Numerical methods

ASSIGNMENT

OF

NUMERICAL METHOD

SUBMITTED TO

SIR JAMIL

SUMERA PASHA
2005-CE-120

SADIA NAZ
2005-CE-155

MADIHA NADEEM
2005-CE-121

DATED:31-10-07

1
Numerical methods

TAYLOR SERIES:
Q#1:
Let f(x) =sinx & apply Theorem 41.
(a). use x0= 0 & fine P5 (x), P7 (x) & P9 (x)

Solution:

When x=0:

f(x) = sinx = 0
f ´(x)= cosx = 1
f ´´(x)= -sinx = 0
f(3)(x) = -cosx = -1
f(4)(x) = sinx = 0
f (5)(x)= cosx = 1
f (6)(x)= -sinx = 0
f (7)(x)= -cosx = -1
f (8)(x)= sinx = 0
f(9)(x)= cosx = 1

Formula:

f(x)≈PN(x)
PN(x)= NΣk=0 fk(x0)(x-x0)k / k!

For P5(x):

f(x) = f(x) +f(1)(a)(x- x0)+f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4!

+ f (5)(a)(x- x0)5/5!
f(x) = 0+1(x-0)-(0)(x-0)2/2!-(1)(x-0)3/3!+(0)(x-0)4/4!+(1)(x-0)5/5!
f(x) = x – x3/3! + x5/5!

For P7(x):

f(x) = f(x) + f(1)(a)(x- x0)+ f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+ f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+

f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4! + f (5)(a)(x- x0)5/5! + f (6)(a)(x- x0)6/6! + f (7)(a)(x- x0)7/7!

2
Numerical methods

f(x) = 0 + 1(x-0) - (0) (x-0)2/2! - (1) (x-0)3/3! + (0) (x-0)4/4! + (1) (x-0)5/5! +
+ (0) (x-0)6/6! - (1) (x-0)7/7!

f(x) = x – x3/3! + x5/5! - x7/7!

For P9(x):

f(x) = f(x) + f(1)(a)(x- x0)+ f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+ f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+

f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4! + f (5)(a)(x- x0)5/5! + f (6)(a)(x- x0)6/6! + f (7)(a)(x- x0)7/7!
+ f (8)(a)(x- x0)8/8! + f (9)(a)(x- x0)9/9!

f(x) = 0 + 1(x-0) - (0) (x-0)2/2! - (1) (x-0)3/3! + (0) (x-0)4/4! + (1) (x-0)5/5! +
+ (0) (x-0)6/6! - (1) (x-0)7/7! + (0) (x-0)8/8! + (1) (x-0)9/9!

f(x) = x – x3/3! + x5/5! - x7/7! + x9/9!

Q#1(b):
Show that if |x| ≤ 1, then the approximation.
Sin(x) ≈ x – x3/3! + x5/5! - x7/7! + x9/9!
has the error bound |E9(x)| ≤ 1/10! ≤ 2.75574 * 10-7.

Solution:

Error Bound:
|E9(x)| = Rn ≤ M(x-a) n+1/ (n+1)!
R=1, M=sin©
= | sin© (x) (9+1) / (9+1)!|

= | sin (1)10/ 10!|

3
Numerical methods

=1/10!

=2.75574*10-7 ≤ 1

|E9(x)| = 0.000000275574 ≤ 1

Q#2:
Let f(x) =cosx & apply Theorem 41.
(a). use x0= 0 & fine P4 (x), P5 (x) & P6(x)

Solution:

When x=0:

f(x) = cosx = 1
f ´(x)= -sinx = 0
f ´´(x)= -cosx = -1
f(3)(x) = sinx = 0
f(4)(x) = cosx = 1
f (5)(x)= -sinx = 0
f (6)(x)= -cosx = -1
f (7)(x)= sinx = 0
f (8)(x)= cosx = 1

Formula:

f(x)≈PN(x)
PN(x)= NΣk=0 fk(x0)(x-x0)k / k!

4
Numerical methods

For P4(x):

f(x) = f(x) +f(1)(a)(x- x0)+f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4!

f(x) = 1- (0) (x-0) - (1) (x-0)2/2! + (0) (x-0)3/3! + (1) (x-0)4/4!

f(x) = 1 – x2/2! + x4/4!

For P6(x):

f(x) = f(x) + f(1)(a)(x- x0)+ f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+ f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+

f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4! + f (5)(a)(x- x0)5/5! + f (6)(a)(x- x0)6/6!

f(x) = 1 – (0) (x-0) - (1) (x-0)2/2! + (0) (x-0)3/3! + (1) (x-0)4/4! - (0) (x-0)5/5!
- (1) (x-0)6/6!

f(x) = 1 – x2/2! + x4/4! – x6/6!

For P8(x):

f(x) = f(x) + f(1)(a)(x- x0)+ f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+ f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+

f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4! + f (5)(a)(x- x0)5/5! + f (6)(a)(x- x0)6/6! + f (7)(a)(x- x0)7/7!
+ f (8)(a)(x- x0)8/8!

f(x) = 1 – (0) (x-0) - (1) (x-0)2/2! + (0) (x-0)3/3! + (1) (x-0)4/4! - (0) (x-0)5/5!
- (1) (x-0)6/6! + (1) (x-0)7/7! + (0) (x-0)8/8!

f(x) = 1 – x2/2! + x4/4! – x6/6! + x8/8!

Q#2(b):
Show that if |x| ≤ 1, then the approximation.

5
Numerical methods

Cos(x) ≈ 1 – x2/2! + x4/4! – x6/6! + x8/8!

has the error bound |E8(x)| ≤ 1/9! ≤ 2.75574 * 10-6.

Solution:

Error Bound:
|E8(x)| = Rn ≤ M(x-a) n+1/ (n+1)!
R=1, M=cos©
= | cos© (x) (8+1) / (8+1)!|

= | cos (1)9/9!|

=1/9!

=2.75574*10-6 ≤ 1

|E8(x)| = 0.00000275574 ≤ 1

Q#3:
Does f(x) = x 1/2have a Taylor series expansion about x0 = 0?
Justify your answer. Does the function f(x) = x 1/2have a Taylor series expansion about x0 = 1? Justify
your answer.

Solution:

When x=0:

f(x) = x 1/2 = 0
f ´(x)=(1/2) (x) -1/2= 0
f ´´(x)= (-1/4)( x) -3/2= 0
f(3)(x) = (3/8 )(x) -1/2 = 0

6
Numerical methods

f(4)(x) = (-3/16)(x) -3/2= 0

f(x 1/2) = f(x) +f(1)(a)(x- x0)+f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+f(4)(a)(x-x0)4/4!

f(x 1/2) = 0 + (0) (x-0) +(0) (x-0)2/2! + (0) (x-0)3/3! + (0) (x-0)4/4!

f(x 1/2) = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0

f(x 1/2) = 0

Hence,
No Taylor Series.

When x=1:

f(x) = x 1/2 = 1
f ´(x)=(1/2) (x) -1/2= 1/2
f ´´(x)= (-1/4)( x) -3/2= -1/2
f(3)(x) = (3/8 )(x) -1/2 = 3/8
f(4)(x) = (-3/16)(x) -3/2= -3/16

f(x 1/2) = f(x) +f(1)(a)(x- x0)+f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+f(4)(a)(x-x0)4/4!

f(x 1/2) = 1 + (1/2) (x-1) - (1/2) (x-1)2/2! + (3/8) (x-1)3/3! - (3/16) (x-1)4/4!

Hence,
It has Taylor Series

7
Numerical methods

Q#4(a):
Find a Taylor Polynomial of degree N=5 for f(x) = 1 / 1+x
Expanded about x0=0.

Solution:

When x=0:

f(x) = 1 / (1+x) = 0
f ´(x)= 1 / (1+x)2 = 1
f ´´(x)= 2 / (1+x) 3 = 2
f(3)(x) = 6/ (1+x)4 = 6
f(4)(x) = 24/ (1+x) 5= 24
f(5)(x) = 120 / (1+x) 6= 120

f(1/1+x) = f(x) +f(1)(a)(x- x0)+f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!+

f(4)(a)(x- x0)4/4! +f(5)(a)(x- x0)5/5!

f(1/1+x) = 0+1(x-0)+(2)(x-0)2/2!+(6)(x-0)3/3!+(24)(x-0)4/4!+(120)(x-0)5/5!

f(1/1+x) = 0+ x + 2x2/2! + 6x3/3! + 24x4/4! + 120x5/5!

f(1/1+x) = x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5.

Q#4(b):
Find the Error term E5(x) from the polynomial in part (a).

Solution:

8
Numerical methods

N=5,
f(1/1+x) = x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5.

Magnitude of (n+1) = 6th derivative which is

f(x) = 720 / (1+x)7 , x=0 so

f(x)=720

Formula:

Rn ≤ M(x-a) n+1/ (n+1)!

M= 720,
a=0,

R6 ≤ 720(x-0)5+1/ (5+1)!

R6 ≤ 720x6/6!

R6 ≤ x6.

Q#6:
Find a Taylor Polynomial of degree N=3 for f(x) = x3–2x2+2x Expanded about x0=1 show f(x) =
P3(x).

Solution:

When x=0:

f(x) = x3-2x2+2x = 1
f ´(x)= 3x2-4x+2 = 1
f ´´(x)= 6x-4= 2
f(3)(x) = 6

For P3(x):

9
Numerical methods

f(x) = f(x) +f(1)(a)(x- x0)+f(2)(a)(x- x0)2/2!+f(3)(a)(x- x0)3/3!

f(x3-2x2+2x) = 1+1(x-1)+(2)(x-1)2/2!+(6)(x-1)3/3!

f(x3-2x2+2x) = 1+ x – 1 + x2 – 2x + 1 + x3 – x2 – 2x2 + 2x + x - 1

f(x3-2x2+2x) = x3 - 2x2 + 2x.

Hence,
f(x) = P3(x).

NEWTON POLYNOMIALS:
Q.5) f(x)= x1/2
X= 4.5, 7.5

K Xk F(kx)
0 4 2.00000
1 5 2.23607
2 6 2.44949
3 7 2.64575
4 8 2.82843

Solution:

K X F(xk) 1dd 2dd 3dd 4dd

0 4 2 0.23607 -.011325 0.00091 0.000082
1 5 2.23607 0.21342 -.00858 0.00059
2 6 2.44949 0.19626 -.0068
3 7 2.64575 0.18268
4 8 2.82843

For 1DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 1- x0 = 2.23607 – 2 / 5 – 4 = 0.23607

F1=f2 – f 1 / x2- x1 = 2.44949 – 2.23607 / 6-5 = 0.21342

F2=f3 – f 2 / x 3- x2 = 2.64575 – 2.44949 / 7-6 = 0.19626

10
Numerical methods

F3=f4 – f 3 / x 4- x3 = 0.18268

For 2DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 2- x0 =0.21342 -2.23607 / 6-4 = -0.011325

F1=f2 – f 1 / x 3- x1 = 0.19626 – 0.21342 / 7-5 = -0.00858

F2=f3 – f 2 / x - x2 = -0.0068

For 3DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 3- x0 = -0.00858 + 0.01135 /7-4 = 0.00091

F1=f2 – f 1 / x 4- x1 = -0.0068 + 0.001858 / 8-5 = 0.00059

For 4DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 4- x0 = 0.000915 – 0.00059 / 8-4 = 0.00008

Newton polynomial:

P3(x) = a0 + a1 (x-x0) + a1 (x –x0) (x-x1) + a2 (x –x0) (x-x1) ( x –x2) + a3 ( x –x0) ( x –x1)

(x-x2) ( x –x3) + a4 ( x –x0) ( x –x1) (x-x2) ( x –x3) ( x –x4).

P3(x) =2 + 0.23607(x-4) – 0.011325(x-4)(x-5) + 0.00091(x-4)(x-5) (x-6) – 0.0008(x-4)(x-5) (x-6) (x-7)

P(x) = P(4.5)

P1(4.5)= 2+0.118035 = 2.11804

P2(4.5)=2.12086
P3(4.5)=2.12120
P4(4.5)=2.12128

P(x) = P(7.5)

P1(7.5)= 12.26245
P2(7.5)=12.16335
P3(7.5)=12.11005
P4(7.5)= 12.1153

11
Numerical methods

Q.6) f(x)= 3.6/x

X= 2.5, 3.5

K Xk F(kx)
0 1.0 3.60
1 2.0 1.80
2 3.0 1.20
3 4.0 0.90
4 5.0 0.72

Solution:

K X F(xk) 1dd 2dd 3dd 4dd

0 1 3.60 -1.8 0.6 -0.15 0.03
1 2 1.80 -0.6 0.15 -0.03
2 3 1.20 -0.3 0.06
3 4 0.90 -0.18
4 5 0.75

For 1DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 1- x0 = 1.80-3.60 /2-1 = -1.8

F1=f2 – f 1 / x2- x1 = 1.20-1.80/3-2=-0.6

F2=f3 – f 2 / x 3- x2 = 0.90-1.20/4-3=-0.3

F3=f4 – f 3 / x 4- x3 = 0.70.90/5-3=-0.18

For 2DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 2- x0 =-0.6+1.8/2=0.6
F1=f2 – f 1 / x 3- x1 = -0.3+0.6/2=0.15

F2=f3 – f 2 / x - x2 = -0.18+0.3/5-3=0.06

For 3DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 3- x0 = 0.15-0.6/4-1= -0.15

12
Numerical methods

F1=f2 – f 1 / x 4- x1 = 0.06-0.75/5-2=-0.03

For 4DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 4- x0 = -0.23-0.05/5-1= 0.03

Newton polynomial:

P3(x) = a0 + a1 (x-x0) + a1 (x –x0) (x-x1) + a2 (x –x0) (x-x1) ( x –x2) + a3 ( x –x0) ( x –x1)

(x-x2) ( x –x3) + a4 ( x –x0) ( x –x1) (x-x2) ( x –x3) ( x –x4).

P3(x) =3.6 -1.8(x-1) +0.6(x-1)(x-2) -0.15 (x-1)(x-2) (x-3) +0.03(x-1)(x-2) (x-3) (x-4)

P(x) = P(2.5)

P1(2.5)= 0.9
P2(2.5)=1.35
P3(2.5)=1.40625
P4(2.5)=1.423125

P(x) = P(3.5)
P1(3.5)= -0.9
P2(3.5)=1.35
P3(3.5)=1.06785
P4(3.5)= 1.040625
Q.7) f(x)= 3 sin2 (3.142 x/6)
X= 1.5, 3.5

K Xk F(kx)
0 0.0 0.00
1 1.0 0.75
2 2.0 2.25
3 3.0 3.00
4 4.0 2.25

Solution:

K X F(xk) 1dd 2dd 3dd 4dd

0 0 3.60 0.75 0.375 -0.25 -0.03125

13
Numerical methods

1 1 1.80 1.5 -0.375 -0.375

2 2 1.20 0.75 -0.75
3 3 0.90 -0.75
4 4 0.75

For 1DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 1- x0 = 0.75-0/1-0=0.75

F1=f2 – f 1 / x2- x1 = 2.25-0.75/2-1=1.5

F2=f3 – f 2 / x 3- x2 = 3.00-2.25/1=0.75

F3=f4 – f 3 / x 4- x3 = 2.25-3.00/4-3= -0.75

For 2DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 2- x0 = 1.5-0.75/2= 0.375

F1=f2 – f 1 / x 3- x1 = 0.75-1.5/2= -0.375

F2=f3 – f 2 / x - x2 = -0.75-0.75/2= -0.75

For 3DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 3- x0 = -0.375-0.375/3= -0.3

F1=f2 – f 1 / x 4- x1 = -0.75-0.375/3= -0.375

For 4DD:

F0=f1 – f 0 / x 4- x0 = -0.375+0.25/4= -0.03125

Newton polynomial:

P3(x) = a0 + a1 (x-x0) + a1 (x –x0) (x-x1) + a2 (x –x0) (x-x1) ( x –x2) + a3 ( x –x0) ( x –x1)

(x-x2) ( x –x3) + a4 ( x –x0) ( x –x1) (x-x2) ( x –x3) ( x –x4).

P3(x) =0 +0.75(x-0) +0.375(x-0)(x-1) -0.25 (x-0)(x-1) (x-2) -0.03125(x-0)(x-1) (x-2) (x-3)

14
Numerical methods

P(x) = P(1.5)

P1(1.5)= 1.125
P2(1.5)=1.40625
P3(1.5)=1.5
P4(1.5)=1.48245

P(x) = P(3.5)
P1(3.5)= 2.625
P2(3.5)= 4.63125
P3(3.5)=1.35
P4(3.5)= 1.14492

LARGRANGE POLYNOMIALS:
Q 1)Find lagrange polynomials that approximate f(x) =x3

(a) find the linear interpolation polynomial P1(x) using the nodes x0 = -1x

SOLUTION

P1(x) = l0y0 + l1y1

= {(x – x1)/(x0 – x1)} y0 +{ (x – x0)/(x1 – x0)} y1
= {(x - 0 ) / (-1-0 )} (-1) +[ x –{x – (-1)} / {0 – (-1)}](0)
=x+0
P1 (x) = x

x fx

-1 -1

0 0

1 1

2 8

15
Numerical methods

b) find the quadratic interpolation polynomial P2 (x) using the nodes x0 = -1 , x1 = 0 , x2 = 1

SOLUTION

P2 (x) = l0y0 + l1y1 +l2y2

={(x – x1) (x – x2) / (x0 – x1) (x0 – x2)} y0 +{ (x – x0) (x – x2) / (x1 –

x0) (x1 – x2)}y1 + {(x – x0)(x – x2)/(x2 – x0)(x2 – x1)}y2

= {(x – 0) (x – 1) / (-1 – 0) (-1 – 1)} (-1) + {(x + 1) ( x – 1) / ( 0 +1) ( 0 – 1)} (0)

+{( x + 1) ( x – 0) / (1 + 1) ( 1 – 0 )}(1)
= {( x2 – x ) / ( -1 ) ( -2 )} ( -1 ) + 0 + {( x2 + x) (2)(1)}(1)
= {- ( x2 _ x ) / (2)} +( x2 + x ) (2)
= 1/2 [ - ( x – x ) ] + 1/2 ( x2 + x )
2

= 1/2 [- x2 + x = x2 + x ]
= ½ (2x)
=x

P2 ( x ) = ax2 + bx2 + c
= 0x2 + x + 0
=x
P2( x ) = x

(c) Find the cubic interpolation polynomial P3( x ) using the nodes x0 = -1 , x1 = 0, x2 = 1, and x3 = 2

P3( x ) = l0y0 + l1y1 + l2 y2 + l3 y3

= {( x – x1) ( x – x2 ) ( x _ x3 ) / (x0 – x1 ) ( x0 – x2 ) ( x0 – x3 )}y0 + {( x – x0 ) ( x – x2)
(x – x3 )} / {( x1 – x0) ( x1 – x2 ) (x1 – x3 )} y1 + ( x – x0 ) ( x – x1 ) ( x –x3 ) / ( x2 – x0)
( x2 – x1 ) (x2 – x3 ) y2 + {( x – x0 ) ( x – x1) ( x – x2 ) / ( x3 – x0 ) ( x3 – x1 ) ( x3 – x2)}y3

= {( x – 0 ) ( x – 1) ( x – 2 )}{( - 1 – 0 ) ( -1 – 1 ) ( - 1 – 2 )}(-1) + ( x + 1 ) ( x – 1 ) ( x – 2 ) /{( x –

1 ) ( 0 – 1 ) ( 0 – 2 )} ( 0 ) + {( x + 1 ) ( x - 0 ) ( x - 2 )} ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 1 ) (1 – 2 )}(1) + {( x + 1 ) ( x
– 0 ) ( x – 1 ) / ( 2 + 1 ) ( 2 – 0 ) ( 2 _ 1 )}( 8 )
= -1/6 ( x ) ( x – 1 ) ( x – 2 ) + 0 +{ ( x + 1 ) ( x – 2 ) ( -4 )}+ ( x + 1 ) ( x ) ( x – 1 ) ( 6 )}( 6 )
= 1 /6 ( x ) ( x – 1 ) ( x – 2 ) – ( x – 1 ) ( x ) ( x – 2 ) ( 1/ 4 ) + 4/3 ( x + 1 ) ( x ) ( x – 1 )

(d) Find the linear interpolation polynomial P1( x ) using the nodes x0 = 1 and x 1 , x1 = 2

P1 ( x ) =l0y0 + l1 y1
= {( x – x1 ) /{( x0 _ x1 )} y0 + ( x – x0 ) / ( x1 – x0 ) y1

x F(x)

16
Numerical methods

1 1

2 8

= ( x _ 2 ) (1 )/ ( 1 – 2) + ( x – 1 ) ( 8 ) /( 2 – 1 )
= ( x – 2 ) / ( -1 ) + ( x – 1 ) ( 8 ) / ( 1 )
= - ( x – 2 ) + ( x – 1) 8
=-x +2+8x–8
P1( X ) = 7 X – 6

(e) Find the quadratic interpolation polynomial P2( x ) using the nodes x0 = 0, x1 – 1 , and x2 = 2
P2 ( x ) = x 0 = 0 , x1 = 1 , x = 2

P2 ( x ) = l0y0 + l1y1 + l2 y2

= {( x – x1 ) ( x - x2 ) / ( x0 – x1 ) ( x0 – x2 )}( y0 )+ {( x – x0 ) ( x – x2 )/( x1 – x0 ) (x1 – x2 )}( y1 ) + {( x

– x0 ) ( x – x1 ) / ( x2 – x0 ) ( x2 – x1 )} ( y2 )

= {( x – 1 ) (x – 2 ) / ( 0 – 1 ) ( 0 – 2 ) } ( 0 ) + ( x – 0 ) ( x – 2 ) / ( 1 – 0 ) ( 1 – 2 )}( 1 ) + ( x – 0 ) ( x
– 1) / ( 2 – 0 ) ( 2 – 1 ) ( 8 )
= 0 + {(x2 – 2x) / (-1)} + {(8x2 – 8x) / (2)}(8)
= -{(x2 – 2x) / (1)} + {(8x-2 – 8x) / (2)}
= (-2x2 + 4x + 8x2 – 8x) / 2
= (6x2 – 4x) / 2
P2(x)= 3x2 – 2x

2. Let f(x) = x+2/x.

(a). Use quadratic lagrange interpolation based on the nodes x0 = 1, x1 = 2, and x2 = 2.5 to approximate
f(1.5) and f(1.2).

SOLUTION
Let f(x) = x+2 / x
X0 = 1 , x1 = 2 , x2 = 2.5
F(1.5) = ?
F(1.2) = ?

Quadratic interpolation:

P2(x) = {(x – x1)(x – x2) / (x0 – x1)(x0 – x2)}y0 + {(x – x0)(x – x2) / (x1 – x0)(x1 – x2)}y1+ {(x – x0)(x
– x1) / (x2 – x0)(x2 – x1)}y2

17
Numerical methods

P2(x) = {x – 2)(x – 2.5) / (1 – 2)(1 – 2)}(3) + {(x – 1)(x – 2.5) / (2 – 1)(2 – 2.5)}(3) + (x – 1)(x –
2) / (2 – 1)(2.5 – 2)}(3.3)

= (x2 – 2.5x – 2x + 5) / {(-1)(-1)}](3) + {(x2 – 2.5x – x + 2.5) / (1)(- 0.5)}(3) + {(x2 – 2.5x
– x +2) / (1)(0.5)}(3.3)

= {(x2 – 4.5x + 5) / (1)}(3) + {(x2 – 3.5x + 2.5) / (-0.5)}(3) + {(x2 – 3x + 2) / (0.5)}(3.3)

= (3x2 – 13.5x + 15) / (1) + 3x2 – 10.5 + 7.5) / (-0.5) + (3..3x2 – 9.9x + 6.6) / (0.5)

= 3x2 – 6x2 – 6.6x2 – 13.5x + 21x + 19.8x + 15 – 15 + 13.2

= 3.6x2 – 12.3x + 13.2

f(1.5) = 3.6(1.5)2 – 12.3(1.5) + 13.2

= 5.4 – 18.45 +13.2

f(1.5) = 0.15

f(1.2) = 3.6(1.2) – 12.3(1.2) +13.2

= 4.32 – 14.76 +13.2
f(1.2) = 2.76

2.
(b). Use cubic lagrange interpolation based on the nodes x0 = 0.5, x1= 1, x2 =2, and x3 =2.5 to
approximate f(1.5) and f(1.2)

SOLUTION
Given:
P3(x) = ?
x0= 0.5, x1= 1, x2 =2, and x3 =2.5
f=x+2/x

X F(x)

0.5 4.5

1 3

18
Numerical methods

2 3

2.5 3.3

P3(x) = {(x – x1)(x – x2)(x – x3) / (x0 – x1)(x0 – x2)(x0 – x3)}y0 + {(x – x0)(x – x2)(x
– x3) / (x1 – x0)(x1 – x2)(x1 – x3)}y1 + {(x – x0)(x – x1)(x – x3) / (x2 – x0)(x2 – x1)(x2 – x3)}y2 + {(x –
x0)(x – x1)(x – x2) / (x3 – x0)(x3 – x1)(x3 – x2)}y3

={(x3 – x2x2 – x2x1 + xx1x2 – x2x3 + xx2x3 + xx1x3 – x1x2x3) / (x03 – x02x2 + x1x02 + x0x1x2 – x02x3 +
x0x2x3 + x1x0x3 + x1x2x3)}(4.5)
={(x3 – x2x2 – x2x0 + xx0x2 – x2x3 - xx2x3 + xx0x3 – x0x2x3) / (x13 – x0x12 - x12x2 + x0x1x2 – x12x3 +
x0x1x3 + x1x2x3 – x0x2x3)}(3)
={(x3 – x2x0 – x2x1 + xx0x1 – x2x3 + xx0x3 + xx1x3 – x0x1x3) / (x23 – x22x0 - x1x22 + x1x0x2 – x22x3 +
x2x3x0 + x1x2x3 – x0x1x3)}(3)

= {(x3 – 5.5x2 + 9.5x – 5) / (6)}(4.5) + {(x3 – 5x2 – 5.25x – 2.5) / (0.75)}(3) + {(x3 – 4x+4.25x –
1.25) / (-0.75)}(3) + {(x3 – 0.5x2 + 1x – 4) / (1.5)}(3.3)

= (4.5x3 - 24.75x2 + 42.75x – 22.5) / (6) + {(3x3 – 15x2 – 15.75x – 7.5) / (0.75) + 3x3 – 12x2 +
12.75x – 3.75) / (-0.75) + (3.3x3 – 1.65x2 + 3.3x – 13.2) / (1.5)

f(1.5) = {4.5(1.5)3 – 12(1.5)2 + 42.75(1.5) – 22.5}/ (6) + {3(1.5)3 – 15(1.5)2 – 15.75(1.5) – 7.5} /
(0.75) + 3(1.5)3 – 12(1.5)2 + 12.75(1.5) – 3.75} / (-0.75) + {3.3(1.5)3 – 1.65(1.5)2 + 3.3(1.5) –
13.2} / (1.5)

= 5.325x3 -25.5375 x2 +40.0125x-26.26875 / 6

= 17.972875-57.45935+60.01875-26.26825 / /6
= -0.95625.

19