Công Nghệ Đúc

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c
B mn K Thut Ch To My
Li ni u
Nm trong chng trnh o to i hc ngnh c kh ca trng i hc k
thut cng nghip. K thut ch to my l mn hc k thut c s gii thiu cc
phng php ch to phi v cc chi tit my dng trong ngnh ch to my v
nhiu ngnh khc ca nn kinh t quc dn. Mn hc cung cp nhng kin thc c
bn v cc qu trnh sn xut c, hn v rn dp, hng dn cch thit k cng
ngh v chn dng c, thit b thc hin cc qu trnh cng ngh .
thc hin c mc tiu nu trn ca mn hc, gn hc vi hnh, cng vi
vic tip nhn cc kin thc qua chng trnh hc hc tp l thuyt theo cc gio
trnh mn hc, ngi hc cn phi thc hin cc bi th nghim v cc bi tp thc
hnh. Ti liu bi tp mn hc k thut ch to my ny gip cho ngi hc c c
s v iu kin thun li thc hin c cc bi tp mn hc c giao trong
qu trnh hc tp, gip ngi hc lm quen v c kh nng thit k cng ngh ch
to cc loi phi v chi tit my c kt cu tng i n gin.
Ti liu c mt tp th ging vin ca b mn Cng ngh kim loi bin
son, do PTS L Cao Thng lm ch bin. Phn cng bin son nh sau:
Phn I: Hng dn thit k cng ngh c
Mc A, B v C PTS L Cao Thng
Mc D GV Bi Ngc Trn
Phn II: Hng dn thit k cng ngh rn t do
GV V nh Trung
Phn III: Hng dn thit k cng ngh dp th tch trn my ba
PTS L Cao Thng
Phn IV: Hng dn thit k cng ngh hn nng chy
GV Phm Vit Bnh
thun tin cho vic s dng, mi phn c in thnh mt tp ring.
Cc tc gi mong nhng tp ti liu ny s gip ch cho sinh vin trong qu
trnh hc tp ti trng. Ti liu cng c th dng tham kho cho cc bn ng
nghip, cc k s trong cng tc k thut.
Nhng kin ng gp hiu chnh, b sung nng cao cht lng cho
nhng ln xut bn sau xin gi v a ch:
B mn Cng ngh kim loi, khoa C kh, trng i hc k thut cng
nghip Thi Nguyn.
Phn I - hng dn thit k cng ngh c

bi:
Thit k cng ngh c chi tit... (c ch nh theo bn v bi s...) vi
cc iu kin sn xut nh, mu g, lm khun ct bng tay. Vt liu chi tit v vt
liu m kim loi c ch nh theo s u bi tp.
Nhim v c th:
1) Phn bn v:
a) Bn v cng ngh c (bn v vt c) (A2)
b) Bn v mu, hp li (A1)
2) Phn thuyt minh:
a) Phn tch tnh cng ngh ca kt cu vt c
b) Cch chn mt phn khun
c) Thuyt minh qu trnh lm khun
d) Cc tnh ton: H thng rt, ngt, hi, m liu kim loi, lc kp gi
hai na khun
a. Hng dn thc hin bi tp thit k

cng ngh c
Di y hng dn trnh t cc bc tin hnh lm mt bi tp thit k
cng ngh c, ch yu dcho phng php lm khun bng tay c vt c
gang xm
I. Nghin cu bn v chi tit c, phn tch tnh cng ngh
ca n, xut nhng kin ngh sa i hnh dng, kt cu
cho ph hp vi kh nng ca sn xut c
Khi thit k cng ngh mt chi tit c ta phi nghin cu bn v chi tit c
hiu hnh dng, kch thc, iu kin lm vic, v tr ca chi tit trong my, c
im ca vt liu ch to chi tit cng nh yu cu v c l tnh ca ton b chi
tit, ca tng phn chi tit, cch gia cng chi tit sau ny v.v... Tm hiu cng y
th bn thit k cng ngh cng c cht lng tt, sn phm c ra s t c
hiu qu kinh t cao, vt c t b h hng.
1. c bn v chi tit c:
Mun hnh dung c chi tit phi c k bn v. l i hi trc tin i

vi ngi thit k cng ngh c. Khi hnh dung c chi tit c mt cch y
mi c iu kin chn mt phn khun, rp khun, thit k li, u ngt v h
thng rt, vt lm ngui, lng d gia cng v lng d cng ngh mt cch thch
hp nht i vi quy m sn xut v trang thit b hin c ca phn xng.
2. tm hiu iu kin lm vic ca chi tit :
Nghin cu iu kin lm vic ca chi tit c c th ra cc bin php

thch hp trong qu trnh ch to vt c. V d khi c cc thn my cng c, cc
sng trt l b phn rt quan trng khng cho php c khuyt tt c th phi t
phn ny nm khun di v.v...
3. nghin cu c im ca vt liu ch to v yu cu
v c l tnh ca chi tit :
Mi hp kim c u c c im ring v tnh c, do khi thit k cng

ngh cn phi ch c bin phm cng ngh thch ng (v d lng tr co
mu khc nhau tng ng vi mi hp kim c; Ch thit k h thng rt c kh
nng in y vt c i vi cc hp kim c chy long km; C bin php
chng nt vt c i vi cc hp kim truyn nhit km). Dng phng php c
t chnh xc cao m bo kch thc ca chi tit c ra p ng c ng
yu cu ca bn v m khng cn gia cng c kh vi cc hp kim kh gia cng c
kh nh thp chu mi mn (thp mangan cao), thp chu axit (thp silic)...
4. tm hiu cch gia cng chi tit, v tr g lp
ca chi tit trong khi gia cng c kh
Nhng hiu bit v cch gia cng, v tr g lp chi tit khi gia cng c kh s
gip cho ngi thit k cng ngh c trong vic chon mt phn mu, rp khun,
quy nh cc lng d cng ngh... c hp l, chnh xc, cng nh to iu kin
cho vic gia cng c kh c thun li, chi ph gia cng t v t b sai hng.
5. xut kin sa i hnh dng, kt cu chi tit c
Sau khi c bn v chi tit c, tm hiu iu kin lm vic, c im ca

vt liu, cch gia cng c kh sau khi c nu thy c phn no ca chi tit c hnh
dang v kt cu khng hp l (khng m bo cho qu trnh c v qu trnh gia
cng c kh tip theo c thun li, hoc khng m bo c cht lng vt
c... ) th ngi thit k cng ngh c cn tho lun v xut vi ngi thit k
chi tit c v ngi thit k g lp gia cng c kh (trong phm vi sinh vin thc
hin bi tp c th l s tho lun v xut kin ca sinh vin vi gio vin
hng dn) s thay i hnh dng v kt cu ca chi tit c cho ph hp vi kh
nng sn xut. Mi s thay i hnh dng v kt cu chi tit c cho ph hp vi
cng ngh c khng c lm nh hng ti kh nng lm vic ca n.
II. Thit k vt c
1. Chn v tr vt c trong khun rt:
V tr ca vt c trong khun lc rt thng chn theo phng php lm

khun, cch b tr h thng rt, lng d gia cng c kh v lng d cng ngh,
kch thc ca hm khun... Khi chn v tr vt c trong khun khi rt cn ch :
- Nhng phn quan trng ca chi tit cn st cht, nhng b mt gia cng
quan trng, ln nn t phn di ca khun (v d phn sng trt ca
thn my tin, cc b mt rng ca bnh rng... ).
- Nu khng th thc hin c iu nu trn th t cc mt ny dng ng
hoc nghing trnh khuyt tt r x, r kh...
- Nu v nguyn nhn no nhng mt gia cng quan trng bt buc phi

t quay v pha trn th phi to mi iu kin nhng khuyt tt c (r
co, r x, r kh... ) ch sinh ra nhng phn ca vt c m khi c c th
ct b i (u hi, u ngt, phn gia cng c kh... )
- Nhng vt c bng hp kim c co ln khi ng ngui th khi rt phi
t v tr c th m bo cho hng ng ca kim loi trong khun v
pha b ngt cho u ngt.
- t nhng phn vt c c thnh mng v rng pha di ca khun hoc
nm nghing lc rt trnh cc khuyt tt nh thiu, khp... ca vt c.
2. chn v tr ca mu khi lm khun, chn mt
rp khun v mt phn mu:
Vic chn v tr ca mu khi lm khun cng nh mt rp khun c nh

hng ln n qu trnh k thut lm khun v chnh xc ca vt c. Chn
mt rp khun nn cn c vo cc ch dn sau y:
- m bo cho qu trnh lm khun c d dng, thun li (rt c mu
ra khi khun d dng sau khi lm khun m bo cho vic sa khun
c thun tin, vic thao tc khi lm khun v khi lp c d dng... ).
Mun vy nn chn mt rp khun qua tit din ln nht; chn sao cho
lng khun rng v lng khun trn nn chn nng hn lng khun di
gim chiu cao v trng lng ca na khun trn.
- Mt rp khun v v tr ca mu trong khun nn chn sao cho kt ca
mu n gin, cng t phn lp ri cng tt gim chi ph ch to mu v
khun, m bo bn v cng vng ca mu.
- Mt rp khun v v tr ca mu trong khun nn chn sao cho khun ch
c mt mt rp khun v mt rp khun ny ng thi l mt phn mu,
iu lm cho cu to khuc c n gin, cho php lm khun c trn
my v vt c t chnh xc. thc hin ch dn ny c trng hp
ngi ta dng thm cc li to hnh b mt bn phc tp ca vt c
(Hnh 1).
- Mt rp khun nn l mt phng. Nu phi dng n ct th ct nn
nm khun di (Hnh 2).
- Mt rp khun cng nh v tr ca mu khi lm khun nn chn sao cho s
li l t nht, nu c th c nn dng thm ct thay cho li. iu
lm gim thi gian ch to v lp rp li, nng cao chnh xc ca vt
c, gim bavia ch mi rp khun v li (Hnh 3). Chiu cao ca ct
nm phn khun di Hd D, cn ct nm phn khun trn Htr 0,3D
(D l ng knh ca ct) i vi trng hp lm khun ct ti trn
my. Khi lm khun bng tay c th gim cc tr s ny i gn mt na.
- Mt rp khun v v tr ca mu khi lm khun nn chn sao cho chiu cao
chung ca khun l b nht, v nu phi dng mu c chiu cao ln lm
khun th va kh rt mu ra khi khun, khun d st v, li kh lp t
li vo khun, hnh dng vt c thay i nhiu do nghing thnh vt
c ln. Ngoi ra khun c cao d b phnh, khun trn d b ni ln do

p sut ca kim loi lng ln, phi dng cc bin php c bit x l.
Hnh 1- Lm khun bn xoay ca my

a) Chi tit; b) Khun
Hnh 2- Khun gi vi mt rp khun gp khc

a) Khng ng- ct 1 treo na khun trn
b) ng - ct 2 nm na khun di
- Mt rp khun nn chn sao cho tt c cc li u nm phn khun di

d lp t li, d kim tra v tr ca li trong khun.
- Mt rp khun v v tr ca mu trong khun nn chn sao cho ton b
hoc phn ln cc phn vt liu c i hi chnh xc v cht lng
c nm trong cng mt hm khun v tt nht l c vt c nm
khun di. Cc mt khng qua gia cng c kh, li khng cho php c
nghing ca vt c th khng c b tr nm thnh bn ca khun c.
- Vi cc vt c c khe hp hoc thnh mng m chiu rng hay chiu dy
ca khe hp hay thnh cn m bo kch thc chnh xc th mt rp khun
phi chn sao cho nhng phn ny cng nm trong mt hm khun cc
kch thc ca cc phn ny khng hoc t bi thay i nht khi hm khun

b x dch (Hnh 4).
Hnh 3- Lm khun chn b my

a) Hnh v chn b ; b) Khun c li ; c) Khun c ct
Hnh 4- Khun vnh ng knh 3m dy 25mm lm di nn

a) Khng ng- c th hng nu lch hm; b) ng
- Mt rp khun v v tr ca khun c chn sao cho mt chun gia cng

nn nm trong mt hm khun, khng c mt rp ct ngang v tt nht l
b tr c mt chun v cc mt gia cng theo chun trong cng mt
hm khun.
Ngoi ra mt rp khun v v tr mu trong khun cng phi ch bo m d
lp rp khun, d sa cha, d kim tra v d sy.
3. thnh vt c- thit k chuyn tip thnh vt c
Thnh vt c ni lin cc b phn lm vic c bn ca vt c vi nhau to

nn mt kt cu vng chc. Chiu dy thnh vt c c thit k khng ch da
vo yu cu lm vic ca chng m cn phi m bo c kh nng c th c
c. Dng hp kim c chy long cao c th c c nhng vt c c thnh
mng.
Khi thit k cng ngh c cn cn c vo bng B1 kim tra xem vi chiu
dy cc thnh ca chi tit cn c c c c khng. Nu c thnh no ca vt
c qu mng khng c c th phi sa i kt cu hoc c nhng bin php
cng ngh c bit.
6
Gia cc thnh vt c c phn chuyn tip. Nu cc thnh vt c c chiu

dy gn bng nhau th s chuyn tip n gin ch l nhng gc ln vi bn knh
thch hp khun khng b v khi rt mu v vt c khng b nt khi hp kim
c kt tinh v ng c trong khun. trong trng hp chiu dy cc thnh vt c
khc nhau nhiu th phi thit k phn chuyn tip (bng B2).
4. Sai lch cho php v kch thc, khi lng
ca vt c v lng d:
4.1. sai lch v kch thc v khi lng:
Khi ch to vt c bao gi cng c s sai lch gia kch thc, khi lng
danh ngha v thc t, sai lch ny ph thuc vo dng sn xut, trnh cng nhn
mc mu, lm khun, lm li v lp rp...
- Bng B3 gii thiu cc gi tr sai lch cho php v kch thc i vi vt
c bng gang xm v bng thp.
- Bng B4 sai lch cho php v chiu dy thnh v gn khng gia cng ca
vt c bng gang xm.
- Bng B5 sai lch cho php v khi lng ca vt c bng gang xm.
xc nh c sai lch v kch thc v khi lng vt c trc ht cn
xc nh c cp chnh xc vt c. Tu theo chnh xc yu cu, tt c cc vt
c c chia ra lm ba cp chnh xc. chnh xc cp I dng cho sn xut hng
lot ln, s dng mu kim loi v my lm khun c. chnh xc cp II dng
cho sn xut hng lot va. chnh xc cp III l sn xut n chic, lm khun
bng tay vi mu g.
S lng sn phm cn c l thng s quan trng a vo m nh ra
dng sn xut. Vi cc vt c c nh (khi lng < 100 kg) v c trung bnh (khi
lng n 500 kg) s lng cn thit t chc sn xut theo dng sn xut hng
lot ln l trn 1000 vt c, hng lot va l t 100 n 1000 vt c, sn xut
n chic v lot nh l di 100 vt c. Vi cc vt c c ln (khi lng trn
500 kg) s lng vt c cn thit t chc sn xut theo cc loi hnh trn c th
ly gim i 20 40 % so vi trng hp cc vt c trung bnh v nh.
Trong cc bng k trn gii hn sai lch trn ca vt c l sai khc gia
kch thc (hay khi lng) cho php ln nht v kch thc (hay khi lng) danh
ngha trn bn v v c ghi bng du (+). Gii hn sai lch di l sai khc
gia kch thc (khi lng) danh ngha vi kch thc (khi lng) cho php b
nht v c ghi bng du (-).
4.2. lng d gia cng c kh:
Lng d gia cng c kh l phn kim loi di ra trn cc b mt ca vt

c sau khi gia cng c kh ct b lp kim loi ny i s nhn c chi tit my
c chnh xc kch thc v bng b mt yu cu. Khi ch gi tr lng d gia
cng c kh cn cn c vo cp chnh xc ca vt c, v tr b mt cn lng d
khi c, phc tp ca loi hp kim c. Ngoi ra lng d gia cng c kh c
chn cng cn cn c vo loi hp kim c, kch thc vt c, dng sn xut.
Vi cc vt c bng gang xm, c th chn lng d gia cng c kh theo
bng B6, trong c ba nhm lng d vi cc loi hnh sn xut khc nhau v
7
trong mi nhm vt c li c chia ra loi n gin v phc tp. Cc gi tr lng

d trong bng ny p dng i vi cc mt di v mt cnh ca vt c theo v tr
khi rt. i vi cc mt trn ca vt c nhm 2 nn ly lng d theo nhm 3,
cn i vi mt trn ca vt c thuc nhm 3 lng d c tu theo phng php
ch to vt c nn khng ghi bng.
Bng 7 l gi tr lng d gia cng c kh quy nh theo tiu chun Vit Nam.
Lng d gia cng c kh cc l lp ghp ca vt c bng gang xm nu
bng B8. Khi gia cng cc l c chiu di gp nm ln ng knh th lng d i
vi nhm 1 v 2 c xc nh tng ng theo nhm 2 v 3, cn lng d i vi
nhm 3 tng ln tu theo phng php c.
Kch thc b nht ca nhng l khng gia cng trong cc vt c gang ch
to bng ct, tnh bng mm nh sau:
Chiu dy thnh vt c 6 10
20 30
40 50
ng knh l c
6 10
10 15
12 18
i vi vt c bng thp ly tr s ln hn mt cht
Kch thc ln nht ca l gia cng bng cch khoan vt c c, thng ly
bng 20mm trong sn xut ln , 30mm trong sn xut hng lot va, 40mm trong
sn xut n chic.
Khi xc nh gi tr lng d gia cng c kh cn ch l nu lng d gia
cng qu ln s khng c li v lm tng khi lng vt c v tng chi ph cho
qu trnh gia cng. Nhng nu lng d gia cng qu nh cng khng c li v c
th tng ph phm, lm dao ct chng b mi mn do ct trc tip lp v cng b
mt vt c v thng lm gim 30 60 % tc ct gt, ko di thi gian gia
cng.
4.3. lng tr co:
Cc bng lng d gia cng k trn khng tnh n lng d cn thit b

tr cho s bin dng ca vt c, s thay i kch thc do vt c b cong vnh,
cng nh khng tnh n s co ngt. Trong thc t khi kt tinh v lm ngui vt
c bao gi cng b co ngt. Bng B9 trnh by nhng tr s ca co theo chiu
di ca cc hp kim c khc nhau. Cc tr s nh dng cho cc vt c c li ln,
c cc ct v cc phn li cn tr s co, cc tr s ln dng cho cc vt c n
gin, co t do.
Khi ch to cc vt c c kch thc ln t cc hp kim co nhiu cn phi
xc nh chnh xc lng co, v nu sai st nh trong nh gi lng co cng c th
gy ra sai lch ln v kch thc, sai lch ln nh vy khng th dn c trong
gii hn ca lng d gia cng. Do c th phi loi b vt c hoc phi sa
cha rt tn km. Sai s v co khng ch lm thay i cc kch thc di ca vt
c m cn lm x dch cc ring bit so vi v tr quy nh trn bn v, dn ti kt
qu l sau khi gia cng vt c c chiu dy thnh khng u, cc l khoan c th
b x dch so vi cc vu bt bu lng...
Lng co ph thuc vo loi hp kim, hnh dng vt c, chiu di vt c,
chiu dy thnh kim loi v rn ca khun, nhit ca hp kim rt vo. tu
theo hnh dng vt c, co theo cc hng khc nhau cng c th khc nhau.
Nhng n gin ho bn v mu ngi ta quy nh mt lng co i vi ton

b vt c.
4.4. lng d cng ngh:
Lng d cng ngh bao gm lng d khi c cc l, rnh, ch hm v cc

phn rng, lng d do nghing ca cc thnh vt c sinh ra, lng d ch
ct u ngt, phn c thm g vt c lc gia cng, gn chng nt, lng d b
cho s co lch theo hng no y v b cho vt c bin chng.
4.4.1. lng d cng ngh khi c cc l, rnh,
cc ch hm v hc:
Nhng l nh v sau phi gia cng thng khng c l. Ch trong trng hp

c bit khi thay cc l c bng cc l khoan gp kh khn do hnh dng ca l
hay do vt liu c (v d trong cc vt c bng thp mangan ostenit), ngi ta
mi c cc l nh, ngay c trong nhng vt c kh ln.
Cn phi cn nhc xem xt chn phng n hoc c ra cc rnh lm v
hc, hoc c lin ri gia cng c kh. Lng d cng ngh khi tu theo hnh
dng ca chi tit, khng c quy nh c th no. ni chung c th khng c cc l,
cc rnh, lm, hc trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi kim loi cn phi in y nhng ch mi nhn c nhng vt c
hon ho.
- Khi nhng l, hm c thc s gy phc tp cho vic ch to mu hoc
vic lm khun.
- Khi iu kin k thut cho php c th c y, lin v gi li thnh
phm m khng phi ct b .
- Khi vic ct gt nhng ch khng gy kh khn g v khng i hi
nhng chi ph ln.
- Khi cn c y cc l, hc d gia cng vt c sau ny.
4.4.2. lng d do xin ca thnh vt c sinh ra:
cc mt mu v hp li song song vi hng rt mu ra khi khun cn

phi c xin d rt mu khi lm khun. iu to ra xin ca thnh vt
c sau khi c. Khi thit k cng ngh c c th xc nh xin theo bng B10.
Hnh 5- xin trn mu

a) xin to nn do tng chiu di thnh vt c(cng;
b) xin to nn do lm na tng na gim chiu dy thnh
vt c (cng tr);
c) xin to nn do lm gim chiu dy thnh vt c (tr)
Tu theo tnh cht ca b mt vt c (gia cng hay th) v cch ni ghp

n vi cc chi tit khc, ng thi tu thuc vo sai lch cho php v kch thc m
c th to d xin theo cc cch khc nhau (Hnh 5).
i vi cc mt khng gia cng, xin thnh vt c thng c chn nh
sau:
Cng khi chiu dy ca thnh bn nh hn 8
Cng tr khi chiu dy ca thnh bn nm trong khong 8 12
Tr khi chiu dy ca thnh bn ln hn 12
i vi cc mt gia cng, xin cng c tnh thm vo lng d gia
cng quy chun. xin trn cc b phn ca mu to nn nhng ct trong
khun hoc nhng gn mng c th tng ln 50 100 %, nhng khng qu 30 (xem
bng B11).
4.4.3. lng d nhng ch ct u ngt ca vt c:
Vi cc vt c bng cc hp kim c co ln (v d vt c thp) cn phi

t u ngt b ngt cho vt c, phn u ngt s c ct b khi vt c sau
khi c. Lng d nhng ch ct u ngt tu thuc chiu rng hoc ng knh
ca u ngt phi ct (xem bng B12).
Nu iu kin k thut ghi trn bn v cho php th c mt khng gia cng
ca vt c chn u ngt dy ln hoc lm xung mt t. i vi cc mt c gia
cng lng d chung l tng cc gi tr lng d xc nh theo bng trn vi lng
d gia cng c kh.
4.4.4. nhng phn c thm kp cht vt c khi gia cng,
thanh ging chng bin dng, cc gn co ngt:
g lp c thun li v vng chc khi gia cng c, trn thn vt c trong

nhiu trng hp c c thm nhng phn g kp vt c khi gia cng. Xem
v d trn hnh v H.6.
Hnh 6- Dng chun t to

a) Thm vu1, 2, 3, 4 khi gia cng np thn ng c mt;
b) Thm hai thnh ngang M v N (v bng nt lin mnh) khi
gia cng v hp vi sai ca t vn ti
Vi cc vt c c kh nng b bin dng nhiu cn s dng nhng thanh
ging trn kt cu vt c trnh cho vt c khi b bin dng trong thi gian
lm ngui, vn chuyn v nhit luyn (v d xem trn cc hnh v H.7 v H.8).
Nhng thanh ging ny thng ch c ct b i sau khi chi tit c c ch to
10
xong. Trong mt s trng hp nhng vt c rt ln nhng thanh ging ch c

ct b i sau khi lp rp.
Hnh 7- Cn np liu
co t?nh ton 1,5%
Thanh ging
Hnh 8- Vt c thp- phn pha sau gu xc

Trn kt cu vt c cng c th cn c
nhng gn chng nt (xem v d trn hnh v H.9)
ngn nga cho vt c khng b nt trong thi
gian ngui. Gn chng nt thng c dng
nhiu trong nhng vt c bng thp. Chiu dy t
ca gn bng 0,2 0,3 chiu dy S ca thnh vt
c (nhng khng c nh hn 2,5 3 mm),
11
Hnh 9- Gn chng nt
trn cc vt c bng thp
chiu cao h ca gn bng 1 2,5s, cn chiu di l bng 4 5s.

4.4.5. lng d b tr vt c b bin dng v
co theo mt s hng sai lch vi d tnh:
C th thy r vao tr ca lng d b tr cho s bin dng ca vt c qua

mt s v d sau:
- Khi ch to cc vt c c bch cc u mt (xem hnh vH.10a,b) th sau
khi gia cng mt bch thng c chiu dy nh hn so vi bn v. Nguyn nhn l
do c lc cn ln ca khun c gia hai mt bch lm gim co theo hng
thng gc vi bch. V th khi gia cng c kh m bo kch thc khong cch
gia cc mt bch phn kim loi tha ra mt ngoi ca bichs s b ct i lm cho
chiu dy ca bch nh hn kch thc yu cu theo bn v.
trnh hin tng ny ta thm lp lng d tng ng a phn mt trong
ca hai bch. Vi nhng vt c nh bng thp c chiu di 100 200 mm lng
d a = 2 4 mm, i vi nhng vt c ln c chiu di 1000 2000 mm, a = 6
8 mm.
Khi ch to cc vt c dng thn my phn rng bn trong l do mt s li
ln to nn. do li cn co nn ng knh D ca vt c s ln hn so vi bn v
quy nh, kh bt c bu lng S khi lp rp. trnh iu ny, trn mu ch lp
bu lng ngi ta khot thm vo thnh ngoi vt c mt lng d m C v m
bo chiu dy thnh vt c ngi ta gim mt lng cng bng C ng knh
ca hp li (xem hnh v H.10c)
V tr A
V tr B
Hnh 10- Lng d cng ngh b tr

cho s co khng bnh thng
Nu do lc cn ca khun m s co ca vt c theo hng thng ng nh
hn so vi d kin th m bo kt H theo yu cu ca bn v c th phi gim
bt chiu cao ca bch K v vu N, c trng hp cn khot lm vo b mt pha
di ca thnh vt c. trnh iu ngi ta mt lng d m e trn
mu, ng thi cng mt lng d dng +e trn hp li
12
4.4.6. lng d m trn mu lin quan vi mt rp khun v

nh ng rt mu ra khi khun:
Do hai phn khun khng p st nhau sau khi rp khun nn chiu dy ca

thnh nm song song vi mt phng rp khun c th ln hn so vi kch thc ghi
trn bn v. b tr cho vic thnh vt c dy ln do nh ng khi rt mu ra
hoc do khun b phnh ngi ta thng lm gim bt cc kch thc tng ng
mu mt lng no (xem bng B12). Lng d m b tr cho thnh vt c b
dy thm mt phng rp khun c xc nh bng cch ly cc s liu trong
bng B12 nhn vi h s 1,2 (khi lm khun bng tay cc hm khun) hoc nhn
vi h s 1,5 (khi lm khun bng trn nn).
5. Thit k li:
5.1. Hnh dng ca li:
Hnh dng ca li v c bn tng ng vi hnh dng phn rng trong vt c.

Khi thit k cng ngh c phi xc nh c hnh dng li, s lng li to nn
hc rng bn trong vt c, mt tip gip gia cc li v thit k hp li.
Khi xc nh hnh dng li v s lng li cn thit to hc rng bn trong
vt c cn lu mt s vn sau:
- S dng nhiu li (chia li ra nhiu phn) s lm tng s lng cc b phn
hp thnh khun, tng s lng hp li, g v dng ch ch to li,
tng cc nguyn cng lm v lp ghp li. y l iu khng mong
mun ca ngi thit k cng nh ngi sn xut.
- Nhng xt mt khc vic phn ch li ra nhiu phn cng to ra nhng
thun li, ch yu l:
+ Lm n gin hnh dng cc li nn ch to hp li phc tp.
+ C th dng mt loi hp li ch to cc li tng t nhau trn c s b
sung thm mt s tm lt thay i c nn gim chi ph ch to b mu, c
th t c hiu qu kinh t khi chuyn sang lm khun trn my vi hp li
kim loi ngay c khi loa sn xut khng ln lm.
+ C th to ra cc mt phng cc li t d dng v chc chn trn cc
tm sy c hnh dng n gin m khng phi dng cc khay sy nh hnh
t tin. iu ny rt quan trng vi nhng li c hnh dng phc tp.
+ C th dng cc my lm li c nh, dng c quay (lt) v vn chuyn
li n gin v rt ngn c thi gian sy li.
+ Cc li c kch thc (nht l chiu cao) nh s t b bin dng khi sy, m
bo vt c chnh xc.
Nhng ch li ca vic chn phng n phn chia li thnh nhiu phn c th
thy r qua cc v d sau:
- V d 1: c bnh xe thp a kp (xem hnh v H.11)
Nu dng li dng vng lin khi c kch thc ln th li s yu, khng
thun tin khi vn chuyn v khi t vo khun. V th thun li l nn chia li ln
thnh nhiu mnh li nh. Li 1 c dng hnh cung, cc li 2 v 3 cng c dng
hnh cung ch to ring, sy xong th c dn lin li (ch cn dng dng kim
kim tra co khi rp khun vo rut). Li 4 to l gia vt c v li ph 5
to ng rt xi phng.
13
Hnh 11- Khun c bnh xe

thp a kp;
1. Rut dng cung; 2,3. Rut
dng cung ch to ring, sy
xong dn lin, cn dng dng
kim cao khi rp vo rut 1;
4. Rut gia; 5. Rut ph rt
xi phng
- V d 2: c bnh rng ln lng khun ghp ton bng li (xem hnh v

H.12).
Bnh rng ln (H.12a) c c khun ba hm ch to bng cch ghp nhiu
li (H.12b). Hm di c m cht v lm phng mt trc, trong b tr 8
rnh dn ngang. Sau lp ghp li theo trnh t sau:
- Li L1 t gia, u rt qua trung tm li, t trc c gn dng kim
xuyn qua tm ca li ny.
- Dng dng kim t 8 li L2 trm ln 8 rnh dn ngang, mi rnh dn
ny c u dn thng ln ng v tr ca u ngt.
- t 8 li L3 to vnh rng sau khi kim tra chnh xc, m cht ct m
ngoi c nh li vi hm khun gia.
- t 8 li L4.
- t 8 li L5 i din vi L2.
- Rt trc v t ng rt vo, sau m cht ct hm trn, to u ngt.
Hnh 12- c bnh rng trong khun ghp ton bng li
14
Nh vy khi thit k hnh dng li cn xem xt cn nhc chn phng n

cho hp l. Nn chn phng n phn chia li thnh nhiu phn khi m bo cc
yu cu sau:
- Nhng phn hp thnh ca li phi m bo c bn cn thit khi vn
chuyn cng nh khi t li vo khun, lp ghp vng chc trong khun,
thot hi d dng v an ton, khng qu cao li khng b bin dng di
tc dng ca trng lng bn thn, nn thit k c mt phng t li
nm vng chc trong thi gian sy.
- Mt phn li phi chn sao cho hp li c kt cu n gin v gm t phn
nht d gi hn hp li cng nh d t cc xng li v vt lm ngui.
- Khng nn ng tip gip gia hai li nm nhng gc ln chuyn
tip t hnh ny sang hnh khc; nn phn chia li theo tit din m bin
dng c xc nh chnh xc bng cc kch thc trn bn v.
5.2. u gc li v gc:
5.2.1. t li vo khun:
bn ca khun v thi gian cn thit rp khun phn ln ph thuc vo

phng php t li vo khun cng nh kt cu ca u gc li v gc li. Li
cn c u ta vng chc, khng b bin dng hoc x dch trong khun di tc
dng ca trng lng bn thn cng nh p sut ca kim loi lng. Vic t li vo
khun phi d dng v thun tin. Khi h li vo khun ngi th lm khun phi
quan st c u gc li c nm ng v tr trong gc li hay khng. Cc hnh
v H.13 v H.14 trnh by cc kiz u u gc v gc li i vi li t nm
ngang v thng ng.
Gc hai u
Gc mt u
Hnh 13 - Kt cu ca u gc v gc li nm ngang
15
Hnh 14- Kt cu u gc v gc li thng ng

Ch cc yu cu nu ra trn i vi vic t li vo khun, khi thit k li
v u gc li nn ch ti cc ch dn sau:
- Cn trnh thit k cc li (t nm ngang hoc thng ng) c chiu di
qu ln, va c bn km li kh lp t vng chc trong khun. Trong
trng hp bt buc phi dng cc li di th phi tng cng n nh
vng chc cho li bng cch li nh u gc ph hay m . Vi nhng
li t ng c chiu cao ln hn ng knh 2,5 ln tr ln th thng phi
m rng u gc pha di theo hnh nm ngc (H.15).
Hnh 15- C nh li trong khun:

u gc li c m rng pha
di; phn trn li c gi cht bng
cc m
Hnh 16- Cc phng php

c nh li treo
- Trnh thit k li phi treo cc phn trn ca khun, nu c th c nn

thay th nhng li ny bng nhng li c u gc m rng ta ln khun,
v rng treo li v c nh li ln hm khun trn l cng vic kh khn v
nng nhc, tn thi gian gp t 3 n 6 ln so vi vic lp t li thng
thng. Li treo thng c c nh bng vt hay dy thp (H.16a). Hnh
16
H.16b l li c u gc m rng, ta vo phn di ca khun. Loi ny

lp t d dng, t tn thi gian hn. H.16c,d l li c lp t ngoi vo
sau khi rp khun. Vi cch t li ny cn ch li cn thn phng
li c th b kim loi lng rt vo khun y ni ln.
- Khi thit k li cng nn trnh nhng li nm ngang ch gc mt u v
km cng vng. Nu bt buc phi dng loi li nh vy th cn phi c
nh chng li khng x dch di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn v
p sut ca kim loi lng. C th c nh li theo cch sau: dng na
khun trn cht li c t trn na khun di; gn li ln khun
bng cc inh, mc; li bng li ph hoc m ; tng kch thc u
gc to i trng t trng tm ca li ri vo gc li rut khng b
nghing (H.17a), lm kho hm c nh v tr li (H.17b), ghp hai
li thnh mt c chung u gc (H.17c).
Hnh 17- B tr cc u gc
trnh li b nghing ;
a) u gc c i trng;
b) u gc c kh hm;
c) Li chung u gc
Hnh 18-C nh li v
thot hi li 1, 3 qua li 2 ra
ngoi; 4- Li ph
Trong trng hp li khng nm vng trong gc li (H.15) hoc li c th b

ni ln do tc dng ca p sut kim loi lng (H.18) th nn dng con m . V
m lm gim tnh ng nht ca kim loi v st kn ca vt c nn ch dng
m trong nhng trng hp tht cn thit.
cho cc m khng n lm khun (do tc dng ca p sut kim loi lng
v trng lng ca li c bit l cc li ln), cn phi m bo iu kin sau
y:
P < n.f.K
y: P- lc tc dng ln li [N]
K- ng sut nn cho php ca hn hp khun, li [N/cm2]
f- din tch b mt ca m [cm2]
n- s lng m chu lc tc dng.
Vi khun ti K = 2,5 N/cm2, cn i vi khun kh K = 25 N/cm2.
17
Vy i vi khun ti iu kin trn c vit l:

P < 2,5 .n .f
T c th tnh c s m cn thit:
n>
0,4 P
f
Trong trng hp khng dng m m m

rng chn u gc (H.19) th iu kin cho li
khng b kim loi lng y ni ln c biu th
Hnh 19- M rng u
bng phng trnh cn bng cc lc tc dng ln li
gc cn bng vi
nh sau:
lc y ni li
H.F1. + G = h.F2.
T phng trnh ny nu cho mt tr s no (v d din tch F2) th c th
xc nh c cc tr s khc (v d din tch F1).
Trong cng thc trn G l khi lng ca li, cn l trng lng ring ca
kim loi lng.
Ngoi cc ch dn nu trn, khi thit k li cn ch m bo t li vo
gc li (do mu to nn), nn trnh ta cc u gc ca li ny vo gc nm trong
li khc, trnh t vi ba li vo mt gc. Trong trng hp khng tnh c
nhng iu th phi d kin trc cch kim tra t li vo khun.
5.2.2. hnh dng ca u gc li:
Hnh dng v kch thc ca u gc li c xc nh phi m bo d t

li vo khun, ngn nga sn xut s x dch ca li trong gc theo hng thng
gc vi trc u gc, x dch dc theo trc hoc xoay quanh trc. trnh s x
dch dc hoc quanh trc c th dng cc kiu kho li c gii thiu trn cc
hnh v H.20 i vi cc li t nm ngang v H.21 i vi cc li t thng ng.
Hnh 20- Kt cu kha i vi cc rut nm ngang;

a) Kha vng; b) Kha c mt mt vt; c) Kha c hai mt vt;
d) Kha hnh thang; Kha a v d ngn rut xoay v x dch theo
trc; Kha b v c ch ngn rut xoay
18
Hnh 21- Kt cu kha i vi cc li thng ng;

a) Kha kiu ct vt; b) Kha m rng c mt mt
ct vt; c,d) Kha c rnh cht
Hnh dng v hnh thc u li cng phi m bo khng bt kn ng thng
hi, khng lm ln, hng b mt u gc li v gc do p lc trn mt n v
din tch b mt ca gc v u gc li sinh rabi trng lng ca li v p sut
ca cht lng vt qu gii hn cho php.
5.2.3. kch thc u gc v gc li, khe h gia chng:
- Kch thc u gc v gc li c trnh by trong cc bng B13 v B14.

cng c th dng s liu cc bng B15, B16, B17.
Thng thng ly ng knh lm thng s c bn i vi cc u gc hnh
tr. Cc li nm ngang c chia lm ba loi:
I. Li c u gc di
II. Li khng c u gc di
III. Li cn u gc di (do li di hoc nng) (xem B13)
Cc li thng ng c chia ra:
I. Li cng vng, khi t s gia chiu cao v ng knh bng 1 (xem B14)
II. Li khng vng, khi t s ln hn 1.
Ni chung khng nn ly kch thc u gc ln v lm tng trng lng ca
li.
- Khe h gia u gc li v gc c nh hng ln n chnh xc ca vt
c. Khe h cng ln cng d lp rp li vo khun nhng chnh xc ca vt
c cng km. Thc ra tr s khe h l vn phc tp v n khng ch ph thuc
vo kch thc u gc v gc li chn khi thit k c m cn chu nh hng
ca nhiu yu t khc nh: bin dng khun, li khi ch to, sy v vn chuyn...
V th cc s liu v khe h gia u gc li v gc chn theo bng B18 c th
iu chnh tu theo hon cnh thc t mi xng sn xut.
6. Thit k h thng rt
6.1. Chn kiu h thng rt v ch dn kim loi vo khun
H thng rt dng dn kim loi vo khun. Yu cu i vi h thng rt l

phi to c dng chy m, ng u v lin tc, m bo ngn x v tp cht
khng chy theo kim loi vo khun c cng nh c kh nng cung cp kim loi
19
lng cho vt c trong thi gian kim loi vt c ng c. Ngoi ra h thng rt

phi c khi lng khng qu ln, chim t ch trong khun c th tn dng th
tch ca hm khun. vic chn kiu v kch thc h thng rt cng nh chn ch
dn kim loi vo khun c nh hng nhiu ti cht lng v gi thnh ch to vt
c nn i hi cng vic phi c xem xt, phn tch mt cch cn thn.
6.1.1. Chn kiu h thng rt:
Mi vt c u c c im kt cu ring v do i hi cch thit k h

thng rt ring v chn ch dn kim loi vo khun thch hp. Khi chn kiu h
thng rt c th da vo cc ch dn sau:
- Kiu h thng rt kim loi vo bn
hng (H.22) dng trong trng hp
c cc vt c nh hoc trung bnh.
Kiu h thng rt ny c u im l
d ch to v chng nm trn mt rp
khun, c kh nng lc x kh v in
Hnh 22- Rt vo bn
y khun tt cho php nhn c cc
hng vt c
vt c c cht lng nn c dng
ph bin.
Hnh 23- S h thng rt trn xung;

a) Rt trc tip qua mt rnh dn; b,c) Rt qua vi rnh dn nh;
d) Rt trn xung c dng mng lc; ) Rt trn xung kiu ma ri;
e) Rt trn xung qua rnh dn hnh nm; g) Rt trn xung dng cc nt.
1-Cc rt; 2- ng rt; 3- Vt c; 4- Mng lc;
5- Rnh lc x vng; 6- u ngt; 7- u hi; 8- Nt.
- Kiu h thng rt kim loi vo khun c t trn xung (H.23) c li l
nhit phn vt c pha trn cao hn cc phn nhit cn li, to
hng ng thun li b ngt cho vt c, nht l khi c cc hp kim
c co ln. H thng rt loi ny thng c khi lng b hn cc kiu
20
h thng rt khc. loi ny c nhc im l nu lng khun cao th khun

c rt d b v do tc dng ca dng kim loi ri t trn cao vo khun.
V th kiu h thng rt ny ch nn dng c cc vt c chiu cao khng
ln lm v khng c yu cu cao v cht lng v yu cu gia cng c kh
t (cc loi a, t... ). khc phc mt nhc im ca kiu h thng rt
ny, ngoi kt cu thng thng c th dng cc kt cu h thng rt rt
qua mt vi ng rt, rt qua mng lc gim nguy c xi l khun v gn
gi c x, h thng rt kiu ma ri, h thng rt c rnh dn hnh nm,
h thng rt c nt y cc rt gi x li trong cc.
Ni chung nn trnh s dng ng thi nhiu bin php khc nhau chng
x ri vo vt c v khun s phc tp, tng khi lng h thng rt v chi ph lm
khun.
Hnh 24- S h thng rt di ln (xi phng)

a) H thng rt kiu sng b; b) H thng rt kiu sng b c mng lc; c)
Cch rt hp trc chnh ca my tin; d) Cch rt chi tit bng gang ca
tuabin hi; 1-Cc rt; 2- ng rt; 3- Rnh lc x; 4- Rnh dn;
5- Mng lc; 6- u hi hay u ngt.
Kiu h thng rt kim loi t di
ln (xi phng) c th in y khun m
v d dng thot kh, nhng cu to
khun c tr nn kh phc tp, lm tng
khi lng h thng rt, to mng oxit v
bn trn mt kim loi dnh vo thnh bn
ca vt c, rt nguy him khi c cc
vt c cao c cc thnh bn thng ng.
V th kiu h thng rt xi phng thng
p dng khi nhng vt c bng hp kim
nhm, ng thanh nhm in y
khun m v d lm ni ln trn cc cht
bn dng xt, x. Hnh v H.24 gii
thiu s cc kiu h thng rt xi
phng.
21
Hnh 25- phng php rt thn tuabin

hi bng gang dn kim loi vo 2 tng.
1-Cc rt; 2- ng rt; 3- Rnh dn pha
trn; 4- Rnh dn lc x pha trn;
5- Rnh dn; 6- Rnh lc x pha di.
- Kiu h thng rt nhiu tng dng khi c nhng vt c cao v dy. Khi
kim loi lng c dn chy vo khun c mt s cao khc nhau,
tun t theo cc hng rnh dn nm di ri ln cc mc cao dn, nh
vy kim loi in y khun m v ng u. Hnh v H.25 gii thiu kiu
h thng rt khi c thn tuabin: kim loi c dn vo khun t di ln
qua mt lot rnh dn mng. Khi kim loi trong vt c dng ln n u
ngt th s bt u c kim loi nng chy b sung vo qua rnh dn 3.
6.1.2. chn v tr dn kim loi vo khun:
Khi chn v tr dn kim loi vo khun nn theo cc ch dn sau:

- Vi vt c bng gang xm nn dn vo ch thnh mng m bo cho
cc thnh dy mng ca vt c kt tinh v ngui ng u, khng b nt
do ng sut nhit.
- Vi vt c c dng trn xoay nn dn kim loi chy tip tuyn vi thnh
khun theo cng mt chiu.
- Vi vt c khi lng di 1,5 tn, c chiu di nh hn 3m c th dn
kim loi vo mt thnh bn, cn nu vt c di hn 3m th nn dn kim
loi vo gia kim loi chy u ra hai bn.
- V tr dn kim loi vo khun nn u tin chn dn vo cc thnh khng
gia cng c kh phng nga r chn u cng khng nh hng n
cht lng b mt gia cng
6.2. Tnh ton h thng rt:
Xc nh kch thc cc thnh phn ca h thng rt c th bng phng php

gii tch, bng phng php biu hay bng cc bng tra.
6.2.1. Tnh ton h thng rt bng phng php gii tch:
tnh ton h thng rt cho vt c vt c bng gang v bng thp trc

ht cn xc nh thi gian rt c li nht i vi vt c cho v sau y xc nh
tit din ca cc thnh phn ca h thng rt m bo c thi gian rt quy nh.
Thi gian rt hp l c xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim:
t = K .3 S .G
Trong :
S- Chiu dy chnh hay trung bnh ca thnh vt c, mm;
G- Khi lng ca vt c cng h thng rt, ngt, kg;
K- H s
Vi vt c bng gang th:
- vt c thnh dy, khi lng ln (10 50 T) K = 1,9 2,3
- vt c khi lng trung bnh (1 10 T)
K = 1,6 1,9
- vt c khi lng < 1 T
K = 1,4 1,6
Xc nh thi gian rt kim loi vo khun cn tnh n tc dng ca kim
loi trong khun khi rt. Tc ny nu nh qu s lm cho thnh vt c khng
phng do kim loi bi ngui cng nh b bn do xt hat tp cht phi kim loi to
thnh trn b mt kim loi. C th tnh tc dng kim loi nh sau :
v=
C
t
22
y: C Chiu cao ca vt c, cm, o t im thp nht n dim cao nht

theo v tr khi rt.
Tc dng b nht cho php (cm/s) ph thuc vo chiu dy thnh vt c
v c gi tr nh sau (vi vt c gang) :
- Chiu dy thnh vt c 4mm
[v] = 3 10 cm/s
- Chiu dy thnh vt c 4 10 mm [v] = 2 3 cm/s
- Chiu dy thnh vt c 10 40 mm [v] = 0,3 1 cm/s
Thi gian rt t tnh c theo cng thc trn phi c kim tra li m
bo iu kin tc dng kim loi trong khun khng c nh hn tc dng
cho php [v].
Sau khi xc nh c thi gian rt khun hp l t, ta tnh din tch tit din
ch hp nht ca h thng rt Fmin , xc nh lng kim loi chy trong mt n v
thi gian qua h thng rt theo cng thc sau:
Fmin =
G
0,31Z htb .t
t
0,31 htb
G
t
Trong :
G- khi lng vt c, k c h thng rt, ngt, kg
- h s tr lc chung ca khun
G
- tc cung cp kim loi t thng rt.
t
i vi cc vt c bng gang, lm khun

ti th = 0,35 (khi vt c phc tp c tr lc
khun ln), = 0,50 (vi vt c hnh dng n
gin c tr lc khun nh). Khi lm khun kh
cc tr s tng ng ca l 0,41 v 0,60.
Ct p sut thu tnh trung bnh ca kim loi
( htb ) trong thi gian rt khun c tnh nh sau:
P2
htb = H 0 .
2.C
Hnh 26- S v tr
vt c trong khun
Trong : (xem hnh v H.26)

H0 - p sut thu tnh ban u ln nht, cm;
P- chiu cao vt c trn rnh dn, cm;
C- chiu cao ca vt c v tr rt, cm;
6.3.2. Tnh ton h thng rt da vo biu ;
i vi cc vt c bng gang c th s dng biu xc nh tng din

tch rnh dn cho vt c. Phng php ny cho php rt ngn thi gian tnh ton.
Th d vt c c khi lng 1000kg, chiu dy thnh 15mm, ct p trung
bnh 60cm. Hy dng biu (H.27) xc nh tng din tch tit din rnh
dn(cm2 ). thc hin nhim v ny ta lm nh sau:
T im nm trn trc honh pha phi ca biu ng vi khi lng ca vt
c vch ng thng gc n gp ng xin ng vi thnh dy S, t k ng
nm ngang n gp ng xin ng vi p sut thu tnh htb pha tri ca biu .
23

h - ct p tnh ca kim
loi trong khun, cm
F - tng din t?ch ti?t din rnh dn trong khun, cm2
g - chi?u dy thnh
vt c, mm
Vi vt c trong khun
c? tr lc nh
Vi vt c trong khun
c? tr lc trung bnh
Vi vt c trong khun
c? tr lc ln
G - Khi lung vt c, kg
Hnh 27- Ton Xblev dng tnh tng din tch rnh dn
cho vt c gang (khun ti)
24
Ti im gp nhau k ng thng gc n trc honh c ghi tng din tch tit

din rnh dn trn ba thang: thang th nht i vi cc khun n gin tr lc b,
thang th hai trung bnh v thang th ba vi cc khun phc tp c tr lc ln.
th ny dng cho cc vt c trung bnh v ln c trong khun ti. i vi khun
kh cng c th xc nh Fd theo th, sau gim gi tr i 15 20 %.
6.3.3. tnh ton h thng rt da vo bng tra:
i vi cc vt c bng gang khng phc tp lm, c khi lng 200kg tr

xung c th xc nh tit din rnh dn b nht cho php v s rnh dn ph thuc
vo chiu dy thnh vt c theo bng B19 (khi c trong khun ti).
Sau khi xc nh c tng din tch tit din rnh dn ca h thng rt
theo cc phng php trnh by trn y ( Fd ) c th tnh din trtch tit din rnh
lc x Fx v ng rt ( Fr ) nh sau:
- i vi vt c bng gang: Fd : Fx : Fr = 1: 1,2 : 1,4
Nu h thng c mng lc th: Fd : Fx : Fm : Fr = 1: 1,2 : 1 : 1,2
( Fm tng din tch cc l trn mng lc )
- i vi vt c bng thp:
Vt c n gin, thnh dy : Fd : Fx : Fr = 1: 1,05 : 1
Vt c phc tp, thnh mng: Fd : Fx : Fr = 1: 1,1 : 1,2
Cc thnh phn ca h thng rt c gii thiu trn hnh v H.28. Dung tch
cc rt i vi vt c bng gang xc nh theo bng B21. Cc rt c dng hnh
nn ct vi cn 3 50 . Kch thc cc thnh phn ca h thng rt xc nh
theo bng B21v H.28.
7. u ngt:
Ti nhng ni tp trung kim loi trn vt c d xy ra hin tng thiu ht do

co ngt, li trong vt c nhng l rng, gim xt cht ca kim loi vt c.
iu ny cng thy r khi c cc hp kim c co ngt ln nh thp, gang
graphit cu, gang hp kim thp, gang do cng nh mt s hp kim mu. khc
phc hin tng ny cn phi dng u ngt b sung kim loi.
7.1. v tr t u ngt:
V tr t u ngt l ti cc nt nhit, tc l ch tp trung kim loi vi s

lng ln v phn cch vi nhng nt nhit khc bng nhng thnh mng. Nt
nhit l ni ngui sau cng v cn c b sung kim loi bng ngun kim loi t
cc u ngt hoc c lm ngui nhanh bng cc vt lm ngui t bn ngoi hay
bn trong nt nhit. Thng thng cc u ngt thng b tr pha trn ca vt
c. H.29 trnh by cch t u ngt v st lm ngui khi c bc lt v bnh rng
bng thp. Nh c bc lt (H.29a) ngi ta t u ngt .n pha trn mt bch
v cm st ngui Ng.tr bng thp mm c ng knh nh hn ng knh l khoan
sau ny pha di vt c phn vu bt bu lng. Khi c bnh rng (H.29b) u
ngt thc t cc phn dy ca vt c: may v ch gp nhau gia nan hoa v
vnh ngoi.
25
Hnh 28- Cc thnh phn ca h thng rt

a) Phu rt; b) Phu rt c mng lc; c) Cc rt; d) Cc rt c hai l; )
Mng lc; e) Hnh dng tit din ngang rnh lc x; g) Rnh dn hnh
thang thp; h) Rnh dn hnh thang cao; f) Rnh dn hnh tam gic.
Khi xc nh v tr t u ngt cn theo nhng ch dn sau:
- u ngt c t trn phn dy nht ca vt c.
- u ngt khng lm cn tr s co t do ca vt c. trnh nt c th
phi t li xp vng cn co.
- u ngt phi d ct khi vt c v d lm sch vt ct.
- Nu c th c nn b tr u ngt ch cao ca vt c u ngt c
th kim lun nhim v ca u hi thot kh v cht bn ra ngoi khun.
- Trnh t u ngt qu st thnh vt c to nn khe ct mng, khi rt b
nung nng nhiu d sinh r ngt thnh vt c.
26
Hnh 29a- Bc lt c
bng thp dng u ngt
v vt lm ngui trong.
Hnh 29b- Bnh rng c bng thp

vi u ngt kn;
R1= r1 + d1; R2 = r2 + d2
D<D1<D2; d1<d1<d3; d3 = 1,7d2
7.2. cc loi u ngt:
Theo kt cu c u ngt t bn trn v u ngt t bn hng. Cc loi u

ngt ny u c th t kn trong khun hay t h thng vi kh tri.
Loi u ngt t bn trn h c t trc tip trn nt nhit l c dng
ph bin hn c, va t hiu qu b sung kim loi cao, va kim lun nhim v
ca u hi, li d rp khun, c th kim tra c khun trc lc rt v quan st
c kim loi chy qua khun trong lc rt. Nhc im cn k n ca loi u
ngt ny l chiu cao u ngt ph thuc vo chiu cao hm khun, tn nhiu kim
loi v khun d b bn ri vo qua u ngt h.
Hnh 30a- Phng php t tm ngn khi dng u ngt d p

a) Tm ngn mt rp khun;
b) Tm ngn t khi m cht khun.
u ngt kn t bn trn c dng khi hm khun qu cao, dng u ngt
h s tn nhiu kim loi. Khi lm khun trn my bng tm mu dng u ngt h
khng thun tin. Phn trn ca u ngt kn thng lm thnh na hnh cu
gim b mt tip xc ca kim loi vi thnh khun ngui v hn ch th tch u
ngt.
27
u ngt t bn hng vt c dng
khi nhng nt nhit ca vt c nm bn
hng hay pha di hoc khi do kt cu ca
vt c khng th t u ngt pha trn.
So vi u ngt t bn trn, u ngt t
bn hng c hiu qu b ngt km hn, lm
tng kch thc ca khun, to thnh phn
khun yu gia thnh vt c v u ngt,
d b dng kim loi lm xi l. u ngt
bn hng ph bin l loi kn.
Ngoi cc loi u ngt thng, d
tch u ngt khi vt c ngi ta thng
dng u ngt d p (c mng ngn ) (xem
hnh v H.30a) v tng hiu qu b ngt
cn dng u ngt sinh kh (xem hnh v
H.30).
Hnh 30b- Li sinh kh dng cho

u ngt p lc cao
a) S t v sinh kh trong
u ngt; b) Cu to li:
1-Cht sinh kh; 2-V; 3-Np y.
7.3. tnh ton u ngt:
Cc hnh v H.31 v H.32 gii thiu cc kiu u ngt v b tr u ngt:
Hnh 31- u ngt nhng vt c

in hnh vi thnh ng pht trin.
a) Xilanh; b) Cc, bch; c) Xilanh;
d,e) Vnh rng; g,h) May.
Hnh 32- u ngt nhng vt c in

hnh vi thnh nm ngang pht trin.
a) Bn ta; b) May; c,e) Bch; d) a; e)
Buli; h) ng ni.
C th xc nh kch thc v th tch ca u ngt theo mt s phng php

di y:
7.3.1. phng php tra bng;
Trnh t nh sau:
- Tu theo dng chi tit chn kiu u ngt v quy nh s lng u ngt
(tham kho cc hnh H.31 v H.32).
- Xc nh ng knh T ca vng trn ni tip phn dy nht ca chn
u ngt.
28
- Dng mt trong hai bng B22, B23 da vo T v
H vd
nh ra cc kch
T
thc khc ca u ngt.

Trong :
d - chiu rng chn u ngt;
b - chiu di chn u ngt;
Hvd- chiu cao vt c ni cn b ngt;
Hn - chiu cao u ngt;
B - chiu rng phn vt c c b ngt;
L - b di phn vt c c b ngt;
Mc ko di tng i ca u ngt tnh bng t s:
di .100
B
y:
bi .100 ;
hoc
di =d + d + ... tng chiu rng cc chn u ngt.

bi =b + b + ... tng chiu di cc chn u ngt.
1
Khi c kch thc u ngt s tnh c khi lng v tm ra h s tiu hao

kim loi cho u ngt (l t s gia tng khi lng u ngt vi khi lng ca
vt c th khng c u rt, u ngt) hoc tm ra hiu sut thc thu thnh phm.
i chiu vi ch tiu cho trong bng B24 nu thy sai lch ln (> 3 %) th cn
phi iu chnh li kch thc u ngt (ch yu l thay i s lng v mc
ko di tng i ca u ngt).
7.3.2. phng php gii tch:
Phng php tnh theo cng thc ca Psibun:
Hay
H = D = 1,085.3
x.
.V
1 x.
H = D = 1,085.3
x.
.G
1 x.
1
y: D- ng knh u ngt, dm;

H- chiu cao u ngt, dm;
V- th tch phn vt c cn b sung, dm3;
G- khi lng phn vt c cn b sung, kg;
- co ca kim loi (%) trong khong t nhit rt n nhit
ng c.
i vi thp c 0,1 % C
= 0,02
i vi thp c 0,35 % C
= 0,03
i vi thp c 0,45 % C
= 0,043
i vi thp c 0,70 % C
= 0,053
x- h s khng kinh t ca u ngt, bng t s gia th tch u
ngt vi th tch r ngt tp trung trong u ngt.
H s x c xc nh bng thc nghim, c gi tr
u ngt thng
x = 1,2
29
u ngt p sut kh quyn h x = 9 12

u ngt p sut kh quyn kn x = 7,5 9
u ngt p sut cao
x = 5,5 7,5
u ngt c ng bc pht nhit x = 3 4
Cng thc trn ca Psibun l dng i vi u ngt h. Vi u ngt kn th
tha s trc du cn khng phi l 1,085 m l 1,15.
Nu chiu cao u ngt vt qu ng knh th khi tnh u ngt kn cc tha
s trc du cn c chn nh sau:
H
D
Tha s
1
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,15
1,11
1,07
1,04
1,01
0,98
7.3.3. xc nh kch thc u ngt theo phng php ken:
Trnh t nh sau:
- Tnh h s khun (ch s hnh dng) K:
K=
l +b
S
y:
l- chiu di vt c, mm
b- chiu rng vt c, mm
S- chiu dy thnh vt c,mm
- Da vo th xc nh c bng thc nghim biu din mi quan h
gia t s th tch u ngt Vn i vi th tch vt c V, (W =
Vn
ph
Vd
Th t?ch vt c
Th t?ch u ng?t
thuc vo ch s hnh dng K xc nh tr s W tng ng ( th c

trnh by trn v H.33)).
- Da vo th tch u ngt Vn xc nh c tnh cc kch thc ca u
ngt (ng knh D v chiu cao H).
Khi s dng th H.33 ch
l ng cong 1 pha trn ca
th xc nh th tch u ngt c
d phng cho vt c khng
c khuyt tt g. Nu khi ch to
mt vi vt c no m u
ngt xc nh theo ng cong
pha trn ca th qu ln, c th
H s khun
th gim th tch nhng khng
c thp hn gii hn ca ng
Hnh 33- Quan h gia t s v h
cong pha di 2.
s khun K. Vt c bng thp
cha 0,2 0,3%C
30
8. vt lm ngui:
Cng vi vic dng u ngt, vt lm ngui l mt trong nhng phng tin

chng r ngt, c bit thng c s dng nhng ni khng th t u
ngt. Vt lm ngui cn c dng chng nt vt c.
Khi c gang lm ngui cc b vt c ngi ta s dng vt lm ngui bn
ngoi (gang ngui) m khng dng vt lm ngui bn trong. Nu cn phi lm
ngui b mt rng ta t nhng ming gang ngui nh xp theo bn c vi khe
h t 1,5 2,5mm (xem hnh v H.34 v bng B.25) m bo cho gang ngui c
gin n t do khng lm h hng b mt vt c. Chiu rng gang ngui cn nh
hn chiu rng b mt cn lm ngui 5 10mm. Vt lm ngui phi c b mt,
sch, nhn, khng c vt nt v r (thng c bo hay mi nhn).
ci thin iu kin lm ngui, gim bt tc lm ngui qu mnh ca
gang ngui c th gy bin trng hoc nt vt c, ngi ta cn dng cc vt lm
ngui ch to bng nhng hn hp c bit c tnh truyn nhit cao v nhit dung
ln (thnh phn chnh ca nhng hn hp ny l manhezit c tnh truyn nhit cao
gp 5 ln hn hp lm khun thng, hay graphit hn hp vi 60 80 % mt gang
v ct- st). So vi gang ngui, hn hp lm ngui c u im l: d dng c c
vt lm ngui hnh dng phc tp, to c trc tip bng mu; c th iu chnh
tc lm ngui bng cch to vt lm ngui dy, mng khc nhau tng ng vi
chiu dy thnh vt c; c th lm ngui c mt ngoi v c mt trong ca vt
c.
Hnh v H.34 gii thiu cch t gang ngui vt c bng gang.
Hnh 34- t gang ngang ngui vt c bng gang.

a,b) Khun c t gang ngui ; c) t ganng ngui hai hng so le c
cha khe h cn thit ; d) t gang ngui khng ng, khng c khe h.
Vi cc vt c bng thp c th dng vt lm ngui bn ngoi hay vt lm
ngui bn trong (thng lm bng thp mm 0,1 0,2 %C, c khi lng khong 5
10 % khi lng nt nhit).
9. v bn v c:
Bn v vt c c v trn c s ca bn v chi tit c, trn bn v vt c

cn th hin r nhng ni dung: Mt rp khun, mt chun gia cng , lng d gia
cng c, lng d cng ngh, xin thnh vt c, li v u gc li, h thng
rt, ngt, hi, vt lm ngui.
31
Khi v bn v vt c cn s dng cc k hiu thit k thng nht trong ton

ngnh hoc t ra l trong nh my. Di y gii thiu quy nh v k hiu dng
trn bn v vt c khi thit k cng ngh c (xem hnh v H.35).
9.1. k hiu mt rp khun (hay mt phn khun)
trn bn v vt c:
- Vt ct ca mt rp khun vi mt phng ca bn v c th hin bng nt

chm gch mnh mu xanh c du ch X u km theo hai mi tn ngc chiu
T
ch hm khun trn v di (xem H.35, No 1); Trng hp khun 3 hm
D
T
G
dng ch
(trn/gia) v
(gia/di).
G
D
v ch
- Trng hp phi dng mt rp khun gp khc cn: V thm ng nt ca

mt rp khun hnh chiu thy phm vi gp khc ca mt rp khun.
- Khi to nn mt rp khun bng cch xn, dng hm gi hoc dng gt th
ghi thm ch xn, hm gi, dng gt, cnh k hiu mt rp khun (xem
hnh v H.35, No 2 v 3).
- Nu lc rt khng t khun v tr nm ngang nh lc lm khun th cn
thit ghi ch thm trn bn v bng nt ch xanh v d rt ng, nghing 100 khi
rt,
- Nhng ming ri mu c k hiu trn bn v vt c bng nt chm
gch mt ct ri (H.35, No 4) km theo ch ri No bng cht (bng inh,
mng mang c ) v ghi kch thc cht, mng; Khi cn phi thm mi tn xanh
ch hng rt ming ri.
9.2. k hiu mt chun gia cng c trn bn v vt c:
Trn bn v vt c k hiu mt chun bng ba du nhn lin tip XXX (xem

H.35, No 5). Khi cn cn c th thm k hiu ca phng php kp cht lc gia
cng c.
9.3. k hiu lng d gia cng c kh trn bn v v vt c:
- Lng d c k hiu bng nt m mu , vch song song vi mt cn

gia cng c pha ngoi, sau vch sc cho song song vi sc th hin tht vt
c (c th dng sc vi nt sc mau hn) (xem hnh v H.36, No 6). i vi
cc mt khut sau li, nt m lin s tr thnh nt t v khng dng sc cho
(H.35, No 17). Nu khong cch gia hai ng hp qu c th b sc, ch dng
nt m (H.35, No 6 na tri).
- Kch thc lng d ghi bng s mu pha tri ca du k hiu bng
cn t c trn b mt gia cng (xem H.35, No 6) hoc c thm du + trc
ch s mu xem H.35, No 11).
- chn u ngt cng cn lng d gia cng (H.35, No 19)
9.4. k hiu lng d cng ngh:
- L hoc hc lm cn lp bt d c, sau s gia cng c, thng dng k

hiu nt gch cho hoc sc mt ct ca chi tit c (H.35, No 7).
- Lng d hoc ht khi cn to thm xin thnh vt c (H.35, No 8).
- Phn vt c ko di thm hoc vu c thm c ch kp cht khi gia
cng c, gia cng xong s ct b i c k hiu nh trn hnh v H.35, No 9.
32
- Thanh ging chng nt hoc chng bin dng ca vt c khi lm ngui,

nhit luyn v gia cng c kh c k hiu nh trn hnh v H.35, No 5.
- Vi nhng gn chng nt thng b tr ch ni gia cc thnh vt c nu
cn ph b i sau khi gia cng xong th cn phi ghi r, v d vt b gn sau khi
nhit luyn nh H.35, No 10.
- Lng d b co hp kim c c k hiu nh trn hnh v H.35, No 11.
- Mu th c gn lin vi vt c cng k hiu bng nt v mu nh
lng d v ghi ch thm tn mu th ( xem hnh v H.35, No 12).
9.5. k hiu li:
Cc s liu v kch thc li cn c ghi y trn bn v c c s thit

k ch to mu v hp li c d dng.
Trn bn v vt c li c k hiu nh sau:
- ng vin ca li k hiu bng nt ch xanh lin (H.35, No 13), ng vin
khut trong vt c dng nt chm chm to (H.35, No 14). i vi cc rut b ct
qua dng cc dng k kiu khc nhau hoc cng kiu nhng c to nh khc
nhau phn bit li ny vi li kia v nh s li theo th t lp vo khun, v d
li L1, L2 ( xem cc hnh v H.35, No 11, 14, 15).
Vi cc li ln c th ch k mt di gn ng vin.
- Phi ghi kch thc ca u gc li, cn th hin hnh dng u gc trn
hai hnh chiu (H.35, No 17), c km theo ng vin ca gc khun (H.35,
No16). xin ca u gc c th hin c hai hnh chiu (H.35, No 13 v
No 14).
9.6. k hiu h thng rt, ngt:
9.6.1. k hiu u ngt:
Hnh v u ngt k hiu bng nt lin trn bn v vt c c hai hnh

chiu (H.35, No 19 v No 20). i vi loi u ngt d p th k hiu nh trn
hnh v H.35, No 18.
9.6.2. k hiu vt lm ngui:
Vt lm ngui bn ngoi (gang ngui) c k hiu bng nt v mu xanh l

cy, mt ct cng k sc nh mt ct kim loi, km kch thc v tn vt liu
(xem H.35, No 21). K hiu vt lm ngui trong cng ging nh vt lm ngui
ngoi (H.35, No 22) cn ghi kch thc, s lng (hoc khi lng) v ch dn cch
c nh trong khun, cch chng g
Cc gn c ch ni thnh va lm ngui nhanh, va chng nt cho vt
c c k hiu nh trn hnh v H.35, No 10.
9.6.3. k hiu h thng rt:
Trn bn v cng ngh c k hiu h thng rt dng nt ch , th hin cch

b tr cc phn t ca h thng rt trn hai hnh chiu vi y kch thc (xem
hnh v H.35, No 23, 24). n gin cng cho php khng v y cc ng
nt m ch th hin bin dng km theo tit din cc phn t.
9.6.4. k hiu u hi:
u hi t v tr cao trong khun thot hi t lng khun ra ngoi khi

c. K hiu u hi biu th trn H.35, No 25.
33
S
TT
1
K hiu trn bn can

(en)
Loi k hiu
S
TT
Mt rp
khun
Lng d k
thut ( xin
mt mu)
Lng d k
thut (cdi
tin vic g
khi gia cng
ct)
10
Gn chng
nt
11
Lng b co
12
Mu th gn
vi vt c
13
u gc rut
(ct v thy)
Mt rp
khun to
bng hm
gi
Mt rp to
bng dng
Ming ri
Mt chun
gia cng
Thanh ging
Lng d
gia cng
Lng d
k thut
(bt l)
34
K hiu trn bn can

(en)
Loi k hiu
S
TT
14
15
K hiu trn bn can

(en)
Loi k hiu
ng nt
khut ca
rut
S
TT
K hiu trn bn can

(en)
Loi k hiu
18
Tm ngn ca
u d p
19
u ngt trn
(h)
20
u ngt bn
(ngm)
Cc kiu k
rut v
nh s rut
16
Khe h
u gc rut
17
u gc
rut cn th
hin trn hai
hnh chiu
35
S
TT
21
22
23
K hiu trn bn can

(en)
Loi k hiu
S
TT
K hiu trn bn can

(en)
Loi k hiu
Vt lm
ngui ngoi
24
H thng rt
(qua rut)
25
u hi
Vt lm
ngui trong
H thng rt
Hnh 35- K hiu thit k c
36
9.7. cch ghi kch thc trn bn v:
Khi thit k n gin bn v vt c l bn v chung nht, khng cn km

theo nhiu bn v chi tit, t m khc na nn trn bn v vt c phi ghi y
cc kch thc cn thit.
Quy nh cch ghi kch thc trn bn v vt c nh sau:
- Kch thc ghi r rng d nhn thy, c s o ngay, khng cn phi tnh
ton thm. Trn bn v cng ngh c cc kch thc nn cng mu vi k hiu v
ng nt (v d: kch thc ca li dng mu xanh, ca h thng rt v lng d
dng mu ).
- Lng tr co, xin, dung sai ca mu c trong quy nh chung c th
khng cn ghi, nhng nhng gi tr c bit nm ngoi tiu chun th phi bt buc
phi ghi r, v d:
dung sai cho mt kch thc no : 120 +13
405 5
lng d hoc lng ht b co
nhng kch thc no bn v mu
(nht l tm mu) khi ch to khng tnh
lng tr co s c nh du bng du sao
gc (v d khong cch gia hai cht ca
tm mu xem hnh v H.36a).
cc kch thc v u gc v khe h
c th ghi thm c dung sai cho php. Hnh 36- Ghi kch thc mu
Trong nhng trng hp n gin c th a) Kch thc c lng ht b cho
dng quy c ring bt s lng kch co b cn v kch thc khng tnh
thc, v d kch thc u gc mu M v co (); b) Ghi kch thc chung
hp li HL c th vit chung (xem H.36b):
cho mu v hp li
M252/H6250.
- Trn bn v vt c cng cn ghi r cc kch thc v thng gc, song
song, ng trc theo k hiu v quy nh chung ca bn v k thut.
- Khi thit k bn v mu v hp li cn phi b sung thm cc kch thc
cha ghi trn bn v vt c, thm cc hnh chiu oh- iu ny cn c bit ch
i vi kt cu vt c c to thnh mt pha do khun, mt pha do li.
III. thit k mu v hp li:
1. nguyn tc thit k mu:
Sau khi thit k bn v vt c xong cn thit k b mu. Vi chi tit n gin

ngi th mu c th cn c vo bn v vt c (bn v cng ngh c) t ra
cch ch to mu).
Vi cc chi tit c phc tp hoc dng sn xut ln th phi thc hin vic
thit k b mu cn thn vi y cc bn v v mu, hp mu v cc g khc,
trong c ch dn cch ch to, cch lp ghp cc b phn. Thng cng vic
thit k mu c tin hnh phng k thut c (luyn kim) v cng vic ny i
hi ngi thit k phi nm vng c k thut c ln k thut ch to mu.
Khi thit k b mu cn lu cc vn sau:
37
- Cu to mu v hp li phi n gin, d ch to, thun tin cho vic lm

khun, li v d ly ra khi khun c v li.
- Mu v hp li phi bn, nh d thao tc khi lm khun, li, t ming
ri.
- Mu v hp li phi m bo nhn bng b mt v chnh xc kch
thc v hnh dng.
- Nu mu l mu g th phi m bo khng b gin n, co hay cong vnh
nhiu, cn nu l mu kim loi th phi chng c s n mn.
Khi chn phng n thit k b mu cn cn c vo cc yu t sau y:
- S lng c: c t nn dng mu g c kt cu n gin, r. Khi s
lng vt c nhiu nn dng mu g ghp nhiu lp, g c bn cao
hoc dng mu kim loi. C th tham kho bng B.25 khi chn vt liu ch
to b mu.
- Cp chnh xc ca vt c: Cp chnh xc ca mu phi m bo cp chnh
xc ca vt c, v th cp chnh xc ca b mu (xem bng B.27) cng
tng ng vi cp chnh xc ca vt c nhng sai lch kch thc cho
php i vi mu phi nh hn v phi k n sai lch gy ra trong khilm
khun. Nu dng g lm vt liu ch to mu th tng bn, gim bin
dng cong vnh nn dng cc bin php ghp g theo nhiu lp, sn ph b
mt mu, phun kim loi b mt mu, cn nu yu cu mu c chnh
xc v bn cao th phi dng mu nha, mu xi mng, mu thch cao,
mu kim loi thay cho mu g. Dng mu bng kim loi chnh xc t
c khng nh hn cp I.
- Kch thc v hnh dng vt c: Kch thc ln v hnh dng phc tp
lm cho mu d b bin dng, v th vi nhng mu ln bng g c th phi
c phn ct vng vng, nhng phn mu d hng phi dng g cng, bn
hoc np kim loi, hoc thay hn bng kim loi.
- Phng php lm khun:
Khi lm khun bng tay, nu lm khun trong 2 hm khun th nn dng
mu b i, cn nu lm khun hm gi hoc xn ct th nn dng mu nguyn,
dng mu dng khi lm khun bng dng gt
Khi lm khun trn my mu thng ch to cng vi tm mu. Tm
mu c gn mu c gi chung l tm mu. Trong sn xut nh mu v tm
mu c th lm bng g, cn trong sn xut hng lot mu v tm mu bng
kim loi c hn cht vi nhau.
2. thit k kt cu mu:
2.1. mu g:
Bn v mu g phi c v vi y cc hnh chiu v mt ct km theo

cc kch thc v dung sai ch to (B.27). Trn bn v mu phi th hin r cch
ghp g (trn mt ct); xin ca mt mu (B.10); cc mnh ri; cc cht nh v;
thanh nhc Ch c nh vy ngi th mu mi c th cn c vo bn v mu m
ch to c mu.
38
V to
Thy
V nh
Thy
Ct
Ct
Mt bng vn g song
song vi li
Mt bng vn g song
song vi li
Mt thng gc vi li
Hnh 37- K hiu g
STT
Ch thch
a 3 Z 4 cung g D
S lp i = 3
S cung n = 4
Vnh i lp Z n cung g
V d y:
Vnh 3 Z 6 cung 20
D
d
500
250
Tr D l
Tr i g D l
(ghp nhiu lp)
3
Tr i Z n g D l
i = S lp
n = S vn trong mt lp
Hnh 38- K hiu ghp phi a, vnh v tr
39
STT
Ch thch
Tm
n vn g
Tm
n vn g
Tm
n vn g
n = S vn
A- Tm
n vn g
B- Tm
n vn g
Tm
n vn g
Tm
n vn g
Tm i lp
n vn g s
n s vn lp trn
i s lp
7
i = S lp
Tm i lp
n vn g
i = S lp
Hnh 39- Kiu v k hiu ghp phi tm phng
40
Khi thit k mu g cn rt quan tm n vic ghp g. Khi x vn g song

song vi li cy g ta s c tm vn c hai mt khc nhau. Mt bng l mt gn
li hn, cn mt lng xa li hn. Khi kh vn g lun c xu hng b cong li
mt bng. V th khi thay i m g rt d b cong vnh. Do mu khng
b bin dng khi thit k v ch to cn phi ghp g bng nhiu mnh theo c
chiu rng ln chiu dy. Mu cn c bn cao, s dng lu di th phi ghp
nhiu lp vn mng, mu dng cho sn xut n chic c th ghp t hn. Nhng
tm xp cnh nhau nn b tr ngc th (tm mt bng kt tm mt lng, hai lp
st nhau nn b tr thng gc).
n gin cho vic v bn v mu, ngi ta s dng h thng cc k hiu
ch hng vn g (xem hnh v H.37). Mt g ct qua k nt sc cho, dng hai
mi tn song song v ngc chiu k hiu hng ca th g. H.38 k hiu ghp
phi a, vnh v tr, cn H.39 k hiu ghp phi tm phng.
Ghp g c th thc hin bng cch dn keo vn p t bn cao, hoc
dng cht nh v hay vt ghp tip xc khi bn mu khng cn cao nhng cn
ch to mu nhanh, d tho (H.40). y l cch ph bin nht, cho php khng ch
ghp c cc thnh mu v thnh hp rut m dng ghp c nhng phi ln tng
i phc tp. Ghp bng mng (H.41) tn cng nn t c dng hn.
Hnh 40- Ghp tip xc cc thnh mu v hp li

A. Cc kiu ghp: a) Dng nh v; b,d) Dng cht g;
c) Dng vt; e) Dng cht g v vt: 1.cht; 2.vt
B. Kch thc mi ghp: a) Ghp thnh mu bng vt;
b) Ghp thnh hp li bng vt; c) Ghp bng cht v vt
41
Hnh 41- Ghp bng mng mang c

v mng thng c dng thm cht c nh mng
Trong mu v hp li bao gi cng c phn ct to nn hnh khi v xc nh
kch thc c bn. Nhng phn ph nh cc ming nh, vu, gn, mt bch
thng ch to ring ri ghp vo sau. bn ca mu ph thuc ch yu vo phn
ct .
Ming ri lm bng g rn, bn hoc bng kim loi. Trn bn v mu ng
bin gii gia ming ri v phn mu chnh c v bng mt nt m. Ming ri
c th c gn vo mu bng inh (ming ri nh), dng mng ghp mang c,
bng cht
Cht nh v gip lp ghp chnh xc hai na mu vi nhau hoc hai na hp
li. Cht thng lm bng g rn vi cc ng knh 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20 hoc 25
tu theo c mu v hp li. Cht gn cht na mu trn ng su mt on gp
ri ng knh, lp cng khng bi keo khi hng c th thay th. Phn nh ra
di bng ng knh cht, vt trn d gn vo l cht nh v na khun di.
Cht cng c th lm bng kim loi.
Thanh nhc rt mu ra khi khun. Vi mu va v nh gn mt phn
mu mt tm kim loi c khoan mt hoc hai l. L trn dng nh ng, l ren
vn thanh nhc vo rt mu ln (H.42a). Vi mu ln gn hai hoc bn thanh
nhc (l di thp c l mc cu trc) mt mu thng ng (H.42b).
Hnh 42- Thanh nhc

a) Vi kiu di nhc dng cho mu nh;
b) B) Thanh nhc dng cho mu ln
42
2.2. mu kim loi:
Chi?u dy thnh
Mu kim loi ch yu dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi v c u

im bn, dng c lu, khng thay i kch thc v b mt nhn.
V kt cu nu mu nh (kch thc
<50x50x30) th dng mu c; mu ln
hn lm rng, thnh mng c thm gn
tng cng vng vi chiu dy gn bng 0,6
0,8 chiu dy thnh mu (H.43). Hnh
dng v s lng gn ph thuc kt cu ca
mu (H.44). xin ca mu v hp li c
th ly nh hn ca mu g. (Cc tr s
xin ca mu g xem bng B.10).
Ming ri mu kim loi c th dng
ng
m
Ga hanh
nh
t
mng mang c hoc mng t. Cn u
m
i
k
ng
p
H
ngt, u hi v ng rt c gn vo mu
bng nhiu cch (xem hnh v H.45).
Kt cu hp li kim loi do hnh dng,
kch thc li v cng ngh ch to li
quyt nh. C th chn cc kiu hp li
gii thiu trn hnh v H.46 tu thuc vo
hnh dng li. Chiu dy thnh hp li xem
K?ch thc trung bnh
hnh v H.47, chiu dy gn cng vng
Hnh 43- Chiu dy thnh mu
bng 0,75 chiu dy thnh, xin 0,5
kim loi ph thuc vo kch thc
1,50, khong cch gia cc gn cng vng
bao ngoi ca mu
xem hnh v H.48
Kch thc
bao ngoi
trung bnh
250500
500750
7501100
11001500
15002000
Kiu I
160
200
250
320
400
Kiu 1
Kiu II
A/B = 1,5
a
b
130
195
160
240
200
300
260
390
320
480
A/B = 1,25
a
b
140
175
180
225
220
275
280
350
360
450
A/B = 2
a
105
135
170
215
270
B
210
270
340
430
540
Kiu 2
Hnh 44- B tr gn
tng cng mu kim loi
43
Mi?ng
ri
Mu
ch?nh
Hnh 45- Cc ming ri mu kim loi

a) Dng mng mang c (a.gc nhn; b.gc trn);
b) Dng mng t; c) Dng cht ng rt, u ngt, u hi;
1. u gc; 2. mt phn mu; 3. mu; 4. u ngt;
5. nm cm; 6. cht nh v
S
a
K
hiu
Tn
HL
Hp li
nguyn
Hp li
nguyn c
tm p
thm trn
HLe
HLh
HL
K
hiu
HL
k
HLN
h
Hp li b
ng, h
Hp li b
ng c
tm p
thm
HLN
k
Hnh 46- Cc kiu hp li

44
HLG
Tn
Hp li b
ng, kn
Hp li b
nm, h
Hp li b
nm, kn (rut
lm 2 na ri
p dn)
Hp li lp
ghp
Vi hp li bng g c bn thp ch dng trong sn xut n chic, lot

nh, lm li bng tay... tng bn cho cc hp li bng g c th dng nhiu
ln, thng np thm tn nhng b mt quan trng v cc gc cnh hoc dng v
hp bng kim loi (Xem H.49).
Kch thc ngoi A Chiu dy thnh, mm

mm
A/b>2
A/b<2
90120
68
120260
810
260500
1012
1214
500800
1214
1416
8001250
1416
1618
Hnh 47- Chiu dy thnh hp li kim loi
S gn
Chiu di
hp A, mm A/B=1,01,5 A/B=1,52,0
a
b
a
b
<260
<3
12
260500
34
23
b=a
b=a
500800
45
34
8001250 57
46
12502000 68
57
A/B2,0
a
b
1
1
23 12
34 23
45 34
56 45
Hnh 48- B tr gn tng cng hp li kim loi
Hnh 49- V hp li vn nng

45
Hmin,
mm
5
10
15
Cng nh vi mu bn v hp li g cn th hin r cch ghp g, cc mnh

ri, cht nh v hai na hp li, cng nh cch kp cht hai na hp li (xem hnh
v H.50, 51, 51).
Kch thc hp li g gii thiu trn hnh v H.53.
- Gn tng cng c chiu dy khong 0,75 chiu dy thnh, xin 1,50 vi
gn thp, 0,50 vi gn cao (trn 200mm). Khong cch gia gn xem hnh H.48
Hnh 50- Kp hai na hp li bng nm g.

Chiu ngang ca kp a = 60100mm; Chiu dy ca kp b = 4060mm;
Chiu ngang ca nm K = 2040mm; Chiu dy ca nm b2 = 2030mm;
Chiu di u kp c = 6080mm; su ca rnh kp b1 = 1525mm;
Hnh 51- Kp kim loi gi
hai na hp li.
a) Kp bng thp dp:
1,3-tai; 2-kp;
b) Kp c: 1,3-tai; 2-kp.
Cua khi lap rp
Hnh 52- Kp nm (a) v tai kp (b) bng kim loi
46
ng
knh trong
L
a
D, mm
<50
<(23)D
3540
50100
<(1,52)D 4050
100200 <(1,01,5)D 5060
Kch thc, mm
b
1020
1525
2535
c
3540
4050
5060
125150 3035
150175 3540
175200 4050
Kch thc
trong L, mm
<50
50100
100200
200400
>400
p
6070
70100
70100
Kch thc, mm
a
b
1060
2030
5060
3035
6070
3540
7080
4045
80100 4550
Ch : H = 100mm th thm gn tng

cng mt ngoi hp
Hnh 53- Hp li b i
a) Cho li tr; b) Cho li hnh hp.
IV. Chn hm khun:
Hm dng lm khun phi m bo bn, cng vng, khng thay i kch

thc, nh, gn. Hm c bng gang c dng nhiu v r tin, hm c bng
thp c bn v s dng c lu hn thng dng khi s lng c ln, hm
c bng hp kim nhm c u im l nh, dng khi c vt c nh, lm khun
bng tay. Cc hm khun c th c lin khi, lp ghp t nhiu mnh hay c
hn bng thp hnh, thp tm.
Kch c hm khun c xc nh bng kch thc bn trong ca hm,
khong cch gia mu v hm khun c chn theo bng B.28. V cc hm
khun kim loi c tiu chun ha, xng c c sn mt s c hm, do
47
khi v bn v khun c ch cn v hm bng mt s nt n gin v c ghi k

hiu v h khun. V d cp hm ch nht bng gang vi kch thc di L = 500,
rng B = 400, chiu cao hm trn HT = 150 v hm di HD = 200, c khong cch
gia hai l dn hng ng knh d = 20 c k hiu nh sau:
Hm tay gang
500.400(200 + 150
20.600
Da vo kch thc ca mu v khong cch gia mu v hm khun (theo

B.28) ta s b xc nh c kch thc khun kh ca hm khun. Da vo biu
biu din trn hnh v H.54 v kch thc s b hm khun m quyt nh chn
cc hm khun c kch thc tiu chun. C th chn kt cu cc loi hm khun
c khc nhau (H.55, 56, 57) ty thuc vo iu kin c.
B hoc D
Hnh 54- C hm thng gp (nn chn kch thc theo vng trn en)
48
Hnh 55- Hm nh
1- Bc nh tm; 2- Tr hm;
3- Tay cm bng st c hn;
4- Tai bc; 5- G cht y t
vo; 6- G lp kp nm; 7- Tay
cm c lin; 8- Bc dn hng.
Hnh 56- Hm c trung

1- Bc nh tm; 2 v 8- Tr hm;
3- Gn ngoi; 4- Tai bc;
5- G kp nm; 6- B hm;
7- Bc dn hng.
Hnh 57- Hm hn
1- Tai bc; 2- Bc nh tm; 3- Tr hm; 4- Tay cm;
5- L thot hi thnh hm; 6- Bc dn hng; 7- Tai kp nm
V. chn hn hp lm khun, li:
Tu thuc loi hp kim c, khi lng ca vt c, phng n cng ngh c
(khun, li kh hay ti )... m chn hn hp lm khun, li cho ph hp. Khi thit
k cng ngh c c th tham kho cc bng B.29 v B.30 chn hn hp lm
khun v lm li.
49
Sau khi ch to c mu v hp li, chn c hm khun v hn hp

lm khun, li th tin hnh lm khun theo mt quy trnh nht nh ph hp vi
phng n cng ngh c chn. Quy trnh lm khun, li phi c thuyt minh
r rng, y th lm khun c thc hin (xem phn C- th d v thit k
cng ngh c trong khun ct).
Vi. tnh phi liu:
Gang thng c nu trong l ng. Trong l ng ngi ta xp than, vi
v kim loi thnh tng lp, tun t t y l ln pha trn. Thng thng mi lp
than phi c chiu cao 200 250 mm m bo khng xy ra hin tng ln m
(phn d chy ca lp kim loi pha trn chy ri m phn kh chy ca lp pha
di vn cha chy ht). Khi lng than mt m ph thuc vo ng knh l nu
(xem bng B.31).
Khi nu luyn bnh thng t ln than/kim loi khong 10 12 %. Khi c
thm thp vn th t l than/gang phi ln hn (15 20 %) (xem bng B.32).
Thnh phn ho hc ca gang xm gii thiu trong bng B.33. Khi bit thnh
phn ho hc ca mc gang cn c theo bng ny ta phi cng thm t l chy
hao ca chng khi nu luyn mi ra c thnh phn ho hc ca kim loi cn phi
liu.
Thng thng ch tnh chy hao cho hai nguyn t l silic v mangan. Silic
chy hao 10 20 % (theo khi lng), cn mangan chy hao 15 25%. Cc
nguyn t khc ch ch ti khi c yu cu c bit. P c coi l t thay i khi
nu, S c th tng ln do ho tan thm S t than. C thng trong gii hn 3 3,5 %.
Thnh phn ho hc ca cc loi vt liu kim loi s a vo phi liu c
gii thiu trn cc bng B.34- gang c, B.35- gang my c v B.36- st thp vn.
Thp vn dng nu gang thng ch ch n Fe, cn cc thnh phn khc
trong n nh Si, Mn thng chy hao gn ht (tr mt vi nguyn t nh Cr, Ni) v
hm lng rt nh. Khi nu gang c cng cn tn dng a vo l nu cc vt
liu v l nh h thng rt, ngt, cc vt c ph phm, phoi vn v cc loi fero
hp kim nhu FeSi, FeMn...
Gang c c a vo l nu vi t l 30 50 %, gang vn 20 30 %, thp
vn 0 10 % v cc vt liu v l 30 35 %, cc loi vt liu kim loi khc (nh
fero hp kim, qung...) 1 2 %.
tnh t l cc thnh phn vt liu kim loi trong m liu thng da vo
hm lng Si v Mn. Gi s cn phi xc nh thnh phn ca ba loi vt liu kim
loi nu: vt liu s 1 c khi lng X, vt liu th 2 c khi lng Y v vt liu
th 3 c khi lng Z. Cc thnh phn ho hc cacbon C, mangan Mn v silic Si
tng ng vi cc loi vt liu s 1, s 2 v s 3 c k hiu l Cx, Mnx, Six; Cy
Mny, Siy v Cz, Mnz, Siz; Khi nu lng Mn b chy hao (%) k hiu l Mnch, lng
Si b chy hao l Sich.
Nu k hiu thnh phn (%) trung bnh Mn, Si v C trong vt liu kim loi
em nu l Mnvlkl, Sivlkl, Cvlkl; Trong gang lng (vt c) l Mnvd, Sivd, Cvd.
Ta c cc quan h sau:
Sivlkl - Sivlkl . Sich = Sivd
50
Do :
Sivlkl =
Sivd
1 Sich
Tng t ta c:
Mnvlkl =
Mnvd
1 Mnch
Thnh phn C tnh theo cng thc thc nghim sau:

Cvd = 1,8 + 0,5. Cvlkl
Ta c th lp c h ba phng trnh di y:
X + Y + Z = 100
(1)
X.Mnx + Y.Mny + Z.Mnz = 100.Mnvlkl (2)
(3)
X.Six + Y.Siy + Z.Siz = 100.Sivlkl
Phng trnh (1) l tng khi lng vt liu kim loi trong mt m liu.
Phng trnh (2) l phng trnh cn bng thnh phn Mangan (Mn) trong phi liu
v gang lng c k n phnf chy hao Mnch khi nu. Phng trnh (3) l phng
trnh cn bng thnh phn Silic (Si).
Gii h phng trnh trn chng ta s bit c s phn trm khi lng yu
cu ca mi loi vt liu cn nu (X, Y, Z).
Nu c 4, 5, 6 loi vt liu em nu th cng lp h phng trnh nh, vy sao
cho s phng trnh bng s n th s gii c, hoc l ch chn 3 loi vt liu (3
n s) v lp h 3 phng trnh nh trn, cc thnh phn cn li c quy nh theo
cc t l bit trc.
Ch l trong trng hp tng qut nhng iu kin bt k, cc nghim ca
h phng trnh lp c trn c th c gi tr bng khng, gi tr dng hoc
gi tr m. Nhng bi ton thc t tnh thnh phn cc vt liu kim loi a vo
phi liu (X, Y, Z) khng cho php c nghim m. V vy trc khi lp h phng
trnh cn kim tra loi tr kh nng c nghim m theo phng php sau:
Trn h to thng gc (trc honh biu
th lng Si, trc tung biu th lng Mn) ta
nh ra ta A (Mnx , Six ); B(Mny , Siy );
C(Mnz , Siz ) ng vi ba loi vt liu cn xc
nh t l (xem hnh v H.58). Ni ba im A,
B, C vi nhau thnh mt tam gic, tam gic ny
chia mt phng th ra 5 phn khc nhau. Xc
nh to ca im biu din hm lng Si,
Mn cn phi liu (im M) c th xy ra cc
kh nng:
- im M nm trong tam gic ABC. Khi
ta c th lp h ba phng trnh v
gii ra c ba nghim u dng.
- im M nm trn mt cnh ca tam
Hnh 58- th xc nh thnh
gic ABC. Khi ta s c mt nghim
phn % Mn v Si
51
bng khng v hai nghim cn li

dng.
- im M nm trong vng 1. Bi ton s c nghim m. khng m cn
a im M chy vo tam gic ABC bng cch dch trt im ny theo
hng song song vi trc honh. Ngha l phi dng thm fero silic trong
phi liu.
- im M nm trong vng 2. Tng t nh trn khng c nghim m cn
a thm fero mangan vo thnh phn m liu.
- im M nm trong vng 3. khng c nghim m phi dng c hai loi
fero silic v fero mangan vo thnh phn m liu.
- im M nm trong vng 4. Phi thay th mt trong ba loi vt liu kim
loi chn bng mt loi vt liu khc iu chnh cho im M nm
trong tam gic mi c to ra.
Sau khi kim tra v s l im M nm trong tam gic ABC th c th lp
h phng trnh nh trnh by trn xc nh cc gi tr X, Y, Z.
52
B. cc bng tra cu:

Bng B1- Chiu dy thnh b nht cho php ca thnh vt c.
Hp kim
Chiu dy thnh b nht khi c trong

khun ct
Thp cc
bon
6mm i vi vt c nh
10 12mm i vi vt c trung bnh
15 20mm i vi vt c ln
Thp hp
kim thp
Tu mc thp, song trung bnh ly ln

hn 20 40% so vi thp ccbon
thng
Gang xm
Gang bin
tnh
Gang
graphit cu
Gang do
3 4mm i vi vt c nh
6 10mm i vi vt c trung bnh
10 20mm i vi vt c ln
Ch thch
Vt c nh trong khun
v cng, thnh c th
mng ti 3mm, cn trong
khun kim loi khng
c di 8mm
Khi hm lng phtpho

cao thnh c th mng ti
2mm. c trong khun
kim loi chiu dy thnh
b nht l 4mm khi din
tch b mt vt c l
25cm2; 6mm khi din tch
b mt vt c l
25125cm2.
Ly ln hn thnh vt c bng gang

xm khong 15 20%
i vi nhng vt c c trung bnh
thnh dy ly ging nh gang bin tnh
Tr s b p dng cho
3 5mm
gang nu trong l in
hoc nu lin hp
53
Bng B.2- Chuyn tip thnh vt c v bn knh ln

C 0,6A
h 6(c-a)
A+a
4
A+ a
r1
5
A+a
R
2
C 0,6A
h 4(c-a)
A+a
4
A+a
r1
4
A+a
R
2
C 0,6A
h 6(c-a)
A+a
4
A+ a
r1
5
A+a
R
2
h 4(0,6A-a)
H6(0,6A-a)
A+a
4
A+a
R
2
54
Bng B.3- Sai lch cho php () v kch thc vt c

bng gang xm theo TCVN 385-70 v bng thp
(Tng t OCT 1855-55 cho gang xm v OCT 2009-55 cho thp)
i vi vt c chnh xc cp I, mm
Kch thc
chon ch
ln nht ca
vt c
n 120
120260
>260500
>5001250
>12503150
>31505000
Sai lch cho php i vi khong kch thc danh ngha

50
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
>50
120
>120
260
>260
500
>500
800
>800
1250
>1250
2000
>2000
3150
>3150
5000
0,3
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,8
1,4
1,6
2,0
1,6
2,0
2,5
2,6
3,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
i vi vt c chnh xc cp II, mm
Kch thc
chon
ch
ln nht ca
vt c
n 260
>260500
>5001250
>12503150
>31505000

50
>50 >120
120 260
>260
500
>500
800
>800
1250
0,5
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
1,8
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
2,5
3,0
4,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
2,2
>1250
2000
5,0
6,0
>2000
3150
>3150
5000
>5000
6300
6,0
7,0
9,0
12,0
i vi vt c chnh xc cp III, mm
Kch thc
chon ch ln
>50 >120 >260 >500 >800 >1250 >2000 >3150 >5000 >6300
nht ca vt 50
120 260 500 800 1250 2000 3150 5000 6300 10000
c
n 500
1,0
1,2
>5001250
>12503150 1,5
>31506300 1,8
>630010000 2,0
1,5
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,5
2,0
2,2
2,5
3,0
3,5
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
4,0
5,0
5,5
6,0
5,0
6,0
6,5
7,5
55
7,0
8,0
9,0
9,0
10
11
12
14
15
17
20
Bng B.4- Sai lch cho php () v chiu dy thnh v gn

khng gia cng ca vt c bng gang xm theo TCVN 385-70
(Tng t OCT 1855-55 cho gang xm v OCT 2009-55 cho thp)
Kch thc
Chiu dy thnh
chon ch ln
v gn khng
nht ca vt c
gia cng
1
2
n 6
>610
>1018
n 500
>1830
>3050
>5080
>80120
n 10
>1018
>1830
>500 n 1250
>3050
>5080
>80120
n 10
>1018
>1830
>1250 n 2500
>3050
>5080
>80120
n 18
>1830
>2500 n 4000
>3050
>5080
>80120
n 18
>1830
>4000
>3050
>5080
>80120
Sai lch cho php i vi cc cp chnh xc

I
II
III
0,2 (0,3)
0,3 (0,5)
0,5 (0,8)
0,8 (1,0)
0,8 (1,0)
1,0 (1,2)
1,0 (1,0)
0,4 (0,8)
0,5 (0,8)
0,8 (1,0)
1,0 (1,0)
1,2 (1,5)
1,5 (2,0)
1,8 (2,5)
0,8 (1,0)
1,0 (1,0)
1,5 (1,5)
1,5 (1,5)
2,0 (2,0)
2,5 (2,5)
2,5 (3,0)
0,3 (0,8)
0,5 (1,0)
0,8 (1,0)
1,0 (1,2)
1,2 (1,5)
1,5 (2,0)
0,8 (1,0)
1,2 (1,5)
1,5 (1,5)
1,3 (2,0)
2,0 (2,5)
2,5 (3,5)
1,2 (1,5)
1,5 (2,0)
2,0 (2,0)
2,0 (2,0)
2,5 (2,5)
3,0 (3,5)
0,5 (1,0)
0,8 (1,0)
1,0 (1,0)
1,2 (1,5)
1,8 (2,0)
2,0 (2,5)
1,2 (1,5)
1,5 (2,0)
2,0 (2,0)
2,5 (2,5)
2,5 (3,0)
3,0 (3,5)
1,5 (1,5)
2,0 (2,0)
2,5 (2,5)
3,0 (3,0)
3,0 (3,5)
3,5 (4,0)
1,0 (1,5)
1,2 (1,5)
1,5 (2,0)
2,0 (2,0)
2,5 (2,5)
1,5 (2,0)
2,0 (2,5)
2,5 (3,0)
3,0 (3,5)
3,5 (4,0)
2,0 (2,5)
2,5 (3,0)
3,0 (3,5)
3,5 (4,0)
4,0 (4,5)
2,0 (2,0)
2,5 (2,5)
3,0 (3,5)
3,5 (4,0)
4,0 (4,5)
3,0 (2,5)
3,5 (3,5)
4,0 (4,0)
4,5 (5,0)
5,0 (6,0)
56
BngB.5- Sai lch cho php () v khi lng ca vt c

bng gang xm (Theo TCVN 385-70)
Khi lng danh

ngha ca vt c
n 80
>80500
>500
Sai lch cho php v khi lng, %

Cp chnh xc
I
II
III
5
7
8
4
6
7
3
5
6
Bng B.6- Lng d ln nht gia cng c kh vt c bng gang xm, mm

(Theo OCT 1855-55)
Kch thc
ln nht
ca vt
c, mm
1
Ln
n gin
Di 100
2
2
100200
3
200300
3
300500
4
500800
5
8001200
6
12001800
18002600
26003800
38005400
Trn 5400
Phc tp
2
3
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nhm lng d
2
Sn xut
Hng lot
Vt c
n gin Phc tp
3
3
3
1
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
8
7
9
8
10
9
11
10
12
12
14
57
3
n chic
n gin
3
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
Phc tp
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
12
16
18
Bng B.7- Lng d cho gia cng c ca vt c bng gang xm

(Theo TCVN 385-70)
i vi vt c chnh xc cp I, mm
Kch thc
chon ch
ln nht ca
chi tit
1
Lng d i vi cc khong kch thc danh ngha

V tr b mt
khi c
2
Pha trn
n 120
Pha di, bn
Pha trn
>120260 Pha di, bn
Pha trn
>260500 Pha di, bn
Pha trn
>500800 Pha di, bn
Pha trn
>8001250 Pha di, bn
Pha trn
>12503150 Pha di, bn
Pha trn
>31505000 Pha di, bn
50
>50 >120 >260

120 260 500
3
2,5
2,0
2,5
2,0
3,5
2,5
4,5
3,5
5,0
3,5
3,5
4,0
6,0
4,5
4
2,5
2,0
3,0
2,5
3,5
3,0
4,5
3,5
5,0
4,0
3,5
4,5
6,5
4,5
3,0
2,5
4,0
3,5
5,0
4,0
6,0
4,5
4,0
4,5
7,0
5,0
4,5
3,5
5,5
4,5
6,5
4,5
4,5
5,0
7,5
5,5
58
>500
800
>800 >1250 >2000 >3150

1250 2000 3150 5000
5,5
4,5
7,0
5,0
7,0
5,0
5,5
8,0
6,0
6,0
9,0
6,5
9,5
7,0
10
10
7,5
11
11
8,5
i vi vt c chnh xc cp II, mm
Kch thc
chon
ch
ln nht ca
chi tit
1
V tr b mt
khi c
n 120
2
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>120260
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>260500
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>500800
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>8001250
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>12502000
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>20003150
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>31505000
Pha trn
Pha di, bn
>50006300
Pha trn
Pha di, bn

50
>50
120
>120
260
>260
500
>500
800
3,5
2,5
4,0
3,0
4,5
3,5
5,0
4,0
6,0
4,0
7,0
4,5
7,0
5,0
7,5
5,5
7,5
5,5
4,0
3,0
4,5
3,5
5,0
4,0
6,0
4,5
7,0
5,0
7,5
5,0
7,5
5,0
7,5
5,5
8,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
6,0
4,5
6,5
4,5
7,0
5,0
8,0
5,5
8,0
5,5
8,0
6,0
8,5
6,5
6,5
5,0
7,0
5,0
7,5
5,5
8,0
6,0
8,5
6,0
8,5
6,0
9,0
7,0
7,5
5,5
8,0
5,5
9,0
6,5
9,0
6,5
9,0
6,5
10
7,5
8,5
6,5
9,0
6,5
10
7,0
10
7,0
11
8,0
10
7,5
11
8,0
11
8,0
12
9,0
59
>800 >1250 >2000 >3150 >5000

1250 2000 3150 5000 5300
10
12
9,0
12
9,0
13
10
11
12
13
10
14
11
15
12
i vi vt c chnh xc cp III, mm
Kch thc
chon
ch
ln nht ca
chi tit
1
n 120
>120260
>260500
>500800
>8001250
>12502000
>20003150
>31505000
>50006300

V tr b
mt khi
c
2
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
Pha trn
Pha di,
bn
50
>50
120
>120
260
>260
500
>500
800
>800
1250
>1250
2000
>2000
3150
10
3
4,5
3,5
4
4,0
3,0
5,0
4,0
4,5
3,5
5,0
4,0
6,0
4,5
5,0
4,0
6,0
4,5
6,5
5,0
7,0
5,0
6,0
4,5
6,5
4,5
7,0
5,0
7,5
5,5
7,0
5,5
7,0
5,0
7,0
5,0
7,5
5,5
8,0
5,5
8,5
6,5
8,0
6,0
7,5
5,0
8,0
5,5
8,0
6,0
9,0
6,5
9,0
6,5
10
7,5
9,0
7,0
7,5
5,0
8,0
5,5
8,5
6,0
9,0
6,5
10
7,0
11
8,0
12
9,0
9,0
7,0
7,5
5,5
8,0
6,0
8,5
6,0
9,0
6,5
10
7,0
11
8,0
12
9,0
13
10
9,0
7,0
8,0
6,0
8,5
6,5
9,0
7,0
10
7,5
11
8,0
12
9,0
13
10
14
11
60
>3150
5000
11
>500
0
530
0
12
>63
00
10
000
13
Bng B.8- Lng d ln nht gia cng c kh i vi nhng l lp ghp

trong vt c bng gang xm, mm
Kch
thc ln
nht ca
vt c
Di 100
100200
200300
300500
500800
8001200
Nhm lng d
1
2
3
Dng sn xut
Ln
Hng
n
lot
chic
3
4
5
4
5
6
5
6
7
6
7
8
6
8
9
7
9
10
Kch thc
ln nht
ca vt c
12001800
18002600
26003800
38005400
Trn 5400
2
3
Dng sn xut
Ln
Hng
n
lot
chic
8
10
12
10
12
14
14
16
16
18
18
20
Bng B.9- Lng co theo chiu di ca cc vt cbng cc hp kim khc nhau

Nhm vt c
Gang xm: vt c nh v trung bnh
Vt c trung bnh v ln
Vt c rt ln
Vt hnh tr trn:Theo chiu di
Theo ng knh
Gang do tm trng: Trc khi
Sau khi
Gang do tm en: Trc khi
Sau khi
Thp:
Vt c thp ccbon v thp hp kim thp
Vt c bng thp Crm cao
Vt c bng thp ostenit
Cc hp kim mu:
Vt c bng ng thanh thic
Vt c bng ng thanh nhm
ng thau
ng thau silic
ng thau mangan
Hp kim silumin
Hp kim nhm ng
Hp kim nhm magie
Hp kim magie
61
co, %
B cn tr
T do
0,9
1,0
0,8
0,9
0,7
0,8
0,8
0,9
0,5
0,7
1,8
2,0
1,4
1,8
1,6
1,8
1,0
1,5
1,31,7
1,01,4
1,72,0
1,62,0
1,31,7
2,02,3
1,2
1,61,8
1,51,7
1,61,7
1,82,0
0,81,0
1,4
1,0
1,1
1,2
2,02,2
1,82,0
1,71,8
2,02,3
1,01,2
1,5
1,3
1,3
Bng B.10- Tr s xin thot khun mt ngoi ca mu (v hp li)

(Theo TCVN 386-70)
Chiu cao thot
khun ca mu h,
mm
n 20
>2050
>50100
>100200
>200300
>300500
>500800
>8001180
>11801600
>16002000
>20002500
>2500
Mu chy
0020
0015
0010
Gc xin
Mu ca
Mu kim
khun v
loi
mng
Khng ln hn
0
0 45
1030
0
0 30
10
0030
1045
0020
0030
0020
0030
0020
0020
Mu g
30
1 30
10
0045
0030
0030
0030
1020
1020
1020
0015
0015
0
Bng B.11- Tr s xin thot khun ca ct

Chiu cao thot khun ca
mu h, mm
d
>1
hd
Mu kim loi
Mu g
Khng ln hn
0
3
30
20
2030
10
1030
0045
10
0045
10
0030
0045
0030
0030
0030
n 20
>2050
>50100
>100200
>200300
>300500
>500800
>800
Ch thch:
Gc xin khi
1. d: ng knh hay chiu rng nh nht ca ct

2. Khi t s
d
1 th mt trong ca vt c thc hin bng li.
hu
3. Khi ct c ly ln cng vi na khun trn th tr s

xin thot khun c th tng ln hai ln.
62
Bng B.12- Lng d nhng ch ct u ngt bng m x ct

trn vt c thp
Chiu
rng
Di
hoc
ng
50
knh u
ngt
Lng
d ch
ct u
1
ngt,
mm
51
63
63
80
80
100
100
125
125
160
160
200
200
230
230
315
315
400
400
500
500
630
630
800
800
1000
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
28
32
Bng B.13- Cc kch thc ca u

gc li nm ngang mu v hp li
bng g.
ng knh u
gc hoc kch
thc trung bnh
mt ct ngang,
mm
Khe h gia u gc v
gc mt pha, mm
Bn knh
ln
Phn di ca
Phn trn
chn u
khun
ca
gc, mm
khun
Ti
Kh
Chiu di u gc
I- Li c
u gc
di
II- Li
khng c
u gc
di
d
l1
l2
a1
1
2
3
4
Di 300
25
35
Khng
35
46
khe h
3150
50
60
51100
60
90
101200
80
120
201400
100
150
401600
150
200
6011000
Trn 1000
200
250
Ghi ch: i vi u gc nm ngang m mt
gc xin ca mu.
63
a1
5
0,5
1
1
1,5
1,5
2
2
3
li thng
a2
6
1
1,5
1,5
2
2
3
3
1
ng, gc
xin
ca u
gc
r
0
7
8
4
10
5
10
6
7
8
7
8
7
10
5
12
4
15
3
ly bng
Bng B.14- Cc kch thc ca

u gc li thng ng mu
v hp li bng g.
Chiu cao ca u gc,

mm
ng knh
ca u gc
cho cc kch
thc trung
bnh mt ct
ngang, mm
I. li
vng
II. li
khng
vng
d
1
Di 30
3150
51100
101200
201400
401600
6011000
Trn 1000
h1
2
25
30
40
50
70
80
100
120
h2
3
30
40
55
70
90
110
140
160
u gc di
u
gc
trn
h3
4
20
25
35
40
50
60
80
160
Khe h gia u gc v
gc li mt pha, mm
Phn di ca
Phn
khun
trn
ca
Ti
Kh
khun
a1
5
Khng
Khe
h
64
a1
6
0,5
1
1
1,5
1,5
2
2
3
a2
7
1
1,5
1,5
2
2
3
3
4
xin ca
u gc
Bn knh
ln
chn ca
u gc, Di Trn
mm
r
8
4
5
6
8
8
10
12
15
0
9
10
10
7
7
6
6
5
3
0
10
15
15
10
10
8
8
6
4
Bng B.15- Chiu cao h ca u gc di ca li thng ng, mm

(Theo OCT 3606-57)
a)
Kch thc
d
hoc n
a+b
50
,mm
Chiu di L ca li, mm
5115 151 301 501 751 1001 1501 Trn
0
300
500
750
1000 1500
2000 2000
1
n 25
2650
51100
101200
201300
301400
401500
501750
7511000
10011250
12511500
15012000
20012500
Trn 2500
2
20
20
25
30
35
40
40
50
50
-
Ch thch:
h, mm
h1, mm
20
15
b)
25
40
35
30
35
40
40
50
50
60
70
90
100
110
60
50
40
40
40
40
50
50
60
70
90
100
110
70
70
60
50
50
50
50
50
60
70
90
100
110
100
90
80
70
60
60
50
60
70
90
100
110
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
60
70
90
100
110
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
80
90
100
110
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
100
110
10
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
- Chiu cao h1 ca u gc trn ca li thng ng ly nh

hn h nh sau:
25
15
30
20
35
20
40
25
50
30
60
35
70
40
80
50
90
55
100 110
60 65
- Khi li qu di (L/d 5), phi dng u gc m rng (hnh

b), chiu cao ly ln hn 1,5 2 ln s liu ca bng.
65
Bng B.16- Chiu di L ca u gc rut nm ngang, mm

(Theo OCT 3606-57)
Kch thc
d hoc
Chiu di L ca li, mm
a+b
, mm
2
n
50
51
150
151
300
301 501 751 1001 1501 2000

500 750 1000 1500 2000
2500
2
20
15
25
20
30
3
35
20
35
30
45
40
50
50
4
45
30
50
40
55
50
60
60
80
70
100
80
5
60
40
70
50
80
60
90
70
100
80
120
90
140
100
n 50
51100
101200
201300
301400
401500
501750
7511000
66
10
90
60
100
70
110
80
120
90
130
100
150
110
180
130
110
70
120
80
130
90
140
100
150
110
170
120
200
140
140
100
150
110
160
120
180
130
200
140
230
150
160
110
180
120
200
130
230
140
250
150
280
160
200
130
220
140
250
150
280
160
300
170
Trn
3000
11
140
150
160
170
180
Tip bng 16
1
10011250
12511500
15012000
20012500
6
200
7
230
150
250
8
250
160
280
180
200
9
300
170
330
190
210
10
330
180
350
200
220
210
230
220
230
240
250
250
260
270
280
290
25013000
Trn 3000
Ch thch: Kch thc ghi bng ny dng cho rut nm ngang c hai u
gc, t s dng cho khun ti, mu s cho khun kh.
Bng B.17- nghing ca u gc mu g ()

(Theo OCT 3606-57)
Chiu cao u gc
h hoc h1, mm
n 20
2150
51100
101200
201300
301500
501800
Trn 800
Rut thng ng
10
15
7
10
6
8
5
6
67
Rut nm ngang
10
3
15
0
7
1 30
10
6
1
8
0
6
5
0 45
0
5
0 45
8
0
5
4
0 30
0
0
3 30
3
0 30
2030
0030
3
11
190
Bng B.18- Khe h gia u gc li v gc li, mm

(Theo OCT 3606-57)
Chiu cao
u gc h
hoc h1
1
n 25
2650
51100
101200
201300
301500
n
50
2
0,15
0,5
0,25
0,5
0,5
1,0
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,5
2,0
51
151
3
0,15
0,5
0,25
0,5
0,5
1,0
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,5
2,0
501750
7511000
10011250
12511500
Khe h S1 khi li c chiu di L hoc ng knh d

151 301 501 751 1001 1501 2001
300
500
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0,25
0,5
0,5
1,0
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,5
2,0
1,0
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
1,5
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
2,0
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
2,5
2,5
3,2
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
3,0
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
3,5
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
15012000
0,15
0,25
0,25
0,5
0,5
1,0
1,52,5
1,53,0
2,05,0
1,56,0
3,06,0
2,57,5
3,06,0
3,08,0
4,07,5
3,58,5
5,08,0
4,09,0
5,59,0
4,59,5
6,59,5
5,510,0
7,510,5
5,510,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
6,011,0
5,5
2,0
4,0
6,0
3,0
5,0
6,5
3,0
5,5
7,0
4,0
6,0
7,012,0
1,0
2,0
5,0
1,5
3,0
20012500
Khe h S2
Khe h
S3
11
Ch thch: T s l khe h cho khun ti, mu s cho khun kh.
68
Bng B.19- Tit din v s lng rnh dn i vi vt c bng gang

khi lng 200kg tr xung.
Khi
lng
vt c
kg
1
00,5
0,51
13
35
510
1015
1520
2030
3040
4060
60100
100150
150200
Rnh dn
Chiu
Tit din
di,
mt rnh
2
mm
dn, cm
2
3
0,30,4
1015
0,40,5
1520
0,50,7
2025
0,650,85 2530
0,650,85 2530
0,650,85 2530
0,650,85 2530
0,851
3035
0,851
3035
11,5
3035
11,5
3540
11,5
4045
11,5
4550
Chiu dy thnh vt c, mm
58
810
1015
35
1520
S lng rnh dn
4
1
1
1
2
3
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
5
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
45
56
78
89
6
1
1
1
1
2
23
4
4
1
4
5
7
8
7
1
1
1
1
2
23
3
3
3
31
45
56
67
8
1
1
1
1
2
23
3
3
3
3
4
5
6
Ch thch: n s rnh dn chn tu .
Bng B.20- Dung tch cc rt i vi vt c bng gang.

Cc rt cho mt
ng rt
Tiu th
Dung
kim loi tch cc
kg/s
rt, kg
2
1,32
3
22,5
4
2,53
5
34
6
45
9
57
Cc rt cho hai
ng rt
Tiu th Dung
kim loi tch cc
kg/s
rt, kg
12
46
15
68
17
810
25
1012
34
1214
40
1418
69
Cc rt cho mt
ng rt
Tiu th
Dung
kim loi tch cc
kg/s
rt, kg
13
711
19
1113
28
1317
37
1721
32
2127
70
2735
Cc rt cho hai
ng rt
Tiu th Dung
kim loi tch cc
kg/s
rt, kg
50
1822
60
2226
75
2630
85
3035
100
3540
Bng B.21- Kch thc cc thnh phn ca h thng rt

Kch thc phu rt (H.28a)
Kch thc, mm
D
D1
H
60
40
60
70
50
70
80
60
80
ng knh
ng rt, mm
16
20
25
Dung tch
phu, cm3
100
200
300
Kch thc phu rt c mng lc (H.28b)

ng knh
ng rt, mm
20
25
30
D1
95
100
110
Kch thc, mm
D3
D4
H
60
52
80
70
62
90
30
72
100
D2
70
20
90
h
70
80
90
Mng
lc N0
1
2
3
h1
12
15
18
Dung tch
phu, cm3
300
400
600
Kch thc cc rt (H.28c)

Kch thc, mm
ng
knh ng
rt, mm
25
32
40
R1
R2
R3
R4
r1
120
180
240
40
70
95
70
110
170
25
40
60
20
35
55
35
50
75
30
45
70
10
15
20
5
5
10
Dung
tch cc
rt, cm3
600
1700
4500
Kch thc cc rt c hai ng rt (H.28d)

ng knh
ng rt, mm
25
32
40
50
A
200
300
400
500
Kch thc, mm
H
a
b
110 150 110
130 230 150
120 320 180
210 420 220
B
180
220
260
300
h
80
100
150
170
a1
170
250
340
440
b1
250
340
440
240
Dung tch
cc rt, cm3
1500
3500
9000
17000
Kch thc mng lc (H.28)

N0 mng
lc
1
2
3
S l
20
20
20
D
74
84
94
D0
70
80
90
Kch thc, mm
D1
D2
D3
50
35
15
54
38
18
60
41,5 19
70
d1
5
6
7
d2
6
7
8
Tng tit din

cc l, cm2
3,9
5,6
7,7
Kch thc rnh lc x (H.28e)

Tit din
F, cm2
1,0
1,3
1,6
2,0
2,5
3,15
4,0
5,0
6,3
8,0
10,0
12,5
26,0
20,0
25,0
31,5
40,0
11
12
14
15
16
18
22
24
26
30
34
33
42
48
52
60
66
b
Khi h = a
3
10
10
12
13
14
18
19
20
27
28
30
34
38
42
48
52
Kch thc, mm
a1
b1
c1
Khi h = 1,25a
c
11
12
14
15
17
19
21
24
27
30
33
37
42
47
53
59
67
11
12
15
15
16
18
22
24
26
30
34
38
42
48
52
60
8
9
10
11
12
13
16
18
19
22
26
29
32
36
40
45
a2
14
15
17
19
21
25
27
30
35
38
43
48
53
60
66
77
b2
c2
Khi h = 1,5a
11
12
14
15
18
20
23
24
28
30
36
40
44
50
56
7
8
10
11
13
14
16
17
20
22
25
28
32
35
39
17
20
21
23
26
30
34
33
42
47
54
60
60
75
84
Kch thc rnh dn hnh thang thp (H.28g)

Tit
din F,
cm2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
Chiu cao h, mm
2
a
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
b
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
a
11
15
18
21
25
28
31
35
38
41
48
55
b
9
12
16
19
22
25
29
32
35
59
45
52
71
16
18
21
24
26
29
31
36
41
14
15
19
21
23
26
29
33
39
21
23
25
29
33
19
20
22
26
30
Tip bng B21 (kch thc rnh dn hnh thang thp)

1,8
2,0
2,2
2,5
2,8
61
68
75
85
95
59
65
72
82
92
46
51
56
64
71
43
49
53
61
69
42
41
45
51
57
34
39
42
49
54
Kch thc rnh dn hnh thang cao (H.28h)

Tit
din F,
cm2
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
2,5
2,8
3,0
6
a
18
20
22
24
27
30
38
36
42
46
50
b
15
17
19
21
24
27
30
33
39
43
47
a
13
14
15
18
20
22
25
34
33
35
39
Chiu cao h, mm
8
12
b
a
b
10
11
12
15
12
9
17
14
11
19
15
12
22
17
14
25
19
16
28
21
18
32
24
21
36
25
22
16
a
12
14
15
16
18
19
Kch thc rnh dn hnh tam gic (H.28i)

Tit din F,
cm2
0,4
0,8
1,6
2,6
3,6
4,8
6,3
8,0
a, mm
Tit din F,
cm2
9,6
11,6
14
16,5
19,8
25
31,5
39,3
9
12
18
22
28
31
35
40
72
a, mm
45
48
53
58
63
70
79
89
9
11
12
13
15
16
Bng B.22- Nhng s liu c bn xc nh kch thc u ngt thng

thng t trn thnh thng ng ca vt c (H.31)
T, mm
H vd
T
D
T
Hn
T
50
50
50
50
50
100
100
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
300
300
3
5
10
20
30
3
5
10
20
30
3
5
10
15
5
10
1,42,3
1,52,4
1,62,4
1,752,0
2,32,7
1,41,7
1,51,8
1,62,0
1,71,9
1,92,2
1,41,7
1,51,75
1,61,9
1,51,8
1,41,7
1,51,8
1,51,9
1,62,0
1,82,2
3,04,0
3,24,0
1,82,3
2,82,5
2,23,5
3,54,5
4,25,0
1,41,6
1,51,8
1,82,6
3,24,2
1,51,7
1,82,7
Hn
H vd
Khi dng u ngt

M rng v Thu hp v
pha trn
pha trn
1,2
0,8
0,60
0,6
0,35
0,30
1,0
1,1
0,65
0,7
0,50
0,5
0,40
0,30
0,80
0,7
0,55
0,6
0,40
0,35
0,50
0,35
h
H vd
1,4
0,8
0,6
1,0
0,7
0,5
0,7
0,6
Mc ko
di ca
u ngt,
%
40100
40100
40100
45100
50100
40100
40100
45100
50100
55100
45100
45100
50100
55100
50100
50100
Ch thch:
1. Bng ny dng cho nhng vt c ch to bng thp ccbon v
thp hp kim thp.
2. Khi nh kch thc u ngt cn phi tho mn iu kin c
c h s tiu hao kim loi hp l (bng B.24). Khi khi lng u ngt
khng tng ng vi yu cu ca B.24, kch thc ca u ngt s c
hiu chnh bng cch thay i mc ko di ca u ngt.
3. Mc ko di ca u ngt =
73
b
C
Bng B.23- Nhng s liu c bn xc nh kch thc u ngt thng

thng t trn thnh vt c nm ngang (H.32)
T, mm
d
T
Hn
d
50
100
150
200
250
300
500
750
1000
1250
1,82,5
1,62,5
1,52,0
1,32,6
1,31,5
1,251,5
1,21,5
1,21,3
1,11,25
1,11,2
1,81,2
1,61,2
1,51,2
1,51,2
1,41,1
1,251,0
1,10,95
0,90,8
0,850,7
0,80,7
Mc ko di u ngt khi d = b, %
Khi L l
Khi L=B ng knh Khi L=2B Khi B=d
vng trn
40,0
31
22,0
20,0
40,0
31
22,0
20,0
42,5
33
23,5
22,5
44,0
35
24,5
24,0
50,0
39
25,0
25,0
57,0
45
27,0
62,0
48
38,0
73,5
58
54,0
81,5
64
65,0
85,0
67
66,0
Ch thch:
1. Ch dn s dng cho nhng vt c ch to bng thp cc
bon v thp hp kim thp
2. Khi rt trc tip vp u ngt t s
H
d
v n ly theo gii
d
T
hn di
3. Nhng quy nh kch thc u ngt cn phi tho mn iu
kin c c h s tiu hao kim loi hp l (bng B.24). Khi khi lng
u ngt khng tng ng vi yu cu bng B.24, kch thc ca u
ngt c hiu chnh bng cch thay i mc ko di.
74
Bng B.24- H s phng chng tiu hao kim loi cho u ngt thng
b sung trc tip, p dng cho vt c bng thp ccbon v thp hp kim thp.
Tn gi nhm vt
c
1
Vt c b:
- Vi khi lng gia
cng c kh ln
Khi
lng vt
c th,
kg
2
n 90
- Vi khi lng gia

cng c kh t
n 100
Vt c trung bnh:
- Vi khi lng gia
cng c kh ln
101500
- Vi khi lng gia

cng c kh t
101500
Vt c ln:
- Vi khi lng gia 5015000
cng c kh ln
- Vi khi lng gia 5015000
cng c kh t
Vt c ln:
- Vi khi lng gia Trn 5000
cng c kh ln
- Vi khi lng gia Trn 5000
cng c kh t
Thnh dy
u th ca
vt c T,
mm
3
n 20
2150
Trn 50
n 20
2150
Trn 50
n 30
3160
Trn 60
n 30
3160
Trn 60
n 50
50100
Trn 100
Trn 50
50100
Trn 100
n 50
50100
Trn 100
n 50
50100
Trn 100
H s tiu hao kim

loi cho u ngt
u
u
ngt h ngt kn
4
5
0,47
0,43
0,56
0,52
0,65
0,60
0,47
0,37
0,52
0,37
0,45
0,41
0,45
0,41
0,52
0,45
0,60
0,50
0,43
0,37
0,47
0,41
0,52
0,45
0,43
0,39
0,50
0,43
0,55
0,47
0,41
0,37
0,45
0,39
0,50
0,41
0,41
0,37
0,47
0,41
0,52
0,45
0,39
0,35
0,43
0,37
0,45
0,39
Hiu sut thc thu

thnh phm, %
u
u
ngt h ngt kn
6
7
65
67
61
63
58
60
65
70
65
70
66
64
66
68
63
61
60
61
67
70
65
58
63
66
67
69
64
67
62
65
68
70
66
69
64
68
68
70
65
68
63
66
69
71
67
70
66
69
* Khi vt c khng lm ngui bn ngoi vnh

Ch thch: 1. H s tiu hao kim loi cho u ngt, l t s ton b khi lng u
ngt, xc nh theo kch thc bn ngoi ca chng vi khi lng ca
vt c ct b u ngt.
2. Hiu sut thc thu thnh phm, l t s khi lng thnh phm vi
tng s tiu hao kim loi cho vt c, khi lng h thng rt ly bng
4%.
3. Khi lng gia cng c kh t, khi ch cn gia cng di 20% b mt.
75
Bng B.25- Chiu di vt lm ngui v khe h khi b tr.

Vt lm ngui
Tr trn
Tm
C, mm
ng knh < 25
ng knh 2545
Chiu dy < 40
Chiu dy 1025
Chiu dy > 25
Chiu di, mm
100150
100200
100150
150200
200300
Khe h, mm
1220
2030
610
1020
2030
Bng B.26- Cc loi mu v cch chn

Sn Lng
lng
c
c mi t
5
Mu xng, dng gt
Cp
chnh
xc
3
520
Mu g thng
1030
Mu g bn (c th
dng tm mu to )
32
100
50
Tm mu thay nhanh
(trn c gn mu g
hoc mu thch cao)
1500
100
Tm mu (mu g hoc
nha).
21
1000
>100
Tm mu kim loi
100
Loi mu
76
c im ca b mu
- G mm, khng sn
- G mm, c sn hoc nh
vecni.
- Mu v hp li ghp n gin,
tit kim g
- G mm va, sn c
- G mm va, i ch dng g
rn (mu h thng rt)
- Hp li chc, np g rn, mt
bc tn, c dng kp kim loi.
- Mu bng g rn ghp nhiu lp
lp chnh xc trn tm mu
bng g, nha hoc kim loi
(nhm, gang)
- Hp li c v tiu chun ha
bng kim loi, ming ri bng g
rn hoc nha.
- C dng kim, tm sy.
- Mu kim loi, gia cng chnh
xc lp trn tm mu bng
nhm hoc gang.
- Hp li kim loi, nhng ch
mau mn c bc thp ti, c c
cu c kh hoc kh nn tho
m hp v rt ming ri.
Bng B.27- Sai lch cho php v kch thc mu, mm

Kch thc
mu, mm
n 50
51100
101200
201300
301500
501800
8011200
12011800
18012600
Trn 2600
I
Sn xut ln
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,5
Cp chnh xc ca mu
II
III
Sn xut hng lot Sn xut n chic
0,3
0,5
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,8
0,8
1,0
0,8
1,0
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,5
2,0
2,0
3,0
2,0
3,0
i vi mu kim loi, chnh xc khng c nh hn cp I
Bng B.28- Khong cch gia mu v hm khun, mm

a) Gia mt trn ca vt c v mt trn ca mu;
b) Gia mt di ca vt c v mt di ca hm khun
c) Gia mt bn ca vt c v thnh hm khun;
d) Gia ng rt v thnh hm; ) Gia cc vt c;
e) Gia vt c v rnh lc x;
Khi lng vt c, kg
<5
610
1120
2150
51100
101250
251500
5011000
10012000
20013000
30014000
40015000
500110000
>10000
a
40
50
60
70
90
100
120
150
200
250
275
300
350
400
b
40
50
60
70
90
100
120
150
200
250
275
300
350
400
77
c
30
40
40
50
50
60
70
90
100
125
150
175
200
250
d
30
40
50
50
60
70
80
90
100
125
150
175
200
250
30
40
50
60
70
100
-
e
30
30
30
40
50
60
70
120
150
200
225
250
250
250
78
Bng B.30- Hn hp ct li cho c gang v thp

Tnh cht hn hp
bn, N/cm2
m,
thng
Nn
Ko
%
kh
ti
kh
130
13 0,30,6
Ln
g t
st
<2
II
35
100
24
0,51,0
5070
III
3 6
100
34
1,01,6
3560
IV
5 7
70
45
1,52,5
2030
710
70
56
2,03,5
815
Loi
li
Ct
thch
anh
100
100
97
100
96
935
9
723
8
t
st
Thnh phn, % khi lng

Cht dnh
Mn
Ct c
Nhm
Nc
ca
Nha
du kh
giy
1,01,5
03
2,03,0
04
23
3 6
71
040
02
23
82
2060
03
23
Mc phc tp ca li c gim dn t loi I xung loi V.

Bng B.31- Lng than v vi mt m (kg)
ng knh l,
D, mm
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1100
1200
1300
Nng sut l,
kg/h
600
1000
1500
1800
2200
2500
2900
3400
3800
4400
4900
5400
6000
7500
8600
10000
Lng than cc
mt m liu, kg
12
16
25
30
35
40
50
60
65
70
80
90
110
130
150
170
Lng vi,
kg
4
5
7
8
10
12
14
17
20
22
25
27
30
35
45
50
Bng B.32- T l gia than v kim loi m

T l thp vn trong m liu, %
T l gia than cc v kim loi m, %
<5
10
15
25
>50
1012 1213 1415 1617 1820
79
13
Bng B.33- Thnh phn ho hc ca gang xm

Mc gang
1
GX 12-28
GX 15-32
GX 18-36
GX 21-40
GX 22-44
GX 28-48
GX 32-52
GX 36-56
C, %
2
Si, %
3
3,53,7
3,43,6
3,33,5
3,23,4
3,13,4
3,03,2
2,93,0
2,02,4
1,72,1
1,41,7
1,41,7
1,21,5
1,01,3
1,01,1
Mn, %
4
0,40,7
0,50,8
0,50,8
0,60,9
0,60,9
0,60,9
0,70,9
0,91,0
P, %
5
< 0,3
< 0,3
< 0,3
< 0,3
< 0,3
< 0,3
< 0,3
< 0,3
S, %
6
< 0,15
< 0,15
< 0,15
< 0,15
< 0,15
< 0,15
< 0,12
< 0,12
Bng B.34- Thnh phn ho hc ca gang c

Mc
gang
C, %
Si, %
GD 0
GD 1
GD 2
GD 3
GD 4
3,54,0
3,64,1
3,14,2
3,84,3
3,04,4
3,23,7
2,73,2
2,22,7
1,72,2
1,21,7
Mn, %
P, %
Nhm Nhm Nhm Cp Cp Cp Loi
I
II
III
A
B
C
I
0,02
0,51
0,91
0,11 0,31 0,02
n
n
n
n
n n 0,03
0,5
0,1
0,9
1,3
0,3 0,7 0,03
0,04
S, %
Loi
II
0,03
0,03
0,04
0,04
0,05
Loi
III
0,04
0,04
0,05
0,05
0,06
Bng B.35- Thnh phn ho hc ca gang my c

Loi gang
C, %
Gang my c loi III (vt c 3,04,0
thnh mng)
Gang my c loi II (trong my 3,03,4
cng c, my dt... )
Gang my c loi I (trong t, 3,03,3
my n, my nn kh...)
Si, %
2,32,8
Mn, %
0,30,5
P, %
0,120,15
S, %
>0,6
1,82,2
0,40,6
0,100,12
0,6
1,52,2
0,60,8
0,090,12
0,45
Bng B.36- Thnh phn ho hc ca st thp vn

Loi st, thp vn
Thp hnh, tn
Thp ng ray
C, %
0,10,15
0,450,60
Si, %
0,15
0,25
80
Mn, %
0,30,4
0,51,0
P, %
0,05
0,03
c. Th d v thit k cng ngh c vt c trong

khun ct
bi:
Thit k cng ngh c chi tit c kt cu nh bn v (xem hnh v H.59) vi
iu kin sn xut n chic, mu g, lm khun ct ti, vt liu chi tit c l
GX15-32. Phi liu t cc vt liu GM2, G2, st thp vn khng qu 10% v fer
cc loi (nu cn). T l chy hao khi nu trong l 600 l Sich = 15%; Mnch =
20%.
Hnh 59- Bn v chi tit

Bi lm:
I. Nghin cu bn v chi tit, phn tch tnh cng ngh, sa
i kt cu cho ph hp cng ngh c.
- Theo bn v chi tit c trn hnh H.59 ta thy chi tit c thnh mng nht l
10mm. i chiu vi bng B1 ta thy vi chiu dy chi tit ny c th in y
khun c tt khi rt.
- Trn bn v chi tit c c thnh dy ti 60mm nhng cng c ch thnh ch
dy c 10mm. S chnh lch chiu dy thnh vt c nh vy l ln, c kh nng
gy ra ng sut nhit do co ngt khng ng u. V 2 l 60mm, cao 76mm ch
c tc dng gim khi lng chi tit nn gim s chnh lch chiu dy thnh vt
c cn gim kch thc ca thnh dy. hnh dng ca 2 l sau khi sa c hnh
dng nh trn hnh v H.59 - ng chm gch.
81
- Sau khi sa i kt cu nh trn v kim tra gc ln kh u n nn

khng cn chuyn tip chiu dy thnh.
II. thit k cng ngh c:
1. Chn mt phn khun (rp khun) v t th vt c khi rt:
1.1. C th b tr mt phn khun theo cc phng n:
Phng n 1 (xem H.60 bn v vt c). Vi phng n ny c mt phn vt

c nm hm trn nn d b lch khi lp rp 2 na khun. u im ca phng
n ny l li c kt cu m bo ng vng vng trong khun, v phn to ca li
c b tr pha di, cn phn nh pha trn.
Phng n 2 (xem H.60 ). So vi phng n 1, phng n ny ton b vt c
u nm trong hm khun di nn m bo chnh xc c cao hn, c th
dng mu lin khi ch to khun nn bn ca mu cao hn. khc phc
s km n nh ca li trong phng n ny cn m rng u gc li pha di.
Phng n 2 c nhiu u im hn phng n 1, mt nhc im d khc
phc. V th chn phng n 2 ch to vt c cho.
1.2. T th vt c khi rt khun:
T th vt c ng vi v tr mt phn khun khi lm khun cng l t th ca

vt c khi rt khun.
2. Lng d gia cng:
Vi iu kin dng sn xut n chic, mu g nn cp chnh xc ca vt c

t c l cp III. Theo cc bng B.7 v B.8 ta xc nh c lng d gia cng
i vi cc b mt cn gia cng c kh t c chnh xc v bng b mt
sau khi c. Lng d gia cng c biu th trn hnh v H.60.
3. sai lch cc kch thc:
Theo bng B.3 ta xc nh c cc gi tr sai lch kch thc v biu din sai
lch kch thc trn H.60.
4. xin thnh vt c:
Trong cc thnh bn ca vt c thy ch c thnh ngoi cng c kch thc

chiu cao 135mm (29 + 76 + 30) l cn tm xin. V thn ny k0 cn phi gia
cng c kh sau khi c, c chiu dy thnh bng 20mm nn theo bng B.10 xc
nh c gc xin thnh vt c l 0045 v chn phng n xin tr.
5. thit k li:
Vt c c 3 l rng, nn cn c 3 li ring bit. Hai li nm hai bn c hnh

dng khng i xng nn u gc di ca chng phi thit k c cu chng xoay,
Li gia c u gc di c m rng gi vng li trong khun. Kch thc,
gc nghing u gc li, khe h gia u gc li v gc xc nh c theo cc
bng B.15, B.17, B.18 v c biu din trn hnh v H.60.
82
6. thit k h thng rt:

6.1. tnh khi lng vt c:
Th tch ca vt c (tnh theo cc kch thc ghi trn bn v vt c)

4,1dm3. Gang xm c khi lng ring 7kg/dm3 nn khi lng ca vt c l:
4 x 1 x 7,0 = 29,0 kg
6.2. chn kiu h thng rt:
V chiu su hc khun nh nn c th s dng h thng rt bn hng. Theo

bng B.19 ta c:
- Tit din ca mt rnh dn l 0,851cm2
- Chiu di rnh dn l 3035mm.
- S lng rnh dn l 4 (v chiu dy trung bnh ca thnh l 10mm)
Vy tng din tch tit din rnh dn Frd bng:
Frd = 4 0,85 = 3,4cm

Vi t l: Frd : Flx : For = 1 : 1,2 : 1,4
( Flx, For l tng din tch rnh lc x v ng rt.
Ta c:
Flx = 1,2 For = 1,2 3,4 = 4,08cm
For = 1,4 For = 1,4 3,4 = 4,768cm
2
Chn kiu ng rt gia chy ra 2 nhnh lc x, ta c:

Din tch mt rnh lc x: Flx = Flx : 2 = 4,08 : 2 = 2,04cm 2
Theo bng B.21 ta c:
- Kch thc rnh dn (hnh thang):
y ln a = 28, y nh b = 25, chiu cao h = 3.
- ng knh ng rt :
d or =
4.For
4 4,47
25
3,14
- Kch thc phu rt (hnh nn ct):

ng knh y ln D = 80, ng knh y nh D1 = 60, chiu cao phu
H=80.
7. h thng ngt, hi:
V vt c thnh dy u n, khi lng trung bnh nn khng cn t u

ngt, u hi.
8. bn v cng ngh c:
Bn v cng ngh c (bn v vt c) (xem hnh v H.60) c v theo cc

quy c v k hiu nh trnh by trn H.35.
III. thit k mu v hp li:
1. chn vt liu lm b mu:
Cn c vo s lng vt cn c v c im kt cu ca vt c ta chn vt
liu lm b mu l g loi thng (xem bng B.26).
83
Hnh 60- Bn v cng ngh c
84
2. thit k mu:
Mu c thit k theo ch dn mc III.2 (phn A - Hng dn thc hin bi

tp thit k cng ngh c). Bn v mu c trnh by trn hnh v H.61.
Hnh 61- Bn v mu
85
3. thit k hp li:
Chn hp ch to li gia l hp b i hai na phn theo chiu cao ca li

(H.62), cn chn hp li hai na nhng c thm bn ming ri (H.63) ch to
hai li bn. Khi ly li ra khi hp ta rt hai ming ri ln ra trc theo chiu mi
tn nh trn bn v. Hai ming ri nh ta ly ra sau khi ly c li ra khi hp
li.
Hnh 61- Bn v hp li II
86
Hnh 61- Bn v hp li I
87
iv. chn hm khun:

Chn loi hm khun bng gang c. Cn c vo bng B.28 ta xc nh c
cc khong cch t vt c v h thng rt ra thnh hm. Theo cc k hiu ca
hnh v km theo bng B.28 xc nh c: a = 70; b = 70; c = 50; d = 60; e = 40.
Hm khun c hnh khi ch nht vi cc kch thc c xc nh theo chiu di
Lv, chiu rng Bv ca vt c v chiu cao li h1:
- Chiu di: L = 2c + Lv = 2.50 + 400 = 500
- Chiu rng: B = e + d + c + Bv = 50 + 6 + 40 + 150 = 300
- Chiu cao: Hm khun trn: Htr = a + h1 = 70 + 30 = 100
Hm khun di: Hd = b + h1 + hv = 70 + 50 + 152 = 272
Theo hnh H.54 xc nh c cc kch thc hm khun tiu chun lm
khun c: L = 500; B = 400; Htr = 100; Hd = 250;
v. chn hn hp lm khun v li:
1. chn hn hp lm khun:
Theo bng B.29 ta dng hn hp lm khun l loi ct o khun ti ( c

cc vt c gang c khi lng < 200 kg) vi cc thnh phn khi lng (%):
Ct c: 45 75%; hn hp ct mi: 21 51% ; bt than : 3 5% ; vi lng
t st lm cht dnh kt : 8 10%. Hn hp c chn c cc tnh cht: C ht
016; thng kh: 40 70; bn nn ti t 4 5N/cm2
2. chn hn hp lm li:
Theo bng B.30 ta chn i vi trng hp li c kt cu tng i n gin

v kch thc ln, hn hp lm li loi IV. Cc thnh phn khi lng (%) ca
hn hp c chn trong cc gii hn:
Ct thch anh:93 59%; t st 7 1%; mn ca: 0 2%; nc b giy: 2
3%; vi lng t st: 5 7%;
Cc tnh cht c th t c ca loi hn hp lm li chn: thng kh
ti: 70; m: 4 5%; bn nn ti: 1,5 2,5N/cm2; bn ko kh:
2030N/cm2.
3. thuyt minh qu trnh lm khun:
Qu trnh lm khun c thc hin theo quy trnh sau y:

Nguyn
cng
Hnh v
Thuyt minh
- t na mu di v hm khun di
ln tm .
- Ph lp ct o bao kn b mt mu, sau
ph ct m ln trn lp ct o v m
cht theo tng lp 2040mm.
- Gt phng, xin l thot hi.
88
- Lt na hm khun di ln, lp cc
phn trn ca mu vo cc phn di.
- t hm khun trn ln trn hm khun
di v nh v hai hm.
- Lp h thng rt, hi, rc ct vng phn
cch hai na khun.
- Ph ct o, ct m, m cht, gt
phng, xin l thot hi, rt mu ng rt,
phu rt ra.
- Lt hm khun trn, ly mu v cc b
phn mu ca h thng rt ra khi
khun, sa li lng khun v mt phn
khun.
3
- Ly mu ra khi hm khun di, sa

li lng khun v mt phn khun.
4. thuyt minh quy trnh lm li :
Nguyn
cng
Hnh v
Thuyt minh
Lp ming ri vo hp li, hn hp
lm li vo hc li m cht, gt phng
lm ng thot hi cho li.
Qut nc t st ln hai na li, dn hai

na hp li li vi nhau, g nh vo hp
li cho hai na li dnh cht vo nhau.
li kh.
89
- Tho na hp li trn ra. Tho cc

ming ri No1, No1. Lt p li xung
khay li.
- G nh ri tho nt na hp li di ra.
Tho cc ming ri No1, No1.
- a li i v khay li i sy kh.
vi. tnh phi liu:

1. Vi l c ng knh 600mm, cn c vo bng B.31 ta xc nh c
lng than cc cho mt m liu l 35kg v lng vi cho mt m liu l 10kg.
Trong trng hp cho th phi liu khng dng qu 10% st thp vn nn
theo bng B.32 chn t l than cc/kim loi m l 10%, ngha l khi lng kim
loi m l 350kg.
2. Mc gang cn c l GX15-32. Theo bng B.34 th GX15-32 c thnh
phn ha hc: 3,53,7% C; 2,02,4% Si; 0,50,8% Mn; <0,3% P v <0,15% S. Ta
ly tr s trung bnh ca cc thnh phn ny tnh ton: 2,2% Si v 0,7% Mn. Vi
t l chy hao cho ta cn nu ra loi gang t phi liu c thnh phn nh sau:
%Si = 1,15 x 2,2 = 2,53
%Mn = 1,20 x 0,7 = 0,84
3. Tnh t l gia GD2, GM2, st thp vn trong mt m liu kim loi.
Cn c vo cc bng B.34, B.35 v B.36 ta bit c thnh phn ha hc ca
GD2: 2,4 %Si; 1,1%Mn
GM2: 2,0 %Si; 0,5%Mn
St thp vn: 0,3 %Si; 0,3%Mn
K hiu A l im ng vi thnh phn Mn v Si ca GD2: A(1,1; 2,4)
B l im ng vi thnh phn Mn v Si ca GM2: A(0,5; 2,0)
C l im ng vi thnh phn Mn v Si ca
st thp vn: A(0,3; 0,3)
Ni cc im A, B, C c tam gic ABC trn h ta thnh phn Si v Mn.
Nu gi im M l im biu din hm lng ca phi liu cn tnh. Trn
th ta thy dim M(0,84; 2,1) thuc vng 1, v vy X, Y, X u dng ta phi
dng FeSi 45 iu chnh cho M dch chuyn v M(0,84; 2,53).
Lp phng trnh bc nht i vi X, Y, Z:
X+ Y + Z = 0
2,4X + 2,0Y + 0,3Z = 2,1 . 100
1,1X + 0,5Y + 0,3Z = 0,84 . 100
Gii h 3 phng trnh trn s thu c kt qu:
90
X 59; Y 34; Z 7;
Vy m liu kim loi s bao gm:
Than cc: 35kg
vi: 10kg
59.350
= 206 kg
100
34.350
GM
=
= 119 kg
100
7.350
St thp vn =
kg
= 25
100
( 2,53 2,1).100
350
Fer silic 45 =
.1,15.
= 2,7 kg
45
100
GD2
91

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Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Phn I - hng dn thit k cng ngh c

a. Hng dn thc hin bi tp thit k

Mun hnh dung c chi tit phi c k bn v. l i hi trc tin i

Nghin cu iu kin lm vic ca chi tit c c th ra cc bin php

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Mi hp kim c u c c im ring v tnh c, do khi thit k cng

Sau khi c bn v chi tit c, tm hiu iu kin lm vic, c im ca

V tr ca vt c trong khun lc rt thng chn theo phng php lm

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

- Nu v nguyn nhn no nhng mt gia cng quan trng bt buc phi

Vic chn v tr ca mu khi lm khun cng nh mt rp khun c nh

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

c ln. Ngoi ra khun c cao d b phnh, khun trn d b ni ln do

Hnh 1- Lm khun bn xoay ca my

Hnh 2- Khun gi vi mt rp khun gp khc

- Mt rp khun nn chn sao cho tt c cc li u nm phn khun di

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

kch thc ca cc phn ny khng hoc t bi thay i nht khi hm khun

Hnh 3- Lm khun chn b my

Hnh 4- Khun vnh ng knh 3m dy 25mm lm di nn

- Mt rp khun v v tr ca khun c chn sao cho mt chun gia cng

Thnh vt c ni lin cc b phn lm vic c bn ca vt c vi nhau to

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Gia cc thnh vt c c phn chuyn tip. Nu cc thnh vt c c chiu

Lng d gia cng c kh l phn kim loi di ra trn cc b mt ca vt

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

trong mi nhm vt c li c chia ra loi n gin v phc tp. Cc gi tr lng

Cc bng lng d gia cng k trn khng tnh n lng d cn thit b

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Nhng n gin ho bn v mu ngi ta quy nh mt lng co i vi ton

Lng d cng ngh bao gm lng d khi c cc l, rnh, ch hm v cc

Nhng l nh v sau phi gia cng thng khng c l. Ch trong trng hp

cc mt mu v hp li song song vi hng rt mu ra khi khun cn

Hnh 5- xin trn mu

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Tu theo tnh cht ca b mt vt c (gia cng hay th) v cch ni ghp

Vi cc vt c bng cc hp kim c co ln (v d vt c thp) cn phi

g lp c thun li v vng chc khi gia cng c, trn thn vt c trong

Hnh 6- Dng chun t to

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

xong. Trong mt s trng hp nhng vt c rt ln nhng thanh ging ch c

Hnh 8- Vt c thp- phn pha sau gu xc

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

chiu cao h ca gn bng 1 2,5s, cn chiu di l bng 4 5s.

C th thy r vao tr ca lng d b tr cho s bin dng ca vt c qua

Hnh 10- Lng d cng ngh b tr

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

4.4.6. lng d m trn mu lin quan vi mt rp khun v

Do hai phn khun khng p st nhau sau khi rp khun nn chiu dy ca

Hnh dng ca li v c bn tng ng vi hnh dng phn rng trong vt c.

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Hnh 11- Khun c bnh xe

- V d 2: c bnh rng ln lng khun ghp ton bng li (xem hnh v

Hnh 12- c bnh rng trong khun ghp ton bng li

Hng dn thit k cng ngh c

Nh vy khi thit k hnh dng li cn xem xt cn nhc chn phng n

bn ca khun v thi gian cn thit rp khun phn ln ph thuc vo