TH VI N TIME.H Cc i t ng ki u struct tm c s d ng lu tr ngy thng v th i gian.

an. struct tm { int tm_sec; int tm_min; int tm_hour; int tm_mday; int tm_mon; int tm_year; //year since 1900 int tm_wday; //days since Sunday int tm_yday; //days since 1 January: [0,365] int tm_isdst; //daylight saving time flag } C tm_isdst l s dng (+) n u daylight saving time c tc d ng, b ng 0 n u khng c, l s m (-) n u khng c thng tin. M quy cch ngha %a Tn ngy trong tu n vi t t t %A Tn ngy trong tu n y %b Tn thng vi t t t %B Tn thng y %c Date v time %d Ngy trong thng %H Gi trong ngy, 24 gi %h Gi trong ngy, 12 gi %j Ngy trong nm %m Thng %M Pht sau gi %p AM hay PM %s Giy trong gi %U Tu n trong nm %w Ngy trong tu n (0-6) %x Date %X Time %y Nm trong th k %Y Nm %Z Mi gi %% K t % Truy nh p vo ng h clock_t clock (void); y l s xung ng h c a my. Mu n tnh ra giy, ta em chia v i CLOCK_PER_SEC. N u t o xung ng h c a CPU khng c, hm tr l i gi tr 1.

Truy nh p vo th i gian double difftime (time_t t0, time_t t1); char *asctime (const struct tm *tp); size_t strftime (char *s, size_t n, const char *cntrl_str, const struct tm*tp); structtm *gmtime (const time_t *t_ptr); struct tm *localtime (const time_t *t_ptr); time_t mktime (struct tm *tp); time_t time (time_t *timer); nh n th i gian h th ng quy ra giy void getdate (struct date *datep); nh n ngy h th ng void setdate (struct date *datep); thi t l p ngy h th ng void gettime (struct time *timep); nh n gi h th ng void settime (struct time *timep); thi t l p gi h th ng TH VI N STRING.H Cc hm qu n l b nh int memcmp (const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n); so snh n byte trong 2 chu i s1, s2 (phn bi t ch hoa, ch th ng) N u gi tr tr v >0 th chu i s1 > chu i s2 N u gi tr tr v <0 th chu i s2 < chu i s1 N u gi tr tr v =0 th chu i s2 gi ng chu i s1 int memicmp (const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n); so snh n byte trong 2 chu i s1, s2 (khng phn bi t ch hoa, ch th ng) N u gi tr tr v >0 th chu i s1 > chu i s2 N u gi tr tr v <0 th chu i s2 < chu i s1 N u gi tr tr v =0 th chu i s2 gi ng chu i s1 void *memchr (const void *s, int c, size_t n); tm k t c trong n byte u c a vng s, n u tm th y, hm tr v a ch c a byte ch a k t c u tin trong s, tri l i, tr v NULL void *memccpy (void *dest, const void *src, int c, size_t n); sao chp cc k t t vng src sang vng dest, vi c sao chp k t thc khi g p k t c ho c sao chp n k t void *memcpy (void *dest, const void *src, size_t n); sao chp n k t t vng src sang vng dest, hm cho l i a ch vng dest void *memmove (void *dest, const void *src, size_t n); void *memset (void *s, int c, size_t n); g i k t c vo n byte u c a chu i s, hm tr l i a ch chu i s void movedata (unsigned srcseg, unsigned srcoff, unsigned destseg, unsigned destoff, size_t n); sao chp n byte t phn o n srcseg:srcoff n a ch destseg:destoff Cc hm qu n l xu k t char *gets (char *s); nh p chu i char *puts (char *s); xu t chu i char *strcat (char *s1, const char *s2); ghp chu i s2 vo ui chu i s1 char *strchr (const char *s, int c); tm k t c trong chu i s (b t u t bn tri), khng c tr v NULL char *strcpy (char *s1, const char *s2); sao chp n i dung trong s2 vo trong s1 char *strdup (const char *s); g p i chu i s char *strerror (int error_number); char *strlwr (char *s); i chu i s thnh ch th ng

char *strncat (char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n); char *strncpy (char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n); sao chp t i a n k t u c a chu i s2 vo trong s1 char *strnset (char *s, int c, int n); gn n l n k t c vo trong chu i s char *strpbrk (const char *s1, const char *s2); tm l n xu t hi n u tin c a m t k t thu c s2 trong s1, n u c, hm cho a ch c a k t tm th y trong s1, tri l i, hm cho NULL char *strrchr (const char *s, int c); tm k t c trong chu i s (b t u t bn ph i), khng c tr v NULL char *strrev (char *s); o ng c cc k t trong chu i s char *strset (char *s, int c); t k t c vo m i v tr trong chu i s (thay cc k t trong s b ng c) char *strstr (const char *s1, const char *s2); tm chu i s2 trong chu i s1, tr v v tr chu i s2 trong chu i s1 char *strtok (char *s1, const char *s2); char *strupr (char *s); i chu i s thnh ch hoa int strcmp (const char *s1, const char *s2); tr v k t qu so snh 2 chu i s1 v s2, khng phn bi t ch hoa, ch th ng c a cng m t k t N u gi tr tr v >0 th chu i s1 ch a chu i s2 N u gi tr tr v <0 th chu i s2 ch a chu i s1 N u gi tr tr v =0 th chu i s2 gi ng chu i s1 int strcoll (const char *s1, const char *s2); int stricmp (const char *s1, const char *s2); tr v k t qu so snh 2 chu i s1 v s2, phn bi t ch hoa, ch th ng c a cng m t k t N u gi tr tr v >0 th chu i s1 ch a chu i s2 N u gi tr tr v <0 th chu i s2 ch a chu i s1 N u gi tr tr v =0 th chu i s2 gi ng chu i s1 int strncmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n); so snh n k t u tin c a chu i s1 v s2 int strnicmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n); so snh n k t u tin c a chu i s1 v s2, khng phn bi t ch hoa, ch th ng c a cng m t k t size_t strcspn (const char *s1, const char *s2); tm di o n u c a chu i size_t strlen (const char *s); xc nh chi u di chu i s size_t strspn (const char *s1, const *s2); tm di o n u c a chu i size_t strxfrm (char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n); unsigned *strlen (const char *s); xc nh chi u di chu i s

TH VI N STDLIB.H File tiu ny ch a cc nguyn m u c a cc hm c s d ng vo cc m c ch chung, ho c v i cc macro v cc nh ngha ki u c lin quan. C p pht b nh ng unsigned coreleft (void); cho bi t b nh kh d ng trong vng c p pht ng i v i m hnh tiny, small v medium unsigned long coreleft (void); cho bi t b nh kh d ng trong vng c p pht ng i v i m hnh compact large v huge void *calloc (size_t n, size_t size); c p pht vng nh cho n i t ng kch c size byte void *malloc (size_t size); c p pht vng nh cho size byte

void *realloc (void *block, size_t size); c p pht l i b nh void free (void *block); gi i phng vng nh c p pht Tm ki m v s p x p void *bsearch (const void *key_ptr; const void *a_ptr, size_t n_els, size_t el_size, int compare (const void *, const void *)); void qsort (vois *a_ptr, size_t n_els, size_t el_size, int compare (const void *, const void *)); T o s nh u nhin int random (int n); t o cc s ng u nhin trong kho ng t 0 n (num-1) int rand (void); t o s ng u nhin trong kh ang t 0 n 32767 void randomize (void); kh i ng c ch t o s ng u nhin b ng gi tr ng u nhin void srand (unsigned seed); kh i t o b t o s ng u nhin b ng gi tr seed, khng c gi tr tr l i Truy n thng v i mi tr ng char *getenv (const char *name); int system (const char *s); S h c int abs (int x); long labs (long x); div_t div (int numer, int denom); ldiv_t ldiv (long numer, long deniom); Chuy n i xu k t char *itoa (int x, char *s, int cs); chuy n s nguyn x trong h m c s cs sang chu i v lu vo vng nh s, hm tr v a ch c a vng s char *ltoa (long x, char *s, int cs); chuy n s ki u long x trong h m c s cs sang chu i v lu vo vng nh s, hm tr v a ch c a vng s char *ultoa (unsigned long x, char *s, int cs); chuy n s ki u unsigned long x trong h m c s cs sang chu i v lu vo vng nh s, hm tr v a ch c a vng s double atof (const char *s); chuy n i xu cc ch s str thnh m t s float int atoi (const char*s); chuy n i xu cc ch s str thnh m t s int long atol (cont char *s); chuy n i xu cc ch s str thnh m t s long double strtod (const char *s, char **end_ptr); long strtol (const char *s, char **end_ptr, int base); unsigned long strtoul (const char *s, char **end_ptr, int base); char *ecvt (double value, int ndig, int *dec, int *sign); chuy n gi tr ki u double sang chu i ch g m cc ch s char *fcvt (double value, int ndig, int *dec, int *sign); chuy n gi tr ki u double sang chu i ch g m cc ch s char *gcvt (double value, int ndec, char *buf); chuy n gi tr ki u double sang chu i c c d u ch m th p phn v d u (-) cho s m Cc hm k t nhi u byte int mblen (const char *s, size_t n); int mbrowc (wchar_t *p, const char *s, size_t n); int wctomb (char *s, wchar_t wc);

Cc hm xu k t nhi u byte size_t mbstowcs (wchar_t *wcs, const char *mbs, size_t n); int wcstombs (char *mbs, const wchar_t *wcs, size_t n); R i kh i chng trnh void abort (void); k t thc chng trnh m t cch khng bnh th ng int atexit (atexit_t func); void exit (int status); k t thc chng trnh m t cch bnh th ng TH VI N CONIO.H char *cgets (char *str); char *getpass (const char *prompt); c password V d : #include #include main() { char *password; password=getpass cout<<"Enter password:"< return 0; } extern int _wscroll; int cputs (const char *str); int fgetc (FILE *stream); int fputc (int c, FILE *stream); int getch (void); c m t k t t bn phm, khng hi n ln k t g vo int getche (void); c m t k t t bn phm, c hi n l i k t g vo. K t e cu i c ngha l hi n l i (echo) int gettext (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, void *destin); int inp (unsigned portid); int kbhit (void); ki m tra xem c k t g vo hay khng V d : #include #include main() { clrscr(); cout<<"Press any key"; while (!kbhit()); cout<<"\r\Continue\r\n"; return 0;

getch(); } int movetext (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, int destleft, int desttop); int outp (unsigned portid, int value); int putch (int c); a m t k t ln c a s vn b n trn mn hnh int puttext (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2, void *source); int textmode (int mode); int ungetch (int c); int wherex (void); cho bi t honh hi n t i c a con tr int wherey (void); cho bi t tung hi n t i c a con tr void _setcursortype (int cur_t); void clrscr (void); xo tr ng mn hnh (Clear Screen) void clreol (void); xo cc k t n m bn ph i i m nh c (Clear End Of Line) void delline (void); xo m t dng trong c a s void gettextinfo (struct text_info *r); cho thng tin v ki u hi n th vn b n void gotoxy (int x, int y); di chuy n con tr t i t a (x,y) trn mn hnh void highvideo (void); lm sng c a k t tng ln void insline (void); xen m t dng trong c a s void lowvideo(void); lm sng c a k t y u i void normvideo(void); lm sng c a k t bnh th ng void textbackground (int color); ch n mu n n void textcolor(int color); l a ch n mu k t m i void textattr (int attr); xc l p thu c tnh c a k t trn mn hnh void window (int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2); t o c a s vn b n c t a 2 gc: gc trn-bn tri (x1,y1) v gc d i-bn ph i (x2,y2). Sau , m i vn b n trn mn hnh s n m trong c a s ny. TH VI N STDIO.H File tiu ny ch a cc macro, cc nh ngha ki u v cc nguyn m u prototype c a cc hm c ng i l p trnh s d ng truy nh p vo file. Sau y l m t s macro v cc nh ngha ki u: #define BUFSIZ 1024 //kch th c cho t t c c b nh m #define EOF (-1) //gi tr tr l i c a End Of File #define FILENAME_MAX 255 // di l n nh t tn file #define FOPEN_MAX 20 //s file l n nh t c th m #define L_tmpnam 16 //kch th c m ng cho tmp tn file #define NULL 0 //gi tr con tr NULL #define PATH_MAX 1024 // di c c i c a ng d n #define TMP_MAX 65535 //s l n nh t c a cc tn file duy nh t typedef long pos_t; // c s d ng v i fsetpos() typedef unsigned size_t //ki u t ton t sizeof typedef char *va_list; // c s ng v i h vfprintf() C u trc file v i t kho FILE c cc thnh ph n m t tr ng thi hi n t i c a m t file. Tn v s ph n t c a n ph

thu c vo t ng h th ng M t i t ng ki u FILE c th ghi t t c cc thng tin c n thi t i u khi n m t lu n (stream), k c m t hi n th hay c thng bo (indicator) v tr c a file, m t con tr t i buffer c a n, m t hi n th hay c bo l i ch a cc l i ghi/ c c th x y ra, v m t hi n th hay c bo end of file ghi nh n g p d u hi u k t thc file cha. Cc macro c dng nh ngha stdin, stdout v stderr. M c d chng ta ngh chng l cc file, song th c ch t chng l c con tr . #define stdin ($_iob[0]) #define stdout ($_iob[1]) #define stderr ($_iob[2]) Khng gi ng cc file khc,stdin, stdout v stderr khng c n ph i m ra m t cch t ng minh. M t s macro khc c s d ng v i cc hm nh sau: #define _IOFBF 0 //setvbuf(): full buffering #define _IOFBF 0x80 //setvbuf(): full buffering #define _IOFBF 0x04 //setvbuf(): full buffering #define SEEK_SET 0 //fseek(): beginning of file #define SEEK_CUR 1 //fseek(): current position in file #define SEEK_END 2 //fseek(): end of file Khi m t file c m , h i u hnh k t n i n v i m t stream v gi thng tin v stream trong m t i t ng ki u FILE. M t con tr tr t i FILE c th xem nh ang c k t n i v i file ho c v i lu ng stream, ho c c hai. Cc hm c p 2 Cc hm c p 2 s d ng c u trc FILE v m k t thc EOF, t t c u c khai bo v nh ngha trong . M EOF b ng -1 cn c u trc FILE g m cc thnh ph n dung qu n l t p tin nh: + level cho bi t c cn vng m trong d li u hay khng + bsize l n vng m (m c nh l 512 bytes) + flags cc c tr ng thi FILE *fdopen (int handle, char *type); FILE *fopen (const char *filename, const char *mode); m m t file Cc i (mode) "r", "rt" m m t file c theo ki u vn b n, file c t n t i, n u khng s c l i "w", "wt" m m t file ghi theo ki u vn b n, n u file t n t i, n s b xo "a", "at" m m t file ghi b sung theo ki u vn b n, n u file cha t n t i th t o file m i "rb" m m t file c theo ki u nh phn, file c n t n t i, n u khng s c l i "wb" m m t file ghi theo ki u nh phn, n u file t n t i, n s b xo "ab" m m t file ghi b sung theo ki u nh phn, n u file cha t n t i th t o file m i "r+", "r+t" m m t file c/ghi theo ki u vn b n, file c n t n t i, n u khng s c l i "w+", "w+t" m m t file m i c/ghi theo ki u vn b n, n u file t n t i, n s b xo "r+b" m m t file c/ghi theo ki u nh phn, file c n t n t i, n u khng s c l i "w+b" m m t file m i c/ghi theo ki u nh phn, n u file t n t i, n s b xo "a+b" m m t file c/ghi b sung theo ki u nh phn, n u file cha t n t i th t o file m i

int fclose (FILE *stream); ng m t file int fcloseall (void); ng t t c cc file ang m int fflush (FILE *stream); xo vng m bn phm int flushall (void); xo vng m bn phm, th ng s d ng tr c cc hm nh gets ho c scanf FILE *freopen (const char *filename, const char *mode, FILE *fp); FILE *_fsopen (const char *filename, const char *mode, int shflg); void setbuf (FILE *stream, char *buf); int setvbuf (FILE *stream, int mode, size_t n); FILE *tmpfile (void); char *tmpnam (char *s); Truy nh p vo c v tr file int fseek (FILE *stream, long offset, int whence); chuy n con tr n v tr b t k trn file (nn dng theo ki u nh phn) long ftell (FILE *stream); cho bi t v tr hi n t i c a con tr ch v void rewind (FILE *stream); chuy n con tr v v tr u file int fgetpos (FILE *stream, fops_t *pos); int fsetpos (FILE *stream, const fops_t *pos); Qu n l l i void clearer (FILE *stream); int feof (FILE *stream); cho bi t n cu i file hay cha int ferror (FILE *stream); cho bi t c l i (khc 0) hay khng c l i (b ng 0) void perror (const char *s); thng bo l i trn mn hnh (khi bi t c l i) Cc hm xu t/nh p k t int getc (FILE *stream); c k t t file int getchar (void); nh n m t k t t stdin, hm tr v k t nh n c char *gets (char *s); nh p m t chu i k t t stdin int fgetc (FILE *stream); c k t t file char *fgets (char *c, int n, FILE *stream); c m t chu i k t t file int fputc (int c, FILE *stream); ghi k t ln file int fputs (const char *s, FILE *stream); ghi m t chu i k t ln file int putc (int c, FILE *stream); ghi k t ln file int putchar (int c); a m t k t ra stdout int puts (const char *s); a m t chu i k t ra stdout int ungetc (int c, FILE *stream); Cc hm nh p xu t theo ki u vn b n int cprintf (const char *format [,argument,...]); int cscanf (const char *format [,address,...]); int fprintf (FILE *stream, const char *format [,argument,...]); ghi d li u theo khun d ng ln file int fscanf (FILE *stream, const char *format [,address,...]); c d li u theo khun d ng t file int printf (const char *format [,argument,...]); xu t d li u theo nh d ng int scanf (const char *format [,address,...]); nh p d li u theo nh d ng

int sprintf (char *buffer, const char *format [,argument,...]); int sscanf (const char *buffer, const char *format [,address,...]); int vfprintf (FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list arglist); int vfscanf (FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list arglist); int vprintf (const char *format, va_list arglist); int vscanf (const char *format, va_list arglist); int vsprintf (char *buffer, const char *format, va_list arglist); int vsscanf (char *buffer, const char *format, va_list arglist); Cc hm nh p xu t theo ki u nh phn int getw (FILE *stream); c m t s nguyn t file int putw (int w, FILE *stream); ghi m t s nguyn ln file size_t fread (void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE *stream); c m t s m u tin t file size_t fwrite (void *ptr, size_t size, size_t n, FILE *stream); ghi m t s m u tin ln file Xo ho c i tn file int remove (const char *filename); xo m t file int rename (const char *filename1, const char *filename2); i tn m t file int unlink (const char *filename); xo m t file Cc hm nh p xu t c p 1 Cc file tiu v bi n chu n s d ng cc hm c p 1, ta c n t i cc file tiu sau: io.h ch a cc nguyn m u c a cc hm c p 1 fcntl.h ch a cc nh ngha quy n truy nh p (access) sys/stat.h ch a cc nh ngha thu c tnh (mode) dos.h ch a cc nh ngha thu c tnh (attribute) theo DOS Ngoi ra, cn c n n bi n chu n c a C _fmode ( nh ngha trong fcntl.h v stdlib.h) xc nh ki u nh p xu t (nh phn hay vn b n) int creat (const char *path, int mode); t o m t file m i c thu c tnh cho b i mode. Trong tr ng h p file t n t i: -N u file ghi, n s b xo -N u file c th b l i -Khi c l i, hm tr v -1 -Khi thnh cng, hm tr v s hi u file (handle) Thu c tnh S_IREAD file c, khng th xo, s a ch a, b sung S_IWRITE file ghi, c th xo, s a ch a, b sung int _creat (const char *path, int attrib); t o m t file m i theo ki u nh phn Thu c tnh FA_RDONLY file ch c, khng th xo, s ch a, b sung FA_ARCH file ghi FA_HIDDEN file n, khng hi n trong l nh DIR c a DOS int open (const char *path, int access [, unsigned mode ]); m m t file c ho c xy d ng file m i c, ghi i access Gi tr ngha

O_APPEND ghi b sung O_BINARY ki u nh p xu t nh phn O_CREAT t o file (n u cha c) O_RDONLY ch c O_RDWR c v ghi O_TEXT ki u nh p xu t vn b n O_TRUNC xo file n u c t n t i O_WRONLY nbsp;ch ghi int _open (const char *filename, int oflag); m m t file t n t i c, ghi int close (int handle); ng m t file int _close (int handle); ng m t file int chmod (const char *path, int amode); thay i thu c tnh file int _chmod (const char *path, int func [, int attrib ]); thay i thu c tnh file theo ki u DOS int write (int handle, void *buf, unsigned len); ghi m t dy cc byte ln file, n u thnh cng, hm tr v mt s b ng s byte ghi c, c l i tr v -1 int read (int handle, void *buf, unsigned len); c m t dy cc byte t file long lseek (int handle, long offset, int fromwhere); di chuy n con tr ch v DANH M C CC HM TRONG TH VI N H A arc v cung trn c gc b t u, gc k t thc, t a tm bar v hnh ch nh t c t bn trong bar3d v hnh ch nh t theo khng gian 3 chi u c t bn trong circle v hnh trn cleardevice xo mn hnh, a con tr v gc trn-bn tri clearviewport xo khung hnh closegraph ng ch h a detectgraph ki m tra ph n c ng v xc nh trnh i u khi n v ch drawpoly v a gic v i ki u n t v v mu hi n t i ellipse v cung elip fillellipse v hnh elip c t mu fillpoly t a gic c s d ng b chuy n i qut floodfill t m t mi n b ch n, dung m u t v mu hi n t i getarccoords nh n l i t a v cung getaspectratio tr l i h s tng quan t l trn mn hnh getbkcolor nh n l i mu n n hi n t i getcolor nh n l i mu v hi n t i getdefaultpalette nh n l i b ng mu ng m nh getdrivername nh n l i tn v m ch h a getfillpattern nh n l i m u t getfillsettings nh n l i m u t c thi t l p m i nh t getgraphmode nh n l i ch h a hi n t i getimage c t nh bit c a m t vng hnh vo trong b nh m getlinesettings nh n l i ki u v , nt v v dy nt v getmaxcolor nh n l i gi tr mu l n nh t c th c c a ch h a getmaxmode nh n l i gi tr ch cao nh t c th c

getmaxx nh n l i gi tr phn gi i ngang getmaxy nh n l i gi tr phn gi i d c getmodename nh n l i tn ch h a getmoderamge nh n l i ch l n nh t v th p nh t c a v h a getpalettesize nh n l i gi tr b ng mu getpixel nh n l i mu c a i m v getpalette nh n l i gi tr b ng mu gettextsettings nh n l i gi tr v ki u ch , h ng vi t, kch th c getviewsettings nh n l i thng tin v khung hnh v cc tham s getx nh n l i t a x c a v tr h a hi n t i gety nh n l i t a y c a v tr h a hi n t i graphdefaults a v tr con tr hi n t i v gc trn bn tri, kh i ng l i ch h a grapherrormsg nh n l i cc xu k t thng bo l i cho errorcode graphresult nh n l i gi tr bo l i c a thao tc h a cu i cng imagesize tr l i gi tr s byte c n thi t c t m t vng ch nh t trn mn hnh intalluserdrive ci t cc trnh i u khi n h a m i vo b ng BGI intalluserfont ci t m t font ch m i cha trong h th ng BGI initgraph kh i t o vo ch h a line v m t o n th ng gi a 2 i m ch r linerel v m t o n th ng v i kho ng cch tng i lineto v m t o n th ng t i m hi n t i t i... moverel d ch chuy n v tr hi n t i t i i m m i theo t a tng i moveto d ch chuy n v tr hi n t i t i i m m i outtext vi t ra dng vn b n t i v tr hi n t i outteaxtxy vi t ra dng vn b n t i v tr (x,y) pieslice v m t mi ng bnh trn putimage n p hnh nh bit vo mn hnh putpixel v m t i m nh t i t a (x,y) rectangle v hnh ch nh t khng t bn trong v i mu v nt v hi n t i registerbgidriver ng k trnh i u khi n BGI v i h th ng h a registerbgifont ng k font BGI v i h th ng h a restorecrtmode khi ph c l i ch mn hnh g c tr c khi ch h a c kh i t o dng sector v v t m t mi ng khung hnh elip setactivepage thay i trang tch c c cho ra h a setallpalette thay i ton b b ng mu setaspectratio thay i t l tng quan ngang d c setbkcolor t mu n n setcolor t mu v hi n t i setfillpattern t m u t do ng i dung nh ngha setfillstyle t m u v mu t setgraphbufsize thay i kch th c b nh m qut v t setgraphmode t h th ng t i ch h a v xo mn hnh setlinestyle t ki u nt v setpalette thay i gi tr b ng mu setrgbppalette thay i gi tr b ng mu cho v m ch IBM8514 v VGA settextjustify t ch cn l cho outtext v outtextxy

settexttyle thi t l p font ch , h ng, kch th c vi t ch h a setusercharsize thay i r ng v chi u cao font vector setviewport thi t l p khung nhnh h a setvisualpage thi t l p s trang nhn setwritemode thi t l p cch th c ghi ln mn hnh v l COPY ln hay XNOR textheight tr l i cao c a xu ch , tnh theo pixel textwidth tr l i r ng c xu ch , tnh theo pixel

TH VI N PROCESS.H Cc hm ki m sot qu trnh int system (const char *command); th c hi m m t cu l nh DOS, thnh cng tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 void abort (void); k t thc chng trnh m t cch khng bnh th ng void exit (int status); k t thc chng trnh m t cch bnh th ng TH VI N MATH.H Cc hm ton h c d u ch m ng double acos (double x); tr v arc cosine c a x, c bi u di n t 0 n double asin (double x); tr v arc sine c a x, c bi u di n t -/2 n /2 double atan (double x); tr v arc tangent c a x, c bi u di n t -/2 n /2 double atan2 (double x, double y); tr v arc tangent c a x/y, c bi u di n t - n double cabs (struct complex x); tr v gi tr tuy t i c a s ph c x double ceil (double x); tr v ph n nguyn c a s ch m ng khng nh hn x (lm trn s ln) double cos (double x); tr v cos c a x, c bi u di n theo radian double cosh (double x); tr v gi tr cosine hyperbolic c a x double exp (double x); tr v ex double fabs (double x); tr v gi tr tuy t i c a s th c x double floor (double x); tr v ph n nguyn c a s ch m ng khng l n hn x (lm trn s xu ng) double fmod (double x, double y); l y ph n d c a php chia (x/y), y ph i khc 0 double frexp (double x, int *exponent); l y ph n gi tr c a x khi tch nh m trong kho ng 0,5 n 1 hay m=0 double ldexp (double x, int exponent); double log (double x); tr v logarit t nhin c a x double log10 (double x); tr v logarit c s 10 c a x double modf (double x, double *ipart); tch s x thnh ph n s nguyn v ph n s l sau d u ch m th p phn, c t ph n nguyn trong *ipart v tr v ph n l double pow (double x, double y); tr v xy double pow10 (int x); tr v x10 double sin (double x); tr v sin c a x, c bi u di n theo radian double sinh (double x); tr v gi tr sine hyperbolic c a x double sqrt (double x); tr v cn b c 2 c a x double tan (double x); tr v tang c a x, c bi u di n theo radian double tanh (double x); tr v gi tr tangent hyperbolic c a x int abs (int x); tr v gi tr tuy t i c a s nguyn x long double cabsl (struct complexl (x)); long double frexp (long double (x));

long double fabsl (long double @E (x)); long double frexp (long double (x), int *(exponent)); long double ldexpl (long double (x), int (exponent)); long double modfl (long double (x), long double *(ipart)); long double pow101 (int (x)); tr v x101 long int labs (long int x); TH VI N DOS.H Cc hm truy nh p tr c ti p vo b nh char peekb (unsigned segment, unsigned offset); nh n m t byte t i a ch phn o n segment:offset int peek (unsigned segment, unsigned offset); nh n l i m t t t i a ch phn o n segment:offset void poke (unsigned segment, unsigned offset, int value); g i gi tr nguyn value vo b nh t i a ch phn o n segment:offset void pokeb (unsigned segment, unsigned offset, char value); g i gi tr k t value vo b nh t i a ch phn o n segment:offset TH VI N DIR.H Cc hm ki m sot th m c char *getcwd (char *buf, int buflen); l y tn th m c ch , hm tr v buf int chdir (const char *path); i th m c ch (c ng d n), n u thnh cng tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 int findfirst (const char *pathname, struct ffblk *ffblk, int attrib); tm file trn th m c (c ng d n, thu c tnh), n u tm th y tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 int findnext (struct ffblk *ffblk); ti p t c tm file trn th m c theo cc ch d n cho trong ffblk, n u tm th y tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 int getcurdir (int driver, char *directory); chuy n th m c hi n hnh), n u thnh cng tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 int mkdir (const char *path); t o th m c m i (c ng d n), n u thnh cng tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 int rmdir (const char *path); xo th m c (c ng d n), n u thnh cng tr v 0, c l i tr v -1 TH VI N CTYPE.H Cc hm qu n l, ki m tra k t int isalnum (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t alphanumeric (ch ci hay ch s ) int isalpha (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t ch alphabetic (A-Z hay a-z) int isascii (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t c m ASCII t 0-127 int iscntrl (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t i u khi n, c m ASCII t 0 n 0x1F ho c m b ng 0x7F (DEL) int isdigit (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t s (0-9) int isgraph (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t in c, c m ASCII t 0x21 n 0x7E (khng k k t kho ng tr ng) int islower (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t ch th ng (a-z) int isprint (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t in c, c m ASCII t 0x20 n 0x7E (k c k t kho ng tr ng) int ispunct (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t d u (khc k t alphanumeric v k t kho ng tr ng) int isspace (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t kho ng tr ng int isupper (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t ch hoa (A-Z) int isxdigit (int c); tr v khc 0 n u c bi u di n m t k t s th p l c phn (0-9, A-F hay a-f) int toascii (int c); chuy n c v m ASCII tng ng n u c bi u di n m t k t trong b ng m ASCII

int tolower (int c); chuy n c thnh k t th ng tng ng n u c bi u di n m t k t hoa int toupper (int c); chuy n c thnh k t hoa tng ng n u c bi u di n m t k t th ng