Skeletal System

Anatomical Terms Bodily Directions/Orientations Transverse Superior Inferior Frontal Anterior Posterior Sagittal (Right - Left) Medial Lateral Proximal (towards) Distal (away) Paired has copy of itself Articulate - connects

SKELETAL SYSTEM
Living framework of the body Other Functions: Serves as anchors to which muscles attach Protects the internal organs Make blood cells - Red Bone Marrow Store minerals like calcium and phosphorus that take part in many biochemical reactions 20% total mass of the body Cartilage bendable bones

2 Main Division

. Axial Skeleton forms long axis skull, vertebral column, thorax > Skull 22 bones * Cranial - 8 bones 2 paired (Parietal, Temporal) - 4 unpaired (Frontal, Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid) * Facial 14 bones (maxillae, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, mandible, nasal, vomer, hyoid- point of attachment of neck, and tongue muscle; no connection to any bone of the body

Axial Skeleton
> Vertebral Column Five Divisions 1. Cervical 7 bones neck 2. Thoracic 12 bones connects with the ribs 3. Lumbar 5 bones 4. Sacrum 5 bones fused 5. Coccyx 3 bones fused tailbone

Vertebral Column
Four Curvatures 1. 2. 3. 4. Cervical concave Thoracic - convex Lumbar - concave Sacral - convex

form S- shape

Curvature Abnormalities
Scoliosis thoracic region more common to girls surgery/brace Kyphosis extreme, thoracic region hunchback Lardosis lumbar region swayback pregnant, potbellies

Axial Skeleton
> Bony Thorax - Thoracic Ribcage ~Sternum breast bone ~12 paired ribs all directly attached to the thoracic vertebrae *1- 7 true ribs *8- 12 false ribs *11- 12 floating ribs

2 Major Divisions
upper and lower limbs (arms and legs) > Pectoral Girdle Shoulder girdle Clavicle and Scapula > Upper Limb 30 bones each Humerus - upper arm largest and longest bone of the upper limb Radius, Ulna - forearm Bones of the Hands - carpals 8 bones wrist - metacarpals 5 bones palm - phalanges 14 bones fingers pollex = thumb

. Appendicular Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton
> Pelvic Girdle corner stone of lower limb OS Coxae Ilium Pubis Ischium > Lower Limb 29 bones * Femur - thigh longest bone * Tibia, Fibula - leg - * patella = kneecap * Bones of the Feet - tarsals 7 bones ankle - metatarsals 5 bones - sole - phalanges 14 bones toes hallux = big toe

SKELETAL SYSTEM
Joints places where bones meet Kinds: 1. Synarthroses immovable 2. Amphiarthroses slightly movable 3. Diarthroses freely movable Tendons attach muscles to bones Ligaments attach bone to another bone

JOINTS
Structures: Fibrous sutures Cartilaginous Synovial (fluids reduces pressure/impact in between bones)
Gliding Hinge elbow, knee Pivot atlas and axis Saddle thumb Ball and Socket Condyloid

Injuries and Disorders

Sprain the person twists a joint and injures the ligaments and tendons Dislocation Fracture / Broken bones results from accidents Arthritis can be any of the following: Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid or Gout