Chemistry Perfect Score Module Form 4 2011 No Logo

Form 4 Score A+ Module
CHEMISTRY SCORE A+ MODULE

FORM 4
SET 1
1. The Structure of Atom

2. Chemical Formulae and Equations
Page 1 / 96
STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS

1.
Matter is anything that . and has .
2.
The particle theory of matter state that matter is ..
3.
Type of particle
Example
4.
Property
Diagrammatic
representation of
the particles in
each of the
physical states
Arrangement of
particles.
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Forces of
attraction
between particles
Movement of
particles
Energy content
5.
Subatomic particles in an atom.

Subatomic particle
6.
Symbol
Isotope are atoms with the same
Relative mass
Charge
but different
.
7.
The isotopes of an element have same ... but different

because they have .
8.
Compare and contrast the atoms below.

12
14
Page 2 / 96
9.
Complete the table below.
Isotope
Carbon-14
Uses
Cobalt-60
Sodium-24
PAPER 2 : STRUCTURE
1.
(a)
Diagram 1.1 shows the results of an experiment to investigate the movement of bromine particles in
air.
Air
Gar jar
Cover
Bromine
vapour
Diagram 1.1
Reddish brown
vapour spreads
throughout both
gas jars within 10
minutes
Cover
removed
(i)
State the name of the process involved in this experiment.
(ii)
......
[1 mark]
State the type of particles present in bromine gas.
.....
[1 mark]
(iii)
Explain the observation in this experiment based on the kinetic theory of matter.
....
....
....
[3 marks]
Page 3 / 96
Temperature
83
Diagram 1.2
Time, s
(b)
Diagram 1.2 shows a graph of temperature against time when solid X is heated?
(i)
State the melting point of X.
...
[1 mark]
What happens to the temperature while the substance changes state? Explain.
(ii)
......
......
......
[2 marks]
(iii)
Explain the movement of particles X between R and T during heating.

...
...
[2 marks]
Glass wool soaked in concentrated

hydrochloric acid
Glass wool soaked in concentrated

ammonia solution
Diagram 2
2.
Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the reaction between concentrated hydrochloric acid
and concentrated ammonia solution to form substance X. Based on the information, answer the following
questions.
(a)
(i)
What is the observation in the glass tube?

...
[1 mark]
Page 4 / 96
(ii)
Name substance X
.....
[1 mark]
(iii)
Name the process occurs in the glass tube.

.....
[1 mark]
(b)
Which gas diffused faster? Why?

......
......
[2 marks]
(c)
Write the chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment.

.....
[1 mark]
3.
Table 3 shows proton number and nucleon number for atom W, X and Y.
Atom
Proton number
Nucleon number
11
23
17
35
17
37
Table 3
(a)
(b)
(i)
What is meant by proton number?
(ii)
....................................................................................................
[1 mark]
What is the number of neutron in atom W ?
......................................................................................
[1 mark]
Which atoms are isotopes? Explain why.
............................................................................................................................................................
(c)
...........................................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Write the electron arrangement of atom X .
.......................... ...................................................................................................................................
[1mark]
Page 5 / 96
(d)
(i)
Draw the electron arrangement of atom Y. In your diagram , show the number of
proton and the number of neutron in the nucleus.
[2 marks]
(ii)
What is the number of valence electron of atom Y?
.....................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(iii) Write the formula of ion Y.
.....................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(e)
Write the symbol of atom X in the form of
A
Z
X.
..............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
4.
(a)
Diagram 4.1 shows the set-up of an experiment to determine the melting point of
solid X.
Thermometer
Water
Diagram 4.1
The temperature of X is recorded at 30 seconds intervals as shown below.
Time/second
Temperature/oC
(i)
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
70
77
80
80
80
82
85
95
Plot the graph of temperature against time for the heating of X on the graph
paper.
[3 marks]
Page 6 / 96
Graph temperature against time
Page 7 / 96
(ii)
On the graph that you have drawn in (a), label the melting point of substance X.
[1 mark]
(iii)
Explain why the temperature remains constant from 60 s to 120 s?

.......................................................................................................................
(iv)
..................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Draw the arrangement of particles in X at 85oC
[ 1 mark ]
(b)
(c)
Why has the solid X in the boiling tube be stirred constantly with the thermometer during the
experiment?
....................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Why solid X is not directly heated without using water bath?
.......................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
5.
Table 5 shows four substances and their respective formulae.

Substance
Iodine
Copper
Ethanol
Potassium chloride
Chemical formula
I2
Cu
C2H5OH
KCl
Table 5
(a)
State 2 substances that consist of molecules.
(b)
.....................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Which of the following substances has a highest melting point?
(c)
...............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
State the substance that can conduct electricity in the solid state.
(d)
...............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Name the particles present in potassium chloride.
...............................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Page 8 / 96
PAPER 2 : ESSAY
6.
Diagram 6.1 shows an atom of an element based on the model by James Chadwick.
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Diagram 6.1
(a)
Compare the relative mass and the charge of two of the subatomic particles in diagram 6.1.
[4 marks]
7p
7n
Diagram 6.2
Diagram 6.2 shows an atom of element X.
(b)
(i)
Describe fully the atomic structure shown in diagram 7.2.
[4 marks]
(ii)
Write a symbol for the element in the form of
A
Z
X
[2 marks]
(c)
Graph 6.3 shows the heating curve of element Y.
Temperature /o C
Melting point
Graph 6.3
to
t1
t2
t3
Time, minutes
Describe the graph in term of states of matter, particles arrangements and changes in energy.
[10 marks]
Page 9 / 96
(a)
What is meant by melting point?

During the melting of naphthalene, the temperature remains constant even though heat
is applied. Explain why.
[4 marks]
Condensation is the process where a gas changes to its liquid
state at a certain temperature and pressure when it is cooled.
(b)
Describe the change of the kinetic energy, arrangement and the forces of attraction between the
particles at the following states:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Before condensation
During condensation
After condensation
[10 marks]
(c)
Diagram 7 shows the electron arrangement of ion Y3+.

ee
e
e
e
14 n
3+
n neutron
e electron
e
e
e
ee
Diagram 7
(i) Calculate the nucleon number of atom Y.
[2 marks]
(ii) Y reacts with oxygen to form oxide Y, with the formula Y2O3.
The chemical equation for reaction Y with oxygen is show as:
4Y + 3O2 2Y2O3.
Given that the relative atomic mass of Y = 27 and O = 16.
Calculate the mass of oxide Y, Y2O3 formed when 10.8 g Y is completely burnt in
oxygen.
[4 marks]
PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE
Gas jar
cover
Jelly
Water
Gas jar
Potassium
manganate(VII)
Bromine
vapour
Diagram 8
Page 10 / 96
8.
A group of students set up the apparatus for an experiment as shown in diagram 8. The result is obtained by
the students are shown in table 8.
Experiment
A
B
C
(a)
Observation
After a few minutes the gar jar was filled with a reddish brown gas.
After a few hours, the water turns purple.
After a few days, the jelly turns purple.
State the aim of the experiments carried out.

................................................................................................................................
(b)
State the hypothesis of the experiments.

...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
(c)
State
(i)
The manipulated variable.
(ii)
.....................................................................................................................
The responding variable.
.....................................................................................................................
(iii)
The fixed variable of the experiments.

.....................................................................................................................
(d)
(e)
Based on the observation, arrange the three states of mater in a sequence to show their speed in
increasing order.
..............................................................................................................................
Based on the rate of the movement of the particles, describe the arrangement of the particles in the
three states of matter.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
(f)
Give the daily application of the process in one of the above experiment.
..............................................................................................................................
Page 11 / 96
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

1.
Write the chemical formula of the compound in the table below.

Ion
Sodium
Chloride
Nitrate
Hydroxide
Sulphate
Carbonate
oxide
Magnesium
Lead(II)
Copper (II)
Iron (II)
Iron (III)
Aluminium
2.
Write balanced chemical equation for the following chemical reactions.

(a)
Heat solid of copper (II) carbonate
(b)
.
Nitric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide
(c)
.
Hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc metal
(d)
.
Copper(II)nitrate reacts with magnesium
(e)
.
Chlorine gas reacts with lithium hydroxide
(f)
.
Hydrogen gas reacts with lead(II) oxide
.
3.
Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the number of particles in one mole of a substance

[1 Mol any substance consist of 6.02 X 1023 particles]. Calculate the number of particles in:
(a)
0.1 mol of calcium
(b)
1.5 mol of iron
(c)
2.0 mol of oxygen gas
(d)
1.5 mol of helium
(e)
2.0 mol hydrogen chloride
Page 12 / 96
4.
5.
Calculate the number of moles of the following substances.

(a)
6.0 x 1023 aluminium
(b)
1.8 x 1021 argon
(c)
1.2 x 1023 bromine gas
(d)
2.4 x 1020 carbon dioxide
(e)
3.0 x 1023 ammonia
Calculate the mass of following substances.
a) 1.5 mol of chlorine gas
b) 2.5 moles of oxygen gas
c) 2.0 moles of sulphuric acid
d) 0.5 moles of ammonia, NH3
e) 2.5 moles of lead (II) carbonate
f) 0.5 moles copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2
Molar volume: The volume of one mole of the gas

[22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP, standard temperature and pressure]
[24 dm3 mol-1 at Room condition]
6.
Calculate the volume of gases below.

(a)
0.5 mol of chlorine at STP.
(b)
0.2 mol of carbon dioxide at Room condition.
(c)
1.5 mol of methane at room condition.
(d)
0.5 mol of helium at room condition.
(e)
2.5 mol of ammonia at STP
Page 13 / 96
7.
Calculate the number of moles of the gases below.

(a) 250 cm3 of carbon dioxide in room temperature.
(b) 500 cm3 of hydrogen sulfide at STP.
(c) 200 cm3 of hydrogen chloride in room temperature.
(d) 750 cm3 of neon in room temperature.
(e) 300 cm3of ammonia at STP.
8.
Magnesium powder reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
(a)
Write the balance chemical equation for this reaction.
(b)
.
If 2.4 g of magnesium powder is added into excess hydrochloric acid, calculate,
(i) The mass of salt formed.
(ii) The volume of hydrogen gas liberated at room temperature.
9.
Lead is extracted according to the following equation.

C
PbO
CO2
Pb
(a)
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(b)
Determine the number of moles of lead extracted from 0.5 mole of lead (II) oxide.
(c)
Calculate the number of moles of carbon required to extracts 0.5 mole of

lead(II) oxide.
(d)
What is the mass of lead are produced if 44.6 g of lead (II) oxide is heated with
excess carbon.
[ RAM : Pb = 207, O = 16, C = 12 ]
Page 14 / 96
10.
Excess sodium carbonates is added into 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride.
The chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:
CuCl2 +
11.
Na2CO3
NaCl
(a)
Balance the chemical equation for the reaction.
(b)
Calculate the mass of copper(II)carbonate.
CuCO3
5g of calcium carbonate is added to excess hydrochloric acid.

(a)
Write balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
..
(b) Determine the volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved at room temperature
12.
When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it decomposed to sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and
water.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of sodium bicarbonate on heating.
...
(b) If 8.4 g of sodium bicarbonate decomposes, calculate
(i) The volume of carbon dioxide gas evolved at room temperature.
(ii) The mass of sodium carbonate formed.
Page 15 / 96
Concentration of acids and alkalis (STOICHEIOMETRY)

The concentration of a solution is the mass (in gram) or the number of mole of solute dissolved in a solvent
to form 1.00 dm3 of solution.
Concentration, g dm-3
Mass of solute, g
Volume of solution , dm3
Number of mole of solute, mol
Volume of solution , dm3
Concentration, mol dm-3 /

molarity
Titration
Formula
Ma
Va
a
MaV2 = a
MbVb
b
= Concentration of the acid,

= Volume of used acid,
= the number of mole of acid,
Mb
Vb
b
= Concentration of the alkali

= Volume of used alkali
= the number of mole of alkali
Dilution
M1V1 = M2V2
13.
100cm3 of HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 reacts completely with excessive zinc powder. Calculate the
volume of gas released at room temperature? (Molar volume = 24 dm3 at room temperature).
14.
5 g of Calcium carbonates dissolves in 100 cm3 of nitric acid 0.5 mol dm-3 to produce salt,
carbon dioxide gas and water.
(i) Write out the equation.
..
(ii) Calculate the moles of calcium carbonates used. (RAM Ca =40, C = 12, O = 16).
(iii) Calculate the moles of acid.
(iv) Calculate the volume of gas produced.
Page 16 / 96
15.
X g sodium carbonate reacts completely with 100 cm3 hydrochloric acid

1.0 moldm-3 to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water. Find X.
(relative atomic mass: Na =23, C = 12, O = 16)
16.
10 g of copper(II) oxide reacts completely with 100 cm3 hydrochloric acid to form
copper(II) chloride and water. Calculate the molarity of acid used.
(JAR Cu =64, O = 16 )
17.
The concentration of sodium hydroxide solution is 8.0 g dm-3.

(a) What is the molarity of the solution?
(b) What is the molarity of the solution produced when 100 cm3 of distilled water is added to 50 cm3 of
this solution?
18.
In the titration experiment, 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution is titrated with sulphuric
acid from a burette. 18.50 cm3 of sulphuric acid is needed for complete neutralization.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the neutralization.
(b) Calculate the number of mole of sodium hydroxide used in this experiment.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of sulfphuric acid needed to exactly neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm3
sodium hydroxide.
(d) Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid.
19.
1.25 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid reacts completely with 25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(b) Calculate the number of mole of sodium carbonate used in this experiment.
(c) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid needed to exactly neutralize 25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
sodium carbonate.
Page 17 / 96
PAPER 2: STRUCTURE
1.
Diagram 1 shows the set-up of the apparatus for an experiment to determine the
empirical formula of an oxide of copper.
Oxide of copper
Dry hydrogen
gas
Heat
Diagram 1
Table 1 shows the results of an experiment after heating, cooling and weighing are
repeated until a constant weight is obtained.
Substance
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + oxide of copper
Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper
Mass(g)
18.75 g
20.75 g
20.35 g
Table 1
(a)
(b)
What is meant by empirical formula?

...
[1 mark]
Based on Table 5 results,
(i) Calculate the mass of copper and the mass of oxygen used in the experiment.
[2 marks]
(ii)
Calculate the mole ratio of copper atoms to oxygen atoms.

Given that the relative atomic mass of Cu, 64; O ,16.
(iii)
State the empirical formula of this oxide of copper.
[2 marks]
.
[1 mark]
(iv) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in this experiment.
...
[1 mark]
Page 18 / 96
(c)
Describe the steps that should be taken to ensure that all the air in the combustion
tube has been expelled , before any heating is carried out.
....
. .
...
[3 marks]
2.
(a)
Culculate the relative molecular or formula masses of the following substances.

(i) Ethanol, C2H5OH.
Given that relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12, O = 16.
[1 mark]
(ii) Zinc nitrate, Zn(NO3)2
Given that relative atomic mass of O = 16 , N = 14, Zn = 65 .
[1 mark]
(b)
A closed glass bottle contains 4 mol molecules of oxygen, O2.

(i)
What is the number of oxygen molecules in the bottle?
(ii)
How many oxygen atoms are there in the bottle?
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(c)
Find the number of moles of atoms in a sample containing 9.03 1020 atoms of
copper.
(d)
Calculate the mass, in gram, of 3.5 moles of copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3.

Given that relative formula mass of CuCO3 = 124
(e)
When silver carbonate, Ag2CO3 is heated, it will decompose to produce silver

metal, carbon dioxide gas and oxygen gas as shown in the equation below.
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
2Ag2CO3(s)
4Ag(s) + 2CO2(g) +
Page 19 / 96
O2(g)
A student heats 8.28 g silver carbonate. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2 collected
at room temperature.
Given that relative atomic mass of C = 12, O =16, Ag = 108,
[3 marks]
3.
Diagram 3 shows 3.1 g of copper (II) carbonate being heated strongly in attest tube. The gas
given out is passed into limewater in a test tube through a delivery tube.
Copper(II)
carbonate
Heat
strongly
Lime water
Diagram 3
(a)
State the observation made when copper(II)carbonate powder is heated until the
reaction is complete.
(b)
[1 mark]
Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction that takes place.
(c)
.
[1 mark]
Calculate the number of moles of copper(II)oxide produced.
[2 marks]
(d)
Calculate the volume of gas produced at STP.
[2 marks]
(e)
(i)
What can be observed if the product is heated in a stream of hydrogen gas?
(ii)
..
[1 mark]
Calculate the mass of the substance produced.
[2 marks]
Page 20 / 96
PAPER 2 : ESSAY
4.
(a)
The information below is regarding substance X
Carbon 85.70%
Hydrogen 14.30%
Relative molecular mass = 56
(i)
Determine the empirical formula of substance X.

[Given that the relative atomic mass of C = 12 , H = 1]
(ii)
Determine the molecular formula of substance X.
(iii)
Based on the answers in (a)(i) and (a)(ii) , compare and

contrast the empirical formula and the molecular formula.
[ 8 marks]
(b)
Magnesium can react actively with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

Describe an activity that can be carried out in the laboratory to determine the empirical formula of
magnesium oxide.
Include the calculations involved in your answer.
Given that the relative atomic mass for O = 16, Mg = 24.
[11 marks]
Page 21 / 96
PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE
5.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.
The steps and set-up of apparatus of the experiment are shown in Diagram 5.
1. The crucible and lid are weighed.
lid
crucible
123.3632g
digital balance
2. The crucible, lid and magnesium powder are weighed.
Magnesium
powder
128.1580g
3. The magnesium powder is heated until it reacts completely with oxygen.
white fumes
heat
4. The crucible, lid and magnesium oxide are weighed when cooled.
magnesium oxide
powder
131.3580g
Diagram 5
Page 22 / 96
(a)
Complete the following table by stating the observations and related inferences in
the experiment.
Observations
Inferences
(i) ................................................
(i) ................................................................
....................................................
....................................................................
(ii) ...............................................
(ii) ...............................................................
....................................................
.....................................................................
(iii) ) ....................................................
(iii)
.................... ...............................................
....................................................
....................................................................
[6 marks]
(b)
Round off the reading to two decimal places and record it in the table below.
Description
Mass / g
The crucible and lid.

The crucible, lid and magnesium powder.
The crucible, lid and magenesium oxide.
(c)
(d)
(i)
Calculate the mass of magnesium that has been used.
(ii)
Calculate the mass of oxygen which reacted with magnesium.
(iii)
Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide.

Use the information that the relative atomic mass, O = 16, Mg = 24
The student wants to determine the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide. He used the steps and set-up
of apparatus as the experiment before. Predict whether the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide can be
determined. Explain your answer.
...............................................................................................................................................................
Page 23 / 96

FORM 4
SET 2
Periodic Table of Elements

Chemical Bonds
Page 24 / 96
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Periodic Table of Elements
1
13 14 15 16 17 18
Transition elements
Group 1 : Alkali Metals

Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
2. 1
2. 8. 1
2. 8. 18. 1
2. 8. 18. 18. 1
2. 8. 18. 32. 18. 1
1. Each atom has one ..

2. Thats why the elements in the group have similar .. properties.
3. All atoms in the group can form ion with one positive charge.
How?
..
4. The reactivity of alkali metals increases down the group. Why?
Atomic size increases.
Distance of valence electron from nucleus is further.
Attraction between nucleus and valence electron is weaker.
Easier to donate/ release the valence electron.
5. Chemical properties :
Reaction
With water.
Product
Alkali and hydrogen gas
2Li + 2H2O
With oxygen.
Oxide metal / base.
4 Li
Base dissolves in water.
Alkali
Li2O +
with halogen (chlorine,

bromine, iodine)
Salt
2Li
Page 25 / 96
Chemical equation
2LiOH + H2
2 Li2O (white)
H2O
2LiOH
Cl2
2 LiCl (white)
O2
Group 18 : Noble Gas

He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
2
stable / duplet electron arrangement
2. 8
2. 8. 8
2. 8. 18. 8
octet electron arrangement
2. 8. 18. 18. 8
2. 8. 18. 32. 18. 8
1. Elements in this group are in the form of monatomic.

2. They are chemically inert, whereas they do not easily . ,
.or electrons with others.
3. This is because their outer shell is fully filled with ... electrons (except He).
4. Physical Properties :
i)
When going down the group, the atomic radius ...

This is because ..
ii)
When going down the group, the melting point and boiling point ...
This is because ..
Group 17 : HALOGEN
F
Cl
Br
I
As
2. 7
2. 8. 7
2. 8. 18. 7
2. 8. 18. 18. 7
2. 8. 18. 32. 18. 7
1. Diatoms at room temperature. (Cl2, Br2, I2)

2. Each atom has seven ..
3. Thats why the elements in the group have similar ...
4. All atoms in the group can form ion with one ... charge.
How?
....
Page 26 / 96
5.
Chemical properties:
Reaction
With water.
With alkali.
With metal (iron).
Product
acid
salts
salt
Chemical equation
Cl2 + H2O
HCl + HOCl
Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KOCl + H2O
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3 (brownish)
6. The Melting Point and Boiling Point increases down Group 17. Why?
Molecular size increases.

Forces between molecules become stronger.
More heat energy is needed to overcome the forces.
Elements across the Period:

1.
Element
Na
Mg
Metals
Oxide
Na2O
MgO
Base
Al
Al2O3
Si
Metalloid
SiO2
P2O5
S
Nonmetal
SO2
Cl
Cl2O7
Acidic
Amphoteric
2. Changes of elements when across the period

atomic size decreases
melting point increase then decreases
electronegativity increases
from metals to non-metals
Chemical properties from basic to acidic.
3. Why the atomic size (atomic radius) decreases across the period?
Proton numbers increase.
The numbers of electrons in shells increase.
The positive charges in nucleus increase.
The force of attraction from nucleus towards all the electrons in the shell increases.
Thus the atomic size increase.
Transition elements
1. State special characteristic of transition elements and examples.
Special characteristic
Form coloured ions.
Example
Cu
2+
Page 27 / 96
3+
- blue, Cr - green, Fe3+ - brown
Ar
PAPER 2 STRUCTURE
1.
Diagram 1 shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements A, B, C, D, E and F do not represent the actual
symbol of the elements.
A
B
Diagram 1
Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 1, answer the following questions.
(a)
(i)
State the position of element B in the Periodic Table.

...
[2 marks]
(ii)
Choose the element which exhibit different oxidation numbers in its

compounds.
...
[1 mark]
(b)
Element E combines with element A to form a compound.

(i)
Write the chemical formula of this compound.

...
[1 mark]
(ii)
State one physical property of this compound.

...
[1 mark]
(c)
B and E have the same chemical properties.

(i)
Which element is more reactive?

...
[1 mark]
(ii)
Explain your answer in (c) (i).

...
...
[2 marks]
Page 28 / 96
(d)
(i)
Which element exists as diatomic molecules?

.......
[1 mark]
(ii)
Name the chemical bond in these diatomic molecules.

...
[1 mark]
2.
Diagram 2 shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements. P, Q, R, S and T do not represent the actual
symbol of the elements.
Group
P
R
Q
T
Period
Diagram 2
(a)
Using the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 2, answer the following
questions.
(i)
Choose an element that is a halogen.

.......
[1 mark]
(ii)
Which element is monoatomic?

.......
[1 mark]
(iii) Which element forms an amphotheric oxide?

...
[1 mark]
(b)
Arrange P, Q, R, S and T according to increase in size of the atoms.

............
[1 mark]
Page 29 / 96
(c)
Write the electron arrangement for an atom of element S.

....
[1 mark]
(d)
Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of element T.
....
[1 mark]
(e)
Why are elements P and Q placed in the same period?

....
[1 mark]
(f)
When a small piece of element R is put into water, ROH solution is formed
and hydrogen gas is released. State one observation when red litmus paper is
put into the water.
...
[1 mark]
(g)
State the common name of the elements between Group 2 and Group 13.
...
3.
The diagram 3 shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements. A, B, C, D, E, F

and G do not represent the actual symbol of the elements.
A
D
C
E
F
G
Diagram 3
Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 3, answer the following
questions
(a)
Write the formula for the ion formed from an atom of

(i)
element D
...
[1 mark]
Page 30 / 96
(ii)
element B
..
[1 mark]
(b)
F is a reactive metal that is situated in Group 1.

(i)
Give the number of electrons in ion F+?

..
[1 mark]
(ii)
What is the electron arrangement of ion F ?

...
[1 mark]
(c)
Which of the elements can be used as a catalyst?

....
[1 mark]
(d)
Element D reacts with element E to form a compound

(i)
Write the chemical formula of this compound

...
[1 mark]
(ii)
Draw the diagram of the electron arrangement for the compound formed
between D and E.
[2 marks]
(iii) State one condition by which the compound in (d) (ii) conducts electricity?
Explain your answer.
...
...
[2 marks]
Page 31 / 96
PAPER 2 ESSAY
4.
Diagram 4.1 and 4.2 show the diagrams of the electron arrangement for atoms of two
elements from Group 17 in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
Diagram 4.1
(a)
Diagram 4.2
Based on Diagram 4.1

(i)
Write the electron arrangement for the atom of the element and name the element.
[2 marks]
(ii)
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between this element and sodium hydroxide.
[3 marks]
(b)
Compare the attractive forces between the nuclei and the valence electrons in the atoms in Diagram 4.1
and Diagram 4.2 and relate this to their respectively reactivity.
[6 marks]
(c)
Another element in Group 17 is a black coloured solid.

Predict the reactivity of this element in its reaction with sodium hydroxide compared to that of the
element in the Diagram 4.2.
[1 mark]
(d)
Diagram 4.3 shows the set up of the apparatus to investigate the reaction of an element from Group 17
with iron metal.
Iron wool
Chlorine
gas
Sodium
hydroxide
solution
Diagram 4.3
Part A
Page 32 / 96
Part B
(i)
State two precautions that must be taken while carrying out the experiment.
[2 marks]
(ii)
Describe and write the chemical equations for the reactions that occur in Part A
and Part B.
[6 marks]
PAPER 3 STRUCTURE
5.
An experiment is carried out to investigate the statement above.

Table 5 shows the apparatus set up and the observations for the experiment to determine the reactivity of the
Group
1
elements
based
on
their
reactions
with
water.
Apparatus set-up
Observation towards the metal
Lithium
))
water
Lithium moves slowly on the surface of the water

with a hiss sound.
Potassium
))
)))) )
water
Potassium moves vigorously and randomly on the

surface of the water with a hiss sound.
sodium
)) )
water
Sodium moves quickly and randomly on the

surface of the water with a hiss sound.
Table 5
(a)
State the variables that are involved in the experiment.

Name of variables
Action to be taken
(i) Manipulated variable:
(i) The way to manipulate variable:
(ii) Responding variable:
(ii) What to observe in the responding variable:
(iii) Controlled variable:
(iii) The way to maintain the controlled variable:
[6 marks]
Page 33 / 96
(b)
State one hypothesis for the experiment.

..........................
......................................
[3 marks]
(c)
State the operational definition for the reaction.

..........................
[3 marks]
(d) Based on the observations in the figure above, arrange lithium, potassium and sodium
in the descending order of reactivity of metals towards water.
Descending order of reactivity of metals towards water.

[3 marks]
(e)
Solution X was produced from the reaction of potassium with water. Classify the ions that exist in
solution X into positive ions and negative ions.
Positive Ions
Negative Ions
[ 3 marks]
PAPER 3 ESSAY
6.
The reactivity of the alkali metals increases as you go down the group
Refering to the statement above, plan an experiment to prove it true by using the reactions of lithium,
sodium and potassium with water.
Your planning must include the following items:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Problem statement
All variables involved
List of materials and apparatus
Experimental procedure
Tabulation of data
[17 marks]
Page 34 / 96
CHEMICAL BONDS
FORMATION OF IONS
Cations
Releases 1 electron
Half equation:
Li
Li+ + e
Lithium atom,
Li
Lithium ion,
Li+
2+
Releases 2 electrons
Half equation:
Mg
Mg2+ + 2e
Magnesium
atom, Mg
Magnesium ion,
Mg2+
Anions
Receives 1 electron
Half equation:
F+e
FFluorine atom, F
Fluoride ion, F2Receives 2
Oxygen atom, O
Half equation:
O + 2e
O2-
Oxide ion, O2-
Page 35 / 96
FORMATION OF IONIC BONDS

a)
Formation of sodium chloride compound, NaCl
+
+
Sodium atom
Chlorine atom
Sodium
ion
Chloride ion
Explanation:
The electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1 and chlorine atom is 2.8.7
To achieve octet electron arrangement;

o
Sodium atom releases one electron to form sodium ion, Na+.
Half equation: Na
Na+ + e
Chlorine atom receives one electron to form chloride ion, Cl-.
Half equation: Cl + e
ClSodium ion and chloride ion are attracted to one another by strong electrostatic force which called an ionic
bond
Ionic compound NaCl is formed

FORMATION OF COVALENT BONDS
Example
X
X
+
Oxygen atom
XX
XX
X
XX
XX
Oxygen molecule, O2
Oxygen atom
Page 36 / 96
XX
Explanation
The electron arrangement of oxygen atom is 2.6
An oxygen atom contribute 2 electron and attain / achieve the octet electron arrangement.
Two oxygen atom share 2 pairs of electron to one another to form a double covalent bond
A covalent molecule, O2 is formed
PAPER 2 : STRUCTURE
1.
Diagram 1 shows the symbols for atom of element X, Y, and Z.
Z
Z
Diagram 1
(a)
(b)
(i)
Write the electron arrangement of atom X.
(ii)
.............
Write the electron arrangement of ion X.
(iii)
...
Draw the diagram to show the formation of ion X
(iv)
Write the half-equation to show the formation of ion X
(v)
..
Explain the formation of ion X.
(i)
What is the proton number of element Y?
(ii)
Write the electron arrangement of atom Y.
Page 37 / 96
(iii)
Write the electron arrangement of ion Y.
(iv)
..
Draw the diagram to show the formation of ion Y.
(v)
Write the half-equation to show the formation of ion Y.

..
(c)
(vi)
Explain the formation of ion Y.
(i)
.
What is the proton number of element Z?
...............................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Atom of element Z has a nucleon number of 35. Calculate the number of neutrons in atom Z.
(iii)
(d)
Write the standard representation of element Z.
Element Y and Z are reacted to form a compound T.

(i)
Name the type of compound T.
(ii)
.
Draw the electron arrangement for the compound T.
(iii)
State one physical property of compound T.
Page 38 / 96
(e)
Element X can react with carbon to form a compound. [ Proton number of C = 6 ]

(i)
Name the type of bond in the compound formed.
(ii)
Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.
(iii)
State one physical property of compound formed.

. ..
Table 2 shows the proton numbers of elements A, B and C.

Elements
A
B
C
Proton Number
11
8
1
Table 2
a) (i)
b)
Write the electron arrangement for atom A
(ii)
....
Write the electron arrangement for ion A
(iii)
............
Draw the diagram to show the formation of ion A
(iv)
Write half- equation to show the formation of ion A
(i)
.
Write the electron arrangement for atom B
.
(ii)
Write the electron arrangement for ion B.
(iii)
.
Write half- equation to show the formation of ion B
Page 39 / 96
c)
d)
A and B react to form a compound

( i) What type of bond in the compound formed?
(ii)
............
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed in (c)(i)
(iii)
State one physical property of the compound formed
C can react with B to form a compound.

(i)
What is the molecular formula of the compound formed?
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
.............................................................................................
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed in (d)(i)
What is the relative molecular mass of the compound in d(i).

[ Given that relative atomic mass C = 1; B= 16]
.................
Name another compound that has the same physical properties as the
compound formed.
.............
Diagram 3 shows the position of several elements P, Q, R, S, T, U and W.
Q
R
T
U
Diagram 3
Page 40 / 96
Using the symbols P, Q, R, S, T, U and W, answer the following questions.

(a) Write the electron arrangement of
(b)
(i)
Atom R:..
(ii)
Ion P:.
Explain the formation of ion U

.
(c)
....
(i) What is the formula for ion formed by Q
(ii)
(d)
..................
Write half- equation for (c) (i)
..............
Atoms of P and U can reacted to form a compound.
(i)
Name the type of bond in the compound formed between atom P and U
......
(ii) Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.
(e)
4.
Atom V and T can also react to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement for the compound
formed.
Diagram 4 shows the chemical symbols of element sodium, oxygen, carbon and chlorine.
23
16
Na
11
12
O
8
19
C
6
Diagram 4
Page 41 / 96
F
9
(a)
(b)
(c)
Write the electron arrangement of

(i)
Sodium atom:....
(ii)
Oxide ion: .
(iii)
Carbon atom:........................................................
(iv)
Flouride ion:..................................................
State the period and the Group for Flourine in Periodic Table of element
(i)
Period:.
(ii)
Group:.
Sodium atom and oxygen atom react to form a compound.

(i)
Name the type of bond in the compound formed when sodium react with oxygen.
...
(ii)
Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.
(d)
Carbon atom and Flourine atom can also react to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement
for the compound formed.
(e)
Compare one physical property of compound formed (b) and (c). Explain your answer.
..........
..........
..........
Page 42 / 96
PAPER 2 : ESSAY
5
Table 5 shows the proton numbers of three elements.

Element
Carbon, C
Sodium, Na
Chlorine, Cl
Proton Number
6
11
17
Table 5
(a)
State the valence electron of the

(i)
Sodium atom
(ii) Chlorine atom.
(b)
(i)
Select two elements that react to form an ionic compound.

State your reason.
(ii)
Referring to their proton number, explain how the compound in

(b) ( i ) is formed.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[6 marks]
(c)
(i)
Select two elements that react to form a covalent compound.

State your reason.
(ii)
Referring to their proton number, explain how the compound

in (c )(i) is formed.
[2 marks]
[4 marks]
(d)
The compound in (b) has higher melting point than in (c). Explain why.
[4 marks]
Page 43 / 96

FORM 4
SET 3
Electrochemistry
Page 44 / 96
Electrolysis
1.
Define the meaning of electrolyte and non-electrolyte and respective examples.

Electrolyte
Non-electrolyte
Meaning
Example
2.
Define electrolysis:
..
..
3.
Energy change :
Electrolysis: .... energy to energy.

Voltaic cell: ..energy to ... energy.
4.
Write the half equation to represent the discharge of anion and cation.
Anion
Hydroxide
ion, OH-
Half equation
Cation
Hydrogen ion,
H+
Chloride ion,
Cl-
Sodium ion,
Na+
Bromide ion,
Br-
Silver ion, Ag+
Iodide ion,
I-
Lead (II)ion,
Pb2+
Oxide ion, O2-
Copper(II) ion,
Cu2+
Half equation
Aluminium ion,
Al3+
6.
Products of electrolysis depend on three factors, they are

a) .....
b) .
c) .
Page 45 / 96
7.
Complete the electrochemical series below.
Cation
Anion
K+
F-
Ca2+
Cl-
Zn2+
Ease of discharge
increases
Diagram: Electrochemical Series
Page 46 / 96
Sodium nitrate
solution, 0.5 mol dm-3
Carbon electrodes
Electrolysis of sodium nitrate solution.

8.
Describe the electrolysis of sodium nitrate solution using carbon electrodes.

Anode
Write the formula of all ions

present in the electrolyte.
Write the formula of ion/ions
which is/are attracted to anode
and cathode.
Which is selectively discharged?
Give a reason.
Write the half equation to

represent the discharge.
What will you observe at the

electrode?
Name the product.
State the test to identify the
product.
Page 47 / 96
Cathode
Potassium chloride
Carbon electrodes
Electrolysis of potassium chloride solution
9.
Describe the electrolysis of potassium chloride solution using carbon electrodes.

Anode

and cathode.
Give a reason.


electrode?
Name the product.
Page 48 / 96
Cathode
Copper electrode
Iron electrode
Copper(II)nitrate
Electrolysis of copper (II) nitrate solution

10. Describe the electrolysis of copper (II) nitrate solution using metal electrodes.
Anode
and cathode.
Give a reason.


electrodes?
Name the product.

What will you observe to the
electrolyte?
Explain why?
Page 49 / 96
Cathode
Voltaic cell / Simple cell
Zinc electrode
Copper
electrode
Copper(II)sulphate
11.
Describe the voltage cell.

Negative terminal
State all ions present in the
electrolyte.
Identify positive terminal and
negative terminal.
Explain why?
Write half equation at
negative terminal.
Write the formula of ions
which are moved to positive
terminal.
Which is selectively
discharged?
Give a reason.
Half equation at positive
terminal
What will you observe at
negative and positive
terminal?
What will you observe to the
electrolyte?
Explain why?
Overall / Full ionic equation
Page 50 / 96
Positive terminal
Application of electrolysis
12.
State the aim of electroplating of metal.

....
....
13.
The principal of electroplating.

(a) The thing to be electroplating must be ...
(b) The electrolyte ....
(c) The anode ...
14. To electroplate the spoon with silver.
Silver electrode
Iron spoon
Silver nitrate solution, 0.5 mol dm-3
(a)
Write the half equation at silver electrode.
(b)
..
Write the half equation at iron spoon.
(c)
..
State the observation at silver electrode.
..
(d)
(e)
State the observation at the iron spoon.

..
An even and lasting layer of metal is obtained if:
..
..
Page 51 / 96
15.
Purification of metal.
(a) Things to be purified must be at ...
(b) The other electrode ...
(c) The electrolyte ..
The electrochemical series

16.
The electrochemical series

..
17.
..
The electrochemical series can be constructed based on;
(a) The potential difference between two metals, in voltaic cell. The higher the voltage value,
the
(b) The ability/ tendency of a metal to displace another metal from its salt solution. A metal
which able to displace metal below it in
the series from its salt solution.
PAPER 2: STRUCTURE
1. Diagram 1 show the apparatus set-up used to electrolyze 0.1 mol dm-3 of sodium chloride solution using
carbon electrodes.
Gas Q
Gas P
0.1 mol dm-3 of sodium
chloride solution
Electrode X
Electrode Y
_
Diagram 1
(a)
Name electrodes X and Y.

....
[1 mark]
Page 52 / 96
(b)
Write the formula of all ions present in the solution.
(c)
...
[1 mark]
(i)
Name gas P collected in the test tube.
..
[1 mark]
(ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (c)(i).
..
[1 mark]
(iii) Write a half equation for the reaction that takes place at electrode X.
(d)
(i)
...
[1 mark]
Name gas Q collected in the test tube.
...
[1 mark]
(ii) State a chemical test to confirm your answer to (d)(i).
..
[1 mark]
(iii) Write a half equation for the reaction that takes place at electrode Y.
(e)
..
[1 mark]
What difference will it make if the experiment is repeated by using 2 mol dm-3 of sodium
chloride solution? Explain your answer.
..
..
[2 marks]
2. Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up to carry out an electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution.
copper
elecrodes
0.2 mol dm-3 of

copper(II)
sulphate solution
carbon
electrdes
Experiment I
Experiment II
Diagram 2
(a)
Write the formula of all the ions present in the copper(II) sulphate solution.
..
[1 mark]
Page 53 / 96
(b)
(i)
Name the product produced at the anode in Experiment I.
..
[1 mark]
(ii) Write a half equation for the reaction that takes place at this electrode.
(c)
..
[1 mark]
(i) Name the product produced at the anode in Experiment II.
..
[1 mark]
(ii) Write a half equation for the reaction that takes place at this electrode.
..
[1 mark]
(d) (i)
What happen to the intensity of the blue copper(II) sulphate solution in Experiment
I?
..
[1 mark]
(ii)
(e)
Explain your answer in (d) (i).
..
[1 mark]
(i) What happen to the intensity of the blue copper(II) sulphate solution in Experiment
II?
..
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer in (e) (i).
..
..
[1 mark]
3.
Diagram 3 shows a simple cell
electrode Y
electrode X
electrolyte
Diagram 3
Page 54 / 96
Two different electrodes are immersed into an electrolyte. The voltage of the cell is recorded. The
experiment is repeated by using different pairs of electrode. Table 3 shows the results obtained. The
metals of which electrodes V, W, X, Y and Z are made of, for divalent ions.
Experiment
Pairs of electrodes
Positive terminal
Negative terminal
Voltage/V
X/Y
0.70
X/Z
1.05
X/W
1.55
Y/V
V
Table 3
0.50
(a)
Suggest a suitable electrolyte for the above experiments.
(b)
...
[1 mark]
State the direction of the flow of electrons in Experiment 1 which used electrodes X and Y.
(c)
(d)
....
[1 mark]
Write half equation for the reaction that takes place at the negative terminal in Experiment 2 which
used electrodes X and Z.
....
[1 mark]
State a hypothesis for the above experiments.
..
[1 mark]
(e) Arrange the metals V, W, X, Y and Z in decreasing order in the Electrochemistry Series.
(f)
....
[1 mark]
A chemical cell is set-up using electrodes Z and V.
(i)
State the negative terminal of the cell.
...
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the voltage of the cell.
[1 mark]
(g)
(i)
State the pair of electrodes that will give the highest voltage reading.
..
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the voltage of the cell.
[1 mark]
Page 55 / 96
PAPER 2 : ESSAY
4.
(a)
Ethanoic acid solution is electrolysed by using platinum electrode. What is produced at

the cathode? Write a half equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode.
(b)
Diagram 4 shows Cell X and Cell Y.
[2 marks]
Zinc plate
Copper plate
copper electrode
copper(II)
nitrate
Cell X
Cell Y
Diagram 4
Cell X is a chemical cell while cell Y is an electrolytic cell. Compare cell X and cell Y.
[8 marks]
(c) A student wants to purify an impure copper plate by the process of electrolysis. Design an experiment in
the laboratory to purify the impure copper plate.
Your answer should include the following:
materials and apparatus needed
a diagram with the arrangement of apparatus
the procedure
observation
chemical equation involved

[10 marks]
PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE
5.
A student carries out an experiment to study the potential difference between two types of
different metals. The apparatus arrangement used is shown in Diagram 5.
After experiment
Before experiment
zinc plate
Zinc plate
iron plate
copper(II) nitrate
Diagram 5
Page 56 / 96
iron plate
(a)
State the observation and inference involved in the experiment in the table below.
Metal plate
Observation
Inference
Zinc
Iron
(b)
The student repeated the experiment by replacing the iron metal with copper metal,
aluminium metal and magnesium metal.
Table 5 shows the voltage reading obtained from the metal pairs.
Metal pairs
Negative terminal
Positive terminal
Voltage/V
Zinc iron
Zinc
Iron
0.4
Zinc copper
Zinc
Copper
1.1
Zinc almunium
Aluminium
Zinc
0.8
Zinc magnesium
Magnesium
Zinc
1.4
Table 5
Based on the information above, complete the table below.
Type of variables
Action to be taken
(i) Manipulated variables :
(i) Way to change the manipulated variables :
___________________________
_________________________________
(ii) Responding variables :
(ii) How do these variables respond:
___________________________
_________________________________
(iii) Constant variables :
(iii) Way to fix the constant variables :
___________________________
_________________________________
[6 marks]
(c)
State the hypothesis of the experiment

..
(d)
If the experiment is repeated by using lead metal to replace iron metal, predict the possible
reading recorded by the voltmeter.
..
Page 57 / 96
6. Diagram 6 shows two set-up apparatus used to electrolyzed 0.001 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid by using carbon electrodes.
Carbon
electrode
0.001 mol dm-3

hydrochloric
acid
1.0 mol dm-3

hydrochloric
acid
Diagram 6
(a)
State a suitable hypothesis for the experiment.

..
(b)
State all the variables involved in the experiment

(i) Manipulated variable
..
(ii) Responding variable
..
(iii) Constant variables
..
(c) Write the observations at the anode and cathode for both sets of experiment.
Electrolyte
Terminal
Set 1 ( 0.001 mol dm-3

hydrochloric acid )
Set 2 ( 1.0 mol dm-3

hydrochloric acid )
Anode
Cathode
(d)
Write half-equation for the discharge of ions at anode for Set 1 and Set 2.
..
.....
Page 58 / 96
(e)
Predict the observation at the anode and cathode when 0.0001 mol dm-3 potassium
nitrate solution is electrolysed.
..
..
PAPER 3 : ESSAY
7.
Concentration of ions used during electrolysis affects the product of electrolysis at the anode.
Using sodium chloride solution, describe an experiment to prove the above statement.
Your answer should include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Problem statement
Hypothesis
Variables
Materials and apparatus used
Procedure of the experiment
Tabulation of data
The further the distance between two metals in the

electrochemical series, the bigger the potential difference
.
8.
You are given the copper strip, lead strip, iron strip, zinc strip, aluminium strip, magnesium strip and
copper(II) sulphate solution.Referring to the statement above, plan a laboratory experiment to construct the
electrochemical series of the potential differences using different pair of metals.
Your explanation should include all the followings:
(a)
(b)
(c )
(d)
(e)
(f)
Aim of the experment

All the variables
Statement of the hypothesis
Procedure of the experiment
Tabulation of data
[ 17 marks ]
Page 59 / 96

FORM 4
SET 4
Acids and Base
Salts
Page 60 / 96
ACID AND BASES

1.
An acid is a chemical compound that produce hydrogen ion, H+ or hydroxonium, H3 O+ when

dissolves in water.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + ClH2O
HCl
H+ + Cl-
2.
An acid shows its acidic properties only in the presence of water.
3.
A base is defines as a chemical substance that can neutralise an acid to produce a salt and water.
Example:
CuO + 2HCl CuCl2 + H2O
4.
An alkali is defined as a chemical compound that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-.
Example:
HO
2
KOH
5.
K+ + OH-
Define weak acid :

..................................
6.
Define strong acid :

..................................
7.
Define strong alkali :

..................................
8.
Define weak alkali:

..................................
9.
10.
Define basicity : the number of ionisable .......................................................

of an acid.
atoms per molecule
Using a suitable examples explain what is meant by

a)
Monoprotic acid :
...............................
b)
Diprotic acid :
...............................
c)
Triprotic acid :
...............................
Page 61 / 96
11.
Write an equation of dissociation for the following acid.

a)
Nitric acid :
...............................
b)
Ethanoic acid :
...............................
c)
Carbonic acid :
...............................
d)
Sulphuric acid :
...............................
e)
Chemical properties of acid.

Reaction
With reactive metal
Product
Salt and hydrogen gas
Example and
Chemical equation
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
PAPER 2 : STRUCTURE
1.
An experiment is carried out in the laboratory to determine the end point of the reaction between 25.0
cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution and 1.0 moldm-3 of sulphuric acid. Phenolphthalein is used in the
titration to detect the end point of the reaction. diagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus for the titration.
Sulphuric acid
1.0 moldm-3
Diagram 1
Potassium hydroxide +
phenolphthalein
Page 62 / 96
The volume of sulphuric acid added and the change of the colour of potassium hydroxide solution
shown in the Table 1 below.
Volume of sulphuric acid
(cm3)
Colour of potassium
hydroxide solution
4,5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Pink
4.9
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
Colourless
Table 1
(a)
Name the chemical reaction between potassium hydroxide solution and sulphuric acid.
..................
[1 mark]
(b)
Write a chemical equation for the reaction.

.................
(c)
[1 mark]
Write the formula of ions which are present in the conical flask when the volume of sulphuric
acid added is:
(i)
4.5 cm3
...................................................................................................................................
(ii)
5.0 cm3
...................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
(d)
What is the volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralise 25 cm3 potassium

hydroxide solution?
.....................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(e)
(f)
Calculate the concentration of potassium hydroxide solution in this experiment.
[2 marks]
If sulphuric acid is replaced with nitric acid with the same molarity, predict
the volume of nitric acid require to neutralise 25.0 cm3 of the potassium hydroxide solution.
Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
2.
Hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in two different solvent, producing solutions X and Y.
Page 63 / 96
Experiment I and II are carried out.

Table 2 below shows the results of the experiment.
Observations
Experiment
Solution X
Solution Y
Marble chips added into solutions
Gas bubbles
No changes
II
Electrical conductivity
Deflection of
ammeter reading
No deflection of
ammeter reading
Table 2
a)
Name a suitable solvent to produce

(i)
Solution X
(ii)
.....................................................................................................................................
Solution Y
.....................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
b)
(i)
Which solution shows acidic properties
(ii)
.................................................................................................................................
What is the role of the solvent used to produce the acid in (b)(i)
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
c)
(i)
Name the gas produce in Experiment I
(ii)
................................................................................................................................
Describe a chemical test to verify the gas in (c)(i).
.................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
d)
Solution X can conduct electricity but solution Y cannot. Explain this statement.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
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3.
Table 3, below shows the pH value of four solutions. The solutions are of the same
concentration
Solution
pH
14
Table 3
a)
(i)
Name one example of solution Z.
.................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of Z in a(i) with sulphuric acid.
.................................................................................................................................
(iii)
Name the chemical reaction occur in a(ii).

.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
b)
Which solution possibly can be sodium sulphate?

..........................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
c)
(i)
(ii)
Which solution can change a blue litmus paper to red?

.................................................................................................................................
State one test to prove the chemical property of c(i) without using an indicator.
.................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
.
[3 marks]
d)
Explain why solution W and Solution and solution X have different pH values.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Page 65 / 96
Dry hydrogen chloride gas
Filter funnel
Methyl benzene
`
Beaker A
Dry hydrogen chloride gas
Filter funnel
Water
Beaker B
4.
Figure above shows the arrangement of apparatus used to prepare hydrogen chloride in methyl
benzene and in water respectively.
a) What is the purpose of using filter funnels in this experiment ?
................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
b)
(i)
What is observed when a piece of magnesium ribbon is placed in Beaker A and Beaker B
respectively.
Beaker A : .................................................................................................................
(ii)
Beaker B :.................................................................................................................
State the reason for your answer in b(i)
...................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
c) Name the types of particles present in

Beaker A ; ........................................................................................................................
Beaker B : ........................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Page 66 / 96
d) Water is added to the solution in Beaker A and the mixture is then shaken. When sodium carbonate
solution is added, effervesence occurs.
(i)
Name the gas and suggest a suitable test to identify the gas evolved.
(ii)
................................................................................................................................
State the role of water that caused the liberation of the gas.
(iii)
.................................................................................................................................
Write the ionic equation for the reaction involving the liberation of the gas.
..................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
5.
Diagram 5 shows four test tubes contain dry glacial ethanoic acid, aqueous solution of
dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous solution of X.
Dry glacial
ethanoic
acid
Blue
litmus
paper
P
Aqueous
solution of
ethanoic acid
0.1 moldm-3
Dilute
hydrochloric
acid
Blue
litmus
paper
Blue
litmus
paper
Q
ethanoic acid,
Aqueous
solution
of X
Diagram 5
a)
(i)
State the colour change of the litmus paper in test tubes Q and R.
................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Write the formula of ion which caused the colour change of the litmus paper.
.....................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
b)
Is there any changes of colour of the litmus paper in test tube P? Explain why.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Page 67 / 96
c)
Table 5 shows the pH value of aqueous solution of ethanoic acid and

of the same molarity.
Type of acid
Molarity
pH value
aqueous solution of
ethanoic acid
0.1 moldm-3
3.0
dilute hydrochloric acid
dilute hydrochloric acid

0.1 moldm-3
1.0
Table 5
Explain why the pH value of aqueous solution of ethanoic acid is higher than the pH value of
dilute hydrochloric acid.
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
d)
[2 marks]
Calcium carbonate powder is added into test tube R. Write the chemical equation for the reaction
that takes place.
..................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
e)
Aqueous solution of X is an acidic solution. As a chemistry student, describe briefly how

you are able to prove that X is an acidic solution.
You are not allow to use litmus paper, pH meter or any indicators.
Procedure:
..................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
Observation:
...................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Page 68 / 96
6.
(a)
A student carried out an experiment to study the pH of a few aqueous solutions using pH
The results were tabulated below.
Aqueous
solution
pH
13
20
paper.
Table 6
Which of the solution in the table above could be
(i)
Distilled water
(ii)
.
Vinegar
.
(iii)
Sodium hydroxide
.....
(iv)
Hydrochloric acid
.....
[4 marks]
b)
(i)
An apple contains maleic acid C4H8O5 which is a weak acid, What is meant by
weak acid ?
.
(ii) The pH of 1.0 mol dm-3 maleic acid solution is higher than hydrochloric acid with the same
concentration. Explain why.
.....
.
[2 marks]
c)
Zinc powder is added to the test tube containing hydrochloric acid.

(i)
Name the gas released.

.
(ii)
Describe a chemical test to identify the gas.

.
.
(iii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.

.
[3 marks]
Page 69 / 96
PAPER 2: ESSAY
7.
(a)
(i)
What is meant by standard solution ?,
[1 mark]
Describe how 100cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution can be prepared in the
school laboratory,
Your description should include the calculation
Use the information, Relative atomic mass of Na = 23, O =16 , H = 1
[7 marks]
-3
Using the 1.0 mol dm sodium hydroxide solution from (a) above.
Describe how you would determine the unknown concentration of a sample
of hydrochloric acid, HCl using the titration method.
(ii)
(b)
You may use either methyl orange or phenolphthalein as indicator.

Include, in your answer, the chemical equation and calculation.
[12 marks]
8.
(a)
The following information is about sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia

solution.
pH of sodium hydroxide solution 1.0 mol dm-3 is 14

pH of ammonia solution 1.0 mol dm-3 is 10
Explain why both solutions have different pH value.
[6 marks]
(b)
The label of a reagent bottle was dirty caused by a chemical substance. The reagent is suspected to
contain dilute hydrochloric acid.
Describe two chemical tests which can be used to identify the chemical
chemical solution is dilute hydrochloric acid.
solution if the
[8 marks]
(c)
Glacial ethanoic acid does not release any gas when it is poured into pieces of calcium carbonate.
However, effervescence occurs when several drops of water are added into the mixture of ethanoic
acid and pieces of calcium carbonate.
Explain the statement.
[ 6 marks]
Page 70 / 96
PAPER 3: STRUCTURE
9.
Diagram 9 shows the results of titration between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution.
1.0 mol dm-3

Sulphuric acid,
H2 SO4
Initial reading
Final reading
25.0 cm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH

solution + phenolphthalein
DIAGRAM 9
(a)
Based on the diagram 2, record the final and initial burette readings of the burette.
Final reading
. cm3
Initial reading
. cm3
Volume of H2SO4 used
cm3
[3 marks]
(b)
Construct a table that can be used to record the result of the experiment.
[3 marks]
Page 71 / 96
(c)
(d)
(i)
State the colour change in the solution.
(ii)
[3 marks]
State the inference of the colour change.
.
[3 marks]
Write the operational definition for the neutralisation.
[3 marks]
(e)
You are given three examples of acids; sulphuric acid, ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid.
Classify them into monoprotic and diprotic acids.
[3 marks]
(f)
Based on the titration results, calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution used .
Given the chemical equation for the neutralisation is as follow:
2NaOH + H2SO4
Na2SO4 + 2H2O
[3 marks]
10.
A student carried out two experiments to determine the concentration of HX acid solution.
Experiment I
Titration of HX acid solution of unknown concentration with 20cm3 of sodium hydroxide
solution 1.0 mol dm-3 using phenolftalein as indicator.
Experiment II
Titration of similar HX acid solution of difference concentration with 20cm3 of sodium
hydroxide solution 1.0 mol dm-3 using phenolftalein as indicator.
Page 72 / 96
Diagram 10, shows the initial and final burette readings for both experiments.
Experiment 1
20
21
Initial burette reading
Final burette reading
Experiment II
15
25
16
26
Initial burette reading
Final burette reading

Diagram 10
(a)
Construct a table to record the initial and final burette readings and the volumes of the acid used
for both experiments.
[ 3 marks]
(b)
State the colour change of phenolftalein in the titration.

...................
[ 3 marks]
Page 73 / 96
(c)
The chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment is :

HX +
NaOH
NaX
+ H2O
Calculate the concentration of HX acid solutions used in both experiments.

(i)
Experiment I
(ii)
Experiment II
[ 3 marks]
(d)
State the hypothesis in this experiment.

...............
.......
[ 3 marks]
(e)
If HX acid is replaced with sulphuric acid of the same concentration, it is found that
the volume of the sulphuric acid used in the titration is half of the volume of HX acid. Explain
why.
.......
.......
.......
[ 3 marks]
PAPER 3 : ESSAY
11.
Solid sodium hydroxide does not give any effect on dry red litmus paper. On the
other hand, sodium hydroxide solution changes dry red litmus paper to blue.
With reference to the above statement, plan an experiment in the laboratory

to study the role of water on the properties of alkali.
Your planning of experiment must include the following:
a) Problem statement
b) Hypothesis
c) List of materials and apparatus
d) Procedure
e) Tabulation of data
[17 marks]
Page 74 / 96
SALTS
1.
A salt is an ionic compound that is
formed when the ion in
an acid is replaced by a ion or ammonium ion (NH4+).

2.
Solubility of salts.
Type of salt
Sodium, potassium and
ammonium salts
Nitrate salts
Solubility in water
All are soluble.
Sulphate salts
Chloride salts
Carbonate salts
3.
Preparation of soluble salts.

Preparation of soluble
salts
An acid reacts with
reactive metal.
4.
Example / Reactants
Magnesium and hydrochloric
acid
Chemical equation
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Insoluble salts can be prepared by .. in double decomposition reaction.

Example:
Silver nitrate solution reacts with sodium chloride solution, white precipitate formed.
NaCl AgCl(s) + NaNO3
Chemical equation:
AgNO3 +
Ionic equation :
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)
Page 75 / 96
5.
Quantitive analysis of salts.

(a) Colour of salts
Colour
White or
colourless
Solid
Solution
Sodium,potassium,magnesium, ammonium,
Na+,K+,Mg2+,
Lead ,chlorides, sulphates,nitrates.
Pb2+, Zn2+, NH4+
Green
Blue
Brown
(b)
Action of heat on Carbonate and Nitrate salts.

Type of salt
Colour of salt before

heating
Colour of residue
Hot
Copper (II) carbonate

Lead (II) carbonate
White
Brown
Lead (II) carbonate

Zinc carbonate
Magnesium nitrate
Zinc nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Page 76 / 96
Cold
(c)
Test for Anions.
Summarise the tests used to identify anions in the table below.

Anion
Test
Observation and inference
Carbonate,
CO32-
Add 2 cm3 hydrochloric acid, bubble the gas

produced through lime water.
Chloride,
ClSulphate,
SO4 2-
White precipitate is formed, sulphate

ion is present.
Nitrate,
NO3-
(d)
Specific tests for cations
Cation
Reagent
Observation
Ammonium,
NH4+
Iron (II),
Fe2+
Iron (III),
Fe3+
Lead (II),
Pb2+
Page 77 / 96
PAPER 2: STRUCTURE
Oxide M
Compound J
White
precipitate Q
Reaction I
(Dissolved in
excess sodium
hydroxide
+ NaOH (aq)
solution)
(Brown when
hot, yellow
when cooled)
Heat
+ dilute nitric acid
Gas L
asid nitrik cair
(Colourless)
Reaction II
Colourless J
solution
White precipitate R
+ H2SO4 (aq)
Diagram 1
1.
Diagram 1 shows a series of chemical test done by a student to identify a compound J.

a)
b)
c)
With reference to reaction I, white precipitate Q is formed when reacts with

sodium hydroxide solution and it is soluble in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
Name all the ions which are probably present in solution J.
..............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Referring to reaction I and II,
Name the cation that is present in solution J.
..............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Write the ionic equation for the reaction forming the white precipitate, R.
.
[1 mark]
d)
Name two cations which produce white precipitates with sodium hydroxide solution that do not
dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
....
[1 mark]
Page 78 / 96
(e)
Describe a confirmatory test which you can use to differentiate the cations you named
in (d).
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
[4 marks]
2.
An experiment to investigate the effect of heat on solid lead (II) carbonate is shown on diagram 2.
Boiling tube
Lead (II) carbonate
Heat
Lime water
Diagram 2
(a)
(i)
State two observations of the above experiment.
[2 marks]
(ii)
Write an equation for the reaction

..
[1 mark]
(iii)
Name the residue formed inside the boiling tube at the end of the experiment
.....
[1 mark]
Page 79 / 96
(b)
The result of the experiment is shown in Table 2.

[Relative atomic mass: Pb=207, C=12, O=16; 1 mol of gas occupies 24dm3 at room temperature
and pressure]
Substance
Mass of boiling tube
Mass of boiling tube and lead (II) carbonate before heating
Mass of boiling tube and residue after heating
Mass (g)
12.45
23.13
22.56
Table 2
(i)
Calculate the mass lead (II) carbonate used.
(ii)
Calculate the mass of residue formed.
(iii)
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide evolved at room temperature and pressure.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
(c)
All the residue is formed during the heating of lead (II) carbonate was dissolved in dilute
nitric acid to form a colourless solution. When excess of sulphuric acid is added to the
colourless solution, a white precipitate is formed.
(i)
Name the white precipitate formed.
(ii)
..
[1 mark]
Write an ionic equation for the reaction.
..
[1 mark]
Page 80 / 96
3.
Diagram 3 shows the formation of zinc nitrate and its conversion to other substances
+ dilute nitric acid
Zinc nitrate
W
nitrate
Nitrogen dioxide +
Gas X
+ dilute NaOH (aq)

+ potassium iodide
solution
+ sodium carbonate solution
Y + sodium nitrate
R + sodium nitrate
Z + potassium nitrate
Diagram 3
(a)
(b)
W is a white powder which reacts with dilute nitric acid. The powder is yellow in hot.
Give the name of W.
[1 mark]
A small amount of sodium hydroxide solution is added to zinc nitrate solution. Precipitate
Y is produced.
(i)
Write the chemical formula of Y.
(ii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
..
[1 mark]
Describe what happens when sodium hydroxide is added to zinc nitrate.
..
[1 mark]
Zinc nitrate can be converted to nitrogen dioxide and gas X. How can this
conversion be carried out?
..
[1 mark]
Name gas X
..
[ 1 mark]
(iii)
Describe the observation during the experiment.

..
..
[1 mark]
Page 81 / 96
(d)
When potassium iodide is added to zinc nitrate solution a precipitation takes place.
(i)
Name the substance Z
(ii)
(e)
..
[1 mark]
Write an ionic equation to show how Z is produced.
..
[1 mark]
Write the chemical formula of substance R
..
[1 mark]
PAPER 2: ESSAY
4. (a)
The following are three examples of sulphate salts that can be prepared in the laboratory.
Potassium sulphate
Lead (II) sulphate
Zinc sulphate
(i)
From these examples, identify soluble and insoluble salts

[2 marks]
(ii)
State the reactants for the preparation of the insoluble salts in 4 (a) (i).
[2 marks]
(b)
With the aid of a labeled diagram, explain the crystallization method for preparing a soluble
salt from its saturated solution.
[6 marks]
(c)
You are given a solution that contains a mixture of iron (III) nitrate and iron (III) chloride.
Describe the confirmatory test to determine the presence of cation and anion in the solution. Your
description must include all the materials used, observation and conclusion.
[10 marks]
Page 82 / 96
5. (a)
Lead (II) sulphate is insoluble in water.

Describe the preparation of lead (II) sulphate in the laboratory.
In your description, include the reagents and chemical equation involved.
[10 marks]
(b)
Table 5 shows the observations from some tests carried out on salt X.
Test
Observation
I: Heating on salt X solid

II: Salt X solution is mixed with
excess aqueous ammonia
A metal oxide is formed and a brown gas is

given off.
A white precipitate which is insoluble in
excess ammonia is formed.
Table 5
Based on the information in Table 5.
(i)
Identify anion that is present in Test I and describe a chemical test to verify the anion.
[4 marks]
(ii)
Identify two cations that are present in Test II and describe a chemical test to verify the
cations.
[6 marks]
PAPER 3: STRUCTURE
6.
Seven test tubes of the same size are labelled 1 to 7. A fixed volume of 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3
potassium chromate (VI) solution is placed in each of the seven test tubes. Varying amounts of 1.0
moldm-3 of a nitrate salt of metal M is added to each test tube. For example, 1 cm3 to test tube 1, 2 cm3 of
test tube 2, and so on until 7 cm3 is added to test tube 7.
The height of the yellow precipitate formed in each test tube are recorded in the table 6.
Test tube
Height of precipitate (cm)
1
1.0
2
2.0
3
3.0
4
4.0
5
5.0
6
5.0
7
5.0
Table 6
(a)
Based on results from table 6 , plot a graph of precipitate heights against volumes of M nitrate
solution added.
Page 83 / 96
(b)
What is the volume of M nitrate solution that reacted completely with 5.0 cm3 of potassium
chromate (VI) solution? Explain your answer.
.
(c)
Calculate the number of moles of potassium chromate (VI) found in the test tube and the number
of moles of M ions that reacted completely with the 5.0 cm3 of potassium chromate (VI) solution.
(d)
Determine the formula of M chromate (VI).

...
(e)
Write the ionic equation for the formation of M chromate (VI).

..
[1 mark]
Page 84 / 96
7.
Diagram shows two containers, containing colourless solution labelled A and B.
You are told that the two colourless solutions are calcium nitrate and magnesium nitrate. You are
required to label correctly the name of each solution in the containers.
Design an experiment to identify which is calcium nitrate and which is magnesium nitrate solution by
using aqueous of ammonia solution as a reagent.
Your answer should include the following:
(a) Problem statement
(b) Hypothesis
(c) All variables
(d) List of materials and apparatus
(e) Procedure
(f)
Tabulation of data
[17 marks]
Page 85 / 96

FORM 4
SET 5
Manufactured Substances
in Industry
Page 86 / 96
PAPER 2 : SRUCTURE
1
Ammonia is produced in mass quantities in industry through a process as shown in diagram 1

below.
Nitrogen Gas
Catalyst chamber
Ammonia gas
Hydrogen gas
Diagram 1
(a)
State the name of the process for the production of ammonia in industry.
(b)
...............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Write an equation for the process stated in (a)?
(c)
..............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
State the catalyt used in this process?
(d)
...............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Other than the use of catalyst, state two conditions required for optimum production of ammonia.
(e)
...............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Ammonia react with sulphuric acid to form a fertilizer.Name the fertilizer.
(f)
...............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
The reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide produce urea, CO(NH2)2 and water.
(i)
(ii)
(g)
Write the equation for the reaction.

......................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Determine the percentage by mass of nitrogen in urea.
[Relative atomic mass ; H,1; C,12; N,14; O,16 ]
[2 marks]
Aqueous ammonia can be used as a reagent to identify cations. State the observation when aqueous
ammonia is slowly added until excess to a solution containing Cu2+ ion.
................................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Page 87 / 96
2.
Diagram 2 shows a flow chart for the formation of Salt A through Process X and Process Y.
Sulphur
Sulphur dioxide
Process
X
Sulphur trioxide
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Process
Y
Ammonia
Sulphuric Acid
Salt A
Diagram 2
(a)
Name
(i)
Process X : ....................................................................................................
(ii)
Process Y : ....................................................................................................
[2 marks ]
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Write the equation for the formation of sulphur trioxide in Process X

....................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
State the catalyst used in Process X
...................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark ]
(c)
(i)
Write the equation for the formation of ammonia in Process Y
(ii)
...................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark ]
State the optimum temperature and pressure for Process Y
Temperature:.................................... Pressure:...................................................
[1 mark ]
(d)
(i)
(ii)
Name salt A
.....................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark ]
Write the formula for salt A
.....................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark]
Page 88 / 96
(iii)
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in salt A .

Given relative atomic mass H = 1, N = 14 , O = 16, S = 32
[2 mark ]
(e)
State one use of sulphuric acid in everyday life..

..............................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark ]
Table 3 shows certain polymers and monomers for a polymerization process.

Monomer
Amino acid
Polymer
Starch
Ethene
Chloroethene
Polychloroethene(PVC)
Natural rubber
Table 3
(a)
What is meant by polymer?
(b)
................................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark ]
Complete Table 2 by writing the correct polymer or monomer for the respective monomer or polymer.
(c)
Draw the structural formula for the polymer formed from the polymerization of ethene.
[4 marks]
[ 1 mark ]
(d)
Diagram 3 shows the structural formula for the polymer polychloroethene or PVC.
H
|
C
|
H
H
|
C
|
Cl
H
|
C
|
H
H
|
C
|
Cl
H
|
C
|
H
Diagram 3
Page 89 / 96
H
|
C
|
Cl
(i)
Draw the structural for the monomer of polychloroethene.
[ 1 mark ]
(ii)
(e)
In the system for water supply to homes, PVC pipes are widely used to replace metal pipes.
State one advantage of using PVC pipes compared to using metal pipes in terms of their
chemical properties.
.....................................................................................................................................................
[ 1 mark ]
Classify the polymers in Table 3 into natural polymers and synthetic polymers.
Natural polymer
Synthetic polymer
[ 2 marks ]
PAPER 2 : ESSAY
4.
(a)
Diagram 4 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure copper and an alloy of copper, brass.
Pure copper
brass
Diagram 4
(i)
Explain why is pure copper softer than its alloy.

[3 marks]
(ii)
Explain why the alloy, brass is stronger than pure copper.

[3 marks]
(iii)
State the aim of alloying.

[3 marks]
Page 90 / 96
(b)
(i)
Explain why pure aluminium is not suitable for building bodies of planes.
[2 marks]
(ii)
State the alloy suitable for building bodies of planes and give reasons for your answer
[4 marks]
(c)
(i)
Malaysia is proud of the products from pewter as souvenirs for tourists.

Name the main metal and the foreign metal in pewter.
[2 marks]
(ii) Besides hardness, state three advantages of the alloy pewter to its pure metal.
[ 3 marks]
5.
(a)
(i)
(ii)
What is meant by the term polymers?.

Name two examples of synthetic polymers. For each example , state its monomer and
one common use.
(b)
(i)
(ii)
What is meant by the term composite material?.

Name two examples of composite materials and their respective uses.
[ 7 marks ]
[ 5 marks ]
(c)
Diagram 5 shows the waste products from a factory which affect the quality
of the environment.
a. amples/uses
b. pollution
Sulphur
dioxide
gas
Factory
actory
Building
Toxic
waste
Diagram 5
Based on diagram 5, describe how the waste products affect the quality of the environment.
Your description should include the following aspects:
Source of pollutants
Process
Effect
[ 8 marks ]
Page 91 / 96
PAPER 3 : STRUCTURE
6.
Diagram 6 shows the set up of apparatus of an experiment to compare hardness of copper and brass. The
steps of carrying out the experiment are as follows.
1.A steel ball-bearing is taped onto a copper of

block .
2. A 1-kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm
above the copper block
.
3. The weight is allowed to drop onto the ball
bearing.
1 kg
weight
Metre
ruler
4.The diameter of the dent produced by the ball

bearing on the copper block is measured.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated on other parts of the
copper block to obtain an average value for the
diameter of dents.
Steel
ball
bearing
6. Experiment is repeated by using brass block to

replace copper block.
Copper block
Diagram 6
Table 6 shows the results of the experiment
Experiment
Diameter of dent on copper block/ cm
0.5
0.6
0.5
Diameter of dent on brass block/cm
0.3
0.3
0.2
Average
diameter/ cm
Table 6
(a)
Based on Table 6, record the average diameter of dents in the space provided.
[3 marks]
Page 92 / 96
(b)
Give a statement to describe the operational definition of the hardness based on this
experiment.
.......
(c)
......
[3 marks]
Complete table below.
Name of variables
(i) Manipulated variable:
Action to be taken
(i) The way to manipulate variable:
(ii) Responding variable:

(ii) Way to observe in the responding variable:
(iii) Fixed variable:

(iii) The way to maintain the fixed variable:
..
[6 marks]
(d)
State the hypothesis for this experiment.

......
[3 marks]
(e)
Classify the following materials into pure metals and alloy.

Iron, steel, copper, aluminium
Duralumin, Bronze,
[3 marks]
Page 93 / 96
7.
Concrete and reinforced concrete are two types of composite materials. Diagram 7 shows an
experiment to investigate the strength of concrete and reinforced concrete. The 10kg weight is dropped from
a fixed height.
10 kg weight
concrete
clamp
Diagram 7
(a)
What is concrete?
.
(b)
.....
[3 marks]
What is the material used to reinforce concrete?
Why is this material able to strengthen the concrete?
....
........
....
........
[6 marks]
(c ) State three uses of reinforced concrete.
...
.......
..
[6 marks]
Page 94 / 96
(d) State the problem statement for this experiment.

..
(e)
(f)
.....
[3 marks]
Based on the experiment above, state
(i)
the manipulated variable.
(ii)
.............
the responding variable.
(iii)
............
the fixed variable.
..........
[3 marks]
What is the operational definition of strength of the composite material in this experiment..
...
...
[3 marks]
(g) A commonly used composite material is photochromic glass which is made by embedding
glass with silver chloride.
(i)
State two uses of photochromic glass.

.....................
.....................
[3 marks]
(ii) Describe how silver chloride can be prepared in the laboratory.
..................
..................
................
[3 marks]
Page 95 / 96
PAPER 3: ESSAY
Kitchen utensils such as pan, pots, spoons and forks rust easily if they
are made from iron. To overcome the problem of rusting, kitchen
utensils are made from steel.
8.
Referring to the explanation above, plan a laboratory experiment to compare the rusting of iron and steel.
Your experiment should cove the following items:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Statement of problem
Variables
Hypotheses
Experimental procedure
Tabulation of data
Page 96 / 96

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Form 4 Score A+ Module

CHEMISTRY SCORE A+ MODULE

1. The Structure of Atom

Form 4 Score A+ Module

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOMS

Matter is anything that . and has .

The particle theory of matter state that matter is ..

Subatomic particles in an atom.

Isotope are atoms with the same

The isotopes of an element have same ... but different

Compare and contrast the atoms below.

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Complete the table below.

State the name of the process involved in this experiment.

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Explain the movement of particles X between R and T during heating.

Glass wool soaked in concentrated

Glass wool soaked in concentrated

What is the observation in the glass tube?

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Name the process occurs in the glass tube.

Which gas diffused faster? Why?

Write the chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment.

What is meant by proton number?

Form 4 Score A+ Module

What is the number of valence electron of atom Y?

Write the symbol of atom X in the form of

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Graph temperature against time

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Explain why the temperature remains constant from 60 s to 120 s?

Table 5 shows four substances and their respective formulae.

State 2 substances that consist of molecules.

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Write a symbol for the element in the form of

Graph 6.3 shows the heating curve of element Y.

Form 4 Score A+ Module

What is meant by melting point?

Diagram 7 shows the electron arrangement of ion Y3+.

(i) Calculate the nucleon number of atom Y.

Form 4 Score A+ Module

State the aim of the experiments carried out.

State the hypothesis of the experiments.

The fixed variable of the experiments.

Form 4 Score A+ Module

CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

Write the chemical formula of the compound in the table below.

Write balanced chemical equation for the following chemical reactions.

Avogadro constant, NA is defined as the number of particles in one mole of a substance

1.5 mol of iron

2.0 mol of oxygen gas

1.5 mol of helium

2.0 mol hydrogen chloride

Form 4 Score A+ Module

Calculate the number of moles of the following substances.

1.8 x 1021 argon

1.2 x 1023 bromine gas

2.4 x 1020 carbon dioxide