Formulae used Circumferes of circle = p = D Where = 3.

.142 (constant) D = diameter of the pipe Arc = S = R Where R = radius = angle, should be in radians Conversion of from degree to rad rad = ( / 180) ( / 180) = (3.142 / 180) = 0.0175 Eg: if = 30 Then rad = 30 * ( / 180) rad = 30 * 0.0175 rad = 0.525 Required parameters while constructing a bend Inner radius of bend = Ri Outer radius of bend = Ro Mean radius of bend = Rm Diameter of pipe = D Procedure Note down all the parameters Divide the bend into suitable number of parts. Eg: 3 parts of 30 degree 6 parts of 15 degree Find out the circumferes of the pipe using the following formula Circumferes of circle = p = D To calculate arc length at different radii with respect to centre of bend Draw a circle in front view with a dia equal to the dia of the pipe Divide it into suitable no. of equal parts. Eg: 8, 12 Name all the points Project all points in top view of circle Transfer all the points on the pipe and note down the distance of the points with respect to centre of the bend Find out arc length at these points using the following formula Arc = S = R