Chapter 5

Exercise Problems

EX5.1
α
β=
1−α
0.980
For α = 0.980, β = = 49
1 − 0.980
0.995
For α = 0.995, β = = 199
1 − 0.995
So 49 ≤ β ≤ 199

EX5.2
BVCBO 200
BVCEO = = or BVCEO = 40.5 V
n β 3
120

EX5.3
V − VBE ( on ) 2 − 0.7
I B = BB = ⇒ 6.5 μ A
RB 200
I C = β I = (120 )( 6.5 μ A ) ⇒ I C = 0.78 mA
VCE = VCC − I C RC = 5 − ( 0.78 )( 4 ) or VCE = 1.88 V
P = I BVBE ( on ) + I CVCE = ( 0.0065 )( 0.7 ) + ( 0.78 )(1.88 ) ≅ 1.47 mW

EX5.4
V + − VEB ( on ) − VBB 5 − 0.7 − 2.8
IB = = or I B = 4.62 μ A
RB 325
I C = β I B = ( 80 )( 4.615 ) ⇒ I C = 0.369 mA
VEC = 2 = 5 − ( 0.369 ) RC which yields RC = 8.13 k Ω

EX5.5
VBB − VBE ( on ) 2 − 0.7
(a) IB = = ⇒ 5.91 μ A
RB 220
I C = β I B = (100 )( 5.91 μ A ) ⇒ 0.591 mA
I E = (1 + β ) I B = 0.597 mA
VCE = VCC − I C RC = 10 − ( 0.591)( 4 ) or VCE = 7.64 V
6.5 − 0.7
(b) IB = ⇒ 26.4 μ A
220
Transistor is biased in saturation mode, so
VCE = VCE ( sat ) = 0.2 V
VCC − VCE ( sat ) 10 − 0.2
IC = = or I C = 2.45 mA
RC 4
I E = I C + I B = 2.45 + 0.0264 ≅ 2.48 mA

EX5.6
For 0 ≤ VI < 0.7 V , Qn is cutoff, VO = 9 V
(100 )(VI − 0.7 )( 4 )
When Qn is biased in saturation, we have 0.2 = 9 − ⇒ VI = 5.1 V
200
So, for VI ≥ 5.1 V , VO = 0.2 V

EX5.7
 VBB − VBE ( on ) 8 − 0.7
IB = =
RB + (1 + β ) RE 30 + ( 76 )(1.2 )
or I B = 60.2 μ A
I C = β I B = ( 75 )( 60.23 μ A ) ⇒ 4.52 mA
I E = (1 + β ) I B = 4.58 mA
VCE = VCC − I C RC − I E RE
= 12 − ( 4.517 )( 0.4 ) − ( 4.577 )(1.2 )
or VCE = 4.70 V

EX5.8
For VC = 4 V and ICQ = 1.5 mA,
V + − VC 10 − 4
RC = = ⇒ RC = 4 k Ω
I CQ 1.5
⎛ 1+ β ⎞ ⎛ 101 ⎞
IE = ⎜ ⎟ IC = ⎜ ⎟ (1.5 ) = 1.515 mA
⎝ β ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
−V ( on ) − V −
also I E = BE
RE
−0.7 − ( −10 )
Then RE = ⇒ RE = 6.14 k Ω
1.515

EX5.9
3 − 0.7
I EQ = = 0.25
RE
RE = 9.2 kΩ
⎛ 75 ⎞
I CQ = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.25 ) = 0.2467 mA
⎝ 76 ⎠
−0.7 + VCEQ + I CQ RC − 3 = 0
3 + 0.7 − 2
RC = ⇒ RC = 6.89 kΩ
0.2467

EX5.10
5 = I E RE + VEB ( on ) + I B RB − 2
⎛ 180 ⎞
(a) 5 + 2 − 0.7 = I E ⎜ 2 + ⎟ I E = 0.9859 mA
⎝ 41 ⎠
I C = 0.962 mA
⎛ 180 ⎞
(b) 6.3 = I E ⎜ 2 + ⎟ I E = 1.2725 mA
⎝ 61 ⎠
I C = 1.25 mA
⎛ 180 ⎞
(c) 6.3 = I E ⎜ 2 + ⎟ I E = 1.6657 mA
⎝ 101 ⎠
I C = 1.64 mA
⎛ 180 ⎞
(d) 6.3 = I E ⎜ 2 + ⎟ I E = 1.97365 mA
⎝ 151 ⎠
I C = 1.94 mA

EX5.11
 VBB − VEB ( on ) 4 − 0.7
IE = ⇒ RE =
RE 1.0
or RE = 3.3 k Ω
I C = α I E = ( 0.992 )(1) = 0.992 mA
I B = I E − I C = 1.0 − 0.992 or I B = 8 μ A
VCB = I C RC − VCC = ( 0.992 )(1) − 5
or VCB = −4.01 V

EX5.12
V + − (Vγ + VCE ( sat ) ) 5 − (1.5 + 0.2 )
R= =
IC 15
or R = 220 Ω
15
IB = = 1 mA
15
v − VBE ( on ) 5 − 0.7
RB = I = = 4.3 k Ω
IB 1
P = I BVBE (on) + I CVCE
= (1)( 0.7 ) + (15 )( 0.2 ) = 3.7 mW

EX5.13
(a) For V1 = V2 = 0, All currents are zero and VO = 5 V.
(b) For V1 = 5 V, V2 = 0; IB2 = IC2 = 0,
5 − 0.7
I B1 = = 4.53 mA
0.95
5 − 0.2
I C1 = ⇒ I C1 = I R = 8 mA
0.6
VO = 0.2 V
(c) For V1 = V2 = 5 V, IB1 = IB2 = 4.53 mA; IR = 8 mA, IC1 = IC2 = IR/2 = 4 mA, VO = 0.2 V

EX5.14
vO = 5 − iC RC = 5 − β iB RC
ΔvO = − βΔiB RC
VBB + ΔvI − VBE ( on )
iB =
RB
ΔvI
ΔiB =
RB
ΔvO − β RC
Then =
ΔvI RB
Let β = 100, RC = 5 k Ω, RB = 100 k Ω
Δvo − (100 )( 5 )
So = = −5
ΔvI 100
Want Q-point to be vo ( Q − pt ) = 2.5 = 5 − (100 ) I BQ ( 5 )
VBB − 0.7
Then I BQ = 0.005 mA, I BQ = 0.005 =
100
so VBB = 1.2 V
Also, I CQ = β I BQ = (100 )( 0.005 ) = 0.5 mA

EX5.15
VCEQ = 2.5 = 5 − I CQ RC
5 − 2.5
or RC = = 10 k Ω
0.25
I CQ 0.25
I BQ = = = 0.002083 mA
β 120
5 − 0.7
Then RB = ⇒ RB = 2.06 M Ω
0.002083

EX5.16
(a) RTH = R1 & R2 = 9 & 2.25 = 1.8 k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 2.25 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ ( 5)
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 9 + 2.25 ⎠
or VTH = 1.0 V
VTH − VBE ( on ) 1 − 0.7
(b) I BQ = =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 1.8 + (151)( 0.2 )
or I BQ = 9.375 μ A
I CQ = β I BQ = (150 )( 9.375 μ A )
or I CQ = 1.41 mA
I EQ = (1 + β ) I BQ ⇒ I EQ = 1.42 mA
VCEQ = 5 − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
= 5 − (1.41)(1) − (1.42 )( 0.2 )
or VCEQ = 3.31 V
(c) For β = 75
1 − 0.7
I BQ = = 17.6 μ A
1.8 + ( 76 )( 0.2 )
I CQ = β I BQ = ( 75 )(17.6 μ A )
or I CQ = 1.32 mA
I EQ = (1 + β ) I BQ = ( 76 )(17.6 μ A )
or I EQ = 1.34 mA
VCEQ = 5 − (1.32 )(1) − (1.34 )( 0.2 )
or VCEQ = 3.41 V

EX5.17
VCEQ ≅ VCC − I CQ ( RC + RE )
or 2.5 ≅ 5 − I CQ (1 + 0.2 )
which yields
I CQ = 2.08 mA,
I CQ 2.08
I BQ = = = 0.0139 mA
β 150
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(151)( 0.2 )
or RTH = 3.02 k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1
Now VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ VCC = ⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ R1

1
so VTH = ( 3.02 )( 5 )
R1
We can write VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
 1
or ( 3.02 )( 5 ) = ( 0.0139 )( 3.02 ) + 0.7 + (151)( 0.0139 )( 0.2 )
R1
We obtain R1 = 13 k Ω and then R2 = 3.93 k Ω

EX5.18
β = 150, RTH = R1 || R2
5−0
I CQ = = 5 mA
1
I CQ 5
I BQ = = = 0.0333 mA
β 150
VTH − VBE ( on ) − ( −5 )
I BQ =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE
Set RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE
⎛ R2 ⎞
We have VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
⎛ R2 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 0.7
R + R2 ⎠
Then I BQ = 0.0333 = ⎝ 1
(1.1)(151)( 0.2 )
⎛ R2 ⎞
which yields ⎜ ⎟ = 0.1806
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
⎛ RR ⎞
Now RTH = ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ = ( 0.1)(151)( 0.2 ) = 3.02 k Ω
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
so R1 ( 0.1806 ) = 3.02 k Ω
We obtain R1 = 16.7 k Ω and R2 = 3.69 k Ω

EX5.19
V + − V − − VECQ 5 − ( −5 ) − 5
I CQ ≅ =
RC + RE 4.5 + 0.5
so I CQ = 1 mA, and
I CQ 1
I BQ = = = 0.00833 mA
β 120
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(121)( 0.5 )
or RTH = 6.05 k Ω
We can write V + = I EQ RE + VEB ( on ) + I BQ RTH + VTH
1
We have VTH = ⋅ RTH (10 ) − 5 and if we let I EQ ≅ I CQ = 1 mA,
R1
1
then we have 5 = (1)( 0.5 ) + 0.7 + ( 0.00833)( 6.05 ) + ( 6.05 )(10 ) − 5
R1
which yields R1 = 6.91 k Ω and R2 = 48.6 k Ω

EX5.20
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
I1 = I Q ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = ( 0.25 ) ⎜1 + ⎟ = 0.2625 mA
⎝ β⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠
0 − VBE ( on ) − V −
0 − 0.7 − ( −5 )
R1 = =
I1 0.2625
or R1 = 16.38 k Ω
For VCEO = 3 V , then VCO = 2.3 V
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞
I CO = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I Q = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.25 ) = 0.2439 mA
⎝ 1+ β ⎠ ⎝ 41 ⎠
+
V − VCO 5 − 2.3
RC = = = 11.07 k Ω
I CO 0.2439

EX5.21
RTH 50 ||100 = 33.3 k Ω
⎛ 50 ⎞
VTH = VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = −1.67 V
⎝ 50 + 100 ⎠
−1.67 − 0.7 − ( −5 )
I B1 = ⇒ 11.2 μ A
33.3 + (101)( 2 )
I C1 = 1.12 mA, I E1 = 1.13 mA
VE1 = I E1 RE1 − 5 = (1.13)( 2 ) − 5 = −2.74 V
VCE1 = 3.25 V ⇒ VC1 = 0.51 V
Now VE 2 = 0.51 + 0.7 = 1.21 V
5 − 1.21
IE2 = = 1.90 mA ⇒ I B 2 = 18.8 μ A
2
IC 2 = 1.88 mA
I R1 = I C1 − I B 2 = 1.12 − 0.0188 = 1.10 mA
5 − 0.51
RC1 = = 4.08 k Ω
1.10
VEC 2 = 2.5 ⇒ VC 2 = VE 2 − VEC 2
= 1.21 − 2.5 = −1.29 V
−1.29 − ( −5 )
RC 2 = = 1.97 k Ω
1.88

EX5.22
12
We find = 240 k Ω = R1 + R2 + R3
0.05
Then VB1 = ( 0.5)( 2 ) + 0.7 = 1.7 V
1.7
R3 = = 34 k Ω
0.05
Also VB 2 = ( 0.5 )( 2 ) + 4 + 0.7 = 5.7 V
ΔVR 2 = 5.7 − 1.7 = 4 V
4
so R2 = = 80 k Ω
0.05
and R1 = 240 − 80 − 34 = 126 k Ω
VC 2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 V
V + − VC 2 12 − 9
Then RC = = = 6 kΩ
I CQ 0.5

Test Your Understanding Exercises

TYU5.1
β
α=
1+ β
75
For β = 75, α = = 0.9868
76
 125
For β = 125, α = = 0.9921
126

TYU5.2
I E = (1 + β ) I B
IE 0.780
so 1 + β = = = 81.25 then β = 80.3
I B 0.00960
Now
β 80.25
α= = = 0.9877
1+ β 81.25
I C = α I E = ( 0.9877 )( 0.78 ) = 0.770 mA

TYU5.3
α 0.990
β= = = 99
1 − α 1 − 0.990
IE 2.15
Now I B = = ⇒ 21.5 μ A and I C = α I E = ( 0.990 )( 2.15 ) = 2.13 mA
1 + β 100

TYU5.4
V 150
ro = A =
IC IC
For I C = 0.1 mA ⇒ ro = 1.5 M Ω
For I C = 1.0 mA ⇒ ro = 150 k Ω
For I C = 10 mA ⇒ ro = 15 k Ω

TYU5.5
⎛ V ⎞
I C = I O ⎜1 + CE ⎟
⎝ VA ⎠
At VCE = 1 V , I C = 1 mA
⎛ 1 ⎞
(a) For VA = 75 V , I C = 1 = I O ⎜1 + ⎟ ⇒ I O = 0.9868 mA
⎝ 75 ⎠
Then, at VCE = 10 V
⎛ 10 ⎞
I C = ( 0.9868 ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = 1.12 mA
⎝ 75 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
(b) For VA = 150 V , I C = 1 = I O ⎜ 1 + ⎟ ⇒ I O = 0.9934 mA
⎝ 150 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞
At VCE = 10 V , I C = ( 0.9934 ) ⎜ 1 + ⎟ = 1.06 mA
⎝ 150 ⎠

TYU5.6
BVCBO
BVCEO = so BVCBO = 3 100 ( 30 ) = 139 V
n β

TYU5.7
(a) For VI = 0.2 V < VBE ( on ) ⇒ I B = I C = 0, VO = 5 V and P = 0
(b) For VI = 3.6 V , transistor is driven into saturation, so
VI − VBE ( on ) 3.6 − 0.7 V + − VCE ( sat ) 5 − 0.2
IB = = = 4.53 mA and I C = = = 10.9 mA
RB 0.64 RC 0.440
 I C 10.9
Note that = = 2.41 < β which shows that the transistor is indeed driven into saturation. Now,
I B 4.53
P = I BVBE ( on ) + I CVCE ( sat )
= ( 4.53)( 0.7 ) + (10.9 )( 0.2 ) = 5.35 mW

TYU5.8
For VBC = 0 ⇒ VO = 0.7 V
5 − 0.7 I 9.77
Then I C = = 9.77 mA and I B = C = = 0.195 mA
0.44 β 50
Now VI = I B RB + VBE ( on ) = ( 0.195 )( 0.64 ) + 0.7 or VI = 0.825 V
Also P = I BVBE ( on ) + I CVCE
= ( 0.195 )( 0.7 ) + ( 9.77 )( 0.7 ) = 6.98 mW

TYU5.9
V + − VC 10 − 6.34
IC = = = 0.915 mA
RC 4
−VBE ( on ) − V − −0.7 − ( −10 )
And I E = = or IE = 0.930
RE 10
I C 0.915 α 0.9839
Now α = = = 0.9839 and β = = = 61
I E 0.930 1 − α 1 − 0.9839
Also I B = I E − I C = 0.930 − 0.915 ⇒ 15 μ A and VCE = VC − VE = 6.34 − ( −0.7 ) = 7.04 V

TYU5.10
10 − 0.7
IE = = 1.16 mA
8
1.1625
IB = = 22.8 μ A
51
I C = ( 50 )( 22.8 μ A ) = 1.14 mA
VE = V + − I E RE = 10 − (1.1625 )( 8 ) = 0.7 V
VC = I C RC − 10 = (1.1397 )( 4 ) − 10 = −5.44
VEC = 0.7 − ( −5.44 )
VEC = 6.14 V

TYU5.11
VBB = I B RB + VBE ( on ) + I E RE
or VBB = I B RB + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I B RE
VBB − VBE ( on ) 2 − 0.7
Then I B = =
RB + (1 + β ) RE 10 + ( 76 )(1)
or I B = 15.1 μ A
Also I C = ( 75 )(15.1 μ A ) = 1.13 mA and I E = ( 76 )(15.1 μ A ) = 1.15 mA
Now VCE = VCC + VBB − I C RC − I E RE
= 8 + 2 − (1.13)( 2.5 ) − (1.15 )(1) = 6.03 V

TYU5.12
VCE = 2.5 V ⇒ VE = 2.5 V = I E RE
We have VBB = I B RB + VBE ( on ) + VE
 VBB − VBE ( on ) − VE 5 − 0.7 − 2.5
so I B = =
RB 10
or I B = 0.18 mA
Then I E = (101)( 0.18 ) = 18.2 mA
2.5
And RE = = 0.138 k Ω ⇒ 138 Ω
18.18

TYU5.13
VBB = I E RE + VEB ( on ) + I B RB
2.2
I E = 2.2 mA ⇒ I B = = 0.0431 mA
51
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
and I C = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I E = ⎜ ⎟ ( 2.2 ) = 2.16 mA
⎝ 1+ β ⎠ ⎝ 51 ⎠
Then VBB = ( 2.2 )(1) + 0.7 + ( 0.0431)( 50 )
or VBB = 5.06 V
Now VEC = 5 − I E RE = 5 − ( 2.2 )(1) = 2.8 V

TYU5.14
(a) For vI = 0, iB = iC = 0, vO = 12 V , P = 0
vI − VBE ( on ) 12 − 0.7
(b) For vI = 12 V , iB = = = 47.1 mA
RB 0.24
VCC − VCE ( sat ) 12 − 0.1
iC = = = 2.38 A
RC 5
vO = 0.1 V
and
P = iBVBE ( on ) + iCVCE ( sat )
= ( 0.0471)( 0.7 ) + ( 2.38 )( 0.1) = 0.271 W

TYU5.15
5 − 2.5
(a) For VCEQ = 2.5 V , I CQ = = 1.25 mA
2
I CQ 1.25
I BQ = = ⇒ I BQ = 12.5 μ A
β 100
5 − 0.7
Then RB = = 344 k Ω
0.0125
(b) IBQ is independent of β .
5 −1
For VCEQ = 1 V , I C = = 2 mA
2
IC 2
β= = ⇒ β = 160
I B 0.0125
5−4
For VCEQ = 4 V , I C = = 0.5 mA
2
IC 0.5
β= = ⇒ β = 40
I B 0.0125
So 40 ≤ β ≤ 160

TYU5.16
5 − 0.7
I BQ = = 0.005375 mA
800
For β = 75, I CQ = β I BQ = ( 75 )( 0.005375 )
Or I CQ = 0.403 mA
For β = 150, I CQ = (150 )( 0.005375 )
Or I CQ = 0.806 mA
Largest I CQ ⇒ Smallest VCEQ
5 −1
For β = 150, RC = = 4.96 k Ω
0.806
5−4
For β = 75, RC = = 2.48 k Ω
0.403
5 − 2.5
For a nominal I CQ = 0.604 mA and VCEQ = 2.5 V , RC = = 4.14 k Ω
0.604
Now for I CQ = 0.403 mA, VCEQ = 5 − ( 0.403)( 4.14 ) = 3.33 V
For I CQ = 0.806 mA, VCEQ = 5 − ( 0.806 )( 4.14 ) = 1.66 V
So, for RC = 4.14 k Ω, 1.66 ≤ VCEQ ≤ 3.33 V

TYU5.17
(a)
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 100 ⎞
I CQ = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I EQ = ⎜ ⎟ (1) = 0.99 mA
⎝1+ β ⎠ ⎝ 101 ⎠
I EQ 1
I BQ = = ⇒ 9.90 μ A
1 + β 101
VB = − I BQ RB = − ( 0.0099 )( 50 )
or VB = −0.495 V
⎛ I CQ ⎞ ⎛ 0.99 × 10−3 ⎞
VBE = VT ln ⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.026 ) ln ⎜ −14 ⎟
⎝ IS ⎠ ⎝ 3 × 10 ⎠
or VBE = 0.630 V
Then VE = VB − VBE = −0.495 − 0.630 = −1.13 V
VC = 10 − ( 0.99 )( 5 ) = 5.05 V
Then VCEQ = VC − VE = 5.05 − ( −1.13) = 6.18 V
(b)
I EQ 1
I EQ = 1 mA, I BQ = = = 0.0196 mA
1 + β 51
VB = − ( 0.0196 )( 50 ) = −0.98 V
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
I CQ = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I EQ = ⎜ ⎟ (1) = 0.98 mA
⎝1+ β ⎠ ⎝ 51 ⎠
⎛ 0.98 × 10−3 ⎞
VBE = ( 0.026 ) ln ⎜ −14 ⎟
= 0.629 V
⎝ 3 × 10 ⎠
VE = −0.98 − 0.629 = −1.61 V
VC = 10 − ( 0.98 )( 5 ) = 5.1 V
VCEQ = VC − VE = 5.1 − ( −1.61) = 6.71 V

TYU5.18
IQ IQ
IB = =
1 + β 121
and
 ⎛ IQ ⎞
VB = ⎜ ⎟ ( 20 ) = I Q ( 0.165 )
⎝ 121 ⎠
VE = I Q ( 0.165 ) + 0.7
⎛ β ⎞ ⎛ 120 ⎞
I CQ = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I EQ = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ I Q = ( 0.992 ) I Q
⎝ 1+ β ⎠ ⎝ 121 ⎠
VC = I CQ RC − 5 = ( 0.992 ) I Q ( 4 ) − 5
= 3.97 I Q − 5
VECQ = VE − VC
= ⎡⎣ I Q ( 0.165 ) + 0.7 ⎤⎦ − ⎡⎣ I Q ( 3.97 ) − 5⎤⎦
= −3.805 I Q + 5.7
Then 3 = 5.7 − 3.805I Q
which yields I Q = 0.710 mA