2007/7/3 Shi Min Ohtsuki Lab.

1
An Introduction to MIMO Technology
Shi Min
Student ID:60420608 B4 Ohtsuki Lab.
Adva nced Cour se in Digita l Communications 2007
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CONTENTS
1. The definition of MIMO
2. The features of MIMO technology
3. System model and transmission
4. Applications and Standardization
5. Summary
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1.The definition of MIMO
MIMO means: Multiple-input multiple-output
MIMO transmits two or more data streams in the
same channel at the same time , using multi-
antennas at transmitter and receiver.
Transmitter Receiver
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A short history of MIMO
1970 1980
future
1990 2000
The earliest ideas
about MIMO
appeared
Several papers
about
beamforming
published
The concept
of Spatial
Multiplexing
using MIMO
US Patent
issued 1994
on Spatial
Multiplexing
Bell Labs
demonstrated
spatial
multiplexing
in 1998.
New
approaches
to MIMO
technology.
The first
commercial
system in
2001
Upcoming 4G
systems will employ
MIMO technology.
2007
A lot of researches
about MIMO
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2.The features of MIMO technology
Two main features:
Achieve high throughput without consuming extra
radio frequency.
Achieve high link reliability of wireless
communication.
Achieving higher spectral efficiency is very important
because of the scarcity of available radio frequencies.
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High throughput and link reliability
MIMO system is very flexible
Same streams
Different streams
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Main technical fields of MIMO
Code theory,
information theory
Single
processing
Radio wave
propagation
MIMO
Several technical fields make up the backgrounds
of MIMO.
Very
Complicated
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3.System model of MIMO
Data
Transmitter
1
2
3
4
Receiver
4
3
2
1
Devices
H
Channel characteristic
(
(
(
(

44 43 42 41
34 33 32 31
24 23 22 21
14 13 12 11
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
h h h h
n Hx y + =
Received single
vector
Transmitted
single vector
Noise vector
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How to achieve the high throughput
Spatial Multiplexing
) ( log ) 1 ( log
2 2
N
S
N
S
C ~ + =
If we double the transmit
Power, only get 1 bit
per second increase
In capacity.
Shannons theorem
P
6bits/s
P/2
P/2
5bits/s
5bits/s
P/4
P/4
4bits/s
4bits/s
P/4
P/4
4bits/s
4bits/s
6
10
16
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Get more transmission paths
A multiple reflection another opportunity to
send a new single.
A revolutionary idea of MIMO:
We can utilize the multipath.
The multi-path
is a bad thing?
100 years
Marconi in 1896
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Transmission
Eigenmode propagation.
More power to better
channel.
Transmitter Receiver
Independent
channels
2

H
t
n
r
E E H
ma tr ix cha r a cter Cha nnel
(
(
(
(
(

A
M O
A
A
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
2
1
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Separate the singles
Using some MIMO algorithms to get the singles.
Data
Transmitter ReceiverDevices
+
Some calculations to
separate the singles.
(MMSE MLD)
+
+
+
Separate
singles
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Combined with OFDM
Spatial multiplexing techniques make the
receivers very complex ,but using OFDM can
simplify the receivers of MIMO system.
Data
Transmitter Receiver Devices
+
+
+
+
Very complex
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4.Applications and Standardization
MIMO technology has been used in Wireless LAN.
Leading Corporations (Some like Airgo Networks
have developed chipsets based on MIMO)
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MIMO used in IEEE802.11n
MIMO is a fundamental technique in the IEEE802.11n
standard.
160meters 248Mbit/s
2 2 ante
74Mbit/s 2.4GHz or
5GHz
2008 802.11n
110meters 54 Mbit/s 19 Mbit/s
2.4~2.5 GHz
2003 802.11g
110meters 11Mbit/s 4 Mbit/s 2.4~2.5 GHz 1999 802.11b
100meters 54 Mbit/s 23 Mbit/s 5.15~5.875G
Hz
1999 802.11a
Range (Outdoor) Data Rate
(Max)
Throughpu
t (Typical)
Frequency Release
Date
Protocol
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11#802.11n
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802.11n
based on
MIMO
Throughput and Frequency
Throughpu
t (bps)
Frequency (Hz)
1M
100M
500M
10M
100K
100M
1G
10G
UWB
802.11a
Bluetooth
Microwave
oven
Wi-Fi
802.
11g
Wi-Fi
5G
802.11a
Increase to
600Mbps
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5.Summary
MIMO can achieve high throughput and
reliability without consuming extra radio
frequency.
MIMO technology is a fundamental technique
of IEEE802.11n and 4G cellular communication
system.
Spatial multiplexing techniques make the
MIMO receivers very complex (but OFDM can
be used together).
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References
[1] Andrea Goldsmith.
Wir eless Communica tions.
Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[2] Ezio Biglieri , Robert Calderbank , Andrea Goldsmith.
MIMO Wir eless Communica tions.
Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO
[4] http://www.cdmatech.com/products/
[5] http://bb.watch.impress.co.jp/cda/event/6092.html
[6] http://radio3.ee.uec.ac.jp/MIMO-IEICE-TB.pdf