1

The Modified z-transform

M. Sami Fadali
Professor of Electrical Engineering
University of Nevada
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Why do we need it?
To evaluate a sampled function between
sampling points.
Insert a delay T
d
< T before the sampler.

<
>
=
0 , 0
0 ), (
) (
t
t T t y
t y
d
d
Delay Td
T
y(t) yd(t)
yd(kT)
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Effect of Delay
Causal sequence: zero amplitude for
negative time.
Delay always results in a zero at t = 0
regardless of the signal amplitude.
Break up delay into time advance by a
fraction of period followed by delay by one
period to avoid inappropriate values at t = 0.
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Decompose Time Delay
Example: T
d
= 0.3 s with T = 1s m = 0.7
y
1
(t) = y(t) delayed by one sampling period
) ( ) ( ) (
1
mT t y T T t y t y
m d
+ = + =

Sample the delayed waveform with period T
, 2 , 1 , 0 ), ( ) (
1
= + =

k mT kT y kT y
d
T T m
m mT T T
d
d
=
< s =
1
1 0 ,
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Z-transform
Answer depends on the shape of y
) ( ) (
1
1
z Y z z Y

=
{ } { } ) ( ) ( ) (
1
mT kT y z kT y z,m Y
m
+ = =

Z Z
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
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Example 2.22: Step
The step function has fixed amplitude for all
time arguments.
Shifting it or delaying it results in no change
in the sampled values.
The modified z-transform
1
1
) , (

=
z
m z Y
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Example 2.23: Exponential
Time advance mT scales the waveform by e
pmT
pt
Ae t y

= ) (
( )
, 2 , 1 , 0 , ) ( = = = +
+
k e e e mT kT y
pkT pmT T m k p
{ }
pT
pmT
e z
z
e mT kT y

= + ) ( Z
pT
pmT
e z
e
m z Y

= ) , (
Numerical Values
T
d
=0.08, T=0.1 m=1 T
d
/ T=0.2
For m = 0.2 p = 4
8
6703 . 0
9231 . 0
) , (
1 . 0 4
1 . 0 2 . 0 4

z e z
e
e z
e
m z Y
pT
pmT
9
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
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Sampling for the Modified Z-transform
exp(akT)
exp(aT (k+m 1))
exp(aT (k+m))