Myanmar Engineer Forum Journal - 2010 No.2

Page - 1
Page - 2
MEF
KD
William Paul
Designer
Drawing
SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION & SPECIFIC THRUST
Phi - J
Differential & Integral
Page - 3
Easy Subnetting
Interior Designer
Mersenne Prime & Perfect Number

Little 3278
Delay and Doppler Tracking System For Glonass
MEF
Chit tee
How To Partition On Window
ETABS Modeling
Chit tee
Gravitation
Fun With Fl Studio 9

KPZ
English Section
1/
Lets Test About Your General Knowledge
Zener
134
2/
Two in a Million(Short Story)
Nay Mhu
135
3/
The Mayonnaise Jar and Two Cups of Coffee
Zener
137
4/
You are the one who
Nay Mhu
138
5/
The ten Study habits of Successful Students
Stability
139
6/
Writer U Aung Thinn's Opinion upon the future

Stability
141
Ko Tun
143
of Myanmar young
7/
Crank Case Explosion Two Stroke Marine Used

Main Engine
Page - 4

MEF

chit tee
29/4/2010 1:38:47 AM
Page - 5
MEF
MEF
MEF
MEF
MEF
MEF
MEF
MEF
Page - 6
Page - 7
(DJ)
Page - 8
J
J
Page - 9
Y
B
Y
B
Page - 10
Page - 11
Cartoon
Page - 12
Page - 13
Page - 14
UHF
frequency band
UHF
reflector
frequency band
dipole antenna
Magnetron
microwave
reflector
dipole antenna
ture Radar)
mono-pulse angle measuring

Pulse Compression
SAR (Synthetic AperPhased Array Radar
OTH (Over-The Horizon)
MTD (Moving Target Detection)
Page - 15
Phased Array Radar
non-coherent
SAR
mechanical scanning
LSIC (LargeScale Integrated Circuit)
coherent
phase
scanning
Transmitter
Solid-State
Phased
array
mono-pulse
tracking
(Generation)
Array
non-coherent
quasi-coherent
full-coherent
(Radar
netting)
(Sensor Data
Fusion)
(processing)
software
full-coherent
all-solid-
state
full-coherent, all-solid-state,
active phased array
multifunctional
(Jamming)
Page - 16
(Stealth)
(Stealth)
(Anti-Stealth Radar Technology)

Bi-static
Multi-static
meter wave
millimeter wave
Sparse Array
Impulse
(Passive Detection)
Page - 17
Clutter processing
Broadband processing
(OTH)
(Anti-Radiation Missile)
Weapon)
(Precision Guided
Page - 18
(ECCM capability)
(LPI-Low Probability of Intercept)

(Decoy)
Page - 19
Phased Array
ctional
Jammer
(Electroma -gnetic Spectrum)
(ESM-Electronic Support Measure)

(ECM-Electronic
Counter Measure)
(ECCMElectronic Counter Counter Measure)
Side
Side lobe
Side lobe antenna

Beam
lobe
(Blocking)
(Canceling)
Jamming
Multifun -
Page - 20
Modularized
(Digitalized)
Software
William Paul
Aerospace Engineers make aircraft,

Armament Engineers make weapons to destroy those aircraft,
AND
Avionics Engineers help both.
Tanveer Ahmad

.. ...

Ref: www.boardofwisdom.com
Page - 21
"
"
Page - 22
(Research and Development)

R&D
Generation
Page - 23
Civil
Cartoon
Page - 24
Page - 25

"
"

. . ..

Cartoon
Page - 26
rendering
tion
chatting
e-mail
Microsoft Windows
Online
Chat Room
Caps Lock
www.ayarunicodegroup.org
normaliza-
Page - 27
css
Page - 28
Page - 29
Designer
Designer
Drawing
Drawing
Drawing
Designer
Designer
Designer
Drawing
Designer
Technical Drawing
Design
Designer
Drawing
Drawing
Design Concept
Design
Concept
Fabulous
Drawing
Des ign
Designer
Conc ept
Fine Art
Drawing
Presentation
Fabulous Drawing
Drawing
Proposition
Design
Drawing
Drawing
Fabulous Drawing
Drawing
Creative
Perspective View
Color tone
Lighting,
Design Concept
Fabulous
Drawing
ing
DrawVisionary
drawing
Fabulous
Drawing
Design
Designer
Drawing
Page - 30
Experiential
Drawing
Designer
Designer
Designer
Sketch
Drawing
Experiential Drawing
Client
Desinger
Designer
Experiential
Drawing
Designer
Experiential
Client
Designer
Designer
Designer
chart
graph
Drawing
Design Concept
Client
step by step
Diagram
Designer
Mubble Bubble Diagram
Architecutre Plan
Diagram
Designer
function
Drawing Type
Designer
Thinking Problem
Diagram
Sketching
Sketch
Diagram
Designer
Idea
Designer
Layout
Architectural Design
Interior Design
Conceptual Drawing
sketch
Design
Conceptural Drawing
Drawing
Layout Plan
Perspective View
Client
Designer
Confirm
Drawing
Page - 31
Designer
Conceptual Drawing
Drawing
Consulation Drawing
Drawing
igne
Consultation
Client
Confirm
Consultating
Presentation Drawing
Consultation
Drawing
Des-
Presentation
Client
Drawing
Drawing
Presentation
Highlight
Drawing
Drawing
Drawing
Client
Designer
Drawing
Consultation Drawing
Proposition
Drawing
Designer
Drawing
Drawing
Drawing
Drawing
Designer
Client
Drawing
Designer
Client
Drawing
Client
Designer
Designer
Client
Client
Designer
Client
Drawing
Designer
Drawing
Designer
Designer
Visualizar
Visulization
Designer
Client
Drawing
Visulization
final result
Designer
Page - 32
Proposition Drawing
Design Process
Designer
Designer
Design
Design Problem
Proposition
Design Concept
Drawing
Standard
Adjust
Designer
Client
Detail Measurement
Material
Design
Proposition Drawing
Proposition
Proposition Drawing
Laboratory
Designer
Design
Drawing
Design
Design
Proposition
Drawing
Confirm
Working Drawing
Instruc-
Drawing
Designer
tion Drawing
member
Contractor
Instruction Drawing
Design Team
Design
Supplier
Engineer
technical term
Instruction Drawing
Instruction Drawing
Project
Drawing
Calculation
Drawing
Proposition
Drawing
Detail Measurement
Fixed Material
Construction Method
Construction Time & Management
Quotation
Drawing
Drawing
Standard
Page - 33
Design
Drawing
Calculation Drawing
Drawing
Designer
Drawing
Working
Page - 34
Page - 35
"
"
Page - 36
specific fuel consumption
fuel efficiency
engine
fuel efficiency
Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC)

TSFC
TSFC
engine performance
TSFC
parameter
Fuel consumption
fuel consumption (of TSFC) is "how much fuel the engine burns each hour."
Fuel consumption
TSFC
thrust force
TSFC
Page - 37
equation
TSFC
fuel mass flow rate
Turbojet Turbofan
Turbojet
Turbofan
thrust force
thrust force
TSFC
thrust force
TSFC
TSFC
TSFC
y-axis
speed
altitude
(altitude) constant
speed
TSFC
y-axis
graph x-axis
mach no.
Specific Thrust
general
y-axis
specific thrust
TSFC
Mach no.
graph
constant
mach no.
TSFC
x-axis
TSFC
Page - 38
11 km
TSFC
11 km
TSFC
specific thrust
11 km

specific
thrust
"
"
"
specific Thrust
70
engine efficiency
engine
"
"
engine efficiency
"
"
"
specific Thrust
60
Specific Thrust
engine performance
parameter
specific thrust
air mass flow rate 1 unit thrust force
parameter
TSFC
Thrust force (F)
Specific Thrust
Thrust
force (F)
idea
Specific thrust force
TSFC
Specific thrust
engine performance
Specific Thrust
size
Specific thrust Equation
Thrust force
constant
air mass flow rate
Specific thrust
Thrust force
efficiency
supersonic
Drag Force
specific fuel consumption specific thrust
engine design
parameter
Ref:
1. http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/sfc.html
2.http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/specth.html
3. - (1987)
Page - 39
Electronic systems
Electronic designs
Electronic measurement and instru
mentation
Basic circuit analysis
( Electronic engineer)
Electronic
engineering
Basic circuit analysis

Electronic devices and components
Electronic circuits
Basic electricity (Direct current, Alternating cur

rent, Voltage, Power, Energy ... etc)
Basic Laws and theorems (Ohms law,
Kirchhoffs laws, Superposition theorem, Thevenin
and Norton theorems etc)
Resistance, Capacitance, Inductance
Series circuits, Parallel circuits, Series parallel
networks, Series-parallel ac networks
Magnetic circuits and transformers
Methods of analysis (dc, ac) (branch-current
analysis, analysis, mesh analysis... etc)
Resonance and R-C response
Units, symbols and notations
Electronic devices and components
Electronic circuits
devices
electrical characteristics
units and circuit symbols
physical structures and basic parameters
devices
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Semiconductors diodes (junction diode, Zener
Page - 40
diode, PIN diodes, Varactor diodes ... etc)

Transistors (BJT, FET, CMOS)
Others devices
_ Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
_ Silicon-Controlled Switch
_ DIAC
_ TRIAC
Transducers and switches ( microphones, Loudspeakers, headphones, earpieces, Photodiodes,
Phototransistors, Light-emitting diode(LED), thermistors, stepper motors, relays, reed switches,
Cathode ray tube(CRT), Liquid crystal displays
(LCD)
Transistor
V-I characteristics
frequency response
small-signal analysis
DC-biasing
Devices
materials
Operational amplifiers (inverting amplifiers, noninverting amplifiers, differential amplifiers, summing amplifiers Differentiators, integrators, comparators, voltage follower, instrumentation amplifiers, current-to-voltage Converters, voltage-tocurrent converters, Logarithmic amplifiers..etc)
Oscillators and Timing circuits (L-C oscillators,
Crystal oscillators, Wien bridge oscillator, audiofrequency oscillators, Multivibrators (astable,
monostable, bistable multivibrators), Schmitt Trigger oscillators, 555 timer circuits, etc)
Active Filters (two-pole Low-Pass Butterworth
filter,
two-pole High-Pass Butterworth filters,
Higher-Order Butterworth Filters, Switched- Capacitor filters..etc)
Digital circuits
Logic circuits (AND logic, OR logic, NAND

gate, NOR gate, XOR gate, Buffer(inverter),
etc..)
logic families (resistor-transistor logic
(RTL), diode-transistor logic (DTL),
crystal physics
transistor-transistor logic(TTL), Diconducting materials
ode logic(DL), Emitter-coupled
semiconductor materials
logic(ECL), integrated injection
magnetic and dielectric
logic (I^2L), NMOS logic,
materials
CMOS logic, BiCMOS logic ...
optical materials
etc)
Decision-making circuits (Encoders,
Electronic circuits
Decoders, Adders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers ... etc)
Memory-type circuits (SR flip-flop, T-type flipflop, D-type flip flop, JK flip-flop, Shift registers,
Counters, RAM, ROM ... etc)
Analog circuits ( Linear circuits)
Other circuits ( timers, analog-to-digital converter
Digital circuits
(ADC), digital-to-analog converters(DAC), Schmitt
Mixed-signal cir- trigger ICs..etc)
cuit
Electronic system
Linear analog circuits
Diode circuits (Rectifier circuits, Voltage multiplier circuits, Voltage reference circuits, Clipper
and Clampers circuits...etc)
Amplifiers circuits ( ac coupled amplifiers, dc
coupled amplifiers, large-signal amplifiers, smallsignal amplifiers, Audio frequency amplifiers,
wideband amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers,
low-noise amplifiers, power Amplifiers, voltage
amplifiers ... etc)
system
electronic system
Telecommunication systems
- Microwave communication system
- Wireless communication system
- Mobile communication system
- Satellite communication system
- Fiber optic communication system
Page - 41
Telecommunication
system
instruments
measuring sensors
- Analog modulation (AM, FM, PM) and

demodulation
- Digital modulation (ASK, FSK, PSK)
and demodulation
- Multiplexing (TDM, FDM.CDM) and
de multiplexing
- Signal attenuation, interference and
distortion
- Noise and noise filtering
Electronic control and automation systems
- Microcontroller-based system
- Microprocessor-based system
- Robotics and Embedded systems
Radar and sonar systems
Computer architecture and microprocessors.
ming
systems
languages
- Multimeters
- Oscilloscopes
- Galvanometers
- Ammeter, Voltmeter, Ohmmeter
- Frequency meters
- Watt-hour meters
- Power-factor meters
Potentiometers
Units systems, standards of measurement,
accuracy, precision and types of errors
Microelectronic
Analog system
Nanoelectronic
Digital system
programResearch & Development
C programming language ( high level

language)
- Assembly language (low level lan
guage
El ect roni c design
circuit design
Design
-
Analog IC design
Digital IC design
Layout design
Logic design
PCB design
design
gram software
circuit simulation pro-
- OrCAD Pspice
- Cadence IC virtuoso
- PCAD
- Intel FX
Quartus
software
Electronic measurement and instrumentation
Electrical engineers
(technology)
(Developed
country)
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Page - 42
B.E (Mechanical)

Professional

" ..
.. "
"
"

"
"
"
.. "
"
.."
()
Certificate
Work
Work
done
()
"
.. "

(Topic)

Foundation

Page - 43

Loss
Loss

.. Quality Control (QC) Quantity &

Quality

Quality

laboratory

Professional
" "
Resultant
..
Phi - J
Work done =Force x Distance
(Distance)

(
)

Losses
Losses
limitation
limitation

Page - 44
"It is possible to fly without motors, but not without

knowledge and skill."
Wilbur Wright, American inventor/aviator (18671912)

AIRW O R T H I N E S S
SPETION .
R E G U L A R
I N -
ANTI-AGING PRO-
( US AIRFORCE US NAVY & OTHER MILITARY CROPS . PLAN GRAM
CORROSION PREVENTION

DESIGN FTORS LONG PLAN
CREW AIRCRAFT ZONING ATA-100 SERVICE bulletins
. AIRCRAFT SCHEDULE PROCEDURE

( )
The conference is designed to be of interest to DOD, NASA, FAA and
industry professionals. DOD( DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE )
AIRWORTHINESS

.
BOARD
OF
SURV EY
. SPARES LIST
COMPANY

COMPANY * Aircraft End-of-life Consulting and Support

* Aircraft teardown, disassembly and recycling

. . ( )

* Marketing and sales of removed aircraft parts and components
( )
(1) aviation safety ( )

(2 ) corrosion prediction
( MATERIAL
STRENGTH )
(3) wiring systems ( )
( )
(4) Product lifecycle ( )
* Logistics and inventory management for removed aircraft

components .

* Aircraft parts inspection and trace verification

Page - 45
* Repair, overhaul and re-certification of dismantled aircraft parts
and components
looms .
looms .
.. looms
. wiring circuit
integrity cross check .
. .
STRUCTURAL HEALTH
a i r f ra m e
MONITORING
(Sensor)
airframe ( )

SYSTEM
corrosion,
aging,
fatigue

Eddy Current
( .
) Magnetic Particle ( .
X-RAY
Eddy Current( . ) {
}

. ( )
Ageing
Aircraft
Electrical
Wiring
( . )
PANEL
airworthiness problems
Magnetic Particle ( . )
Page - 46
.
. . .
The project started in 2006 and
was finished in 2009.
. .
8 Fokker F27 Aircraft, Cologne

Airport, Germany
A total end-of-life solution
was provided for 8 Fokker F27 aircraft in one single project. This
project was executed between September 2008 and February
2009.
Dismantling Fokker F27
Woensdrecht
On behalf of Fokker Services,
AELS dismantled a stranded
Fokker F27 aircraft at Woensdrecht Airport in the Netherlands. Before dismantling and recycling of the materials the aircraft
was used for training by the Dutch Ministry of Defense.

. .
Dismantling KLM 737-400
Barcelona Airport
Between the end of April and

the beginning of May 2006
AELS executed the dismantling
of a Boeing KLM 737-400, with
the former registration PH-BTC
that was parked in a corner of
Barcelona Airport.

Airbus technicians are installing full replacement harnesses where

necessary, but wiring kits have
also been developed.
Wiring
kits

AIRCRAFT LIFE END OF
SERVICE
Ilyusin Il-18 Hotel
Page - 47
Differential & Integral

Differential Integral
Differential
Differential
Differen-
Integral
tial Integral
Differential
Derivative
(
Velocity
derivative
Derivative
Circuit
Current
Derivative
slope
rate
of change
Temperature
Stock
slope
derivative
slope
slope
derivative
derivative =
zero
maximum point
derivative = zero
minimum
minimum point
slope
derivative zero
slope
maximum
Page - 48
Derivative
maximum minimum optimization design
equation
equation
zero
equation
derivative
maximum value
Coca-Cola
(minimum optimization design)
Integral
"
"
"
"
Page - 49
integral
y=f(x)
Mathematics
(summation
y
"Delta x"
Area = y*Delta x = f(x)*Delta x
a
b
Delta x
Page - 50
Integration is an infinite sum

The intergral sign is an elongated "S", standing for "sum". Later we will see
that the integral is the sum of the areas of infinitely thin rectangles.
Integral sign
Sum S
Integral
hydrostatic force
Water pressure
pressure
pressure
P = F/A = rgh = d*h

P = pressure, F = force, A = area, r = mass density, g = gravitational acceleration,
h = height (or depth), d=rg =weight density (here d=62.5 lb/ft3)
pressure
pressure
Delta h
Delta h
Delta h
force
Delta h
force
Page - 51
Delta h
force
force
h
force
Force
area
pressure
A = 100Delta h
P = 62.5h
h
force F = P A = (62.5h)(100Delta h)
hydrostatic force
integral
hydrostatic force=5000000 lb
Ref: 1. http://www.intmath.com/Integration/2_Indefinite-integral.php
2. Change and Motion: Calculus Made Clear, 2nd Edition : Professor Michael Star
bird, The University of Texas at Austin : Lecture Eleven
Mathematics is the sculpture of thought.

Alan De Martino

Page - 52
Design
Hardisk
Movie
D
Network
IP Address
Subnet Mask
Network
Hardisk
Partition
Partition C,D,E
C
Ebook
Network
IP Address : 192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0
IP Address
Default Subnet Mask
Network
Network
Host
Window
Host
IP Addresss : 192.168.0.1
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240
Subnet Mask
performance
Security
Routing table size
physical media
How Subnetting work
Network
packet
Network
Local
IP Routing
packet
Local Network
Remote Network
Local Network
Remote
Local Network
Remote
Local and Remote

routing
remote
subnet
Page - 53
subnet
Default
subnet
Subnet
Mask
routing
subnet
routing
How to subnet a Network
subnet
IP Addressing
8 bit
32 bit
digit number
IP Address
IP Address
1
IP number
1
Bit
Decimal
Binary
0000 0000
128
1000 0000
192
1100 0000
224
1110 0000
240
1111 0000
248
1111 1000
252
1111 1100
254
1111 1110
255
1111 1111
binary
;
IP address Class 3
subnet
Class A,B,C
Page - 54
Network number range

Class A IP range 1
Class B IP range 128
Class C IP range 192
126
191
223
Class C IP address
subnet
Subnetting for Class C IP address

Class C IP
default subnet mask
255.255.255.0
performance
subnet
subnet
subnet
formula
security
Page - 55
IP address 192.168.10.0
Host
bit 4
8 bit
formula
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255
255
255
240
N
N
N
n
2^4-2=14 Network
2^4-2=14 Host
256-240=16
subnet (255.255.255.240)
IP address
256-240=16
Network
First Host
Last Host
Brocast
16
17
30
31
32
33
46
47
48
49
62
63
.
244
255
238
239
IP address 192.168.10.0
192.168.10.17
192.168.10.30
subnet
IP
subnet
net 14
255.255.255.192=62 hosts per subnet
Class C
subnet
Class A
sub-
Page - 56
CIDR notation
Class A , B , C
Classes Inter-Domain
address
slash/
CIDR
Routing
subnet
IP
subnetting
subnet
IP Tutorial - Subnet Mask and Subnetting.

http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/a/subnetmask.htm.
Subnetwork - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subnetting.
Syngress, and Syngress Media. IP Addressing and Subnetting, Including IPv6. 1st ed. Syngress, 1999.
Lammle Todd, Subnet in your head in 90 minutes !
http://www.myanmarengineer.org/subnet.pdf
Page - 57
Page - 58
Interior Designer
Interior Designer
Interior Designer
Architect
Interior Designer
Designer
Interior
Mini
Design
waterfall
Realistic rendering
Designer
Designer
Design
dinner
Page - 59
breakfast
engineer
Design Concept
Visualization tools
design
propose design
layout plan
client
design tools
hands-
ketch , (computer aided design) cad drawing
tools
software
Interior Design
autocad 2D/3D
3ds max
interior design
interior
interior design school
Design
Architect
Interior design
interior design professional
course
Software
Professional
Client
Interior Design & supervise
final
color
painting
client
structure
Interior
Client complain
client
2D design
technical point of view
archi
Client
educate
Client
client
technical term
english
impression
oversea
experience
Technical term
Archi term
concept
Page - 60
Interior
I
n
t
e
2D design
complete r
i
master
o
r
Design
Designer
2D design
cation
color print
client
actual
wall
material
Design
composition
3d visualization
texture, lighting
material specifi-
D
e
ceiling
color
s
i
g
n
e
color, material, r
3d visualization
actual
color
color
lighting
color
design
tion
color
daylight
night light
dressing shop
lighting color effect
Designer
3d visualizacolor
color
light color
Page - 61
day light
night scene
Designer
color
favorite color
Designer
favorite
Design
color
Design
Design
match
designer
favorite
white
white color main
Designer
color
client
Mindset
ambient color
color
Design
Function
attraction
function
Coffee bar
Design
"point out"
pattern
scrag
wall decoration
attraction
echo proof
plaster
wall material
noise
Technical
decorate
material choice
function
residential & commercial

Mr bed
board
layout
residential
ceiling
Gypsum board
plaster
Wood ceiling or Wood frame + Plywood ceiling

beam
depth
plan
designer
layout plan
ceiling
design
actual
beam
depth
beam
ceiling
?.. same level
height
layout
design
layout
2' or 2'6"
ceiling
up
level down
level
design
height
ceiling height
1' or 2'
length
Page - 62
2' or 2'6"
ceiling
ceiling design
Layout planning
Odd
actual
Wall materials
mood
Design Design elements
concept
light , color,materials etc to express Design mood
function
Designer
level
using client
Health
bed room
glass
paint
steel
vent (air circulation)
aircon
effect
fresh
INAX (ecocarat )
function
material choice
Designer
Materials
floor material
plan
floor
material
9"x2"
thickness
material
types ,size
thickness
flooring
finish floor level

professional level
detail measurement
talent
layout
material
site engineer
material
floor plan
slope level
condo
experience,
path way
floor
down
level
designer
topping
check
materials
level
down
site engineer
professional designer
Acces-
sories
show
unity style
Group
rhythms
case
Page - 63
pattern
design
material
designer
site
material
light
materials
light
engineer
design con-
cept
design
function
projects
projects
designer
designer
material
designer
site
designer
reflected
color,
intensity,
engineer
angle
design
complete
site engineer
drawing
client
site engineer
client
interior
site engineer
material, installation, budget..
design
client
client
construction experience
design
process
design
decoration
design
Page - 64
Designer
designer instruction
Designer
client
Designer
company
(MEF)
client
client
client
client
educate
client
post
keyboard
final edit
(MEF)
interior designer
"A doctor can bury his mistakes but an architect can only advise his clients to plant vines."
Frank Lloyd Wright (1868-1959)
"
.."
Frank Lloyd Wright (1868-1959)
Page - 65
(Aristotle)
(Aristotle)
(similar substance)
Page - 66
(speed)
(weight)
natural motion
natural
motion
force
force
violent motion
motion
violent motion
theory
Uniform acceleration
falling object
vacuum
motion
Law
motion
force
lst law: Inertia
object at rest remains at rest
object in motion remains in motion unless a force acts on it
(Absence of force)
2nd law: F=ma
Acceleration is the Result of a force acting on the mass
3rd Law:
Action = Reaction
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
(Balance of forces)
theory
equation
astronomy
motion
Aerospace
equation
a=v/t
v=at
d=(1/2) at2
a= acceleration
v=velocity
d=distance
t=time
physics
website
aerospace
astronomy
Page - 67
experiment
uniform acceleration
air resistance
friction
vacuum
space
friction
friction
solid
friction
friction
Ff=MuN
Ff=friction force
Mu=coefficient of friction
N=normal force
friction force
coefficient of friction
velocity
D=0.5rV2SCD
D=Drag force
r=density
V=velocity
S=reference area
CD=coefficient of drag
fluid
drag
solid
friction
friction
constant
object velocity
experiment
Friction force
friction
Drag force
friction force
object
constant
velocity
object velocity
Page - 68
Ref:
1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction
2.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s_Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa_experiment
3. http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/on_motion.html
4. http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.edu/lectures/aristot2.html
Page - 69
MLM
(Multi-level
Marketing)
(Hope and Pride)

MLM
Silver, Pearl, Gold, Platinum, Diamond Member

Presentation
Member of the month
MLM
(Hope Product)
Real Product
"
"
MLM
Certificate
Page - 70
MLM
(Hope)
(Pride)
MLM
"
MLM
"
MLM
MLM
Hope Product
Pride Product
Real
Product
MLM
Diamond, Platinum
Initial Member Level

MLM Model
Initial Member Level
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramid_scheme.svg )
Page - 71
MLM
MLM
MLM
member Presentation
MLM
Page - 72
MLM
MLM
MLM
MLM
(Real Product)
MLM
MLM
MLM
MLM
(Sugar
Coated)
Page - 73
MLM
MLM
FDA
ISO Standard, CE mark

MLM
"
MLM
"
Multi-level Marketing Company
Multi-level marketing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_marketing.

Pyramid scheme - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_scheme.
Page - 74
Page - 75
( Fixed wing)

(Christian de Launoy)
(Bienvenu)

(Sir George Cavlev)
(flying top)
Fixed wing
(Blade)
Rotary
wing
(Wing)
( Lift)

(Alphonse Pe`naud)
(Coaxial rotor)

(Airfoil)
Airfoil
Fixed wing
stress
(moving parts)
Control

() Aerial Screw
(W r i g h t
control
Brothers)
Control
Vibration() maintenance
(Gustave de Ponton d'Amcourt) "Helicopter"
"
"
(Aerial
Screw)
(Enrico Forlanini)
(Aerial screw )
() ( )
(Milan)
(Mikhail Lo-
(Emmanuel Dieuaide)
monosov)
(Counter- rotatingrotors)
Page - 76

(Etienne Oehmichen)
(Dandrieux
Counter-rotating rotors .
FAI (Fdration Aronautique Internationale)
() ()
( )
() ()
()
(Jacques) ( Louis Breguet) Airfoil
() ()
()
Gyroplane No.1

()

(Paul
Cornu)
(Cornu Helicopter)
()
( )

() ()
() Gyroplane Autogyro

()

(circuit ) () ()
(Juan de la
Cierva)

(Aerodynamics)
() ()
Flapping
Flapping
hinges
hinges
C.4
Rotor disc ( )
Stable
(Ral Pateras
Pescara) Cyclic pitch
Cyclic
pitch
..)
(Lift) (Thrust)
(Hub)
() ()
Propeller
Autorotation
(Autorotation
Rotor
Rotor hover forward flight
()
stable
(Stress)
Lift
Drag
Hinge
Page - 77
Cyclic Collective control

(Corradino
D'Ascanio)
D'AT3
(Coaxial )
Servo - tabs
()
()
Roll
(/
Pitch
Yaw
(
)
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
(Boris N. Yuriev)
(Alexei M. Cheremukhin ) TsAGI
-1EA

Main Rotor Blade ()
() Anti-torque rotor (nose )
(tail)
Rotary
radial

1-EA
()

FAI (Fdration Aronautique Internationale)

(Nicolas Florine)
Tandem rotor
(Von Karman Institude)
( ) Cierva Air Horse - rotor ()
( ) Nicolas Florine Tandem rotor

() (Juan de la Cierva)
(Autogyro) Fixed wing
(Control Surface)
() ()
Rotor

(Albert Gillis von Baumhauer)

of
(Focke - Wulf)
FW- 61
C
h
o
p
p
e
r
s
Page - 78
(Hanna
Reitsch)
Fw-61
() Focke-Wulf Fw-61
() Sikorsky VS-300
(Igor
Sikorsky
(W.Lawrence LePage)

U.S
Fw 61 XR-1 ( ) Arthur Young Bell 47
Rotor Main rotor Stabilizer bar Bell Series

VS-300 ( Main Rotor)
( Torque) Rotor
()
VS
-300
R-
R-4
(Charles Kaman) K -225
(Turboshaft)
() R-4

R-5
R
-6
()
(Arthur
Young)
K 225
Sud Aviation - (Alouette II)
Semi-rigid Teetering - blade rotor

Stabilizer Bar Model
Hover stable
30 Fixed wing
Model 30 Bell 47

Bell 47
Page - 79
- () Helicopter Autogyro forward flight Resultant
()
Bell
helicopter
Arthur
Young
Rotor craft
"
( c ) Gyrodyne -Gyrodyne
"
helicopter
autogyro
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
main rotor tip path plane

direction of flight
Rotor Craft
of
Propeller
/
(a) Helicopter - Helicopter Forward flight
- Horizontal Rotor
Rotor disc
(d)
Tandem
Tandem
rotor helicopter Rotor
rotor
Synchronization
system
(b) Gyroplane (or) Autogyro Gyroplane
helicopter

(Hover)
Forward flight Main
rotor disc backward

helicopter Propeller(Airscrew)
Push type propeller Pull
rotor
\
(e) Side-by-side - Side-by -side twin
rotors Tandem
Forward flight
C
h
o
p
p
e
r
s
Page - 80
() Hub
(f) Synchrocopter - Synchro-
copter side-by -side
Hub
Rotor
Design
rotor
rotor
() - Hover
(g) - Coaxial - Coaxial helicopter
Rotor
roto
Synchrocopter Coaxial
Tail rotor
Nikolai Kamov
Hover

Stable
() Flight Control
( ) ()
() Cyclic - cyclic Main Rotor
() Blade drag hinge Flapping hinge
Page - 81
() Weir W-5
()
() Cyclic pitch control stick
( ) Focke - Achgelis Fa 223

2000
kg
()
H
i
s
t
o
r
y
( ) Collective Pitch - CP Main

rotor blade (Angle of Attack )
()
Charles
Kaman H-43 Huskie

synchrocopter
Blade
Collective pitch control lever

Blade angle
CPcontrol
blade
lever
angle
()
Stanley
Hiller
Ring-Wing
Coleopter ( )
() Blade
CP control lever
CP
blade (Angle of attack)
(
)
Helicopter aerodynamic

()
www.wikipedia.org
of
C
h
o
p
p
e
r
s
Page - 82
P
Prime number
MP = 2 P -1
Prime number
P
1
257
MP
P=67
MP
Prime number
M67= (2^67) -1= 147,573,952,589,676,412,927
MP
Prime
Page - 83
251
MP= (2^251) - 1
2 43,112,639 - 1
2 42,643,801 - 1
2 37,156,667 - 1
Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS)
MEF
Prime number (P)
Marin Mersenne, (Born September 8,

1588, Died September 1, 1648 ) .
- Nationality French.
MP
Program
Perfect number
Perfect number
"
"
"
"
"
=========================
The factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28.
1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28
=====================================
==
"
The factors of 496 are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 31, 62, 124, 248
and 496.
1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 31 + 62 + 124 + 248 = 496
=================================
Factors
Factors
Factors
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.perfect. html#
odd
The factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.
1+2+3=6
So, our first five perfect numbers are

2*3=6
4 * 7 = 28
16 * 31 = 496
64 * 127 = 8,128
4096 * 8191 = 33,550,336
Can we turn this pattern of
(Power of Two) * (Double that Power - 1)
===================================
Protagoras
Page - 84
(Number Theory )
(2^n) - 1
Prime number
Perfect Number = 2^(n-1) * (2^n - 1)
(2^n) - 1
Prime number
Mersenne
Mersenne
(2^n) - 1
Prime number
Prime number
Leonhard Euler
MEF
Leonhard Euler
Mersenne Prime
Perfect number
2^(n-1) * (2^n - 1)
MEF
"
"
()

Rod ...
.. . gas ..
.. spark .. ..

..
..
http://www.basicjokes.com/dtitles.php?cid=63
Page - 85
input-output model
Input
output
Page - 86
(Hours)
(Calendar)
PM
(Aviation
(Preventive
Maintenance)
Maintenance)
(Reliability)
(Preventive Maintenance)
(Corrective
(Preventive Maintenance)
Maintenance)
(Frequency
(Improvement of PM)
Maintenance)
PM
PM
(Battlefield Repairing)
Page - 87
P
Potential
Failure
Potential Failure
Functional Failure
P
P-F
F
P-F Interval
Interval
P-F Inter-
val
Potential Failure
Functional Failure
PM
Functional Failure
PM
P-F Interval
Failure
PM
Potential
A
Preventive Maintenance
(PM)
PM
Potential Failure
PM
P o t e n t i a l F a i l u r e
(Reliability)
Curve
Functional Failure
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
M
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
e
Page - 88
Little3278
Protective maintenance
(Time
Interval)
Potential Failure
(Probability)
B
Probability
P-F Interval
B
B
B
A
P-F Interval
Protective Maintenance
(Criticality)
(Frequency of Failure)
P-F Interval
Page - 89
Glonass
simulation
frequency discriminator
Time discriminator
result
Glonass
Global
Frequency
Time discrimina-
Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)

GPS
tor
system
user
distance
velocity
Page - 90
~k
~ 2f
k
d
D c , V f d
Where, D= distance, c= speed of light,
=delay time , V= velocity , f d = Doppler
measurement system
frequency and = wavelength
velocity
Newton method
system
distance
method
user
distance
least square approximation method
state-space method[2] (Kalman Filter)
Differential equation
dx 2
dx1
w.
x2 ,
dt
dt
Where,
x1
x
=distance , 2 =velocity, w= Gaussian white noise
State-space equation
xk 1 xk Gk k
Where,
=system dynamics matrix,

xk 1
=column vector with the states of the system
Gk
= Matrix of noise
= White Noise
Measurement equation
rk H k xk k
Where,
Hk
=measurement matrix
k
=white noise
Kalman filter equation
xk ~
xk K k rk H k ~
xk ;
digital system
Page - 91
~
xk xk 1
Kk
=matrix of gain
system
matrix
K11 K12
1 T
0
1 0
; G , H
; K
;
K 21 K 22
0 1
1
0 1
system
digital form
Second order digital Kalman filter

FD TD Frequency Time discriminator
simulation
statical
characteristics
Glonass parameter value
FD
TD
Discriminator
in-phase and quadrature components
simulation
comple_ amplitude method
Matlab
results
realization 1000
I P ,k
(t
QP ,k
2
n l 1
k 1,l
(t
I E ( L ), k
2
n l 1
k 1,l
2
n l 1
)G (t k 1,l ~k 1,l ) sin(i t k 1,l ~k 1,l );
(t
QE ( L ), k
)G (t k 1,l ~k 1,l ) cos(i t k 1,l ~k 1,l );
k 1,l
)G (t k 1,l ~k 1,l / 2) cos(i t k 1,l ~k 1,l );
(t
2
n l 1
k 1,l
)G (t k 1,l ~k 1,l / 2) sin(i t k 1,l ~k 1,l );
Page - 92
Where,
y(tk 1,l ) AG (tk 1,l k 1,l ) cos( tk 1,l k 1 k 1,l ) nk 1,l
-input signal
T
(T 1 f d )
A=amplitude, d =digitization step d
,
nk 1,l
n2 N 0 / 2Td
=zero mean Gaussian white noise with variance
,
M T / Td
(
)=number of steps,
= accumulation time (=1 ),
k 1,1 ,
i
=intermediate frequency,
=delay time and phase,
Time Discriminator
k 1 , 1
ud I E2 QE2 I L2 QL2
e
l
a
y
a
n
d
D
o
p
p
l
e
r
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
G
Characteristics of time discriminator

Variance(Discriminator Output) and Equivalent Variance
l
o
n
a
s
s
Page - 93
ud
I E2 QE2 I L2 QL2
I E2 QE2 I L2 QL2
Characteristics of time discriminator

SNR (signal to noise ratio)

discriminator
slope
(S )
slope
Equivalent Variance
theory
Noise
Page - 94
D
ud Arctg ( I k Qk 1 Qk I k 1 / I k I k 1 Qk Qk 1 )
Frequency Discriminator
e
l
a
y
a
n
d
D
o
p
p
l
e
r
T
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
S
y
s
t
e
Characteristics of frequency discriminator

m
f
o
r
G
l
o
n
a
s
s
Page - 95
ud ( I k Qk 1 Qk I k 1 )sign( I k I k 1 Qk Qk 1 )
Characteristics of frequency discriminator

frequency discriminator
discriminator
linear
interval
y axis
Glonass
frequency channel L1 carrier frequency f=1602 MHz
Matlab Program file
mrpyimoemyint@gmail.com
( ) <<>>2005
Kalman Filtering : Theory and Practice (second edition2001) Mohinder S. GrewalAngus P. An-
Page - 96
MEF
MEF
MEF
MEF
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering Field
MEF
Civil Engineering eBooks & Softwares
Page - 97
MEF
specialization
ACI Code and Today Myanmar

Chit tee :
ACI Code
Seismic Design
lateral force
wind load
BS Code seismic design

BS code
notional load
ACI code , UBC 97
zone 2A
zone 4
design
Konge :
structure
design
structure
design
Chit tee :
Detailing
CQHP
Page - 98
Myanmar Code)
ing
code reference
soft copy & hard copy
ACI code
BS code
Power point
calculation
presentation
software
draw-
pass
Strengthening
Pargyi :
slab
to plinth column
mm
combine footing
Rc Building
foundation
R.c Building
steel
1:2:4 concrete
Page - 99
Chit tee :
( from engineer point of view)
design
Factor of Safety
factor
Materials
strength
Code
Code
Construction site
follow
Loading
factor
round up
structural drawing
Code
follow
design
over
design
economical design
round up
designer
under design
over design
Role
effect
R.C
4koung :
Soil
unit
Chit tee :
soil
(1 m2 (or) 1 ft2)
load
ft
meter
(Allowable bearing Pressure)

(load)
Page - 100
(foundation
foundation
pressure
loading
loading (above)
foundation
foundation
ton^ft2
pressure
size
ton^ft2
pile
loading
johnmoeeain :
Characteristic of soil & rock
Wet Clay - 1 Ton
Wet Sand - 2 Ton
Firm Clay - 2 Ton
Sand Clay mixed in layer - 2 Ton
Fine and dry sand - 3 Ton
Hard dry clay - 4 Ton
Coarse Sand - 4 Ton
Gravel - 6 Ton
Soft rock - 8 Ton
Hardpan - - 10 Ton
Medium rock -- 15 Ton
Hard rock -- 45 Ton
soil
ton
settlement
1 ton
ton
Chit tee :
Ms. johnmoeeain
structural
(professional)
Soil Report
foundation design
site
foundation design
ton^ft
ton^ft2
construction
foundation
level
foundation
structure
ton^ft2
foundation
Page - 101
RC pile
ton^ft2
(information
Recommendation
RC Steel structures
foundation design
soil data
Soil Test (Soil test
information
unequal settlement
structure
Ground Beam
MEF
Civil Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical
chitsuelay
AndrewSway
neo-nlm
Page - 102
Civil Engineering
381
6558
Etabs
101
1870
100
1625
3
4
Structure Analysis & RC members Design
44
1109
Civil Engineer
36
1095
Pile Foundation
52
910
Geotechnical Software (PLAXIS)
31
874
Geotechnical Design Paramters (Soil & Rock

c, phi, E
20
530
Excavation
Earth Retaining System)
15
519
38
310
10
Shallow Foundation
r, cu,
(OPEN CUT & Temporary
chit tee
9chittee8@gmail.com
chittee98@gmail.com
25^4^2010 11:45:30 PM
Page - 103
Window
Partition
Partition
Hard Disk
Disk
Hard
Data
Data
Data
Window
Window
Partition
Partition
Acronis Disk Director
Suite Version 10
Window 7, Window Vista
supporting
Partition Magic Manager
Paragon Partition Manager

Partition
Primary and Logical Partition
window
Window Boot File
Logical Partition
Primary Partition
Primary Partition
Window
Boot File
Window
Hard Disk
Primary Partition
Primary Partition
Primary Partition
Primary Partition
Assign
Hard Disk
Partition Table
Bytes
Window
Bytes
Hard Disk
Partition
Logical Partition
Partition
Acronis Disk Director Suite

Version (10)
Download Link
http://www.mediafire.com/?2dcj2zzjjwn
(or)
http://www.multiupload.com/PUEZDTM2JX
(or)
http://up4vn.com/f=mepb00ibs
(or
http://ifile.it/6r7tfh3/
Page - 104
Create Partition
Partition
Partition
Create Partition
Partition
Partition
Create
44.23 Gb
Partition
Next
Page - 105
30 Gb
Partition
Partition
Logical
Size
Auto
Logical Partition
Window
Next
NTFS
Window 7
41 Gb
Fat 32
NTFS
Window Vista
Next
Page - 106
Partition
Partition
Label
Drive Letter
Next
Next
Page - 107
Finish
Finish
Operation
Comment
Restart
Partition
Window
Dos
Window
Partition
Partition
Setting
Partition
Operation
Commit
Undo All
Page - 108
ETABS modeling ()
Gardens By the Bay Project

youtube http://www.youtube.com/watc
sional
Etabs
profes-
h?v=SQFDvNBZNW4
Etabs
Supertree
modeling
Etabs
structure
htt p: //www. m ya nm a ren gi neer.o r g/fo rum /i ndex. ph p/
procedure
topic,1413.msg34158.html#msg34158
idea
Project Feature
Supertree
simplified modeling
S
uperture

ETABS Model structure

50m
Supertree Structure (AC work) Gardens
by the Marina Bay Project feature
Supertree hanged down
S
upertree Structure
bridge
Supertree
Fig.1 Overall Supertree
Fig.2 Supertree
Fig.3 Supertree

Fig.4 Supertree

modeling
Page - 109
50m supertree RC lift core circular RC staircaswall
RC structure circular hollow steel section (vertical) & tied tension steel cable (horizontal)

Singapore icon structure
Modeling
()
Architect plan & section Sturcture plan & section RC structure
Grid system c ylindrical Origin L ift Core center Section vertical
height Storey by Storey, RC wall & stair stair inclined Simplified
thickness
horizontally
Slab
Wall
Shell
element
Auto Mesh Manual Mesh

loading Dynamic Analysis run RC structure stability structure frequency & storey
Fig.5 Supertree RC core

()
Archtiect 3D dwg dxf steel section
main vertical steel
member import
vertical steel member
select edit>copy (or) Ctrl+c internal RC core

edit>paste (or) Ctrl+V vertical steel member radial array
(Fig.6) horizontal level horizontal tie steel
level point member command(Fig.7)
Page - 110
S
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
Fig.6 AutoCAD import array
Fig.7 Array Horizontal steel tie
()
RC
structure
Vertical
steel
members
&
Horizontal
tie
members
Modeling Architect & Structure drawings

Vertical
Member Member R
C structure tension cable / circular hollow section (strut)
Etabs Model P
lan / elevation modeling Etabs model 3
D view
Modeling level RC wall hanged wall
level walk way (
) T-section steel cable

(Fig.8) steel member Rectangular
Hollow section
Supertree feature section
section design tension cable tension force
tension & compression limit assign Modeling
E t a b s M o d e l
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Page - 111
Fig.8 Vertical steel section RC core cable/strut

Fig.9 Modeling
Page - 112
Fig.10 Modeling final Supertree Etabs Model
()
loading finalized Overall
analysis run Dynamic mode shape 5 run tension cable tension force
static nonlinear analysis run
Modeling & analysis
Design checking
(-modeling

summary )
chit tee
chittee98@gmail.com
25/4/2010 11:15:20 PM
Page - 113
"
"
"
"
Project Manager
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Page - 114
"
Project
"
Disney Land Project

MEF
"
"
"
Project
"
M.D
M.D
MEF
"
"
"
"
"
"
MEF
MEF
"
CPU
M.D
"
MEF
"
Engineer
"
"
"
"
"
Bullet Train
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
" Uncle"
" Uncle "
" .Hello ..Uncle ... "
" Hello Uncle...Its time to work "
OK
Page - 115
"
"
"
"
"
"
(Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384322 B.C.))
Page - 116
(Italian scientist Galileo (15641642))

(air resistance)
(constant acceleration)
(English scientist Isaac
Newton (16421727))
equation
law of gravitation equation
equation
equation
F1=F2=G M m / r2 = mg= weight

G=universal gravitational constant,
M=mass of earth,
m= mass of object
r =distance between center of earth and the object
g= acceleration due to gravity (for near the earths surface g=9.81 m/s 2)
(mass)
Page - 117
(r)
(altitude)
(weight)
(weight)
(weight)
equation
(r)
(microgravity)
"
"
'
'
"
'
' '
(mass)
equation
(parameter)
(distance)
' (moon)
(mass)
equation
(mass)
' '
(weightless)
Page - 118
(orbital
circular orbit
speed)
orbital speed
equation
V = orbital speed
G = universal gravitational constant,
M = mass of earth,
r = distance between center of earth and the object
km
(orbital speed)
GEO
(orbital speed)
km/s
km
km/s
Ref: 1. http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/gravitation_worldbook.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation
3. http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/qa_sp_gr.html#micrograv
4. http://www.freemars.org/jeff/speed/index.htm
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(
)
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.?
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FL Studio

FL Studio 9
Function Plugin

Channel Window Browser
Drum beat
(1)
Browser Plugin Presets > Generators > FLP > Default , Empty , Gretch full ,Tama
Drum Set Drum set Gretch full Tama Drum

(2)
Plugin Database > Generators > Drum >

Packs Drum kit 01 Drum kit 08 Drum kit 01 ~ 07 FPC drum kit
Drum Music Drum kit

Drum kit 08 Percussion instruments
Music Software Application
Page - 123
- Drum kit 01 Channel window

Drag Crach 01a , Crash 01b , Snare 01a ,.

(3)
Plugin presets > Generators > Sytrus > Drum
.. Clap, Kick , Crash Cymbal, Drum

(4) Plugin presets > Generators > Wave Traveller >
Classic Kick DJ
Kick Drum

(5)
Packs > Legacy > Dance , FPC , Real Drum
- Drum kit 08
Kits Drum set instrument Channel window

Drum
Effect
Fruity Stereo Shaper - Delay Phase
Drum Efect
Fruity Reeverb 2 Drum

Size ,Diff ,..
Fruity Reeverb Fruity Reeverb 2

Room size,Decay, Effect
Page - 124
Soundgoodizer -
Effect Drum

Plugin presets > Generators > FL Keys >

Sensitivity
Hardness , Velocity
Plugin presets > Generators > Sytrus > Piano > Realistic 2, Realistic 3 , E-grand ,

Packs > Piano > Piano 1 , Piano 2 Piano kit
Piano
Effect
Piano - Guitar Plucking Effect Fruity Delay 2 , Fruity Delay Bank , . effect
Fruity Reeverb 2 Fruity Reeverb Effect

music
Guitar
FL Studio Guitar Feeling

Plugin presets > Generators > Fl Slayer >

Page - 125
Plugin presets > Generators > Sytrus > Guitar
Plugin presets > Generators > Sym Synth >

()

Packs > Guitar > Bass Guitar Guitar

guitar kit
Plucking
Mixer Track
Insert 1, Insert 2,.. Track
Recording Switch
Record
Save

Program file
Master
Recording

(Tempo)
Metronome
Tempo
Timing
Page - 126
Option > Audio setting ASIO 4ALLv2
Mixer > Audio In put Input

Device Head phone
mic
Recording Record
Edison Recording
Play List Automation
Score
Play List
Edison Edit
Play
Recording
Stop
Channel Setting Window wave form Right Click

Edit Edison Edit

Page - 127
Recording
.... Fade In , Fade out, Noise
Reduce ,
Project file Export

... Export
Volume
Peak meter
-- Audio Setting Input/out put ASIO4ALL mixer Effect .. Delay

Flanger , mic .... out put Speaker
Effect
Effect Hardcore
Dynaamic

Effect electric guitar
PRESET

....
Htin Lin
Page - 128
Activities of MEF
FORUM
Page - 129
Activities of MEF
HIV
Page - 130
Activities of MEF
Page - 131
Activities of MEF
Page - 132
Activities of MEF
KPZ
Page - 133
Page - 134
Lets Test About Your General Knowledge

All about capital cities
Clues
Horizontal
Vertical
1. Capital city of Jordan

3. Capital city of Qatar
5. Capital city of Boliva
7. Capital city of Iran
9. Capital city of Maldives
10. Capital city of Bulgaria
11. Capital city of India
12. Capital city of Fiji
14. Capital city of Canada
16. Capital city of Bhutan
19. Capital city of Afghanistan
20. Capital city of Brazil
21. Capital city of Cuba
23. Capital city of Vanuatu
25. Capital city of Cape Verde
27. Capital city of Belarus
30. Capital city of Thailand
32. Capital city of Samoa
33. Capital city of Rwanda
34. Capital city of Angola
35. Capital city of Mali
2. Capital city of Comoros

4. Capital city of Vietnam
5. Capital city of Peru
6. Capital city of Nigeria
8. Capital city of Turkmenistan
12. Capital city of Yemen
13. Capital city of Liechtenstein
15. Capital city of Tunisia
16. Capital city of Uzbekistan
17. Capital city of Equatorial Guinea
18. Capital city of Indonesia
19. Capital city of Ukraine
22. Capital city of Italy
24. Capital city of Algeria
26. Capital city of Turkey
28. Capital city of Macedonia
29. Capital city of Egypt
30. Capital city of Azerbaijan
31. Capital city of Latvia
Page - 135
t was already ten past ten. I took a book from the book shelf and sat in the arm chair. I cant help
I
reading even a day. I have been in the habit of reading book since I had attended GTC. I am the one who
gives priority to learning English.
Year after years
Was blaming myself
For what I d done
Just thought of myself
I know youll understand
Its all that my own fault
Dont go away. ,
putting aside the book, I switched off my sense of seeing.
Do you know the meaning of OASIS, Maung ? , said Shin Minn, pointing at the label on the purified water
bottle.
Certainly, said I, giving her a meaningful look, The place at which the presence of water in the desert
and the animals lived in there are called dessert rat . She wore a smile on her face.
Right you are, said Shin Minn, And what did you study yesterday ?
Listen, I am going to show my ability.
Come on, I am all ears.
30 days in September, April , June and November
All the rest have 31
Except the second one
Which has 28 and leap years gives 29 .."
How smart you are,
Page - 136
said Shin Minn, smiling pleased.
For further study, my dear.
She is my close friend as well as my someone special. We attended GTC for four years together. She
My future every inch English Teacher! "
is really in good shape. She always passed exam at
I addressed her flatting. Will you do for a living
the top of the list. She used to test my ability by
as a teacher or Engineer? said I.
questioning the words she had in mind nearly every-
You would know it best ,said Shin Minn, caring
day. Thats why I have to study every night.
my eloquent brush.
Well, Your turn comes.." said I, standing before
What do you have in mind?, said I, looking into
her with folded arms.
her eyes seriously.

I stayed silent for a while thinking in a rambling
OK, repeat after me " said Shin Minn, making the
way. Its just not possible right now, my dear,
way like a teacher do.
whispered I, doing her hair hanging in disorderly
Susie sells sea shells by the sea shore. said Shin
strings over her forehead. She cant do even a
Minn.
day without me. She looks poor by the time I absent the class. There is no equivalent one to
Sushi shell sea shells by the sea shore, said I ,
replace at the place of you, said she once. I was
sorry, I cant catch up your twisted line.
like a rat in a trap.

Time flew away. We had finished our de-
She giggled. We stuck together after finish-
gree. We kept on studying together in language
ing our lunch and have a chat about multiple factors.
school.
Her lips and eyes are like a work of art. I drew a line
I have something to tell you. I will have to go
on the piece of paper.
there. You will join for next a couple of years, wont

you?,
said she, hoping with great expectation.
What will do you for a living? said Shin Minn.
Im not sure, my dear,
Artist ? or Engineer? said Shin Minn, showing
was my answer. I did hate to tell her so. But I was
me with love and attention.
afraid she might wait hoping against hope.
Both, said I, rolling up my sleeves.
Do you have some plan to win my hands?
What about you?
said Shin Minn, giving me a deep thought. I uttered

no words. I put my hands around her shoulder.
She paused wearing lip stick and gave me a glance.

She uttered no word.
As a guest staying for a while in life, we are destined to meet. You are dear to me. Still, I dare not
Shin Minn, said I, Come on, I insist.
to win your hands. I have many grounds to think it

over. We have to take great consideration on that
Mum wanted me to fly to Big Apple, said Shin
matter, my dear. I dont like to burden on you.
Minn, laying her heads on my arm.

She sighed heavily and there was a brilliant spot of
Big Apple!..... It is beyond me."
red in her cheeks and down what slow tears were

running.
New York, Maung. explained herself.

What for?"
Page - 137
You took me for granted only, said Shin Minn, staring at me with bitterness. The words failed to console her. I
lost my head. So long, my dear . She headed to her car gracefully and drove away which I am not able to find
her.
With that we end our evening music program . I got out of losing in my train of thought. I turned off the
radio and took a book to study. Time has changed my mind. I come to realize how I feel lonely without her and I
have been longing for living with family. I am in my right side of thirty. I am absorbed in my work and not able to
come to her, I know for sure. So, I am not able to do nothing but waiting for the day she could come back. The
sooner , the better.
When things in your lives seem almost too much to handle, when 24 hours in a day are not enough, remember the mayonnaise jar and the 2 cups of coffee.
A professor stood before his philosophy class and had some items
in front of him. When the class began, he wordlessly picked up a
very large and empty mayonnaise jar and proceeded to fill it with
golf balls. He then asked the students if the jar was full. They
agreed that it was.
The professor then picked up a box of pebbles and poured them into
the jar. He shook the jar lightly. The pebbles rolled into the open
areas between the golf balls. He then asked the students again if the
jar was full. They agreed it was.
The professor next picked up a box of sand
and poured it into the jar. Of course, the sand
filled up everything else. He asked once more
if the jar was full. The students responded
with an unanimous
"yes."
The professor then produced two cups of coffee from under the table and poured
the entire contents into the jar effectively filling the empty space between the
sand. The students laughed.
"Now," said the professor as the laughter subsided, "I want you to recognize that this jar represents your life. The golf balls are the important things--your
family, your children, your health, your friends and your favorite passions--and if
everything else was lost and only they remained, your life would still be full.
The pebbles are the other things that matter like your job, your house and your
car.
The sand is everything else--the small stuff.
"If you put the sand into the jar first," he continued, "there is no room for
the pebbles or the golf balls. The same goes for life. If you spend all your time and
energy on the small stuff you will never have room for the things that are important to you.
Page - 138
"Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. Play with your children. Take time
to get medical checkups. Take your spouse out to dinner. Play another 18. There will always be
time to clean the house and fix the disposal. Take care of the golf balls first-the things that really matter. Set your priorities. The rest is just sand."
One of the students raised her hand and inquired what the coffee
represented. The professor smiled. "I'm glad you asked.
It just goes to show you that no matter how full your life may seem, there's
always room for a couple of cups of coffee with a friend."
You are the one who had been beside me for four years!
You are the one who doesnt like comparing with others!
You are the one who asks so many questions to touch my love cord!
You are the one who forgives my careless fault!
You are the one who administers when I am not feeling well!
You are the one who seals my heart I dare to swear!
You are the one who whispers so many words again and again!
You are the one who can relieve my life of pain!
You are the one who has engaging smile!
You are the one I can't get you out of my mind!
You are the one who is childlike!
You are the one I dream of you every night!
You are the one who is OASIS of my life!
Nay Mhu
Page - 139
The Ten Study Habits of Successful Students
Successful students have good study habits. They apply these habits to all of their classes. Read
about each study habit. Work to develop any study habit you do not have.
Successful students:
1. Try not to do too much studying at one time. If you try to do too much studying at one time, you
will tire and your studying will not be very effective. Space the work you have to do over shorter periods
of time. Taking short breaks will restore your mental energy.
Plan specific times for studying. Study time is any time you are doing something related to
schoolwork. It can be completing assigned reading, working on a paper or project, or studying for a test.
Schedule specific times throughout the week for your study time.
2.
3.
Try to study at the same times each day. Studying at the same times each day establishes a routine that becomes a regular part of your life, just like sleeping and eating. When a scheduled study time
comes up during the day, you will be mentally prepared to begin studying.
4.
Set specific goals for their study times. Goals will help you stay focused and monitor your progress. Simply sitting down to study has little value. You must be very clear about what you want to accomplish during your study times.
5.
Start studying when planned. You may delay starting your studying because you don't like an
assignment or think it is too hard. A delay in studying is called "procrastination." If you procrastinate for
any reason, you will find it difficult to get everything done when you need to. You may rush to make up
the time you wasted getting started, resulting in careless work and errors.
Work on the assignment they find most difficult first. Your most difficult assignment will require the most effort. Start with your most difficult assignment since this is when you have the most
mental energy.
6.
7. Review their notes before beginning an assignment. Reviewing your notes can help you make
sure you are doing an assignment correctly. Also, your notes may include information that will help you
complete an assignment.
8.
Tell their friends not to call them during their study times. Two study problems can occur if
your friends call you during your study times. First, your work is interrupted. It is not that easy to get
back to what you were doing. Second, your friends may talk about things that will distract you from what
you need to do. Here's a simple idea - turn off your cell phone during your study times.
Page - 140
easy to get back to what you were doing. Second, your friends may talk about things that will distract
you from what you need to do. Here's a simple idea - turn off your cell phone during your study times.
9.
Call another student when they have difficulty with an assignment. This is a case where
"two heads may be better than one."
10.
Review their schoolwork over the weekend. Yes, weekends should be fun time. But there is
also time to do some review. This will help you be ready to go on Monday morning when another
school week begins.
These ten study habits can help you throughout your education. Make sure they are your
study habits.
Stability
Source: http://www.how-to-study.com/study-skills/en/studying/39/the-ten-study-habits-of-successful-students/
Answer
Page - 141
Writer U Aung Thinns opinion upon the future of Myanmar young people going abroad
U Aung Thin, a famous journalist, has been
constantly writing the articles about the development
of the youth. He gave some advice to the youth going abroad to think about the investments that they
make.
He said that you should get reasonable profit
when you venture. Its meaningless that you dont
have any profit from your investment. Therefore, you
should figure out which investments youve made.
And he gives the appraisal of some investments of
the youth so that the young people can consider the
pros and cons.
1. Money investment
Its a noticeable investment. But there are vari-
5. Investment of family and surroundings
ous ways to have money invested. Some go abroad at
You will encounter many changes when you
their own expense. But some need to take out a loan.
leave your family and surrounding many years. For
So they need to think about the interest rate and they
example, your parents will become old and be defec-
should calculate their income which can cover the loan.
tive in health. Likewise, your siblings may get mar-
2. Age Investment
ried. At that time, if you are the one who have to
It is a valuable investment because the passed
serve the duty of your family, you have to serve that
time cant come back again. It may be difficult to get a
duty. It is impossible to neglect your parents health
new job or start a new profession if you ditch the pre-
and you have to send money.
sent one which took your time in life. The invested age
And then, there will be encountered signifi-
means so much in life so you need to be careful when
cantly changes of your surroundings. When you went
you choose your career life.
abroad the transportation is only by ships across the
3. Brain investment
river. But when you come back, a bridge is already
The educated ones who go abroad for the
built there. Moreover, highways are added by railway
higher career life have a chance to learn more in their
lines. So, the routes for transportation are changed
ways but the manual workers dont have. When some-
very much. Sometimes, when you left the country it
one does not learn something, his brain becomes weak
was a village and it may become a great village when
and he will be only the follower but not a leader. There-
you come back.
fore continuous learning is important for your brain investment.
The next fact to be noticed is who will save

your money which you have got by working abroad.
4. Work like a master, not a slave
Is it your wife, your parents or your trusted friend?
You should work like a master and not as a
That person is very important. If that person has no
slave; work incessantly, but do not do slave's work. Be-
ability to save your money, you will have no saved
ing idle is kind of being slave and it does not help you
money when you come back. Thats why, you have to
getting knowledge. Only hard working will get you the
try to leave your country again. You will always be
good opportunities.
circling in that situation. So, you should take account

of financial management in advance.
Page - 142
6. Changes of Society
Economical progress may occur there where
it was absent when you left. At that time, your hardworking friends may become more prosperous than
you. As for you, you have lost contact with your
country for a long time and everything is not familiar
with you even though you come back your native
land. Your native country is alike foreign country. At
that situation, you should be in awkward situation
and you cannot know how to start a new business.
To avoid this situation, it is needed to make
contact with your native country, to listen changes
and progress all about your country while working
abroad.
7. Marriage
The last one is about your marriage. While
living abroad, you may become getting married. If
so, is your husband or wife Myanmar or foreigner or
which religion does he have? And where you will
settle the rest of your life? You need to take account
into situation whether you can adapt yourself to religion and culture of that country when getting old.
The ones who will settle in the foreign country
should think in advance about the time when their
children become adults. At that time, they can never
get the expected life of Myanmar parents and they
will become like the parents of a foreigner.
Thus, all youths should not ruin their life
while staying away from their surroundings and society. And it is needed to spend the time effectively
and to spend at leisure in correct ways. By idling
about, you havent got any profits even though you
are in the foreign country.
So, Sayargyi U Aung Thinn summarize his
speech that the future of that person will havent got
any profit and will lose all his investments.
Page - 143
he Story starts when the Oil Mist Detector alarm for No. 10 unit on a 12 Cylinders 2 Stroke Engine went
off when Chief Engineer was in Engine Control Room together with 2 of his staff. Chief Engineer thought that
alarm was due to a dirty detector head of the Oil Mist Detector and immediately sends the Electrical Engineer to
check the Detector Heads. Chief Engineer noticed that the Oil Mist Level was increasing in Crank Throw Space
10 and 11, so he called the Bridge and asked the Duty Officer to reduce the Main Engine revolutions. 5 minutes
later, he noticed that the Oil Mist Level has increased further. It was at this point that he cancelled the Load
Reduction Programme and reduced the Main Engine revolutions to 75 rpm. At the same time a heavy explosion
occurred in Engine Room. The Electrical Engineer who sent to clean the Detector Heads was standing close to a
relief valve and was severely burnt. A fire started in the Engine Room and Purifier Room caused by the shortwave from the explosion bursting an oil pipe.
The cause of explosion was an over heated main bearing No. 13. Pieces of white metal were found in
the crank case and subsequence investigations established that some of the white metal and detached due to
fatigue and poor bonding. As the metal detached, the load on the existing white metal increased, due to the
now reduced area to support the crank shaft journal leading to brake down in the Lubricating Oil film and wiping of the bearing. The crank shaft journal was now running on the bare steel backing.
Page - 144
When the explosion occurred, 4 doors on the safe side (the side without the explosion door) blew off,
starting fire. The crankshaft journal was badly scored with extensive heat cracks. It was reduced in diameter
and undersize bearing fitted. It came to light in subsequent investigation that fragments of white metal had been
found in the LO filters 2 weeks before explosion. It was assumed that this was white metal from the guide shoes
and no further action was taken. It is easy to be wise after the event.
However the Oil Mist Detector is designed to protect, an a sophisticated set up like the QIM, which works
on the light scatter principle, should be believed when it indicates a high oil mist. The first mistake was sending
Electrical Engineer down to Clean the Lenses. A crankcase explosion is a very serious occurrence. The Engine
Room should be evacuated of all personnel not dealing with the situation from the Control Room.
A seemingly sample solution is as soon as the alarm sounds, the Engine should be stopped, but if this is
the case why isnt the Oil Mist Detector linked to the Engine Shunt Downs. On some ships it has been, but consider this: The Ship may be manoeuvring in a risky saturation, or there may be a Shaft Alternator in use.
The general procedures should be this. On a Bridge control set up with the Engine Room in UMS mode,
if alarm conditions are reached, the auxiliary generators should run up, load transferred, and the Shaft Alternator isolated. After a 10 seconds delay the engine should immediately power down to 50% full load, bypassing
the Load Control Programme. This reduction in Load will reduce the likelihood of a Crank Case Explosion. The
delay is to give the Navigation Duty Officer time to override the slow down in case safely of the Ship of the risk.
Once the Engine has slowed down it should be stopped as soon as it is safe to do so.
If the Engine Room is manned, and on Bridge Control, the watch keeping Duty Engineer may chooses
to take control of the Engine, reduce the Load and stop as soon as it is safe to do so. Once the Engine has
stopped the cooling and LO must be kept running, the turning gear should be engaged and the Engine turned
continuously. The Engine Room should be evacuated and times given 30 minutes for the Engine cool down before opening up the Crankcase for Inspection.
Purifiers are fitted in separated rooms for a reason: Fire risk. The door should be closed and dogged
shut when not passing through them.
What about the white metal found in the Filters? If instated of making assumption, the crankcase had
been opened up they may have found the white metal in the vicinity of the damage bearing.
The fact Oil Mist Detector alarmed for a unit not adjacent to the overheated bearing should be noted.
The Oil Mist can circulate within the crankcase. It should be borne in mind when investigating the cause of an
Oil Mist Alarm.
Crankcase explosions are the result of high operating temperatures of the engine. The main cause of
crankcase explosions are the development of hot spots at various places in the crankcase. Due to the reciprocating motion of the piston the lubricating oil in the crankcase is splashed in the air. Now it is necessary that
the flash point of the lubricating oil is maintained at around 200 degree Celsius. If this is not done then there
Page - 145
are high chances for the lubricating oil to catch fire. Hot spots are created in the crankcase as a result of :
1. high temperature due to the reciprocating movement of the piston,
2. increase in bearing temperatures,
3. sparks entering the crankcase due to leaky piston rings or piston blow past,
4. Fires in the adjacent scavenge trunks.
Now, when these hot spots come in contact with the oil in the crankcase, the oil gets vaporized. When
these vaporized particles travel to the cooler part of the crankcase they get condensed into a white mist which
has oil particles properly dispensed in it. The process that takes place is some what similar to atomization. This
white mist when again travels to the hot spot area, can easily catch fire, which might also lead to an explosion.
The fire or the explosion creates immense pressure inside the crankcase and if this pressure crosses the permissible limit, crankcase explosion takes place. The explosion will rupture the crankcase doors and even cause
heavy damage to the inside of the engine.
Indication of Crankcase Explosion
It is a bit difficult to read the early signs of crankcase explosions, because the indications are similar to
many other emergency situations. But there are few pre-explosion signs that can be read. Crankcase explosion
will lead:
Sudden increase in the exhaust temperature
Sudden increase in the load on the engine
Irregular running of the engine
incongruous noise of the engine
Smell of the white mist.
In case of these indications, engine speed should be brought down immediately and the supply of fuel
and air should be stopped. The system should then be allowed to cool down by opening the indicator cocks and
turning on the internal cooling system.
Prevention
Prevention of crankcase explosion can be done by preventing the generation of hot spots. It can also be
prevented by the following ways:
By providing proper lubrication to the reciprocating parts, thus avoiding high temperatures.
Avoiding overloading of the engine
Using bearings with white metal material which prevents rise in temperature.
Using oil mist detector in the crankcase with proper visual and audible alarm. Oil mist detectors raise
an alarm if the concentration of oil mist rises above the permissible limit.
Pressure relief valves should be fixed on the crankcase for the instant release of pressure. They
should be periodically pressure tested.
Crankcase doors should be made of strong and durable material. Vent pipes shouldn't be too
Page - 146
large and should be checked for any choke up

Pressure relief valves should be provided with wire mesh to prevent the release of flames inside
the engine room.
Safe distance should be kept from the crankcase and the relief valves in case the indications are
sighted.
In case of indication, the crankcase doors should never be opened till the time the system has totally
cooled down. Once the system has cooled down, proper inspection and maintenance should
be carried out.
Fire extinguishing medium should be kept standby. In many systems, inert gas flooding system is
directly connected to the crankcase.
The two-stroke diesel engine is the most economical and reliable for Sea going vessels. Care is to be exercised when designing the engine and its safety systems. However, as there are people involved in all activities relating to the engine, the most important action could be to impart adequate information on the subject to all parties involved in producing, installing and maintaining the engine.
As there is always a certain risk involved if a crankcase explosion occurs, great efforts must be made to
maintain the diesel engine and its safety systems in such a way that if there is a risk that an engine failure could
occur, this will be discovered and rectified before it develops into a situation where an explosion could take place.
In the event that some components in a diesel engine are running hot, e.g. a bearing, then some of the
lubricating oil will evaporate. The evaporated oil will then, when moved to colder areas, condensate into very small
droplets, to form a so-called oil mist. As oil mist is highly explosive, there will be a risk that the hot spot which created the oil mist will become the ignition point for an oil mist explosion.
In marine engines, this happens in a few cases each year, always with dramatic and even sometimes fatal consequences.
Cause of Explosion
As the sources of explosion vary to a large extent, this must be taken into consideration when taking precautions and selecting monitoring systems. Below is a table of a number of accidents where the cause of explosion
is known,
Year
Cause of Explosion
1995
Bearing in PTO gearbox
1996
Inlet pipe for piston cooling oil falling off
1997
Incorrect spring mounted in piston rod

Stuffing box
1997
Piston rod interference with cylinder frame
Cause of Failure
Incorrect tightening
Unauthorized Spare parts
Page - 147
1999
Weight on chain tightened falling off
1999
Fire outside the engine
2000
Main bearing
2000
Camshaft bearing
2000
Incorrect shaft in camshaft drive
2001
Crankshaft failure
2001
Piston crown failure
2001
Main bearing
2001
Crankpin bearing
2002
Inlet pipe for piston cooling oil falling off
unauthorized spare parts
Consequences for Personnel

In a number of cases, the consequences have been fatal to members of the crew. In at least two of the
cases listed above both with fatal consequences the explosions were caused by the installation of an unauthorised spare part during a repair. Also, cases with serious injuries have been reported. The hazard is particularly present if the oil mist is ignited outside the crankcase. In the event of a crankcase explosion, the pressure
wave will send a large amount of oil mist out of the crankcase and into the engine room, where the ventilation
system will move it around. However, a major part will be sucked up towards the air inlet of the turbocharger.
Oil mist
If the oil mist meets a hot spot, there is a risk that it will be ignited. Therefore, it is important to carefully
maintain the insulating material around the exhaust pipes.
Oil Mist Blasts
The largest risk of igniting the oil mist would be if the flame
arrester on the relief valve did not function properly. In that event, the
flame front from the explosion in the crankcase can ignite the cloud of oil
mist in the engine room.
Consequences for the Plant
In most cases, the damage has been limited to the engine proper.
However, in cases where the oil mist is ignited outside the crankcase, the
blast can cause severe damage in the engine room, especially to the electrical equipment. In some cases, in narrow engine rooms, the pressure
wave has caused damage to mechanical items. Doors and lifts have been
damaged and, in rare cases, also floor plates have been torn loose and
thrown around.
Oil Mist
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CRANKCASE EXPLOSIONS

Maintenance
In general, keep the engine in good condition, and follow the engine builders instructions regarding
check of components, especially bearings. When overhauling, follow the engine builders instructions. Incorrect
tightening of bolts has caused a number of accidents. Another item that should be given attention is thick shell
Page - 148
bearings. The top clearance must be adjusted by means of shims. We have seen cases of damage as the
result of bearings having been assembled with insufficient top clearance, thereby restricting the flow of
lube oil and leading to overheating of the bearing.
Approved Spare Parts
Original spare parts should always be used. A number of explosions, some with fatal consequences, have been caused by the use
of unauthorized spare parts. In one accident, the piston rod stuffing
box was mounted with springs supplied by an unauthorized supplier.
Since they were of a wrong dimension, they jammed and caused heating of the piston rod and, finally, a crankcase explosion occurred. In
that case, two people lost their lives because of a spare part which
might have been believed to be of secondary importance to the functioning of the engine.
Inspections
Visual inspection of the engine is important for early discovery
of any risk of failure, especially so in the case of inspection for white
metal fragments inside the crankcase. This inspection can reveal the
start of a bearing failure before it develops into a risk of a crankcase
Oil Mist Blast
explosion, in the instruction book that any time the crew enter the crankcase they should make such visual
inspection. If any white metal is found, to be carried out that the edges on all bearings in this part of the
engine are checked for damage.
Furthermore, it is important to regularly check the safety systems and other components related to safety.
On one plant, a crankcase explosion caused an engine room fire because the flame arrester in the crankcase relief valve had suffered mechanical damage.
Monitoring
As a crankcase explosion can result from various components, and not only from the bearings, as
standard, the installation of an approved Oil Mist Detector, which is to be installed and connected to the
safety system. If required, a bearing monitoring system can be specified as an additional precaution.
The rules of the classification societies, as they only require temperature monitoring of the bearing
or, as an alternative, an oil mist detector. As an alarm for high oil mist level triggers actions in the safety
system and, as explained below, also in the future system for suppression of oil mist explosions, it is important that OMD makers improve their product to lower the risk of false alarms.
Suppression of the Risk of Crankcase Explosions
The engines are equipped with crankcase relief valves sufficient for protecting the engine against
the impact of an oil mist explosion by relieving the pressure inside the crankcase. In the event of an oil
mist explosion in the crankcase, the very fast propagating pressure wave will send large amounts of yet
unburned oil mist out into the engine room. The relief valve is equipped with a flame arrester to quench
the much slower propagating flame front, thereby preventing any outside ignition and fire.
Even when the problems with outside ignition of the oil mist are solved, the mechanical impact
Page - 149
from the pressure wave can give big problems by throwing floor plates around, and blowing doors out of
their panels. In some cases, also the lift car has been blown up to the top of the shaft. Such events jeopardize the crew and have, in rare cases, had fatal consequences.
In rare cases, on engines where there is a large enough space/length, an oil mist explosion could
cause increased pressure ahead of the moving reaction zone and, thereby, increase the risk of a stronger
explosion development there, i.e. the well-known self-perpetuating phenomenon called "pressure piling".
This creates extreme pressures that cannot be relieved through the valves and which, in some
cases, have thrown off doors on the engine and caused an engine room fire.
The purpose of the system for suppression of an oil mist explosion is to reduce the damaging and
hazardous effects of a crankcase explosion and remove the jeopardy for the crew. The system will start
acting when the oil mist monitoring system recognizes a too high oil mist level in the crankcase.
In such a case, recommend that reducing the engine load in order to minimize any further creation
of OIL MIST. On a ship, this will not have any significant immediate effect, since the propeller will rotate
the crankshaft for some time after that. Thus, the risk of a crankcase explosion will still be present during
the load reduction process.
In other areas, inert gas is used to ensure that the oxygen content is reduced to a level where a
flame front propagating is not possible. On large diesel engines, the use of inert gas creates a new risk to
the personnel, as venting of the crankcase compartments is rather difficult.
An oil mist explosion without the use of inert gas, the initial development of the explosion suppression system, based on the use of water mist, was started in the beginning of 2001. The use of water mist
is harmless to the personnel and, in addition, the water can be removed in the course of the normal lubricating oil cleaning process. By the inflow of a preheated liquid medium under pressure, a well-dimensioned
sharp edged nozzle design, with an appropriate length of the outlet pipe designed for the actual medium
and its inlet thermo-dynamical conditions, is able to force a localized evaporation of the medium inside the
nozzle, utilizing the natural proper-ties of the liquid medium and, thereby, to produce a flow at the nozzle
outlet of the medium in vapour state. This out flowing vapours condensates into very small droplets, partly
because of the increasing pressure, and partly because of the mix with the surrounding relatively cooler
gases, and thereby forms a mist of the liquid medium. The pressurized hot water (15 bar and 180 degree
C), which is controlled by the oil mist monitoring system, is injected into the crankcase, through special
sharp-edged nozzles, where it is transformed into small droplets of a size below 10 microns. The water mist
system replaces the use of inert gas and, thereby, completely removes the risk of choking due to the lack
of oxygen. The use of water mist is harmless to the personnel, and the water can be removed in the normal lubricating oil cleaning process. The water mist cannot prevent an explosion. However, practical tests
with explosions in an air/methane mixture have shown that the pressure rise, as can be seen below, is considerably reduced, thereby eliminating the risk of mechanical damage caused by the pressure wave.
Explosion test in tank with and without injected water mist, new development
The system for injecting water mist requires constant attention, as it is constantly needed to maintain the pressure and temperature of the water in the system. Furthermore, the amount of water mist to
be injected must be large enough to ensure that the whole crankcase is covered. Lately, we have started
development work based on the idea of creating the water mist the same way as the oil mist. This can be
achieved by adding the water to the lubricating oil before it is delivered to the engine. In order to be capable of immediately reducing the temperature on the spot affected by hot running when an excessive OIL
Page - 150
MIST level has been measured, freshwater is injected into the lube oil at a volume of 1-5% of the amount
of oil being delivered to the engine. Since the boiling point of water is lower than that of oil, the water will
evaporate before the oil starts boiling. Because water has a very high specific heat of evaporation, the hot
spot will be cooled in the course of this process. This will reduce or eliminate the evaporation of oil.
Alternatively, on plant with temperature monitoring of the bearings, water injection can be triggered by excessive temperatures in individual bearings, and water injection can be effected in the specific
oil supply to the bearing in question, also in this case at a volume of 1-5% of the supplied lube oil amount.
However, this requires a more complex installation.
By mixing the water into the oil, ensure that whenever the oil meets a hot spot, where an oil mist
can be created, water will also be present and, as described above, boil off using the heat and, thereby,
restrict or even hinder the evaporation of the oil.
Method
During operation of the diesel engine, the oil mist level in the crankcase is constantly monitored by
detectors in the individual spaces. A signal is sent from here to a monitor in the engine control room (ECR).
In the event of an increasing level exceeding a predetermined limit, the monitor will activate the engine
alarm system, which will then activate other systems that will reduce the engine load. However, there is a
time delay in this system, because various conditions relating to the safe operation of the ship have an influence on this process. In order to quickly achieve a safe situation against a crankcase explosion, the
monitor will send a signal to the above-described system at the same time as it sends a signal to the alarm
system.
Injection of water into the lube oil
A freshwater tank is kept under constant pressure with compressed air at min. 2 bar abs. and max.
10 bar abs. alternatively; the tank is not pressurized until a signal is received from control box. When control box receives a signal from the engines monitoring system, warning of an excessive oil mist level, alternatively of an excessive bearing temperature, the following will occur:
If tank is not pressurized, a signal is sent to valve, which then opens for access to A the ships
compressed air system and, thereby, tank is pressurized. Signal is then sent to solenoid valve, which
opens for the access of water to oil pipeline.
The water is pressed through a number of nozzle holes in the injector plate, thereby vaporizing the
water and thrusting it into the oil as small droplets. Further mixing occurs when the oil/water mix passes
the lube oil cooler. The predetermined mixture ratio between oil and water is controlled by the size and
number of holes in the injector plate, and by the pressure level in the tank. On plant where tank is pressurized, a signal is sent directly from control box to valve. Valve is kept open until the freshwater level in tank
reaches the level where level control sends a signal to control box, which then sends a signal to valve,
which is closed, thereby cutting off the connection between tank and oil pipe.
The size of tank has been adjusted to ensure the supply of freshwater at a volume which is sufficient to cool the hot spot areas. This will eliminate the risk of a crankcase explosion. After such an event,
the water is removed from the oil in the course of the normal cleaning process, using the lube oil centrifuges.
Ko Tun
Page - 151

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