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DNA Notes
DNA Notes
DNA Nucleotide
Phosphate Group
O O=P-O O
CH2 O N
C4
Sugar (deoxyribose)
C1
C3
C2
A HISTORY OF DNA
SEE p. 292-293 Discovery of the DNA double helix A. Frederick Griffith Discovers that a factor in diseased bacteria can transform harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria (1928)
Legs of ladder
P
5 4 3 2 1
O
O
1
P
5
T
O
A
O
Nitrogenous Bases
PURINES 1. Adenine (A) 2. Guanine (G)
A or G
Chargaffs Rule
Adenine must pair with Thymine
BASE-PAIRINGS
H-bonds
Genetic Diversity
Different arrangements of NUCLEOTIDES in a nucleic acid (DNA) provides the key to DIVERSITY among living organisms.
A T C G T A T G C G G
See p. 297
DNA is wrapped tightly around histones and coiled tightly to form chromosomes
DNA Replication
DNA must be copied
The DNA molecule produces 2 IDENTICAL new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing:
A-T, G-C
Each strand of the original DNA serves as a template for the new strand See p. 298
DNA Replication
Semiconservative Model:
1. Watson and Crick showed: the two strands of the parental molecule separate, and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand.
Parental DNA
Replication Quiz
A---? G---? C---? 2. When does replication occur? T---? 3. Describe how replication works. A---? G---? A---? 4. Use the complementary rule to G---? create the complementary C---? strand: A---? G---? T---?
Replication Quiz
A---T 1. Why is replication necessary? G---C So both new cells will have the correct C---G DNA T---A 2. When does replication occur? A---T During interphase (S phase). G---C 3. Describe how replication works. A---T Enzymes unzip DNA and complementary G---C nucleotides join each original strand. C---G 4. Use the complementary rule to A---T create the complementary strand: G---C T---A
(1961)
DNA Transcription
DNA can unzip itself and RNA nucleotides match up to the DNA strand. See p.301 Both DNA & RNA are formed from NUCLEOTIDES and are called NUCLEIC acids.
DNA Translation
The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins
See p.304-305
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
Transcription/Translation Quiz Why is transcription necessary? Describe transcription. Why is translation necessary? Describe translation. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC
4. Describe translation. The cell uses information from MRNA to produce proteins. 5. What are the main differences between DNA and RNA. DNA has deoxyribose, RNA has ribose; DNA has 2 strands, RNA has one strand; DNA has thymine, RNA has uracil. 6. Using the chart on page 303, identify the amino acids coded for by these codons: UGGCAGUGC tryptophan-glutamine-cysteine