Chapter 5

Problem Solutions

5.1
iC 510
(a) β= = ⇒ β = 85
iB 6
β 85
α= = ⇒ α = 0.9884
1 + β 86
iE = (1 + β ) iB = ( 86 )( 6 ) ⇒ iE = 516 μ A
2.65
(b) β= ⇒ β = 53
0.050
53
α = ⇒ α = 0.9815
54
iE = (1 + β ) iB = ( 54 )( 0.050 ) ⇒ iE = 2.70 mA

5.2
β 110
(a) For β = 110: α = = = 0.99099
1+ β 111
180
For β = 180: α = = 0.99448
181
0.99099 ≤ α ≤ 0.99448
(b) I C = β I B = 110 ( 50 μ A ) ⇒ I C = 5.50 mA
or I C = 180 ( 50 μ A ) ⇒ I C = 9.00 mA
so 5.50 ≤ I C ≤ 9.0 mA

5.3
1.12
(a) iB = ⇒ 9.33 μ A
120
⎛ 121 ⎞
iE = (1.12 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.13 mA
⎝ 120 ⎠
120
α = = 0.9917
121
50
(b) iB = = 2.5 mA
20
⎛ 21 ⎞
iE = ⎜ ⎟ ( 50 ) = 52.5 mA
⎝ 20 ⎠
20
α = = 0.9524
21

5.4
(a)
α
α β=
1−α
0.9 9
0.95 19
0.98 49
0.99 99
0.995 199
0.999 999

(b)
 β
β α=
1+ β
20 0.9524
50 0.9804
100 0.9901
150 0.9934
220 0.9955
400 0.9975

5.5
1.2
(a) IB = ⇒ 14.8 μ A
81
⎛ 80 ⎞
I C = (1.2 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.185 mA
⎝ 81 ⎠
80
α= = 0.9877
81
VC = 5 − (1.185 )( 2 ) = 2.63 V
0.80
(b) IB = ⇒ 9.88 μ A
81
⎛ 80 ⎞
I C = ( 0.80 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.790 mA
⎝ 81 ⎠
80
α= = 0.9877
81
VC = 5 − ( 0.790 )( 2 ) = 3.42 V
(c) Yes, VC > VB so B-C junction is reverse biased in both areas.

5.6
5
For VC = 0, I C = = 2.5 mA
2
IC 2.5
IE = = ⇒ I E = 2.546 mA
α 0.982

5.7
0.75
(a) IB = ⇒ 12.3 μ A
61
⎛ 60 ⎞
IC = ( 0.75 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.738 mA
⎝ 61 ⎠
60
α = = 0.9836
61
VC = I C RC − 10 = ( 0.738 )( 5 ) − 10
VC = −6.31 V
1.5
(b) IB = ⇒ 24.6 μ A
61
⎛ 60 ⎞
I C = (1.5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.475 mA
⎝ 61 ⎠
⎛ 60 ⎞
α = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.9836
⎝ 61 ⎠
VC = (1.475 )( 5 ) − 10 ⇒ VC = −2.625 V
(c) Yes, VC < 0 in both cases so that B-C junction is reverse biased.
5.8
VC − ( −10 ) 10 − 1.2
IC = = = 1.76 mA
RC 5
IC 1.76
IE = = ⇒ I E = 1.774 mA
α 0.992

5.9
I C = I S eVRE / VT
⎛ 0.685 ⎞
= 10−13 exp ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ I C = 27.67 mA
⎝ 0.026 ⎠
⎛1+ β ⎞ ⎛ 91 ⎞
IE = ⎜ ⎟ I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 27.67 )
⎝ β ⎠ ⎝ 90 ⎠
I D = 27.98 mA
I 27.67
IB = C = ⇒ I B = 0.307 mA
β 90

5.10
Device 1: iE = I Eo1evEB / VT ⇒ 0.5 × 10−3 = I Eo1e0.650 / 0.026
So that
I EO1 = 6.94 × 10−15 A
Device 2: 12.2 × 10−3 = I Eo 2 e0.650 / 0.026
Or
I Eo 2 = 1.69 × 10−13 A
I Eo 2 1.69 × 10−13
Ratio of areas = = ⇒ Ratio = 24.4
I Eo1 6.94 × 10−15

5.11
VA 250
(a) ro = = ⇒ ro = 250 k Ω
IC 1
VA 250
(b) ro = = ⇒ ro = 2.50 M Ω
IC 0.1

5.12
BVC B 0 60
BVC E 0 = =
3 β 3
100
BVC E 0 = 12.9 V

5.13
BVC B 0
BVC E 0 =
3 β
220 220
56 = ⇒3β = = 3.93
3 β 56
β = 60.6

5.14
 BVC B 0
BVC E 0 =
3 β
BVC B 0 = ( BVC E 0 ) 3 β = ( 50 ) 3 50
BVC B 0 = 184 V

5.15
−0.7 − ( −10 )
(a) IE = = 1.86 mA
5
⎛ 75 ⎞
I C = (1.86 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.836 mA
⎝ 76 ⎠
VC = −0.7 + 4 = 3.3 V
10 − 3.3
RC = ⇒ RC = 3.65 K
1.836
0.5
(b) IB = = 0.00658 mA
76
VB = I B RB = ( 0.00658 )( 25 ) ⇒ VB = 0.164 V
⎛ 75 ⎞
I C = ( 0.5 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.493 mA
⎝ 76 ⎠
−1 − ( −5 )
RC = ⇒ RC = 8.11 K
0.493
I
(c) O = E (10 ) + 0.7 + I E ( 4 ) − 8
76
7.3 = I E ( 4 + 0.132 ) ⇒ I E = 1.767 mA
⎛ 75 ⎞
I C = (1.767 ) ⎜ ⎟ = 1.744 mA
⎝ 76 ⎠
VCE = 8 − (1.744 )( 4 ) − ⎡⎣(1.767 )( 4 ) − 8⎤⎦
= 16 − 6.972 − 7.068 ⇒ VCE = 1.96 V
⎛I ⎞
(d) 5 = I E (10 ) + ⎜ E ⎟ ( 20 ) + 0.7 + I E ( 2 ) = I E (10 + 0.263 + 2 ) + 0.7
⎝ 76 ⎠
I E = 0.3506 mA ⇒ I B = 4.61 μ A VC = 5 − ( 0.3506 )(10 )
VC = 1.49 V

5.16
For Fig. 5.15 (a) RE = 5 + 5% = 5.25 K
−0.7 − ( −10 )
IE = = 1.77 mA
5.25
I C = 1.75 mA
10 − 3.3
RC = = 3.83 K
1.75
RE = 5 − 5% = 4.75 K
−0.7 − ( −10 )
IE = = 1.96 mA
4.75
I C = 1.93 mA
10 − 3.3
RC = = 3.47 K
1.93
So 1.75 ≤ I C ≤ 1.93 mA 3.47 ≤ RC ≤ 3.83 K
For Fig. 5.15(c) RE = 4 + 5% = 4.2 K
 8 − 0.7
IB = = 0.0222 mA I C = 1.66 mA
10 + ( 76 )( 4.2 )
I E = 1.69 mA
VCE = 16 − (1.66 )( 4 ) − (1.69 )( 4.2 )
= 16 − 6.64 − 7.098 ⇒ VCE = 2.26 V
RE = 4 − 5% = 3.8 K
8 − 0.7
IB = = 0.0244 I C = 1.83 mA
10 + ( 76 )( 3.8 )
I E = 1.86 mA
VCE = 16 − (1.83)( 4 ) − (1.86 )( 3.8 )
= 16 − 7.32 − 7.068
VCE = 1.61 V
So 1.66 ≤ I C ≤ 1.83 mA 1.61 ≤ VCE ≤ 2.26 V

5.17
VBB − VEB 2.5 − 0.7
RB = = ⇒ RB = 120 k Ω
IB 0.015
I CQ = ( 70 )(15μ A ) ⇒ 1.05 mA
VCC − VECQ 5 − 2.5
RC = = ⇒ RC = 2.38 k Ω
I CQ 1.05

5.18
(a)
−VB − ( −1)
VB = − I B RB ⇒ I B = =
RB 500
I B = 2.0 μ A
VE = −1 − 0.7 = −1.7 V
VE − ( −3) −1.7 + 3
IE = = = 0.2708 mA
RE 4.8
IE 0.2708
= (1 + β ) = = 135.4 ⇒ β = 134.4
IB 0.002
β
α= ⇒ α = 0.9926
1+ β
I C = β I B ⇒ I C = 0.269 mA
VCE = 3 − VE = 3 − ( −1.7 ) ⇒ VCE = 4.7 V
(b)
5−4
IE = ⇒ I E = 0.5 mA
2
4 = 0.7 + I B RB + ( I B + I C ) RC − 5
I B + IC = I E
I B + IC = I E
4 = 0.7 + I B (100 ) + ( 0.5 )( 8 ) − 5
IE 0.5
I B = 0.043 ⇒ = (1 + β ) = = 11.63
IB 0.043
β
β = 10.63, α = ⇒ α = 0.9140
1+ β

5.19
 VB − 0.7 − ( −5 )
VB + 4.3
IE = =
3 3
⎛ 50 ⎞ ⎛ V + 4.3 ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
IC = ⎜ ⎟ I E = ⎜ B ⎟ ⎜ 51 ⎟
⎝ 51 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ V + 4.3 ⎞ ⎛ 50 ⎞
VC = 5 − I C RC = 5 − ⎜ B ⎜ ⎟ (10 )
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 51 ⎠
Now VB = VC , so VB [1 + 3.27 ] = 5 − 14.1 = −9.05
VB = −2.12 V
−2.12 + 4.3
IE = ⇒ I E = 0.727 mA
3

5.20
10 − VE 10 − 2
IE = = ⇒ I E = 0.80 mA
10 10
VB = VE − 0.7 = 2 − 0.7 = 1.3 V
VB 1.3
IB = = ⇒ I B = 0.026 mA
RB 50
I C = I E − I B = 0.80 − 0.026 ⇒ I C = 0.774 mA
I C 0.774
β= = ⇒ β = 29.77
I B 0.026
β 29.77
α= = ⇒ α = 0.9675
1+ β 30.77
VEC = VE − VC = VE − ( I C RC − 10 )
= 2 − ⎡⎣( 0.774 )(10 ) − 10 ⎤⎦
VEC = 4.26 V
Load line developed assuming the VB voltage can change and the RB resistor is removed.

1 mA

Q-point
0.774

IC

4.26 20 VEC

5.21
5 − 0.7
IB = ⇒ 17.2 μ A
250
I C = (120 )( 0.0172 ) = 2.064 mA
VC = ( 2.064 )(1.5 ) − 5 = −1.90 V
VEC = 5 − ( −1.90 ) ⇒ VEC = 6.90 V
IC (mA)

6.67

Q-point
2.06

6.9 10 V
EC (V)

5.22
⎛ 50 ⎞
I C = ⎜ ⎟ (1) = 0.98 mA
⎝ 51 ⎠
VC = I C RC − 9 = ( 0.98 )( 4.7 ) − 9 or VC = −4.39 V
1
IB = = 0.0196 mA
51
VE = I B RB + VEB ( on ) = ( 0.0196 )( 50 ) + 0.7 or VE = 1.68 V

5.23
⎛ 50 ⎞ 0.5
I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.5 ) = 0.49 mA, I B = = 0.0098 mA
⎝ 51 ⎠ 51
VE = I B RB + VEB ( on ) = ( 0.0098 )( 50 ) + 0.7 or VE = 1.19 V
VC = I C RC − 9 = ( 0.49 )( 4.7 ) − 9 = −6.70 V
Then VEC = VE − VC = 1.19 − ( −6.7 ) == 7.89 V
PQ = I CVEC + I BVEB = ( 0.49 )( 7.89 ) + ( 0.0098 )( 0.7 ) or PQ = 3.87 mW
Power Dissipated = PS = I Q ( 9 − VE ) = ( 0.5 )( 9 − 1.19 )
Or PS = 3.91 mW

5.24
I
I E1 = I E 2 = ⇒ I E1 = I E 2 = 0.5 mA
2
I C1 = I C 2 ≈ 0.5 mA
VC1 = VC 2 = 5 − ( 0.5 )( 4 ) ⇒ VC1 = VC 2 = 3 V

5.25
2 − 0.7 1.3
(a) RE = 0 I B = =
RB RB
⎛ 1.3 ⎞ 5 − 2
I C = ( 80 ) ⎜ ⎟ = = 0.8 ⇒ RC = 3.75 K
⎝ RB ⎠ RC
RB = 130 K
0.8 ⎛ 81 ⎞
(b) RE = 1 K IB = = 0.010 mA I E = 0.8 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.81 mA
80 ⎝ 80 ⎠
2 = ( 0.010 )( RB ) + 0.7 + ( 0.81)(1) ⇒ RB = 49 K
5 = ( 0.8 ) RC + 2 + ( 0.81)(1) ⇒ RC = 2.74 K
2 − 0.7
(c) For part (a) IB = = 0.01 mA
130
 I C = (120 )( 0.01) ⇒ I C = 1.20 mA
VCE = 5 − (1.2 )( 3.75 ) ⇒ VCE = 0.5 V
For part (b) 2 = I B ( 49 ) + 0.7 + (121) I B (1)
I B = 0.00765 mA, I E = 0.925 mA, I C = 0.918 mA
VCE = 5 − ( 0.918 )( 2.74 ) − ( 0.925 )(1) ⇒ VCE = 1.56 V
Including RE result in smaller changes in Q-point values.

5.26
VCC − VBE ( on )
a. I BQ =
RB
I CQ 2
I BQ = == 0.0333 mA
β 60
24 − 0.7
RB = ⇒ RB = 699 kΩ
0.0333
VCC − VCEQ 24 − 12
I CQ = ⇒ RC = ⇒ RC = 6 kΩ
RC 2
VCC − VBE ( on ) 24 − 0.7
b. I BQ = =
RB 699
= 0.0333 mA ( Unchanged )
I CQ = β I BQ = (100 )( 0.0333) ⇒ I CQ = 3.33 mA
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC = 24 − ( 3.33)( 6 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 4.02 V
(c) VCE = VCC − I C RC = 24 − I C ( 6 )
IC (mA)

4
Q-pt (␤ ⫽ 100)
3.33

Q-pt (␤ ⫽ 60)
2

4.02 12 24 VCE

5.27
a. VB = 0 ⇒ Cutoff ⇒ I E = 0, VC = 6 V
1 − 0.7
b. VB = 1 V, I E = ⇒ I E = 0.3 mA
1
I C ≈ I E ⇒ VC = 6 − ( 0.3)(10 ) ⇒ VC = 3 V
c. VB = 2 V. Assume active-mode
2 − 0.7
IE = = I E = 1.3 mA ≈ I C
1
VC = 6 − (1.3)(10 ) = −7 V!
Transistor in saturation
2 − 0.7
IE = ⇒ I E = 1.3 mA
1
VE = 1.3 V, VCE ( sat ) = 0.2 V
VC = VE + VCE ( sat ) = 1.3 + 0.2 ⇒ VC = 1.5 V

5.28
a. VBB = 0.
⎛ RL ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
Cutoff V0 = ⎜ ⎟ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ ( 5)
⎝ RC + RL ⎠ ⎝ 10 + 5 ⎠
V0 = 3.33 V
b. VBB = 1 V
1 − 0.7
IB = ⇒ 6 μA
50
I C = β I B = ( 75 )( 6 ) ⇒ I C = 0.45 mA
5 − V0 V
= IC + 0
5 10
⎛1 1 ⎞
1 − 0.45 = V0 ⎜ + ⎟ ⇒ V0 = 1.83 V
⎝ 5 10 ⎠
c. Transistor in saturation V0 = VCE ( sat ) = 0.2 V

5.29
(a) β = 100
⎛ 100 ⎞
(i) I Q = 0.1 mA I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.1) = 0.0990 mA
⎝ 101 ⎠
VO = 5 − ( 0.099 )( 5 ) ⇒ VO = 4.505 V
⎛ 100 ⎞
(ii) I Q = 0.5 mA I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.5 ) = 0.495 mA
⎝ 101 ⎠
VO = 5 − ( 0.495 )( 5 ) ⇒ VO = 2.525 V
(iii) I Q = 2 mA Transistor is in saturation
VO = −VBE ( sat ) + VCE ( sat ) = −0.7 + 0.2 ⇒ VO = −0.5 V
(b) β = 150
⎛ 150 ⎞
(i) I Q = 0.1 mA I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.1) = 0.09934 mA
⎝ 151 ⎠
VO = 5 − ( 0.09934 )( 5 ) ⇒ VO = 4.503 V
4.503 − 4.505
% change = × 100% = −0.044%
4.503
⎛ 150 ⎞
(ii) I Q = 0.5 mA I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.5 ) = 0.4967 mA
⎝ 151 ⎠
VO = 5 − ( 0.4967 )( 5 ) ⇒ VO = 2.517 V
2.517 − 2.525
% change = × 100% = −0.32%
2.525
(iii) I Q = 2 mA Transistor in saturation
Vo = −8.5 V No change

5.30
 5 − 0.5
VCB = 0.5 V ⇒ VO = 0.5 V , I C = = 0.90 mA
5
⎛ 101 ⎞
IQ = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.90 ) ⇒ I Q = 0.909 mA
⎝ 100 ⎠

5.31
For I Q = 0, then PQ = 0
⎛ 50 ⎞
For I Q = 0.5 mA, I C = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.5 ) = 0.49 mA
⎝ 51 ⎠
0.5
IB = = 0.0098 mA, VB = 0.490 V , VE = 1.19 V
51
VC = ( 0.49 )( 4.7 ) − 9 = −6.70 V ⇒ VEC = 7.89 V
P ≅ I CVEC = ( 0.49 )( 7.89 ) ⇒ P = 3.87 mW
For I Q = 1.0 mA, Using the same calculations as above, we find P = 5.95 mW
For I Q = 1.5 mA, P = 6.26 mW
For I Q = 2 mA, P = 4.80 mW
For I Q = 2.5 mA, P = 1.57 mW
For I Q = 3 mA, Transistor is in saturation.
0.7 + I B ( 50 ) = 0.2 + I C ( 4.7 ) − 9
I E = IQ = I B + IC ⇒ I B = 3 − IC
Then, 0.7 + ( 3 − I C ) ( 50 ) = 0.2 + I C ( 4.7 ) − 9
Which yields I C = 2.916 mA and I B = 0.084 mA
P = I BVEB + I CVEC = ( 0.084 )( 0.7 ) + ( 2.916 )( 0.2 ) or P = 0.642 mW

5.32
VEE − VEB ( on ) 9 − 0.7
IE = = ⇒ I E = 2.075 mA
RE 4
I C = α I E = ( 0.9920 ) ( 2.075 ) ⇒ I C = 2.06 mA
VBC + I C RC = VCC
VBC = 9 − ( 2.06 ) ( 2.2 ) ⇒ VBC = 4.47 V

5.33
VCC − VCEQ 12 − 6
I CQ = = = 2.73 mA
RC 2.2
I CQ 2.73
I BQ = = ⇒ I BQ = 0.091 mA
β 30
0.7 − ( −12 )
IR2 = = 0.127 mA
100
I R1 = I R 2 + I BQ = 0.127 + 0.091 = 0.218 mA
V1 = I R1 R1 + 0.7 = ( 0.218 )(15 ) + 0.7 ⇒ V1 = 3.97 V

5.34
For VCE = 4.5
5 − 4.5
I CQ = = 0.5 mA
1
0.5
I BQ = = 0.02 mA
25
0.7 − ( −5 )
I R2 = = 0.057 mA
100
I R1 = I R 2 + I BQ = 0.057 + 0.02 = 0.077 mA
V1 = I R1 R1 + VBE ( on ) = ( 0.077 )(15 ) + 0.7 = 1.86 V
For VCE = 1.0
5 −1
I CQ = = 4 mA
1
4
I BQ = = 0.16 mA
25
I R2 = 0.057 mA
I R1 = I R 2 + I BQ = 0.057 + 0.16 = 0.217 mA
V1 = ( 0.217 )(15 ) + 0.7 ⇒ 3.96 V
So 1.86 ≤ V1 ≤ 3.96 V
IC

4
Range of
Q-pt values

0.5
0 1 4.5 5

5.35
5 − 2.5
(a) RC = =5K
0.5
0.5
IB = = 0.00417 mA
120
5 − 0.7
RB = = 1032 K
0.00417
IC (mA)

1.0

Q-point
0.5

2.5 5 V (V)
CE
(b) Choose RC = 5.1 K
RB = 1 MΩ
For RB = 1 MΩ + 10% = 1.1 M, RC = 5.1 k + 10% = 5.61 K
5 − 0.7
I BQ = = 3.91 μ A ⇒ I CQ = 0.469 mA
1.1
VCEQ = 2.37 V
RB = 1 MΩ + 10% = 1.1M, RC = 5.1 K − 10% = 4.59 K
I BQ = 3.91 μ A ⇒ I CQ = 0.469 mA
VCEQ = 2.85 V
RB = 1 MΩ − 10% = 0.90 MΩ RC = 5.1 k + 10% = 5.61 K
5 − 0.7
I BQ = = 4.78 μ A ⇒ I C = 0.573 mA
0.90
VCEQ = 1.78 V
RB = 1 MΩ − 10% = 0.90 MΩ RC = 5.1 k − 10% = 4.59 K
I BQ = 4.78 μ A ⇒ I C = 0.573 mA
VCEQ = 2.37 V
IC (mA)

1.09

0.891

0.573
0.469

1.78 2.37 2.85 5 V (V)

CE

5.36
VE 2 = 5 − VBE 2 VE1 = 5 − VBE1
VO = VE 2 − VE1 = ( 5 − VBE 2 ) − ( 5 − VBE1 )
VO = VBE1 − VBE 2
⎛I ⎞
We have VBE1 = VE ln ⎜ E1 ⎟
⎝ I EO ⎠
⎛I ⎞
VBE 2 = VT ln ⎜ E 2 ⎟
⎝ I EO ⎠
⎡ ⎛I ⎞ ⎛I ⎞⎤
VO = VT ⎢ln ⎜ E1 ⎟ − ln ⎜ E 2 ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ I EO ⎠ ⎝ I EO ⎠⎦
⎛I ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
VO = VT ln ⎜ E1 ⎟ = VT ln ⎜ I ⎟
⎝ IE2 ⎠ ⎝ I ⎠
kT
VO = ln (10 )
e

5.37
(a) RE = 0
VI − 0.7 (120 )( 4 )
IB = IC = β I B VO = 5 − I C ( 4 ) = 5 − (VI − 0.7 )
200 200
When VO = 0.2, 0.2 = 5 − 2.4 VI + 1.68 ⇒ VI = 2.7
VO(V)

0.2
0.7 2.7 5 VI (V)

(b) RE = 1 K
VI − 0.7 V − 0.7
IB = = I I C = β IB
200 + (121)(1) 321
(120 )( 4 )
VO = 5 − (VI − 0.7 )
321
When VO = 0.2 = 5 − 1.495VI + 1.047
VI = 3.91 V

VO(V)

0.2
0.7 3.91 5 VI (V)

5.38
For 4.3 ≤ VI ≤ 5 Q is cutoff I C = 0
VO = 0
If Q reaches saturation, VO = 4.8
4.8
IC = = 1.2 mA
4
1.2 5 − 0.7 − VI
IB = = 0.015 = ⇒ VI = 1.6
80 180
So VI ≤ 1.6, VO = 4.8
VO(V)

4.8

1.6 4.3 5 VI (V)

5.39
(a) For VI ≥ 4.3, Q is off and VO = 0
⎛ 101 ⎞
When transistor enters saturation, 5 = ⎜ ⎟ I C (1) + 0.2 + I C ( 4 ) ⇒ I C = 0.958 mA
⎝ 100 ⎠
VO = 3.832 V
I B = 0.00958 mA
⎛ 101 ⎞
5=⎜ ⎟ ( 0.958 )(1) + 0.7 + ( 0.00958 )(180 ) + VI
⎝ 100 ⎠
VI = 5 − 0.7 − 0.9676 − 1.7244 ⇒ VI = 1.61 V
For VI = 0, transistor in saturation
5 = I E (1) + 0.2 + I C ( 4 ) ⇒ 5 = I C (1) + I B (1) + 0.2 + I C ( 4 )
5 = I E (1) + 0.7 + I B (180 ) 5 = I C (1) + I B (1) + 0.7 + I B (180 )
I E = IC + I B
4.8 = 5 I C + I B (1)
4.3 = 1I C + 181I B
I B = 4.8 − 5 I C
4.3 = I C + (181)( 4.8 − 5 I C )
904 I C = 864.5
I C = 0.956 mA
VO = 3.825 V
VO(V)

3.832
3.825

1.61 4.3 5 VI (V)

5.40
RTH = R1 & R2 = 33 & 10 = 7.67 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ (18 ) = 4.186 V
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 10 + 33 ⎠
V − VBE ( on ) 4.186 − 0.7
I BQ = TH =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 7.67 + ( 51)(1)
I BQ = 0.0594 mA
I CQ = β I BQ ⇒ I CQ = 2.97 mA
I EQ = 3.03 mA
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
= 18 − ( 2.97 )( 2.2 ) − ( 3.03)(1) ⇒ VCEQ = 8.44 V

5.41
I CQ = 1.2 mA, VCEQ = 9 V , RTH = 50 k Ω
1.2
Also I B = = 0.015 mA
80
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1 1
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (VCC ) = ⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = ( 50 )(18 )
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ R1 R1
1
Then ( 50 )(18) = ( 0.015)( 50 ) + 0.7 + ( 81)( 0.015)(1) or R1 = 338 k Ω.
R1
338R2
Then = 50 ⇒ R2 = 58.7 k Ω
338 + R2
⎛ 81 ⎞
I EQ = ⎜ ⎟ (1.2 ) = 1.215 mA
⎝ 80 ⎠
18 = I CQ RC + VCEQ + I EQ RE
18 = (1.2 ) RC + 9 + (1.215 )(1) ⇒ RC = 6.49 k Ω

5.42
RTH = R1 & R2 = 20 & 15 = 8.57 k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 15 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (VCC ) = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) = 4.29 V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 15 + 20 ⎠
I EQ
VCC = I EQ RE + VEB ( on ) + ⋅ RTH + VTH
1+ β
⎛ 8.57 ⎞
10 = I EQ (1) + 0.7 + I EQ ⎜ ⎟ + 4.29
⎝ 101 ⎠
10 − 0.7 − 4.29 5.01
Then I EQ = = ⇒ I EQ = 4.62 mA
8.57 1.085
1+
101
I EQ ⎛ 4.62 ⎞
VB = ⋅ RTH + VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( 8.57 ) + 4.29 or VB = 4.68 V
1+ β ⎝ 101 ⎠

5.43
(a)
RTH = 42 & 58 = 24.36 K
⎛ 42 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( 24 ) = 10.08 V
⎝ 100 ⎠
10.08 − 0.7 9.38
I BQ = = ⇒ 7.30 μ A
24.36 + (126 )(10 ) 1284.36
I CQ = 0.913 mA I EQ = 0.9202
VCEQ = 14.8 V

IC (mA)

2.38

Q-point
0.913

14.8 24 V
CE (V)

(b)
R1 + 5% = 60.9, R2 + 5% = 44.1 RTH = 25.58 K VTH = 10.08
10.08 − 0.7 9.38
I BQ = = ⇒ 7.30 μ A
25.58 + 126 (10 ) 1285.58
I CQ = 0.912 mA I EQ = 0.919
VCEQ = 14.81
R1 + 5% = 60.9, R2 − 5% = 39.90 RTH = 24.11 K VTH = 9.50
9.50 − 0.7 8.8
I BQ = = = 6.85 μ A
24.11 + (126 )(10 ) 1284.11
I CQ = 0.857 mA I EQ = 0.8635 mA
VCEQ = 15.37 V
R1 − 5% = 55.1 K R2 + 5% = 44.1 K RTH = 24.50 K VTH = 10.67 V
10.67 − 0.7 9.97
I BQ = = = 7.76 μ A
24.50 + 1260 1284.5
I CQ = 0.970 mA I EQ = 0.978 mA
VCEQ = 14.22 V
R1 − 5% = 55.1 K R2 − 5% = 39.90 RTH = 23.14 K VTH = 10.08
10.08 − 0.7 9.38
I BQ = = = 7.31 μ A
23.14 + 1260 1283.14
I CQ = 0.914 mA I EQ = 0.9211 mA
VCEQ = 14.79 V
So we have 0.857 ≤ I CQ ≤ 0.970 mA
14.22 ≤ VCEQ ≤ 15.37 V

5.44
a.
RTH = R1 & R2 = 25 & 8 = 6.06 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ ( 24 )
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 8 + 25 ⎠
= 5.82 V
V − VBE (on) 5.82 − 0.7
I BQ = TH =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 6.06 + ( 76 )(1)
I BQ = 0.0624 mA, I CQ = 4.68 mA
I EQ = 4.74
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
= 24 − ( 4.68 )( 3) − ( 4.74 )(1)
VCEQ = 5.22 V
b.
5.82 − 0.7
I BQ = ⇒ I BQ = 0.0326 mA
6.06 + (151)(1)
I CQ = 4.89 mA
I EQ = 4.92
VCEQ = 24 − ( 4.89 )( 3) − ( 4.92 )(1)
VCEQ = 4.41 V

5.45
(a)
I CQ ≅ I EQ = 0.4 mA
3 3
RC = ⇒ RC = 7.5 k Ω; RE = ⇒ RE = 7.5 k Ω
0.4 0.4
9
R1 + R2 ≅ = 112.5 k Ω
( 0.2 )( 0.4 )
⎛ R2 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (VCC ) = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
RR (112.5 − R2 ) R2 0.4
RTH = 1 2 = , I BQ = = 0.004 mA
R1 + R2 112.5 100
⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎡ (112.5 − R2 ) R2 ⎤
R2 ⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.004 ) ⎢ ⎥ + 0.7 + (101)( 0.004 )( 7.5 )
⎝ 112.5 ⎠ ⎣ 112.5 ⎦
We obtain R2 ( 0.08 ) = 0.004 R2 − 3.56 × 10−5 R22 + 3.73
From this quadratic, we find R2 = 48 k Ω ⇒ R1 = 64.5 k Ω
(b) Standard resistor values:
Set RE = RC = 7.5 k Ω and R1 = 62 k Ω, R2 = 47 k Ω
Now RTH = R1 & R2 = 62 & 47 = 26.7 k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 47 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (VCC ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( 9 ) = 3.88 V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 47 + 62 ⎠
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
3.88 − 0.7
So I BQ = = 0.00406 mA
26.7 + (101)( 7.5 )
Then I CQ = 0.406 mA
VRC = VRE = ( 0.406 )( 7.5 ) = 3.05 V

5.46
(a)
RTH = R1 & R2 = 12 & 2 = 1.714 K
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 ⇒ VTH = −3.571 V
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 14 ⎠
(b)
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE − 5
−3.57 = I BQ (1.714 ) + 0.7 + (101) I BQ ( 0.5 ) − 5
5 − 0.7 − 3.571 0.729
I BQ = = ⇒ 13.96 μ A
1.714 + (101)( 0.5 ) 52.21
I CQ = 1.396 mA, I EQ = 1.410 mA
VCEQ = 10 − (1.396 )( 5 ) − (1.41)( 0.5 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 2.32 V
(d)
RE = 0.5 + 5% = 0.525 K RC = 5 + 5% = 5.25 K
0.729
I BQ = ⇒ 13.32 μ A
1.714 + (101)( 0.525 )
I CQ = 1.332 mA I EQ = 1.345 mA
VCEQ = 10 − (1.332 )( 5.25 ) − (1.345 )( 0.525 )
= 10 − 6.993 − 0.7061 ⇒ VCEQ = 2.30 V
RE = 0.5 + 5% = 0.525 K RC = 5 − 5% = 4.75 K
I CQ = 1.332 mA I EQ = 1.345 mA
VCEQ = 10 − (1.332 )( 4.75 ) − (1.345 )( 0.525 )
= 10 − 6.327 − 0.7061 ⇒ VCEQ = 2.97 V
RE = 0.5 − 5% = 0.475 K RC = 5 + 5% = 5.25 K
0.729
I BQ = ⇒ 14.67 μ A
1.714 + (101)( 0.475 )
I CQ = 1.467 mA I EQ = 1.482 mA
VCEQ = 10 − (1.467 )( 5.25 ) − (1.482 )( 0.475 )
= 10 − 7.70175 − 0.70395 ⇒ VCEQ = 1.59 V
RE = 0.5 − 5% = 0.475 K RC = 5 − 5% = 4.75 K
I CQ = 1.467 mA I EQ = 1.482 mA
VCEQ = 10 − (1.467 )( 4.75 ) − (1.482 )( 0.475 )
= 10 − 6.96825 − 0.70395 ⇒ VCEQ = 2.33 V

5.47
RTH = R1 & R2 = 9 & 1 = 0.91 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( −12 ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( −12 ) = −1.2 V
⎝ 1
R + R 2 ⎠ ⎝ 1+ 9 ⎠
I EQ RE + VEB ( on ) + I BQ RTH + VTH = 0
−VTH − VEB (on) 1.2 − 0.7
I BQ = =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 0.90 + ( 76 )( 0.1)
I BQ = 0.0588, I CQ = 4.41 mA
I EQ = 4.47 mA
Center of load line ⇒ VECQ = 6 V
I EQ RE + VECQ + I CQ RC − 12 = 0
( 4.47 ) ( 0.1) + 6 + ( 4.41) RC = 12 ⇒ RC = 1.26 kΩ

5.48
(a)
RTH = 36 & 68 = 23.5 K
⎛ 36 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) = 3.46 V
⎝ 36 + 68 ⎠
3.46 − 0.7
I BQ = = 0.00178 mA
23.5 + ( 51)( 30 )
I CQ = 0.0888 mA I EQ = 0.0906 mA
VCE = 10 − ( 0.0888 )( 42 ) − ( 0.0906 )( 30 )
= 10 − 3.73 − 2.72 ⇒ VCE = 3.55 V
(b)
R1 = 22.7, R2 = 12 K, RC = 14 K, RE = 10 K
RTH = 7.85 k VTH = 3.46
3.46 − 0.7
I BQ = = 0.00533 mA
7.85 + ( 51)(10 )
I CQ = 0.266 mA I EQ = 0.272 mA
VCE = 10 − ( 0.266 )(14 ) − ( 0.272 )(10 )
VCE = 3.56 V

5.49
(a)
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 68 ⎞
RTH = 36 & 68 = 23.5 K VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = 1.54 V
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 36 + 68 ⎠
5 = ( 51) I BQ ( 30 ) + 0.7 + I B ( 23.5 ) + 1.54
2.76
I BQ = = 1.78 μA ⇒ I CQ = 0.0888 mA
1553.5
I EQ = 0.0906 mA
VECQ = 10 − ( 0.0906 )( 30 ) − ( 0.0888 )( 42 )
= 10 − 2.718 − 3.7296 ⇒ VECQ = 3.55 V
(b)
RTH = 12 & 22.7 = 7.85 K
VTH = 1.54 RE = 10 K RC = 14 K
5 = ( 51) I BQ (10 ) + 0.7 + I B ( 7.85 ) + 1.54
2.76
I BQ = = 5.33 μ A I CQ = 0.266 mA
517.85
I EQ = 0.272 mA
VECQ = 10 − ( 0.272 )(10 ) − ( 0.266 )(14 )
= 10 − 2.72 − 3.724 ⇒ VECQ = 3.56 V

5.50
(a)
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(101)( 0.5 ) = 5.05 k Ω
1
VTH = ⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
R1
I CQ 0.8
I BQ = = = 0.008 mA
β 100
1
Then ( 5.05)(10 ) = ( 0.008)( 5.05) + 0.7 + (101)( 0.008)( 0.5)
R1
44.1R2
or R1 = 44.1 k Ω, = 5.05 ⇒ R2 = 5.70 k Ω
44.1 + R2
⎛ 101 ⎞
Now I EQ = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.8 ) = 0.808 mA
⎝ 100 ⎠
VCC = I CQ RC + VCEQ + I EQ RE
10 = ( 0.8 ) RC + 5 + ( 0.808 )( 0.5 )
RC = 5.75 k Ω
(b) For 75 ≤ β ≤ 150
 ⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 5.7 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (VCC ) = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) = 1.145 V
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 5.7 + 44.1 ⎠
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
1.145 − 0.7
For β = 75, I BQ = = 0.0103 mA
5.05 + ( 76 )( 0.5 )
Then I CQ = ( 75 )( 0.0103) = 0.775 mA
1.145 − 0.7
For β = 150, I BQ = = 0.00552 mA
5.05 + (151)( 0.5 )
Then I CQ = 0.829 mA
ΔI CQ 0.829 − 0.775
% Change = = × 100% ⇒ % Change = 6.75%
I CQ 0.80
(c) For RE = 1 k Ω
RTH = ( 0.1)(101)(1) = 10.1 k Ω
1 1
VTH = ⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = (10.1)(10 ) = ( 0.008 )(10.1) + 0.7 + (101)( 0.008 )(1)
R1 R1
which yields R1 = 63.6 k Ω
63.6 R2
And = 10.1 ⇒ R2 = 12.0 k Ω
63.6 + R2
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
Now VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (VCC ) = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) = 1.587 V
⎝ 1
R + R 2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 + 63.6 ⎠
1.587 − 0.7
For β = 75, I BQ = = 0.0103 mA
10.1 + ( 76 )(1)
So I CQ = 0.773 mA
1.587 − 0.7
For β = 150, I BQ = = 0.00551 mA
10.1 + (151)(1)
Then I CQ = 0.826 mA
ΔI CQ 0.826 − 0.773
% Change = = × 100% ⇒ % Change = 6.63%
I CQ 0.8

5.51
VCC ≅ I CQ ( RC + RE ) + VCEQ
10 = ( 0.8 )( RC + RE ) + 5 ⇒ RC + RE = 6.25 k Ω
Let RE = 0.875 k Ω
Then, for bias stable RTH = ( 0.1)(121)( 0.875 ) = 10.6 k Ω
0.8
I BQ = = 0.00667 mA
120
1
(10.6 )(10 ) = ( 0.00667 )(10.6 ) + 0.7 + (121)( 0.00667 )( 0.875 )
R1
71.8R2
So R1 = 71.8 k Ω and = 10.6 ⇒ R2 = 12.4 k Ω
71.8 + R2
10
Then I R ≅ = 0.119 mA
71.8 + 12.4
This is close to the design specification.

5.52
I CQ ≈ I EQ ⇒ VCEQ = VCC − I CQ ( RC + RE )
6 = 12 − I CQ ( 2 + 0.2 )
I CQ = 2.73 mA, I BQ = 0.0218 mA
VCEQ = 6 V
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE − 6
⎛ R2 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) − 6, RTH = R 1& R2
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
Bias stable ⇒ RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(126 )( 0.2 ) = 2.52 kΩ
⎛ 1⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( RTH )(12 ) − 6
⎝ R1 ⎠
1
( 2.52 )(12 ) − 6 = ( 0.0218)( 2.52 ) + 0.7 + (126 )( 0.0218)( 0.2 ) − 6
R1
1
( 30.24 ) = 0.7549 + 0.5494
R1
23.2R 2
R1 = 23.2 kΩ, = 2.52
23.2 + R 2
R2 = 2.83 kΩ

5.53
⎛ 81 ⎞
a. I CQ = 1 mA. I EQ = ⎜ ⎟ (1) = 1.01 mA
⎝ 80 ⎠
VCEQ = 12 − (1)( 2 ) − (1.01)( 0.2 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 9.80 V
1
I BQ = = 0.0125 mA
80
RTH = + ( 0.1) (1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)( 81)( 0.2 ) = 1.62 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1 1
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) − 6 = ( RTH )(12 ) − 6 = (19.44 ) − 6
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ R 1 R1

VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE − 6

1
(19.44 ) − 6 = ( 0.0125 )(1.62 ) + 0.7 + ( 81)( 0.0125)( 0.2 ) − 6
R1
1
(19.44 ) = 0.923
R1
21.1R2
R1 = 21.1 kΩ, = 1.62
21.1 + R2
R2 = 1.75 kΩ
b.
R1 = 22.2 kΩ or R1 = 20.0 kΩ
R2 = 1.84 kΩ or R2 = 1.66 kΩ
R2 ( max ) , R1 ( min )
RTH = (1.84 ) & ( 20.0 ) = 1.685 kΩ
⎛ 1.84 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) − 6 = −4.99 V
⎝ 1.84 + 20.0 ⎠
−4.99 − 0.7 − ( −6 ) 0.31
I BQ = = = 0.0173 mA
1.685 + ( 81)( 0.2 ) 17.89
I CQ = 1.39 mA, I EQ = 1.40 mA
For max, RC ⇒ VCE = 12 − (1.39 )( 2 ) − (1.40 )( 0.2 )
VCE = 8.94 V
R2 ( min ) , R1 ( max )
RTH = (1.66 ) & ( 22.2 ) = 1.545 kΩ
⎛ 1.66 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) − 6 = −5.165 V
⎝ 1.66 + 22.2 ⎠
−5.165 − 0.7 + 6 0.135
I BQ = = = 0.00761 mA ⇒ I CQ = 0.609 mA, I E = 0.616
1.545 + ( 81)( 0.20 ) 17.745
VCEQ = 12 − ( 0.609 )( 2 ) − ( 0.616 )( 0.2 )
VCEQ = V 10.7 V
So 0.609 ≤ I C ≤ 1.39 mA
8.94 ≤ VCEQ ≤ 10.7 V

5.54
VCEQ ≅ VCC − I CQ ( RC + RE )
5 = 12 − 3 ( RC + RE ) ⇒ RC + RE = 2.33 k Ω
Let RE = 0.333 k Ω and RC = 2 k Ω
Nominal value of β = 100
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(101)( 0.333) = 3.36 k Ω
3
I BQ = = 0.03 mA
100
1 1
VTH = ⋅ RTH ⋅ (12 ) − 6 = ( 3.36 )(12 ) − 6
R1 R1
Then VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE − 6
1
( 3.36 )(12 ) − 6 = ( 0.03)( 3.36 ) + 0.7 + (101)( 0.03)( 0.333) − 6
R1
which yields R1 = 22.3 k Ω and R2 = 3.96 k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 3.96 ⎞
Now VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) − 6 = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) − 6 or VTH = −4.19 V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 3.96 + 22.3 ⎠
For β = 75, VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE − 6
VTH + 6 − 0.7 −4.19 + 6 − 0.7
I BQ = = = 0.0387 mA ⇒ I C = 2.90 mA
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 3.36 + ( 76 )( 0.333)
−4.19 + 6 − 0.7
For β = 150, I BQ = = 0.0207 mA
3.36 + (151)( 0.333)
Then I C = 3.10 mA
Specifications are met.

5.55
RTH = R1 & R2 = 3 & 12 = 2.4 k Ω
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 12 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ VCC = ⎜ ⎟ ( 20 ) = 16 V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 12 + 3 ⎠
(a) For β = 75
20 = (1 + β ) I BQ RE + VEB ( on ) + I BQ RTH + VTH
20 − 0.7 − 16 = I BQ ⎡⎣( 76 )( 2 ) + 2.4 ⎤⎦
So I BQ = 0.0214 mA, I CQ = 1.60 mA, I EQ = 1.62 E
VECQ = 20 − (1.6 )(1) − (1.62 )( 2 ) or VECQ = 15.16 V
(b) For β = 100, we find I BQ = 0.0161 mA, I CQ = 1.61 mA, VECQ = 15.13 V , I EQ = 1.63 mA

5.56
I CQ = 4.8 mA → I EQ = 4.84 mA
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
6 = 18 − ( 4.8 )( 2 ) − ( 4.84 ) RE ⇒ RE = 0.496 kΩ
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(121)( 0.496 ) = 6.0 kΩ
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
I BQ = 0.040 mA
1 1
VTH = ⋅ RTH ⋅VCC = ( 6.0 )(18 )
R1 R1
1
( 6.0 )(18) = ( 0.04 )( 6.0 ) + 0.70 + (121)( 0.04 )( 0.496 )
R1
1
(108 ) = 3.34
R1
32.3 R2
R1 = 32.3 kΩ, = 6.0
32.3 + R2
R2 = 7.37 kΩ

5.57
For nominal β = 70
2
I BQ = = 0.0286 mA → I EQ = 2.03 mA
70
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
10 = 20 − ( 2 )( 4 ) − ( 2.03) RE ⇒ RE = 0.985 K
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)( 71)( 0.985 ) = 6.99 K
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + I EQ RE
1
⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + I EQ RE
R1
1
( 6.99 )( 20 ) = ( 0.0286 )( 6.99 ) + 0.70 + ( 2.03)( 0.985 )
R1
1
(139.8 ) = 2.90
R1
48.2 R2
R1 = 48.2 K, = 6.99
48.2 + R2
R2 = 8.18 K
Check: For β = 50
⎛ 8.18 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( 20 ) = 2.90
⎝ 8.18 + 48.2 ⎠
V − VBE ( on ) 2.90 − 0.7
I BQ = TH = = 0.0384 mA
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 6.99 + ( 51)( 0.985 )
I CQ = 1.92 mA
For β = 90
2.90 − 0.7
I BQ = = 0.0228 mA
6.99 + ( 91)( 0.985 )
I CQ = 2.05 mA
Design criterion is satisfied.
5.58
I CQ = 1 mA → I EQ = 1.017 mA
VCEQ = VCC − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
5 = 15 − (1)( 5 ) − (1.017 ) RE ⇒ RE = 4.92 kΩ
Bias stable: RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)( 61)( 4.92 ) = 30.0 kΩ
1
I BQ = = 0.0167 mA
60
1
VTH = ⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + I EQ RE
R1
1
( 30.0 )(15 ) = ( 0.0167 )( 30.0 ) + 0.70 + (1.017 )( 4.92 )
R1
1
( 448.5) = 6.197
R1
72.5 R2
R1 = 72.5 kΩ, = 30.0
72.5 + R2
R2 = 51.2 kΩ
Check: For β = 45
⎛ 51.2 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (15 ) = 6.21V
⎝ 51.2 + 72.5 ⎠
V − VBE ( on ) 6.21 − 0.7
I BQ = TH = = 0.0215 mA
RTH + (1 + β ) RE 30 + ( 46 )( 4.92 )
ΔI C
I CQ = 0.967 mA, = 3.27%
IC
Check: For β = 75
6.21 − 0.7
I BQ = = 0.0136 mA
30.0 + ( 76 )( 4.92 )
ΔI C
I CQ = 1.023 mA, = 2.31%
IC
Design criterion is satisfied.

5.59
(a)
VCC ≅ I CQ ( RC + RE ) + VCEQ
3 = ( 0.1)( 5 RE + RE ) + 1.4 ⇒ RE = 2.67 k Ω
100
RC = 13.3 k Ω, I BQ = = 0.833 μ A
120
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(121)( 2.67 ) = 32.3 k Ω
1 1
VTH = ⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = ( 32.3)( 3)
R1 R1
= I BQ RTH + VBE ( on ) + (1 + β ) I BQ RE
= ( 0.000833)( 32.3) + 0.7 + (121)( 0.000833)( 2.67 )
which gives R1 = 97.3 k Ω, and R2 = 48.4 k Ω
(b)
 3 3
IR ≅ = ⇒ 20.6 μ A
R1 + R2 97.3 + 48.4
I CQ = 100 μ A
P = ( I CQ + I R )VCC = (100 + 20.6 )( 3)
or P = 362 μW

5.60
5 − VE 5
IE = = = 1.67 mA
RE 3
RTH = R1 || R2 = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)(101)( 3) = 30.3 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( 4 ) − 2 = ⋅ RTH ⋅ ( 4 ) − 2
⎝ 1R + R 2 ⎠ R1

I EQ
I BQ = = 0.0165 mA
1+ β
5 = I EQ RE + VEB ( on ) + I B RTH + VTH
1
5 = (1.67 )( 3) + 0.7 + ( 0.0165 )( 30.3) + ( 30.3)( 4 ) − 2
R1
1
0.80 = ( 30.3)( 4 ) ⇒ R1 = 152 kΩ
R1
152 R2
= 30.3 ⇒ R2 = 37.8 kΩ
152 + R2

5.61
a. RTH = R1 & R2 = 10 & 20 ⇒ RTH = 6.67 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 ⇒ VTH = 1.67 V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 20 + 10 ⎠
b.
10 = (1 + β ) I BQ RE + VEB ( on ) + I BQ RTH + VTH
10 − 0.7 − 1.67 7.63
I BQ = = ⇒ I BQ = 0.0593 mA
6.67 + ( 61)( 2 ) 128.7
I CQ = 3.56 mA, I EQ =3.62 mA
VE = 10 − I EQ RE = 10 − ( 3.62 )( 2 )
VE = 2.76 V
VC = I CQ RC − 10 = ( 3.56 )( 2.2 ) − 10
VC = −2.17 V

5.62
V + − V − ≅ I CQ ( RC + RE ) + VECQ
20 = ( 0.5 )( RC + RE ) + 8 ⇒ ( RC + RE ) = 24 k Ω
Let RE = 10 k Ω then RC = 14 k Ω
Let β = 60 from previous problem.
RTH = ( 0.1)(1 + β ) RE = ( 0.1)( 61)(10 )
Or RTH = 61 k Ω
 0.5
I BQ = = 0.00833 mA
60
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1
VTH =⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = ⋅ RTH ⋅10 − 5
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ R1
Now 10 = (1 + β ) I BQ RE + VEB ( on ) + I BQ RTH + VTH
1
10 = ( 61)( 0.00833)(10 ) + 0.7 + ( 0.00833) ( 61) + ( 61) (10 ) − 5
R1
Then R1 = 70.0 k Ω and R2 = 474 k Ω
10 10
IR ≅ = ⇒ 18.4 μ A
R1 + R2 70 + 474
So the 40 μ A current limit is met.

5.63
a. RTH = R1 & R2 = 35 & 20 ⇒ RTH = 12.7 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 20 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (7) − 5 = ⎜ ⎟ ( 7 ) − 5 ⇒ VTH = −2.45 V
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 20 + 35 ⎠
b.
VTH − VBE ( on ) − ( −10 )
I BQ =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE
−2.45 − 0.7 + 10
= ⇒ I BQ = 0.136 mA
12.7 + ( 76 )( 0.5 )
I CQ = 10.2 mA, I EQ = 10.4 mA
VCEQ = 20 − I CQ RC − I EQ RE
= 20 − (10.2 )( 0.8 ) − (10.4 )( 0.5 )
VCEQ = 6.64 V
c.
R2 = 20 + 5% = 21 kΩ
R1 = 35 − 5% = 33.25 kΩ
RE = 0.5 − 5% = 0.475 kΩ
RTH = R1 & R2 = 21 & 33.25 = 12.9 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (7) − 5
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
⎛ 21 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ ( 7 ) − 5 = −2.29 V
⎝ 21 + 33.25 ⎠
−2.29 − 0.7 − ( −10 )
I BQ = = 0.143 mA
12.9 + ( 76 )( 0.475 )
I CQ = 10.7 mA, I EQ = 10.9 mA
For RC = 0.8 + 5% = 0.84 kΩ
VCEQ = 20 − (10.7 )( 0.84 ) − (10.9 )( 0.475 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 5.83 V
For RC = 0.8 − 5% = 0.76 kΩ
VCEQ = 20 − (10.7 )( 0.76 ) − (10.9 )( 0.475 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 6.69 V
R2 = 20 − 5% = 19 kΩ
R1 = 35 + 5% = 36.75 kΩ
RE = 0.5 + 5% = 0.525 kΩ
RTH = R1 & R2 = 19 & 36.75 = 12.5 kΩ
⎛ 19 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ ( 7 ) − 5 = −2.61 V
⎝ 19 + 36.75 ⎠
−2.61 − 0.7 − ( −10 )
I BQ = = 0.128 mA
12.5 + ( 76 )( 0.525 )
I CQ = 9.58 mA, I EQ = 9.70 mA
For RC = 0.84 kΩ
VCEQ = 20 − ( 9.58 )( 0.84 ) − ( 9.70 )( 0.525 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 6.86 V
For RC = 0.76 kΩ
VCEQ = 20 − ( 9.58 )( 0.76 ) − ( 9.70 )( 0.525 ) ⇒ VCEQ = 7.63 V
So 9.58 ≤ I CQ ≤ 10.7 mA and 5.83 ≤ VCEQ ≤ 7.63 V

5.64
a.
RTH = 500 kΩ & 500 kΩ & 70 kΩ = 250 kΩ & 70 kΩ ⇒ RTH = 54.7 kΩ
5 − VTH 3 − VTH VTH − ( −5 )
+ =
500 500 70
5 3 5 ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
+ − = VTH ⎜ + + ⎟ − 0.0554 = VTH ( 0.0183)
500 500 70 ⎝ 500 500 70 ⎠
VTH = −3.03 V
b.
VTH − VBE ( on ) − ( −5 )
I BQ =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE
−3.03 − 0.7 + 5
=
54.7 + (101)( 5 )
I BQ = 0.00227 mA
I CQ = 0.227 mA, I EQ = 0.229
VCEQ = 20 − ( 0.227 )( 50 ) − ( 0.229 )( 5 )
VCEQ = 7.51 V

5.65
RTH = 30 || 60 || 20 ⇒ RTH = 10 kΩ
5 − VTH 5 − VTH VTH
+ =
30 60 20
⎛ 5 5 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
⎜ + ⎟ = VTH ⎜ + + ⎟
⎝ 30 60 ⎠ ⎝ 30 60 20 ⎠
VTH = 2.5 V
For β = 100
 VTH − VBE ( on ) − ( −5 )
I BQ =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE
2.5 − 0.7 + 5
=
10 + (101)( 0.2 )
I BQ = 0.225 mA
I CQ = 22.5 mA, I EQ = 22.7 mA
VCEQ = 15 − ( 22.5 )( 0.5 ) − ( 22.7 ) ( 0.2 )
VCEQ = −0.79! In saturation ⇒ VCEQ = 0.2 V
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE + I EQ RE − 5
2.5 + 5 − 0.7 = I BQ (10 ) + I EQ ( 0.2 )
6.8 = I BQ (10 ) + I EQ ( 0.2 )
14.8 = I CQ ( 0.5 ) + I EQ ( 0.2 )
Transistor in saturation,
I EQ = I BQ + I CQ
6.8 = I BQ (10 ) + I BQ ( 0.2 ) + I CQ ( 0.2 )
6.8 = I BQ (10.2 ) + I CQ ( 0.2 )
51× 14.8 = I BQ ( 0.2 ) + I CQ ( 0.7 )
754.8 = I BQ (10.2 ) + I CQ ( 35.7 )
748 = I CQ ( 35.5 )
I CQ = 21.1 mA
VCEQ = 0.2 V

5.66
I CQ = 50 μ A, I BQ = 0.625 μ A, I EQ = 50.6 μ A
(a)
1
RE = = 19.8 K
0.0506
5 = ( 0.050 ) RC + 5 + ( 0.0506 )(19.8 ) − 5
RC = 80 K
RTH = R1 & R2 Design bias stable circuit.
RTH = ( 0.1)( 51)(19.8 ) = 101 K
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = ⋅ RTH ⋅ (10 ) − 5
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ R1
1
So (101)(10 ) − 5 = I BQ (101) + 0.7 + ( 0.0506 )(19.8 ) − 5
R1
1
(1010 ) = 0.0631 + 0.7 + 1
R1
573 R2
R1 = 573 K = 101
573 + R2
R2 = 123 K
(b)
 RTH = 101 K, VTH = −3.23 V
VTH = I BQ RTH + 0.7 + (121)(19.8 ) I BQ − 5
1.07 = I BQ (101 + 2395.8 ) ⇒ I BQ = 0.429 μ A
I CQ = 0.0514 mA, I EQ = 0.0519 mA
VCEQ = 10 − ( 0.0514 )( 80 ) − ( 0.0519 )(19.8 )
= 10 − 4.11 − 1.03 ⇒ VCEQ = 4.86 V

5.67
(a)
2
I EQ = 0.80 mA, RE = = 2.5 K
0.8
12 = I CQ RC + VCEQ + I EQ RE
12 = ( 0.8 ) RC + 7 + 2 ⇒ RC = 3.75 K
VTH = I BQ RTH + VBE + I EQ RE
For a bias stable circuit
RTH = ( 0.1)(12.1)( 2.5 ) = 30.25 K
1 1
⋅ RTH ⋅ VCC = ( 30.25 )(12 ) = ( 0.00667 )( 30.25 ) + 0.7 + 2
R1 R1
1
( 363) = 2.90 ⇒ R1 = 125 K
R1
125 R2
= 30.25 ⇒ R2 = 39.9 K
125 + R2
(b) Let RE = 2.4 K, RC = 3.9 K
R1 = 120 K R2 = 39 K
Then
RTH = R1 & R2 = 120 & 39 = 29.4 K
⎛ 39 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (12 ) = 2.94 V
⎝ 120 + 39 ⎠
2.94 − 0.7 2.24
I BQ = = ⇒ 7.00 μ A
29.4 + (121)( 2.4 ) 319.8
I CQ = 0.841 mΑ I EQ = 0.848 mA
VCEQ = 12 − ( 0.841)( 3.9 ) − ( 0.848 )( 2.4 ) = 12 − 3.28 − 2.04
VCEQ = 6.68 V

5.68
(a) I CQ = 100 μ A, I BQ = 1.18 μ A, I EQ = 101 μ A
2
RE = ⇒ RE = 19.8 K
0.101
9 = ( 0.101)(19.8 ) + 6 + ( 0.1) RC − 9
RC = 100 K
Design a bias stable circuit.
BTH = ( 0.1)( 86 )(19.8 ) = 170 K
⎛ R2 ⎞ 1
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (18 ) − 9 = (170 )(18 ) − 9
⎝ 1
R + R2 ⎠ R1

1
9 = ( 0.101)(19.8 ) + 0.7 + ( 0.00118 )(170 ) + (170 )(18 ) − 9
R1
203R2
R1 = 203 K = 170
203 + R2
R2 = 1046 K
(b) β = 125
9 = (126 ) I BQ (19.8 ) + 0.7 + I BQ (170 ) + (15.07 − 9 )
2.23
I BQ = = 0.837 μ A I CQ = 0.1046 mA
2664.8
I EQ = 0.1054 mA
VECQ = 18 − ( 0.1046 )(100 ) − ( 0.1054 )(19.8 )
VECQ = 5.45 V

5.69
(a)
⎛ 51 ⎞ 3
I EQ ≈ ⎜ ⎟ ( 20 ) = 20.4 mA ⇒ RE = = 0.147 K
⎝ 50 ⎠ 20.4
6
VRC = 18 − 9 − 3 = 6 V RC = = 0.3 K
20
For a bias stable circuit.
RTH = ( 0.1)( 51)( 0.147 ) = 0.750 K
V + = I EQ RE + VEB + I BQ RTH + VTH
1
18 = 3 + 0.7 + ( 0.4 )( 0.75 ) + ( 0.75 )(18)
R1
1
14 = (13.5) ⇒ R1 = 0.964 K
R1
( 0.964 ) R2
= 0.75 ⇒ R2 = 3.38 K
0.964 + R2
(b) Let RE = 0.15 K, RC = 0.3 K
R1 = 1.0 K, R2 = 3.3 K
⎛ 3.38 ⎞
RTH = 1/13.3 = 0.767 K, VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (18 ) = 13.8 V
⎝ 1 + 3.38 ⎠
18 − 13.8 − 0.7 3.5
I BQ = = = 0.416 mA
0.767 + ( 51)( 0.15 ) 8.417
I CQ = 20.8 mA, I EQ = 21.2 mA
VECQ = 18 − ( 20.8 )( 0.3) − ( 21.2 )( 0.15 )
= 18 − 6.24 − 3.18
VECQ = 8.58 V

5.70
RTH = R1 & R2 = 100 & 40 = 28.6 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 40 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) = 2.86 V
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠ ⎝ 40 + 100 ⎠
VTH − VBE ( on ) 2.86 − 0.7
I B1 = =
RTH + (1 + β ) RE1 28.6 + (121) (1)
I B1 = 0.0144 mA
I C1 = 1.73 mA, I E1 = 1.75 mA
10 − VB 2
= I C1 + I B 2
3
VB 2 − VBE ( on ) − ( −10 )
IE2 =
5
10 − VB 2 VB 2 − 0.7 + 10
= I C1 +
3 (121) ( 5 )
10 9.3 ⎛1 1 ⎞
− 1.73 − = VB 2 ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
3 605 ⎝ 3 (121) ( 5 ) ⎠
1.588 = VB 2 ( 0.335 ) ⇒ VB 2 = 4.74 V
4.74 − 0.7 − ( −10 )
IE2 = ⇒ I E 2 = 2.808 mA
5
I B2 = 0.0232 mA
I C 2 = 2.785 mA
VCEQ1 = 4.74 − (1.75 ) (1) ⇒ VCEQ1 = 2.99 V
VCEQ 2 = 10 − ( 4.74 − 0.7 ) ⇒ VCEQ 2 = 5.96 V

5.71
VE1 = −0.7
−0.7 − ( −5 )
I R1 = = 0.215 mA
20
VE 2 = −0.7 − 0.7 = −1.4
−1.4 − ( −5 )
IE2 = ⇒ I E 2 = 3.6 mA
1
I B 2 = 0.0444 mA
I C 2 = 3.56 mA
I E1 = I R1 + I B 2 = 0.215 + 0.0444
I E1 = 0.259 mA
I B1 = 0.00320 mA
I C1 = 0.256 mA

5.72
Current through V − source = I E1 + I E 2 and I E1 = I E 2 = (1 + β ) I B1 = ( 51)( 8.26 ) μ A
So total current = 2 ( 51)( 8.26 ) μ A=843 μ A
P − = I ⋅ V − = ( 0.843)( 5 ) ⇒ P − = 4.22 mW
(From V − source)
From Example 5.19, I Q = 0.413 mA
⎛ 50 ⎞
So I C 0 = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.413) = 0.405 mA
⎝ 51 ⎠
P + = I ⋅ V + = ( 0.405 )( 5 ) ⇒ P + = 2.03 mW
(From V + source)

5.73
RTH = R1 & R2 = 50 & 100 = 33.3 kΩ
⎛ R2 ⎞
VTH = ⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5
⎝ R1 + R2 ⎠
⎛ 100 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ (10 ) − 5 = 1.67 V
⎝ 100 + 50 ⎠
5 = I E1 RE1 + VEB ( on ) + I B1 RTH + VTH
⎛ 101 ⎞
I E1 = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.8 ) = 0.808 mA
⎝ 100 ⎠
I B1 = 0.008 mA
5 = ( 0.808 ) RE1 + 0.7 + ( 0.008 )( 33.3) + 1.67
RE1 = 2.93 kΩ
VE1 = 5 − ( 0.808 ) ( 2.93) = 2.63 V
VC1 = VE1 − VECQ1 = 2.63 − 3.5 = −0.87 V
VE 2 = −0.87 − 0.70 = −1.57 V
−1.57 − ( −5 )
IE2 = = 0.808 ⇒ RE 2 = 4.25 kΩ
RE 2
VCEQ 2 = 4 ⇒ VC 2 = −1.57 + 4 = 2.43 V
5 − 2.43
RC 2 = ⇒ RC 2 = 3.21 kΩ
0.8
I RC1 = I C1 − I B 2 = 0.8 − 0.008 = 0.792 mA
−0.87 − ( −5 )
RC1 = ⇒ RC1 = 5.21 kΩ
0.792