmifvqif

evfjcsifrjrifbj rae&atmif armifu muhwwf\/ ce�maa' vlawgfjcif;onf wpffwpfcgavmuf

ppfwwfonf

uppaq;yw/
ce�maa' cgjpdwceff; tus,bfud;xjrsm q&mepsfa,mufpd cgjnyd; tzgju
ig;zgjuajcmuzfgjuxm;� wpfa,mucsiff; ppaq;avfh
&sdygonf/ chkeygwhfrsm;udkvnf; ajcmuftkyfpkavmuf cjgvdkufaomtcg chkehygwf
aemufusolrsm;vnf; tzgju\
xdyfqhk;rsm a&muf� ajznyd;csifnyd;ogm;onf/ armifu tvsifajznyd;ogm;vqif urefr
pmusufaeaom pmufefvrf;�
acgufwhkyacgujfyef avqmufwwfygonf/ tvdkvdkrs pmur&onfhmum;xj olu tjvdkavqmuf�
Munhfnydqdkaomtcg

pmrsufs

em
21
trsf

ww&

b,fhes,fvkyfnyd; pmxj pdwfa&mufawmhrsmvj/ aemufnyd; urerfajzzdky tvsnfha&mufvqif

rsefjywif;ayguf
aemufug,ffvsrf;vrf;rs pdfylovdk munhfaewwfonf/

cysw

armif munhfae�rsm; urefr pmawg uaomif;ueif; ajzrdvqif b,fawmrhq atmifrsm r[kwf/

q&mhrsufesmudkom munhf� ajz&onf/ 'kwd,espf wpfespfcgjvhk;vhk; tywff ce�maa'
vlawgupmar;ygj rsm;pgm

po&sdonfhtwuf rswfavmufom;avmufatmif armifa&m urefra&m wpfnydkifwnf; uszl;ygonf/

urefrwdkyausmif;\
xhk;pht& ce�maa'xme amumfjimoifyekf;wgif pm&gufuyfnyd; atmipm&iff;
xkwfjyefay;ygonf/ reufajzvqif naeqdk
amumfjimpm&gufuyfnyd;aenyd/ xdkpm&gufwgif espfrskd;omyg\/ xl;crefpgmajzedkif
olrsm;[laom tkyfpekisfh
budk;pm;&efvdkao;olrsm; [laomtkyfpkjzpfygonf/ useftv,ftvwfrsm;udk
amumfjimoifykef;� ruyfay;yg/

thhmop&maumif;avmufatmif b,fwkef;urs ruszl;aom armifemrnfesifh refremrnfdk

txufatmu

huuf
awgu&onf/ ]budk;pm;&ef vdkao;olrsm;} atmufwgif chkehygwf? ausmif;om;emrnf?
ajzqdkaom q&memrnf/ xkdaeyu
armifonf q&mr a':jfhrifh0if;esifh ajnyd;us\/ urfd;xifatmifesifh ajz&nyd; us\/
tj'dwkf;u

rijz&eruq&moejzpfdkifvqf tjonf pm&guuav;udk qkwfcgm� odf;xm;vdkufcsiygonf/

armifhdk ajymjyawmh armifu

eifrfu&,farmjyefygonf/ awmawmffpdwful;,ofygvm;wjh/

odyfpdwful;,owwfaom urefrudk armifay;aom yxrqhk; &nf;pm;pmrsm tcef;ehygwfj

frygburefrtaqmifodky &kwfw&uf a&mufvmcjh\/ (urer emrnfaemufwgf ugif;p?

ugif;ydfesifh nrduemrnf? twef;wdky

fiwkxnfhvdkuf&hkjzifh urefd a&mufygonf/) uefswfrdoavmuf &mynfhugif;wgf usif;yonfh

rl;,paq;0g;jgjsd

rqrrrjifyy&
aq;wu�odkvf jycef;wgif urefrwdky wm0efusonfh n\ aemufwpfywfwdwdtmumwgif jzpfonf/
xdkaeynu
nae ig;em&drs n 11em&dtxd armifesifhurefr ed;uyfpgm &sdaecjhygonf/ ug,f&ifarhnyd;
awgfaoatmif

u&ivgrf;jywwfol [k (yxrqhk; tbudrf) urefr emrnfay;rdaom nvnf; jzpfygonf/

armifonf pma&;rnhhdkyaomf pma&;aumif;olwpfod;vnf; r[kwf/ armifhpmudk zwfyd; xdknu

urefr
yg/ontdyfraysmft&rf;aysmfaeaomamumifh zpfonf/ pmu wpfesmyif rjhfwwfyg/ uefrudk

yg/ jrsufynrcspfjrwfedk;rdonfhtamumif;udk &dk;pif;pgmyif a&;om;xm;\/

armifhvufrswfudk urefr ausmif;ac:csdefpm&guf
vufrswfrsm;wgif rswfrdaevdkyomaygh/ armifu pmatmufajcwgif emrnfav;rqyif
a&;azmfr&acs/

oli,fcsif;rsm;udk armifh yxrqhk;pm&vqif tat;wdkufrnf[k uwdchnyd; jzpfaomvnff;

xdktcsdefu
azazmf0g&dvbud; jzpfozihf tajctaet& qdcsufacgufqjgfygjpd aur;vdkuf&ygonf/

jwp

armifhf;u urfr pmjyefcsifvsny/ (uefru vhk;0 rrlwwfol jzpfygvrfhrnf/)

oli,fcsif;rsm;u

pm&uwnedrdwm;xm;\/]]tckcsufcsif; pm&? tckcsufcsif; pmjyefvdky b,fjzpfrvj/ eifuvj

rdef;uav;qdkwm rl&w,fwjh}}
bmnm tmuompfay;mu\/ urerpdwfudk aug;aumufaeatmif xdef;csyf� olfcsif;rsm;\ trdefyt&

hfki,
'kwd,trfbd twef;wif pmar;ygjbud;tnyd; atmifpm&if;xugfaom aeyu pmjyefvdkufavonf/
pmjyefawmhvnf;
armifhf;ehygwfudk urer rod/ atmifqef;aqmifsef;om odonf/ (tjonfwkf;u armif
taqmifaeao;on

tcefre)farmiffhovdk armifhemrnfh&ju aemufu ugf;p? ugif;ydwfxjrsm

armifhnrduemrnfeifh armifhtwef;wdkyudk

pmxniksa&;ay;vdkufonf/

aemufwpfaey zdz0gaqmifodky armifa&mufvmygonf/ urefr tjonfaeyu armifhudk

qif;awguzdky rdepf
20avmuf pof;pm;,&onf/ urefr armifhudk rsufesmcsifdkif&javmufatmif &sufjhygonf/
tcspf[lf

l;rqaecon

pmrsufs

em
22
trsf

ww&

&sufp&m[k urefr rxifcjhzl;aomfvnf; armifhudk cspfw,f ... [laom pmuav;wpfamumif;

a&;vdkurfdaomamumifh
urefr rsufesmylaeg;cjh&onf/ taqmifa&suu am'hyifatmurfsm armif tmumbud;
&yfapmifhaeonfudk urefr tcef;
jywif;aemufugfrs acsmif;munhf&if; &ifkefarmyef;ae\/ b,fvdkrs budk;pm;tm;wif;�
r&aomtcg oli,fcsif;udk

,cpmwdkav;a&;� ogm;ay;cdikf;vdkuf&\/

]]armif? odyfpyfpkwjh rsufvhk;awg atmufrsm armifhudk urefr vmrawgu&jbl;/ reujfzef

nae 4em&d
urefjyefrsm/ acw�&mref;um;*dwfudk 2em&davmuf vmcjhtj'dusrsyj awgu&atmifaemf? urefr
&sufw,f}}

rav/
[ka&;vdkufaom pmwdkuav;udk armifzwfaeonfudk urefr
&icfkefmunfel;pmgacsmif;munfhaerdonf/
armifiwfquf� xgufogm;rs urefr idkcsifovdk chpm;vdkuff/

e&on

]]igrsm;ognydvm;}} [k txyfxyfpof;pm;nd; urefr pdwfqif;&jaeonfrsm wpfneifhwpfaey

m;tcgcg ysjzpfonf/ armifpdwfdk;rsmudk tjonfuwnf;u pdk;&drfyyefwwfoygug,f/

armifhudk urer cspfoltjf

qllfzponre,zpf

owfrswfonfhaeyfyif uefresifharmif wpffpd cjg&rnfh aeyjcjh\/ �onrfmsurefrwdky

espfod;twguf
raumif;aom erdwfqdk; jzpffwlygonf/ armifhsihawmhrod/ urer taeesifhawmh armifhudk
cjgcgm&onh

[etaeefffa0'emesifh yxrqkh;buhkrdapaom udk,fhudkudk,fom xyfwvjvj tjypfwifvqif

&ifemrqhk; jzpf&onf/
bmamumifhrsm; ausmif;jyefzgifhnyd; jyefqhk&wjhaeyudk ra&g;rdavovjaemf/

urefr jffhaeu csdef;onfhtwdkif; armif aeyv,espfd uwnf;u apmifhaeygonf/ um;*dwu

yernyfem&fvl&iyfojzifh yp�nf;rsm; ae&mcsnyd; aemuf aps;cskdem;u vufzuf&nfqdikf

wpfckrsm urefrwdkyespfa,muf awgumuonf/
espfa,mufwnf; awgu&awmvnhf; &sufaecjhwmygy/jarmifuvnf; &sufaenyd; urefrudk
wnfhwnfhrmunhf?
urefruvnf; &sufaenyd; armifhrsufesmudk wnfhwnfhrmunhf/ vufzuf&nfyef;uefrsm; udkom
ikhypdkufmunhfnyd;
aomufvnf;raomufmuyg/

]]pma&;aemf}}

urefr acgif;ndwfjyvdkufygonf/ acgif;ndwjfyaomfvnf; urefr armifhvdyfpmudk rod/

ar;zdky
owd&aomfvnf; pum;rqdk&jfuvnf; araeao;onf/ awmfawmfbud;mumrs
yg/ armih

]]ausmif;zgihf&if csufcsif;jyefvmaemf? odvm;}} [k qdkjyefon/f

urefruvnf; acgif;udkom ndwfjyvdkufjyefonf/ xdkyaemuf tmumbud; wdwfqdwfogm;jyef\/

armifu
urefr rsufsmudk ijhapmif;unfhvdkuf? eh&hu pwd&,dkodcsif;wdwfacgamumfjim ydkdk
pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf

emdpwmrsm;umunhfvdkufjzifh tae&cufovdk pm;ygjchkudk vufacsmif;uav;rsm;jzifh

tohrndrnm acgufae\/

]]ausmif;jyefzgihfvkdy jyefawgu&ifsuaeod;rsmbjvm;}}

aum&f

armifu tenf;i,f jyh;� ar;jyef\/ urer acgifdwfjyvdkuf aomtcg armifu urfrudk

kf;nersufarsmifmukwfjyonf/]]at; ... at; acgif;yjndwfae? odvm;}} armif tenf;i,f

&jwif;vm[ef wl\/
urefrbufodky udk,fudk udkif;� rsufesmudk taotcsmihkymunhum ... f

]]wu,fqdk wpf&uf? esp&ufd;vm;? bmjzpfvdky 'davmuf tapmud; jyefcsif&wmvj?

vgrf;&rjhol

frsm; aeygob&sdaevdkyvm;}}

pmrsufs

em
23
trsf

ww&

]]tdk ...}}
urefr armifhudk tvefywmum; armhmunhfrd\/
]][ifhtif; ...}}
]]bm [ifhtif;vj}}
]]r&sdbl; ... vdky}}
]]bmr&sdwmvj}}
]]vgrf;&r,fholqdkwm}}
]]r,hk&ygbl;av}}
]]tjvdk rajymygejy}}
armifu oufjyif;wpfcsuf&idfnyd; urefrvufrs em&dudk vsf;munhfonf/

urxdkaeyu bm&,fref;rodbj urefr um;ay:wufnyd; um;ab;rsm rwff&yfaeaom armifhudk

munfh&if;

swytvgeftrif; idkfvmonf/ pdwfvgwfvufvgwf aysmoifhaomtcsdf�

armifhrsufessdk;ae&onfrm tcsdftcg

csifem�Sera&g;wwfaom urframumifhk rdrdudk,fdrd tjypfwifdonf/

e[rr]]nus&if csrf;rsmaemf? taeg;xnf xkwfnyd;nydvm;}}

armifu pdk;&drfwbud; ar;avonf/
]]vrf;rsmpm;zdky}} [k armi0,fay;vdkufaom ohk;ig;whdyf *dk;vf'if;ywfzfkefyxkyukd
aygifay:rsm

fqrfaqmhupm;&if; armifhudk acgif;ndwfjyvdkuf\/ wpfcsdefwnf;rsmyif armifesifhrcjgbj

armifhab;rsm &yfaecjhcsifpdwfu
urefr wpfudk,fvhk;udk egrf;azsmhvmapcjhonf/

]]jywif;zgifnyd; tdyfaysmfraeapejy? odvm;? [dkfcif zsm;aeod;r,f/ ajymwmmum;vm;}}

hra&mu]]mum;ygw,f}}
ajz&if; b,fvdkub,fvkd rsuf&nfusrdrsef; rodawmh/ owd&onfhtcg rsuf&npufrsm;
rkefyxkyf

fay:
vgifhpof usvmnyd/
]]a[masm ...}}
armif ysm,mcwfgm;\/ urfr\ jf;abmifay:vuffvsuf...

oeywiwi
]]bmjzpfvkdy idk&wmvj? olrsm;awg jrifukefnyd? r&sufbl;vm;}}

pmrsufs

em
24
trsf

ww&

urefr rsuffudk armifhvufzifh okfay;zdky armifrrdedkiyg/ armifhvufudkifk0gjfh

okfap&atmifvnf;

&njwfyziwarmifrera&m vufudkfyk0g udkifwwfolrsm; r[kwfuyg/

a&m?ufim]]ridkejyaemf? wpfvqdkwm bmrs rmumygbl;? cpav;&,f}}

jywif;abmifay:rs urefrvufrsm;udk cyfzgzgqkyf� Muifempgm espfodrfhcjhavonf/
armif rpof;pm;rdbl;vm;ug,f/ armiesifh wpfvavmuf cjg&rsmudkyif rsuffusrdatmif
0rf;enf;

f&nxdcdkufvg,faom urefronf armifesifh wpfoufvhk; cjg&vqif b,fvdkrsm;

ae&pfcjyghhrvj[k armifenf;enf;rq
jyefjhmhfrdbl;vm; ... /

riun

pmrsufs

em
25
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef; (5)
trsefuawmh tm;vhk;
urefrtrsm;om jzpf\/
armifr&sdawmhrsef; odvsufejy
wm0efawg triudp�awGudk
ypfy,fvquf
re�av;odkyvmcjhjcif;onfvnf;
urefrtrsm;/
armifesifhtwl pm;aeus
acgufqjgqdkifodky
wpfa,mufwnf;
ogm;pm;rdonfuvnf;
urefr\trsm;/
trsm;qhk;uawmh
armifhudk b,fvdkrs
arhr& rkef;r&jcif;yifwnf;/

pmrsufs

em
26
trsf

ww&

rxdawgu&wm mumnydjzpfaom *pfwmbudk;uav;rsm;udk wpfacsmif;jcif; wdkyxdupm;ae

aomfvnf;
odcsif;wpfyk'fjzpfatmif wd;cwfvdkpdwf r&sdyg/ urefr\ vufonf;rsm;vnf; &snfae\/
pm;yjgay:rs armifh"mwfyhkudk
munhfrdaomtcgvnf; vgrf;qgwfowd&pdwfzifh zswfj acgif;cg,rf; ypfvdkufrdonf/

jce

]]armif ... armifhudk wrf;wwjh tvgrf;awgejy usef&pfaer,fh rdef;rwpfa,mufudk armif

wpfcgwavrs
owdr&bl;vm; armiff}}

&,

urefr tjyktrrsm;uldk armifomodvqif t"dy�g,fr&sdwm[k &iwfcsayvrdfhrnf/

re�av;a&mufvif b,fdkrs avqmufrvnfaom urefdk tdrf&sf tefwdu thhoaeonf/ urfronf

quruimeaeyv,fpmudk eef;a&sqdcsufacgufqjgqdkifrmpm;� npmudk aygifrefyaxmywfokwfeifh

aumfzdjzifh

uaps;em;u sksnyd;ogm;onf/ &kyfsifhkodky ogdkaomfvnf; todrdwfaqg wpfod;wpfavesifh

ogm;awgursm pdk;&drfonf/ awguvif

&&m;vqeiwfqufae&od;rnf/ wpfphkwpfa,muffa,mufwnf;vm;}} [laom tar;udk urer rnfodkyrq

onf;chedkifpgrf;

\]]wpfr&sdawmyg/ urfruvnf; re�av;rsm todrdwfawg rsm;rs

hersm;/

*pfwmudk ukwifay: tomt,m csxm;vdkufonf/ pm;ygjwif yef;pdkutfdk;rs esif;qdehyonf

oif;art;vqu&sd\/ pdful;r,ofwwfaom armifonf esif;qdehyudkawmh tvgfbukufepfoufygonf/
aemufyd;

fwedsntenf;i,f &,fzdkyaumif;pgm wjcm;olawgesifh ajymif;jyef/ armifonf vhk;0

*pfwmrwd;wwf? odcsif;wpfyk'fudkvnf;
tp tqhk; r&ww/furefruom armifhudk *pfwm wd;jy&jrjjzpfon/fwpfcgwpf&h paewe*faeg
ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;wgif urefr taqmifodky rjyefawmhbj armifhtdrfrsmyif ntdyfonfhtcg
armifhudk *pfwmwd;jyavh
&sdygonf/ urer *pfwmohdk em;axmif&if; tdyfaysmfgm;wwfaom armifonf uav;i,fwpfa,muf

fuoyrm
tjypfuif;pifvspae we*faegntcsdkygif *pfwmohzifh tdfaysmfogm; wwfaom armifon

\/ wjyf
ausmif;zgifh&ufnrsm;wigf tydfraysmfbj wpfckck vdktyfaeovdk chpm;&onf[k qdkvmygonf/
armif pdwfqif;&jp&m
buhkwdkif;? armifhpdwfrsm; nidrfoufat;csrf;ogm;atmif urefrudk
*pfwmwd;cdkif;av&hsdonf/

urefresifh cjcggmae&onfh ohk;espfwmumv\ naygif;rsm;pgmxjrs wpfnwavwgif armif

pdwfysuff;enf;zg,fjzpfap? emusnf;a'go xgufp&mjfap? muhkguvmcjh&onf qdkqif
armifhudk epfodrfhzdky

0r&mzpawygvsrnfolu wwfedkiygrnfenfarmifhrsufesm? armifhrsufvhk; trldk

t&yfwmunhfmunhf aewwfaom

f;/ t,mudurefronf armifhpdwfxjrsm bmjzpfaeonfudk armif zgifhajymzdkyrvdkbj

tvdktavsmuf &ydfrdjrj jzpf\/

]]urefravmuf armifhtay: b,folrsm; em;vnfcgifhvtwfyghrvjarmif}}

urefr b,fvdkrs pdwfwnfhhri r&edkifonfhtqhk; jkf;qdk rwfwy&yffvdkufurefr wpfae&m&m

wzefyp\/
ogm;rsjzpfrnf/ aeyv,fpmpm;&ef tcsdefjzpf\/ ,aey pm;aeus qdcsufqdkifodky ogm;&ef
0efav;aeonf/

raeyu aeyv,fu qcsudfqdkifydkif&isfonf oludk,fwdkif rkefyygjvmcsay;&if; urefrudk

eiwfquf\/

]]q&mwpfa,mufwnf;vm;? [dktpfudk rygbl;vm;}}

urefrtjyhk;onf tenf;i,f avsmhvsjogm;ygvdrfhrnf/

]]rygbl;&sif}}

pmrsufs

em
27
trsf

ww&

]]tvnfvmwmvm;}}
]]qdkygawmh}}
]]q&mwdky vufxyfnyd;nydvm;}}
olya&suwgf armifpdfaumufaeaom urertm; armifudk,fwdkif zgef;jfh cghuaur;cjhfudk

iuwfzionoltrswf&ayvdrfhrnf/ urefr eiwfjzifh rajzedkifbj uasmuod

acgif;,rf;cgypfvdkurfdonf/ qdkif&siftrskd;ord;onf
tm;emaumif;ogm;&resf;odum urefrudk jyhk;jynyd; qdkifaemufbufodky 0ifogm;cjh avonf/

]]armifu arhxm;edkifayr,fh rarhedkifwjh vlawgu urefrudk ar;ukefmunyd armifa&}}

trsefuawmh tm;vhk; urefrtrsm;om jzpf\/ armifr&sdawmhrsef; odvsufejy wm0efawg

triudp�awGudk
ypfy,fvquf re�av;odky vmcjhjcif;onfvnf; urefsm;/ armifeifhtwl pm;aeus
acgufqjgqdkifodky

rtrswpfa,mufwnf; ogm;pm;rdfuvnf; urefr\trsm;/ trsm;qhk;uawmh armifhudk b,fvdkrs

arhr&

onrkef;r&jcif;yifwnf;/

wpfckckh ogm;pm;rs zpfrnf/ urefr\ udk,fay:wgif armifbudkuf� b,fwkf;urq rqif,ifcjhz

awmjrel;aom
c&rf;yma&mif 0wfphkudk urfr 0wfyd; refxjodky pdwfqif;&jpgmunhfrd

jensm \/
]]'dta&mifu tom;odyfjzlrs vdkufzufwm? cspfu tom;rs rjzlbj? 'grskd;awg r0wfejy}}
]]0wfawmhbmjzpfvj}} urefr pwdfwdk[efaqmifcjh\/
]]0wfawmh bmrsh rjzpfygbl;/ armifbudkufbl;aygh}}

awmr]][kwfvm;armif? armifrbudkuf&if 'd0wpfhk ndrav; ay;ypfr,f}}

]]tdk ... 'gayr,fh armifha&sursm r0w&iff nyd;wmyjav}}
awmufyaom c&rf;jyma&mif 0wpfhkonf reifridif;aeaom urefr\ rsufesmudk tenf;i,frqyif

munfvifvif;vuf vmapedkifjcif;r&sdyg/ vdrf;jc,fnyd;aom rsufesmay: odky

u&if;rfywfzfxyf&dkuf&if;
armifvufaqmif ay;zl;aom bl;uav;wpfckudk owd&ogm;onf/ tvsty budkufwwfaom armifonf
urefrudk
vent vert u&if;(rf)ywf(zf) av;axmifhbl;av; vufaqmifay;� vdrf;apcjhonf/

]]rdef;uav;qdkwm enf;enf;yg;yg;rsawmh tvsjyifod;rsaygh cspf&m}}

]]armifu vrss cspfrsmvm;}}

]]rydkprf;ygejy cspf&ju/ armifu cspfudk rdef;uav;ejy wlapcsifvdkyyg}}

]]awmfmum odyjfyifqifvdky budkufr,fholawg oydfrsm;nyd; armifhudk xm;ypfcjhrs}}

]]xm;&j&if xm;ypfunhfav}} armifhfesm csufcsif;ysufogm;cjh\/

mrsu

pmrsufs

em
28
trsf

ww&

]]b,furm�a&mufa&muf eifhdk vdkufowfyprsm mum;vm;}}

uf

]]tdk ... armifuvj tajymiftysufajymwmudk}}

]]'dud�JY ywfouff enf;enf;rs rpejy? armifrbdkufbl;}}

pe&iu

armifha'gorsufvhk;rsm;onf pdrf;vufaecjhmu\/

rsefxjrs urefrrsufvhk;rsm;uawmh rsuf&nfprsm;jzifh csufjcif; pdkvufogm;avonf/ urefr

rsufvhk;rsm;udk
rsdwfypfvdkuf\/ aemufwpfzef jyefzgifhmunhfvdkufonf/ ajcmufaoguaeaom
eiwfcrf;rsm;udk vqmjzifh pgwfpdkatmif
jykdkufaomfvnf; csuff; jyefvnfacmufaogu ogm;jfonf/ yef;eka&mif
eiwfcrf;qdk;aq;wpfbl; a&g;,�

vcsijyelcyfyg;yg;qdk;vdkufaomfvnf; eiwfcrf;rsm; pdkajyrvmyg/ rwfwyf&ynfyd;

tcef;tjyifbuf xgufrnfjykrs yef;
ryefsef; owd&rdonfc&rf;a&mifesfh tzla&mif a&maeaom opfcyef;wpfygifh reufu tefw

&ao;r/ijgd
vmay;cjhonf/ tjonfyef;uav; b,fa&muf aeygvdrfh/ (armifesifh ywfouf�
rswfompfgeaumif;aom

tvfurefronf wjcm;ud�owdarhavsmh vmwwf\/ vrf;rsmawgudk,fhvemu udk,fhudk eiwfqufvm

p� Uaom lonfudkyif cyfamumifamumif jzpfaewwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&h 'kwd,aey xyfa&mufvmaom

vlemudk yxraeyu
bmaq;xdk;ay;vdkufrdrsef; owdr&� vlempm&if; jyefvsefmunhf&if; vlemrnfudyg
kpof;pm;r&awmhwmrskd;
jzpfwwfao;\/ tm;emyg;emesifh ]]tj ... emrnfhaejfnyd}} [k rsufesmylpgjyefonf/
(ausmif;wkf;u

aryemar;&eurefresifh cifpef;0if;udk od;aesmufaumif;vgef;aomamumifh qdknyd; super

brain [k aemufajymif ac:cjhmuzl;\/)

,ckwavm urefgef owdarhwwfonf/

r tv

urefr aomufdk;pifwgf &smonf rawgu/ yef;qdkvqif aomufa&tdk;pif a&tdk;zhk;ay:rsm

xm;wwfaom

a&tirdef;uav; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;\ tusifh jzpfedkifonf/ pm;ygjchkay:rsm &smonf

rawguyg/ *pfwmatmufrsm;
ydjym;aervm;/ *pfwmudk ae&ma&thvnf; rawgu/ pdwffvuffjfh acgif;thk;atmufu

uawmysuysuzivsrf;,laomtcgusrs acgif;thk;ab;rs yef;yigfhav;udk awgu&onf/ t..

jyef;qdkwm acgif;thk;ab;rsmvnf;
xm;wwfmuyguvm;/

yef;yighfav;udk &idufart;munhfaomtcg armifhudk,fehyudkyj art;rdonf/ yef;qdwm

karmifesifhvnf;
rywfoufrdygbejsifh ...

tcef;whcg;aomhcwf� tjyifavsum;xpfodky qif;aomtcg aeyv,f 12em&d &sdnyd/

rdk;tkhyaeaomamumifh
oufom&m &ao;onf/ whwm;jzlav;ay: odky jzwfavqmufrdaomtcg ajrmif;xjrsm a&cskd;aeaom
uav;wpfa,mufu vsf;atmfeiwfquf

r\/

]]rr aps;ogdkyvm;}} uav;rsm tefwd\ ajjzpf[efw\/ l

m;rvr;

]]amomf ... at;ug,f}}

urefrudk rrac:� ureff;thhoogm;\/ uefr\ nrduwgif 6espf? 7esft&g,f uav;rsm;u urerudk

rt&rmrkpftefwd[kom ac:ygonf/ tefwda'gufwm? tefwdq&mr[k ac:mu\/ rr[k rnfolrq

rac:muyg/ urefronf
eef;a&suaps;bufodky ravqmujfbj bwpfum;rswfwdkf&sd&m uskh;ab;odky
zwfqmufvdkfonfkdogm;&vi

fzpfijavu/aps;csqf

pmrsufs

em
29
trsf

ww&

aumif;rnf/ aps;cskdrsm rkefywpfckckpm;rnf/ urefr pm;rnfhqdkifonf 29vrf;xdyfrs ]

usdrfpdef} acgufqgjqdkif rjzpfap&/
rav;&sm; 'haygufqdkif rjzpfap&/

tdk ... rjzpfao;ygbl;av/ tjonf qdkifrsm; r[kwfonfh aps;cskdrmsrnfonfhqdkifua&m

pm;�
t&om&sdrnfenf;/ aq;ausmif;buf ogm;&vqif aumif;rvm;/ ausmif;esifh rsufesmcsif;qdkif
cdkifa&t0gqdkifrsmawmh
pm;�rjzpfyg/ tjonfqdkifu armiesifh urfrudk odon/]]wpffa,mufwnf;vm;}} [k ar;aevqif
rcuf

feygvm;/
ausmif;udkogm;rnfqdkvqif trswf (5) um;pd;� rjzpfyg/ r*fvmwhwm;rsqif;� av;ig;jy
avqmufae&od;rnf/
tif;av bmxl;rsmvj/ atmiffrlodkyogm;nd; trswf (1) um;pd;zdky&mvnf; c&d;tvegfa0;onf/

awmy

urefr ab;em;odky bwfpfum;wpfpd; xdk;&yfvmonf/

]]aps;cskd ? aps;cskd vdkufrvm; tpfr}}

urefr acgif;,rf;ypfvdkufaomtcg bwfpfum;'&dkifbmu]]bmvj[}} [k wdk;wdk;a&&gwfum

um;udk
aqmifhxgufogm;\/ '&dkifbm pdwfwdkogm;[ef &sdygonf/ �vrf;wgif trswf (5)
bwfpfum;wppfd;om ajy;qgj

\/
rswfwdkifrsm &yfaeaom rdef;rwpfa,mufonf um;xdifchkg vgwfaeatmif ae&mus,f0ef;ref;
jrif&ygvsu

kawsf
rvdkufbl;qdkvqif rnfolu em;vnfrnfenf;/

t&m&mudk awga0ai;armolyyd bmvkyfef;rodaomamumihf urer acgif;,rf;ypfvdkufjf; jff/

d&rsfcizpygonurefronf uskh;ab;rs at;at;aq;aq; vrf;avqmufvmcjhavonf/ uskh;a&xjwgif

mumygifhihrsm;pkgmudk [dkwpfpk?
onfwpfpk awgae&ma[mif;qdkonrsm tvgfa0'emay;wwfsef; odygvsufejy ae&ma[mif;oky

u&\/ ferdvmcjhrdongrsm urer\ rm;,gif;aysmhnhh awga0ri jzpfarmifeifhtwl

vrf;avqmufaeus uskh;vrf;onf

fs\/ sarmifhxrhs wd;wdk;pum;ohrsm;udk urefrqd o,faqmifvm&m vrf;vnf; jzpfonf/

]][dkaeynuav? csppfdwfaumufwjhnu armi'fdvdk uskh;ab;rsm xdikfaewmodvm;/ cspfudk

b,fvdkacsmhsef;rodvdky xdkiff;pm;aewm}}

&rpo

]]aemufawmh odogm;a&mvm;}}
]]rodygbl;}}

]]tdk ...}}

urefr [uf[ufyufyuf &,faomtcg armif t&sufjyhk;esifh urefrudk ai;munhfnyd;

urefrvufarmif;udk
vufod;jzifh xd&hkuav; cyfzgzgxdk;avonf/

]]ajymxm;od; ... csp&fjy? armifb,fvdk acsmh&rvjvdky}}

b,favmufrsm; &dk;om;vdkufonfh armifygvdrfh/ wpfcgwpf&h urefr pdwfaumufvdky

aumufrsef;yif odol
r[kwfacs/ armif upm;0dkif;rsm;odky a&mufogm;vqif vnf;aumif;? t&ufaomufonfh tcgwgif
vnf;aumif;?
urefr rmumcp pdwfaumuf&wwf\/ armif zj0dkif;xdkifaevqif urefru
armifhtdr�f*pfwmudkom ojojrjrj
wd;aewwf\/ wd;aomtcgwdkif;vnf; udkae0if;\]]aemufqhk;tdyfruf}} udk wd;avh&sdonf/
wpfcgwekf;uvnf;
paeaeynrdky urefruawmh armifhqdpmusuf&if; vmtdyfcjh\/ nod;ydkif;rsmawmh
whwm;jzlav;ay:

pmrsufs

em
30
trsf

ww&

urefrwpfa,mufwnf; xdkifapmihfaecjhao\/ wjznf;jznf; nofheufvmaomtcg urefr

&dyfpm;rdpgm tdrfxjjyef0if�
*pfwmwd;aecjhhonf/

&awm

]]wpfa&;rs ___ raysmfwjhn ___ arsmifvgef;aeqj ___ wpfa,mufwnf; ig ... idkaewkef;

___
&ifxjrsm rauseyfqhk;}} [ltydkfudk xyfjyefwvjvj wd;aecdkuf armifa&mufvmcjhonf/
urefrqd

aom '
wef;avqmufvmnd; ureffd;cwfaeonfh nmbufvufchkudk zswfj ikhyerf;vdkuaomtcg ureffcsi

yr*pwmwcefrcsuf;
pdwfaumufajycsifovdk jzpfogm;ao;\/ thrm 'gavmufejy b,f&rvj? urefr rsufesm
cyfwnfwnefsifh *pfwm
qufwd;aevdkuf\/

]]wdwfqdwftdyruffwdky usefaeqj ___ ighpdwfawg ... esifaewkef; ... aygh ___

wcskdyawg
aeedkifvgef;w,f ___}}

armif urefr ted;wgif yl;uyfaeatmif 0ifxdkifvdku\/ f

]]cspfuvj a,musfm;odcsif;buddk bmjyvdky wd;aewmvj}}

;ukurefr pdwfaumufrsef; armifrod/

]]armif taqmifsm 0dkif;zpfaewm? uj rsf;nyd; ajf;yg/ armif b,favmufdkifr,f xifj}}

rjeymprev

urefr armifhudk armhrmunhfyg/ armifu urefr\ b,fbufychk;udk tomt,mayguzu�furefr

nmbufychk;pgef;ay: rsufesmarsmufcsvdkufonf/ urefr *pfwmwd; &yfogm;aomfvnf;
armifhudk pum;wpfcgef;rs
ajymcsifpdwf r&sdyg/ armif urefrudkk t&dyfwmunhfmunhf aezdkyaumif;onf r[wkfygvm;/
armifh rsufesm
t&dyftujudk urefr urrf;usifpgm zwf&iwwfovdk urefr rsufesmt&dyftujudkvnf;
armiff&iwwfapcsifonf/

zw
]]cspff ... armif naeuwnf;u bmrs rpm;&ao;bl;/ armifqmvdkufwm ...}}

&,

urefr tjrifuwfuwfeisfh ckwifay: odky *pfwmudk tohjrnfatmif murf;wrf;pgm

aqmifhcsypfvdkuf rdonf/
armifh udk,fce�m qwfcej wkfogm;onf xif

e\/
]]'dr,f ...}}
urefr armifhemrnfudk a&suu udk wyf� ac:ypfvdkufon/f]]taqmifudk wpfa,mufwnf;
rjyef&jvdky 'drsm aeae&wm odvm;? uskyfu awmfhtdrfrsm wpfpufrs

aecsifwm r[kwfbl;/ awmfh[mawmf tavvdkufcsif&m vdkunfyd; qm&hkruvdky iwfaoogm;ogm;?

bmta&;vj}}

]][m}}

xgufvmaom tmar#dwfoehsifhtwl armif uref;uwef; urefr rsufesmudk munhf\/

]]bmjzpfvdky ... bmjzpfvdky 'dpum; &dkif;&dikf; ajym&wmvj? cspf bmjzpfaevj[if}}

ajymvnf;ajym&if; urefr

vufarmif;espfbufudk armif qkyfudkifvmonffhvursm;udk urfr ykwfcsvdkufon/

/armifef
]]urefrudk rxedjy z,f}}

pmrsufs

em
31
trsf

ww&

armifonf z,fqdkvqif csuff;z,f� cyfvsrf;vsrf;pdky xgfcgmogm;wwfol jzpfonf/

wpfcgwpfcg armif

csiubmjzpfvdky onfavmuf t� &rsef; pof;pm;r&yg/ ukvm;xkdifrsm ogm;xdkif&if;

urefrudk ai;aecjhonf/
olymunhf&onfrsm ol bmtjypfvkyfrdygvdrfh[k pof;pm;r&onfh yhkphrskd;/ urefrudk
zgwfayguzufacsmhjrlzdky owd&[ef
rwlyg/

]]cspf pdwfauseyfatmif udk,f bmvkyfay;&rvj [if}}

]]rvdkygbl;? aus;zl;jynd; urfffwnfjymprf;ygejy}}

kyer wpa,mu; aeyg&ap? pum; vmra

urefr ckwifay: vsjcsvdkufawmhonf/ armif ukvm;xdkifay:rsm tmumbud; nirdfoufaeavonf/

reufjzefus&if igtapmbud;udk xjyefr,f?'grs olrswfrsm? b,fhes,fawmf ... pmar;ygju

espfvavmuf vdkawmhw,f/
olu zj&dkufvdky aumif;wkef;/ urefr acgif;thk;ay: yg;tyfny; tddyfzdky mudk;pm;onf/
xdknrskd;wgif urefrwdkyespfa,muf
pmrusufjzpfmuyg/ urerftdyfcsifa,mifaqmifaewm wpfem&davmuf mumogm;aomtcg armifu
ukvm;xdkirfs
x\/ urer ckwifqdodky avqfvmonfjcozgzguav; jzpffavmuf ajhel;nhhwmawmh rmuhkz

fmu/(ah\/)oncol;yg/
armifonf ajcvsrf;udk tohjrnfatmif &ysfwdkufvsrf;wwfol jzpfonf/ urefr ckwifab;wgif
nidrfoufpgm
rwfwwf&yfaeao;onf/ armifhtouf&iohudkyif uefmum;ae&onf/ armifhsmom urer&sdvqif

rr ae&mrfrsufesm0suf� tdyfaysmfaeaom cspfoludk ihkyerf;ypfdkufrdrnf/ armifuawmh

urefr udk,fay:rsausmf

v�
udk,fudkudkif;um jywif;aygufudk tohrjrnfatmif qgjydwfvdkufonf. xdkyaemuf ajc&if;rs
*grf;apmifespfxnfudk
jzefy� urer ufdk,fay:rsm jchkay;onf/ urefr ychk;xd vhkatmif pdwf&snfvuf&snf
jchkay;ny;rds wdk;wdwfpgm tcef;tjyif
xgufogm;cjhonf/ urefr pdwfraumif;jcif;bud;pgm usef&pfcjh\/ tdrfa&sucef;rsm
oifjzl;cif;oh mum;&\/
zkefvsnf;ohyif mum;&yg/ armifonf �odkyvnf; yppvufcwf aewwfol jzpff/

rfon

urefr aeg;axg;pgm ars;cej tdyfaysmfognyd; wpfa&;edk;vmaomtcg urefsm armif

m;rab;rvmrtdfao;aumif; awgu&onf/ armiffvdkrsm; tdfaeygvdrfh/ urer pdwfyyef vmonf/

armifon

ymb,yflf
awmifay:u (tat;ydif;rs) vljzpff tnmol urff ydk� csrf;wwfonf/ urefronf
5em&cgjwdwdwgif
kygvsuerxudarmi&fsd&m {nfhcef;qdodky ajczzggav; eif;� vmcjhonf/

]]tdk ...}}

pdwfaumufaecjhaom urefryifvqif armifhudk jyefoem;ogm;rd\/ armif;onf

acgif;atmurfsmvnf;
wpfphkwpfckrs rch? apmifvnf; rygygbjesifh ykqdk;udk ajczsm;xd zhk;vtrf;nyd;
'l;espfzumfum; vufxnhf� aug;aug;av;
tdyfaysmfaecjhonf/ ureffhted;rsm xdkifdkufawmhonf/

r armicsv

]]armif ... armif}}

armif csuff;edk;vmonf/

csi

]]x ... x ... ckwifay: ogm;tdyf? apmifvjl;? at;uat;ejy}}

rygb

armifonf urefrudk wthhwmo munhfaeonf/

]]bmai;aewmvnf;? ogm;tdff? rcsrf;bl;vm;}}

ycsn

pmrsufs

em
32
trsf

ww&

urefr qkyfudkifrdaom armifh ajczsm;rsm; at;pufvsuf&sd\/

]]'gejy cspfu armifhudk pdwfqdk;aewm r[kwfbl;vm;}}

]]amomf ... jzpfrs jzpf&av armif&,f}} ureff;&hkom nnf;vdkufrdonf/ armifu tajdk

zswfcej

r nnctaeu&dyfrdgm 0rf;omtm;& &,farm� urefdk wif;usyfgm zuff; txyfftcgcg erfhonf/

prupxm;&ixy;awm

]]armifav csppdwfqdk;&if b,fvdkae&rsef; rodbl;? armifhzdky pof;pm;ao;w,f? b,fvdk

acsmh

facsm&rvj
pof;pm;&if; tdyfaysmfogm;wm}}

armif racsmhduwnf;u urfdwfjyyd;om;qdkwm armifdzdky aumif;wmayghug,f/

rerpano

urefrehab;u jrif;vsnf;wppfd; jzwfarmif;ogm;\/

]]jrif;vsnf; ? jrif;vsnf;}}

urefr vufckyfwd;ac:vdufonf/ [kwfonf/ xd;ryg? vg,ftdwfj wpfa,mufwnf;

krygbavqmufogm;&zdkyu awmfawmfmumiffh tvkyfjzpf\/ urefr aq;wu�odkvfa&sutxd

jrif;vsnf;jzifh ogm;zdky

aonqhk;jzwfvdkufonf/ tvegfaes;aug;aom jrif;vsnf;uav;jzifh wpfa,mufwnf; ogm;&wm

rnfrq ysif;&dnid;aigyzg,f
aumif;vdkufygoenf;/ vrf; 30 odky cskd;vdkufaomtcg wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkif urefr\
ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;
re�av;ol wpffudk qdkifu,fay:rsm jrifvdkuf\/ urer csufcsif; rsufemvtjypfvdkufrdon/
uefruk

a,mufsfrdeiwfqufvqif wpffwnf;vm;[k ar;od;rnf/ olu urefr eifh armifhtamumif;

twgif;usus odrnfholawmh

a,musr[kwfyg/ bmyj jzpfjzpfayghav/

aq;wu�odkvfa&ua&muf� urefr jrif;vsnf;ay:rs qifdkufcsdefwgif rdk;zjgzjgav;

&mvdkufaomamfh

s;vgumitpdtpofr&sdbj cdkifa&t0gacgufqgjqdkiftwgif; 0ifvdkuf&awmhonf/

ausmif;om;ausmif;olt&g,f vli,fwcskdu
awgu&aomfvnf; ureffsef;wef;rdonfh rsufesmrsm; r[kwfyg? tif;av ... ausmif;a&suodky
owd&vrgf;qgwfpgm?

r rsuraemufnyd; ow�d&sdpgm (r[kwfao;ygbl;av? t&sufenf;pgm) a&mufvmnyd;rsawmh

bmudkrsm; urerf*&kpdkuf&od;
rnfenf;/ pdwfrylprf;ygejyav? ig[m [efaqmif odyfaumif;ygw,f/ �ujhodky urefr rmumcp
tm;wif;&ygonf/

ausmif;aqmifopfbud;udk rf r yxrqhk; jfjf; jfonf/ urfr tvkyfoiff yd;csdfu

ueri&cizpeq&m0eneausmif;bd;rsm pwif tkwfjrpfsdao;on/ urefr ausmif;bufodky

ra&mufonfrsm espfepfeifh ig;v&sdny/

ucscgpom&fssdre�av;odky vgefcjhonfh {nydv armifharg;aeywkef;urs

a&mufcjhao;aomfvnf; xhk;phtwdkif; ausmif;buf
aq;&hkbufodky vma&muzfdkytxd budk;pm;� r&cjhaomamumifh jzpf\/

aumif;awmh aumif;ygonfav/ ,cif ausmif;aqmifa[mif;qdkvqif urefrwdkyesifh

&if;esd;aeaom
tehytoufrsm;jzifh urefrudk 0rf;enf;vgrf;qgwf apvdrfhod;rnf/ ,ckawmh vsycefynm;aom
ausmif;aqmifopfbud;onf urefrtm; vdktyfonfxufydk� chpm;ri ray;&smyg/

]]rr tvnfvmwmvm;}}

bk&m;a&? urerfrodaom rdef;uav;espfa,muf urefr pm;yjgodky vm&yf\/ wpfa,mufu

uspfqhnrd;
cyf&snfsnfesfh? wpfa,mufu csmvdqhf yhkpheifh/ urfrwdkndkyrs ausmif;olav;awg

&iyiseyrrsm;vm;/

pmrsufs

em
33
trsf

ww&

]]amomf at;ug,f}}
]]rru urfrwdkyudk rrswfrdl; xifw,f? rrwdky a[mufpfqm*sif qif;wef;u urfr
o'trffbdav?

ebketufpf,lo&d;rsm}}

]]amomf ... at; at;? rswrdygndug,f ... 'drsufesmav;awgudkfodyraumif;bl; ndrav;&jy?

vm

fy/rruompf... xdkifav? bmpm;rvj}}

]]pm;nyd;nyd rr? tcktxgufrsm rrudk jrifvdky? rswfompfraumif;bl;vdky rajymygejyav/
rrwdky twef;rsm
rru emrnfbud;yj}}
]]tvdk bmemrnfbud;ygvdrfh? aywm awwmvm;}}
]]aywmawwma&m? ompfaumif;wma&m}}
]]bk&m; ... bk&m;}}
]]ogm;od;r,f rr ? 2em&drsm 0g'hfxj jyefogm;&rsm}}
uav;rav; espfa,mufu &,farm&if; urefrudk eiwfquf� xgufogm;muonf/ urefr pdwfxjwgif
tenf;i,f taesmifht,suf jzpfogm;amumif; 0efch&ygrnffbud;yj}} bmudk qdkvdkygvdrfh/
aywmawwm

/]]rru emrnrswfompfaumif;wmesifh emrnf rbud;edkifyg/ pma&;vdkyrsm;vm;/

rjzpfedkifyg/ wpfcky&jsdonf/ armiefsifh
ywfoufygvrdfhrnf/ armifhudk urerft&l;trl;cspfcjhamumi;faq;wu�odkvf wpfckvhk;rsm;
odukefmunydvm;ug,f/
urefr rsufsm &kffw&uf ylaeg;vmonf/ ai;idkifpgm pdwfryg vufryg pm;aeaom urer
pm;ygjodky

ewfausmif;om;ohk;a,muf 0ifvmmuonf/
]]rr urefawmfwdky ae&mr&sdvdky 'drsm xdkifyg&ap}}
]]tdk ... xdkifyg? xdkifyg? udk,fkyj nyd;awmhrsmyg}}

tc
]]at;at;aq;aq; pm;yg rr&jy? ureffwdkyu odfrqlnygbhl;}}

awmywpfa,mufu [uf&,fem;nnf;vdky xajsmawmh aocsmw,f[k cyfdk;wdk; aemuf\/

cej� y;&rwurefronf pm;vufptwdkif; xm;cjh� aig&isf;vdkufygonf/ ausmif;u

csmwdwfav;rsm;yif jzpfvdrfhrn/f]]a[h ... rif;reufjzef auphfwif&rsm r[kwfvm;?
bmauhpvfj}}
]]pdat&ufwrf (ca rictum)}}
]],lnyd;nydvm;}}
]][ifhtif;? naers ogm;,lr,}} f]][m ... w,fydikfygvm;}}

pmrsufs

em
34
trsf

ww&

0g;cej &,farmmu&if; ureffwyfxonfudk tm;empghmunhfmu\/

r rwm arm]][if ... ogm;awmhrvm; rr? tm;emvdkufwm? pm;rnyd;ao;bjejy}}

]]r[kwfygbl;ug,f? rru 'dvdkyj rukefwwfbl;}}
]]'gejy rrbmjzpfvdky 0w�kqura&;wmvfj [if}}
bk&m; .../
]]urefawmfwdkyu rr&ju pmzwfy&dowfawgyg/ ra&;wm wpefspfavmuf &sdnydaemf}}
urefr jyefxdkif&cuf x&cuf jzpfogm;onf/ pdwfvnf; tvegftrif; usof;usyfogm;ygonf/
]]at;ug,f ysif;wmejy? rtm;wmejy aygif;vdkufawmh ...}}
urefr qufrajzwwfawmhyg/
]]tck ywfwl;awgvm;}}
]][kwfw,f rr}}
]]tpfgm;ygapugm? rif;wdkyuvj pum;&snf&efaum}}

ronidrfouffa,muf� wm;\/ uefrvnf; zgwfeiwfquf� xgufvmcjhf/

aeaom wpu 0ifr&ygon

vrf; 30udk jzwful;� ausmif;0if;xjodky av;uefpgm 0ifvmrdonf/ urefr epsfoufaom

acgif;&rf;yifrsm;?
pdwfyef;yirsm; r&sdawmygvm;/ jrifhrm;aom taqmufhkbud;udk armhmunhff; �ausmif;wgif
ckepsfespfwdwd

fhtt&ipmoicfjhzl;amumif; r,hkcsifovdk jzpfvm\/ ausmif;om;a&;&mxmebuf

vsrf;jrif&jyefawmhvnf; w&if;wesd;
jrifl;aeus rsufsm espfk ohk;ck? jrifl;ovdkvdk &sdum;ohk;av;pd;/ refr
ausmif;aqmifatmuf

zeczaom uaumf&p'gwpfavfqmuf jzwfvmcjhavonf/

uku�dK&Gufrsm; jynhfvqhaewwfonfh ce�maa' cgjpdwfaqmifbufrsm b,fvdkrs rwsfrdzg,f&m

r&sd/
ae&ma[mif;wpfck zpff *slwdukwfudk ychk;ay:wifxm;aom armifht&yfo@mefudk rjfa,mifrd

jygvsudriyg/
*slwdukwf zdk;&dk;zm;&m;esifh ausmif;om;i,f espfa,muf pmtkyfwpfxyfbud;ydkufvsuf
urefresifh rsufesmcsif;qdkifrs
jzwfogm;onfg,fav;rsm;onf wuf<u &ifvef;aeqjjzpf\/ yxrespf trfbd pmoifaqmif[k
urerwfdky

/ �t&ttjrpgjxifswf,lxm;aom wdkfaqmifonf ,cifuxuf tawmfsmif ogm;onffbufu bjgif;obif

jruar/wpuescef;raqmif? wpfbufu umug,fa&;esifh vlria&;aq;ynm xmetaqmif/

urefronf &nf&g,fcsuf ui;rfjhpgm pmmunhfwdkufodky ajcvsrf; od;wnfvdkufrdfa,mufwpfav

\/ q&mwpudk awguvqif munfvipfgm jykh;jyzdky ,ckuwnf;u

tm;,lxm;&rn/fjynhfusyrfgef;oydfaom pmoifaqmif

rsm;ay:
wufrnfhtpm; pmmunhfwdkufjrsm cpae� tvgrf;az&wm toufi& acsmifygvrfhr,f/
xj&d
]][dwf ... rajy;ejy}}

pmrsufs

em
35
trsf

ww&

]][jh ... vefyvdkufwm}}

awgujyefygnyd wpfa,muf? urefronf ndrav;emrnfudk arhaeon/ &cfdkifrav;yg/
b,folrsm;ygvrdfh/
]]tpfdk uefawmf ta0;uwnf;u jrifwm rrswfrdbl;? acsmvmw,f}}

rur
]]at; ... at;? rekfyaur;rsmaygh? a[mufpfqm*sif nyd;nyd

vm;}}
]][ifhtif; tckrs p0ifwm tpr&fju}}
]]tqifajy&juvm;}}
ar;rnfhomar;&onf/ tlamumifamumifar;cgef;yg/
]]ajyygw,f tpfk cskdif;vf0gh'frsmav? tdkauyj aeyv,fqdk vpfvdky&yd}}

r?tcn]][if; ... eifuawmh igejy wpfcef;wnf;aewjhvl&,fvdky rajym&bl;? vpfzdkyyj�

]][j ... [j? ogm;r,fffdkufrsm &ykf&sifaumif;w,f? vdkufod;rvm;? pawmvhk;um;av}}

tpr/ 0i;v
]]aemufs munhfawmhr,ugm? rvdkufawmhbl;? bmvj zwpfff'fvm;}}

rfbvw
]][kwf}}
]]tpffukefu munhfjhnyd/ ogm;ogm; aemufusaer,f}}

r&ecolr tyifxgufogm;rs urefemrnfrwfrdonf/ cuff&csnfh&jywpff;wn; aevmcjhonh

jr srsm;cu/cefftaqmifol ndrwpfa,muf emrnfudkyif arhaysmufvg,frsawmh urefhrsm

bmrswfawgrsm; use&pffygoenf;/

rxompfpmmunhfwdkurfsm pmtkyfwpfckck zwf&vqif aumif;rnf/

aumifwmu tpfrbud;u urefrudk rswfrdaeonf/
]]ausmif;om;uwfawmhsdbl; tpfra&? qrpmtyfawmh yg yg&jy�f;wpfckwpfavrsm;}}

r&k?r*zi
]]amomf ... zwfygug,f? wjcm;olawgrs r[kwfwm? bmpmtkyfzwfrvj}}
pifay:rs pmtkyfrsm;rsm urefsmonf/ aog;aomuf? jr0wd? aigwm&d? [ifhf;/

r&ti]][dk ... 'dbufu wdikf;rfyj ay;yg}}

urefr xdkifaeus nmbuf e&hhesifhuyfvsuf wpfa,mufxdkif chkapmif;pm;ygjav; wpfckrsm
urefr armvspgm

xdkifcsvdkufygonf/ rdk;pufrsejywif;odky wzjgzjg vmyufaemuonf/ tenf;i,f thkridif;�

uav;rsm; fat;prdfhrvdkvdk&sdaom &modowkonf e*dku rmunfvifaom urefr\ pdwfesvhk;udk

egrf;e,fap\/ r*�zif;tzhk;ay:rs
zdvpfydikfor�wa[mif; rm;udkypfudk pdwfroufompgm munfh&if; pm&gufvsefvdkufonf/
wpfcgwpf&h armifhudk

if�dzygonef

pdwfaumufvqf �xdkichkav;� r*Zif;wpfckck xdkifzwf&if; tcsefjkef;avh &sdf/

,ckspydkif;awmhrodyg/

pmrsufs

em
36
trsf

ww&

urefrwdky aemufqhk;espf uawmh pmmunhfwdkufudk nae ig;em&dtxd zgifhay;xm;aomamumifh

urerftmumbud;
tcsdef,l pmmunfhaecgifh &sd\/ armifu 0gh'fxjrsm vdkuf&sm? taqmifrsm vdku&fsm?
urefrudk rawguyg/ aemufqhk;usrs
pmmunhfwdkufsm vm&smonf/ vmtacsmhudk apmifhaeaom urefru pmunhfwdkuf
whf0dif;rsm;um;xj

rmcg;0 taygukmrs
armifhudk jrifvdkufnydqdkvqif b,fwkef;urs tjyifbufvsrf;rmunhfovdk cyfwnfwnf
bmodbmom apmifhaejrj
jzpff/

ygon

cspfolb0wkef;u aysmftifz,f&m naecif;rsm;onf cspfolesiftwl

vgifhyg;aysmufg,fogm;vdrfhf[

&ghurnk
urefr b,fhes,fvkyfnyd; xifedikfyghrvjav/

pmrsufs

em
37
trsf

ww&

trswfw&

*sl;

tcef; (6)

jrwfedk;azmf
muifemzuf
tm;ay;azmf
espfodrfhzuf
0rf;enf;azmf
0rf;enf;zuf
qif;&jazmf
qif;&jzuf
jzpfcjhaom
zed;armifeshed;yg;
&if;esd;wg,fwmcjhonfh
cspfolwpfa,mufudk
&uf&ufpufpuf
xm;ypfcjh&atmiftxd
armifhtay:
qgjaqmifedkifrnf
qdkvqifvnf;
xdkrdef;uav;onf
tvgefw&mrs
vsyayvdrfhrnf/

pmrsufs

em
38
trsf

ww&

owif;pmwpfapmifudk espfod;twl munhfmunydqdkvqifvnf; urefresifh armif

qe�csif;ugjvjgjrj jzpfonf/
urefru wwd, pmrsufesmrs edkifihjcm;owif;udk yxro;pdgm vsefmunhfwwfnyd; armifuawmh
vufxyfowif;?
ema&;owif;rsm;ygonfh amumfjimu@udk tvsif munhfh&sdonf/ r*�f;wpfckudk
zwfnydqdkvqifvnf; armifu

avziumwgef;u@udk tvsif munfhwwfnyd; urefkf&sifu@udk tvsifod;pgm munhfwwffonf

&kf&isf*dw

ru&y\/armiy0goem bud;vsol r[kwf/ tqdkawmfrsm;\ tohudkvnf; em;axmifnyd;

cjgjcm;wwfol r[kwf/ &ykf&siff;om;

ririf;ord;rsm; udkvnf; odyfrsufrsef;wef;rdol r[kfyg/

awg;munhfawmhvnf; urefreisfh armif togifwlonfh tcsuf[l� pmusufysif;jcif;?

aygifrkefybudkufjcif;esifh
zufxkyfamumfbudkufjcif;wdkyom jzpfavonf/ onfrq tppt&m&m qefyusifaeonfh urefrwdky
espfod;twguf
wpfoufwm cgjcgm&jcif;onf odyfawmh thhmop&m r&sdbl; xifygav&ju/

odkyaomf armif pof;pm;munhfzdky aumif;onfrsm urefronf armiefsifh ywfoufvqif tpp

t&m&m
vdkufavsm tavqmhay;cjhonf r[kwfygvm;/ vuff&nfqdkifrsm a,musmf;av;rsm;eifhtwl
wjgaomufwm

zusarmifbukufbl;qdk? armifrygbjesifh vufzuffqdkifokdy rogm;&bl;qdk? ureffhudk

rvdkufavsmcjhaybl;vm;/

rd&nrarmiurefr bdkufonfh vufffudk armifhtwguf qmhcjhefrbudufonfh &kf&ifum;rsm;udk

armifhtwgu

uzu&nav&wm?urkysf
avqmhcjh&wm armif rodwmvnf; r[kwfygbjesifh/

wu,fawmh urereifh armiffvrf;wif ureffvdkrq rxifrswfaom wwd,zmwfaumifwpfd;

fs\zmwgrb,ojzkf;cej ay:vmcjhjcif;u t"dmumif;t&if; zpf/ armifhcspfolrsfavmuvhk;�

uRefrwpfa,mufom

eutajonfmwpjzpfonf[k cdkirmpfgm ,hkmunfxm;cjhaom urefrudk

acsmufcsm;,dkifegjuogm;avmufatmif zefwd;vdkufolrsm armif\
i,fcspfod;[k armifwdkyndkuu owffrswfxm;onfh armifesifh urerxuf ohk;espfavmufi,faom
cspfg,

rfpzf
rdef;uav;wpfod; jzpfavonf/

]]txufwef; ausmif;om;b0uwnf;u taotvjvdkufcjhwm}}

]]tckqdk aumiflwdkyndkuu aumvyfrsm usefjhwm}}

rav;uordaec

]]nrdkuudk jyeffwdkif; olu aumifrav;twef;udk ogm;om;nyd; apmifhwm}}

a&mug

armiff ... urer b,fhes,fvkyfnd; ,hk&rvj ajd;/ ureff armifhpum;rs vjgnyd;

&,fyymygoronrnfolyajq r,hkmunffol jzpf\/ armifhudk zgfh[ar;&javmufatmif urer

owd�r&sdcjyg? armifon

ympum;rwwifhf
[efaqmifwwfol wpfod; jzpfcsifjzpfygvdrfhrnf/ odkyaomf ajamifvdrfnmwwfolawmh
r[kwfyg/ tu,f�rsm; ]
[kwfw,fcspf? tj'daumifrav;u armifh&nf;pm;} [krsm; 0efchvdkufvqif rcufurefr b,fvk

ygvm;/ darqmfvifhcsujfzifh qufvuf &yfwnf&ygrnfvj/

onfvdkesifh wpfaeyxufwpfaey armifhudk t&ydfwmunhfmunhf tujcwfvmorq wpfphkwpf&m

oufmruif;zg,fvnf; rawgucjh&yg/ armifh pmtkyfrsm;udk urefr tjrjzgaeus/ wpfcgwpf&h
armifhvufcsmpmtkyfu
urefrxuf ydkjynhfphkwwfonf r[kwfvm;? ,kwfpgtqhk; armifhrsm pma&;pu�Luwf
wpfckwpfavyif r&sdcjhyg/
pmtdwfqdk a0vma0;/ armifh� tdwfuyfrsm;wif pu�Ltydkif;tpawgqif urefr tjj &smazg

tusguvryyizufh

jzefmunhfrdavmufatmif remvdkpdwf jf;jycjhamumif; rnfolyudkrqdk 0efchdky urefr

r&sfyg/ wpcgwpf&
armifhdwfxjwgif urfr\ aps;0,fpm&if; awguonf/ wpfcgwpf&h bmom&yfqdkif&m
tmf;zsif;rswfpkg

teurrsm; awu\/
wpfcgwpf&h bwfpfum;vufrswf? wpfcgwpf&h &ykf&isfvufrswf/ xdrkdef;uav;esifh
ywfoufaom ojvgefp

pmrsufs

em
39
trsf

ww&

vuf&majc&m bmrqrawguyg/ odkyaomf urefr ,hkmunfpdwfcspgm aecjholawmh r[kwf/ tjrj

oho,jzifh armifhudkvnf;
zgifhrar;bj eheufnwdky ausmfjzwfcjh&\/

wpfcgwpf&h ausmif;oifcef;pmesifh ywfouf� urefrwdkyespfa,muf tjiif;ygm;wwfmuonf/

armirfswfom;xm;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;esifh urefr odrswfonfh tcsuftvufrsm;
qefyusifbufjzpfaomtcg
wpfa,mufesifh wpfa,muf rnfolrq tavqmhray;bj jiif;chkwwfmunyd; armifuyif
pdwfwdkonf/
wu,fwrf;awmhvnf; armifhrswfompfu tvgefwpf&m thhmoavmufatmif aumif;rgefvsygonf/
armiffsifh urefr usuffnyd;aompm aqg;aeg;muapumrl vufcsmtwlwl vdkufxm;cjhvqfjfh

rusu&ao;aompmeiziarmifuyif ydk� rswfrdwwfao;\/ wpfcgwpfav tavmif;tpm;yif

vkyfmuonf/

]]pdefvdkufav? uj ... b,foly ogm;ar;rvj}}

]]tdk? wufpf (text)

xjmunhfrsh}}

mayg

]]vkyfraeejy ra&tpm? wufpf (text)

xjrygbl;/ q&mod;pdk;jrihfudk ogm;ar;r,f}}

armifonf olajymonfhtwdikf; q&mod;pdk;jrihfudk om;trdfacgif;uifqm\ ukoenf;rsm;

tamumif;
urefra&suwgif ar;ygonf/ aemufqhk;awmh armifedkifogm;wmygyj/ armifu ] igug } [laom
yhpkhudk urefr
tjrifuwfatmif vkyfjy\/

]]r,sofejyaemf? r,osfejy? udkfwdkyod;aesmufu odyfaumi;wm? feifb,fwkef;u ighdk

edkifbl;vdkyvj?

,uajymprf;ygod;}}

]]ynmwwrfdef;uav;awgrsm; odyfamumufzdkyaumif;w,/fudk,fha,musmf;udk jyefjyefnyd;

ychk;csif;
,sofcsifao;w,f/ awmfnydawmfnyd igrdef;r,l&if ynmodyfrwwfwjh rdef;ryj,lrsm? 'grs
ighudk &dkaorsm}}

armifhrs udk,fha,musfm;udk[lonfh tohk;teief;esifh ywfoufnyd; uefru

pum;xjrapm'u
wufvdkaomfvnf; aemufqufwjgpum;amumifh urefr eifheifhod;od; emusifogm;cjh&zl;onf/
urefr\ oho,rsm;
ydkrdkcdkifjhjyefavonfdkyaomf? armifhudk bmrs rar;&jjyefyg/

rmvmc/ o

rnfrq urertay: f�oho, zhk;vtrf;aeoenf;qdkvqif armif nrdkurs jyefvmcsdefwdikf;

armif urefrudk
w,kw, wg,fsdayguzufvif ureff;enf;tm;i,wwff urfr[m b,fovj[if}} [k ar;rdawmhfh

rqr0rf\/]]armielrneiwfcrf;udk jyefjyefxdef;cskyfxm;vdkuf&avonf/ rar;ygbl;?

rar;ygbl;/ wu,fqdk armifajymjy&rsmaygh/ tptqhk;
armi&fsif;jy&rsmyg/ rif;ord; espfvufesifh espfyg;ogm;xgufaom rif;om;onf
olyzmwfoledkifatmif vsgm

ypujyogm;cjhavonf/ odyfawmh udk,fhudk,fudk,f txifrbud;avejy armif/ armifhudk urefr

cspfvgef;vdky
armifhfesmnsdk;rsmudk rmhffvgef;vdky urfr armifhudk tavqmhay;cjhwm/

rsuun&ue

]]aumifsvm;[if? rax;0if;}}

rav;u v

]]tdk ... vsw,f? vsw,f/ olyvdkyj og,fog,fejguejguav;/}}

zswfcej rsufesmnkdogm;rnfjzpfaom urefrudk rax;0if;u tm;emovdk jzpfogm;avonf/

pmrsufs

em
40
trsf

ww&

]]'gayr,fh &ykfvswm wpfcwnkf;ejy b,folu tdrfaxmifzuf a&g;rsmvj/ aemunfyd; eifejy

oeljy mum;rsm
oha,mzofbudk;u txyfawg trsm;bud;yg[,f}}

]]r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbl;/ olypdwfudk igodwmaygh/ olu tvsty odyfrufarmwm}}

]]eifuvj rdef;ryj[m? olbmbdkufrsef;odf udk,fhbufygatmif ,ayglh}}

u&iurefr pdwfqif;&jjcif;rsm;pgmjzifh ai;idkifaewwfonfudkyif armifu

r&dyfrdwwfjyefyg/ urerfrsufesmraumif;vqifawmh ol &,farmp&m pum;rsm; qdkrnf/ urefr
nyhk;&,fvmvqif yg;udk vdrfqjgnyd;

pmusufcdkif;rnf/

]]uj ... armifu pdatvef;*f (ca lung)

tamumif;ajymr,f/ cspfu pdatqm;apfpf (ca cervix)
ajymjy}}

urefr nirdfoufpgm armifhudk ai;armaecjhonf/

]]cspf}}

rmtymr

urefr armihf&ifcgifsm rsufesf ug,fypfvdkufaomtcg armif tvefywum; ayguzufxm;\/

urefrsufesmudk r&ru ihkymunhff; wwgwfwgwf ar;jyefonf/

&i]]armihfudk rajymcsifbl;vm; [if/ cspf bmjzpfaewmvj/ armifu ,hkmunfjhvl r[kwfvdky

&wrwdkifyifcsifbl;vm;/ eifbmawg pdwfylaewmvj}}

]]pdwfylwmawmh trsfyj b,fdkrsaevdky raysmfbl;}}

ev]]bmrsm; ylyifp&m &sdvdkyvjg,f/ pmar;ygjmumifhvm;/ tcsdfawg trsm;ud;

&sdygao;w,f[m/ eifu

uaebompfaumif;om;yjjyf pmtwlwl usufwmqdkawmh eifff igatmifr,/ eifus&if igusr,f/

aemufhk;

/ igeeiatmi&ifqusawmha&m cspfoljytwl us&wm aysmfh}}

ep&mayg
]]r[kwfao;ygbl;? pmar;ygjudk ryll;}}

ygb]][m ... pmar;ygjxuf ylfp&m cspfsm &sdaeydvm;/ bmvj ... bmvj/ r[wfw&kwfawg
ighudk

yirnkvmajymod;r,f}}
armifu urefr em;em;uyf� (rnfolrqvnf; r&sdbjesifh wdk;wdk;uav; ajymonf/)
eu
]]armifejycspfjy wu,fhvifr,m;vdkrs raecjhwm/ cspfckxd tyskd? rodbl;vm;? cspfudk
armif
tjrjnsmcjhw,fav? enf;enf;rsm; od;aesmufohk;prf;ygod;[m? armyghugm/ t&l;r
jrif;pd;nyd; txd;rsef; trrsef;
rodbl;qdkwm eifhvdk aumifrav;rskd; jzpfrsm}}

rsumdypj

armifhfvhk;u cspfuiem&fyfesifh &,f&tif&dyfwdky a&mpguf� tjfuif;pgm awmufyjrygvm;/

bk&m;a& ...
armifhudk urer b,fvdkrs rcjgedkifatmif cspfaerd

fygvm;/
]]'gavmuff jzpfvswm aeod;/ eifawmh pmar;ygjnyd;rs or,f}}

awmid

pmrsufs

em
41
trsf

ww&

armifu cspfzdkyaumif;atmif urefrtm; thbudwf� Budrf;armif;\/

]]pmar;ygjatmi&iff armif b,frsm a[mufpfqm*sif vkyfrsmvj}}
ar;zdkycpcp tm;,lcjhaom ar;cgef;tpm; �ar;cegf;udkom ar;jzpfonf/
]]tj'gvm;? rodao;bl;/ armifwdkynrdursky&rvm;vfdky? cspa&m}}

kmvf
ar;&ufavjcif;[k pdwfxjrsm tenf;i,f chjf;og

yim;\/
]]rodao;ygbl;av}}
]]re�av;rsmawmh twlae&rsm r[kwfbl;xifw,ffumarmifnrdu&&if ...}}

/awmmuark]]tdk ... re�av; aecsif&if aevdky&atmif vykfzdkyvg,fygw,}} f]]rxiefjy

ra&tpma&u? respfwkef;u munhfygvm;? aocsmayguf re�av; wgufxm;&uefjy

arndkuygogm;wjhvlawg tyhkbudfrs pof;pm;yg cspf&,f? cspfrvkyfapcsifwjhnrkduudk

armif

r;as? xm;ygav? 'gu atmirvkyfbl; [kwfnydvm;/ 'davmufawmif cjg&rsmaumuff

pmar;ygjnyd; wef; vufxyfmur,f/ aemufnyd; armifhtdrf

m&ivdkufcjhayawmh/ tj'dusrs tyskjdzpffvdky r&awmhbl;aemf/ tj'dtcgus armif cspfudk

rnsmedkfawmhbl; odvm;/}}

csii]][m ... bmawg ajymaersef;vj rodbl;? ogm;}}

urefrudk ayguzufxm;aom armifonf uefr\ cspfolqif jzpffolycspfolrq r[kwf/

romv\/ rn]]amomf ... vuffawmh pmar;ygjnyd;&if cjg&r,fhta&;udk awg;nyd;

pdk;&drfaewmudk;? t&l;rav;/ iguzifh

powjbmrsm;vjvdky pdwfylvdkuf

&wm}}
armifhfesmonf typf[l� rlwpfiefq r&sdaom cspfol&nf;pm;\ rsuesmom jzpfonf/

rsujjrrf

onfvdkesifh pmtwlusuf&if; wpfcgwpf&h wpfa,mufesifhwpfa,muf usufnyd;om;pmawg

&sif;jy&mrs
&efjzpfmu&if;? pdwfaumufmu&if; aemufqhk;epsf tydkif; (c) pmar;ygjudk ajzqdkcjhf/

&avon

bjguesif;obif cef;raqmifxjrsm chkeygwhf tptqhk; wpaygiff;wpfpnf;wnf; ajzmu&�

armifeisfhurerfwpfcef;pd jzpfrsm rylfajhvnf; armifhchehygwfu urfrxuf 30ausmfavmuf
enf;ojzifh armifu

yi&yg/ zawmkeurefr\ vuf,mbufwef; a&suusus ae&mwgif jzpfonf/

armifonf pmar;ygjwpfcktwgif; a&mufnydqdkvqif wjcm; bmpdk;&drfzg,&m fudprsm;u�dkrq
owd&wwfol
r[kwf/ ,kwpgtqhk; uefajfudkyif armif vsnfhrmunhfcjhacs/ pmar;yjgn;�
tcef;tjfgufrsom

frr zonydyixajzedkifvm;[l 0w�&m;rysuf ar;jrjjzpfonf/

yxrqhk;ajz&aom om;zgm;ynm pmar;ygjaeyrmyisf urefr pdwf"mwftbud;tus,f usogm;\/
]]armifa& ? igawmhusnyd}}

pmrsufs

em
42
trsf

ww&

]][mugm r[kwfwm? b,folh b,favmu&rsmrdkyvjfolrs odyfr&mubl;/ tm;vhk; twlwlyj?

uawmf/b,
tyk'faphajzw,f r[kwfvm;�

]]tif; ... 'gayr,fh atydtdyfcsf (a-p-h)

u vhkk;0r&wm armif&ju? rmunhfwjh acgif;pofbud;udk}}

]][kwfygnydav? b,forlsawmh repsfuar;nyd;om;udk aphaphpyfpyf munhfwmr[kwfygbl;/

rswfrdoavmuf
ajzmuwmygyj}}

]]'gayr,fh armifu rswfrdw,f? igu rrswfrdl;}}

]]tvum;oufouf pdwfqif;&jatmif cspf&,f? taqmifrm ar;munff;yg?

&spyfk'fvhk;ajzedkifwjh vl&sd&if

sprarmifhvnfyif; jzwffvdkuf? ohk;av;yk'f azedkif&if &wmyjfyd; reufjzef *dkifed

(gynae) &sdao;w,fav/

ypj/aemunespfckaygif;nyd;rs trswfay;wm op�fMum pwf"mwfny; pmusudfr&bj

jzpfogm;r,faemf/ tpuwnf;u eifu

m/ awmusatmhapf (obs) odyr&bl;av/ *dkifeddkifw,fr[kwfspyk'fvhk;&atmif usufr,fugm?

pdat qm;apfuf

ffusyvm;;/&fpf
usufr,fugm? tj'g usedf;aoygrsm? ,l;x&yfpf&ju bvwfqyfyvdkif; (blood supply)
usufr,fugm?
ptm;v

y&dkvufyffatmhzf,l;x&yfpf (prolapse of uterus) usufr,fugm/ tj'gawghk;

wdkyespfa,muf usufnyd;om;
jyefaet;&hkyj/ uj ... vm taqmifrjyefejy? armifhtdrfvdkufcjh. armifhtdrfu
wdwfqdwfw,f? cptdyfvdkuf&atmif?
naeusrs tydf&mxnyd; usufr,f? wpfnvhk;usufr,f? [kwnfydvm;}}

armifu pm&sif;jy&mwgifom awmfonfr[kwf? tm;ay;aumif;ol wpofd;vnf; jzpfonf/

xdknu pdwf"mwfusaeaom urefrudk armifonf muifem,k,pgm apmifhac:� pmusufay;cjhonf/

pmar;yjgnrsm;wgif armifhtdrfgf;ojfh urefdky ausmif;aqmifay:odky ogm;� pmusufujrj
zpfavonf/

u a0;vezirwmjnofhod;ydkif;up� 2em&d 3em&dtxd wpyffpfbukdar;cgef;rsm; wzjgzjg

a&mufvmonf/ rdrd jyefraet;&ao;aom
ar;cgf;acgif;pofdk awguvqif armiff ezl;ay: vuf0g;jzifh zswfcej
&dkufvsuf]]aovdkufygawmhugm}} [

ersm;uonk
vtwfcej nnf;nlwwf\/ rsufesmi,faernf zpfaom urefrudk tujcwf rdjyefawmhvnf; armif

jaomtcg ustm;wif;jff/

yeavon

]]vg,fygw,f? uj ... cspfu 'd[musuf? 'gu vg,fw,f? armifu 'gusufr,f? 'gu

enf;enf;&yifw,f?
em&dfyj tcsdef&r,f? jyefajf [kwfvm;}} vufzuf&nf zefqdrfhudk aomufvdukf? taqmifu
ndrav;rsm;

0uym&atmivmay;aom vufzufokyf? a&smufod;oyfrsm; pm;vduf? pdk;&drfxdwfvefypgm

&ifdwfxdwf ckecjh&aom

kkwxfpmar;ygjnrsm;udk cufjpgm ausmfjzwcjh&onfheuf 7em&dcjgtxd trpdusl ar;cef;twguf

wpfcrq rmunhf&ao;/

cf/efgkurefru xdwfvefywum; idkcsifvsnydfu tm;ay;espodrfhonf/

m/ armif

]]cspf ogm;? taqmifjyef rsufesmopf? oeyfcg;vdrf;? em&d0uf tcsdefay;r,f? 8 em&d

rxdk;cif jyefvm?
trfpduslar;cgef; munhf&r,f/ *dkifedtrfpdusl (gyne m.c.q) u odyfvg,fwmug? ogm; ...
ogm;}}

taqmifjyefa&mufaomtcg rsufesmopf&hkom urerudk,fdkif tvkyvkyf&onf/

tus�D;ylwdkufwmutp

fwfrurefr vhk;axg;jyef,lvmaom apmifrsm; acgufwmtp? oeycg;aog;onftxd? taqmifu

eheufdk

fpmu,lay;onftxd wpff;wn;aeaom twef;i,f ndfhk; vyfay;om;\/

cefri,av;rsm;u tm;vkg

pmrsufs

em
43
trsf

ww&

acgufqjgokyf? aygifkefyaumf ponfjzifh udk,fydkiftpm;taomuf rsm;udkvnf; oldkyuyif

pdpofay;

rmwavonf/ aq;wu�odkvf\ cspff;aom trlfhrsm; jzpfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&h usuf&rnfh pmawgu

p&maumitusirsm;nyd; rdrdesifh tvegfpdrf;aom pmrsm;qdkvqif 15rdepfavmufesifh

od;aesmufxja&mufatmif rnforlq rogif;edkif/
xdktcg twef;i,f ndrrsm;? ndrsm;? tvkyfoifq&m0if jzpfaeaom tpfrrsm;? tpfudkrsm;u
acgif;poftod;od;
cjga0,l� udk,fpm;usurfswfay;&if; ta&;bud;tcsufrsm; rswfrdatmif jyefvnfajymjy
ay;&avonf/ urefrwdky
pmar;yjg&sdvqif olwdkyvnf; rtdyfmu&yg/ wpyffpf (tips) apmifh&onf/ ul;&onf/
urefrwdkyu taqmifrsm
r&sdaomamumifh urefrwdky pmusuf&m ausmif;pmoifcef;ay:txd tajy;tvtm;vm�
ar;cgef;ay;&onf/

em;av;aqmifg;aygurdef;uav;aqmifsifh a,musfftjyif ausmif;0i;xjrs pmmunhfwdkuf?

pmoifcef;rsm;wif wpfnvhkf
w0kef;0ekf; w'dkif;'dkif; qlnhpgm tajy;vm� today;vdkuf?
wwgwfwgwfusufrswfvdkujfzifh aemufqhk;espf tydkif; (c)
pmar;ygjonf tvgefw&m yiff;� aog;ysuzg,f&m pmar;yjg jzpfcjhonf/

yef

aq;ynm bmom&yf yxrydkf; ajdk&aomaeywgif armifhdk urer &sif;jffgj�

izqufyaom oice;pmrsm; pmar;yygaomamumifh urefr tenf;i,f pdwfat;&aomfvnf; armifu

rajzedkifjyefyg/

]][mugm ... aozdkyyj aumif;awmhwmyj? 'gawg udk,fusufnyd;om;? arhusefaecjhwm?

usnydugm? 'dwpfcgrs
wu,fuswm}}

]]tdk ... r[kwfwm armifuvj? armif 'davmufajzedikfwm}}

]]b,frsm ajzedkifvkdyvj? rdkif,dkum'd,,fvftifzmufwf (myocardial infarct)

wpfcykj udk,f&wmav?
'dwpfyk'fvnf; r&bl;/ 'gvj r&bl;}}

]][if ... ajcmufyk'fajzedki&iff awmfa&maygh? aqmvpf'f (solid) espfyk'f &w,f

r[kwfvm;/ 'gqdk
*&dwfzdk;awmif &od;r,f/ 'drsmmunfh? 'gu ajcmufrswf? 'gu ckesprfswf}}

armifu pdwfnpfnpfzifh &,ff/

jarmon

]][kwfyghugm? eif trswfay;ovdkom &&ifawmh}}

]]tdk ... 'gawmif armifu a&mifhwufvgef;vdky avqmhxm;&wm? ruf'dzifu vlwdkif;&wm

r[kwfawmh
armifvj r&wm rqef;ygbl;/ thrm tyk'faph ajz&ifawmif trswfay;mu& od;rsm/
uswjhvlwdkif;om csypf&&if
wpfwef;vhk; atmifrsm r[kfbl;/ pdwfrylf;ejy armif? bwfqdkuf'furs t"duyj?
bwfqdkuf'fusae&ifom

wpra&;ajztrswfvdkwm}}

]]w,f[kwfygvm;? 'gqdk&ifawmh armifwkdy atmi&csnffao;&jy}}

]]tr,ffsm atmirm ryeljy}}

av; atmirfs

wpfa,mufesifhwpfa,muf wpfvsnfpd tm;ay;&if; a&;ajzpmar;ygj nyd;cjhonf/ aq;&hkrsm

vufawgupmar;yjg
ajzmu&aomtcg armifesifhurefr chkehygwf a0;ogm;aomamumifh tkypfkugjogm;cjhygonf/
yxrqhk;aey� uRefru
om;zgm;rd;,yf ajnyd; armifjgpdwfuynm az&\/ armifonf aq;&hkodky ogm;md;awmh

z&uckju&cge...

]]cspf eifraumufejaemf? &j&jfh&ifhaz? eifu rsuesmxm; odyfaumif;wmyg}} [k

my&ijftm;ay;\/

pmrsufs

em
44
trsf

ww&

urefru idkrvdkfesmxm;esfh}} amumufvdkufwm armiffh 'ku�a&mufawmhr,f}} [k wdkifwn

rsui&,? igawmf
nnf;nlaejrjjzpf\/

]]ramumufprf;ejy? b,folrs tm;vhk;ydkifw,fvdky r&sdbl;? eiframumufwjh q&mejy

ajz&ygapvdky qkawmif;?
vg,fwjhauhpf &ygapvdky qkawmif;? armifqkawmif;&if jynhfw,f? apmapmu armif
cspfgufyg

twqkawmif;vdkufw,f/ atmhapffrsm aemfr,fvfjyl yd&d,rf (normal peurperium)

&vdrfhr,f/ *dkifedusawmh
rdkif,dk;rm;,l;x&ypff (myoma uterus) wjh/}}

armifu tjovdk cspfzdkyaumif;wm/

]]'gayr,fh armif? aemfr,vfyl yd&d,rfsm udkyj zwfpfdky armifqkawmif; ay;od;aemf/

awmf

fjryg&m &ygapvmum
t&if udk,f0efawgtrsm;bud;ejy ysufuswmwdky? taoarg;wmwdky &iyfae&if cspf
tcsedf&rsmr[kwfbl;/}}
]]aovdkufprf;ygugm/ tj'davmuf tysif;xl&ovm; rdcspf&,f}}
armifhfarmohaumifh w'def;'def; qlnhaeaom &ifckefohwdkudkyif arhavsmh
xm;edifcjhayonf/

&,myk]]eifhus qkawmif;ay;&w,f/ ighvj qkawmif;ay;od;}}

]]tdk ... nuwnf;u armifhtwguf qkawmif;ay;xm;wm/ armif q&mod;adkvfedejyyj ajz&rsm?

udk,fhq&mejyudk,f b,favmufaumif;vj/ aemufnyd; 'd,lydfpf (d.u.p.s)

&rsm}}

tu]]jrwfpgmbk&m;? 'd,yldtufpf (d.u.p.s) u vg,fovdkvdekjy 'pf(pf)uyfp&fsif;

(disscussion) odyfcufwm}}
]]thr,f ... armif ydki&uffom;ejy}}
]]at;yg ... at;yg? atmfodkauhpf (orthocase) r&&if nyd;wmyj}}
wu,fwrf; ajznyd;onhftcg urefra&m armifa&m espfa,mufvhk; wpfbmompd usmu\/ usaom

bmomrsm;vnf; rwlmuyg/ urefru om;zgm;esifh rd;,yfa&m*g usnyd; armifu uav;aq;ynm

us\/ armif
pmar;ygjusonfudk tm;vhk; thhmomuavonf/ ureff armifeifh re�av;wpfnrdkuwnf;?
wpfaq;&hkwnf;? 4? 5?

rons6v twl qufvufae&rnf jzpff 0rf;romedkfyg/ armihfudk oem;aomamumifh jff/

ygvsuizpygon&dzwf atmufaomtcg armifhrsuesmrsm idkdk &,frvdk jzpfaeonf/ armif

tvgefamumufcjhaom

frvaq;ynmatmif� tvgefvg,flaom uav;aq;ynm usonf qdkawmh armif tlaumifamumif

jzpfogm;\/

um]]wpfouefjywpfudk,f pmar;ygjruszl;awmh b,fvdkae&rsef; rodatmif

pdwf"mwfusogm;wmyj}}
odyfrnnf;nlwwfaom armifu urefrudk &izfgifhcjhonf/
xdktcg yxrepfwkef;u jcvgwfvufvgwf wpfcguszl;cjhureru armifhudk esodrfhcjh&avonf/

saaom fpfyxr 3-4 &uf armif aqmufwnf&mr&atmif jzpfcjh\/ armifhudk refr *pfd;�
acsmhodyfonf/ armiesifhtw

uwmwfl
zjcsyfrsm;udk ay;&sihfupm;enf;jzifh upm;onf/ armif t&ufaomufzdky muuftajcmufamumf
amumfay;onf/
muufom;okyf vkyf/ tdk;vfb&rfd ykvif;jdk armifsifhtwl vdkf0,fmuonf&kyf&sfygj

ay;onf'ym;av;ueu/ iqufmunhfmuonf/ aemufawmh armifvnf; olnrduodky yefreff;

uefnrduodky jyefogm;mu\/

ykj�urvnrrk

pmrsufs

em
45
trsf

ww&

urefru ausmif;zifhtrd jyeffvnf; armifu awmfawmfesifh jyefrvmyg/ armifdky

uav;aq;&hk

gvmaomwtzjguom;rsm;wif armifwpffom vdkawmh� Xmersl; a': odef;munf u ar;vsnyd/

armifu

ga,mutuskd;tamumif;av;rqyif pmra&;acs/ ureff;tusof;awmh &dyfrdf/ armiff

i,fcspfod;esifh cjgcgmzdky

r tenygononcufaevrfhrnfqdkwm/ odkyaomf rwwfedkifreffhh amu;eef;&dkuf�

ac:vdkuf&ygonf/ urer armifhtay:

dyg/ ur armixfxm;onfhapwemudk armif em;vnfedkifrsmyg/ urefr\ amu;eef;pmonf

armiefsifh armifhrdef;uav; twl&sdaepof
a&mufogm;cjhygvif? xdkrdef;uav;uvnf; bmrq odrxm;olqdkvif urefumifh
armifwdkyepfa,mu

qqramsf
pdwfrqif;&japvdkyg/ xdkyamumifh armifhemrnfudk a&suu udk... wyf�om a&;vdkuygonff/
pmoifwm espfyw&fsdnyd/
tjrefyefvmyg [l� a&;yd; amu;eef;&dkufolae&m� uRefremrnfyif ra&;bj armifholi,ff;

jncsia,musfm;av;wpfa,muf emrnfudk tvjgohk;pm; vkyfvdku&avonff/

urefresifh ywfouf� armif pdwfrqif;&j&atmif? *kpfodu�m rnsdk;ergf;&atmif

twwfedkifqhk;
xdef;odrf;cjhygonf armif/

armif jyefa&mufaomtcg armifhrsufesmudk tjrj t&dyfmunhfaeaom redf;ryydd armif\

oha,mzorsm; fxdkrdef;uav;xhwgf awmffrsm;rsm; &pfwg,fusef&pfjhamumif;
0rf;enf;xdwfvefygm &dyfrdvdkufawmhonf/

iawmcp'kwd,espf pmoifespf ukefqhk;csdefrp� aemusfqhk;espf tydkif; (c) txd

vufwjrzsugfbj wpfa,mufudk wpa,muff
az;rapmifhac:&if; jrwfdk;azmf muiff? tm;ay;azmf espfodrfzuhf? 0rf;enf;azmf
0rf;enf;zuf? qif;&jazm

eemzuf
qif;&jzuf jzpfcjhaom zed;armifeshed;yg; &if;esd;w,gfwmcjhonfh cspfowplfa,mufudk
&uf&ufpufpuf
xm;ypfjh&atmitxd armifhgjaqmiedkifrnf qdkvqiff; xdkrdef;uav;onf tvgef&mrs
vsyayvrfhrnf/

cftay:qfvnd

tenf;i,f tjypfvkyfvdkurdqifyif a'gowbd; atmffypfonf txd armif urefr tay:

fvuaigupdwfwdkcjhaomtcg uefr wpfa,mufwnf;om wdk;wdwfpgm rsuf&nfuscjurefr tvhk;phk

&dyfrdaeresf;

r&\/
armiff;i,frq rodap&yg/ wpcgwpfav urefresifharmif wpckwifwnf; tdyfnyd; armifhxrs
tenffhyifhouf&idufohrsm;pgm mum;cjhfonf/ armifhudk erf;&iduf� acsmhjrl&ef
budk;pm;wdkif; armifu tenf;i,

&wwf
wkef,ifpm wtm;wigf;usyfaeatmif zufavonf/

]]aeyv,fu armifhpdwfg bmjzpfaersef; rodbl;/ cspfudk pdfqdk;vdky r[kwfygbl;/

armifhdk cgifhvtwfaemf}}

awwu

urefr rsufesmudk ae&mrvyfatmif pdw&snfvuf&snf erf;&idufvmaom armifonf urefrtm;

urefl�

fr[
jrifa,miyg&fjuvm;/

]]armifhudk cgifhvtw&atmif armifhrsjyprfs r&sdygbl;ugf}}

fmbmt,

urefr pdwfqif;&jpgm armifh&icgifrsm wdk;0iaewwfjhf/ b,ftcsdersm;

armifsifhcjg&yghrvj/

ffconfepdwftm;i,fwwf? ylfwwfgef;� Mumcp rsu&nffudk armifhudk rsuffchxdk;onf [k

yevrfuson&narmif
xifrswfrm;rnf pdk;&drfaomaumifh armifhug,fsmom idkcjh

sm&mr&\/

wpfcgwpf&h nwpfa&;edk;wgif armifhrsufesmudk munhfr0edkifyj ai;armaerdwwfjyefonf/

urefrudk xm;&pfcjhvdrfhrnf[k rawg;&uf&uf awg;rdwdikf; armifh muifem,k,ridk

r,hkmunfedkifatmif

rsm;ujzpfjh&\/ uefrtm; wu,fudk nsmwmpgm qufhcjhonhf armif/ uefrtm; ,cktxd

tyskdi,fav;

crqrwpfa,mutjf wwfkdiforqawmh xdf;odrf;cjhaom armifonf urer jyif

tjrdef;uav;wpfa,mufdk

fzpeeftcm; u

pmrsufs

em
46
trsf

ww&

b,fawmhrq vufwjgogm;vdrfhrnf r[kwf/ pdwftm;i,frieisfh rdrdbmom

pdwfajzodrfhriwdkyudk wpfvsnfhpd chpm;&if;
wpfa&;edk;cjh&aom naygif;rsm;pgmonf rukefqhk;edkiatmif &snfvsm;vs\/
armifhab;rsdkif� armifhf&iohuk

fmxtoudem;axmif&if; zgmqefmuj� ezl;ay: 0jusaeaom qhyifwdkyudk rcsifhr&j

vufjzifhxdwdky z,f&sm;ay;&if; vhk;crefaom
esmwhxdyzsm;av;udk urfr eiwfcrf;esifh rxdwxd aqmhupm;&if; ylfaomursm; w&dyfdyf
wufvmaom

feyi&
wcskdgif jkf;cejy tdf&mrs xum *pfwmudk qgjvsuf tdrfa&su 0&efwmav;qdodky
ogm;xdkif&if; *pfwm

unrsm;wzeywd;aevdkufr\/ dtenf;i,f us,favmif� armifedkgm;rsm pdk;rdvqifawmh

jchf;jyifxguf� tdra&fsuu

;o0iwhwm;jzlav;ay:rsmaygh/

ykvj\]]bdvl;acgif;ejyrif;om;}} udk wpfcgqdkwd;rdaomnu urefr armifhudk wdwfwdwfav;

jye�ftm;emogjhzl;onf/

m;c

]]rdef;rom;av;rdky usdwfchpm;ygw,f ___ idkcsiff zhk;um0sufum&,f __ dk

wmawminmaewmu

od&ufom;ejyug,f ___ rifdky rswfxifxm;ygw,f __ igav rifdkif&if eifhudk ycsifw,f/

ihg&ifx

;om;av;vjejj
b,favmufawmifrsm; mudwfchpm;wm _ eifav &ufpufwmrsm;nyd _ igav jzpfedkif&if ta0;udk
ajy;csifw,f _
cufwmu ighpdwfuav; rjywfedkifao;wm igawmh cspfrdwm rsm;nyd/ rif;om;av;vdky
rswfxifxm;ola& _
vdrfw,fnmw,f tcspfudk upm;w,f}}

r[kwfyg/ armifhudk b,fvdkrs rxif&ufyg/ armifonf urefrtwguawmfh wu,fh rif;om;av;yg/

aemufqhk;usrs bdvl;qdkif; xgufvqifawmh rodbl;ayghav/ onftcsdefxdawmh armifonf

urefr wpofd;wnf;om
&sdoujhodky muifem,k,qj jff/

zpon

udkae0if;\ vgrf;a&;cufcufudkawmh aumhfrsm;udk tvgfr&bj (t'dwkef;u)

pmtyfesifhwdkuf� wd;&q

'wjkj
jzpfonf/ wpfcgwp&h whjzlav;ay:� �ocsif;av;udk wd;vqif uarmufurawgzpfnyd; tptqhk;
fwm;djwpfcgwnf; wd;r&wwfbj urefromvqif rsuffus&prjwnf;/

&nj

]]rif;b0 tvdkjynfhrs wdkyaysmfr,f ___ rwm;&ufyg rijhejy aeygap __ t&ih;ejy

uhtm;udk; r&wjtcg _ hudk,f[m rif;udk t&m&m yhkcjhf _ tvsf;a0;vdky
ajy;xgufogm;ol&,f}}

w,r

wu,fawmh jywfjywfom;om; ta&;rqdk0hhjcif;rsm urefr ow�damumifvgef;vdkyyjvm;/

armifhudk ijhnsmvgef;�
yjvm;/ odkyr[kwf armif[m ighvdkredf;rrskd;udk b,fawmhrs ypfogm;rmsr[kwfygbl;[laom
udk,fhudk,fudk
,hkmunhfpdwfcsvgef;jcif;amumifyhjvm; rodedikfyg/ aemufqhk;tcsdeftxd armifbmrs
r&dyfrbdj armifhab;rsm vdkufygpjrj
jzpfcjh\/

]]armifvj ynmwwf a,musfm;wpfa,mufy/jarmifvj odyfcspfwwfwjh vli,fwpfa,mufyj/

e\ tusyf

armifhsvhk;om;ejy armifhod;aesmufudk (rnfoludkifri? rsuf&nfchxdk;riamumifhrs

r[kwfbj) vgwfvyfpgm armif
qhk;jzwfygap}}

rsm;,gif;aomvdkufavsmri wpfckjzifh avmif;amu;rsm;vgef;aom upm;ygj wpfckyrm

t&ih;udk apmifharqmfaom
urefr\b0rsm rnfrq thhz,gfaumif;vdkuf ygoenf;/

urefrtwguf tqdk;&gm;qhk;aom umvwpfckonf rmumrdyif a&mufvmcjh\/ wpf&uf nae

tm;aomtcg aom

av;em&dtcsdef armifhdrfodky urefr a&mufoghcwfxm;aom tdrfwhcg;udk awgu&onf/

naewdkif;

pmrsufs

em
47
trsf

ww&

urefresifh armifxrif;twlrpm;cjhonfrsm uefr pmar;ygjtjff'gaqmif jf;uwnf;u jzpfonf/

rus� yiabmaymiaomhcwfjcif; tvge&smumifh urfr pdwfgif xifhogm;\ odkyaomf urefrwdky

wpfa,mufqif

xm;fm;yg;aomaewvaomhwpfacsmif;pd &sdaomaumifh tdrfwhcg;udk aomhzifh zgifh0iffrm

�tbudrfonf yxrqhk;r[kwf/

mj&onstcef;xja&mufawmh *pfwmbudk;rsm;mum;wgif nsyfxm;aom pmwpfapmif/

]]cspf ... armifwdkyrdk{nfhfawga&mufaevdky armifawguzdky cp ogm;w,f/ armif

&spfem&drwdifrd

nuu onkjyefvmr,f/ 'gayr,fh xrif;pm;jff rxifbl;/ cspf pm;esfhyg/ armif jyefvmrs

cspfudk tdrfyeyfdkyay;r,f?

zpr,ijcspf&juarmif ....}} wjh/

armifonf urefresifh &if;esd;onfh av;ig;espfumvtwgif; {nfhonfogm;bukdjyeyfdky

ogm;awgujcif; [laom
avmu0w�&m;rsm;udk b,wkef;urq jkrlzl;or[kwfref; urefrodh/ tj'duwnf;u urer
odvdkufnyd/

fylsom;aygf{nfhonfrsm omrmef{nfhonf r[kwfedkif/

urefr &sufvnf;&suf? a'govnf;xgufnyd; csuff; tdrfjyefzdky pdwful;vdkufao;\/ odkyfh

csiayr,
urefrpdwfudk jyefxdef;vdkufonf/ aumif;nyd? wwfedkiforq armifhtvdktwdkif;
jzpfap&rnf/ armifu apmifhapcsifonf
r[kwfvm;/ urer apmifhvdkuff/

fygon

xdknu armif jyefvmaomtcg &spfem&dxdk;&ef 15rdepfyif vdkao;\/ armifodyfawmfygvm;/

rdef;uav;udk
b,fvdkrsm; espfordfhxm;ygvdrfh/ tif;av? redf;uav; wpfod;wnf; [kwfcsirfs [kwfrnf/
rdbaqgrskd;yif
ygcsifygvdrfhf/

rn

urefronf *pfwmwd;aeqj tcsdefjzpfcjh\/

]]&icfkefohawg 'da&vdiif; wa&gua&guwdk;a0sy udk,fh&ifrsm ___ wa&;a&;awg;rd odnydav

__ tckh

awmaesmif;rs rsuf&nfa0 .../ tqhk;owfrsm wpfbufejywpfbuf ed*hk; ...}}

armif urefrab;rsm nidrfoufpgm &yfvmonf/ urefr armfmunhfvdkufaomtcg

zefacsmif;rd;a&mif
atmufwigf armifhrsuf0ef;rsm; &tef;vufaeonf/ *pfwmudk csufcsif; &yfypfvdkufonf/
armifu urefrab;rsm
0ifxdkifyhk;jf/ armiftjyk;u cspcifrizifh awmufgm typfuif;vgef;aomamumifh urfr
rsef;qcsufrsm;

�jyonhhfjypjersm;avovm;[kyif oho, jzpfrdonf/

]]wd;od;rvm;? wd;av}}

]][ifhtif; ... *pfwmqdkwm armifr&sdrs vdkwmyg}}

armif urerudk owdvufvgf ai;armae\/ xdkyaemuf urefr vufxjrs *pfwmudk

qgj,lcsdwfxm;vdkuf\/

fwrsufesmwllodky ai;armaerdaom urefdk armifu yg;csif;tyfnd; urefqhfwdyudk vufjzifh

nifompgm

&ruyryikaqmhupm;aecjh\/

]]aeaumif;&uvm;}} j

]]tdk ... aumif;ygw,f}}

]]cspffsmav; enf;enf;nksd;aew,f}}

rsue

pmrsufs

em
48
trsf

ww&

urefr rsuefsmudk twwfedkifqhk; jyhk;ypfvdkuf

\/
]]armifhudk vgrf;vdkyygug,f}}
]]ydknyd? ol/ b,fspfem&ds mumbjejy? t'gjzifh 'ddfrjfjyawmh}}

errjntryee
]]b,fjzpfrvj? bmrs ajjhkwfbl;}}

ymc&wm r[
]]olwdky &dyfrdrsmygugm armifhqdrsm tydfr,fqdkwm}}
]][ifhtif; ... rjzpfbl; armif}}
]]r&bl;? jyefrvtwfbl;}}
]][m}}
armifu rcskrcsofrsufesmesifh urefrudk ckwifdyfatmif tomt,m wgef;vsj\/

day:t]]armifaemf? bmvkyfrvdkyvj}}
]]bmrs rvkyfbl;? erf;rvdky erf;rvdky? ighudk tjvdk r,hkrmunfavoehjy rar;ejy?
igb,fwkef;u eifhudk

emusifatmif vkyfcjhzl;vdkyvj}}
xdknu ureff yxrqhk;tbudrfjf armifh tuifdk mumuf&ghdwfvefyjhygonf/

rontzpmemrsm;uauxc]]'drsmarmif urfr b,folj}} [laom ar;cgf;ar;zdky tbudrfudrf

tm;,lcjhfcjyg/ 'g[m

eveb\/ rar;&uhb,foluay;wjh &r�ufrd;vnf; armiff/ awg;rdaomtcg urfr

0rf;enf;tm;i,fpgm rsuf&nfus\/ urefr

&,ersuf&nfrsm;udk erf;rdaom armifu xdwfvefywmum; jzpfogm;\/

]]cspf? armif cspfudk bmvkyfvdkyvj? bmrsjzifh rvkyfjejy}}

ao;b

urefr rsufesmudk tujcwf� tmumbud; ihkymunfhaeaom armifonf yxrqhk;tburdf

a0cjgr&onfh t&dyfrsm;
xif[yfvm\/ rsuffprsm;udk vufnskd;zifh nifompm ogkwfay;cjhonf/

&nj]]bmpdwfqif;&jp&m &sdvdkyvjf? udk,fhrsm;ogm;w,f? udk,fav cspfo&ju rsufsm&dyf

rsufsmujudk

[ileerzwfwwfao;bl; odvm;? armifhudk ajym? bmjzpfvj? bmvkyfay;&rvj}}

armifhhrsm ,hkmunpdwfcsri tjynfhesifh/

tof]]eif ighudk pdwfaumufjyefnyd r[kwfvm;? xrif;a&mpm;nyd;nydvm;}}

urefr rajzyg/
]]uj ... xx? armif tvum;pwm? jyefydkyrsmyg? ogm;&atmifav? 'dtcsdefqdk
jrif;vsnf;&ao;w,f}}

pmrsufs

em
49
trsf

ww&

urefr\ ychk;atmufrs vufwpfbuf? 'l;aumufcgufatmufrs vufwpfbuf vqkdogif;� armifu

aygucsdzdky
[efjyif\/
]]tdk ... z,fyg? xrvdky}}
]]'drsm aus;zl;jyknyd; a': pkpkaxg; nidrfnidrfav;aeyg? urefawmh cifasm; udk,fxuf
espfqawmif

aygucsdedkiygw,f}} armifu ajymajymqdkqdk urfrudk tdfa&suxd aygdvmaomamumifh

ureftvefywum;

ferucsrmatmfrdonf/

]]a[m ... b,fvdkvkyfwmvj? tapmbud;&sdao;w,f? tdrfa&uvrsf;ay:rsm vrljywfao;bjejy}}

]]bmjzpfvj? udk,fhredf;r udk,fayguwmyj? a[h r&ekf;ejy? igvtwfcsvdkufr,f? ajym

ighudk cspfvm;}}

armifhfesmrsm urfrudk cspfcif,k,onfh t&dyfta&mifjfh &ef;vufqjygwnf;/ bk&m;a&? urer

rsuersm;zitfb,fvdk em;vnf&ygrvhj/ armifuyj [efaqmifaumif;vgef;wmvm;/ urefryj

vlujcwf nhhwmvm;/ xdknujzifh
armifhjhonfh oho,rsm;tm;vhk; armifhtyh;jzifh aysmufvifhcjhawmhonf/tay:xm;cjkg

odkyaomf aemufwpfaeysh armifudk,fwdki\ pum;r[kwfbj rnfolyq r,hkmunfcjhaom

naermawmfpum;rurefrtzdky tdyfrufrs zkf;cej vefyedk;ogm;&\/ aemufwpfy naersm uefr

armif&sd&m uav;aq;&hkodky ogm;\/

jeaerurefrwdky nrduodky �f;Esifhpm vlmuhkf um;*dwfodkyogm;&ef armifhudk jcif;

jzpff/

kypnay;&evmac:onuav;aq;&hka&mufawmh armifholi,ff;rsm;udkom awgu&\/ a':rmrmpef

pmoifaeaom tcef;aygufyif

csid0rsurefr acsmif;munhfcjhonf/ armifhudk rawgu&� jyefxgurnff pdwful;pof

uhtm;avsmfpgm q&mr pmoinfyd;pd;
ogm;ojzifh armifholi,ff;u tay;tvta&mufvmonf/ armif reufuwnf;u 0gh'fxj mumif;

csijm; rvmaajymjyonf/ ta&;bud;vqif vdkuf&smay;rnfwjh/ [ifhtif;? aeygap

ta&;rbud;ygbl;[k ajymcjhnyd; bk&m;ohk;qla&su&sd
]atmifol} [d;edk;um;*dwfodky wpfa,mufwnf; a&mufogm;nyd; um;*dwfrsm yp�nf;esifhpm
ay;vdkuf&\/

tjonfaeyu armifa&m urefra&m espfod;vhk; uqhdk;mu\/

urefru xhk;phtwdkif; vrf;xgufvqif xd;aqmif;wwfol r[kwfaomamumifh tjonfaey

naetjyefrsm
rdk;zjgzjg&gmaomtcg urefr rdk;cdk&ef vdktyfvm\/ csuff;orjjnyd; csufcsif;pjogm;rnfh
rdk;rskd;[kf;

csivnxifrswfaomamumifh ed;pyffae&m&modky 0ifxdkifzdky vdktyfaeqjrsmyif tp�0g

tat;qdifa&su a&mufvm\/
&m wpktat;aomufcsifvgef;� r[kfaomfvnf; jkf;cej qhk;jzwfcsufjfh tat;qdkfxj
cyfgufoguf 0ifvdkufdon/

wzeziiorfwnf;wnf;uav; usef&paom farqmfvifhcsuf budk;rqifuav;wpcfk axmucefj

jywfogm;nyd; at;pdrfhaom
ywf0ef;usifsifh bmrqdkifpgf urer &ifxjrm rd;awmufwpfck t&sdefjf;pgm [yfvdkufovdk
yljyif;emusif

erqmyifsyiogm;&onf/ r,hkmunfedkifp&m jrifugif;vnf;r[kwf? wpfpwpfrqifjcif;jzifh

&kyfvhk;wpfck ay:vked;yg;
&dyfrdo&sdnydjzpftysuf qdkayr,fh wu,fwrf; &ifdkifvdkuf&aomtcg udk,fce�mrs
tm;tirsm; &kwfjcnf;

d;aomtqfavqmhus qkwf,kwfogm;on/ ureru tvsifpwif jrifvdkuf&olrdky &kwfw&uf

acsmufcsm;thhmoriudk csuff;

ffcsijyifqifxdef;odf;&ef tcsefvhkavmufpgm &cjh\/ uefr &ywnfedkifpgf;

jyefvnf&onfhdefwgirs armifu urerudk

rdrfrtcsffjrifogm;\/ armifhrsufesm\ xdcdkufacsmucsm;rfiudk urefr wpfoufeisfh

wpfudk,f onfwpfcgyj jrizfl;ygonf/
armifonf av;ig;pu�fYavmuftxd urefdk wkfviyfaom [etrljzifh ai;ae\/ ueru f

erueft&mr[efaqmifjrefolydd vufarsfjyum]]aeyg ? aeyg}} [aom yhkpjzifh cyfvrf;vsrf;u

pm;ygj&sddky wpfd;wnf;

yjmulhs&mooogm;� xdkifcjhygonf/

pmrsufs

em
50
trsf

ww&

urefr tenf;i,f npfpgm armifesifh rsufesmcsif;qdkif jzpfrnfh ukvm;xdkif� a&G;�

xdkifonf/

armifh rdef;ri,fav;onf urefrudk ausmay;vsuf&sdonf/ urefr esvhk;om;udk

twif;qgjxkwfogm;rnfh
nydkifbufrdef;rwpfod;tjzpf remmunf;edkifavmufatmifyif csppzfg,f aumif;aom
rdef;uav;wpofd;yg wum;/
munfjyma&mif txufatmuf qifwljzifh vef;qwfel;nhhpgm vsywifhw,fol wpofd; jzpfonf/
apmapmu
ab;apmif; jrifcjh&aom yg;rdkyuav;rsm;rsm yef;aog;a&mif &jaeonf/ b,favmuf cspfp&m
el;nhhvdkufwjh
rdef;uav;ygvdrfh/

]]bmaomufj}} uefrtem;odky vm&yfaom �jvhkcsnfjymeifh qdkif0efxr; rde

rvrtustzl? sff;uav;\
tohonf vdktyfonfxuf us,favmifpgm em;xj aqmifh0ifogm;onf/

]]tif; bmaomu&&iff aumif;rvj? ohyk&m&nfyj ay;yg}}

urefr\ 'l;rsm; wqwfqwfwkef� ,dkifegjuaeqj jzpf\/ armifonf urefrudk vsrf;munfhae\/

armifhfesm\ tae&cufi? &suf&ghuxdwfvefyri onf wjznf;jf;csif; aysmufu,fogm;onf/
armifonf

rsurzngurefravmuf [efaqmifrefol r[kwfacs/ armifhudk rsufhk;csif;qhcsdef urer

'kwdbudrf

jvkf,tnyhk;&,fjyvdkufaomtcg yxrtbudrfxuf ydkrdkvg,fulogm;onfudk thhmopgm odvdkuf\/

armifuvnf; csufcsif;
jyefvnfjyk;jy\/ rqdk;ygvm;? armifhtyhk;u wu,fhudk rdfaqgwpfa,mufudk jhk;yaom
tjhk;rskd;yg/

hjwyjy

armifthjyhk;amumifh rdef;uav;u urefrbuf vsnfhmunfhonf/ eufarsmifaom rsufvhk;rsm;u

armihfudk
nsdku,ledifpgrf;rnfrsm oho,jfzdky rvdkyg/ armifwpfckck aymvdkufuefrnfol[k
jymjcif;yif

kzpu j\/ rr ajzpfayvrfhrnf/ rdef;uav;u munfvifaom rsufsmay;uav;zihf urefdk

acw�pdkufmunfhnd; eiwff;u

dejruycrjyhk;vmonf/ cyfvsrf;vsf;rs munhfvqiyif eiwfcrf;av;\ el;nhhvwfqwfriudk

chxdkaemuf armifa&m

rfpm;�&\/ yrdef;uav;a&m acgif;ikhy� pum;ajymaemu[ef wlonf/

urefr &ifxjrs rchr&yfedkfatmif emusifionf a'gojzifh emusnf;jcif; r[kfyg/ el;nhhaom

irw0rf;enf;jcif;om jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ ohyk&m&nf vmcsaomtcg tenf;i,fom urefr

aomufygonf/ tjyifwgif
rdk;onf ojrpjgm &gmogef;ae\/

uj ... eifbmvkyfrvj? rdk;rpdkjh t&dyfatmufrsfcufccj xdefkyff; aervm;? rdk;&tjaewjh

vrf;ay:r

wmcuj;cs&ism
wpfa,mufwnf; pdwfudk vtfypfrvm;/ aemufqhk; jyifrsmyj pdwfqif;&jzdky qhk;zwfdkuf\/
odkyaomf urerf

wtjvarmifhudk eiwfquffao;onf/ ydkufq&sif;aomtcg armifwdky pm;ygjtwguf ajypmwpf&guf

owfowfjzifh

csih&sif;ay;vdkufygonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk,f ,hkmunfpdwfcspgm? tenf;i,f rdkufrjpgm

armifwdky pm;ygjodky avqmufogm;\/

[efaqmifxm;aom armifhrsufvhk;rsm; wpfcsuf vufcej pl;ogm;onf/ el;nhh� vhk;0ef;aom

armif

\
atmufeiwfcrf;av;onfyifvqif qwfcej wkef,ifogm;avonf/ ted;uyf &yfvdkufaom urefrudk
armfmunfhaeonfh
armifhfesmrsm toem;ch awmif;yefonfh rsufesmyg aocsmygonf/ awmif;yef�r&vqif
zpfcsif&mjzpf[laom

rsujpdwfysuffhrnfh rsufesmvnf; zpf

tm;i,awmj\/

]]munhfprf;? eif ausmif;vpfnyd; 'drsm vmnidrfhaewmudk;? igawmif cskdif;vf0gh'fxj

a&mufcjhao;w,f/
a':rmrmpdef vufcsm,lw,fav/ eifodw,f r[kwfvm;}}

pmrsufs

em
51
trsf

ww&

armifonf bukd;pm;xedf;cskyfxm;aom rsufesmxm;jzifh jyhk;vsuf acgif;ndwfonf/

]]taesfht,uf rjzpfbl;qdk&if xdkifr,faemf}}

mis
]][m ... xdkifyg ? xdkif

yg}}
armifdef;uav;yg taecufae[ef &sdonf/ uefru armifwdky esfod;um;wgif xdkiff/ armi

a&mrrpmygonfu
yifhoufcdk;&idufavonf/ armif\ pdk;&drylyeffemusdk r&,farm&ufpgmyif oem;aecjhonf/

faeaom rsu]]a[h ?eifighudk eiwfydwfc bmaur;rsmvj ? igu wpfausmif;vhk; odogm;atmif

owif;vtifhfvdkufrsmaemf}}

yp

armif rsufesmysufogm;onf/ rdef;uav;uawmh armif &sufogm;onf[k xifvdrfhrnf/

urefruawmh
armifhudk esprsm;pgm aygif;oif;vmcjholrdky armif bmzpfgm;rsf; odvdkuf\/

fjoe]]eef; ejy rdwquffay;&od;r,f}}

armifhpdwff[efesifh jdk &ifqdkifvdkufhrnfh rsufsmi,fi,fudk urefr t&momch�

\ tm;avsmysuy�emuawmermunhf&ufaomamumifh urefruyif pum;jzwfypfvdkuf\/

]]eef;udkom rdwfqufay;zdky vdkrsm/ rr emrnfu pkpkaxg;vdky rswfxm;aemf/ rrwdkyu

'wkd,espfuwnf;u
odyfcifwjh twef;azmf oli,fcsif;awgyg/ eef;udk rruawmh odnyd;om;/ eef;tamumif;
olajymvegf;vkdy eef;udk
rjrifzl;cifuyj odaewm}}

]]tdk ...}}

rdef;uav;\ tmar#dwfohu &suf&ghupgm/ armifh tmar#dwfohuawmh r,hkmunfedkifpgm/

urefru rdef;uav;\ emrnf tjynfhtphkudk &gwf�]]tj'demrnf uawmh rrwif rubl;/ rrwdky

wpfwef;vhk; &if;esd;nd;om; ovm;}} [k cspfpedk; p� aemufdkufonf/ rdef;uav;u
&uf&ghupgm wdk;wdk;uav;&,f�

ydvsvufudkifyk0gacgufjzifh armifh vufzshudk vsrf;&dkufonf/

]]munhf ? udkudk raumif;bl;? bmawg avqmufajymxm;wmvj}}

armifu toufuif;rjhpgm &,farmavonf/ [efaqmifxdef;cskyfxm; onfh rsuefsmrsm urefrudk

aus;zl;wifaom rsufvhk;wdkyu &tef;vufogm;\/ wpfcsedfwnf;rsmyif thhmoemusif[efvnf;
jrif&onf/ ]uavwef}
wdky? ]*sufzfukf}wdky jf;pmtyfrsm;udkom munuaom uefronf armifhfesmxm;udkawmh
tptqk;
wyxmekrafrrsuhtvgwf&aenyd jzpf

\/

]]odyfawmh rajymygbl; ndrav;&,f? txufwef;ausmif;om;b0 uwnf;u cspfjrwfedk;vdky

tonf;toef
vdkufcjh&wjhtamumif;? ndrav; ausmif;tjyerfsm ausmif;a&sutkwfchkuae apmifh
apmihmfunfhwjhtamumif;? ndrav;u
odyfrmebud;wjh taumif;? respfurs ndrav;qdu tcspfudk cuffccjj &wjhtaumif;? mumawmh
rrwdky

mcumem;nid;vma&m odvm;? tr,f eef;udkudk u rrwdky em;raxmif&if

vufzuf&nfwdkufnyd;udk ajymwm}}

]][m ... udkudkaemf}}

pmrsufs

em
52
trsf

ww&

urefr\ [uf[ufyuff &,fohrsm emusifoh enf;enfq rpguyg/ f

yu;r]]ndrav;u u,frupffpx&daemf/ b,fespfespfvj}}

]]tck zdkife,fvf,d;,m;yg}}
]]ausmif;ydwfovm;}}
]][kwfujh}}
]]a&mufwkef; jznf;jznf;ayghu,gf? rjyeefjyod;? wpfaeyaeyawmh ndrav;udk
npmaur;csifw,f/ b,fhes,fvj?

eifhtcsdefawgxju ighudk enf;enf;cgjnyd;awmh ray;edkifbl;vm;}}

urefr &,farm� armifhudkpawmh armifonf wthhwmo ai;pdkufvsuf acgif;udk

cg,rf;aeygonf/
urefrtar;udk ajzonfhoabm r[kwfyg/ pdwfysufvufysuf bmvkyf&rsef; rodvqif jykrlwwfaom
armifhtusifhom
jzpf

\/
]]aus;zl;yg rr&,f? 'gayr,fh eef; reufjzef jyefrsmyg}}
]]amomf ... [kwfvm;? uj ... 'gjzihf igtvdkufrodvdky eifqjaeod;r,f? a&mh ... 'drm/
seifwdkytwguf

ig&sif;ay;cjhnyd}}
ajypmpm&gufav;udk armifwdky espfod;mdkufonf/ armifhrsufesmrsm wtm;emusifpgdkufchdk

um; csay;vm t&&ov&jogm;\/

]][m ... bmjzpfvkdy ay;vdkufwmvjugm? cufvdkufwm}}
armifhhrsm; tenf;i,f wkfaeovdykj/

toe]]rr uvj tm;emp&m}}

]]tdk ... wpcgwav fmuhkwm? 'dvdk qhkrdzdkyqdkwm vg,fwmrs r[kwfbj ndrav;&,f}}
armifrhsm ydkufqhjywfogm;nydqdkwm urefr odygonf/ armif wpfa,mufa,mufqdu
acs;ism;vmjcif;

jzpfvrdfhrnf/

]]uj ... igjyefr,f}}

]][m? b,fjzpfrvj? tjyifrsm rdk;awg 'davmuf onf;aewm}}

armifhhu uefkd;&mxjodky wu,fryefapvdkaom apwem tynfhesfhqdkwm urefr odygonf

torrtm;rgjji/
tenf;i,f ydkifpdk;ydkifeif; avohyifvqif tusifhygae\/
]]&ygw,f}}
]]r&ygbl;/ rjyefprf;ygejy/ eef;rsm xd;ygw,f? nyd;awmh oeljytwl aqmif;aygh}}

pmrsufs

em
53
trsf

ww&

]][ifhtif;? aeygap? epsfa,mufaqmif;awmh rvhkbl;aygh[,f? wpfa,mufwnf;aqmif;wm

aumif;ygw,f/
igu jff/ rdk;&gmxj avqmufaemuyg[m}}

zpygw,
armiff eifhod;aom rsufvhk;rsm;udk zswfj wpfcsufmunfhnyd; urer &kwfcnf; xgufvmcjh\/

\ emusicefj

urefronf &tjpdkaeaom udk,jfzifh rdk;onf;onf;mum;wgif wkefviyfpgm? emusifxdcdkufpgm

um;rswfwdkiftxd
vrf;avqmufvmcjhonf/ armifh&ifcgifrsm wdk;0if� 0rf;yef;wenf;? &idubfud;wiif
idkypfvdkufcsifaom qe�jzifh
rsuf&nfrsm; vdrfhqif;usvmonf/ ,drf;,dkifaeaom ajcaxmufrsm;onf pdkuyfaom xbdjzifh
wgefyqkwfwhkyaes;pgm
avqmufae\/ xdkaeu bmpdful;jzifh trsw(5) pd;� armifhtdrfyefjhrdamf; urer rofd/

ywfjcumitdrfa&mufawmh urfr ckwifdky a&pdk&tjaom ce�mudkfesifhyif

ypfvsjvdkuffwmudkqgj?

eay: o,\/ ab;em;u *pyufvuftdf&if; wd;aecjhf/ bmawgwd;rdovj rrswfryg/ urfrpdwffawmh

cgwdkif;wd;aeus

yondetxiudkae0if;\]]vgf;a&;cufcuf}} odcsif;esfh]]aemufqhk;tdyff}} wpfckckyj jff/

tptqhk;vnf; [kwfrnfrxif? [dk

riruzprnwpfydk'f? onfwpfydk'fyj jzpfrsm .../

vrf;xdyf uif;wjqdrs 6em&d ohacsmif;acgufohudkf ojhojh

yimum;ae&ao;\/
ars;cej tdfaysmfogm;ovm; rod/ urerudk wpfa,mufa,mufu ayuxgl;ovdk chs edk;vmonf/

yfpm;&r
urefr tay:rskfrdk;aeaom armifh rsufesm ... /

m ty
]]cspf ff ...}}

... csp&,
]]cspfkwfygbl;ug,f? eef;yg}}

r[

xdkaeynu armifhudkajymcjhaom wpfcgef;wnf;aom cejypum;yg/ armifu urerfudk,fay: odky

armif\
arg;ygwpfbufapmifjzifh jckhum a&pdkaom ce�mudk,fudk ajcmufaoguaponf/
aus;zl;wifamumif;ajymzdky owd&ao;\/
rajymjzpfbl; xifw,f/ xdkyaemufpdkuyfaeaom qhyifrsm;udk a&okwfay;onf/
&kef;xgufdkufzdky aumif;onfaemf/

varmifu urefdk,fay: odky armihtudk 0wfay;onfdky&yfwpfxnf jzpf\/ xdkyaemuf

armifhykqdk;udk

ruf�su/pys0wfay;onf/ xbd0wfovdk r0wfwwfaomamumifh cg;wgifjzpfovdk pcsnfjhonf/

xdkyaemuf

kay;xm;ca&pdkt0wfrsm;udk tjyifbuf budk;wef;rsm ogm;vsrf;[ef &sdonf/

]]cspf ...}}
]][ifhtif; ...}}
urefr rsufvhk;zgifhmunhfaomtcg armifh&ifcgifxj a&mufaecjhnyd/
]]tdyfr,f}}
]]tdyfav? udk,faygf}}

uxm;r,

pmrsufs

em
54
trsf

ww&

urefr armifhpum;amhf &,farmrqhk;awmh&,f&if; &,f&if; &,farm&wmudk t&omawgunyd;

umiacs/
&,faejyefawmhonf/ armifhudk bmpum;rq rajymcjhamumif; aocsmygonf/ armifu urefr
rsufesmudk pdkufmunhf&if;
...

]][efaqmifaumif;vscsnfvm; cspf&,f}} [laom pum;udk ua,mifuwef; ajymovdk cpcp

nnf;nlae\/

]]armifhudk wpfckck ajymygod;/ armifhudk &uf&ufpufpuf &dkufprf;yg}}

]][ifhtif;}}

]][efaqmifaumif;vscsnfvm;[if}}

]]bmjzpfapcsifvj ? udk,fbmvkyfay;&rvj/ b,fvdkjzpfrs auseyrfsmvj}}

]][ifhtif;}}

xdkaeynonf refsifh armiffqhk;nom jzpfygonf/

ure\ aemu

pmrsufs

em
55
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef; (7)
wpfaeuaeursm
armifwpfckvyfjzpfvmrvm;
rkqdk;zdk jzpfvmrvm; qdkwjh
,kwfnhhwjh arqmfvifhcsufeju
armifhudk apmifhcjhwm r[kwfygbl;armif
trqifwef;nyd; usef&pfr,fh
oha,mzoftm;udk;eju
armifh&ju r,m;i,ftjzpf
t&sufr&sd toem;chzdku
apmihfaecjhwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;
'gayr,fh armifhudk
urefr b,fvdkrs arhvdkur&bl;
urefrav armifejucgj&&if
&l;ogm;rsmvdku xifcjhw,f
ckawmh &l;vj r&l;ygbl;
armifhudkvnf; rarhbl;
armifhudkarhatmif bmvkyf&rvj
tbuhay;cjhprf;ygod; armif&,f..
urefr b0rsm aevdkuvnf;
raysmfawmhygbl; ...

pmrsufs

em
56
trsf

ww&

armifesifhurefr bmrs rywfoufawmhonfudk vufcnhyd;jzpfonf/ b0csif;rwlawmhonf rsmvnf;

txifsm;jfonf/ odkuygvsuf urfrab;rsm tm;ay;espfodhfrnfh olcsif; b0rsdk; jzpfap?

t&zperi,frdwfaqgb0rsdk;zpfap? armifhdk vdktyfaeao;ygonf/ urefr tvgepdrf;aom

rdkuwpfnrku� rsufesmpdrf;rsm;eihf

jufndsw&if;wesd; ae&wmudk armifodrsmr[kwf/ urefr tvkyfvkyfaom or0g,r aq;cef;�

yifedqvifxdk;aq;
rwnfhaomamumifh vlemwpfod; aovkajrmyg; zpfogm;pofu urefronf jrwpfgmbkdk rwrcidf
armihfudk

j&m;ut&ifd;pgm wrf;wvdkufdonf/ aog;zdkntxd usogm;aomtcg rsufvhk;rsm; jyma0vsuf

wpfckck jrefjf

ortm;orepof;pm;&won/fted;rsm armif&sdae&ifawmh bmvkyf? bmqufvkyf[k at;aq;pgm

ajymjyayvdrhfrnf/ odkuaomf
[efaqmifaumif;aom ueff jctaeudk csuff; aog;at;at;jzifh xdef;edkifcjhonf/

rrontacsi

vdktyfaom aq;ykvif;rsm;udk wpfckyd;wpfck tpofdkuf azmuf� ogufvufpgm ukoogm;pof

jvurefrvufzsm;rsm; wkef,ifvsuf&sdonf/ tm;ay;rnfhol r&sdbj rdrdudk tm;udk;wbud;

munfhaemuonfh rsufesmrsm;
a&suarsmufwgif twwfedkifqhk; espfodrfhcjh&aomfvnf; tm;vhk;nyd;pd;�
acsmarmogm;csdefwif aq;cef;rs 'dkif,mzdfrf

gyiwpfjym;,laomuffvdkuff; ...

yp&i

]]urefrtjzpfudk jrifvsnfhprf;ygod; armif&,f}} [k pdwfxjrs jyif;jyif;jyjy

wrf;wvdkurfdcjhonf/

uko&efcufcjaom a&m*gonf wpfod;udk awguwdkif; tjyejfyeftvsefvsef

prf;oyfcsifcshdef&if;
wkdifyifdk;&rnfh wpfphkfa,mufudk jrj wrf;wrdnyd; xdkwpfa,mufrsmvnf;
armifomzpfygonf/

tm;uwptjarmifqdkvqifawmh 'da&m*gudk b,fvdkemrnfwyfrsmygvdrhf? bmaq;esifh uko

rsmygvdrfh? armifhxifjrifcsuf?
qhk;jzwfcsuf? wdkufwgef;csufdkuudk vdktyfaom tcsdefaygif;rsm;pgm&sdcjhbl;on/
urfrwpfa,mufwnf; cufjpgm

wfecausmfjzwfcjh&onf csnf;yifjzponff/

urefr aeraumif;onfh tcsdefrsm;wigfawmh armifhudk b,fvdk wrf;wrsef;rod?

qgwfyshuemusifpgm
tm;udk;wbud; wrf;wjjjzpfonf/ urfrtm; jkkk,rnfhol wpfod;wpfavrqr&sdaomtcg armif\

reyp,
tm;ay;espfodrhfjyhk;udk wa&;a&; jrifa,mifvquf yifhoufrsm;pgm&idufjzpcfjh&\/
urefrvufudk ,k,pgm
udkifvsufaog;cekfeeif; prf;aomtcg? urefr ezl;ay:vufzrdk;wifvsuf udk,fylcsdef
prf;oyfaomtcg? urefrudk
aq;xdk;ay;aomtcg? aq;jym;rsm;udk urer yg;pyfxjxd w,kw, cghuwdkufaom tcg armifonf
uref

fr\
tm;udk;&m? wg,fwm&momjzpcfjhonf/

tckawmh urerted;wgifarmiff;r&sdygvm;/

fvn

....

]]pkpkaxg;}}

urefrted;rm wpphkwpfa,muf vm&yff/ zwfcej armhmunfhvdkufaomtcg esvhk;u vnfyif;qdodu

sfonk'dwfuej aqmifhwufvmonf/ rnfodkurq rxdef;vdkufedkifrd urefr rwfwwf&yfrdnyd;

jzpfogm;\/

]]bk&m;a&? [ifhtif;rjzpfedkifygbl;/}}

pmrsufs

em
57
trsf

ww&

odkuaomf urera&slonf urefr tvgetrif; cspffjrwedk;cjhaom vljzpfonf/ wkefviyfriudk

fuuvfcifom[efaqmifjyifxdef;zdku pu�efYaygif;rsm;pgm budk;pm;,l&ygonf/ 'gawmifrs

w'dwf'dwf ckefaeaom &ifckefohudk
olmum;ogm;avrvm;/

]]t0ifaygufuae vsrf;munhfaewmmumnyd [kwfrs [kfyghrvm;vdku? t&ieju enf;enf;rs

rwlawmhovdkyj}}

wf

rwfwyf&yfaeaomtcg armifuhdk,fce�monf wpfu,fha,mufsm;bud; wpa,muff[ef

twdkif;jzpfonf/ tdk..
munhfprf;ygod; wnfnidrfvscsnfvm;armif&,f../ urerufdk &uf&upuffpuf xm;cjhaom
armifhudk urefr u
vufchpum;ajymzdku pdful;avovm;? urefr xgufogm;oifhonf/ ureff qe�eisfh qefuusifpgm
acgif;ihku� chkrsm

wronxdkifcsypfvdkufrdonf/ urefr\ 'l;rsm; wqwfqwfwkefaeonfudk olrjrifap&yg/

vufzsm;rsm; wkef,if
at;pufaemursm/ urefrvufrsm;udk pm;ygjatmuf ogif;,lvdkuf&\/ urefronf armifesifh
ywfoufvqif
tptpt&m&m wnfidfcjhyd[k xifrdwmrsm;\/ ,ckawmh wu,fh rd;aumifaygufdk
wkefviyfaejfon/f

nrnnruav;vye

armifonf jrizfl;aemur[kwfaom rav;&sm;ykqdk;esifh vnfuwhk; &syftufsd

tjzlvuf&snfesifh jzpfonf/
tenf;i,f qef;mu,faom tqitjyifjygonf/ armifh ajsyzdeyf �Dyg on;budk;rsm teufa&mifjf

fzpfcnfuwfzp\/
armifonf ausmif;om; b0wkef;u aysmf&tifvef;qef;rirsm;esifh uif;ugmnyd;
vlbud;vlaumif; wpfod;\
�ajersdk;udkom r,hkunfedkifu&\/ qhfurl ausmif;om; b0wkef;uxuff
enf;enf;&snfcsifonf/

�mp&m awgyiyi

]]udk,f 'dudkvmzdku awmfawmf budk;pm;,l&w,f/ rvmoifhbl;vdkuvj xifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh

awmif;yefzdku}}

armif wpfcckk qufajymaeao;aomfvnf; urerfrmum;ryg/ dem;xjwgif tohrsm; w0ekf;0kef;

qlnhaeonf/ rzpfedkifvdkuwm/ 'davmuf wdkufqdkizdkuraumif;bl;/ pm;ygjay:rs wkdif;rf
r*�f;pm&gufjzifh

jffzirsm;avwzsyff vgifhaeonfudk armifu vujzifh zdxdef;ay;xm;onf/ el;nhhog,fvsaom

vufacsmif;rsm;onf

zsyfurefresihfvhk;0 rywfoufbl;aom a,mufsm;av;wpfa,muf\ vufrsm;om

jzpfvdkfprf;ygawmh/ yef;eka&mif
uvufonf;rsm;udk wd&dusepgm udkufjzwfxm;\/ tif;av urefr r&sdayr,fh armifhzed;u
w,kw, vufonf;
nsyfay;vrdhfrnf/ ,ckawmh urefr tawmftwef xdef;odrf;vmedkifcjnhyd/

]]armifwpfa,mufwnf;vm;}}

]]tif; ...}}

armifhhonf vdkfonfxuf ydk� av;yiae\/ f

toty

]]pmmunhfwkdufydwfawmrhsmyj? wpfa,mufa,mufudk apmifhaewmrsm;vm;}}

armifhar;cef;u wpfrsk;ygvm;? armifhudk t&ifdk ayhgyg;pgm armhmhfvmedifonf/

armifhrsuesmrsm

gdvunkfpl;prf;riom&sdnd; avsmifajf&ydfr&sd

yymiyg/

]]ysif;vdu xkdkifaewmyg}}

]]tvnfvmwmvm;}}

]]r[kwfbl;? aq;vm0,fwm}} armifhudk yxrqhk;tbudrf nmajymjcif;jzpfygonf/ el;nhhaom

rsufvhk;rsm;esifh
armif urefrudk pdkumfunhfonf/

pmrsufs

em
58
trsf

ww&

]]eef;a&m}} urefh tzsm;qgwf� wkef,ifogm;ovdkvdk/

rto]]rygbl;? udk,f &efukefu jyefvmwm}} armifhfesm ysufgm;yg? tif;av ...

armifhb0rsm

rsuroaeom;usnyd;nydyj/ urefreisfh od;oefujzppfgm aeom;usnyd;aenyydj/ ,cifu

&if;esd;aom csdktdonfh udk,fehuonf
urefr\ esvhk;om;udk rl;,pfa0qjyif/

]]ausmif;rsm upd&�Sdvdkuvmwmvm;[if}}

]]r[kwfygbl; pkpkaxg;qdvmwm}}

]][if ...}}

armif aemufaymifaewm r[kwfyg/ armifhfesmwif jyhk;&yfudk tenf;i,frq rawgu&/ ureruk

jrsugdfdtm;emovdk[efom awgu&onf/
]][kwfw,f? 'rdsma&mufaew,f ajymvdku}}
]]b,foluajymvj}}
]]emrnfawmhrodbl;/ pkg;&jutcef;az: &cdkifrav; av}}

ax]]amomf ... munfmunfph? b,frsm awguvmvj}}

]]0if;vdkufrsm? udk,f &kyf&sifmunfhzdku vufrswffaewkef; olu rrpkawmif re�av;
a&mufaew,f/ tck

0,
ausmif;pmmunfhwkdufrsm awucghjw,fqdkvdku}}
&dk;om;aom armifhrsufesm� tjypf[l� wpfqhcsnfrq &smrawgu&ygbjvm;/
]]rdrs rdyghrvm;vdku? awgucsifaewmmumnyd/ awguvj rawu&gjbl;av/}}
em;xifkrd

armifhab; qpyhfrs rdk;owesifh roufqdkifpgm ckdwgjaeaom ac;pufuav;rsm;uk

ai;armmunhfaerdaom uefronf armifhudkespforfh&efbudk;pm;aomfvnf; ratmifjrif

rdyg/
]]udk,f wpfckck npmaur;yg&ap}}
]]avohu orfargscsnvm;armif? t&ifeuwpjcm;pdyj? at;aygh *sif;wjvfref;ef jfnddk;}}

duvfjfzpaeyuayghyg;aom urefh tqhk;wgif armif yxrqhk;tbudrf pdwfoufomovdk

jyk;avonf/

rpum;oh]]pkaxg;vj t&ifeju wjcm;pdyj? qhxhk;eju yef;eju? eiwcrff;eedju?

vufonf;&snfeju}}
whcg;wpfcsyf apmifhydwfvdkuohesifh ukvm;xkdif a&thrsm;udk mum;vdkuf&\/ 0efxrf;rsm;
whcg;ydwfzdku

fuopdpofaemf/ uefronf rdkufrjaom qhk;jzwffjfh rwfwwf &yfvdkuf\/

uonrcsuzi
]]uj npm aur;rsmjzifh ogm;&atmif? udk,f 'dpmtkyf ogm;tyfvdkufod;r,f? [kwfvm;/}}
pmrsufs

em
59
trsf

ww&

urefrwdukespfod; tenf;i,f pdrf;aeao;onf/ vufaygutdyfudk aqmhupm;&if; urefr

jyhk;&,fekdifzdku
budk;pm;ae&onf/

]]tdrfaxmifusnydvm;}}

eifhuej emusifpl;&sogm;onfh a0'emeisfh acgif;wpfcsufom ,rf;cgypfvdkuf\/ armif

urefrudk
em;vnfvqif �ar;cgef;udk ar;rnfr[kwfyg/ ausmif;0if;xrjs xgufonftxd armifhudk urefr
pum;rajymedikfyg/

]]qmnydvm;}} armifhavohu tenf;i,f &if;esd;vmon/f

]][ifhtif;}}

]]rqmao;&if wdku zufxkyfamumf ogm;pm;&atmifav}}

urefr armifhudk tvefmum; munhfrdonf/ armifu rodovdk cyfwnfwnfzifh jyk;ae\/

xdkuaemu

uwjhf
urefrudk vsnfmunfh� ...

]]rif;qdu tjypfwifpum;yjjzpfjzpf? emmunf;pum;yjjzpfjzpf apmifhcjhwm mumnyd}} [k

ajymonf/

vgefcjhonfh ohk;espfcefuu avqmufcjhaom aq;&hkbud;a&su vrf; 30 onf urefrwdku

espfod;tm; ,cifuvdk
jyefvnf&if;esd; ogm;ap\/ odkuaomf urefrwdku espfod;tm; vsrf;munhfaeaom
rsufesmrsm;rsm urefrjrifzl;ovdkvdk/
aemufnyd; urefrtm; pum;wif; qdkaemuovdkvdk/ wu,fqdk tdrfaxmi&fsdnyd;aom
&nf;pm;a[mif;esifh tckvdk
,sofwgj� rogm;oihfbl; r[kwf

vm;/
]]tck b,frsm aq;cef;zgifhaevj}}
urefra&mufaeaom nrdkuuav;\ emrnfudk armifmum;zl;rnfr[kwf/ amomf [kom a&&wgfonf/
adg'd,dk r&sd? w,fvdaa;&sif; r&sd? tat;qdkif wpfqkdif? vufzuf&nfqdikf
espfqdkiefsifh &kyf&sif&hk jzpfcjhzl;aom

qef*dka'gif wpfvhk;om&sdonfh nrdkffav;tamumif; at;at;aq;aq;rs ajymjy&od;rnf/

ui,i,
]]tqifajy&juvm;}}
]]'dvdkygyj ... armifa&m}}
]]armifvj 'dvdkygyj? vlemawgeju? or0g,reju? tdrfeujvhk;csmvdkufnyd; b,fvdkrs
rtm;bl;? tckawmif

udk,fhnd r*fvmaqmifzdku upd�eJU ogm;vdku &efukefa&mufjzpfwm}}

]]tmtdikfwdu wpfa,mufvm;}} xkdvli,fav;onf armifhudk tvgefcspfaom ndwpfa,muf

jzpfonf/
]]tif; ... tckolu tvkyffaenyd/ thhmf;wmu ol 'dwpfacguf rif;udk ar;vdukfao;w,f/}}

0iop&maumi]]amomf ...}}
]]rif;0wfxkawg rawguvdkuwjh? pma&;zdku budk;pm;apcsifwmwjh? udk,fhudkar;aeao;w,f/
rif;bmjzpfvduk

pmra&;ovjqdkwm}}

pmrsufs

em
60
trsf

ww&

]]tif;ayghav ... &kwfw&uf qdkawmh urefreju armifhudk ol wgjwgjnyd;

oljrifaeod;rsmaygh? aemufhv

awmj
wugjpd jrifogm;rsmyg/ re�av;udk cpcp a&mufvm;}}

]]ausmif;nyd;cgrs re�av;udk 'g yxrqhk; tcsdefjyefa&muwmyfj/ rvm&jwmvj ygwmayghav/

odwjhtwkdif;
udk,fu owdmumifwwfw,f/ aemufnyd; udk,fu emrnfdk;ejuvlyj/}}

�aq
armifu tenf;i,f rsufesmysufpgm &,farmygonf/
]]zj&dkufao;vm;}}
]]tif; enf;enf;yg;yg;}}
]]zed;u bmrs rajymbl;vm;}}
]]olurif;vdk rvnfbl;? t� w,f/ udk,fbmvyfvkyf odfdwmr[kwfbl;}}

kyo]]tckawmh armifa&g;wjhvrf; resfaenydaygh? armifhudk ychk;csif; r,sofwjh

zed;ejuav}}
]]'gawgrajymygejucspf&,f}}
armifu urefrudk cspf[k ac:vdkufaomtcg rsuefsmaeg;cej ylogm;\/ urefr
egjursdcdk0ifcjhzl;aom

armifhcgifonf ,cifuvdkyif el;nhh aeg;axg;od;rsm yjvm;/

&if]]rdk;enf;enf;&gmod;r,f xifw,f/ xd;bmjzpfvdku raqmif;wmvj}}

]]ysif;vdu}} kblwm&hk&sd rd;&xm;chk; whwm;ay: odku jzwfavsmufaomtcg
armiffrsmwnf;ovj [k ar;\/ urer

ub,frajzyg/ armifu rmum;bl;xif� xyfar;onf/

]]bmvkyrvfdkuvj}}

]]tjyef vdkufydkuoifhovm; vdkuyg/ npmpm;nyd;&if 8 em&davmuf jzpfogm;rsmav/ cspf

wpfa,mufwnf;
qdk&if aymwmyg/ taz:&sd&ifh rydkuygbl;}}

jawm

]]rydkuygeu? wpfa,mufwnf; ogm;wm tusifygaend}} ureffarmypfvdkuygonf/ xdkuaemuf

csufcsi

jhyr&,ff;
t&,ffnd; ...

&yy]]zufxkyfaumf rpm;csifl;ug,f}} [k tenf;i,f nnf;nlvdkufrd\/ armifu em;vnfpgm

mygbbmrsrwdkufwegf;bj espfod;wdkifyif� wpfq espfa,mufwgj rogm;zl;aom arma&tvd

pm;aomufqdkifodku ohk;bd;jfh

cgrziogm;zdku qhk;jzwfvdkufmuonf/
]]bmqdkbmrs rauseyfwjh mf;av; awmif pma&;az:r&vdku aus;zl;vjwifnyd; odyfj
tm;emw,f/}}

taumivarmifonf urefrudk wnfhwnfhrmunhfbj vrf;wpfbufwpfcsufu qdkifdkif;bkwrsm;udk

ai;arm&if;

rsm;? qfcyfqqavohjzifh twdwfudk jyefzigfh[onf/

pmrsufs

em
61
trsf

ww&

]]tcspfrsm tm;emw,fqdkwm r&sdbl;}}

armifu cufcjpgmjyhk;&if; acgiff;aeavonf/ ohk;bd;um;cudk urefr &sif;rnfvkyfawmh
armifu tdk

;cg,r...
r[kwfwm? ausmif;om;b0wkef;uvdk armif rrgjawmhygbl;[k emmunf;pgmqdkonf/
]]tckvdk espfa,mufwjgnyd; pm;ygj&hkudk vmwmrsm; armifhzed;od&if bmajymrvjaemf}}
armifhfesm ndkdiif;ogm;\/

rsur]]tj'davmufrs rydkif&if 'dvdkrdef;rudk vufudkrxyfbl;/ armifu ta&;r[kwfygbl;/

cspfuom
rdef;uav;rdku}}
]]urefrrsm o0efwdkfhol wpffrs r&sdbl;}}

r,a,mu
urefr avohu tenf;i,f rmqwfogm;\/ armifu em;vnfpgm jyhk;aeygonf/
]]uj ... armif awmif;yefcsifwjh pum;awgudk vufczdku tqifhfjzpfnydvm;}}

hoi

]]aus;zl;jyknyd;bmrs rajymygejuav/ ukd,hfudkk,fudk trtef;wifwmr[kwfygbl;/ urefru

oabmxm;
bud;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tjh'dvdk oabmxm;bud;vdkfwmqdkwjh thhmori? aus;zl;wifriav;
&zdkguf

uutway;qyfvdkufjh t&if;tesd;awguawmh trsm;bud;ygyj/ xm;ygav/ tckcsdefrsm

tcspfa[mif; wpffvdku

&wa,muoabmrxm; ygejuawm/ rdwfaqgwpfod;vdkyj oabmxm;yg/ 'gqdkf ae&xdkif&wm tvdkdk

h&ivpdwfayghyg; ogm;ygvdrhfr,f/}}

]]aus;zl;wiygw,f/ cspffwjh[if;udk rsmav}}

fpm;csi]]armif pm;csifwm rsmav}}

armifu tch&cufovdk nyhk;avonf/
]]r[kwfbl;/ xrif;pm;vdkurjzpfbl; zsm;aew,f}}
]]tdk ...}}
tusifhurfrvufu armifh vufaumuf0wfdk aog;wdk;eief; prf;rdawmh[kwfom;yj

ygaeaom eu\/
armifhg ylaevdkufwm/ aog;wdk;eief; jrefae\/ urefmumifh r[kwfyg/ tzsm;aog;amumifh
jzpfygonf/

tom;awra
]]armift&nf wpfckckyj aomufr,f}}
]]'dvdkrsef;odf vufzu&nfdkif ogm;ygw,/ urfr oyrqmygbfl;}}

&ifqfed]]pm;yg ... pm;yg/ armifmunhfaersmaygh/ cspf xrif;pm;wmudk rmunhf&wm

mumogm;nyd/ &dk;&dk;om;om;
pum;ygaemf}}
]]amomf ... cufygnyd}}

pmrsufs

em
62
trsf

ww&

armifrfra&m pdwfaygyg;pgm tohxguffarmrmu\/ uefr xrif;pm;aepof armifu pyguvif

a&mueh&,drwpfykvif;jzifh ai;armaeygonf/
]]bmaq;aomufxm;vj armif}}
]]bmrs raomufbl;}}
]][m ... 'dq&m0efuvnf; b,fvdkvj}}

nyhk;aeaom armifheiwfcrf;rsm tenf;i,f ajcmufaoguae\/ tzsm;amumifh ajcmufaoguaewm

jzpfrsmyg/
ta&jym;yg;vsm;� El;nhhaom armifheiwfcrf; vhk;vhk;av;udk munhf&if;
urefrwpfudk,fvhk; aeg;cej &sufogm;\/
&sufpdwfzifh a,mif,rf;� rsufpdyif rsdwfypfvdkufrd

j\/

]]aq;cef;wpfckckrsm aq;xdk;ygvm; armif? aeod;/ onfem;qdk b,foluaq;cef; ygvdrhf}}

]]rogm;csifygbl;}}

]][m ... 'dtwdkif;aevdku b,fjzpfrvj}}

]]jzpfygw,f/ &xm;ay: rwufcif uwnf;u zsm;aewm/ armifu 'dvdygyj/ c&d;og

km;&if
zsm;wwfw,fav/}}
]]tat;rdwmvm;}}
]]xifyg&ju}}
]]acsmif;qdk;vm;}}
]][kwfujh}} armifhrsufesmonf enf;enf; nyhk;ae\/
]]vnfacsmif;emovm;}}
]][kwfujh}}
urefr&,farmvdkuf\/
]]q&mr? urefawmf bmaq;aomuf&rvj}}
]]tdk; b&rf'd}}
armifu [uf[uffyuf &,farmonf/

yu

]]'dujff aq;qdkif 0ifr,f/ aq;enf;enf; 0,ffav? nyd;awmh armif vdkufydkuygr,f/}}

ye&i&atmi
]]rydkuygeu}} j
urefr armihftrfrsm wnf;cdkrsefdapvdkyg/

d;ro

pmrsufs

em
63
trsf

ww&

]]r&bl; vdkufrsmyj? eifb,fwkef;ursm;ighudk edkifatmif jiif;edkifzl;vdkuvj}}

armifhavohu ydikfpdk;ydkifeif;ayr,hf urefr&ifxj aeg;axg;ogm;&hkom jzpf\/
tenf;i,frq

a'gorxgu&uffyg/

]]armifwdkuuav;&nydvm;}}

armif csufcsif; rsufesmysufgm;wm jfawmhrs urertm;emogm;\/ armifsihf ureronf

wpod;ajcvsrf;

orifeffwpfod; &dyfrdaeaom vufa0suorm;vdkygyj/

]]tcks esfepfavmufsdao;wm b,f&od;rvj/ pum;rvtygeju/ bmvj eifhgjudk ig

jrifogm;rsmpdk;vdku

rps&jtwrvdkufapcsifwmvm;/}}

urefrrajf;[if;udkjojrjrj pm;aerd\/ armifu pyguvif ykvif;udk vsnfhywfmunhfae&if;

zyg/ xriom orsufesm ndkaeonf/ at;ayghav? csprfsmvnf; vufwgj&rnfhol &sdaea&maygh/

tjh'dolu b,folvj? b,fuvj/
armifeju odvm;/ armifwdku ausmif;u yjvm;/

urefrtenf;i,f chjyif;pgm armhmunhfvkdufrd\

]]wpfa,mufejuwif vhkavmufygnyd armif? tcspfawg tdrfaxmifa&;awgudk urefr odyfudk

pdwfuekfygnyd?
rcejf;ygeu}}

uprjarmifuefra&m jidroufaemuyef\/ armifhrsuesm ndkaeawmhvnf; urfr

pdfraumif;ygug,f/

a&m rfjfewarmifrhsm aeraumif;aewm ig'dvdkrajymoifhbl;/ urefru vspdk;ngefuesifh

rax;0if;tamumif;? 0if;jrihfxgef;esifh
cifpef;0if; tamumif; phkpgm ajymjyaerdonf/ xgef;atmifmunf esihf awguao;vm;[k
armifu ar;\/
udk,fhtamumif;ajym&onfxuf olrsm;tamumif;ajym&wm pdwfvufaygyg;ygonhf/

urefrwdktvds xgufvmaomtcg n 7 em&dom &sdao;\ urfru armifhtwguf 'ppfy&ifaq;jym;

uarma&refwpfu'f? qmadqdvif aq;awmifhwpfu'f 0,fvdkufaomtcg armifu]][m...

raomufbl;aemf}} [k ysmysmovj
jiif;\/ urefru rmum;[efaqmif� Zgw0,ffvdkufygonf/ armifhvufxj xnfhawmh armifr,lyg/

]]armif raomufcsifbl;}}

]]raomufvdkur&bl;}}

ausmif;om;b0 uwnf;u armif tvgef aq;aomufysif;cjh

\/
]]ydkufqhukefatmif[m}}
]]ydkufqhaygygw,f armifju? raycsifprf;ygejh? uj ... armif b,fjyefsmvj}}

&uawmr
]]jrpfzsm;{&m}}
]]urefr armihfudk vdkuyfdkur,f}}

pmrsufs

em
64
trsf

ww&

]][ifhtif; ... r&bl;? armifu vdkufydkur,f}}

]]'gqdk b,rfsrogm;bl;? &yfaer,f}}
]]thrm &yfaeaygh? b,folu mummum&yfedikfrvj}}
]]cufvdkufwm}}
armifu rcsdkrcsofnyhk;ae\/ urefr tenf;i,f &suf&guhpgm]]uj ...'gjzihf vdkufcjhugm}}
[k vufavsmh

vdkufawmhonf/ ohk;bd;um;wpfpd; wm;nyd;aomtcg]]uj ... aq;awg armif udkifcjhygr,f/

wuf? b,fvjqdkwm
udk,fh[mudk,fajym}}

]]eef;a&su}} [k urefr ajymvdkufawmh armif thhmoogm;\/

wpfvrf;vhk; qdwnfidrfpgm armif ygvmygonf/

]]armifodyfzsm;aevm;? acgif;udkufaevm;[if}} pdk;&drfylyefpdwfudk urefr b,fokdurs

rxdef;odrf; edkifyg/

]]&ygw,f odyfr[kwfygbl;/ cspfwnf;wjhtdrfa&muf&if armihfukd a&wpcfguf ay;av/

cspfa&sursm armif
aq;aomufogm;ygr,f/

eef;a&su uhsk;vrf;udka&mufawmh urefr rsufesmrsm; aeg;ylvm\/ armifhudk

&suf&ghupdwfudk [efaqmif�
&,farmvdkuf&ygonf/

]]od;av; yefwsmausmif;em;u a&edajrmif;xdyfrsm csay;yg}}

armifu urfrudk zswfcejvsfhmunhfonf/

en]]cspf}} urefr armifhudk armhmunhf� Nyhk;jyzdku mudk;pm;aomfvnf; vhk;0

jykh;r&yg/ wpfcsdefwnf; rsmyif

&ifwzsyzsyffckef� armyef;egrf;e,fvm\/ urefrtm;wif;� armifhudkar;rdonf/

]]aeaumif;&uvm; armijf? tdkau&juvm;}}

armifbmrrasjzyg/

um;&yfvdkufaomtcg uref zswfvwfpgmqif;vdkufnyd; armifhvufurf;� wgjygonf/ armifonf

ililidkifidkifjzifh bmudkrq r,hkedikfovdk urefr ab;� t&kyfwpfckvdk ygvmonf/

]]vmav ... t&ifuawmh armifu trf&sif? tckh urefru tdrfsifaygh}}

dawm&

armifonf wgefyqkwpfgm urefr aemufrs vdkufvm\/ whwm;jzluav;ay: avqmufrdaomtcg

armifhfesmonf urefrbufodky vhk;0 rvsnfhyg/ vsnfhvqifvnf; wpfpef;wpp rd;a&mijzifh
armifhfesm

rsugffrsut&dyftujudk urefr rjriefdkifyg/ bk&m; ... bk&m;? u,fawmrflyg/ tpp t&m&m

acsmarmpmgnyd;qhk;ogm;ygap bk&m;/

jch0if;whcg;udk zgifh�0ifdkufaomtcg armif urfrab;rsm ed;uyfpgm ygvmonf/ xdkyaemuf

tdrfay: odky

vearmifuyif t&ifwufonf/

pmrsufs

em
65
trsf

ww&

tdrfwhcg;txufrs pkpkaxg; [laom uref;om;qdkif;bkwfjym;uav;udk azsmhawmhaom

tvif;a&mifatmufrsm zwfae[ef &sdonf/ aomzhgifhnyd; 0ifvdkufaomtcg urefr armifhudk
vufwgj� 0ifapygonf/

zefacsmif;rd;a&mif zswfcej vif;ogm;aomtcg armifhrsufesmudk urefr vrsf;munfhawmh

armif
thhmowkefvyifpgm &yfwefyaeonfudk jrif&onf/ aphxm;aom tcef;whcg;txufrs armifhemrnf
qdkif;bkwfjym;uav;udk jrifogm;aomtcg armif rsufesmysufogm;jyef\/

]]0ifxdifyg armif? armihftwgf urer aumzdazsmf ay;r,f? a&mh ... 'dvufaygdwf

,logm;}}

kuffut

armifonf tcef;whcg;udk te�&m,f&sdaom yp�nf;wpfckujhokdy wgefyqkwfpof;pm;pgm

udkifgef;zgifhogm;\/

�w

armifsifh ywfouaom trsgif �wpbudrfonf trshk; jzpfygvrfhrnf/ odkyaomf urefr

armifhuk

efm;rsm;wfm;qddzsm;aevsufeifh ypfpvwcwf rxm;cjhedkifjyef

sfyg/

aumfzdudk armihftbuduf cskdfaygifrkefyudkawmh armif rpm;apvdkyg/

tzsm;ydkwufvdrfhrnf/

kcg;azsm\/
aomufa&zefcgufxjrsm a&tenf;i,f xnfhvquf aumzfdyef;uefudk vufwpfbufudkifvquf
tcef;wgif;

u
0ifrdawmh armif ,ckwdif rwwyf&yfqjwnf;/ armifhrsufvh;rsm;rsm pm;ygjay:rs
armifhyhk&sd&modky pl;pdkufaemu\/

kfk"gwf

]]xdkifav armif? 'rdsm aumfzd? 'drsm a&cguf? ay; aq;awg}}

urefr bmrs rjf[efaqmif� armifhudk ukvm;xdkifrm xdkifapygonf/ armifu

ndrfoufgdkifcsvdkuf\/

zpsipmxarmif jrifrsmaygh/ *pfwm&,f? armifh "mwyfhk&,f? pm;ygjay:rs

zjcsyfta[mif;av;rsm;&,f ... /

armifhfesmrsm thhmjcif;? r,hkekdifjf;? amuugjjcif;rsm;tjyif oem;uifemjcif;yg

a&m,sufaeonf[

rsuocimk
xifjyef\/ urefr aumfzd yef;uefudk riwfay;aerdon/farmif ... urefrudk vhk;0
rmunhfyg/ trfydqdvif
aq;awmifhav; azmufay;aomtcg armifonf puf&kyfwpfckujhodky ,l� aomuf\/

]]aygirfkefyawmh &sdw,f? armif zsm;aevdky raur;wm/ at;at;aq;aq;aers jyefayghaemf}}

uref;ckwifay: ogm;xdkif� armifhudk munhfaerdygonf/ armif tae&cufpgm

aumfzdyef;uefudk ikhymunfhae\/
&ifxjrsm wppfppf emusifaom a0'emudk roduskd;urefjykvsuf rawgu&wm mumaom
armifhce�mudk,fudk
rufrufarmarm munhfaerdfrsm trsfyif jzpf\/ (armifonf ausmif;om;b0wkef;u xufawmh

oneenf;enf;jynhfvmonf/ rdrb0udk auseyftm;&cjhaom vlbud;vlaumif;wpfod; [eygyfj/)

armifu zjfuav;

dcsywpfcsyfudk tufqpfudkif&ovdk r0hhr&j udkifmunhfonf/ a[mif;egrf;aom

zjcsyfuav;onf armifxm;&pfaom
yp�f;wpfck jzpf\/ wppwpfp jymif;vjvmaom armifh rsufsmrsm emusifpl;epfaom a0'emu
odoomom

nfaed&kyfvhk;ay:vmavonf/

urefresifh rywfoufawmhbl;[k rnfolu ajymygap/ urer\ efsvhk;om;rs pgjjrjpgm cspf&aom

wpfod;wnf;
cspfolrsm armifomvqif jzpfygonf/ armifh chpm;csufonf urefr\ t&m?
armifhusef;rma&;onf urer\ t&m/ fru qrnff

,cktcsdef� uRefvgjvif armifhudk jykpkhfol r&sd/ qdwfnidrfwgefyqkwpgm ai;armaeaom

armifonurefrbufodky &kwfw&uf vsfhmunhf\/ urefarmifhudk &dk;om;oefyfgm jhk;y&ef
tm;,lvdkufonf/ odkyaomf

nr pipyjurefr eiwcrf;rsm; r,hkmunfdkifavmuffyif wkef,ivmmuonf/ rsufvhk;rsm;

&wfcsnf; pdkvmonf/ urer

featmifkfarmifha&sursm aerjzpfawmhyg/

pmrsufs

em
66
trsf

ww&

xdkif&mrs jkef;cej x� armifhd;rs jzwfavqmufum tcef;0odky cyfogufoguf vsrf;rdonf/

ai;idkifaeaom

ztearmifonf tdyf&mrsedk;� zswcefj owd&vmovdk ukvm;xdkifrs &kwfw&uf xnyd; urefrudk

vsrf;qjgzufvdkufonf/

]][ifhtif;}} urefr xdwfvefypgmyif &ekf;xgufzdky budk;pm;r\/ dodkyaomf ylaeg;aom

armifh udk,fce�mesifh
wpfcpcsif;yif yl;uyfogm;onf/ xdktcg urfr xdf;cskyfxm;&aom rsuf&nfdk armif
rjrifatmif

eeprsm;uarmifhcgifxjodky zgwf rsufesmtyfypf vdkuf&onf/ armifu vufwpfbuff;jzifh

uefrudk jrjjhpm

&ifwnrrgayguzufxm;nyd; vufwpfbufu ug,f0sufxm;aom urefr rsufesmudk r&ru

acgif;armhapatmif qgjyifh,l\/
]]cspf ... eif [efaqmifaumif;vscsnfvm; [if}}
urefr armifhudk txedf;tcskyr&fsd wif;usyfgm ayguzuf� rsufvhk;rsm;udkom ydwfxm;
ypfdkuf&avonf/

pvarmifh udk,fce��mrsm tenf;i,f wkef,ifaeonf/

]]rxifcjhygbl; cspf&,f? eifhudk 'dvdk ...}} armifh torsm tenf;i,f tufaeonf/
armifhf

hpum;ontzsm;qgw� wdrffogm;\/

f0i]]eif ... eif ighudk bmjfvdky 'df cspf&wmvj[if? eifbmjzpfvdky 'davmuf cspfj}}

zpavmu&wmvurefr &su&guh0rf;enf;pgm tohxguf� &idufidk ypfvdufrdygonf/ armifu urefr

udk,fce�dk

fkmuwtm;viyf,rf;� ar;aejyeff/

on]]eif bmjzpfvdky 'davmufcsp&wmvfj}}

]]rodbl; ... rodbl; rar;prf;ygejyug,f}}
urefr ajczsm;axmuf� armifhudk zufxm;&if; armifhar;aphudk vsrf;erf;rondf ylaeg;
,drf;,dkifaeaom

udk,fce�mudk armifuom xdef;ayguzufrxm;rdvqif ae&mwigyiff yhkvsuf

vjusogm;awmrhsmyg/

]][dkwkef;u bmjzpfvdky wpfcgef;rs rwm;cjhovj? armifejy vrf;cjgcged; bmjzpfvdky

nykh;jyhk;&itf&tiefjy
eiwfqufedkifj? eif oyf[efaqmifaumif; w,faemf}}

ao;vd

bmawgyj jzpfae jzpfae urefr armifhudk tonf;esvhk;esifh yhk� cspfcjhamumif;

urefromvqif todqhk;
jzpfonf/ armif odapzdkyvnf; b,fawmhrs budk;pm;rnf r[wkfyg/

]]urefrudk b,fvdkrs rxifygejyaemf? wpfaeuaeursm armif wpfckvyf jzpfvmrvm;?

rkqdk;zdk jzpfvmrvm;
qdkwjh ,kwfnhhwjh arqmfvifhcsufejarmifhudk apmifhjhwm r[kwfygbl; armif?
trifwef;nd; useffr,h

u cqy&pfoha,mzoftm;udk;eju armif&hju r,m;i,ftjzpf t&usfr&sd toem;chzdku

apmihfaecjhwmvnf; r[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh
armifhudk urefr b,fvdkrs arhvdkur&bl;/ urefrav armifejucgj&&if &l;ogm;rsdku
xifcjhw,f/ tckawmh &l;vj

mvr&l;ygbl;/ armifhudkvnf; rarhbl;/ armifhudkarhatmif bmvkyf&rvj/

tbuhay;cjhprf;ygod; armif&,f/ tckrsawmh
urefr b0rsm aevdkuvnf; raysmfawmhl;}}

ygb

wpfoufvhk; rskdodyfvmcjhaom pum;rsm;udk tqufrjywf ajymrdogm;rsef; owd&vmaomtcg

wpfcsuf
&idufiiffcsif;&yfwefy ypfdkufnyd; armifhfcgfrs &kef;xufvdkuf\/ armifu tvdkufdpgm
azavmhay;ygonf/

�csuv&iigojq

pmrsufs

em
67
trsf

ww&

]]aqm&d; ... urfr bmjfogm;rsef; rodl;? armif pdwfnpfatmirsm;}}

ezpbf

tdk ... armifhrsu0eff;rsm rsuf&nfwdkyjzifh pdkvuaeygvm;/ tenff;i,f wke,iffaom

armifheiwfcrf;onf
jyhk;zdkytm;,lvsuf jyk;jzpfyg/ ureffcej rsufesmvgjvqf rsuffwdkyudk vufhkjzifh
ygwfwdkuf okwfypfvdkuf\/

rhrzswu&nca&zefcgufxjodky 'ppffy&if aq;jym;uav; azmufxnhfvkdufonf/ jzkef;cej

qlygufvmaom tjrskyfrsm;
nidrfusogm;aomtcg armifhudk zefcguf urf;ay;vdkufonf/

]]a&mh ... armif acgif;udkufaersm? tzsm;vjusatmifaygh? aomufvdkufaemf}}

armifu uav;wpfa,mufdk &dkuskd;pgm vsrf;,l� aomufvdkufygonf/ urfr aumfzdyef;uefudk

vevsrf;ay;jffu ,l� rsufprdsdwfaomufvdkufonf/

ye\/ armi]]armif ckwifay:rsm cp vsjaevdkufygvm;[if? amomf ... aeod;?

t0wfvjvdkuofd; ayghayghyg;yg; jzpfatmif}}
urefronf ckwifatmuf xif;&sl;aow�Jrs armifhtusa[mif; wdsyespfxnefsifh
rmp&dkufvhkcsnf

mx�&ftugufwpfxnudk xkwfay;rdf/ armif wefviyfgmjzifh]]aeygap}} [k jiif;onf/

fonkp]]vjyg ... 'g armifhtusawgyj opm? tm;remygejyav? uj ...

uref�Rwfay;r,fdk;&dkf}}

��r tusc/ &;om;om;ygaemarmif r&,farmedkifyg/ xdkyaemuf urefr pum;udk emchpgm armif

t0wfvj\/ nyd;aemuf ckwifay: odky cyfjznf;jznf;
vsjtdyfonf/ armifhrsufsm jhk;&tifvmatmif urfr b,fdk vkyf&yghj/

eyevrv]]csrf;ovm; armif}}
]]rcsrf;ygbl;}}
]]pdwfcsvufcstdyfaemf? urefr 'dukvm;xdkifrsm xdkifapmifhaer,f}}
]]tdyfaysmfogm;&if b,fhes,fvykfrvj}}
]]atmifrm? olu ylylyifyif? urefru &isfhudk bmrs rvkyfygbl;}}
armif rsufesmysufogm;onf/
]]r[kwf ... r[kfygbl;/ cspff tdfaysmfae&if reid;&ufrsef;odvdky/ cspf tae& cufdky}}

wu armiyaervm;v]]pdwfcs? tck urefr eid;&ufygnyd}}

armifu r,hkovdk acgif;cg,rf;\/ armifh eiwfcrf;axmifhpgef;av;rsm; tenf;i,f
wkefcgaeonf[k urefr

xifonf/

]]csp&fju *pfwmohudk rbum;&wm ohk;espfavmuf &sdnyd}}

]]armifu em;axmifcsifvkdyvm;/ &ygw,f/ *pfwmwd;nyd; odyfr,fav/ aemufqhk;tbudrf

tjzpfejyaygh}}
urefr *pfdk vsrf;,lvdkuf

wmu\/

pmrsufs

em
68
trsf

ww&

]]t&ifavmuf aumif;csifrs aumif;rsmaemf/ urefr vufysufaewm mumnyd/ aemufnyd;

vufonf;
enf;enf;&snfaew,f/ bmem;axmifrvj ajym}}

]]a&;am;atmhzf edk;&dwef;}}

urefr &ifxjrsm vdiufcej [mogm;\/ armifonf urefr aemufqhk;wd;cjhaom odcsif;udk

rswfrdaeao;ygvm;/

]]r&bl; armif? aumh'fawg arhnd/ wcm; odcsif;aj

aeyjym}}
armif urerufdk ai;armaeonf/
]]armif ...}}
]]udk,fhpdwfxjrsm [dkwkef;u tdyfrufwpfckudk yeffae&ovdkyj/ aemufnyd; aemifw&wmvj
r[kwfbje

jrujy
pdwfraumif;bl;/ armif rsm;vdukfwmaemf? odyfudk rsm;vdkufwm}}

armif &kwfw&uf idkdkufrvm;[kyif urer pdk;&drfogm;rygondf/

csvf
]]cpygug,f? aemufaeyhfogm;rsmyg}}

us araysmuurefronf *pfwmudk;rsm;udk prf;w0g;0g; wd;cwff; vuf&sd tactaeudk

arhaysmu&ef twwfekdifqhk;

b&ijfbudk;pm;ae&onf/
]]armif odcsif;qdkygvm;}}
]]b,f ... wpfy'kfrs aumif;aumif; r&wm bud;udk}}

urefr armifhudk wd;jyzdky odcsif;udk tawmfmumatmif a&g;,l&ygrnf/ urefrwdky

vuf&sdb0 tajctaeesifh
taesmifhrvgwf togm;rvgwf odcsif;rskd;vnf; rjzpfap&/ aemuf urefr\ chpm;csuefsifh
qifwlaom odcsif;vnf;
rjzpfap&/ tdrfaxmifonf a,musfm;wpfa,muf udk jrlqg,faom odcsif;rskd;vnf; rjzpfap&/
awmfawmfawmh
ta&g;&cufaom jy�em jzpfygonf/

urefronf tenf;i,f &,fcsifpgm armifhudk wm0efay;rd\/

]]uj ... bmem;axmifj? a&g;av}}

rv

armifu ckwifay:rsm apmif;vsuf vsjtdyfnyd; urefrqdodky ai;armmunhfae&mu

acgif;,rf;jyonf/
armifonf �Ky�efrsm &sdaeol wpfod;esifhvnf; rwlf b,fa&mufaevj/

ypkyg/ armi]]'drsm vmxdkifnyd; wd;ygvm;/ ukvm;xdkifay:u odyfraumi;bfl;}}

armifhhu tenf;i,f wkef,ifcsifonf/ armifonf uefrudk pum;wpfcef;ajdky

torgymzawmfawmfpof;pm;ae&[ef &sd\/

]]armif aeaumif;&jyvm;}}

pmrsufs

em
69
trsf

ww&

]]awmfprf;yg cspff/ armifhudk rif;&ju vldk ar;rae prf;ygejy}}

&,emar;ovtckrs armifhtohu vgefcjhonfh ohk;av;espfu vli,fuav; wpfa,muf\

yhkphtwdkif; jyefjzpfvmon/f]]'drsm vmxdkifwd;prf;yg}}
]]&dk;&dk;om;om;ajymwmaemf}}
]]amomf ... cufaeygnyd}}
urefr tohxguff &,fuvdkufavonf/ armif &,farmedkifzdkyu t"duyg/ armif

atmiarm� ae&mu a&taysmfvqif urefr aysmf&rsm/ armif pdwfqif;&jvqif urefr

pdwfqif;&j&rsm/ ckwifay: 0ifxdkifvqif armif urefr cg;udk
juzurn

jzpfzpf aygff[k xifxm;cjhaomfvnf; wu,frsmawmh urefrtm; vufzsm;jzifh

xdudkifjcif;yif r&sdyg/

]]em;axmif&if; tdyfaemf/ aysmufqhk;ogm;aom ead�mefbhk wd;jyr,f}}

armifhfesmudk wpfcsuf ihkyunhfvdkufaomtcg armifonf uav;i,fwpfa,mufvdk

rsufawmifpif;

rsumaeonf/

reufjzefusvqifawmh urerfjyefrsjzpfrnf/ aemufnyd; re�av;rsm urefresifh armifhtwguf

�tdrf r&sdrs
jzpff/ armif arhaysmufxm;yd;aom a0'emwpfckudk topfyef zewd;ay;ovdkvnf; rjfapvdyg/

rnnjfzpk

i,fpofu ___ uav;wdkyb0rsm ___ aysmfyg;zkdy&m vg,fygw,f ___ udk,f&wmejy

wif;wdrfa&mif&hj
___ pm;csdefrsm 0ifpm;r,f ___ tdyfcsdefrsm 0iftdyr,ff ___tyltyifuif;rjhwjh
uav;av;b0om ___
wpfcgnd; &csiao;w,f ___ tjypfrodjh __ / &kwfw&uf wefcdkufvmaom tohmumifh urer

yfao;wkrsm;afarmifhudk &suf&ghupgmjzifh &yfwefyypfvdkufrdonf/

]]r&bl; armifrefr tohg xdef;vdkyr&bl;}}

/uaw

wvdrfhvdrfhusvmaom rsuf&nfrsm;udk okwfypfzdky vufrtm;aomamumifh acgif;ijh�

yvhk;pegf;jzifh
ygwfowfypf&if; aw;ogm;twdkif; vufu qufw;aevddkufonf/ armifu tdyf&mrs vufaxmufum
wpf0ufxxdkf� urer rsuffrsm;udk nifgm z,f&sm;ay;onf/ *pfwmwd;&if; wpfcsuf
&idufvdkufaomtcg

if&nomparmifu ]rdcspf} [k tvefywmum; a&&gwf� urefrudk olybufvsnhfatmif qjg,l\/

]]ridkejy ... ridkjy/ cspfudk rsuf&nfawgejyawgu&&if armif wtm; idkfw,f/ cspf

ridkejy/ eifjzpfapcsi

ygecsiaemffwm
tukef armif vkyfay;r,fjf b,fvdkjzpfcsifovj}}

/ aym cspurefr vufxrs *pfwmud,l� ab;csxm;um urefr ezl;udk cyfzzggav;

erf;vdkfaomtcg urefr

jkuxdef;cskyfzdky owd&ogm;onf/

]]pdwfraumif; rjfjyug,f/ tckwavm urfrudku rsuf&nfvg,faewmyg? bmrs rjfygbl;

armif&ju}}

zpygeezpurefr tohuawmh bmrs rjzpfonfhtoh r[kwfekdifyg/

]]armif qdk;cjhwmawg? ,kwfrmcjhwmawg? awga0cjhwmawgtwguf eif cgifhvtwfzdky
trsm;bud; vdkao;w,f}}

pmrsufs

em
70
trsf

ww&

pdwfqif;&jriamumifh armifhtohonf wdrf0if� av;yifaeonf/ urerfarmifhezl;udk vufjzihf

tkyfudikf�
prf;oynfyd;aemuf acgif;,rf;ypfvdkuf\/

]]r[kwfbl;? r[kwfbl;/ armifjy ywfoufnyd; cgifhvtwfdky bmrs rvdtykfbl;/ urefdkom

cgifhvtwfzdky vdkwm}}

ezru

]]bmudkvj}}

]]odyfcdkifvegf;wjh oha,mzofbukd;udkaygh}}

armifu oufyif;wpfcsuf &idfjye\/ f

ju

]]udk,fxifwmawg tukefvhk; rsm;wmyj/ udk,fxifwmu ynmrmea&m? emmunf;ria&m aygif;nyd;

armifhudk
vhk;0 arhaysmuffvdfhr,f? tdfaxmijykvdkufvdrfhr,fvdky ...}}

yprrf

]]a,musmf;wpfa,mufudk rcspfbj ,lzdkyqdkwm b,fvg,frvjug,f/ aemufnyd;

tdrfaxmifusnyd; armifhudk
rarhedkifwmejypm&if vgwfvgwvyffvyf rarhedkifwmu ydknyd;oifhawmfygw,f/ 'gejy
aeygod;? vgecfjhwjh armifharg;aey
ywf0ef;usifwkef;u armif aexdkifraumif;rsm; jzpfao;vm;[if}}

]]armifhargaey? amomf tif; ... jzpfwmaygh? xhk;phtwdkif; tif;x&pfzdamav/ [m ...

chvdkuf&wm
vdrfhaewmyj/ eifu b,fvdk ...}}

]]tj'dwekf;u urerftydfrufawg qufwdkufrufwm/ pdwfawgvj av;vdky? yp�nf;awgvj cpcp

vgwfusw,f/ q&ifhcsfawmif vgwfus ugjw,f/ tdyfrufxjrsm armifu urefrqd
vmcsifvdkywjhav/ urefr
pdwfqif;&jvdkufwm? armif wpfckck jzpfaeovm;qdknyd; armifharg;aeyrsm
bkef;bud;awgawmif qgrf;aur;jzpfao;w,f}}

]]tdk ... wkdufqdkifvscsnfvm;}}

]]tif;av? uefr udk,fwdkifj rvmoifhbl;/ pmejyvj rar;oifhbl;/ bmrsvj

tuskd;tamumif;rod

rvudk,fwdkifvj aq;ukray;edkif? pdk;&drfpdwfgejy ylyifaomua&mufwdkifrefrawmh

aa'ifawgyj ar;aeawmhwmy

aw;uj}}

]]muhmuhfzef csp&,f}}

zef
]]amomf ... cufaeygnyd/ wu,fajymwm? ol [if;csuf odyfaumif;wmyj/ 'gayr,fh
aumfzdazsmfwm?
ohyk&m&nfazsmfwm cspfavmuf aomufraumif;bl;av/ armif r&suygbfl;/ enf;enf;awmh
wrf;wrdwmyg/
twcm;n

aq;wdkufawmhvj eifu em&ddtusejy 45rdepfavmuf tpmejyjyd; bukdwdkufxm;wmav/ ckawmh

armifhbmomarmif ,laomuf&w,f/ nn tm;enf;vgef;vdky tdyfraysmfbl;qdk&if
[dkawg;'dawg;ejy oydfzsm;vgef;vkdy
aq;xdk;csifnydqdk&if armifhab;rsm aq;xdk;ay;r,fhvl r&sdbl;/ tj'grskd;awgusawmh
owd&wmyj/ wpfem&dwpfcg
aog;wdk;eief; wdkif;ay;r,fh vlsdbl;/ aemufnd; tvsifwpcg zsm;yd; aeaumif;cgprsm
eifvkyay;wjh uufpgyjykf

r&yfnfmfwarmif odyfbudkufwmyj/ tckawmh a[mvpefjy evefx&w,f/ a[mvpfudk armif

odyfrkef;wm eifodom;yj/
wpfved;yg;avmuf chvdkuf&w,f/ vluvj ydefusogm;wmyj/ jyefnyd; tm;jynhfatmif
bmaur;&r,fqdkwm
armifhrdef;ru rodbl;av? armifhudkawmh ar;&smygw,f/ 'gayr,fh ajymjyae&wmxufpm&if
tppt&m&m
rvdkatmif vkyfay;ogm;wjh wwfurrf;olwpffudk b,frdrvj/ aemufnd; eifhvdk nn armifhudk
xnd; tzsm;pr

a,muyyf;
rmunhfwwfbl;/ aq;aomufzdky reid;wwfbl;/ eid;pufejy aq;aomuf&w,f}}

pmrsufs

em
71
trsf

ww&

]]'gayr,fh urefju wefzd;u 'gygyj armif&,f/ q&m0efqdkwm aeraumif;aewjh vltwgufyj

r&kwefzdk;&sdwmyg}}

]]armif ajjhjrsm wefzdk;rjhwmawg &sdwmawg rygbl;/ eifhudk owdf;wwjhtaumif;yj}}

ymwtx&wrm
]][kwfygndav/ 'gayr,fh armif w�wmuawmh q&m0ef pkpkg;udk w�wmyj}}

yax]]eifhvkdawmh igu pum;wwfblaemf/ ajymvdkyredkif&if qjgxkd;ypfrsmyj}}

xdkyaemuf esfa,mufom; vuf&sdtajdk arhavsmnyd; pdwfvgwfvufgwf &,farmrdonfrer

pctaersm;uhv/ ufarmifhudk cyfzgzgzufnyd; ezl;rs qhprsm;? acr;pufuav;rsm;udk

vufjzifh ygwfoyfay;aerdonf/

]]armif tzsm;usogm;nyd? tdyfhrvm;}}

awm
]]armif jyerfs jzpfr,f}}
]]urefrudk pdwfdkyvm;}}

rcsv]]tjvdk rajymygejy? rif;udkvj pdfcsw,f/ udk,fhudk,fudkvj pwfcsw,f/ 'gayr,fh

ywf0ef;usif}}

wd]]jyefraeejyawmh armif? reufapmapmusrjsyef? tckyj 10em&davmuf &sdnyd/ armif

re�av;rsm aeod;rvm;}}
]]tif; ... cspf &sdae&ifawmh aecsifwmaygh/ aecgifh&sdw,fqd&ikfav}}
]]urefr reufjzef jyef&rvm;vdky/ armif aeaumif;&if}}
]]jyefp&m&sd&ifawmh jyefav/ udk,fu udpr&�Sdygbl;}}
armifu emusifxddkufogm;aom rsuesmrskd;jzifh oufjyif;&idf\/

cfu
]]'gayr,fh armifu aq;aomufysif;vegf;vdky}}
armifu ajfuyfpgm &,farmvsuf]]pdwffgm;yg}} [k uwday;onf/

cmucsvucso]]uj ... tdyfawmharmif? reuf 4em&dus&if aq;aomufzdky urefr eid;r,f}}

cspfolwpfa,mufvdk jrwfedk;&� vifa,musfm;wpfa,mufvdk tm;udk;cjh&aom armifonf
urefrtwguf

muifem&aom armiav;wpfa,muf jfogm;jyef

fzp\/
armifonf yifhouwpf&iduf av;yifgm&idufnd; tdyfarsmufvsuf vsjtyfypvdkufonf/ (armif

fpy&may: dfpdwfnpfvqf? 0rf;enf;vqif tcvdkyj acgif;thk;ay: rsufesmtyf� rsu&nfudk

ugf0sufum ridk[efaqmif&i

ikf,f;
tdyfaysmfogm;wwfjrj jzpf\/) urefruawmh armifhab;rsm xdkifvsuf armifhrsufesmudk
qgj,l pl;prf;munhzfdky urefr
pdwfrul;&ufyj ausmjyifudkom awga0ai;armaerdonf/

pmrsufs

em
72
trsf

ww&

touf&ivdkufwdkif; pnf;csurfsefresf viyf&sm;aeaom armifhausmjyifudk pl;pdkufpgm

munfhae&mu wpfcsuf
odrfhcej wkefviyfogm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&aomtcg urefronf t&mtm;vhk;udk arhavsmh�
armifhudk,fce�may: odky
&kwfw&ufhky� wif;usypgm ayguzu&fidufiif vdkufrdavawmhf/

ifon]]cspf b,fawmh jyerfsmvj[if}} armifhtohu tdyfcsirfl;wl; toh r[kwf/ armif

tdyfraysmfao;onfrsm

aocsm\/

]]n&xm;ejyaygh}}

]]blwmudk udk,fvdkufydkyr,f}}

]][ifhtif;? rydky&bl;}}

armifu olyudk,f�mudk arsmufvsuf taetxm;rs jyifvdkufyd; urefrudk armhmunhfaeonf/

cenpl;pl;pdkufpdkufunhfaom armifhfvhk;wdkywgif rsuf&nfprsm; pdkvufaeonf[kyif

xirfdjyef

mrsu\/
]]vufrswf&nyd;om;vm;}}
]]tck reufrs ogm;jzpfr,f}}
]]aeycsif;&vdkyvm;}}
urefjzyg/ armifrsufesmrsrefifh enf;enf;pdrf;ogm;[ef &sdon/

rrahmuresf]]eif tpwkef;u tpdtpof r&sdygbl;/ ckrs csufcsif;jyefzdky pdpofwm

r[kwfvm;}}
]]r[kwfygbl;}}
]]eif ighudk rnmejy}}
armifhhu xddkuf &sl wpfa,mufvdkyif emusifoh pgufaeavonf/ uefr armifh&ifcgirs

tocemxm;orfz,fvdkufnyd; pm;ygjay:rs armifh"mwfyhkudk ai;pdkufmunhaerfdonf/

bk&m;ocif[m urefrwdky espfa,mufudk
bmjzpfvkdyrsm; ugjapwmygvdrf/ tdk ... tm;vhk;[m armifhaumifhyj/ olpdwf
wpfckwnf;&ju qhk;jzwfcsufj/ &ifxjr

hmyygysm
pl;&spgm atmifhogm;onf/

]][kwfw,fav/ csufcsif;jyezfdky pdpof&wmaygh/ eiefjy awguvdkuf& wmudk;/ bmawgyj

jzpfcjhjzpcfjh eif
odxm;&rsmu pkpkaxg;qdkwm eif jyefvsnfhmunhfwdkif; eifhqddk ajy;uyfvmr,fh t&dyfwpck
r[kwfbl;}}

ufarmifu urefr rsufesmudk r&ru vdkufmunhfonf/

]]bmjzpfvdky 'dkdjym&wmvj cspf&,f/ eif ighudk cspfaewef;yj qdkwm eif b,ffyj nmnm

pum;rs; akavmuigodaewmyj}} urer\ ychk;pgef;udk tomuav; aygu,lvdkfavonf/

fu]]ig awmif;yecsiffw,fqdkwm tj'gawgaygh/ zpforq tqd;taumif; tm;vhk; ighwm0eff;yg/
tckawm

jkcsnh
igodyfrsm;rsef; 0efchhsmyg/ eifhudk igcspfcjhw,f? odyudk cspfcjhf/ 'gayr,fh
eifejydwf"mwfcsi

&awmrfygw,igu pf;

pmrsufs

em
73
trsf

ww&

,sofnykdifnyd; ugmjcm;vmcjhwm tck tcsedftxd nsdeiidf;vdkyr&atmif

nykdifjiif;vmcjhmuwm ... eifhajcvsrf;udk igodovdk
ighajcvsrf;udk eiodw,f/ eifu ighudk rrsdwg,fbl; ... od;jcm;jfwnffw,f/ igvdkcsifwmu
b0wpfckvhk;

fcsifzpcsiyhknyd; ighudk tm;udk;r,fh teghwmchr,fh t&dk;om;qhk;rdef;rudk ...}}

]]mo ... 'gjzifh iguawmh r&dk;om;bl;aygh}}
]]pdwfqdk;p&m r[kwfl; tcspf&,f/ eifu r&dk;om;bl;av? tenf;qhk; ightay:rsm eif bmawg

ygb[efaqmifcjhovj/ tp�0gtat;qdkifxjrmseifvkyfogm;wjh jyugufawgu bmvj ...

eifudk,fwdkif 'dzmwfodrf;rskd;
zefwd;ay;cjhwm r[kwfvm;/ wu,fqdk eif ighudk yg;&dkuffvdkufygvm;/ eiejy igejy
trsm;trirsm vifr,m;yj?

ypfjfeifhbufu vkyfp&m trsm;bu;}} d]]amomf ... eifhudk igu &dkuf&r,f/ awmfprf;yg

armif&,f}}
armif refrtay: �ujhodky tjypf ryhkfhyg/ wu,fqdkvqif tpuwnf;u armif xdef;cskyfzdky

ucsoiaumif;ygonf/ zmwfvrf;wpfckudk rnfonfhtcsdefwigf awmfoifhnyd[k &yfwefywwzfdky

rvdkfbl;vm; armif/

ty
]]ridkejy ... ridkf;ygejy tcspf&,f/ ig bmvkyf&rvj/ olejyumnyd; eifhudk ,&rvm;}} l

prgurefr a'gojzifh ylavmifemmunf; ogm;avonf/

]]awmfprf;yg/ [dkwkef;u tajctaeejyawmif eifhudkig bmwpfckrsm; tcgifhta&;
awmif;cjhzl;ovj [if/

pof;pm;unhfprf;/ ig bmawgfhqd awmif;zl;vdkyvj/ b,fwkef;ursm; rsuffchxdkjhzl;vj/

ihgrsuf&nafmumifh

mrsm; ei&n;ceifhqhk;jzwfcsuf rsm;rsmpdk;vdky ig idkcsif&ifawmif eifhugf&mrsm

idcjhwm/ tckvj eifhudk r,lbl;/ ur�may:rsm

,ka,musfm;qdkvdky eifwpfa,mufwnf; useffhudk r,lbl;}}

ygap/ ig eiarmifonf urefr ychk;udk wtm; qkyfnpsf� cyfjznf;jznf; &,farmonf/

]][kwfw,f ... tj'g eifh&ju wu,fh [efaqmirfi rygwjh pdwf"mwfyj/ 'gayr,fh
igamumufwmvj tj'd

pdwf"mwfj/ eif em;vnfhrvm; rodbl;/ tj'd pdwf"mwfrskd;&sdwjh

rdf;rwpfa,mufcspfolwpa,muudk

yyge[m ff,lnydqdk&ifvj tcspfgufom aygif;oif;aexdkifr,fh rdef;r/

tcspff;enf;avsmhwmejy wpfnykdifwnf; om;ord;?

twenoha,mzof vlria&;jy�em bmqdkbmrs rijhbj ighudk xm;ypfcjhr,fh redf;r? ig

wpfudk,faumif;qefrdwm
jzpefdkifygw,f? eifhudk ig r,&ljwmayghav? eef;u tj'dvdk rdef;r r[kwfbl;}}

]]awmfawmh}}
urefr xdkemrnfudk ,ckfbdrf trkef;wd; tcg;od;qhk; jzpfygonf/

wpu
]]tcspfavsmhogm;&ifawmifrs tamumif;trskd;rskd;amumifh igejy qufnyd; ...
aygif;oif;}}
]]aus;zl;jknd; awmfygawmhugf ... bmqdkbmrs rajjyawmh}}

yy,yme

bmamumifhyj xm;cjh xm;cjh usef&pcfjholu urefromvqif r[kwfvm;/ urefr yg;ay:rsm

at;puf
pdkjraeaom rsuf&nfprsm;udk armifhjzifh uyf� ywfoyfz,f&sm;ay;ygonf/

yg;g

pmrsufs

em
74
trsf

ww&

]]budk;wpfacsmif;[m zwfoifhjh tcsefa&mufvm&ifawmh jzwfudk jzwfsmayghav ...}}

jwd&remusifjyif;jyaom aemifww&m;jzifh urer a&&gwfvdkuffu yifhoufwpfcsufom

av;yifpgm

faomtcg armi

&diufjyefonf/

pmrsufs

em
75
trsf

ww&

trswfw&
*sl;
tcef; ( 8 )
tppt&m&m
qefuusifaeonfh
urefrwdku
espfod;twguf
wpfoufwm
cgjcgm&jcif;onf
odyfawmh thhmop&m
r&sdbl; xifyg&juav/

pmrsufs

em
76
trsf

ww&

urefronf i,fi,fuwnf;u tdyfrufaumif;aumif; vsvsav;rsm; qdkvqif tvgef rufarm

espfoufpgm
aemufxyf yeffzdku wrf;waewwfol jzpfonf/ tdyruffckonf edk;vmnd;csef� aemufxyf
rnfokduyif budk;pm;

jrufwpydapumrl qufvuruffzdku vhk;0 rzpfedkifmumif; urefdyfrod&sdvmzdku

espaygif;rsm;pm tcsdef,lcjh

jar&dfg&\/

armifonfvnf; urefrtwguf tdyfrufuav;wpfckom jzpfonf/ tydfrufuav; vsycjhaomamumifh

armifhudk urefr tjrj aus;zl;wifae&awmhrsmyg armif/

jyd;ygjyd/

pmrsufs

em
77
trsf

ww&

pmrsufs

em
78