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The Noble-Abel Equation of State Termodynamic Derivations For Ballistic Modelling
The Noble-Abel Equation of State Termodynamic Derivations For Ballistic Modelling
ermodynamic
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ABSTRACT
Accurate modelling of gun interior ballistics promotes more e propelling charge design. propellant gas.
such models require a description of the thermodynamic behaviour of the e Noble-Abel equation provides a simple and reasonably
peratures experienced in guns. Most computational must be derived from the equation of state.
accurate equation of state for propellant gases at the high densities and tem-
listics models, however, require additional thermodynamic functions which is note presents the derivation
of such thermodynamic functions for Noble-Abel gases. Although the derivacode, the results are equally applicable to all computational highlighting the di equations. uid dynamics
tions are geared toward the functional requirements of the commercial Fluent solvers. Also presented is a brief numerical example for a typical propellant,
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Published by Defence Science and T echnology Organisation PO Box Edinburgh, South Australia T elephone: Facsimile: ( ) , Australia
ii
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ermodynamic Derivations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
quire a description of the thermodynamic behaviour of the propellant gas. gases at the high densities and temperatures experienced in guns. Most computational
Abel equation provides a simple and reasonably accurate equation-of-state for propellant
e Noble-
note presents the derivation of a range of thermodynamic functions for Noble-Abel gases. ey include:
Entropy , Speed of sound, e functional form of the speci c heats, c heats and gas constant,
cial Fluent code, the results are equally applicable to all computational solvers.
Although the derivations are geared toward the functional requirements of the commeruid dynamics
( JA
Also presented is a brief numerical example for a high-energy tank gun propellant ), demonstrating the di
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iv
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Contents
Nomenclature ix
Introduction
e Speci Entropy
c Gas Constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example
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Figures
Pressure as a function of density and temperature for JA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sound speed as a function of density and temperature for JA Entropy as a function of density and temperature for JA . .
vi
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Tables
Properties of JA Propellant Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
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viii
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Nomenclature
a b cp cv E e F h n P R s S t T u U v V
Speed of Sound [m/s] Speci Co-volume [m /kg] Speci c Heat at Constant Pressure [ J/(kg K)] c Heat at Constant Volume [ J/(kg K)]
Temperature [K]
Time [s]
Surface Area [m ]
Volume [m ]
Density [kg/m ]
Ratio of Speci
raction [m /(kg s )]
ix
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Introduction
environment makes experimental instrumentation and measurement di tion domain. e ability to add or remove di
and assess a gun performance characteristics before it is built, tested, purchased or mods ed. Although such a predictive utility can be partially achieved through targeted exts. e extreme interior ballistic cult, whereas it
cheaper gun and propelling charge design. Likewise, modelling can be used to predict
e capability to accurately model gun interior ballistics (IB) promotes faster and
is normally possible to determine all modelled physical quantities throughout a simulamodels to be used to identify the relative action of the various ballistic processes. Modelling also allows automated optimization. For example, charge weight can be minimized erent physical phenomena at will, allows
by optimizing propellant grain geometry subject to muzzle velocity and maximum pressure constraints.
and applied to calculate projectile base pressure and its resulting acceleration. uid dynamics
ables.
HVG
One of the simplest classes of IB models are lumped parameter models, such as IB[ A particular pressure gradient between breech and projectile base is assumed ow (CFD) solvers, such as the ame spreading Two], where the dynamic ring process is represented by mean (lumped) state vari-
within the propellant bed, boundary layer formation, and pressure waves can be modwhich combines a one-dimensional elled using this class of tools. Of intermediate complexity are codes such as XKTC [ ow solver with a lumped-parameter model.
],
the thermodynamics of the propellant gas. Consider the Euler equations, which may be are used by the CFD solvers to describe the ballistic a control volume thought of as a simpli ed version of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations that en in integral form as ow. Assuming no source terms, for
t
volume, where
U dV +
V S
F dS = 0 ,
refer to the volume and surface of the control volume respectively and , ow, the vectors
F is a vector of
U = u , E
primitive variables kinetic energy as Here,
and
F=
and
u is the
total energy respectively Total energy can be expressed in terms of internal energy and .
, P, and E
E = e + 1 |u|2 , 2
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and internal energy can be calculated by integrating the constant-volume speci with respect to temperature:
c heat
e=
Equations
T T
cv dT.
uidmust be provided.
ref
For gases at moderate to low density the ideal gas equation of state ,
P = RT,
where tion of state is accurate providing that (
R is the speci
free path of the gas is very large compared to the size of the gas molecules, and (
) the average intermolecular spacing or mean ow regimes both of these assumptions Solid loading densities for gun pro-
are true. However, the high gas densities occurring in a gun chamber during combustion render the ideal gas equation of state inaccurate. pelling charges are typically of the order kg/m . Peak gas densities produced
of propellant is burnt before the projectile has moved very far downbore.
during the ballistic cycle may also approach this magnitude since, in most guns, the bulk
While still an approximation, the van der Waals equation of state provides an im]
v 1/.
e co-volume
the a
molecular a
of state. In ballistics applications, the high propellant gas temperature means that interraction term can be removed without signi raction energy is small in comparison to molecular kinetic energy [ cant loss of accuracy resulting in the , ].
= b = 0, Equation
b compensates for the nite vol/v2 accounts for intermolecular atreverts to the ideal gas equation us
P(v b) = RT.
Equation can be used to describe the propellant gas with su
namic functions corresponding to this equation of state. It is necessary to calculate sound speed, for example, in order to evaluate the Courant-Friedrich-Lewy criterion and maintain numerical stability; the expression for speed of sound in an ideal gas is di erent
ther is required.
lumped parameter and CFD IB models. For lumped parameter modelling, nothing furMost CFD models, however, require a range of additional thermody-
quired quantities for certain implicit CFD schemes. related to) the equation of state.
to that for Noble-Abel gases. Similarly partial derivatives of state variables may be re, e commercial Fluent CFD code [
for example, requires eight thermodynamic functions that must be derived from (or are
],
thermodynamic functions for a Noble-Abel gas. Although this note closely follows the research CFD solvers. Also presented is a numerical example for a typical propellant,
requirements of the Fluent code, the results are equally applicable to all commercial and comparing thermodynamic quantities calculated under the Noble-Abel equation of state with those of an ideal gas.
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ermodynamic Functions
nitions for the thermodynamic functions listed below [ . . . ].
(T, P) T
2.1
c p (T, ) P
h(T, ) (T, ) h T
s(T, ) (T, )
a(T, ) h P (T, )
(T, )
Equation of State
e Noble-Abel equation of state has already been de ned in the introduction as
P(v b) = RT,
equation as however Fluent requires an equation of state in the form
(T, P).
= P/(RT + bP)
2.2
Speci
c Heats
c heat at constant pressure as a function of density and
temperature. ey are de
cp
From Reference [
h T cp
and
cv
e T
], the gradient of
c p P
= T
T
2 v T 2
Evaluating the right hand side for the Noble-Abel equation of state yields
c p P
By Equation
= T
T
2 T 2
RT +b P
= 0.
cv v
=T
2 P T 2
=T
2 T 2
RT vb
= 0,
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and thus
cv (, T) = cv (T).
be conveniently implemented in computer code as a curve temperature, the calori Results and show that, for a Noble-Abel gas, the speci
of temperature only .
c p = constant
2.3 e Speci
and
cv = constant.
c Gas Constant
temperature only We now proceed to show that these quantities can be related, such that . need to provide two separate tables (or curve if one speci c heat is known then the other may be calculated easily . ts). From Reference [ ]
cp
and
cv
c p cv = T
v T
2 P
P v
Evaluating the partial derivatives from the Noble-Abel equation of state yields
c p cv = T
R P
RT . (v b)2
c p cv = R,
which is the same as that for ideal gases.
2.4
Entropy
tion
Entropy for a Noble-Abel gas may be derived starting from the thermodynamic rela-
Tds = de + PdV.
Substituting with Equations and , we have
ds = cv
Equation
R dT + dv. T vb
s2 s1 =
T2 T1
cv dT + T
v2 v1
R dv. vb
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cv
),
s2 s1 = cv ln
T2 T1 T2 T1
+ R ln
v2 b v1 b 1/2 b 1/1 b
s2 s1 = cv ln
2.5 e Isentropic Process
+ R ln
changes occurring at constant entropy yields a result that will be of use in the following section. For an isentropic process gives
ln
and thus
T2 = T1
v1 b v2 b
.
c volume (Equation
( ) yields
P2 (v2 b) = P1 (v1 b)
and
v1 b v2 b
R/cv
in the expression
e ratio of speci
results ( )
P(v b) = constant Pv
cally perfect, Noble-Abel gas.
= constant.
is is analagous to
2.6
Sound Speed
e speed of sound in a gas,
], this is
a,
is de
a=
1/2 s
=
s
P v v
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=
s
P v
v2 .
volume
[P(v b) ] = 0, v
P (v b) + P(v b)(1) = 0. v
Remembering that Equation gas, we therefore have represented an isentropic process in a calori
cally perfect
P v
Finally substitution of Equations , a calori cally perfect Noble-Abel gas: and
=
s
P . vb
into Equation
a=
v vb
RT.
premultiplying coe
is expression may be thought of as the speed of sound in an ideal gas, cient to correct for the e
RT , with a
en in
a=
It can be shown that Equation
1 1 b
RT.
a2 =
imperfect gases. to speci
P 1 + (1/P)(e/v) T 1 (h/P) T
for the sound speed of non-ideal gases, reacting gases, and thermally and calori modynamic relations given in [ e partial derivatives of Equation ].
cally
e v
Upon substition of Equation
=T
P T
P.
, we have
e v
=
T
RT P = 0. vb
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Likewise, the partial derivative of enthalpy with respect to pressure at constant temperature can be evaluated by the relation
h P
= vT
v T
h P
A er substitution of Equations and
= v
RT = b. P
we have
into Equation
a2 =
which can be simpli ed to give
P 1 , 1 b
a=
1 1 b
RT.
given by Equation
2.7
First we the derive the partial derivative of density with respect to pressure at constant
P
and thus
=
T
v v P 1 v2 v P
=
T
(v b) T = P P
so
RT P RT . P2
v P
=
T
=
T
1 RT
vb v
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=
T
(1 b)2 . RT
Fluent also needs the partial derivative of density with respect to temperature at con-
T
is by de nition equal to ).
=
P
b2 . T
e rst,
b (Equation
cp
(Equation
).
e second,
(h/P) T
(h/T) P
Example
erence between the Noblee approximate thermody-
Abel and ideal gas equations of state and two of the derived functions. propellant gas, including its speci . , will be used as the subject.
A high perforame
calculated using the Noble-Abel and ideal gas equations is represented by the coloured is contours. At a typical IB gas density of %. e di erences in pressure are observed to be independent of temperature. c volume (or density) only: kg/m , for example, the pressure di
propel-
erence
is to be expected, since the ideal and Noble-Abel equations of state can be related by a substitution in terms of speci Figure
is
v (v b).
state (Equation
pro-
Equation
Entropy as a function of density and temperature, is shown in Figure , ) corresponding to a state of e gas is assumed calori K and kg/m
s 1 in
between the Noble-Abel and ideal-gas entropy is shown in the entropy values. e e
on the particular gun and propellant properties, and the operating regime. In the case of JA guns can be expected to di er by around %. Likewise, peak gun chamber pressure %) when the Noble-Abel equation .
propellant, muzzle velocity predictions for typical high performance medium-calibre cantly higher (around
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Table
: Properties of JA
Propellant Gas
334 J/(kg K) 1.225 1484 J/(kg K) 1818 J/(kg K) 0.001 m /kg 3410 K
c Heat Ratio,
1500
D ifference [% ]
46 42 38 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 2
1000
P [MP a]
500
0 400 3000
4000
[kg
/ 3 m ]
200 0
1000
2000
] T [K
the Noble-Abel equation of state. Coloured contours indicate the di Noble-Abel gas results.
Figure
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D ifference [% ]
46
2000
42 38 34 30 26 22 18 14 10 6 2
1000
a [m/ s]
0 400 3000
4000
[kg
/ 3 m ]
200 0
1000
2000
] T [K
Figure
to the Noble-Abel equation of state. Coloured contours indicate the di and Noble-Abel gas results.
4000
D ifference [J / (kg K )]
2000
110 90 70 50 30 10
- 2000
400
[kg
/ 3 m ]
200 0
1000
2000
] T [K
3000
4000
the Noble-Abel equation of state. Coloured contours indicate the di Noble-Abel gas calculations.
Figure
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References
. Anderson, R. D. & Fickie, K. D. ( ) IBHVG A User Guide, BRL-TRs , Ab-
Maryland.
Powell, E. G., Wilmot, G., Haar, L. & Klein, M. ( Interior Ballistics of Guns, Vol. York, United States, pp. Fluent, Inc. (
eld, eds,
ermo-
. .
) Fluent
Van Wylen, G. J. & Sonntag, R. E. ( edn, John Wiley & Sons, chapter Anderson, J. D. (
nd edn,
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Page classi
cation: UNCLASSIFIED
1. CA VEAT/PRIV ACY MARKING
2. TITLE
3. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Noble-Abel
Equation
of
State:
ermody-
(U) (U)
(U)
4. AUTHORS
5. CORPORATE AUTHOR
Ian A. Johnston
Defence Science and Technology Organisation PO Box 1500 Edinburgh, South Australia 5111, Australia
DSTOTN0670
8. FILE NUMBER
6b. AR NUMBER
Technical Note 12
November, 2005 7
7. DOCUMENT DATE
2005/1076178
9. TASK NUMBER
10. SPONSOR
DSTO
11. No OF PAGES
12. No OF REFS
No Limitations
17. CITATION IN OTHER DOCUMENTS
No Limitations
18. DSTO RESEARCH LIBRARY THESAURUS
Interior ballistics
Equations of state
19. ABSTRACT
ermodynamic properties
Gases
Guns
Propellants
sign. In order to simulate interior ballistic dynamic behaviour of the propellant gas. guns. Most computational
accurate equation of state for propellant gases at the high densities and temperatures experienced in
all computational
ward the functional requirements of the commercial Fluent code, the results are equally applicable to propellant, highlighting the di erent thermodynamics of the Noble-Abel and ideal gas equations. Page classi cation: UNCLASSIFIED
tion of such thermodynamic functions for Noble-Abel gases. Although the derivations are geared touid dynamics solvers. Also presented is a brief numerical example for a typical