ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

1. amqkns NnI
1798 FgpXnb An Essay on the Principle of Population
F ]pkvXIn tXmakv amqkv Cs\ FgpXn,
P\kwJy `bcambn hnpsImncnpp Geometric
progression (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ... F \ncn) Fm `y
[m\y DXv]mZ\w AXn\\pkcnv hnpn Arithmetic Progression (1,2,3,4,5,6,7...F \ncn). Xqew temIn henb
]nWnbpw ZpcnXfpw DmIpw.

2. t]m FenIv

4
P\scpw F anYy
tUm. ^ntm {^mknkv
a\pjy s]cpIn hnpXv A\n
b{nXamb coXnbnemsW Nn B[p\nI
ImeLn Dcpncn H, adnv
BbncWn\v hjpapt D
HmWv . Fm AXns\ P\kwJymhn
kvt^mS\w Fv t]cnv Hcp knmambn
]Tnnm XpSnbXv Hcp B[p\nI {]Xn`mkamWv. km
\]pjvSnbphcmbn s]cpIphn F {kjvSmhns A\p
{Kls `bmiItfmsS honp a\pjy_pnbpsS
knmsf e`yamb sXfnhpIfpsS ASnm\n
hniIe\w sNm {ianpIbmWnhnsS.
................................................................................................................................................................
43

1968 P\kwJymt_mw_v F Xs
]pkvXIn t]m FenIv Cs\
FgpXn: apgph P\pw Bhiy
amb `y[m\yw DXv]mZnnm temI
n\v km[npIbn. Xqew tImSn
Wn\v a\pjy 1980Ifn ]nWn InSv
acnpw. Cysbpdnv t]m F
env Cs\ FgpXn: Cysbpdnv
Adnbmhp Bpw Cy `y[m\y
DXv]mZ\n kzbw]cym]vXX ssIhcnpw Fv kz]v\w
ImWm km[npw Fp tXmpn. 1980Ifn 20 tImSn
Cym ]nWnInSv acnpw.

3. bmYmyw
CybpsS `y[m\yDXv]mZ\w 1951 51 Ziew S
BbncpXv 2001 196 Ziew S Bbpw (386% h\)
2009 234 Ziew S Bbpw (458% h\) hnp.
Fm P\kwJybpsS h\ 2001 234% hpw 2009 318%
hpw am{XamWv. P\kwJysbm F{Xtbm aSv `y[m\y
DXv]mZ\hpw B`yc DXv]mZ\hpw hnp Ignp (Ref.
Registrar General of India).

................................................................................................................................................................
44

--

ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

............................................................................................................................

fig. 1 CybpsS P\kwJy, samw B`ycDXv]mZ\w, `y[m\y

DXv]mZ\w ChbpsS h\ ImWnp Ign 50 hjs IWv.

hjw

1950-1951
1960-1961
1970-1971
1980-1981
1990-1991
2000-2001
2008-2009

P\kwJy

B`yc DXv]mZ\w

Population
Million Index

GDP
Rs. Crore
Index

Ziew

kqNnI

cq] (tImSn)

363
442
551
689
852
1033
1154

100
122
152
189
234
284
318

140,466
206,103
296,278
401,128
692,871
1211,747
5574449

`y[m\y DXv]mZ\w

Food Grain
Million Index
tonnes kqNnI

kqNnI Ziew S

100
146
210
285
492
861
3968

51
82
108
130
176
196
234

100
161
213
255
347
386
458

Fig1. (Source:Registrar General of India)

www.indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap515.pdf

Fig.2.- CybpsS P\kwJy, samw B`yc DXv]mZ\w, `y

[m\y DXv]mZ\wIgn 50 hjs h\ ImWnp {Km^v.
DECENNIAL GROWTH OF POPULATION, GDP
AND FOOD GRAINS PRODUCTION (1951-2001)
900
850
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

2003 Pqsse apX Cy `y[m\y Ibn Abbvp

cmPyfpsS kanXnbnse AwKamWv. Chsbmw hfsc hy
ambn ImWnpXv Cybnse P\kwJymh\sbmfpw
thKnemWv `y[m\y DXv]mZ\w hnpXv FmWv.
Cy Khsans tKmUuWpIfn sInnSp
`y[m\y am{Xw 60 Ziew Sn A[nIamWv. AXn
10 Ziew S Hmtcm hjhpw D]tbmKiq\yambnsmncn
pp (source: Outlook Magazine, Sept17, 2001).
Cv temIs apgph Xontmm Atacnbvp am{Xw
km[npw. bYmn Cv \mw t\cnSpXv `y[m\y
DXv]mZ\nse Ipdh adnv, IqSpXsImp {]iv\fm
Wv. `y[m\y Cv, a\pjyv `Wambn amdpXn\p
]Icw hml\fn C\ambn D]tbmKnpXn\pthn
Ft\m (Ethanol) Bn ampIbmWs{X. Atacn
`y[m\y DXv]mZ\ns 25% AXmbXv, 107 Ziew S,
Ft\m BpXn\p thn t\cnv ^mIvSdnIfntev amn
Fv 2009se IWpI kqNnnpp. CXv 33 tImSn
P\ Hcp hjw `nm D]tbmKnp{Xbpw hcpw
(Leser Brown, Earth Policy
US grain feeding cars
Institute Washington, USA).
Fig.3. ImdpIv C\am
Ip Atacn `y
[m\yw.

1950-1951

1960-1961

1970-1971

1980-1981

1990-1991

2000-2001

Fig 2. Decennial growth of Population, GDP, Food grain production of India

www.indiabudget.nic.in/es2001-02/chapt2002/chap515.pdf

20072008se Cy `y[m\y DXv]mZ\w 234.47 Ziew

S Bbncppshv Khsa v hr tcJsSppp.

Zmcn{Zynsbpw ]n
WnbpsSbpw ImcWw `y
[m\y DXv]mZ\nse Ipd
h; adnv hnXcWnse
A]mIXIfmWv.

Million tonnes of US grain

Used to make ethanol for cars

Millions of people
the grain could feed

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

100
80
60
40
20
0
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

SOURCE: EARTH POLICY INSTITUTE, USDA, UN

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

45

46

ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

............................................................................................................................

4. XeNmbvm HcnSw
P\kwJy Ccn hnpIbmsWn cp Imepw
Ipn \nep \nevmt]mepw ]m kabw AXnhnZqca.
aebmfnse hfsc {]Nmcap Hcp Zn\]{Xn temIP\
kwJym Zn\mNcWtmS\p_nv h hmbnse Hcp
`mKamWnXv. Ccw hmIfn F{Xtmfw bmYmy
apv Fv \mw Nnntnbncnpp.
e`yamb sXfnhpI kqNnnpXv samw Ic{]tZi
ns 2%n Xmsg ev am{Xta Ctm P\hmkapq
FmWv. `q{]IrXnbpsS \smcp iXam\hpw P\hmkanmsX
HgnpInSpp.
HmIvktv ^mUv bqWnthgvknn Avekv {]Imcw Atacnbp
sS Hcp kwm\w am{Xamb sSIvkmnXs temInse
Fm IpSpw_pw 1540 NXpc{i ASn ew hoXw \evIn
smv Xmaknnm\mIpw.

5. P\km{X
Hcp NXpc{i Intemaodn Xmaknp BfpIfpsS F
n\p ]dbp t]cmWv P\km{X.
temInse Ghpw hrnbp cmPyambn IWm
sSp knwKqcnse P\km{X 2008se IWpI {]Imcw
NXpc{i Intemaodn\v 6814 BWv. 2001 skkkv {]Imcw
Cy P\km{X 324 am{Xhpw. temIs samw FSppI
bmsWn P\km{X shdpw 40/ kvIzb In.an. BWv. AXm
bXv Hcp NXpc{i Intemao ev shdpw 40 t]. 5 t]
hoXap IpSpw_fmsWn shdpw 8 IpSpw_.
1 NXpc{iIntemao Fm 247 G BsWXpIqSn Xncn
dnbptmtg \psS acns Bgw \app a\nemIq.

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

Area Conversion
1 Sq.km = 247 acre
1 acre=100 cent
1 cent = 450 square feet
P\kwJymimkv { X IWpIqpXv Cs
temIP\kwJy 600 tImSnbn \nv ]camh[n 850 tImSnhsc
sbn ]noSv Ipdbm XpSpsamWv. 21 bqtdm]y cmPy
fn 16 Fnepw P\kwJy KWyambn Ipdp hcnIbmWv.

6. P\kwJym h\hpw sXmgnenmbvabpw

P\kwJym h\hmWv sXmgnenmbvabvv ImcWw F
coXnbnep Hcp {]NmcWw \psS CSbn hfsc iambn
pv. Fm, {]ikvX [\ImcyhnZKv\mb Cy {][m\
a{n tUm. atamlknwKv ]dbpXv, P\ cmPyns
_myXb Ghpw henb BkvXnbmsWv \mw XncndnbWw
FmWv. hnZym`ymkhpw Ignhpap bphP\XbmWv CybpsS
Ghpw henb in Atlw ]dbpp (The Hindu 26, June 2004).
P\kwJymh\ Ghpw A[nIw \nb{n kwm\
fnsemmWv tIcfw. Fm, P\\\ncv IpdXpaqew
tIcfnse kvIqfpIfn tNcp IpnIfpsS Fn
KWyamb IpdhmWv tcJsSpnbnpXv. Xqew tPmen \jvS
s A[ym]IcpsS Fw BbncWn\msWmWv IWp
I kqNnnpXv.

6.1 tIcfnse sXmgnemfnmaw

sXmgnenmbva Ghpw IqSpXep kwm\ambn XpScp
tmXs, tIcfnse sXmgnemfnmahpw AXncq
amWs{X. kwLSnX tXmw taJebn am{Xw 40% sXmgnemfn
IfpsS Ipdhpsv Atkmkntbj Hm^v mtgvkv Hm^v

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

47

48

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

tIcf (F.]n.sI) sNbam hn.Sn tPmk^v ]dp (aebmf

at\mca Pqsse 5, 2010). ncw tPmenmcpw Icm ]Wnm
cpambn kwLSnX tXmwtaJebn 10 ew t]cpsmWv
IWv.

Ipd {]XnZn\ thX\w (minimum wages) 200 cq]bmWv.

Hdok, _olm apXemb kwm\fn AXv 70 apX 80
cq] hsc am{XamWv. Db thX\\ncv tIcfn \nv av
kwm\fntev hyhkmb IqSpamdpXn\pw D
hyhkmb ASp ]qpXn\pw ImcWambn. D sXmgn
ehkct]mepw Db PohnXsNehpaqew D]tbmKs
Spm\mImsX aebmfnI Cv _pnappp. tIcfnse
sXmgnemfnmaw Hcp ]cn[nhscsbnepw Cv ]cnlcn
sSpXv A\ykwm\ sXmgnemfnIfpsS kmnyw
aqeamWv.

ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

6.2 sXmgnenmbvabpw sXmgnemfnmahpw Htc kabw?

sXmgnenmbvabpw sXmgnemfn mahpw Htc kabw \ne\nev
pIsb sshcpyspdnv hniIe\w sNptm \mw
sNspXv aebmfnbpsS Db PohnX sNehntemWv.
IqSpX kpJambn Pohnm thn afpsS Fw Ipd
amXm]nXm XncndnbmXncp Hcp Imcyapv. Ipdp hj
ptijw X tPmen sNm km[nm Hcp
{]mbnsepsapw Atm XfpsS asf B{ibnv
Pohntn hcpsapap Imcyw.
65 hbn\p apIfnephcpsS Fw tIcfn 10.5%
BWv. Fm Cysb samn FSppIbmsWn
AXv 5.5% am{Xw. tIcf P\kwJysbpdnv ]Tnp imkv{X
]dbpXv 60 hbn\p apIfnephcpsS Fw 2025
30%n FpsamWv. B{inXcmbhcpsS Fnep
h\, {]mbambhcpsS BtcmKy]cn]me\n\p A[nI
sehv Fnh sXmgn sNp aebmfnbpsS PohnXsehv
Ips\ Dbcm ImcWambn.
Cy kwm\fn Btfmlcn {]XnamksNehv
Ghpw A[nIapXv tIcfnemWv. Cysb samn
FSpptm Btfmlcn {]Xnamk sNehv 531 cq]bmWv
(2006se IWv {]Imcw). Fm tIcfnse {Kmafn
AXv 950 cq]bpw \Kcfn 1267 cq]bpw BWv. Ctm CXv
hopw KWyambn IqSnbnpv. Db {]Xnamk sNehv tIcf
n Db sXmgnemfn thX\ntev \bnp. tIcfnse

CXn \nsmw \mw Xncndntb Hcp Imcyw P\kwJym

h\ \nb{npXp aqew sXmgnenmbva ]cnlcns
SpIb cqamhpIbmWv sNpI F bmYmyamWv.

7. P\kwJym h\bpw kZvLS\bpw

Cy P\kwJy 1951 36.3 tImSnbpmbncpXv 2001
103.3 tImSnbmbn hnp. XXv^eambn Cy kZvLS\
XfcpIb Hcp hinbmbn amdpIbmWv sNbvXXv. Cybp
sS samw B`yc DXv]mZ\w (GDP) 1951se 1,40,460 tImSnbn
\nv 2001 12,11,741 tImSnbmbn hnp. h\ 891 iXam\w.
(Refer. Fig. 2) Db P\\\ncpw Db P\kwJybpw aqew
temInse Ghpw IqSpX bphP\fp cmPyamWv Cy.
Cy P\kwJybpsS aqnsemv 15 hbkn XmsgbmWv.
(2000 Bn) 20% t] 1524 hbv {]mbaphcmWv. 1524
hbkv {]mbaphcpsS Fw 1995 se 17.5 tImSnbn \nv
2000 19 tImSnbmbpw 2005 21 tImSnbmbpw hnp. 2020
Cymcs icmicn {]mbw 29 hbkv Bbncnpw. CXv ssN\
bpsS 37 hbnt\mSpw ]na bqtdmns 45 hbnt\mSpw
Pms 48 hbns\mSpw XmcXaysSpptmgmWv bYm

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

49

50

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

Icpv shfnsSpXv. Db P\\\ncpaqeapmIp

buh\{]mbnephcpsS Cu Db \ncns\ Demographic dividend FmWv P\kwJym imkv{X hnfnp
Xv. Xqew B{inXcmbhcpsS Fw Cysb samn
FSpptm hfsc IpdhmWv. Ipd PohnXsehpw sXmgn
emfn thX\\ncpw ap cmPyfn\nv sXmgn Ahkc
Cybntev hcpXn\v ImcWambn. am{Xa IqSpX
Cym hntZitv IpSntbdpXn\pw As\ Db
hcpam\w e`npXn\pw CSbmbn. hntZi\mWy kmZyhpw
Cy Icamn. kmnIcwKs Cy IpXnns
{][m\ImcWw Cy bphP\XbmWv. P\kwJym h\
kmnIcwKs XfpIb hfpIbpw ins
SppIbpamWv sNbvXXv.

WnXv. GsXmcmpw Cu ]Xnbn cPn sNmw. \qdp

Znhks tPmen AYhm Ipd Iqen Khsa v Ahv
Ddp \evIpp. Zmcn{Zy \nm\ Znibnse iamb Hcp
Imhbv]mb {]kvXpX ]Xnpthn sNehgnpXv
CybpsS samw B`yc DXv]mZ\ns shdpw 3% am{Xam
sWv \mw XncndnbWw. CXn \nv \mw a\nemtXv
Zmcn{Zyn\p ImcWw Cminbp Khsa v \bfpsS
A`mhhpw ]ehn[ NqjWfpw AgnaXnbpamWv FmWv.

ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

8. tIcfnse P\kwJym timjWw

`mcXn Fm kwm\fnepw P\kwJym hf Hmtcm
ZiInepw KWyambn IpdphcnIbmWv. P\kwJymtimj
Wn Hmw m\w tIcfn\mWv.
iXIw
19611971
19711981
19811991
19912001
20012011

7.1 Zmcn{Zyhpw P\kwJym h\bpw

1967se t\m_ km\tPXmhmb s{]m^. sska
Ipkvs\vkv Hcp Iqw cmPyfnse Zmcn{Zyns Ahbpw
P\kwJymh\bpw Xnep _spdnv ]T\w
\SpIbpmbn. 100 hjmebfhnse IWpIfmWv At
lw ]T\hnt[bamnbXv. AXn\npw ]pdphXv Zmcn{Zy
hpw P\kwJymh\bpw Xn bmsXmcp _hpan
FmWv. World Food Programme (WFP) FIvknIyqohv UbdIv
S sPbnwkv tamdnkv ]dXn{]ImcamWv, B{^nbnse
apgph IpnIfpsSbpw ]nWn 500 tImSn Atacn tUmf
Dsn amm km[npw (2006). Atacnbnepw bptdm]y
cmPyfnepambn Hma\arKv Xobvpthn sNehgn
pXv 1700 tImSn Atacn tUmfdmWs{X!

7.2 {KmaoW sXmgnepdp ]Xn

Cy Khsa v {Kmafnse Zmcn{Zy\nmP\n
\pthn 2005 BKkvv 25 apX \Snemnb Hcp ]Xnbm

tIcfw
26.29
19.24
14.32
9.43
4.86

`mcXw
24.8
24.66
23.87
21.54
17.64

tIcfn Ctm P\\\ncv (Birth Rate) KWyambn IpdbpI

bpw acW\ncv (Death Rate) KpcpXcambn hnpIbpam
sWv IWpI kqNnnpp.
hjw
1998
2001
2008

P\\w
5,91,508
5,79,063
5,35,738

Ipdbp
P\\\ncv
18.43
18.13
15.74

acWw
1,85,788
1,82,059
2,21,769

IqSp
acW\ncv
5.79
5.7
6.52

P\kwJy IpdbmXncnm th kv{Xo {]XypXv]mZ\\ncv

(TFR-Total Fertility Rate) 2.1 GhpamZyw (1988) ssIhcn kwm\
amWv tIcfw. 1993 apX CXv shdpw 1.7 BWv. (bqtdmnteXv
1.5).AXmbXv , Hcp IpSpw_n 2 IpnI t]mepan.

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

51

52

ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

............................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

Fphm, bqtdmn kw`hnXpt]mse ASp Xeapdbn

thKn Cu tZiw iq\yamIpw.
hjw KpcpXcambn Ipdbp {]XypXv]mZ\ \ncv (TFR)
1951
Hcp IpSpw_nse icmicn IpnI
5.6
1971
''
4.1
1988
''
2.1
1993
''
1.7
2011
''
1.7
CXns ^eambn, {]Xon P\kwJybmb 3.45 tImSnp
]Icw 2011 3,33,87,677 am{Xta Dq. 2011 skkkv {]Imcw
]\wXn Pnbn ap ZiIsm P\kwJy 3.12% Ipd
p. ChnsS P\nphtcm acnphcpsS Fw IqSn.
Cu {]Xn`mkw XmaknbmsX ap PnIfnepw ImWmw.
tIcfw hrcpsS \mSmbn amdnsmncnpp
hjw
60 hbn\p apIfnep hrcpsS
Fnse h\hv
2001
10.56%
2011
13%
P\\\ncv IpdbpXns ^eambn Bdp hbn\p Xmsg
bp IpnIfpsS iXam\w IpdpsImncnpp.

tIcfnse kvIq IpnIfpsS samw

Fnepmbnp Ipdhv {inpI
A[yb\ hjw
1956 - 1957
1990 - 1991
1995 - 1996
2000 - 2001
2001 - 2002
2002 - 2003
2003 - 2004
2004 - 2005
2005 - 2006
2006 - 2007
2007 - 2008
2008 - 2009
2010 - 2011

hnZymnI
27.00 ew
59.01
56.27
52.19
51.02
50.01
48.94
48.82
47.76
47.19
46.26
45.45
43.50

................................................................................................................................................................

hnZym`ymk m]\fpw ASp ]qpp.

tPmenv Bhiyn\v BfnmXn\m ImjnItaJe
{]Xnknbnembncnpp.
3. ap tkh\taJeIfnepw _nkn\n\pw a\pjyhn`hw
th{X C. CXv, kmnI amyn\p ImcWamIpw.
4. hoSpIfn hrcmb amXm]nXm GImX A\p`hnp
Ignbpp.
5. Xmaknm BfpI CmXn\m hoSpI ASp
]qm Bcw`np.
AXn\m, tIcfnse IpSpw_mkq{XW ]cn]mSnI hwi
\mi {]iv\ambnv ASnbncambn \nnhbvtXmWv
hnhmlw Ignv km\v Pw \evIphn.
\nfpsS ]p{Xo]p{Xmscbpw hnhmlw Ignnphn;
Ahpw afpmIs. \n s]cpIWw;
\nfpsS kwJy Ipdpt]mIcpXv (Psd.29:6).
................................................................................................................................................................

53

54

hjw

6 hbn\p Xmsgbp IppfpsS

Fnse Ipdhv
2001
11.91%
2011
9.95%
1990 apX tIcfnse kvIq IpnIfpsS Fw KpcpXc
ambn IpdbmWv. CXns ^eambn At\Iw Aym]Iv
tPmen \sp. Ctmgp Aym]Isc \ne\nm tIcf
km _pnappIbmWv.
P\kwJym timjWns Zpc ^e
1. kvIqfpIfnepw tImtfPpIfnepw Bhiyn\p IpnIfn. ]e

2.

ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

............................................................................................................................

9. `mcXnse Ipdbp P\\\ncpw

{]XymLmXfpw:
`mcXnse P\\\ncv Hmtcm hjhpw {IamXoXambn
IpdpsImncnpIbmWv.

hjw

1981
1991
2001
2026({]XonpXv)

Ipdbp P\\
\ncv`mcXw

4.5
3.6
2.9
2.0

hjw

19811991
19912001
20012011

P\kwJym hfbn
ep Ipdhv `mcXw

23.87%
21.54%
17.64%

2011 skkkv {]Imcw `mcXnse Fm kwm\fnepw

P\\\ncv KWyambn IpdpsImncnpp. P\km{X
Ghpw IqSpXep Bdv kwm\fnepw P\\\ncv
KpcpXcambn IpdpIgnp. kzmX{yn\ptijap Ghpw
Ipd P\\\ncmWv CsXv `mcXns cPnkv{Sm P\d
hyampp. (Ref.Registrar General of India April 2011)
P\kwJym hfbnep Ipdhv

kwm\w

19912001

200111

bp.]n

28.85

20.09

almcm{

22.73

15.99

_olm

28.62

25.07

]na_wKm

17.77

13.93

B{{]tZiv

14.59

11.10

ay{]tZiv

24.26

20.30

............................................................................................................................ ssZhm\p{Klns hgnI

10. acnpsImncnp kwm\w tKmh

PohnX\nehmcn\pw ASnm\kuIcypw Cybnse
kwm\fn Hmwm\w tKmhbvmWv. Fm, P\\
\ncv henbtXmXn Ipdv acnpsImncnp kwm\amWv
tKmh.
hjw

P\kwJymhfbnep
IpdhvtKmh

1971

34.7%

1981

26.8%

1991

16.1%

2001

14.9%

2011

8.17%

temIw Cv t\cnSpXv P\kwJymhnkvt^mS\a, adnv,

P\kwJymtimjWw F AXohKpcpXcamb Hcp nXn
hntijamsWv \mw Xncndntbnbncnpp. \psS
IpSpw_fn IqSpX a P\nnsn \psS `mhn
CcpfSXpw ZpcnX]qhpw Bbncnpw Fp Xncndnbm
AXn_pnsbmpw Bhiyan; Hcp km[mcWmc hnthIw
am{Xw aXn. km\]pjvSnbphcmbn s]cpIphn, `qanbn
\ndv AXns\ IogSphn F {kjvSmhns A\p{Kl
n hnizknp Hcp ]pXnb Xeapdsb hmsSppXp
hgn A]ISIcamb Cu nXn hntijs t\cnSm \app
]cn{ianmw.

................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................

55

56