he Dalton Model: John Dalton English chemist that proposed first atomic theory in 1803.

Points of Dalton's Theory: 1. All elements are composed of indivisible particles. 2. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike. 3. Atoms of different elements are different. 4. Compounds are formed by joining atoms of two or more elements.

The Thomson Model: J. J. Thomson English scientist who discovered electrons in 1897. Sometimes called the "plum pudding" model, Thomson thought of an atom as being composed of a positively charged material with the negatively charged electrons scattered through it. The Rutherford Model: Ernest Rutherford British physicist who discovered the nucleus in 1908. Rutherford's model proposed that an atom is mostly empty space. There is a small, positive nucleus with the negative electrons scattered around the outside edge. The Bohr Model: Niels Bohr Danish scientist who proposed the Planetary Model in 1913. Electrons move in definite orbits around the nucleus, like planets moving around the nucleus. Bohr proposed that each electron moves in a specific energy level.

Sir James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1935. The Wave Model: Based on wave mechanics, this model proposes that electrons have NO definite path in an atom. The probable location of an electron is based on how much energy it has. The more energy an electron has, the farther from the nucleus. The small, positively charged nucleus is surrounded by a large space in which there are enough electrons to make the atom neutral.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom (7.5, 7.6) The most common way to describe electrons in atoms according to quantum mechanics is to solve the Schrdinger equation for the energy states of the electrons within the atom. When the electron is in these states, its energy is well-defined but its position is not. The position of an electron is described by a probability distribution map called an orbital. The solutions to the Schrdinger equation (including the energies and orbitals) are characterized by three quantum numbers: n, l, and ml. The principal quantum number (n) determines the energy of the electron and the size of the orbital; the angular momentum quantum number (l) determines the shape of the orbital; and the magnetic quantum number (ml) determines the orientation of the orbital.