!"$#&%('*),+

!-+

.0/,12436587:9;11<24=<3>3?27A@B1<3>=C9D36EBF89G>H993IE,123JFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1R=37A5TSU1<FTKM31<7:9VW9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4X*13IGC2/4FLYQH439>Z [3624FTXP245LFTXP2P1<3IE,127A1

1<FTKM3>5L\]@4=<N^E4HG$1<FTNP/_NA`a=39;H5b1C9FL/c7:G>G>N:=CE47A/OG3M1Nd7e@42^\B9;F8G>7:5fG5LNBGCVdF89g^FT1<7A5f1Ne1<243h9<7i1<FL9;`j7:G1NP=\dN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/]N:`a7l=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
9\B9m1<3>KnZo[d3p2O7:En7A589;NM@kN:FL/Q13IE&NPHB1R127A1q=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks97A=<3J@4=FLKs7A=<FT5L\W=<3I9@ONP/9FTt45L3J`uN:=a3I/9;H=FL/4Xr127A13>gP3>=<\
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3q1C7:9VsKr3I31C9RFb1C91FLKr3I5TFL/4399R=<3IYQH4FL=3IKM3>/Q1<9IZowx=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>KyFT/h1H4=</n7:GC24FL3>gP3I9f124F89Rt^\WH9FT/4Xs7:@4@4=<NAS
@4=<F87i13z1<7P9;Ve9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4XW1<3IGC24/FLYQH439>Z6{NP=Ks7A5L5L\:|k=37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>Ks9q@=Nig^F8EB3}3>~BFTt4FL5LFb1m\&1Nh123z@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=<9R1<N
93>5L3IG1 7:/*7A@@4=NP@4=<FL7A13f9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4XJ@ONP5TF8G\7:KMN:/4XJ9;3Ig:3>=C7A5Q9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IEz@ONP5TF8GFL3I9IZ-3>@5TNi\^KM3>/Q1 NA`O7:/*7A@@4=NP@4=<FL7A13o1C7:9V9GC243EBH45TS
FL/4Xe1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43WNPHB1zNA`R1<243h9H4@4@kN:=13E13IGC2/4FLYQH439F89p1<243>=<3`uNP=3W7:/_FTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1*G>N:/G>3>=</`uN:=3Ig:3>=<\€=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3s@4=<N:X:=C7AKMKM3>=Z
"NstO3r7At45L361NhEB31<3>=<KrFL/43p1<243z9H4FT1<7AtFT5LFb1m\&NA`‚7s9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4X,7:5TXPN:=<Fb1<24K`uNP=7MX:FLg:3I/n@4=NPt45L3>Kn|O7r1<24N:=<N:H4XP2nH4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/EBFL/4XsNA`
1<243JGC2O7A=C7:G$1<3>=<FL9;1F8G>9fNA`ƒgi7:=FLN:H9=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3q1<7P9;Vs9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4X*7:5TXPN:=<Fb1<24Ks9fF89FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1Z [d31243I=3>`uN:=<3q27PE,7*=<7A1243I=f3I5L7:tONP=<7A13
EBF89<GH9<9;FLN:/,N:/W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7P9;Vs9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4Xz13IGC2/4FLYQH4397:/EWG>3>=1<7AFL/W=<3>587i1<3IEsF899H4399HGC2,7P9927A=<FL/4XNA`-G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5k=39;NPH4=<G>3I9‚7:/E
27:/EB5LFT/X*1C7:9V,EB3I@O3I/EB3>/OGFL3I9IZ
.0/12FL9*?2O7A@B1<3>=|ƒD3s3~47AKMFL/43r1243WFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1p`u3I7A1H4=<3I9J1<27i1z7n=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3MN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK„F89p3~B@k3IG13IEd1<Nl9;H4@@ONP=;1Z
…q/45T399"1<243I93f`u37i1<H4=39"7:=37:EB3YQH7i1<3>5L\69H4@4@kN:=13Et^\7A/*N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XJ9;\B9;13IK&|iFT1 tO3GN:KM39ƒ1<NJ9<7i1<FL9;`j7:G1NP=FL5T\JFLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q1oG>3>=1<7:FT/
GI7i13IX:NP=FL3I9NA` =<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9RN:/&124F89aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>KnZ‚[3zEBF89<GH9<91NsDa27A13~^13I/Q1a12439;3=<3IYQH4FL=<3IE,`u3I7i1<H4=<3I9a7A=<3
9H4@4@kN:=13EMtQ\*123qgi7A=<FTNPH9‚G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\r7†g†7:FT587At5T3a=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ "NXQ7AFL/M7tO3>1;13I=FL/9FTXP2Q1I|QD3q7:5L9NpFL/QgP3I9;S
1<FTXQ7i131243FL/Q13I=/7:5L9‚NA`‡1243N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9\B9m1<3>Ks9 1<N3~47AKMFL/43a1<2433~47PG$1‚DR7†\^9‚FT/sDa24F8GC2M123q=<3IYQH4FL=3Ez`u37i1<H4=39‚7A=<39H4@4@kN:=13IE
Z
"Nl7A@4@=3GF87i13s9N:KM3sNA`R1<243M`uH4/E47:KM3>/Q1<7:5fF899H43I9z7iˆ‡3IG$1<FT/Xn1243,E43I9FTXP/]7:/E_EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q16N:`7e97A1F89m`j7PG$1NP=\€=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xh9\B9m1<3>Kn|‰D3MEBF89G>H9<9q1<243M@4=<N:t45L3>Ks9127A1JDN:H5LEdG=<N:@€H@€FT`N:/3r7A1;13IKM@B1<9J1<NhH93M7,XP3>/43I=<7:5"@4H=@kNP93*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KŠ9;HGC2c7P9…/Fb~_N:=z[‹FT/E4NiD9p`uN:=rEB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4Xe=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3W7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZnŒ€7A/^\d=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>Ks9z7:=3W7A1
@4=<3I93>/Q1z7†gi7AFL587At45L3WGNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\:Zh[d3,7:/7A5L\^>3W9N:KM3s@kN:@4H4587A=*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3sNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9I|-7:/E]FL/QgP3I9;1FLXP7A13sDa2^\l1<243I93
@kN:@4H5L7:=‚9;\B9;13>Ks9oGI7A/4/4N:1otO3aH93IEr7:G>=NQ99 7:5T547:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z"[d37:5L9N63~47AKMFL/431243ŽR6^.0‘‹9m1C7A/E47:=<E`uN:=o=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9a7A/E&FT1<9RFLKM@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
R24F89zGC2O7A@B1<3>=zF89NP=XQ7A/4FL>3E]7:9p`uNP5T5LNiD9IZl’"FL=C9m1|oD3,E4FL9<GH9<9p1<243,FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1z`u37i1<H4=39p1<27i1M7A=<3sH9;HO7A5L5T\=3YQH4FT=<3IE1<N€tk3
9H4@4@kN:=13Eet^\&7,=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKnZq[3*9;1<7A=1qt^\eEBF89G>H99FL/4Xs123z1<FTKM3*93>=<g^FLG>3z9H4@4@kN:=1<9@=Nig^F8EB3IEnt^\&1243*=37A5TS
1<FTKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>Ks9I|49;FL/G37PG>G>H4=<7A1367A/E&24FLX:2&@4=<3IG>FL9FTNP/&G>5TNBGCVB9a7A=<3Jg:3>=<\WFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1R1NM1239;HGIG399;`uH45‰N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/&7:/^\
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM37A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/
Zo^H4t93IYQH43I/P1<5T\P|PD3qEBF89<GH9<9o1<243F899H43I9‚127A17A=<F89;3aFT`
D37A1;1<3>KM@B1f1<NH93q7pXP3>/43I=<7:54@4H4=<@ONQ9;3aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K“9HGC2r7P9"…q/4FT~zN:= [‹FL/EBNiD9-FT/M7=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ"{3>~^1I|AD33>~B@45L7:FT/r24NiD”9N:KM3NA`41<243`uH4/E47:KM3>/Q1<7:5B@4=NPt45L3>Ks9
7P99NBGF87i13ElDaFT12]1<243M1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5oN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xn9\B9m1<3>Ks9s•j7P9J`j7A=z7P96=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9p7:=3MGNP/G3I=/3IE–67:=3rNig:3I=<G>N:KM3*FL/
1<2431<243rG>N:/Q13IKM@ONP=<7:=\h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9;\B9;13IKM9IZq[31<243>/9;H=gP3>\h9N:KM3*NA` 1243rFLKr@kN:=1<7:/Q1`u3I7A1H4=<3I9NA`o1<243*EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IKM9o127A17A=<3RtO3IFT/4XG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\zH9;3E‰Z ’"FL/7:5T5L\:|PD3aF8EB3>/Q1<Fb`u\M9;NPKM3N:`O1<243FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1‚@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C9
t7P9;3E,NP/hDa2FLGC2ngi7A=<FTNPH9=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p9\^9;13IKs9aG>7A/&tk3ptO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V:3E‰Z
— ˜™Iš›œ,›qž Ÿh™ a›¡
?5LNBGCV^9o7:/E*1FLKM39;3I=g^F8G3I9 7:=3a7AKMNP/4Xp9;NPKr3RN:`O1<243at7:9F8G`j7:GFL5LFb1<FT39 @4=Nig^F8EB3IEz1Np@=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C9ƒt^\z3Ig:3I=\p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KnZpR243z1<FTKM3M9;3I=g^F8G39@4=<Nig^FLEB3Eet^\e7A/€NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K¢7A=<3t7P9;3EeN:/7,9NA`£1mDR7A=<3zG5LNBGCVeG>7A5L5L3IEn1<243r9\B9m1<3>K¢G>5TNBGCV‡Z
R2439\B9m1<3>K¤G5LN^GCVhFL9KM7:FT/Q1C7AFL/43IE&t^\W1<243N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K¥V:3>=</43I5‰t7:93IE&N:/&1<243FL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9R=<3IG>3>FLg:3IEh`u=<N:K1<24327:=<E4D7:=3
G>5TNBGCV‡Z‚^FT/OG3J27A=CEs=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3J9;\B9;13IKM9H9H7:5T5L\M27†g:3q1FLKrFL/4XMGNP/9m1<=<7:FT/Q1C9o12O7i17A=<3qN:`
1243JN:=CEB3I=fNA`-7`u3ID¦KMFLG>=Nr9;3GN:/OE49>|Q1<243
§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 9\B9m1<3>K G5LNBGCV&924N:H5LEe2O7†g:3z9H
GFL3>/Q15L\ /43*=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/1<Nh9H4@4@kN:=1q123z/43G3I9<9<7A=<\W1FLKM3r93>=<g^FLG>3I9IZNiD3>gP3>=|EB39;FLX:/43I=<9qNA`
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9/E&FT1g:3I=\WEBF
GH45T1a1Ns9H4@4@kN:=1 /43p=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/&9;\B9;13>K¥G5LN^GCVB9IZ .0/&G>H4==<3>/Q1R13GC24/4NP5TNPX:\:|Q1<243
=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/dNA`R27A=CEBDR7A=<3*G>5TNBGCVB96FL
9 O/43>=p1<27A/]7n/7:/4NP93IG>N:/E •jGNP/Q13>KM@kN:=C7A=<\e@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=J9@k3>3IE963~4G3I3IE q–$ZHB1|
1<243
G>5TNBGCVz=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/*tk3>FL/4XKs7:E437†g†7:FT587At5T3at^\zKMNBEB3I=/M=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IKM9o1Np1<243@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=<9"FL9fN:/45L\zN:`‡1243aNP=<EB3I=
N:`-93>g:3I=<7:5KMFL5T5LFƒ93IGNP/E49N:=RDN:=C9;3PZ ƒ31aH9 =C9m1aFL/QgP3I9;1FLXP7A13qDa2^\s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>K EB39;FLX:/3>=C9 O/E,FT1EBF
G>H45T11<N
Ks7AFL/Q1<7:FT/n9;\B9;13IK¥G5LNBGCVB9RDaFb1<2n9H
GFL3>/Q1<5T\ /436=39;NP5TH41FLN:/
Zo[361243I/n3~47AKMFL/436g†7:=FLN:HO91FLKr393>=<g^FLG>3I912O7i1q7A=<36t4H4FL5b1t7:93IE
NP/,1<2439;\B9;13IK¥G5LNBGCV‡|47A/EhKs7:EB3p7†gi7AFL5L7:t45L31<Nr1243p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J@=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C9>Z
R243p2O7A=CEBD7:=3pG>5TNBGCV,FL/l7WG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\,XP3>/43I=<7A139RFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9z•jNA`£13I/lG>7:5T5L3IEh1FLKM3*93>=<g^FLG>3JFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9<–ZRw`£13I=
37:GC2€G>5TNBGCVnFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41I|‡123*VP3>=</43>5-H4@‡E47i1<3I91243M9NA`£1mDR7A=<3zG5LNBGCVn7:/E€7:5L9N,@k3>=`uN:=<Ks9G>3>=1<7:FT/lN:1243I=6DNP=V]•u3>~^@5L7:FT/43ElFL/^3G
 Z § Z § –$Zzw 12=37:E€GI7A/X:3>11<243sGH4=<=3I/Q11<FTKM3M=37:EBFL/4XhNA`f1<243s9;\B9;13IK¢G5LN^GCVet^\lFL/^g:NPVQFL/4X&7h9\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5 9H4@4@kN:=13Elt^\e1<243
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IK •j9HGC2d7P9a123rŽR6^.0 ‘ !#"$$&%('&"*),+A–ZR24-3 /43I=q1<243z=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/€NA`o123rG>5TNBGCV‡|1<243rKrNP=3`u=3YPH3>/Q1
/43I3IE€1Nntk3*1<243r1FLKM3M93>=<g^FLG>3*FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9J7:/Ed5L7:=XP3>=JFL9J1<243s7AKMN:H4/Q16NA`@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=q1<FTKM3r1243MVP3>=</43>5o9@O3I/E496FL/d=<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4X
1<Ne12439;3,FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9>ZeR24F89NigP3>=<243I7PE€@5L7PG3I9z7e5TFLKMFb1C7i1<FTNP/_N:/_24Ni.D /43hFL91243,9\B9m1<3>KŠG5LNBGCV€=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/_7lG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=zGI7A/
9H4@4@kN:=1IZ w/4N:1243I= FL9<9;H31<27i1‚GI7A@9"123=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/zNA`O1243a9\B9m1<3>K“G5LNBGCVpFL9-1<27i1 1<243R=39;@kN:/931FLKr3RN:`12/3 0#!#"$1$%('&"*)2+
9\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5oFL9/4NA1zEB3>13I=KMFL/4FL9;1F8GAZ,.0/]`j7:G$1|ƒ3Ig:3>=<\€9\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5q•uNP=6`uN:=p1<27i1Ks7i113I=3>gP3>=<\e`uH4/G1FLN:/_G>7:5T5£–JFT/^gPN^GI7i1<FTNP/d27P9
9N:KM3,7P99NBGF87i13E 3mFb113I=IZ 4a3>KM3IKztk3>=1<27i
1 3mFT1;13I=*DR7:9*EB(3 O/43IEc7P91<243hE4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3,tk31mD3>3I/_1243hDNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3s=<3I9@kN:/93s1FLKM3
7:/E&1243ztO39m16G>7:93p=<3I9@ONP/9;361<FTKM3,•U9;3I3*^3GA6Z 5BZ 4Z § –ZR2463 3mFb113>=JF89qG>7:H93IE&@7A=15L\&N:/e7:GIGN:H/P1N:`oFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C927†g^FL/4Xs24FLX:243I=
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\&12O7A/€9\B9m1<3>K¢G>7:5T589IZJ[‹23>/d7:/€FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B16N^GIGH4=C9I|1<243M@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XWN:`7,9\B9m1<3>K¢G>7:5T5-F89J9;1<7:5T5L3IE
Z6R23*@4=<N:t5T3IK X:31C9
7:X:X:=C7†gi7i1<3IE&FT/d123z`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/Xh9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/
Zw589;NO|k1243r@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/l1<FTKM3MNA`9\B9m1<3>K G>7:5T5896G>7:/lgi7A=<\&tk3IGI7AH93rKM7:/^\&NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9MEBFL9<7At5T3&FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9rDa24FL5T3&@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X7d9\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5UZ”R23hgi7A=<F87i1FLN:/”FT/ 1243n=<3I9@ONP/93W1FLKM3_7• 3mFT1;13I=C–rFL/Q1=<NBEBHG39
7:/d3I==<N:=JFT/1<243s7:G>G>H4=C7:G\eN:`f1<243M1FLKM3rgi7:5TH43r1<27i1p1<243WG>7:5T5LFT/X,1<24=37:EdX:3>1<9J`u=<N:K 1<243MV:3>=</43I5UZr.0/G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\l7†gi7:FT587At45L3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks9I2| 3mFT1;1<3>=C9a7:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IE,DaFb1<2&9\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5L9aGI7A/,tk3p9;3Ig:3I=<7:5OKMFL5T5LFL93IG>N:/E9>ZoR24F89 3mFb113I=aFT/Q1=<NBEBHG>3I9a7A/h3>=<=NP=FL/
1<2431FLKr3=<3I7:E4FT/4XQ9ƒNPtB1<7:FT/3IEt^\7@4=<N:X:=C7AKnZƒw9NA`£1mDR7A=<3G5LNBGCV6=39;NP5THB1<FTNP8/ /43I=-127:/z1<24FL9-3I==<N:="FL9"123>=<3`uN:=<3/4NA1 KM3I7A/FT/4X:`uH45vZ
[3p/4NiD 3~47AKMFL/4361243*EBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q17PG$1<FTg^FT1FL3I9R1<27i17:=3pGI7A=<=FL3IEhN:HB1tQ\&7M27A/OEB5T3I==<N:HB1<FT/437A`£13I=q7sG5LNBGCV,FL/P1<3>=<=H@B1NBG>GH=<9IZ
^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|D3pEBF89G>H9<9R24NiDx9H
GFL3>/Q15L\ O/436=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/&GI7A/&tO3p@=Nig^F8EB3IEhFT/h123p@4=39;3I/G36N:9` 3mFT1;1<3>=FL/&`uH4/G$1<FTNP/eG>7A5L589>Z
:<;=: >@?BADC#EFGHJILKKM6NHPOQK#ADC&ISR1R1TBGU
V7:GC2c1<FTKM3e7]G5LNBGCV_FT/Q13I==<H4@B1sNBG>G>H4=C9>|‚tk3I9F8EB3I9MFL/G=<3>KM3I/P1<FT/X€1<243l9;N:`£1mD7:=3&G5LNBGCVk|‚1243e27:/EB5L3>=M=<N:HB1<FT/43eGI7A=<=FL3I9*N:HB1M1<243
`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XM7PG$1<FTg^FT1FL3I92W
Expiration time

t4=15 t3=3 t2=3 t1=1

Handler Handler
2 1

’"FLX:H=3 § W‚Q1<=HOG$1H=3pN:`-7MRFTKM3I=
XH43>H3
Y[Z\0]L^!_1`a`QbacedP_\f_g9_1h&b2`i 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKM3hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>Ks9*KM7:FT/Q1C7AFL/”3>FT123>=r@O3I=;S @4=<N^G>3I9<91<FTKM3I=MYQH43IH43I9*N:=M79;FL/4X:5L3
9;\B9;13IK*S DaF8EB3r1FLKr3I=*YQH43IH43:Z,R23,9m1<=HOG$1H=3MNA`9HGC2_7h1FLKr3I=*YQH43IH43s27:9tO3I3>/_9;2NiDa/FL/_’-FTXOZ  Z § Zhw1FLKM3>=zYQH43IH43
GNP/P1C7AFL/9‚7:5T51FLKr3I=<97A=<=<7:/4X:3ErFT/sNP=<EB3I=‚NA`‰1<243>FL=f3>~B@4FT=C7i1<FTNP/r1FLKr39>ZjV 7:GC2r1FLKM3>=FL97:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IErDaFT12,727A/E45T3I=‚=NPHB1FL/43PZ
R243627A/OEB5T3I=a=NPHB1FL/43pF8912436`uH/G$1<FTNP/n127A1/43>3E491Nstk3pFT/^gPN:V:3EWDa243I/&124361<FTKM3>=q3~B@4FL=39>Zow13I7PGC2&G>5TNBGCVWFL/Q13I==<H4@B1|
k=l&m7n,oqprtsButnvm7waxty7nvz|{asBzan}x~sujx~€sx~y7Ds‚vrqƒ}z,wm„ƒ}r~y x†…‡r~nBˆay7{s{Š‰(…x~€as ut…2utxts‹om7n,oqpn}ŒLƒ6onvD‡waxtsBrBŽS€,wuBxt€s rtsButnvm7waxty7nvz|n}Œƒue…auex~s‘om7n2oqp
onvr~r~sut‡!nvza{uSxtn’xt€sj{wr~ƒ“x~y7nvz/n}ŒJx~y7Dsxt€0ƒ“x”sm„ƒ}‡u~suS‰!s•x†–sszx†–n utwoosButu~y ˆ(sjom7n2o~p6xty7oqp,u=

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 1243V:3I=/43I5GC243GCV^9‚1243q1FLKM3>=RE47i1C79m1<=HOG$1H=39‚FL/s1243q1FLKM3>=YQH43IH431<N*93>3FT`ƒ7A/^\*1FLKM3>=3>g:3I/Q1f27:9fNBG>GH==<3IE‰Z-. `
FT1/E9
127A17r1FLKr3I=a3>gP3>/Q1a27:9RNBG>G>H4=<=3E‰|^1243I/nFb1qYQH43IH43I91<243GNP==<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4Xr27A/E45T3I=a=NPHB1FL/436FT/&1<243p=37:EB\hYPH3>H43PZ
Y
Jba_\0_ 
ect`,bi ^FT/OG3r1243MNBG>G>H4=<=3I/G3*NA`f1<243M5L7P9m1pG5LNBGCVe3>gP3>/Q1I|
9N:KM3*1<7:9VB9JKrFLX:2Q1627†g:3M7A=<=<FTgP3IEnN:=6tk3IG>N:KM3
=37:EB\cE4H43n1N]1<243n`uH45 5T5LKM3>/Q1,N:`6G>3>=1<7AFL/ GN:/OEBFb1<FTNP/9M1<243>\ D3I=3nDR7AFT1FL/4X`uN:=‘Z 4a3IG>N:5L5T3G$1s`u=<N:K 7t7P9;F8GeGNPH4=<93&N:/
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK 12O7i17A=<=FLg^FT/XW1<7P9;VB9p7:/El1C7:9VB9DR7AFT1FL/4Xh`uN:=9N:KM3M3>gP3>/Q1M•U9;HOGC27P9p7h@O7AX:3*`u31CGC2dNP=7h93>Ks7:@424N:=<3
3>gP3>/Q1C–p7:=3WYQH43IH43IE]FL/”7nDR7AFT1*YQH43>H3:ZlR243s1C7:9VB9pFT/c1243hD7:Fb1zYQH43IH43h7:=3WGC243GCV:3E€1<N€93>3WFT`7A/^\€1C7:9Vd2O7:9ptk3IG>N:KM3
=37:EB\*FT/W1243Kr37A/WDa2FT5L3:ZoR243a1C7:9VB9‚Da24F8GC2,7A=<3a`uNPH4/EM1<N27†g:3qtO3GN:KM3=<3I7PEB\:|^7A=<3YQH43>H3IEsFL/s123q=<3I7:E4\rYQH43IH43:Z-. `ƒ7
1<7P9;VW2O7†gQFL/4Xr24FLX:243I=a@4=FLN:=<FT1m\s127:/,1<243zG>H4==<3>/Q1<5T\s=<H4/4/4FL/4XM1C7:9VWFL9`uNPH4/Eh1Ns2O7†g:3JtO3GN:KM3p=<3I7PEB\:|^1<243>/&123GH4=<=3I/Q15L\
=H/4/4FL/4Xr1<7:9VWF89R@4=<3>3>KM@B1<3IEn7A/OEW1<2439GC23IEBH45L3>=aF89aFL/^g:N:VP3IE‰Z
Y
Jba_[_L_1^”b2ct]9h_b!i w1z37:GC2]G5LN^GCVdFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41I|
1<243,9<GC243IE4H45T3I=zEB3G=<3>KM3>/Q1<9J1<243s1<FTKM3,95TF8G3l•jt4HEBXP31$–6=3>S
Ks7AFL/4FT/Xe`uN:=*1243h3~B3IG>HB1FL/4Xe1C7:9V‡Z€. `a123h=<3>Ks7AFL/4FL/4Xlt4HOEBX:3>1z`uN:=z1243,1<7P9;V]tk3IGNPKM3I9I3>=<N€7A/OE]1243,1<7P9;V]F89/4N:1*\:3>1
GNPKr@5T3>13:|^1<243>/&1<24361<7P9;VWF89a@4=<3>3IKM@B13E‰|7A/OEW1<2439GC23IEBH45L3>=aF89RFL/QgPN:VP3IEs1<NW9;3I5T3G$17A/NA123>=R1<7P9;VW1NM=H/
Z
:<; O K#A6TTBGU TU @ > ?BA CE ISRA?BM6H#TAG
[3z27PEn@ONPFT/Q1<3IEeNPHB1FL/€^3IG:Z  Z § 1<27i11243I=3z7:=31mDNsKs7AFL/€EBF
GH45T1FL3I9FL/l@4=<NigQF8EBFL/4XW7s24FLX:2e=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/n1FLKr3I=IZ’"FL=C9m1|1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PE&7P99NBGF87i1<3IEnDaFT12l@4=<NBG399FT/Xs1243rG5LNBGCV&FL/Q13I==<H4@B1JtO3GN:KM393~4G>3I9<9;FLg:3z7P91<2431<FTKM3M9;3I=g^F8G3=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/eX:31C9D/3>=Z
^3GNP/EB5L\:|O1243m3 Fb113>=67:9<9N^G>FL7A13EhDaFT12l1243z1FLKr3*5TN^NPVQH@l9;\B9;13>KG>7:5T5••!#"$$&%('&"*),+A– F89N:`£13I/lNA` 123zN:=CEB3I=NA`f93>gP3>=C7A5
KMFL5T5LFL93IG>N:/E9>Z€R23>=<3`uN:=<3:| FT1*F89z/NA1*HO9;3>`uH45f1<N€@4=<Nig^FLE43,7lG5LNBGCVdDaFT127e=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/c7:/Q\  /43I=z1<27A/c124F89>Z@ NiD3>gP3>=|-9N:KM3
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3q7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9o/3>3IEs1NzEB37A5ODaFb1<2s1FLKMFT/4X*GN:/O9m1<=<7:FT/Q1<9‚NA`‰123N:=CEB3>=fNA`ƒ76`u3ID/O7A/4Nz93IG>N:/E9>Z ’4NP=9HGC2W7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|
7:/&FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1qYQH43I9;1FLN:/nF89,fW .m9aFb1J7i1q7A5L5
@kNP9<9;FLt45L361N,9H4@4@kN:=1a1FLKM3KM3I7P9;H4=<3>KM3I/P1aDaFT12e/7:/4NW93IGNP/Eh=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/!lw“D7†\s1<N
@4=<Nig^FLE439;H
G>FT3I/P1<5T\  /43rG5LNBGCV,=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/nF89t^\hKs7:@4@4FL/4X,7s27:=<E4D7:=3pG5LNBGCVhFL/Q1Ns1<243z7PE4EB=<3I9<99;@O7:G3zNA`‚7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZaw/
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/lGI7A/e1<243>/€=37:E&123z27:=<EBDR7A=<3G5LNBGCV&E4FT=<3IG15L\,1<24=NPH4X:2l7,/4N:=<Ks7A5"Kr3IKMN:=<\h=<3I7PEnN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/nDaFT124NPHB12O7†gQFL/4Xs1<N
Ks7AVP3W7e9;\B9;13IK G>7:5T5vZn’4N:=p3>~47AKM@45L3:|-N:/_7lŽ 3>/Q1<FTH4K @4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=I|"7nH9;3I=p12=37:E]G>7:/tk3WKs7:E43M1Nl=<3I7PEl1<243,Ž 3>/Q1<FTH4K 1FLKM3
9;1<7:Kr@GNPH4/Q13>=Z6R24FL96G>N:H4/Q13I=J9;1<7:=;1C97A1#",Da243>/€1243M9\^9;13IK FL9J@kNiD3I=3EnN:/7A/EeFL/G>=3IKr3I/Q1<967i`£1<3>=J3I7:GC2€27A=CEBDR7A=<3zG5LNBGCV
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1IZlw1*1NBE47†\%$ 9@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=9@O3I3IE‰| 1<24FL9*KM3I7:/9p1<27i1MEBH4=<FT/4X€3>g:3I=\d/7A/NP93IGNP/EFT/Q1<3>=<g†7:5U|-1<243hG>N:H4/Q13I=zFL/G=<3>KM3I/P1C9
93>gP3>=C7A5k1FLKM3I9IZ
qNiD3Ig:3>=|aKs7AV^FL/4X”1<24327A=CEBDR7A=<3dG5LNBGCV =37:E47:t45T3dt^\¦7A/x7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/ 9;FLX:/F OGI7A/Q15L\‹=<3IEBHG>3I9,1243]@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\‹NA`1<243
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/ƒZ-’N:=‚3>~B7:KM@45T3P|PDa23>/W7A/s7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/M=<H4/4/4FL/4XNP/W7pŽ 3>/Q1FLH4K@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP= FL9f@ONP=;1<3IEr1N*7pEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1f@=NBG399N:=|i1<243
/43ID¦@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=KM7†\M/4N:1a27†g:3J7z24FLX:2h=39;NP5TH41FLN:/hG>N:H4/Q1<3>=|Q7:/EhG>3>=1<7:FT/45L\r12436KM3>KMNP=\W7PE4EB=<3I9<9fKs7A@&7A/E,=39;NP5TH41FLN:/,DN:H5LE
EBFTˆ‡3>=Z
:<;& '@T)( ILKR
[3M27:E€@ONPFT/Q13ElNPHB11<27i161<FTKM3>=p93>=<g^FLG>3zF89J7hg^Fb1C7A5o93>=<gQF8G3z127A1JF89J@4=<NigQF8EB3Ee1Nn7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9t^\l7A5L5 =37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9><Z 4a37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xr9;\B9;13IKM9/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\M9H4@4@kN:=11mDN*KM7:FT/h1m\^@O39NA`
1<FTKM3>=C29 W"@k3>=<FTNBEBF8Gq1FLKr3I=<9R7:/E,7:@O3I=FLNBEBFLGr•uNP=
NP/43p9;24N:1C–1<FTKM3>=C9IZ-[3p/4NiD EBFL9<GHO999N:KM36t7P9;F8G6GN:/OG3>@41<9a7AtkN:H411<243I9361mDN*1m\^@k3I9RN:`"1<FTKM3>=C9IZ
Z/_\0ct]*”ct^,+|cedP_\0`!i Ž 3>=<FLN^E4FLGM1<FTKM3I=<9M7A=<3,HO9;3EcKs7AFL/45L\d`uNP=s97:Kr@5TFL/4X€3Ig:3I/P1C9*7A1r=<3>XPH4587A=zFL/Q13I=gi7A589*N:=r@O3I=;`uNP=KMFL/4Xd9N:KM3
7PG$1FLg^Fb1<FT39z@k3>=<FLN^E4FLGI7A5L5T\PZ_/G>3h7€@O3I=FLNBEBFLGW1FLKM3>=rFL9r9;3>1I|‚FT1M3~B@4FL=39@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\:Z]R24F89zF89zFLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EcH9FL/4Xl1<243,1<FTKM3I=
YQH43IH437:9`uNP5T5LNiD9><Z V7:GC2h1FLKr361<243@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G1FLKM3>=3>~^@FT=<3I9I|^1243G>N:=<=39;@kN:/OEBFT/X*27:/EB5L3>==<N:H41FL/436FL9aFL/^g:NPV:3IE
|^7:/Eh124361<FTKM3I=
E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=36F89RFT/O9;3I=;1<3IEht7:GCVsFL/Q1Nr124361<FTKM3I=YPH3>H43W•U9;3I36’-FLXZ  Z § –Z‚’4NP=3>~47AKM@45L3:|47r@O3I=FLNBEBF8Gq1<FTKM3I=Ks7†\stO3931R1N § ""
KW^3Gp7A/EhFb1C9a27:/EB5L3>=931a1NM@kN:5L5‰123613>KM@k3>=C7i1<H4=3p93>/9N:=a7A`£13>=q3>g:3I=\ § ""*KW^3IG6FL/Q13>=<gi7A5vZ
- R2439;3s1<FTKM3I=<9*7A=<3,9;3>11N€3~B@4FL=3WNP/45L\dNP/G3PZe[7A1<GC2EBNPXn1FLKM3>=C9z7A=<3,7e@kN:@H45L7:=
3>~B7:KM_\@4ct5T]*36N:ce`-^/NP./4]93p\
9;240 N:h1R_21FLKr133I=<]9Ib5Z 46+ŠctdP_\`i
[]7i1CGC2EBN:X€1FLKM3>=C9r7:=3hH93IEc3>~^13>/O9;FLg:3I5T\]FL/ =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,@4=<N:XP=<7:KM91N]EB31<3IG1MFT`7€1<7P9;V]KMFL9<93I9rFb1C9MEB3I7PEB5TFL/43P|7A/OE_123>/
1<NFL/4FT1F87i1<3e3~4G3I@B1FLN:/ 27A/E45TFL/4X]@4=<N^G>3IEBH=39*H@ONP/ 7EB37:EB5LFT/3eKrF89<9>Z w/ 3~47:Kr@5T3&H93&N:`J7DR7i1<GC2OEBN:Xd1FLKM3>=s27P9MtO3I3>/


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 f(){
wd_start(t1,exception−handler); start

t1

wd_tickle(); end
}
-’ FLX:H4=<3Š5JWo…q93pNA`o7r[7A1<GC2E4N:XMRFTKM3>=
FL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEdFT/]’-FTXOZ  Z 54Zz.0/]’"FLXZ  Z75B|ƒ7hDR7i1<GC2OEBN:X,1FLKr3I=pFL9p9317A1J1<243s9m1C7A=1pNA`7nG3I=;1C7AFL/dG>=FT1F8G>7:5 `uH4/G$1<FTNP/
<)2+M12=NPH4X:2
7 0$
1$<)=$+zG>7:5T5vZ6R243  0$ 1$j)=$!+*G>7A5L5 9;3>1<9q1243rD7A1<GC2€E4N:XW1<FTKM3I=q1<Nh3>~^@FT=<3zt^\&1243M9@O3GF 3IElE43I7:E45TFL/43n•£1 § 1FLKM3
H4/Fb1C9<–`u=<N:K„1243W9;1<7:=;1<FT/4XnN:`f123s1<7P9;V‡ZM. `1<243M`uH4/G1FLN:/ <)2+WEBN^3I9p/NA1GNPKr@5T3>13s3>gP3>/]7i`£1<3> =   1<FTKM3sH4/4FT1<927†g:3M3>587A@O9;3E‰|
1<243>/s1<243qDR7i1CGC2EBNPX61FLKr3I=f3>~^@FT=<3I9I|PFL/EBF8G>7A1FL/4Xp1<27i11243q1<7:9VMEB3I7PEB5TFL/43F89KrF89<9;3Es7A/Er1<243q3>~BG>3>@B1<FTNP/s27A/OEB5TFL/4X*@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3aF89
FL/4FT1F87i13E‰Zo.0/hGI7:93q1<243J1<7P9;VsGNPKM@45T3>139RtO3>`uN:=<3q1<243DR7i1CGC2EBNPX1FLKM3>=R3~B@4FL=<3I96•uFvZ 3PZ 12431<7P9;VWG>N:KM@45L31<3I9DaFb1<24FL/hFT1<9aEB37:EB5LFL/43–|
1<243>/&123pD7A1<GC2EBNPXz1<FTKM3I=FL9R=<3I931aH9FL/4Xs7  $&%0#"*)2+pG>7A5L5vZ
 &› nžo› ¡   ›  !#"k˜™>š % › $&›'ž o)™ (+* œ ,,¡  ›qš
3`uNP=3E4FL9<GH9<9FT/4XW7:tONPHB1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|OD3zKzH9;1G5L3I7:=5L\,H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE,1<243`u37i1<H4=39a/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\
3>~^@k3IG13EdN:`7&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X&9\B9m1<3>KnZsR24FL96DaFL5L5‚7A589;N&3>/7:t45L3rHO961NeGNPKM@7A=<3z1<243r`u3I7A1H4=<3I9p9H4@4@kN:=13E€t^\€EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9`uN:=93>5L3IG1FL/4Xe7A/]7A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K `uNP=7A/]7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/]7i1p27A/OE‰ZrR2FL9pDN:H5LE
7:5L9NW5L31HO9qH4/OEB3>=C9m1C7A/E&1<243MEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/OG3I9qtO3>1mD3I3>/€7W1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5ƒNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K7A/El7W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9\^9;13IKnZq.0/
1<243a`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4XO|AD3aFLEB3I/Q1FT`u\*9N:KM3aFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1o`u37i1<H4=39 =3YQH4FT=<3IErN:`‡76=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IK&|Q7A/Er39;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\1<24NP93R127A1
7:=36/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\W7At93>/Q1aFT/&1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5‰NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
- ?5LN^GCV7A/E1<FTKM3I=r93>=<g^FLG>3I9pDaFT12c7PEB3IYQH7A13W=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/_7:=3sNP/43WNA`a1<243WKMNP9;1zFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
F899eH4]S3^/9p. FT/]h=<3I 7:5b+ŠSv1FLceKMd[3r_\ @=1*NPX:=C7AKM]KM\bFT/4i XOZ q7A=CE=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/_EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q16N:`£13I/_=3YPHFT=<3I969H4@4@kN:=1NA`1FLKr3I=z93>=<gQF8G39
DaFT12l=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/&N:` 1243*N:=CEB3>=N:`‚7M`u3>D KMF8G=<NP93IGNP/E49IZR^1FL5T”5 /43I==<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/O9aKs7†\,tk3z=<3IYQH4FL=3EhFL/€GI7:93pNA`fG3I=;1C7AFL/e9;@k3IG>FL7:5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Zf?5LN^GCVB9R7A/OEs1FLKM3>=C9a7A=<3J7rg^FT1<7A5‡@7:=;1aN:`"3>gP3>=<\M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK&Z/,1243pN:1243I=R27A/E
|^1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9R/4NP=Ks7:5T5L\WEBNM/4NA1@=Nig^F8EB3q1<FTKM3z93>=<g^FLG>3I9DaFT12e9;H
G>FT3I/Q15L\W24FLX:2n=39;NP5TH41FLN:/
Z
0 _ 21 +|cedP_PZ\0ct]\0c b
43_g_ e`i w =<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>KŠKzHO9m1*9H4@4@kN:=1*9;1<7A1F8Gs@4=<FTNP=FT1m\€5L3>gP3>589>Zlwy@4=FLN:=<FT1m\€5L3>g:3I5
9H4@4@kN:=13E,t^\,7:/hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>K¥FL9aGI7A5L5T3Eh9;1<7A1F8GA|BDa243I/hNP/G3J123p@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=R7:9<9;FLX:/O97r@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7A5LH43J1Ns7*1<7P9;V‡|^1<243
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XJ9\B9m1<3>KEBN^3I9 /4N:1oGC2O7A/4XP3FT1‚t^\zFT1<93>5T`mZ Q1C7i1<FLGR@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\p5L3>gP3>589o7A=<37:5L9NpG>7A5L5L3I6E 587:9<;>=@?BA2CD7'EF5GAIHJ5GA2?LKM;N7)OP7);RQ$Z [d3EBF89<GH9<9
FL/e9;3G$1FLN:/  Z *127A1q7r1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5‡N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K¥E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\hGC27A/4XP3I9123p@4=FLN:=<FT1m\s5T3Ig:3>589RNA`-1<7P9;VB9`u=<N:K¥@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=
7P99FTXP/43IEWg†7:5TH3I9f1NrKM7A~BFTKMFL>369;\B9;13>K1<24=NPH4X:2@4HB1IZ‚^HOGC2,@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M5T3Ig:3I5L9f127A1R7:=3JGC27A/X:3IE,EB\^/7AKMF8G>7A5L5L\rt^\M1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ky7:=36N:t^g^FLN:H95T\s/NA1q9;1<7i1<FLGJ@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39>Z
S #`,b + #`/. Z\0_1_1d b2ce]hi ’4NP=q9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH45ƒN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/hNA`o7M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/
|Da243>/43Ig:3I=7M24FTXP2n@4=FLN:=<FT1m\WG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5‰1C7:9V
7:==<FTgP3I9I|o7A/”3>~B3IGH41FL/4Xd5LNiD @4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\1<7P9;Vc924NPH45LE”tO3nKs7:E43,1<NdFL/9;1<7A/Q1<5T\_\^FL3>58E_123l?Ž… 1<NdFT1IZR243h1FLKr3eEBH=<7A1FLN:/c`uNP=
Da24F8GC2,7z24FTXP243>=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*1<7:9VMD7:Fb1C9ftk3`uNP=3Fb1RF897:5T5LNiD3Er1Nr3~B3IG>HB13FL9YQH7A/Q1<Fb1C7i1FLg:3I5T\M3>~^@=3993IEs7P9?@9PQ8TEU587:7VCEF?BAIH<WX?BA2CD7ZY
?NP/P1<3>KM@kN:=C7A=<\p=37A5TSU1<FTKM3RN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X69\^9;13IKs9o27†g:31<7P9;V*@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/z1<FTKM39oNA`k1243aNP=<E43>= NA`‰7`u3>D KMFLG>=Np93IGNP/E49I”Z qNiD3Ig:3>=|
FL/r1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5^N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xp9\^9;13IKs9>|i1<243RDNP=<9;1‚G>7P9;31<7P9;V@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/*1FLKM3aFL9o1m\Q@FLGI7A5L5T\pN:`O1<243aN:=CEB3>= N:`k769;3GNP/E‰Z-[d3EBF89<GH9<9
FL/,1<243p/43>~Q193IG1FLN:/W1<27i1a1<24F89a9;FLX:/4F OGI7A/Q15L\s5L7:=XP3587i1<3>/G>\sFL9aGI7AH93IEht^\W7r/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3JV:3>=</43I5UZ . 1aX:N^3I9DaFT124NPHB1q9<7†\QFL/4X
1<27i17W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XW9;\B9;13>K¤/43I3IE491NW27†gP37s@4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3pV:3I=/3>5ƒ7:/Ee9;2N:H458En27†g:361C7:9V,@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/n1<FTKM3I9NA` 1<243
NP=<EB3I=RNA`o7z`u3IDxKMF8G=<Ns9;3GN:/OE49>Z

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 S .0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1587i1<3>/G>\MFL9REB,3 /43IEh7:9‚12431FLKM3JEB3I5L7†\Mtk31mD3>3I/W123qNBG>G>H4==<3>/OG3
:NZ`\07A_ /d”ctFT^ /Qb 1 3I==<tH4_ @B#1h7: /Ee1<24`,3Mb
=,hH4&/b2/4_\FT/\ XhN:`‚b1324J3sb2G>_1N:h=<^ =
<39;i @kN:/E4FT/4X,.;J4¥•j.0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1^3>=<g^FLG>3 4aNPHB1FL/43†–$Zz.0/d=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;S
1<3>Ks9>|O123H4@4@k3>=tONPH4/EeNP/&FL/Q13I==<H4@B1q587i1<3>/G>\hK*H9;1qtO3ztONPH4/EB3El7A/EnF89a3>~^@k3IG13En1NWtk35L3I9<9a1<27A/l7r`u3ID KrF8G=<NW93IGNP/E49IZ
R243,D7†\d5TNiDFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41z5L7A13I/G\dFL9*7:GC24FL3>gP3IE‰|-FL9zt^\€@k3>=`uN:=<KrFL/4Xet4H5TV]NA`R1<243,7:G1FLg^Fb1<FT39NA`a.;J4FL/c7lEB3>`u3>=<=3E@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3
GI7A5L5R•UŽR?R–$Z
wJŽ? F89J3I9<9;3I/Q1F87A5L5T\l7,1<7P9;Vn1<27i1p@k3>=`uN:=<KM9JKMNP9;16NA`f1<243M.;J 47:G$1<FTg^FT1m\:|‰t4H4163>~B3IGH413I967A`£13>=p.;# 4 GNPKM@45T3>139
7A1J7s5LNiD3I=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\&g†7:5TH3:Zq’H4=;1<243>=|‡9;H4@@ONP=;1`uN:=q/3I9;13IElFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9q7:=3HO9;H7:5T5L\nEB3I9FT=<3IE
ZqR27i1JFL9I|‡7s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K 924N:H5LEz/4NA1oN:/5T\tk3R@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTgP3RDa24FT5L3R3~B3IG>HB1FL/4XJV:3I=/43I5^=NPHB1FL/43I9I|At4H41o924NPH45LE*tk3a@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3EBH=FL/4X6FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41 93>=S
g^F8GFL/4XJ7P9-D3I5T5vZ"R24F89-FL9 39;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\pFLKr@kN:=1<7:/Q1"`uNP="27:=<Ez=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9"DaFb1<2r9H4tBS KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/E61FLKMFT/X=<3IYQH4FL=3IKM3>/Q1<9IZ
0 - 0 [d327:EW7:5T=<3I7PEB\MEBFL9<GHO993IEsFL/&?27:@B13I’= p127A1FT`
=37A5TS
1<1FTKM3a1C]97:9\V^b
9fq7A]=<\ 37A5L_15TNi`aD]!3I”Ez\0^!1Nz_ 91237:J=3\0ceG>h= FT1F8G>7:dP54=]93h9;NP H4=CG3I_ 9o 7: 1 KM+ŠN:ct/4dPXJ_ 12+ 3>#Ks`)9;.L3I`5TgPi 3I9oHO9;FL/4Xp1<243a1=C7:E4Fb1<FTNP/7A54=<3I9N:H=<G>3R927:=FL/4XJ13GC24/4F8YPH3I9I|
1<243>/s1<243q=<3I9@kN:/93a1FLKM3I9NA`‡1<7P9;VB9G>7A/stk3IG>N:KM3qH/QtkN:H/EB3IEW5T37:EBFL/4Xp1<NzEB3I7PEB5LFT/43KMFL9<9;39>Z R24F89fF89‚NP/43qG>N:KM@O3I5T5LFL/4Xz=<3I7P9;NP/M7P9
1<N,Da2^\n3>g:3I=\nGNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5ƒ=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3zN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X,9;\B9;13IK924NPH45LE€7i1q1<243rKrFL/4FLKzH4K @=Nig^F8EB3p123*t7P9;F8G@=FLN:=<Fb1m\hFT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3
KM3IGC2O7A/4F89;KEBF89G>H993IE*FL/W?2O7A@B1<3>= Z ^H@4@ONP=;1‚N:`k@=FLN:=<Fb1m\*G3>FL5LFT/4X6@4=<NA1<NBGN:5
•UŽ?Ž–-FL9‚7:5L9NpEB3I9FL=<7:t45T3P|AFT`k587A=<X:3a7A/OE*KMNBEB3I=<7A13
9FTI3IE&7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9a7:=3J1NMtk39;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE‰Z
0 wq9`j7A=a7P9XP3>/43I=<7:5bS @4H4=<@kNP93N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xr9;\B9;13IKM9R7:=36GNP/G3I=/43E‰|QFb1aF89R=<7:=3
1<N _O /E€c \0NP_1/4dP3*_11h&2b27A`|1p]9E4hNQ39J/4_1NAdP1]99H4\ @4
@kN:=16#hg^ FL=;91<H_1dP7A5 _1KMh&3>b!KMi NP=\l7:/ElKM3>KMNP=\e@4=<NA1<3IG1FLN:/l`u37i1<H4=39>Z NiD3>gP3>=|k3IKztk3IE4E43IEd=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13>Ks9o7:5TKMNP9;1o/43>gP3>=o9H4@4@kN:=1o12439;3`u3I7A1H4=<3I9IZ‚/45T\124NQ9;312O7i1f7A=<3RKM3I7A/Q1 `uN:=o587A=<X:3R7A/OErG>N:KM@45L3~*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9
EBNOZ 43I7A5TSv1FLKr3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X&9\B9m1<3>Ks9J`uN:=6587A=<X:3M7A/E€Kr3EBFLH4K 9FTI3IE7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/967A=<3r3~B@O3G$1<3IE€1Nn@4=<NigQF8EB3*gQFL=1H7:5oKr3IKMN:=<\
9H4@4@kN:=1I|^/4N:1RNP/45L\M1NrKr3I31R123KM3>KMNP=\WEB3IKs7A/E49N:`
124362437†g^\rD3>FLX:2Q1R=37A5TSU1<FTKM3q1<7:9VB9NA`"7:/h7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/
|^t4H411<N*5L31R1<243
KM3>KMNP=\€E43>Ks7A/E4FT/4Xe/N:/BS =37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9p9HGC2]7:961<3~^13IE4Fb1<N:=C9>|"3S KM7:FT5‚9NA`£1mDR7A=<3:|ƒ31<G:Zs1Nl7:5L9Nn=H/NP/€1<243,9<7AKM3
@4587i1`uN:=<Kn Z FT=1H7:5RKr3IKMN:=<\d=<3IEBHOG3I9z123&7†gP3>=C7AX:3sKM3IKrNP=\]7:GIG399z1FLKM3:|‚t4H41MEB3IX:=C7:EB39p1<243hDN:=C9;1;S0G>7:93sKM3>KMN:=<\]7:G>G>3I9<9
1<FTKM3:Z‚R23@k3>/7:5b1m\MN:`ƒH9FT/4X*g^FT=1H7:5‡Kr3IKMN:=<\rF89f1243JNig:3I=2437:Es7P99NBGF87i13EMDaFb1<2&9;1NP=FL/4Xp1<24367:E4EB=<3I9<9f1=C7A/95L7A1FLN:/s1C7At45L37:/E
@k3>=`uN:=<KMFT/4Xn1<243Wg^FL=;1<H7A5o1<Nl@42^\B9;F8G>7:5‚7:E4E4=39961<=<7:/95L7A1FLN:/9IZ,ŒeNP=3INig:3>=|‰`u3>1<GC24FL/4Xl@7:X:39J`u=NPK„1<243,93IGNP/E47:=\lKM3IKrNP=\€N:/
7&@7:X:3r`j7AH45T1FL/GH4=C99FTXP/4F OG>7:/P16587i13I/G\PZWR243>=<3`uNP=3P|
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xn9\B9m1<3>Ks9p9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4XngQFL=1H7:5oKr3IKMN:=<\lKzH9;1@4=<Nig^FLEB3r1<243
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3W7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9pDaFT12”9N:KM3WKM37A/9pN:`GN:/Q1<=NP5T5LFT/Xe@7AXPFT/4XO|"9HGC2c7:9 CD7)C H<5GK ;NH
:T<A2W 
YdŒe3>KMNP=\d5TNBGCV^FT/Xe@4=3Ig:3I/P1C9
7h@7AXP3`u=<N:K tk3>FL/4Xn9;DR7A@4@k3IEe`u=NPK Kr3IKMN:=<\h1<Nh2O7A=CE€EBF89;V‡Zp.0/€1243s7AtO9;3I/G3*NA`fKM3>KMNP=\n5LN^GCV^FL/4XW`u37i1<H4=3P|‰KM3>KMN:=<\e7:G>G>3I9<9
1<FTKM3I9qNA`o3>gP3>/eG=<FT1F8G>7A5ƒ=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;VB9GI7A/l924NiD 5L7:=XP3 3mFT1;1<3>=|k7P9R123z7:GIG3I9<9R1<FTKM3DN:H458E&X:=<3I7A15L\hEB3I@O3I/EnN:/eDa243>1243I=1<243
=<3IYQH4FL=3E,@O7AX:3JF89aFT/&1<243p@42^\B9;F8G>7:5kKM3IKrNP=\,N:=a27P9RtO3I3>/e9;DR7A@@O3E,NPHB1IZ
Œe3IKMN:=<\z@4=<NA1<3IG$1<FTNP/sFL97A/4N:1243I=fFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1fF899H43a1<27i1/43>3E49‚1<Ntk3G>7:=3>`uH45L5T\MGNP/9;F8EB3I=3E‰Z "7:GCV*NA`ƒ9H4@4@kN:=1‚`uN:=Kr3IKMN:=<\
@4=<NA1<3IG1FLN:/n7AKMN:/4X*1<7P9;VB9R5L3I7PE491Ns7M9;FL/4XP5T3p7:EEB=399R9@7:G>3J`uN:=7A5L5‡12361<7:9VB9>Zowq=XPH4KM3>/Q1<9`uNP=a27†g^FT/4XrN:/5T\,7M9FT/X:5L367PE4EB=<3I9<9
9@7:G>3*FL/G>5THE43M9FLKr@5TF8GFT1m\:|ƒ9<7†g^FT/X,KM3>KMN:=<\et4FT1<9I|
7A/Ed5LFTXP2P16D3>FLX:2Q169\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5L9IZz’N:=p9;Ks7:5T5 3>K*tO3E4EB3Ed7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|‡1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PEWNA`‚7r`u3ID 6FL5TN \Q139aNA`oKM3>KMNP=\W@k3>=q@4=NBG>3I9<9G>7:/&tk3H4/O7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3:Z NiD3>g:3I=I|BDa23>/e/4NsKM3>KMNP=\W@=N:13IG1FLN:/nF89
@4=<Nig^FLE43IErt^\z1<243qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IK&|:1243JGNQ9m1fN:`
EB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4X7A/OEr13I9;1FL/4Xz7@4=NPX:=C7AK“DaFT12N:HB1Kr3IKMN:=<\z@4=<NA1<3IG$1<FTNP/MtO3GN:KM39
gP3>=<\h24FLX:2eDa23>/e1<243*G>N:KM@45L3~BFb1m\&NA`o1<243*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/eFT/G>=37:93I9IZw589;NO|OKs7:FT/Q13I/7A/OG3zG>NP9;1qFT/OG=<3I7:93I9q7:9q7:/^\&GC27:/4X:3zFT/eNP/43
KMNBEBH45L3pDNPH458E,=<3IYQH4FL=36=<31<3I9;1FL/4Xr1243p3I/P1<FT=<3p9;\B9;13IK&Z
VfKztk3IE4EB3El=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>Ks9JH9H7A5L5T\lE4Nh/4N:19;H4@@ONP=;16g^FT=1H7:5 Kr3IKMN:=<\:-Z VfKztk3IE4E43IEl=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|QG=<3I7A13@42^\B9FLGI7A5L5T\rGN:/Q1<FTXPH4N:H9‚t45TNBGCVB9oN:`
Kr3IKMN:=<\`uN:=7A/W7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/MH4@kN:/,=3YPH3I9;1I*Z NiD3>g:3I=I|:Kr3IKMN:=<\`u=C7AX:KM3I/BS
1C7i1FLN:/&F89a7z@kNA1<3>/Q1F87A5‰@4=<N:t5T3IK`uN:=7r9;\B9;13>K 127A1aE4NQ39R/4NA1a9H4@4@kN:=1Rg^FL=;1<H7A5‡KM3>KMNP=\PZ wq5L9N|BKM3IKrNP=\s@=N:13IG1FLN:/htO3GN:KM39
EBF
GH45T11<Ns1NW9H4@4@kN:=1q7M/4N:/4Svg^FL=;1<H7A5‰KM3>KMNP=\hKM7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q19\^9;13IKnZ’N:=R12FL9q=37:9N:/
|BFL/eKs7A/^\,3IKztk3IE4EB3En9;\B9;13>Ks9I|41<243
VP3>=</43>5 7A/El1243MH93>=J@4=<NBG3I9<93I93~B3IG>HB13rFT/€1243s9<7AKM3*9@7PG3:|‡FvZ 3PZp123>=<3*F89J/4NhKM3IKrNP=\n@4=<NA1<3IG1FLN:/
ŠZ q3>/G>3:|
7&9;\B9;13>K GI7A5L5
7:/En7r`uH4/G$1<FTNP/lG>7:5T5
DaFT12FT/l7:/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/&7:=36FL/EBF89m1<FT/4XPH4F89;27:t45L3:ZR2FL9aKs7:V:3I9aE43>t4H4XPX:FL/4XW7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9aE4F
GH5b1|O9FT/G>37
=<H4/n7†D7†\s@kN:FL/Q13>=GI7A/nGNP==<H4@B1R123pN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs9\^9;13IKyGNBEB3P|BKs7AV^FT/X*1<2439\^9;13I K ;`u=3I3>>3 4Z
- w9;\^/GC24=<N:/N:H9a. P Kr37A/9q/4N:/4Svt45LNBGCV^FT/4Xs. P*ZO"=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5ƒ=<3I7:Eƒ•U–RNP=qDa=<Fb1<3P•U–q9;\B9;S
1<13>KG>7A]95L\589b@kq3>]=\ `uN:=<K¥`
L9h\Q^ /O3”GC24\0]9=NPh/4] N:”HO`9R.:*0 Z4i . `‚7s@4=<NBG3997A1;1<3>KM@B1<91NW=<3I7PE&N:=Da=<Fb1<3pH9FT/4XW1243/N:=<KM7:5U|O9;\^/GC24=<N:/N:H9R=<3I7PE
•U–RNP=
Da=<Fb1<3P•v–9\B9m1<3>K„GI7A5L5L9I|‡123>/Fb1p/43I3IE49J1<NhDR7AFT1pH4/Q1FL5 1243M27:=<EBDR7A=<327P9pGNPKr@5T3>13IEl1243s@2Q\B9FLGI7A5-. :*Z‡. 1pFL9J1<243>/FL/B`uN:=<KM3IE
N:`o1243M9;HOG>G399N:=q`j7AFL5TH=3*NA`‚1<243zNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/
|‰7A/OEeNA`fG>N:H4=C9;31243r=3YQH4FT=<3IE€E47i1C7WFL/e1243MG>7P9;3*NA`f7h9;HGIG399;`uH45-=37:E‰Z6R2^H9qFL/


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 GI7:93N:`O9;\^/GC2=NP/4N:H9"N:=-t45LNBGCVQFL/4XJ.:3>~B3IGH41FLN:/zN:`4123@=NBG399"F89 t45TNBGCVP3IEDa2FT5L3FT1oD7:Fb1C9"`uN:=-1243R=<3I9H45T1<9-NA`41<243a9;\B9;13IK“G>7A5L5vZ
qNiD3Ig:3>=|BFT`f7s@4=<N^G>3I9<9aH93I97P9;\^/GC2=NP/4N:H
9   
k•U–N:=     ^•U–9\B9m1<3>KG>7:5T589z•UG>7A5L5L3I E    
k•U–7:/E    B^•v–
FL/9N:KM3hN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X]9;\B9;13IKM9C–$|‚1243I/”1<243e9;\B9;13>KGI7A5L5RDaFT5L5a=3>1H4=</”FLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\_N:/G>3,1<243n. :¥=<3IYQH43I9;1M27:9rtk3>3>/@7P993IE
EBNiDa/1<N]1243l2O7A=CEBD7:=3&N:=WYQH43IH43IEFL/ 1243€N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X_9\^9;13IKn|1m\^@4F8G>7:5T5L\ctk3`uNP=3n1<243l@42^\B9;F8G>7:5a. :¢N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/ 27P9s3>gP3>/
tk3>XPH4/
ZR243r3~B3IG>HB1FLN:/€NA`‚1<243M@4=NBG>3I9<9F89/NA16t45TNBGCVP3IE‰|‡tk3IG>7:H93zFT1pE4NQ39q/NA16/43>3Ee1N&DR7AFT1q`uN:=J1<243*=<3I9H45T1<9NA`‚1<243M9;\B9;13>K
GI7A5L5UZ".0/9m1<3I7PE‰|AFT1oGI7A/rGN:/Q1<FT/^H433~B3IG>HB1FL/4X67A/E1243I/*=<3IG>3>FLg:3f1243R=<3I9H45b1C9-NA`41<243R. :NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/587i1<3>=|iN:/G>3f1<243>\z7:=37†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3PZ
- 0 0 V‚K*tO3E4EB3IEd7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9JH9H7A5L5L\
27†gP3*c G>baN:ce]/h9;1 =C7AFL/Q1<_ 9 N:/dc \0G>_1NPdP9;1I_1|‰h&9FTb2I`3:|
q]97A/O\El
@kd NiD3I_ =JG>”N:_ / 9H4KM_ @B 12FLN:1 +Š/ƒŠZ ced[V‚_ Kztk0 3IEEB_\3IE€#b2=ce3h7A 5TSU1<1 FTKM
L`23rb2_1N:dP@k3>`=C7ii 1FL/4X&9;\B9;13>Ks9J7A=<3z1<243>=<3`uNP=3*NA`£1<3>/
=<3IYQH4FL=3E*1Nztk3qGI7A@7:t45T3qNA`
EBF89;V^5L3I9<9‚N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/
Z R24FL9fFL9ftO3G>7:H9;3EBFL9VB9f7:=3aH9H7:5T5L\z1<N^Nt4H45LV^\*1<NH93FL/W3>K*tO3E4EB3IE,9;\B9;13>Ks9I|
FL/G=<3I7P9;3q@ONiD3>=GN:/O9;H4KM@B1<FTNP/
|^7A/EW7:5L9NzFL/G>=37:93R12436GNQ9m1NA`ƒEB3I@45TNi\^KM3>/Q1Z-’N:=124F89f=<3I7P9;NP/
|QNA`
587i13q}O7:92WKM3>KMNP=\rFL9tk3>FL/4X
FL/G=<3I7P9;FL/4XP5T\sH93IEh`uNP=R124F89a@4H4=<@kNP93:Z
VfKztk3IE4EB3EN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X_9\^9;13IKs9sH9H7A5L5T\”=39;F8EB3eN:/ 3IFb1<243>=s}k7:92KM3IKrNP=\”N:= 4JŒ_Zf’N:=WG>3>=1<7AFL/‹7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9MDa24F8GC2
=<3IYQH4FL=3M`j7P9m1<3>=*=39;@kN:/93:|-FT1*Ks7†\dtk3,/3IG399<7A=<\e1<N€=<H4/]1243h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3sNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\^9;13IK NP/c7 4wŒ_Z-R2FL9zDNPH45LE]=<3I9H45T1
FL/l`j7P9m1<3>=q3>~B3IGH41FLN:/
|‰9FT/G>31<243r7PG>G>3I9<9a1FLKM3*N:`f7 4wŒF89q5LNiD3>=1<27A/l127A1JN:`f7 4JŒ_Zk.0==<3I9@O3G$1<FTgP3NA`‚Da243>1243I
= 4JŒ NP=
4wΠFL9RH93IE
|47A5L5‰.?97A=<33>~B@O3I/9;FLg:3PZoR243>=<3`uNP=3P|P`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9aEB3I9FLX:/43Es`uN:=a3IKztk3IE4E43IEn7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|
FT1rF89MEB3I9FL=<7:t45T3,1N27†g:3&7:9r9;Ks7:5T5a7€`uNQN:1r@=FL/Q1n•jKr3IKMN:=<\HO97:X:3–z7:9r@kNP9<9;FLt45L3:Zc^FL/G3&3>K*tO3E4EB3IE @4=<NBEBHG$1C9M7A=<3W1m\^@4F8G>7A5L5L\
Ks7A/^HB`j7PG$1<H4=3EM5L7:=XP3q9<G>7A5L3:|P3>gP3>=<\*=<H4@k3>3q9<7†g:3EMN:/sKM3>KMN:=<\M7A/EsN:1243I=f27:=<E4D7:=3a=<3IYQH4FL=3IKM3>/Q1<9oFLKM@7:G1<9KMFT5L5TFLN:/O9fN:`‡=<H4@k3>39
FL/n@4=!N 41IZ
  (e™  p¡    ›  !#"k˜™>š % › $&›'ž o)™ (+* œ ,,¡ -›qš
…q/4Fb~cF89r7€@kN:@4H5L7:=*XP3>/43I=<7:5f@4H4=<@kNP93,N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X€9;\B9;13IKŠ127A1rDR7:9zN:=<FTXPFT/7:5T5L\]EB3>gP3>5LN:@k3IE]`uNP=*1<243&KM7:FT/4`u=<7:Kr3&GNPKr@HB13I=<9IZ
qNiD3Ig:3>=|O…q/4FT~€7A/EeFT1<9gi7A=<FL7:/Q1<927†g:3/NiD @k3>=<KM3I7A13IEe1NnEB3I9VQ1N:@d7A/Ee3Ig:3I/l27A/OEB243>58ElG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=C9>Zp^FL/G3r…/4FT~€7A/ElFb1C9
gi7A=<F87A/Q1<9RFL/43~B@k3>/9FLg:37A/OEe7A=<3JDaF8EB3I5T\n7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3P|BFb1FL9aDN:=12^Da24FL5L361NsFL/QgP3I9;1FLXP7A136Da2431<243>=J…/4FT~eG>7A/ntk3H93IE&FL/e=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZpR24F89JFT/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i1<FTNP/eDNPH45LE€5T37:EeHO9q1<N&9N:KM3r9;FLX:/4F OGI7A/Q1 /OEBFT/XP967A/E€DNPH458EeX:FLg:3*H969;NPKr3MG=<HG>FL7:5"FL/9FTXP2P1C9
FL/Q1Nr1243G>H4=<=3I/P1…q/4Fb~^S t7:93IEh=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr36NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks912O7i1q7A=<3pGH4=<=<3>/Q15L\,GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\W7†gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:Z
R243J1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5
…q/4FT~hN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>K¥9HBˆ‡3>=C9`u=NPKy93>g:3I=<7:5‰9;24NP=;1CGNPKrFL/4XQ9Da23>/nH93IEhFT/n=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
  "!$#%&'(*),+- .#/0!213'40+- 3!#5 6768'(6- 9;:<!=13'4$>*'46!?!3'A@B6CDE#53:<- 2)#:<F>HG F$: I
@J'K'4E6- 9L;:<!2611,- : CE6;: 0F #63'4MF 0F9;13'(E3!?1;: N MG F$: IPO$'F 3-*6FQHQ$RF 6!S: CE6-T- RUC3 6F >:<F >13'B: 9
'B: ;: .#K3@V%6 #DOE#EW
[3p3>587AtkN:=C7i1<3q1<243I936@4=NPt45L3>Ks9RFT/&1<2436`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4Xr1mDNr9H4t93IG1FLN:/9IZ
& ;=: ‹
X AGKYOQK#ISI( N6H#T I[Z ISKG6IS?
/43qNA`‡1243t4FLX:X:39m1‚@=NPt45T3IKs9 127A1=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C9-`j7:G>3Da24FL5T3HO9;FL/4Xz…q/4Fb~r`uN:==37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/WE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
F89612O7i1z…/Fb~]V:3I=/43I5‚G>7:/4/4NA1ptk3W@4=<3>3IKr@413IE
Z,R27i1F89I|"7A5L5‚FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9z7A=<3ME4FL9<7At45L3IEdDa243I/]7:/^\€N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xn9\B9m1<3>K¢=<N:H41FL/43
=<H4/9IZoƒNW931R12FT/4XQ9aFL/&@=NP@O3I=@k3>=C9@O3G$1FLg:3P|45L31H9R3I5L7:tONP=<7A13124F89aF899H43:Z
wq@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9G>7:/dFL/^g:N:VP3zNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K„93>=<g^FLG>3I912=NPH4X:2 Q:KPQG?@7VC
:9<;2;RQ$Z Vo~47AKM@45L3I9JN:`9\^9;13IK„G>7:5T589JFT/4S
G>5THE431<2436N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IK 9;3I=g^F8G39‚`uNP=RG>=37i1<FT/4XM7*@4=NBG>3I9<9>|^FL/P1<3>=<@4=<N^G>3I9<9G>N:KMKzH/4FLGI7i1<FTNP/
|^. : NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9I|^31<G:Zowa`£13I=7
9\B9m1<3>KG>7A5L5
F89FL/^g:N:VP3IEht^\&7:/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/
|41<243z7A=<X:HKr3I/Q1<9RX:FLg:3I/et^\W123z7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nDa24FL5T3FL/^g:NPVQFL/4XM1<243z9\^9;13IK¤GI7A5L5ƒ7A=<3
GC243GCV:3E€•j93>3p’-FLXZ  Z P–Z {q3~^1I|O7r9@k3IGF87A5‡FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/&GI7A5L5T3Eh7 •uN:=a7 –F89R3~B3IG>HB13E‰Zowq9a9NQNP/&7P9
1<243J1=C7A@&FT/9;1=<HG1FLN:/,F89R3~B3GHB1<3IE‰|^1<243627A/E45T3I==<N:H41FL/43pGC27A/4XP3Ib,9f\5 124 36@4=<NBG3`a9] 9~N:b]=R\ 9mJ1C7i\01<_ 3ct`uh&=<N:b2__
K \\ ^ Q)7)5 b CDH`7p1N T7)5GWF7);C HE`
7W•uNP=
Q^ZE 7V5GOZA Q)H<5 C HE`
7†–$|O7:/E,1243p3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/hN:`"1<243p=<3IYQH4FL=3EWV:3I=/3>5‰=<N:HB1<FT/43p9;1<7:=;1C9>ZoR243GC27:/4X:36N:`"KMNBEB3EBH4=<FT/XM7M9\B9m1<3>KyGI7A5L5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

27P9a9GC23>Ks7i1<FLGI7A5L5T\stk3>3I/lEB3>@4F8G$1<3IE&FL/&’-FLXZ  Z 4Z
System call

check parameters
OS Service
(kernel mode) Trap Application Program
(user mode)
system call
next statement

-’ FLX:H4=<38#Wo.0/^g:NBGI7i1FLN:/hNA`ow/€@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs^\B9m1<3>K^3>=<g^FLG>36R2=NPH4X:2&w“^\B9m1<3>K?7:5T5
w1*1243&=F89VN:`qEBFLX:=<3I9<9;FL/4Xe`u=<N:K 123W`uNBGH9rN:`a124F89MEBFL9<GHO99FTNP/
| 5T3>1rHO9zH4/OEB3>=C9m1C7A/E”7A/cFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>Ks9
G>N:/G>3>@B1Zn?3>=1<7:FT/N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9p9HGC2_7:9p27:/EB5LFT/XlEB3>g^F8G3I9I|"G>=37i1<FT/4Xn@4=<NBG3993I9IL| 5L3sN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9I|
31CGAZ&/43>3E€1<NetO3hEBN:/43sFL/
1<243V:3I=/3>5‰KMNBEB3N:/5T\PZR27A1FL9I|7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/n@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9R7:=3p@4=<3>gP3>/Q13EW`u=<N:K¤G>7:==<\^FT/4XrN:H4112439;3pNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9I|7:/E&/43>3E,1<N
=<3IYQH439m11243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X,9;\B9;13IK•£12=NPH4X:2€7&9\^9;13IK G>7A5L5£–a1<N&GI7A=<=\&N:HB1J123*=<3IYQH4FL=3EeN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/
ZpR24F89=<3I9;1=<F8G$1FLN:/€3>/7:t45T39
1<243hVP3>=</43>5f1Nd3>/B`uNP=<G>3hEBF89G>FT@5TFL/43h7:KMN:/4X€E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1M@4=NPX:=C7AKs9pFL/”7:GIG399FT/Xe12439;3hN:Jt 3m3G$1C9>Zd.0/ G>7P9;3h9;HGC2”N:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/O9z7A=<3
/4N:1p@O3I=;`uNP=KM3IE€FT/1<243MV:3>=</43I5-KMNBEB3P|ƒEBFTˆk3I=3I/P1z7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/€@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9KMFTXP2Q1JFL/Q13>=`u3>=<3MDaFb1<2d37:GC2dNA123>= $ 96NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/
Zrw/
3>~B7:KM@45T3sN:`7A/_N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>K Da243>=<3,7:5T5‚NP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9D3I=3s@k3>=`uN:=<KM3IEFT/_HO9;3I=zKMNBEB3WF8961243hN:/G>3s@ONP@4H4587A=NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K p6n•£1<24N:HX:2Wp6rFL9o/3I7A=<5L\zN:tO9;NP5T3>13R/4NiDq–$Z .0/sp6‡|P7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/M@4=<N:XP=<7:Ks9-7:=3R`u=<3>3R1<NzG>7:==<\NPHB1f7A/^\zNP@O3I=<7A1FLN:/
FL/€H93>=6KMNBEB
3 A|
FL/G5LHEBFL/4XnG=C7:924FL/4XW1<243r9\B9m1<3>K t^\lEB3I5T3>1FL/4X,1<243s9;\B9;13IK 5T39>ZR23*FL/9;1<7AtFT5LFb1m\n1<24F89pG>7A/dt4=<FT/4X&7AtkN:HB16F89
G>5T37A=<5T\6H4/7PG>G>3>@B1C7At45L3fFL/z=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3f3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1I|i7A/OEF89ƒH9H7:5T5L\GNP/9;F8EB3I=3E6H4/9<7i1F89;`j7:G$1<N:=<\6FT/*X:3>/3>=C7A5P7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9"7P9ƒD3>5L5vZ
.0/]…/4FT~‰|ƒ7&@4=<N^G>3I9<9J=H4//4FT/X&FL/V:3>=</43I5oKrNBEB3sGI7A/4/4N:1Jtk3s@4=<3>3IKr@413IEdt^\lNA1<243>=p@=NBG3993I9IZ.0/]NA1<243>=6DN:=CE49I|‡1243W…q/4Fb~
VP3>=</43>5‡F89 WFH<W = EF587:7)C EU?LA2O<7>Z/,1<2436NA1<243>=a27:/E‰|^1<243…/4FT~h9\B9m1<3>KyEBN^39R@4=3I3>KM@B1@4=<NBG3993I9=H/4/4FL/4XMFT/&123JHO9;3I=aKrNBEB3PZ‚w
G>N:/93IYQH43I/G3pN:`-1<24F89F89a12O7i1q3Ig:3>/eDa23>/l7M5LNiD @=FLN:=<Fb1m\,@4=NBG>3I9<9aKs7AV:397W9\B9m1<3>K¥GI7A5L5U|1243*24FLX:2n@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,@4=<NBG3993I9aDN:H5LE
27†gP3z1<NeD7:Fb1pH4/Q1<FT5o1<243W9\^9;13IK GI7A5L5otQ\l1243s5LNiD @4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\l@=NBG3996G>N:KM@45L3139>ZW’N:=p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3M7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>|
124F89G>7:H93I967
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\FL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/
Z"R23a5TNP/4X:39m1‚9\^9;13IK GI7A5L5L9oKs7†\z1<7AVP3RH4@M1N93>gP3>=C7A5^2^H4/EB=<3IE49‚NA`‡KrFL5L5TFk9;3GN:/OE49-1NG>N:KM@45L313PZ [dNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3
@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/h1FLKM3I9RNA` 9;3Ig:3I=<7:5O2^H4/E4=3E49NA`"KMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE49RG>7A/&3I7P9;FL5L\WG>7AHO9;3J24FLX:2,@=FLN:=<Fb1m\M1C7:9VB9DaFT12n924N:=1RE43I7:E45TFL/43I9RN:`ƒ1<243
NP=<EB3I=RNA`o7z`u3IDxKMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE491NsKMF8991<243>FL=EB3I7PEB5LFT/439>Z
ƒ31oH9 /4NiD FT/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i1<3:|iDa2^\p123…/4FT~zV:3I=/3>5BDR7:9 EB3I9FLX:/43E1<NJtk3a/4NP/BSv@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3FL/z1<24 3 =C9m1o@4587:G>3:Z-.0/r…q/4Fb~‰|PDa243>/M7
VP3>=</43>5P=NPHB1FL/439;1<7:=;1C9‰1<Nq3~B3GHB1<3:|A7A5L5QFT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9ƒ7:=3fE4FL9<7At45L3IE
Z"R243FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9ƒ7:=3f3>/7:t45T3EpN:/5T\p7i`£1<3>="1243N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X9;\B9;13>K
=<N:HB1<FT/3GN:KM@45L31<3I9IZ-R2FL9fD7P9o7pg:3I=\3
GFL3>/Q1fDR7†\NA`‡@4=<3I93>=<gQFL/4XJ123FT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\zNA`k123V:3I=/43I5E47A1<7p9;1=<HG$1<H4=39>Z-. 19<7†g:3E1<243
NigP3>=<243I7PE49"7P99NBGF87i1<3IEDaFT12s9311FL/4Xp7A/E*=3I5T37:9FT/XN:`O5LN^GCVB9o7:/Ez=<3I9H45T13EzFL/*5LNiD3>=o7†g:3I=<7:X:3o1C7:9V@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/z1<FTKM39>ZoR24NPH4X:2
7M/4NP/BS @4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3JVP3>=</43>5
GI7A/n=<3I9H45b1aFL/eDNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3q1<7P9;Vh=39;@kN:/93J1FLKM3pNA`oH4@&1NW7s93IG>N:/E‰|BFT1qDR7:9aG>N:/9FLE43>=<3IE&7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3
t^\1243&…/4FT~cEB3I9FLX:/43I=<9IZlw1z1<27i1*1FLKr3P|o123h…/Fb~cEB39;FLX:/43I=<9zEBFLE”/4NA1z`uN:=<3I93>3WH9<7AXP3WNA`q…q/4FT~]FL/c=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
q`fG>N:H4=C9;3P|FT1JG>N:H458En27†g:3ztO3I3>/l@kNP9<9;FLt45L3p1Nh3>/9H4=<3zGNP==<3IG1/4399RN:`‚V:3I=/43I5"E47A1<7W9;1=<HG1H4=<3I9qtQ\&H9FT/X,5LN^GCVB97A1J7:@4@4=<N:@4=<FL7A13
@4587:G>3I9q=<7A1243I=q1<27A/€E4FL9<7At45LFL/4XWFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9I|‡t4HB16Fb1JDNPH45LEl27†g:3=<3I9H45T13EeFT/€FT/G>=37:9FT/Xs1243M7†g:3I=<7:X:3J1<7P9;Vn@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/e1<FTKM3PZ
.0/]^3IG:Z  Z [OZ [WD3zFL/^g:39m1<FTXQ7i13z24NiD KMN^E43>=</l=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>Ks9KM7:V:3z1243*V:3>=</43I5"@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3*DaFb1<24N:HB1J12=NPH4X:2
H936NA` V:3I=/43I5bS 5L3>g:3I5‰7A/E&9;@FT/n5LN^GCVB9IZ
†zŒ ƒ}o•xB0y7z 6xt€sr~s<y7uLnvzm …nvzs<Dn,{s<n}Œ#nv‡ srqƒ“xty7nvz0y  svpvsBrtzsmJƒ}z{/wu~srLDn2{asBuSƒ}rts<y7z{y7utxty7z‚vwy7ut€0ƒ}‰m7sv

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

& ; 
6G ( T=C‘OQK9TAjKTH
ŠI I”?BR
.0/,1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5O…q/4Fb~,9\B9m1<3>Ks9I|Q=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a1<7P9;VB9G>7:/W/4NA1tO367:9<9FTXP/43IEW9;1<7A1F8G@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\rgi7A5LH43I9IZ‚^N^N:/,7A`£13>=R7@=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=f931C9
7*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*gi7:5TH43`uN:=a71<7:9V‡|Q1243JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xr9;\B9;13IKV:3>3I@9N:/h7:5b1<3>=<FT/XzFT1aE4H4=FL/4Xz1243pGNPH4=C9;3N:`ƒ3~B3GHB1<FTNP/,NA`ƒ12431<7P9;V‡ZoR24F89
Ks7AVP3I9oFT1fgP3>=<\*EBF
GH45T1f1<Nz9GC23IEBH45L3=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3R1<7:9VB9oH9FT/Xz7A5LX:NP=FT124Ks9‚9HGC2s7:9 4Œlw‹NP= VfJ’|Q9FL/G3tkNA1<2M12439;39GC243EBH45L3>=C9
7P99H4KM31<27i1RN:/G>31C7:9V*@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT397:=3q7P99FLX:/43E‰|PFT1a9;24NPH458Es/4NA1Rtk3J7:5b1<3>=<3IEMt^\W7A/^\rNA123>=@7A=1<9NA`
1<243qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X*9\B9m1<3>KnZ . 1
F89RFT/O9m1<=HG1FLg:361<NrH/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE,Da2^\h…q/4FT~h/43I3IE491<NWEB\^/7AKMF8G>7A5L5L\WGC27A/4XP3J1243p@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7A5LH439RNA`-1<7:9VB9>Z
…q/4Fb~HO9;39"=<N:H/E=<N:t4FL/z9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4XJNA`41C7:9VB9"DaFT12*KzH45T1FL5L3>g:3I5^`u3>3EBt7:GCV‡Z".0/12FL9o9<GC243>KM3P|†1243R9GC23IEBH45L3>=o7:==C7A/4XP3I9‡1C7:9VB9"FL/
K*H45b1<FT5L3>gP3>5kYPH3>H439f7:9f9;24NiDa/MFL/W’-FTXOZ  Z [OZ-w13>g:3I=\*@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/M@ONPFT/Q1I|P1239<GC243IEBH5T3I=f9GI7A/9o1243K*H45T1FL5T3Ig:3>5kYQH43>H43`u=NPK 1<243
1<N:@€•j24FTXP243I9;1f@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\4–o7:/EW93>5L3IG$1C9o1<2431C7:9Vr7A1‚1243J2437:EMNA`‰1<2463 O=<9;1f/4NP/BSv3IKM@B1m\rYQH43IH43:<Z V7:GC2r1<7P9;VMF89f7A5L5LNiD3Ez1<Nz=<H4/M`uN:=7
4~B3Ep1FLKM3aYPHO7A/Q1H4K¥•uN:="1FLKM3a9;5LFLG>3–"7i1‚7q1FLKr3PZ-…q/4FT~z/4N:=<Ks7A5L5T\6H93I9-NP/4393IG>N:/Ep1FLKr3a95TF8G3PZ-R2O7i1 FL9I|AFT`123=<H4/4/4FL/4XJ@4=<N^G>3I9<9
EBN^39/NA1at45LN^GCVsNP=aGN:KM@45L31<3DaFT12FT/nN:/3J93IG>N:/E,NA`"FT1<9R9;1<7:=;1<FT/4Xr3~B3GHB1<FTNP/
|BFb1aF89@4=3I3>KM@B1<3IE&7A/E,1243p9<GC243IE4H45T3I=93>5L3IG1<91<243
/43>~^1a1<7:9Vs`uNP=EBFL9@7A1<GC24FL/4XZo…q/4Fb~n9;\B9;13IKy24NiD3>gP3>=R7A5L5TNiD9aG>N:J/ XPH4=<FT/4X*123EB3`j7:H45b1NP/43p9;3GNP/EW1<FTKM395TF8G3E4H4=FL/4X `
L`,ba_d
R23V:3I=/43I5
@4=<3>3IKr@41<97s@=NBG399a127A1EBN^3I9a/NA1G>N:KM@45L313zDaFb1<24FT/eFT1<9J7:9<9FTXP/43IE,1FLKM3*YQH7A/Q1<H4Kn|=<3IGNPKM@4HB139
FT1<_19oh”@_=\5FLN:J=<b2Fb1mct]9\P|Ah 7A /ErFL/93>=1<9 FT1‚t7:GCVFL/Q1N6N:/3N:`O1<243a@4=<FTNP=FT1m\YQH43>H3I9oEB3I@O3I/EBFL/4XN:/*123a=3GN:KM@4H413IE*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\pgi7A5LH43aNA`k123R1<7:9V‡Z
Tasks Priority Level

2
Task Queues

6
-’ FTXPH4=3 [9W ŒlH45b1<FbS•
3Ig:3I5ƒ’43I3IEBt7PGCVXH43IH43I9
…q/4Fb~l@k3>=<FLN^E4FLGI7A5L5T\lG>N:KM@4HB1<3I91243M@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\nNA`7W1C7:9Vet7:93IE€N:/l1<243r1m\^@O3MNA`f1243r1<7P9;Vl7:/ElFT1<9J3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/d2FL9;1NP=\PZR243
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:` 7*1<7P9;Vd•
U–F89a=<3IGNPKM@4HB13Eh7A1a1243p3I/EhNA` Fb1C*9 3012&1FLKM39;5LF8G3pH9FT/X*1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4X*1mDNr3>~B@4=399FLN:/29 W
  $•
^– =^•
v–  s•
Q!– #" %$D^•
j– &'&(&•  & § –
 M)•
*+,^-–  M•
5 /. § –   M)•
*5 +,/. § – &(&'&I•  &75:–
Da243I=3   $•
+,^–FL9123r@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nN:`f123z1C7:90V
*R7A11<243M3>/EdNA`fFT1<19 
+2€1FLKM3s9;5LFLG>43 35s•
Q–F891243MHB1<FT5LFT7i1<FTNP/€NA`1243r1C7:9V

o`uNP=FT1<96
+2l1FLKr3r9;5LF8G3:|‰7:/7E  M)•
*8,^–FL9q1243rD3>FLX:2Q13En24FL9;1NP=\nN:`?Žf…“H41FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/lN:`‚1243z1<7P9;9V
f7A11<243z3I/ElN:`‚Fb1C9
301<2e1FLKM3z9;5LF8G3:6Z =^•
 –aF89R1243*t7:93p@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,N:` 1243p1C7:9V)•
 –a7:/9 E " %$D^•
 –RF89a1<243/4F8G3zg†7:5TH3z7:9<9;NBG>FL7A13IE&DaFT102
 Z…9;3I=
@4=<NBG3993I9JG>7:/€27†gP3*/4NP/BS /43>XQ7i1FLg:3z/4FLG>3Mg†7:5TH3I9IZzR2^H9>|ƒ3ˆ‡3IG$1<FTgP3>5L\n1243M/4F8G3Mgi7A5LH43r5TNiD3>=C9q1243M@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ngi7A5LH43MNA`7h@4=<N^G>3I9<9
•jFUZ 3:Zotk3>FL/4Xs/4F8G361<N*1<243pNA1<243>=a@=NBG3993I9C–$|
V‚~^@=IZ  7Z 5*27:9Rtk3>3I/&=<3IG>H4=C9;FLg:3I5T\WEB,3 /43E‰Z‚…/B`uNP5LE4FT/4XM1<243p=<3IGH=<9FTNP/
|^D36XP321 W
 M)•
*+,^–  M•
 5 :. § –  M)•
 ,[ /.5P– ;&'&(& &'&(&>•  & P–
. 1GI7A/stk33I7P9;FL5L\*93>3>/M`u=<N:K Vo~B@4=Z  Z J1<27i1FT/M1<243G>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/MN:`k1<243D3>FLX:2Q13EM24F89m1<N:=<\zNA`"?Ž… HB1FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/sN:`‰7p1<7:9V‡|A1<243
7PG$1FLg^Fb1m\d•uFvZ 3PZo@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XMN:=R. :6–N:`"1<24361<7P9;VWFL/&1243pFLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\hGNP/G5LHEB3E,FL/Q13I=gi7A5‰F89aXPFTgP3>/W1<243pKs7i~BFLKzH4K¥D3IFTXP2P1C7AXP3:Z
<

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 . `o71C7:9VWH93I9RH4@l?Žf…x`uNP=R1243J`uH45L5ƒEBH4=C7i1<FTNP/,N:`-FT1<9a7:5T5LNA113IE,1FLKM3p9;5LFLG>3s•uFvZ 3PZ § ""
?Žf… HB1<FT5LFT7i1<FTNP/O–$|B1<243>/  M•)
,^–F89
G>N:KM@4HB1<3IE]•ut^\ V‚~^@=IZ  Z P–f1<NstO37r24FLX:2ngi7A5LH43  FL/EBF8G>7i1<FT/XM7r5LNiD3I=FL/4XrNA`-1243p@=FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:`ƒ1<24361<7P9;V‡Z/h1243pN:1243I=a27A/E
|
FT`
123q1C7:9V*FLKMKr3EBF87i13Jt45LNBGCV:3IEs`uN:=f. P 7:99;N^NP/W7:9Fb1a9m1C7A=13EsGN:KM@4H41FL/4XrE4H4=FL/4X*Fb1C97:5T5LNA113IEs1FLKr3695TF8G3P|P1<243>/9 M•
 ,^–
DN:H458Entk3*GNPKM@4HB13Ee7:97s5TNiD gi7A5LH43:|kFL/EBF8G>7i1<FT/X,7A/eFL/G=<3I7P9;3pN:`o1243z@4=FLN:=<FT1m\,NA`o1<243p1C7:9VkZtO9;3I=gP36127A11243r7:G1FLgQFT1FL3I9qNA`
1<243r1<7:9VlFL/€1<243s@4=<3IG>3IEBFL/4X&FT/Q13I=gi7:5L9JX:3>1p@4=NPX:=<3I9<9;FLg:3I5T\&5LNiD3I=D3>FLX:2Q1<7:X:3PZz. 19;2N:H458E€tk3sG5L3I7:=1<27i1  M)•
 Q–JGI7A@B1<H4=39
1<243pD3IFTXP2Q13IEh24F89m1<N:=<\WNA`‚?Žf… HB1<FT5LFLI7i1<FTNP/hN:`"1<24361<7P9;V
 7A1R1243p3I/E&NA`"FT1<<9 3012n1FLKM39;5LF8G3:Z
{qNiDp|49;H4tO9m1<Fb1<HB1FL/4X Vo~B@4=  Z rFL/ V‚~B@4=IZ  Z § |BD36X:3>21 W
  $•
 ,^– = E^)•
 –  M•
5 :. § –  M)•
*+,[ /.5P– ;&'&(&  " %$D^•
 – &'&(&I•  & [Q–
R243J@4H4=<@kNP93N:`ƒ123JtO7:93@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\r13I=K )• 2 ^•
 ––FT/h12436@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/&3~B@4=<3I9<9;FLN:/de• Vo~B@4=Z  Z [Q–fFL91<NME4FTg^F8EB3
7:5T5B1C7:9VB9oFT/Q1<N7p9;3>1‚NA&` 4~B3IErt7:/E49oN:`‡@=FLN:=<Fb1m\z5T3Ig:3>589IZo/G>37J1<7P9;VF89f7P99FLX:/43E1<N76@4=FLN:=<FT1m\5T3Ig:3I5U|PFb1fF89o/4N:1f@kNP9<9;FLt45L3R`uN:=o1<243
1C7:9Vz1<NzKMNig:3aNPHB1f`u=<N:KFb1C97P99FLX:/43EMt7A/Er1<NzN:1243I=f@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ztO7A/E49EBH43q1NzE4\Q/O7AKMFLGq@4=<FTNP=FT1m\z=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/O9>Z R243gi7A5LH439
N:` s•
 Q–7A/E " %$D^•
 –GN:KM@kN:/43I/Q1<97:=3sEB3I5TFLtO3I=<7A13I5T\=39m1<=F8G$1<3IEd1Netk3,9Ks7A5L5f3>/N:H4XP2d1<Ne@4=<3>g:3I/Q1z7n@4=NBG>3I9<96`u=NPK„KMFTS
XP=<7A1FL/4XR`u=NPK Fb1C9"7P99FTXP/43IE6tO7A/E‰Z-R243ftO7A/E49ƒ27†g:3ftO3I3>/zEB39;FLX:/3IEJ1NN:@B1<FTKMFL>3. : GNPKr@5T3>1FLN:/p1<FTKM3I9I|†3I9@O3GF87A5L5T\6t45LNBGCV. P*Z
\^/7AKMF8G*=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1<FTNP/dN:`@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39DR7:96KMN:1FLg†7A13E€`u=<N:K¢1243M`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XnG>N:/9F8EB3>=C7i1<FTNP/
Zr…q/4FT~EB39;FLX:/43I=<96NPt93>=<g:3IE
1<27i1WFL/‹7A/^\cGNPKr@HB13I=W9;\B9;13>Kn|. :1=C7A/9;`u3>=M=C7i13nF89M@4=<FTKs7A=<FL5T\c=<3I9@kN:/9FTt5T3h`uN:=W7:/Q\ 9;5LNiDy=<3I9@ONP/93,1<FTKM3:Z¦Žf=NBG>3I9<9;NP=<9
7:=3r3~^1=<3>KM3I5T\n`j7P9m1GNPKM@7A=<3IEl1N&1243r1<=<7:/9m`u3I=6=<7A13I9JN:`. :EB3>g^F8G3I9IZ*3>587†\lG>7:H93IEdtQ\e. P 1=C7A/O9m`u3I=<9123>=<3`uN:=<3M7A=<3z1<243
tkNA115L3>/43GCV,FL/n7PGC24FL3>g^FT/Xz`j7P9m1<3>=a1C7:9VW=39;@kN:/O9;3J1FLKM3I9IZ‚ƒNsKMFT1FLXP7A13J124F89@=NPt45T3IKn|BFb1F89EB39;FL=<7:t45L31<NMV:3>3I@n. : GC2O7A/4/43I5L9a7P9
t4HO9;\,7P9R@ONQ99FLt45T3PZ‚R24F89G>7:/htk37:GC24FL3>gP3IE,tQ\h7:9<9;FLX:/4FL/4Xr123J. P tkN:H4/OE,1C7:9VB9R24FTXP2h@=FLN:=<Fb1<FT39>Z
w9-7:5T=<3I7PEB\6KM3>/Q1FLN:/43E‰|A…/Fb~z2O7:9 7931 NA`k@4=<FTNP=FT1m\6t7A/E9ƒ1<NDa2FLGC2rEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 1m\^@O39-NA`41C7:9V^9 7:=37:9<9;FLX:/43E‰Z"R23EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\rt7A/OE49H4/EB3I=R…q/4FT~WFT/&EB3IG>=37:9FT/4XzN:=CEB3>=NA`ƒ@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT397:=3 W-9D7:@4@k3>=|Pt45LNBGCVM. :*| 5T3JKs7A/4FL@4H4587i1<FTNP/
|BGC27A=C7:G13I=f. :
7:/E]EB3>g^F8G3,G>N:/Q1=<N:5v|ƒ7A/OE]H9;3I=@4=<NBG3I9<93I9IZ,"7P9;VB96@k3>=`uN:=<KMFT/4Xet5TNBGCV€. P 7:=3s7P99FTXP/43IEd1<243W24FLX:2439m1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\€t7A/E
Z HB1|
Da243I/7:=3ht45LN^GCV_. P¤=<3IYQH4FL=3 E ¢"NdXPFTgP3&7:/”3>~B7:KM@45T3&NA`t45TNBGCV_. P*| G>N:/9F8EB3>=r123h. P¥127A1sN^GIGH4=C9rDa24FL5T3&27A/OEB5TFL/4X]7
@7:X:3z`j7AH45T1JFL/d7,g^FT=1H7:5"KM3IKrNP=\e9\B9m1<3>Kn
Z 5LNBGCV&. P H93I9JŒlwSvtO7:93IEn1<=<7:/9m`u3I=I|‰7:/Ee243I/G3rKs7AV:393
G>FT3I/Q1JH93zN:`f. :
GC27:/4/43I5UZ,?27:=<7PG$13I=6. :FL/G>5THE43I9pKMN:HO9;3s7A/OE€VP3>\^tONQ7A=CEe1<=<7:/9m`u3I=<9IZsR243M@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lt7:/E496D3>=<3ME43I9FTXP/43IE€1Nn@4=<Nig^FLEB3r1<243
KMNP9;1a3ˆ‡3IG1FLg:3pH936NA`-1243p. P GC27:/4/43>589IZ
"N*VP3>3I@W123J. P GC27:/4/43>589t4H9\:|47:/Q\M1C7:9Vs@O3I=;`uNP=KMFL/4Xr. : 924N:H5LEh/4NA1Rtk3pV:3>@41DR7AFT1FL/4Xrg:3>=<\s5LN:/4X*`uN:=q?Žf…zZ4’4NP=1<24F89
=<3I7P9;NP/
|O7P99N^N:/€7P9q7s1C7:9Vnt45TNBGCVB9q`uN:=q. P*|OFT1<9@4=<FTNP=FT1m\&FL9JFL/G=<3I7P9;3EntQ\&1<243z@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\&=3GNPKr@HB1<7A1FLN:/l=<H45L3zX:FLg:3I/eFT@/ Vo~B@4=Z
 Z [O Z qNiD3Ig:3I=I|4FT`f7r1<7P9;V&Ks7AVP3I9R`uH45L5-H9;3zNA`‚FT1<9587:9;17P99FTXP/43IEh1<FTKM3*95LFLG>3:|FT1F89qE4313I=KMFL/43IEe1NWtk3zGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/BS tkN:H4/Ee7:/E
FT1<9R@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\MF89=<3IE4HG3E‰ZoR2QHO9f1<2436t7:9F8Gq@42FT5LNP9N:@42^\MNA` …/4FT~WN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>KF89f1<27i1R1<2436FT/Q13I=<7PG$1<FTgP31<7P9;VB9R7A=<3qKs7PEB3q1<N
7P99H4KM3p24FLX:243I=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,5L3>gP3>5897A/Ee7:=3p@=NBG3993IEn7A1a1243*3I7A=<5LFT39m1ZR24F89XPFTgP3I91<243zFL/Q13>=C7:G1FLg:36H93>=C9aX:N^NBEn=<3I9@ONP/9;361<FTKM3PZ
R24F89o1<3IGC24/FLYQH4327:9o/NiDtk3IG>N:KM3q7:/,7:GIG3>@413IEMDR7†\zN:`
9GC243EBH45LFT/Xz9;N:`£1f=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr31<7:9VB9‚7:G>=NQ99f7A5LKrNQ9m1f7:5T5k7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3aXP3>/43I=<7:5
@4H=@kNP936N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xs9\^9;13IKs9>|49HGC2n7:9aŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1 $ 9[‹FL/EBNiD9aNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ
[3*GI7A/e/4NiD 9;1<7i1<3`u=<N:K¥1243r7AtkNig:3pNPt9;3I=gi7A1FLN:/9127A1q123zNig:3I=<7:5T5‰3>ˆk3G$1JNA`‚@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/eN:` 1<7:9V&@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
gi7A5LH439RH9;FL/4X Vo~B@4=Z  Z [MFL97P9`uN:5L5TNiD
9 W
 F G5F3: I Q3RF6!S: C 13'B: 'J: LRHC.0!?1)E%6;: *F# EC 6)#/ 
<: FE$F#: N %6 #.O.#   ! : >0' 6   3: >*$'
6FQ $: >0 3' 1$'J: 'B: R- DN 3- #  3'4E6 # VG 9%<: FE$F#: N %6 .# O.#?6$'(! 6Q$  #/. $OP-   $
' 13'B: 'J: LR
- .N$- #EW
{qNrEBNPH4tB1127A1R1243p7A@@4=NQ7:GC2M1C7AV:3I/,t^\W…/Fb~,F89g:3I=\s7A@@4=NP@4=<FL7A13`uNP=RKM7A~BFTKMFL>FL/4Xz1<24367†g:3>=C7AXP3a1<7P9;VM1<24=<N:H4XP24@4HB1|^7:/E
BE N^39aFT/OEB3>3En@4=Nig^F8EB36X:N^NBEn7†g:3>=C7AXP3=<3I9@kN:/93I91<FTKM3p1<NsFT/Q13I=<7PG$1<FTgP3M•U9;N:`£1q=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3†–1<7P9;VB9IZf.0/&`j7:G1I|O7:5TKMNQ9m13Ig:3>=<\WKMNBEB3>=</
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xd9\B9m1<3>KEBN^3I9*g:3I=\_9FTKMFL5L7:=sEB\^/7AKMF8GW=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/ NA`1<243,1C7:9V]@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9z1NKM7A~BFTKMFL>3h1243&Nig:3I=<7:5T59;\B9;13>K
1<24=NPH4X:2@4HB1J7:/En1<N,@4=<Nig^FLEB3zX:N^NBEe7†g:3>=C7AXP3p=39;@kN:/O9;3p1<FTKM3z1NW1<243rFT/Q13I=<7PG$1<FTgP3p1<7P9;VB9IZ/NiD3>gP3>=|B`uN:=J27:=<Ee=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p1<7P9;VB9I|


Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

EB\^/7:KMFLGR924Fb`£1<FT/XJN:`O@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\pgi7A5LH439 FL9oG>5T37A=<5T\6FL/7A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3:|A7P9 Fb1o@4=<3>gP3>/Q1<9"1<7P9;VB9-tk3>FL/4Xp9GC243EBH45L3IEr7i1o24FLX:2r@4=<FTNP=FT1m\p5T3Ig:3I5L9I|
7:/Eh7:5L9NM@4=<3>g:3I/Q1<9R9GC23IEBH45LFL/4XMH4/EB3I=@ONP@4H4587A=a=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9V,9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4Xs7A5LX:NP=FT124Ks9R9HGC2&7PD9 VfJ’”7:/E 4qŒlwZ
& ;& fH 6ILK; I

CTI”GCTI”RA‘G/T
[3M27†g:3r9;Nh`j7A=pEBF89G>H9<9;3Ee1mDNhXP5L7:=FL/4Xh924NP=;1CGN:KMFL/4XP9qNA`R…/4FT~€FL/€27:/EB5LFT/4X&1<243*=<3IYQH4FL=<3>KM3>/Q1<9JN:`f=37A5TSU1<FTKM3M7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/92W
EB\^/7:KMFLGJ@4=<FTNP=FT1m\s=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/9R7:/E,/N:/BS @4=<3>3>KM@B1C7At45L3JV:3>=</43I5UZ [3p/4NiD EBF89G>H9<9a7z`u3ID N:1243I=EB(3 OG>FT3I/GFL3I9RN:`-…q/4Fb~h127A1
G>=NP@hH4@nDa24FL5L31<=\^FL/4Xr1NsH93p…/4FT~hFL/n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
(h` 
P^ce_1h&b_gLct^!_ \0ceg9_\
1*]\b4 .0/c…/4FT~‹•u=<3>KM3>K*tO3I=p127A1zD3,7A=<3M1<7:5TV^FL/4XeN:=p1<243WNP=FLX:FL/7A5‚…q/4FT~_^\B9;13IK 6–
EB3Ig^FLG>3JEB=<FLg:3>=C9=H4/hFT/hV:3I=/43I5‡KrNBEB3PZoR243>=<3`uNP=3P|QFT`"9H4@4@kN:=1`uNP=a7z/43ID EB3IgQF8G3JF89f1<NMtO367:E4E43IE‰|^1<243>/,1243pEB=<FTgP3>=KMN^E4H45T3627P9
1<Nhtk3M5TFL/4V:3Ee1<N,1<243*VP3>=</43>5-KMNBEBH45L3I9  /43IG>3I9<9;FT1<7A1FL/4Xh7&9\^9;13IK X:3I/43>=C7i1<FTNP/€9m1<3>@
Zw9p7W=<3I9H45T1I|‰@4=<Nig^FLEBFL/4X&9;H4@@ONP=;1J`uN:=67
/43ID E43>g^FLG>36FT/e7A/n7A5L=<3I7:E4\WEB3>@45LNi\:3Eh7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/hF89aGH4K*tO3I=<9N:KM3PZ
0 S .0/d…q/4FT~‡L| 5T3rt45LNBGCV^9J7A=<3M7A5L5TNBG>7A13El7:967A/OElDa243I/l123>\l7A=<3z=<3IYQH439m1<3IE€tQ\l7:/d7:@BS
@435L#F8G>^Z7i. 1<FTNP] /
 Zwq_ 96 7&1 +ŠGNPctdP/9;_3YQH43>c e/_ G>3:1L|‡_Da\24gLFLce5T^3M_17,`4 1<7:9VeF89Da=<FT1FL/4XW1<N&7 5L3:|‰FT16Ks7†\n3>/OGN:H/P1<3>=p7A/€3>=<=NP=Da243I/l1<243rE4FL9Ve=H/9JN:HB16NA`
9@7:G>3:Z .0/nNA1<243>=aDN:=CE49I|Q/NrXPH7A=C7A/Q1<3>3JFL9RXPFTgP3>/h127A1qEBFL9V,9@7:G>36DNPH45LEhtk37†g†7:FT587At5T3JDa243>/e7*1<7P9;V,Da=FT139a7*t5TNBGCVs1<NW|7 O5T3PZ
"=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5 5L3Da=FT1FL/4X,7:@4@4=<NP7PGC243I9a7:5L9Ns=39;H5b1FL/€95TNiD Da=FT1399FT/G>3=<3IYQH4FL=3E&9@7PG327P9R1N,tO3z7:5T5LNBG>7A13IEntk3`uNP=3pDa=<FT1FL/4X
7,t45TNBGCV‡Z6w/4N:1243I=@4=<N:t5T3IK¤DaFT12€1243*1=C7:E4Fb1<FTNP/7AS5 5T3M9\^9;13IKs9qF891<27i16t45LNBGCV^9qNA`o1<243r9<7AKM|3 5T3rKs7†\h/NA16tO3MGNP/P1<FTXPH4N:HO9;5L\
5LNBG>7i1<3IE”N:/c1<243eEBF89;V‡Z”R24F89rDNPH458Ec=<3I9H45b1MFL/ =<3I7PEcN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9z1<7AV^FL/4X€H/4@4=<3IEBF8G$1C7At45L3&1FLKr39>|=39;H5b1<FT/4XdFT/ 3mFT1;13I=sFT/ E47A1<7
7PG>G399IZq.0/d=37A5TSU1<FTKM|3 5T3r9;\B9;13IKM9J9FTXP/4F kG>7A/Q1J@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7A/OG3FLKM@4=NigP3>KM3>/Q1GI7A/dtO3r7:GC24FL3>gP3IEet^\e9m1<N:=<FT/X 5L3I96GNP/P1<FTXPH4N:HO9;5L\
NP/,1<243EBF89;V‡Zf^FL/G361<243 5L39;\B9;13IK @4=<3I7A5L5LN^GI7i1<3I9R9;@O7:G3P|^124361<FTKM39R`uN:=a=<3I7PE,7A/OEhDa=<FT136N:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/9a7A=<3KMNP=36@4=<3IEBF8G$1C7At45L3:Z
.0/”…q/4FT~]9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|-=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3M1<FTKM3I=r9H4@4@kN:=1FL9zFT/O9;H
G>FT3I/P1*`uN:=Ks7:/Q\27:=<E
=<(h3I7: 5bSv1_ FLKM 3J7Aba@4_2@45L+ŠF8G>ce7idP1<FTNP_/\ 9IZ1L_R\24gL3rce^G_5LNB` GCV,1*=<3I9N:5L]HB\1bFLN: /&12O7i1qF89@4=<Nig^FLE43IEh1N,7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9aF89 § "MKMFL5T5LF 9;3GN:/OE49>|Da24FLGC2eF89a1<N^N,GNQ7A=C9;3
`uNP=aKM7:/^\W27A=CEh=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
  (e™  "+p¡" ›   ›  !#"k˜™>š % › $ &d›q'ž  )™ (+* œ ,,¡ -›qš ¡
[3z27†gP3z7A5L=<3I7:E4\h93>3>/€FT/e1<243r@4=3Ig^FTNPH993IG$1<FTNP/e12O7i1q1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5"…/Fb~l9\^9;13IKs97:=3/NA1J9H4FT1<7:t45T3`uN:=JtO3IFT/4XhH93IEeFL/l27:=<E
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM367:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z-.0/&124F8993IG1FLN:/
|BD3pEBFL9<GHO991<243pEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1q7:@4@4=<NP7:GC23I9f127A1R2O7†g:36tO3I3>/&H4/EB3I=;1C7AVP3>/h1NMKs7AV:3p…q/4Fb~
9H4FT1<7At5T3J`uN:=q=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ
6;=:  HJISGR1TAGR ' A ' I ' K  /T•H#TAG<?‘G/T ‹
Z ILKGIS?
w /O7AFLg:3z7A1;13IKM@B1qKs7:EB3zFT/n1<243z@7P9m1a1<NWKs7AVP361=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5ƒ…/Fb~l9H4Fb1C7At45L3p`uNP==37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9aD7P9at^\&7PE4EBFL/4X,9N:KM3
<= 3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,G>7:@7At4FL5LFb1<FT39zNigP3>=1<243,tO7:9FLG,V:3>=</43I5UZR243I93h7PE4EBFT1FLN:/7:5T5L\]FTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1<3IE”GI7A@7:t4FL5TFT1FL3I9*FT/OG5LHEB3IE”=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s1<FTKM3I=
9H4@4@kN:=1I|47r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr31<7P9;VW9<GC243EBH45L3>=Rt4H4FL5b1NigP3>=1243p…q/4Fb~n9GC23IEBH45L3>=|^31CGAZjNiD3>gP3>=|:1<243I9363~^13I/9FTNP/9REBNM/4NA17:EEB=3991<243
`uH4/OE47AKM3>/Q1C7A54@4=<N:t5T3IKM9 DaFT12r1<243…/4FT~s9;\B9;13>K“127A1‚D3I=3R@kN:FL/P1<3IErN:H41‚FT/r123a5L7P9m1f93IG1FLN:/ 3P/7AKM3>5L\:|:/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3RV:3I=/43I5
7:/E_EB\^/7AKMF8GM@4=<FTNP=FT1m\l5L3>g:3I5L9IZn{NeDN:/EB3I=p12O7i1*9H4@k3>== OGF87A5‚3>~^13>/O9;FLN:/9p1Ne1<243,G>7:@7AtFT5LFb1<FT39pNA`R1<243,…/Fb~]V:3I=/43I5‚DaFT124NPHB1
7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4Xl1<243h`uH4/E47:Kr3I/Q1<7A5E4(3 OG>FT3I/GFL3I9rNA`q1243e…/Fb~”9\B9m1<3>KŠ`u3>5L5aDaF8EB3e9;24NP=;1rNA`1<243n=3YQH4FT=<3>KM3I/P1C9zN:`q27:=<E”=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
6;  ‹ARHY ' *K#UjIH N/NK#A-*C!
qNP9;1;Sv1<7A=<X:3>1NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>Ks967A=<3*@kN:@H45L7:=5L\ntO3IFT/XnE43>@45LNi\:3ElFL/d3IKztk3IE4EB3Ed7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Zz.0/€1<24FL9p7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2
|1<243M=37A5TS
1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/dE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q16FL96EBNP/43*NP/7h24NQ9m16Ks7:GC24FL/43:Z*R243M24NP9;1JKs7PGC24FT/3*F89J3>FT1243I=7W1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5 …/Fb~€NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KN:=67W[‹FL/EBNiD9J9;\B9;13IK&Z6R243*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/lFL9JEB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IElN:/e1<243*2NP9;1J7A/OEe123*EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IE€7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/lF89
EBNiDa/5TNQ7:EB3E]N:/Q1N€7l1<7:=XP31ztkNP7:=<E]1<27i1rFL9z1NdtO3&3>K*tO3E4EB3E_FT/7e=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3&9;\B9;13IK&Zw 4JŒnS =39;F8EB3I/P1r9;Ks7A5L5=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
VP3>=</43>5‰F89RH93IE&FT/&1<24361<7:=XP31RtONQ7A=CE‰ZoR24FL9q7A@4@4=<NP7PGC2,27P9a9GC23>Ks7i1<FLGI7A5L5T\stk3>3I/n924NiDa/&FT/e’-FLXZ  Z  Z
§"

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ROM−resident
operating system

TCP/IP

Embedded
Host System processor

"’ FLX:H=3  W‚BGC23>Ks7i1<FLG84a3I@4=<3I93>/Q1<7A1FLN:/,N:` 7 qNP9;1;S0"7:=XP31^\B9m1<3>K

Target Board

R243MKs7AFL/FLEB37,tk3>2FT/Ed1<24FL9p7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2€F89q1<27i1p1<243M=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK¢=<H4/4/4FL/4XnN:/d1243r1C7A=<X:316tkNP7A=CEl/3>3IE9
1<N,tk3zV:3I@B1J7P9q9Ks7A5L5"7A/OEl9;FLKM@45L3*7:9q@ONQ99FLt45T3PZqR24F89qFLKM@45LFT391<27i11243*N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X,9\B9m1<3>K¤N:/e1<2431C7A=<X:3>1qtONQ7A=CEnDNPH458En5L7PGCV
g^FL=;1<H7A5‡KM3>KMN:=<\MKs7A/7:X:3>KM3I/P1a9H4@4@kN:=1I|^/43>FT123>=RDNPH458EWFT1a9H4@4@kN:=1a7A/^\MHB1FL5TFT1FL3I9a9HGC2&7:9RGNPKr@FT5L3>=C9>|^@4=<N:XP=<7:K 3EBFT1N:=C9I|Q3>1<G:Z
R243p@=NBG399N:=N:/h12361<7A=<X:3>1atONQ7A=CE,DN:H458Eh=H4/h123p=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>KnZ
R24324NQ9m1o9;\B9;13IK“FL9 7J…/4FT~zNP=-[‹FL/EBNiD9;S t7:93IE9\B9m1<3>K 9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4X1243R@4=<N:XP=<7:K E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1 3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1|iFT/OG5LHEBFL/4X
G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=<9I|‡3IEBFT1NP=<9I|‰5TFLt4=C7A=<\:|‰G=<NP9<9;S G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=<9I|kE43>t4H4XPX:3I=<931CGAZzR2439;3M7A=<3zKM3IKrNP=\lE43>Ks7A/E4FT/4Xn7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/91<27i16=3YQH4FT=<3
g^FL=;1<H7A5oKM3>KMNP=\€9H4@4@kN:=1IZsR243M24NQ9m1F896H9H7A5L5L\€GNP/4/43IG13El1<Nn1243M1C7A=<X:316H9FT/Xn7n93>=<FL7:5o@ONP=;1pNP=7&q?Ž †.mŽ GNP/4/43IG1FLN:/
•U9;3I3r’-FLXZ  Z  –ZJR243r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*@4=<N:X:=C7AK¤F89EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3ElN:/l1243r24NP9;1IZ6. 16FL91<243>/G=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3IE&1<NhXP3>/43I=<7A13zG>N^E43`uN:=J1<243
1C7A=<X:31p@4=<NBG399N:=Zr^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|ƒ1243s3>~B3IGH41<7At5T3MKMNBEBH45L3sFL9pEBNiDa/5TNQ7:EB3El1<Nh1<243M1<7:=XP31ptkNP7A=CE‰Zs-7:9V^967:=3M3~B3GHB1<3IEdN:/
1<2431C7A=<X:31tONQ7A=CEs7A/Es12433~B3IG>HB1FLN:/WF89GN:/Q1<=NP5T5L3IEs7A1f123q24NQ9m1R9;F8EB3qHO9;FL/4X*7*9;\^K*tONP5TF8GG=<NP9<9;S EB3It4H4XPX:3>=Z-/G>31<243q@4=<N:XP=<7:K
DN:=<VB99HGIG3I9<9;`uH45T5L\:|BFT1F89R`uH93IE&N:/n7 4aJŒ N:=R}k7:92hKM3>KMNP=\,7:/EhtO3GN:KM39a=37:EB\M1<NstO3E43>@45LNi\:3EWFL/n7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
?NPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5-3>~47AKM@45L3I96NA`R24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:316=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3MNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks96FL/G5LHEB3WŽ6‡| q~^[N:=<VB9>|"7A/E /4 R‘*Z
[d3,3~^S
7:KrFL/43&123I93nG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5R@4=<NBEBHG$1C9MFT/‹^3G$1FLN:/  Z
^Z [d3eDN:H5LE”@ONPFT/Q1WN:H41r1<27i1M1<243&1<7A=<X:3>1rNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X]9;\B9;13>Ks9sEBH3h1<N
1<243>FL=q9KM7:5T5"9;FL>3P|5LFTKMFT13IE&`uH/G$1<FTNP/7A5LFb1m\P|O7:/E&N:@B1<FTKs7A5"EB3I9FTXP/e7:GC24FL3>gP3JK*HGC2ntO3>1;1<3>=q@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>
3 X:H4=<3I9a127:/h`uH5T5TSU}O3IEBXP3IE
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKs9>ZJ’4N:=J3~47:Kr@5T3P|1<243z1C7:9Vn@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/e1FLKM3I9NA`o123I93*9\^9;13IKs97:=3N:`o1243rN:=CEB3I=qNA`o`u3ID“KMFLG>=Nh9;3GN:/OE49
G>N:KM@7A=<3IEW1NW93>gP3>=C7A5‡2^H4/EB=<3IE49RN:`"KMFL5T5LF"93IG>N:/E49`uNP=R1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5
…/4FT~&9\B9m1<3>Ks9IZ
6;& O K#ILI( N6H#TBAG O AT=GH  NNKA<C 
[3,27†gP3,7A5L=<3I7:E4\€@kN:FL/P1<3IE_NPHB1z1<27i1rN:/43hNA`a1<243,Ks703mNP=z924N:=1<G>N:KMFT/XP9N:`R1243h1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5…q/4FT~¤GNBEB3&7A=<FL93I96`u=<N:K 1<243
`j7PG$1R127A1EBH4=<FT/4XM7M9;\B9;13IK G>7A5L5v|47A5L5‰FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9R7A=<3Ks7:9V:3E
•jE4FL9<7At45L3IEO–o`uNP=1<24363>/Q1FL=<36E4H4=<7A1FLN:/hNA`"3>~B3IGH41FLN:/,N:`ƒ1<243p9;\B9;13>K
GI7A5L5UZoR24F89f5L3I7PE49f1NrH4/7:GIG3I@B1<7:t45T3DNP=<9;1GI7:931<7P9;VM=<3I9@ONP/931FLKM3I9NA`‰1<243JN:=CEB3>=NA`"7*9;3GN:/OE‰|^KM7:V^FT/4Xr…/4FT~^SvtO7:93IEW9\B9m1<3>Ks9
H4/O7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3J`uN:=aKMNP9;127:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
wq/7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2c127A1M2O7:9rtO3I3>/ 1<7:V:3>/t^\c7d`u3>DygP3>/E4N:=C91<NFLKM@4=<Nig:3W1<243n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3&@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3&NA`J/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3
VP3>=</43>589FL91<243pFT/Q1<=NBEBHG1FLN:/&NA`-@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/h@kN:FL/Q1<9RFL/n9\B9m1<3>K =<N:H41FL/43I9IZoŽ‚=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/,@kN:FL/Q1<9RFL/h1<24363~B3IG>HB1FLN:/&NA` 7M9;\B9;13>K
=<N:HB1<FT/3M7:=3r1<243sFT/O9m1C7A/Q1<97A1pDa24FLGC21<243sV:3I=/43I5‚E47i1C7e9m1<=HOG$1H=3MF89pGN:/O9;F89m1<3>/Q1IZWw1z9HGC2]@kN:FL/P1C9>|ƒ1243sVP3>=</43>5‚GI7A/]97A`u3>5L\€tk3
@4=<3>3IKM@B13El1<N&Ks7:V:3MD7†\n`uNP=p7A/^\lDR7AFT1FL/4Xh2FTXP243>=p@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\e=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z1C7:9V^91<N&=<H4/DaFb1<24N:H41zGN:=<=<H4@B1FL/4Xn7A/^\eV:3I=/3>5‚E47A1<7
9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3I9IZq.0/l1<24F897:@4@4=<NP7:GC2ƒ|ODa243I/e123*3>~^3GHB1<FTNP/lNA`f7h9;\B9;13IKGI7A5L5"=<3I7PGC243I97W@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/l@kN:FL/Q1I|k123*VP3>=</43>5-GC243IGCVB9a1<N
93>3FT`‚7A/^\&24FTXP243>=q@4=FLN:=<FT1m\W1<7P9;VB9a2O7†g:3ptk3IGNPKM3=37:EB\PZ. `o1<243>=<3pF89q7i15T37:9;1qN:/43P|FT1@4=<3>3IKM@B1<9R1<243z@=NBG399FL/4XsNA` 123V:3I=/43I5
=<N:HB1<FT/3h7A/OEcEBF89;@7A1<GC24391<243&D7:Fb1<FT/4Xd24FLX:2439m1r@4=FLN:=<FT1m\€1C7:9VFLKMKM3IEBF87i1<3>5L\:Z]R243hDN:=C9;1;S0G>7:93s@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/c587i1<3>/G>\FL/c1<24F89
1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43R123>=<3`uN:=<3RtO3GNPKr39 123a5TNP/4X:39m1o1<FTKM3atk31mD3>3>/r1mDNpGN:/O9;3GHB1<FTgP3@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/M@kN:FL/Q1<9IZ w9‚7J=39;H5b1|A123DNP=<9;1;S0G>7P9;3
=<3I9@ONP/93o1FLKM3I9"NA`B1<7P9;VB9ƒFTKM@4=<Nig:39
9;3Ig:3I=<7:5i`uN:58E49-GN:KM@7:=3EJ1Nq124NQ9;3o`uNP=ƒ1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5:N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xq9;\B9;13IKM9ƒDaFb1<24N:H41"@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/
@kN:FL/Q1<9IZR24F89Ks7AVP3I9R@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/e@kN:FL/Q1;S t7:93IEhN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks99H4FT1<7At5T36`uNP=H93FT/nKs7A/^\&G>7i1<3>XPN:=<FT39RNA` 27A=CE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|†1<24N:H4XP2*FT1f9;1FL5T5^`j7:5T589o9;2N:=1-N:`123=<3IYQH4FL=<3>KM3>/Q1<9-N:`O27:=<E*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9-=<3IYQH4FL=FL/4XJ@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/z587i13I/G\
N:`"1<243N:=CEB3I=aNA`o7r`u3>D KrF8G=<NW93IGNP/E49RNP=5T399IZfwq/4NA1<243>=q7PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:36NA`-123@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/n@ONPFT/Q1q7A@@4=NQ7:GC2&FL9a127A1Fb1qFL/^g:NP5TgP3I9
§:§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

NP/45T\MKMFL/4N:=RGC27A/X:3I9‚1N*tO3JKs7:EB3q1N*1243JV:3I=/43I5OG>N^E43:ZoŒl7A/^\MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xz9;\B9;13IKM9FL/W`j7:G12O7†g:3a1C7AV:3I/s123@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/W@kN:FL/Q1
7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2hFT/&1<243p@7:9;1IZoŽf=NPKrFL/43I/P1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5‡3~47AKM@45L3I9RN:`"1<24F89a7A@4@4=<NP7PGC2,FL/G5LHEBŠ3 ŽoS0…‘“7:/E,[‹FL/EBNiD9q’? VqZ
6;  IS? /Y ‹ARH
DRHJI( R
…q/45TFLV:3*123r2NP9;1;Sv1<7A=<X:3>1J7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2eDa23>=<3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/dEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q16FL96GI7A=<=FL3IEeNPHB16N:/d7&93>@7:=<7A13z2NP9;1JKs7:GC2FT/43*=H/4/4FL/4X
1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5k…/4FT~‰|^FT/,93>5T`£S 24NP9;19\^9;13IKs97p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3q7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/sF89E43>g:3I5TNP@O3EsN:/M1<2439<7AKM3J9;\B9;13>KN:/,Da24FLGC2W1243=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/]DN:H458E /7:5T5L\d=<H4/
Zlq`aGN:H=<93:|"Da24FT5L3,EB3I@45LNi\QFL/4Xn1<243,7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/
|ƒ1243,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xl9\B9m1<3>K„KMNBEBH45L3I9127A1*7A=<3
/4N:13I9<9;3I/Q1F87A5
EBH4=<FL/4XM1<7P9;VW3>~B3IGH41FLN:/e7A=<363~4G5LHEB3E&E4H4=FL/4XWEB3I@45LNi\QKM3I/P1a1<NsKMFT/4FLKMFTI361243*9;FL>36NA`-123N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>KyFL/
3IKztk3IE4EB3E]7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/
Z 4a3IKr3IKztk3>=p1<27i1FL/_24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:31p7A@@4=NQ7:GC2
|‡1<243s1C7A=<X:31p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3rNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>K D7P9p7&5T37A/
7:/EM3
GFL3>/Q1R9;\B9;13>K 12O7i1G>N:H458EMN:/5T\M=<H4/M1243J7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/st4HB1REBF8Es/4NA1FT/G>5THOEB3q@4=<N:XP=<7:K EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1o`j7:G>FT5LFb1<FT3(9 3^@4=<N:XP=<7:K
EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1JDR7:96GI7A=<=FL3IEeNPHB1pN:/€1243M24NQ9m1p9;\B9;13IK&ZrR24F896KM7PEB3M7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/dEB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q17A/EdEB3>t4HX:X:FL/4XnEBF
G>H45T1p7:/E
=<3IYQH4FL=3EnG=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3>=a7A/OEeG=<NP9<9mS0EB3>tH4X:XP3>=a9;H@4@ONP=;1ZRB3>5T`£Sv24NQ9m1J9;\B9;13>Ks9R1C7AVP37WEBFTˆk3I=3I/P1J7A@4@4=<NP7PGC2
ZR23=37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@BS
@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/WF89E43>g:3I5TNP@O3EsN:/W1243`uH45L5bSv}3IE4X:3IEWN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xr9;\B9;13>KnZf/G>3123J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/s=<H4/99<7i1F89;`j7:G$1<N:=<FT5L\rN:/W1<243J24NP9;1I|QFb1RF89
`uH93IE&NP/n7 4JŒ N:=R}O7P9;2nKM3>KMNP=\WNP/&124361C7A=<X:31tkNP7:=<E&7A5LN:/XrDaFT12e7M@kNP9<9;FLt45L\,9;1=<FT@4@k3IEeE4NiDa/hgP3>=C9;FLN:/&NA`-1243pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>KnZ
ŒeNQ9m1aN:`ƒ1239;3I5b`£S 24NP9;1aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9127A1q7A=<3JG>H4=<=3I/P1<5T\h7†g†7:FT587At5T3P|^7:=36t7P9;3E,NP/hKMF8G=<NAS V:3I=/43I5k7:=<GC2Fb1<3IG$1<H4=<3:Zo…q93
N:` 7rKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I5‰7A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3q`uNP=7M9;3I5b`£S 24NP9;1aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K 3I/P1C7AFL5L9a93>gP3>=C7A5‰7:E4g†7:/Q1<7AXP3I9IZ
 F 62!S: C'439;O3'LF$-E6$'4C33: C)'( 30F- R   CD'4 @),FC;: *F 6- : ;: E#V#.) C36 #7:<F3'L')1E 6F Q*- :<F> 6FQ
31 '4 CDE#%#U!6F6 >$3!3F63'4":<!?1- 3!$FEQP6 #UO3'LF 3- '40);:<F .#EW
K-T- $$'&@),FC;: *F 6- : ;: E##.) C3
6 #S!$!'(RM!6F6 >$3!3F  - U!6F 6 >,3!$FE *Q$.N3: C. !6F 6 >,3!$FE .%C 63'4=:<!?1- 3!$FEQM6 #
6QQ39 0F8!Q*)- .# $: C?*133' 6?:<F8) #%$' ! Q,,W

R2437PE4E^S N:/nKMNBEBH45L3I9qGI7A/ntk3z3I7P9;FL5L\W3~4G5LHEB3E‰|kDa243>/43Ig:3I=R12439;3z7:=3p/NA1q=<3IYQH4FL=3E‰Zw9q7M=<3I9H45T1I|FT1qtk3IG>N:KM3I9agP3>=<\,37:9\

1<N€GNP/JX:H=3M1<243WN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Kn|-=39;H5b1<FT/4XeFL/”7e9Ks7A5L5bS09;FL>3E]9;\B9;13>KnZew589N|"1243hKrF8G=<NeV:3I=/3>5‚F895L3I7:/]7:/E123>=<3`uN:=<3
tk3IG>N:KM3I9pK*HGC2_KMN:=<3s3
GFL3>/Q1*G>N:KM@7:=3E€1<Nl7eKMN:/4NP5TFT12FLGsNP/43:Znw/NA123>=zEBF
GH45T1m\]DaFb1<2_KMN:/4NP5TFT124F8GsNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>K
t4FL/E496KMNQ9m1EB=<FTgP3>=C9>| 5L3s9;\B9;13IKM9I|ƒ7:/E€@=N:1NBGNP5-9;1<7PGCV^91<Nh1<243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xn9\^9;13IK¢V:3I=/3>5o7A/Ed7A5L5oV:3I=/43I5 @4=NBG>3I9<9;39927A=<3
1<2439<7AKM3q7PE4EB=<3I9<9f9@7:G>3:*Z 3>/OG37z9;FL/4X:5L3@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKrFL/4Xp3I==<N:=oFL/,7A/^\rNA`‰1<243I93G>N:KM@ONP/43>/Q1C9fG>7:/WG>7:H9;376`j7i1C7A5kV:3>=</43I54`j7AH5b1Z
.0/_KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>5TSvt7P9;3EeN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Ks9I|
1<243I93,GNPKM@ONP/43>/Q1<9=H4/]FL/c9;3I@7A=C7i1<3MKr3IKMN:=<\PS @4=<NA1<3IG$1<3IE7:E4E4=399p9@7:G>3I9IZh^NO|
9\B9m1<3>KyG>=<7P9;2439N:/&124F89G>N:H4/Q17A=<36g:3>=<\s=C7A=<3:|B7A/E&KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>5TSvt7P9;3EsN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>Ks9a7A=<36H9;HO7A5L5T\WgP3>=<\s=3I5TF87At5T3PZ
[3s27†g:3s7:5T=<3I7PEB\lEBF89G>H993IEFL/_9;3G$1FLN:/  Z h127A1*7A/^\€…q/4FT~QS t7P9;3Ed9\B9m1<3>K„2O7:9J1NeNigP3>=CGNPKr3*123M`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4X&1mDNnKs7AFL/
924N:=1<G>N:KMFL/4XP9zNA`1<243&1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5…q/4FT~cV:3>=</43I5FL/ NP=<E43>=1<Ndtk3nH93`uH45RFL/ 27:=<Ec=37A5TSU1<FTKM3h7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/,9 W,/4N:/BS @4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3
VP3>=</43>5
7:/EhE4\Q/O7AKMFLG6@=FLN:=<Fb1m\sgi7:5TH439>Z [3p/4NiD 3>~47AKMFT/3J2NiD¦123I93p@4=NPt45L3>Ks9a7A=<3NigP3>=CGNPKr3JFL/n93>5T`£S 24NP9;19;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
 ]h1 ”\0_1_1d b2c g_ ._\h_  [3h27PE_F8EB3>/Q1F 3E_123hXP3>/439;F89N:`a1243&@4=<N:t45L3>KŠNA`/N:/BS @4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTgP3,…/Fb~cVP3>=</43>5FT/ ^3IG:Z
 Z Z 54Z[d3*27:El=3IKM7:=VP3IEh12O7i1FL/€NP=<E43>=a1<N,@4=<3I93>=<g:361<243*FL/Q13IX:=<Fb1m\&NA`o1<243zVP3>=</43>5-E47i1C7W9m1<=HOG$1H=39>|‡7A5L5"FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9q7A=<3zEBF89;S
7:t45T3Ee7:9a5LN:/XW7:97s9\B9m1<3>KG>7A5L5ƒEBN^39/4N:1GNPKr@5T3>13:ZRR24F89DR7:9E4N:/436`u=<N:K¤3
GFL3>/OG\hG>N:/9F8EB3>=C7i1<FTNP/9a7A/EnDN:=<V:3E,D3>5L5
`uNP=
/4NP/BS =37A5TSU1<FTKM367A/E&H4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=R7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ
Œl7P9;V^FL/4XMFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9EBH=FL/4XsV:3I=/3>5
@4=<NBG399FT/XrKs7:V:3I9R3Ig:3I/&gP3>=<\h9Ks7A5L5ƒG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5
=<N:H41FL/43I91<NW27†g:36DN:=C9m1GI7:93p=39;@kN:/93
1<FTKM3I9RN:`
123JNP=<E43>=RNA`"7M93IG>N:/E‰Z ’4H=;1<243>=|^124F89a7A@@4=NQ7:GC2WDN:H5LE,/4NA1aDN:=<VrFL/&KzH45T1FL@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=3I/^gQFL=<N:/4KM3>/Q1C9>Z-.0/hK*H45T1FL@4=N:S
G>3I9<9;NP=3I/Qg^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1<9JKs7:9V^FT/X,1<243sFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9`uN:=6N:/3r@=NBG399N:=6EBN^3I96/NA1p243>5L@FT/3>/9H4=<FT/X,1<243sFT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\eNA`f1<243MV:3I=/43I5
E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=39>|47P9124361C7:9VB9R=H4//4FT/XrNP/hN:1243I=a@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=<9G>7:/e9m1<FT5L5ƒGNP==<H4@B1123pV:3>=</43I5
E47i1C7r9;1=<HG1H4=<3:Z
. 1qF89/3IG399<7A=<\s1<NWH935TNBGCVB97A17A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<36@45L7PG39FL/n1243VP3>=</43>5"GNBEB3p1<NWNig:3I=<G>N:KM3J1243@=NPt45T3IKnZRR23p`uH4/E47:KM3>/Q1<7:5
F899H43p9H4==<N:H/EBFL/4XM5TNBGCV^FT/X*F89R123p/43>3E,1<Ns@4=<NigQF8EB369;\^/GC2=NP/4FT7i1<FTNP/,FL/nG>3>=1<7:FT/nGNBEB393>XPKr3I/Q1<9FT/&1<243V:3I=/3>5vZ R23I936G>NBEB3
93>XPKr3I/Q1<9I|fG>7:5T5L3IEG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5a93IG$1<FTNP/9IZ”[‹FT124NPHB1W@4=<N:@k3>=M5TNBGCV^FL/4X€=C7:G>3&G>N:/EBFT1FLN:/O9MKrFLX:2Q1sEB3>gP3>5LN:@
Z :HO9m1M1N]3>~^3IKM@45TFT`u\_1<243
§5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

@4=<N:t5T3IK&|4G>N:/9F8EB3>=123G>7:936Da243>=<3J1243I=3p7:=31mDNM@4=<NBG3993I9R7A/OE,37:GC2&@4=NBG>3I9<9/3>3IE91NMFT/OG=<3>KM3>/Q1a123Jgi7:5TH43pN:`-7M927A=<3IE
gi7A=<F87At45L36FUZf^H@4@ONQ9;36NP/436@4=NBG>3I9<9R=37:E49Fv|7A/E,123>/&1243pN:1243I=IZ‚R23>\WtkNA1<2&FL/G>=3IKr3I/Q1RFT1I|1243I/&1243I\WtON:12nDa=<Fb1<3pF
t7:GCVM1<N
KM3>KMNP=\PZ-. ` F
DR7:9N:=<FLX:FL/7A5L5T\ 54|4FT1DNPH45LEh/4NiDxtOŠ3 |BFT/9;137:EhNA` [

. 1924NPH45LErtk3qG5L3I7:=o12O7i1fFL/sN:=CEB3>= 1<NKs7AVP3R1243VP3>=</43>5B@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3P|:5LNBGCV^9‚KzH9;1ftk3H93IEs7i1f7:@4@4=<N:@4=<F87i13R@4587:G>3I9oFL/M123V:3I=/43I5
G>N^E43:Z
T2 T1
Busy wait
Spin lock
Critical
Resource

"’ FLX:H=3 a W@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/hN:`-7s^@4FL/ 

NBGCV
.0/]`uH45L5L\d@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3,…q/4FT~_9\B9m1<3>Ks9I|"/4NP=Ks7:5T5L\l1mDNn1m\^@O39NA`a5LNBGCV^9*7A=<3sH93IEWrV:3I=/43I5bS 5L3>g:3I5o5TNBGCVB9I|-7:/E_9;@FT/_5LNBGCV^9IZew
VP3>=</43>5TSv5L3>gP3>5‰5LNBGCV,F899;FLKMFT587A=1N,7r1<=<7PEBFb1<FTNP/7A5‰5LNBGCV‡Z[‹243I/l7r1<7P9;VhD7:Fb1C9R`uN:=q7MVP3>=</43>5TS 5T3Ig:3>5‰5LNBGCVW1<NstO3=<3>5L3I7P9;3E&tQ\&7A/4N:1243I=
1C7:9V24N:58EBFL/4XpFT1I|:FT1fF89 t45LN^GCVP3IEr7A/ErH4/OEB3>=<X:N^3I9o7pG>N:/Q13>~^1o9DaFT1<GC2
Z-. 1‚tO3GNPKr39o=<3I7:E4\N:/45L\z7A`£13>=‚1243a=<3IYQH4FL=3Ez5LNBGCVzF89 =3I5T37:93IE
t^\d1243h24N:58EBFL/4Xe1<7P9;V]7A/OE]tO3GN:KM39z7†gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:Z 63>=</43>5TS 5T3Ig:3>5f5TNBGCVB9z7:=3M1<243>=<3`uNP=3WFL/43
G>FT3I/Q1zDa243>/ G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5f=<3I9N:H=<G>3I9p7A=<3
=<3IYQH4FL=3E_`uNP=M924NP=;1sEBH4=C7i1<FTNP/9rNA`q1<FTKM39r127A1s7:=3&GNPKr@O7A=C7At45L3W1<N]G>N:/Q13>~^1M9DaFb1CGC24FL/4X1FLKr39>|FUZ 3:ZNA`q1243nN:=CEB3I=rN:`7d`u3>D
KMFL5T5LFf93IGNP/E496NP=J5L3I9<9IZs.0/9HGC2]9;FT1H7A1FLN:/9I|"G>N:/Q13>~^1p9DaFT1<GC24FL/4XnNig:3I=2437:E49JG>7:/dFL/G>=37:93z1<243M1<7P9;Vl=<3I9@kN:/93r1FLKr39pH4/E4H45T\
7:/E_7A=<3s/4NA1r7:G>G>3>@B1C7At45L3:Z 
3>1*H9z3>587AtkN:=C7i1<3*1<24F89M?NP/9;F8EB3I=p127A1*9N:KM3M1<7P9;V
 =3YQH4FT=<3I9p1243W5LNBGCV€`uNP=zG>7:==<\^FT/X&NPHB1zgP3>=<\
9Ks7A5L5‰@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4Xn•u@kNP9<9;FLt45L\,7M9;FL/4X:5L367A=<Fb1<24KM31F8GJN:@k3>=C7i1<FTNP/O–N:/n9;NPKr3pG>=FT1F8G>7:5k=<3I9N:H=<G>3q1<27i1aDN:H458E,=<3IYQH4FL=<3:|B97†\ § Ks93IGJNA`
@4=<NBG399FT/XZs{NiDp|"Fb`7&V:3I=/43I5o5T3Ig:3I5‚5TNBGCVlF89pH93IE
|"7A/NA123>=61<7P9;V9624N:58EBFL/4Xn123s5TNBGCVd7A161243s1<FTKM3
 =<3IYQH43I9;1p123s5TNBGCV‡|ƒFT1
DN:H458EdtO3Mt45LNBGCV:3IEd7A/E7nGNP/P1<3~^1p9;DaFT1<GC2DNPH458E€tk3MFT/G>H4=<=3E‰|ƒ7A589NW123WG>7:GC23rG>N:/Q13I/P1C9>|‰@O7AX:39JNA`f1<243M1<7P9;Ve3>1<G:Z*Ks7†\ltk3
9D7:@4@k3IE‰Zowa`£1<3>=R7924N:=1‚1FLKM3:|B9<7†\ § Ks93IG:|:1<2435LNBGCV*tk3IG>N:KM3I97†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3PZ-R23:|^7A/4N:1243I=GNP/Q13~^1R9;DaFT1<GC2sDN:H458Estk3qFL/GH==<3IE
`uNP=
o1<N,=<H4/€7P99H4KMFT/Xs127A1JFT1F891243*24FLX:2439m1J@4=FLN:=<FT1m\,1C7:9Vn7A1q1<27i11FLKr3P
Z q3>/G>3:|k123*=<3I9@ONP/93p1FLKM3*N:`
*fDNPH458EetO3 
Ks93IG  1<24N:HX:2€FT`FT1p27:Ed9;FLKM@45L\et4H9\eD7:Fb1<3IEe`uNP=q1<243M5TNBGCVn1<Nhtk3*=<3>5L3I7P9;3P|k1243I/€1<243*=<3I9@kN:/931<FTKM3MDNPH458El27†gP3ztk3>3>/ 5
Ks93IGAZo.0/n9HGC2e7r9FT1H7A1FLN:/
|47s9@4FL/h5LNBGCVWDNPH458E,tk37A@4@=NP@4=F87i1<3:Z
ƒ316H9J/4NiD H4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/Ee1<243rN:@k3>=C7i1FLN:/€NA`7&9;@FT/d5TNBGCV‡Zpw9@4FL/€5LNBGCV&2O7:969GC23>Ks7i1<FLGI7A5L5T\ntk3>3>/9;2NiDa/lFT/]’-FTXOZ  Z a Z6.0/
’-FLXZ  Z a 7nG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5 =<3I9N:H4=CG3*FL96=<3IYQH4FL=3Elt^\etkNA12d123M1<7:9VB9
 7A/O7E
`uN:=6g:3I=\l924NP=;1J1FLKM3I9s•jG>N:KM@7:=<7:t45T3z1Ne7&GN:/Q1<3~^1
9DaFb1CGC24FL/4Xz1<FTKM3†–$Z‚R24F89=39;NPH4=<G>3F89@=N:13IG13Est^\W7z9@4FT/&5LN^GCV‡Zo^H4@4@kNP93:|^1C7:9V
27P97PG>YQH4FL=3EM1243p9@4FL/,5LN^GCVMXPH7A=CEBFL/4X1<243
=<3I9N:H4=CG3P|O7:/EnFT/l1243*Kr37A/^Da24FL5T3P|1C7:9V
=3YPH3I9;1<9a1<243z=<3I9N:H=<G>3:Zq^FL/G3z1<7P9;V 
 27:95LN^GCVP3IE&FT1I*|
G>7:/4/4N:1qX:3>1J7:GIG399R1<N
1<243*=<3I9N:H=<G>3:|FT’1 3mH9m1pt4HO9;\nDR7AFT1<9r•j924NiDa/€7:9J7W5LN^N:@lFL/l1<24-3 X:H4=<3–q7A/E€EBN^3I9/4NA16t45LN^GCVe7:/El9HBˆk3I=J7&GNP/Q13~^169;DaFT1<GC2
Z

XP31<91<243p=<3I9N:H4=CG367:9a9N^N:/n7:9
 =3I5TFL/YQH4F89;24391243p=<3I9N:H=<G>3:Z
.0/l7MK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=9;\B9;13>Kn|k9;@4FL/e5LN^GCVB97:=3p/N:=<KM7:5T5L\,FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EeH9FT/Xs1243*G>7:GC23GN:23>=<3>/G>\,@4=<NA1<N^G>N:5
HO9;3E‰|O9HGC2
1<27i1q37:GC2&@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=R5TN^N:@O9aN:/e7M5LN^GI7A5ƒG>N:@^\WN:`-1<2435LNBGCVWgi7A=<FL7:t45T3PZfR2433>~47:G$1qE431<7:FT589aN:`-FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/eNA`o7s9@4FT/n5LNBGCV,F89
tk3>\PN:/En1<243*9<GNP@O3*NA`o1<24FL9tkNQNPV‡|k7:/En123zFL/P1<3>=<3I9;13Ee=37:EB3I=qF89=<3`u3I==<3IE&1<N  §  /Z 
3>1H9/4NiD EBF89G>H9<9q24NiD 7h9;@4FL/l5LNBGCV&GI7A/
tk3pFTKM@45L3>KM3I/P1<3IEhN:/n7rH4/4FL@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=R9\B9m1<3>KnZf/&7rH4/FT@4=<NBG399N:=R9;\B9;13IK&|BDa23>/e7*G>=FT1F8G>7:5‰=39;NPH4=CG3qF89a=<3IYQH4FL=3Es`uNP=R7rgP3>=<\
924N:=1R1FLKM3:|K*HB1HO7A5
3>~BG>5THO9;FLN:/&FL93I7:9FL5T\,7PG>G>N:KM@45LFL9243IEht^\,EBF897:t45LFT/4XsFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9>Z/n.0/Q13I5‰~ <$a 9;\B9;13>Ks9I|B12FL9aF89EBNP/43pDaFT12
1<243 :G>5TF &FT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/
Z,.0/P1<3>=<=H@B1<97:=3M=<3S 3>/7:t45L3IEdDaFb1<2 :9;1F 4Z,R2^H9I|"9@4FL/_5TNBGCVB96N:/_7nH4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=6X:3>1zGN:KM@4FL5L3IEFT/c7P9
GI7A5L5L91<N PG5LF M7:/E :9;1F 4Z
0 ƒ31aH9R/4NiD 3~47AKMFL/432NiD 9;3I5b`£S 24NQ9m1a9;\B9;13IKM9R7PE4EB=<3I9<9‚1<2436@4=NPt45L3>K N:`"EB\^/7AKMF8GJ@4=FLN:=<FT1m\r5L3>gP3>589
N:`-_1< 2423p1 +|1<=<ce7PdPEBFb_ 1<FTZNP/\7Act]5"\0…ceb2/4ceFT_1~n` 9 \B9m1<3>Ks9IZf.0/l…/Fb~nt7:93IEn=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>|OFT/l7PE4EBFT1FLN:/&1NhEB\^/7AKMF8G6@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9I|4=37A5TS
1<FTKM37A/OEzF8EB5L3a@4=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9 7A=<39H4@4@kN:=13E‰Z ’"FLXZ  Z
q9GC243IKs7i1F8G>7:5T5L\z924NiD9"1243R1<24=<3>3a7†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3@4=<FTNP=FT1m\p5L3>g:3I5L9IZƒ[3a/4NiDct=FL3}\
EBF89<GH9<912439;361<24=<3>3pG>7A13>XPN:=<FT39NA`"@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s5L3>gP3>589>Z
§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 t_ . •£1< 24]p3 hFLE41 5T36c1C97:\59VBJ–b2|Bcth=H /4 9a 7iR1a21<FL9a24FLF8995T13I2g:3p3>5v5TZ NiD.mEB3I5L9;3p1a@4@4==FLFLN:N:=<=<FTFT11mFL\s3I9R5T3I7Ag:=<3>3p5vZ‚9m1CR7i124F83JG61<7A7P/9;EnVW7:1=23J7A1/4NA=H41/O=<9a3IG>DaN:KM243>@4/hHB11<23IEh3>=<@O33I7A==<FLNB3JEB/F8NrG>7AN:5L5L1\:24Z 3I=R1<7P9;VB91NM=<H4/
L
h# dPct^  \^/7AKMF8Ge@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9W7:=3e=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1<3IE @k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\c1<NcFLKr@=NigP3h1<243€7†gP3>=C7AX:3&=<3I9@ONP/9;3n1<FTKM3dNA`p9;N:`£1,=37A5TS
1FLKM3W•uFL/P1<3>=C7:G1FLg:3–f1C7:9V^9IZoq\^/7:KMFLG6=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1C7i1FLN:/&NA`-@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9R3I/9;H=39127A1.: tkN:H/Eh1<7:9VB9KrFLX:=C7i1<3J1Ns24FLX:243I=
@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I97A/E]?Žf…aS tkN:H4/Ee1<7:9VB9qNP@O3I=<7A13r7i165TNiD3>=@4=FLN:=<FT1m\h5L3>gP3>589>Zpwq96924NiDa/lFL/d’-FLXZ  Z
^|k1<7P9;VB9J7i11243MEB\^/7AKMF8G
@4=<FTNP=FT1m\5L3>gP3>5QN:@k3>=C7i1<37i1-@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9"24FLX:243I=ƒ1<27A/z1243FLE45T3@4=FLN:=<FT1m\:|†t4HB1‚7i1-5TNiD3>="@4=<FTNP=FT1m\J127:/p1243=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9IZ
0 _  21 +Šced[_  4a37A5TSU1<FTKM3R@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9 7:=3a9;1<7i1<FLG@4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39o7A/Er7A=<3/NA1‚=<3IGNPKM@4HB13E*E4H4=FL/4X6=<H4/z1<FTKM3PZ*7A=CEz=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7:9VB9
N:@k3>=C7i1<3q7i1‚1<243I93q5L3>gP3>589>Z -7:9V^9f27†g^FT/X=37A5TSU1<FTKM3@=FLN:=<Fb1<FT39‚XP31f@4=<3IG>3IEB3I/G3qNig:3>=‚1<7:9VB9‚DaFT12&EB\^/7AKMF8Ga@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*5L3>gP3>589
•j93>3p’-FTXOZ  Z
A–Z
0

Real−Time
Priorities

127

Dynamic
Priorities
254
255 Idle Non−Migrating
Priority

’-FLX:H4=<3
1W‚Žf=FLN:=<Fb1m\ ƒ 3>g:3I5L9RFL/l^3>5T`£S 24NP9;1…/4FT~n^\B9;13IKM9

™/( X¤¡„¡  ›  !#"k˜™>š › $&›ž'o™)(+* œ,,¡ -›qš
ŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1 $ 9[‹FL/EBNiD9J9;3I=FL3I9NA`‚NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xh9\B9m1<3>Ks97:=3*3~^1=<3>KM3I5T\n@kN:@4H4587A=JFL/dEB39;VQ1NP@€GNPKM@4HB13I=<9IZ6[‹FT/OEBNiD9qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9J27†g:3r3>gPN:5Lg:3IE€Nig:3I=q1<243M5L7P9m161mD3>/Q1m\ g:3M\P3I7A=C9q`u=NPK 1243M/7:FTgP3rp6 •jFL9V]@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xe^\B9;13>KW–ZrŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1pEB3>S
gP3>5LN:@k3IE]66FL/]123,3I7:=5LQ\ VfFTXP2P1<FT39>Znp6D7P97ng:3I=\9;FLKM@45T3,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK„1<27i1*D7P99;FL/4XP5T3M1C7:9VQFL/4Xl7:/E]H93IE]7
93>XPKr3I/Q13IEWKr3IKMN:=<\sKM7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1R9GC243IKM3:Z ŒeFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1VP3>@B1N:/&7A/4/4NPH4/G>FT/4X*/43>D g:3>=C9FTNP/9fN:`ƒ66h7A5LKMNP9;13Ig:3>=<\M\:37A=7:/E
37:GC2€9HG>G>3I9<9;FLg:3*g:3I=<9FTNP/€9H4@4@kN:=13IE€/43>D“`u3I7i1<H4=<3I9IZ66l3>g:NP5TgP3IEn1<N,1<243M[‹FT/OEBNiD993>=<FL3I9JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IKM9FL/€1<243*587i1<3
VfFTXP2P1<FT39>ZrR243MKs7AFL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8924FT/Xh`u37i1<H4=3rNA`1243s[‹FL/EBNiD9JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>K `u=<N:K 66€D7P967,XP=<7:@424F8G>7A5-`u=<N:/Q1;S 3>/OE‰Z
w993>gP3>=C7A54/3>D¦gP3>=C9;FLN:/9fNA`
[‹FL/EBNiD9V:3I@B1NP/h7A@@O37A=<FT/4X124=<N:H4XP2W3>/27A/G>3>KM3>/Q1C9‚1<N123Jp6WG>N^E43:|P124369m1<=HOG$1H=3NA`
1<243
G>N^E43EB3IX:3>/3>=C7i13Er1Nr9;HGC2h7A/W3>~Q1<3>/Q1f1<27i1Fb1R27PEstO3GNPKr3g:3I=\MEBF
G>H45T11<N*EB3It4H4X*7:/EsKs7AFL/Q1<7:FT/s1<243G>NBEB3:ZoR243[‹FT/E4NiD9
G>N^E43aD7P9‚GNPKr@5T3>13>5L\z=<3>Da=<FT1;13I/sFT/ §   < 1<NzEB3>gP3>5LN:@r123[‹FT/OEBNiD9‚{q 9\B9m1<3>KnZ BFT/G>3a123qGNBEB3aDR7:9‚G>N:KM@45L31<3>5L\z=<3>Da=<Fb113>/ƒ|
[‹FL/EBNiD9{q‹9\^9;13IKD7P9oKzHGC2,KrNP=39m1C7At45L3z•jE4NQ39f/NA1G>=<7P9;2k–-127:/M12433I7:=5LFT3I=p6QS t7:93IEs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>Z R2435L7A13>=g:3I=<9FTNP/9
N:`oŒlFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1 $ 9aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Ks9aD3>=<3EB3I9<G3I/E47:/P1C9aNA` 1<243[‹FL/EBNiD9q{ 7A/E&1<243zp6QSvtO7:93IEn9;\B9;13IKM9qD3I=39<G=C7A@@O3E‰Z
’-FLXZ  Z < 9;2NiD961243,X:3>/3I7A5LN:XP\lNA`R1<243Wgi7A=<FTNPH9pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xl9;\B9;13IKM9`u=NPK¢1<243hŒeF8G=<NP9NA`£1z9;1<7:t45L3:Znwq9r7A5L=37:EB\lKM3I/P1<FTNP/43IE
|
9;1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\N:`q7A/G>3I9;1NP=<9zNA`[‹FL/EBNiD9r{qDR7:9z/4NA1s97A1F89m`j7PG$1<N:=<\:QZ 3IGI7AH93h9;1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\]NA`a123hNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\^9;13IKŠFL9r7lKs07 3mNP=
G>N:/G>3>=</,FL/,27:=<E,=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9I|QD3J=39m1<=F8G$1RN:H4=aEBF89<GH9<9;FLN:/O9f1<N*NP/45L\M12436[‹FL/EBNiD9R{qx7A/EhFb1C9REB3I9<G3I/E47A/Q1C97:/E
EBNM/4N:1FT/OG5LHEB3612366h5LFT/436N:`-@4=<NBEBHG1<9IZ
?NPKr@HB13I=9\^9;13IKs9at7:93IEnNP/e[‹FT/OEBNiD9q{ 7A/EnFT1<9JEB3I9<G3I/E47:/P1C97A=<3tk3>FL/4XW3>~Q1<3>/9FLg:3>5L\&H9;3EnFT/€24N:KM3I9I|N
G3I9I|O7:/E
FL/EBH9;1=<F87A5439m1C7At45LFL924KM3>/Q1C9>Z w/MN:=<XP7:/4FLI7i1<FTNP/zNiDa/4FL/4X6[‹FL/EBNiD9‚{ 9\B9m1<3>Ks9 KMFTXP2P1‚tk3FL/Q13>=<3I9;13E1<NpH93R1243IK `uNP=oFb1C9o=37A5TS
1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9q`uN:=pGNQ9m1p9<7†gQFL/4XhN:=6GN:/^gP3>/4FL3>/G>3:ZR24F89JFL9639;@k3IG>FL7:5T5L\&1=<H43MFT/d@4=<NA1N:1m\^@O3M7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/dE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1J7:/E
7:5L9NsDa243>/nNP/45T\n7M5LFTKMFT13IEn/^H4K*tO3I=qN:`oE43>@45LNi\^Kr3I/Q1<9a7A=<3p=<3IYQH4FL=3E‰Zf.0/n1<243p`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4XO|4D3zG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5L5T\&7A/7:5T\^I31<243z9H4FT1<7AtFT5LFb1m\
N:`f[‹FT/OEBNiD96{q `uNP==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/dEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1Z’"FL=C9m1|‰D3*24FTXP245LFTXP2P1p9N:KM3`u37i1H=39N:`f[‹FL/EBNiD9J{q 1<27i1p7A=<3
§[

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 DOS
Windows NT

Windows 3.1 new

code Windows 2000

Windows 95

Windows XP
Windows 98

"’ FLX:H=3 < Wj J3I/43I7:5TNPX:\WN:`o@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW^\B9;13>Ks9`u=<N:KyŒlFLG>=NQ9;N:`£1 $ 9Q1<7:t45T3

gP3>=<\z=<3>5L3>gi7A/Q17:/EsH93`uH45O1N*7p=37A5TSU1<FTKM3q7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/WEB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=Z".0/s1<2439H4t93IYQH43I/Q19;Ht9;3G$1<FTNP/
|PD3@kN:FL/Q1N:H419;NPKM3NA`‰1<243
587:G>H4/7rNA`-[‹FT/E4NiD9{qxDa243>/&H93IE&FL/&=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/&E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1IZ
;=: F(.N8AKJH *GH
6I HJMK#ISR[A T=G A R X '
[‹FL/EBNiD9o{c27P9-93>gP3>=C7A5P`u3I7A1H4=<3I9 Da24F8GC2M7A=<3gP3>=<\EB3I9FT=C7At5T3f`uN:=o=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3R7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|A9HGC2r7P9 9;H4@@ONP=;1 `uN:= K*H45b1<Fb1<24=<3I7:EBS
FL/4X|
7:/E7†g†7:FT587AtFT5LFb1m\nN:`f=37A5TSU1<FTKM3r@4=<FTNP=FT1m\n5T3Ig:3>589IZzw589;NO|‰123*1<FTKM3I=67:/E€G>5TNBGCVe=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/O97:=3M9;H
G>FT3I/Q15L\ /43*`uN:=6KMNP9;1
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM367:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
[‹FL/EBNiD9{9;H@4@ONP=;1C|9 5&@4=FLN:=<FT1m\€5L3>g:3I5L9h•j93>3,’-FLXZ  Z  –$Z Vf7PGC2@=NBG399ztO3I5TNP/4XP9p1NlNP/43WNA`R1<243W`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/Xe@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
G>5L7P993I29 W%<#"
#
'UJ
% 6 J" J1!$%('&"OSZ \WEB3`j7:H45T1I|Q12436@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\MG587:9<97A1Da2FLGC2&7H93>=1<7P9;VM=<H4/9F89 
'FJ”Z N:12

'FJr7:/E &% ,@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\,G>5L7P993I9q7A=<3Jgi7:=F87At45L3J1m\^@O3P|FL/n1243z93>/O9;361<27i1q@=FLN:=<Fb1<FT39RNA`-1<7P9;VB9aFL/n124F89G>5L7P997:=36=<3IG>N:KM@4HB1<3IE
@k3>=<FTNBEBF8G>7:5T5L\rtQ\*123NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IK&Zo{ 5TNiD3>=C9 123q@4=<FTNP=FT1m\zN:`ƒ761<7P9;Vn•utk3>5LN:/X:FL/4Xp1N*gi7A=<FL7:t45T31m\Q@k3–‚Fb`
FT1HO9;3EW7A5L5N:`
Fb1C9
587:9;1"1<FTKM3R9;5LF8G3:Z-. 1 =<7:FL93I9ƒ1243@4=<FTNP=FT1m\6NA`O71<7P9;V‡|iFT`Fb1ot45LNBGCV:3E6`uN:= . :7:/EzG>N:H458Ep/4N:1-HO9;3Fb1C9-5L7P9m1-1FLKM3R95LFLG>3fFL/z`uH45L5vZ qNiD3Ig:3>=|
1<243sGC27A/4XP3zN:`7W1C7:9Vn`u=NPK Fb1C96t7:93z@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nF896=39m1<=F8G$1<3IEn1<N 5BZ{q H93I9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\QS EB=<FLg:3>/n@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLg:3M9GC23IEBH45LFL/4X&7:/E
1<24=37:E49zNA`=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I927†g:3W@=3G3IE43>/G>3,Nig:3I=z7A5L5NA123>=1<24=<3I7:E9FL/G5LHEBFL/4XV:3>=</43I5‚12=37:E49IZ€Ž‚=<NBG3993I99HGC2”7P9
9<G=<3>3I/&9<7†g:3I=H93p@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WG587:9<9 %<#"OZ
; 6AjKJH#C&A( T=G6URA
 TBG 6A R X '
0. /W9@4FT13N:`O1<243FLKr@=399FTgP3a9;H4@@ONP=;1‚1<27i1[‹FT/E4NiD9o@4=<NigQF8EB39-`uN:=‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a@4=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/Xr•U7:9‚EBF89<GH9<9;3EMFT/s9H4t93IG1FLN:/  Z § –|
7n@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKr3I=q1<=\^FL/4X&1NeH93s[‹FL/EBNiD9pFL/]=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s9;\B9;13IK EB3Ig:3>5LN:@Kr3I/Q162O7:9J1NlG>N:@k3sH4@]DaFb1<2c9;3Ig:3I=<7:5-@=NPt45T3IKs9>Zhq`
1<243I93:|B1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4X*1mDNr@=NPt45T3IKs9a7A=<3q1<243pKMNP9;1a1=<N:H4t45L3I9N:KM3PZ-[3EBF89G>H9<912439;3J1mDNr@=NPt45T3IKs9RFT/&1236`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XZ
Y (h&b2_\\5bZ\]S^!_1`2`aceh! .0/c[‹FL/EBNiD9*{q6|"1243h@4=<FTNP=FT1m\€5L3>gP3>5NA`aFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9F89r7A5LD7†\B9624FLX:243I=1<27A/_1<27i1rNA`a1<243
H93>=Sv5L3>gP3>5‚1<24=<3I7:E(9 3FT/OG5LHEBFL/4X1243h124=<3I7PE49rNA`q=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3&G>5L7P99IZ_[‹243I/ 7A/ FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41rNBG>G>H4=C9>|o1<243n27A/OEB5T3I=*=<N:H41FL/43
97†gP3I9 1<243JKM7PGC24FL/43 $ 99;1<7A13J7A/EsKs7:V:3I9‚124369\^9;13IK3~B3IG>HB13J7A/W.0/Q13I==<H4@B1a^3>=<g^FLG>/3 4aNPHB1FL/43r•u.;J 4q–ZO/45L\rgP3>=<\rG>=FT1F8G>7:5
@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X*FL9R@k3>=`uN:=<KM3IEWFL/&.;J 4 7A/EW1243pt4H5TVWN:`ƒ1<2436@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4XrFL9REBNP/4365L7A13>=a7A1a7r5LNiD3I=@=FLN:=<Fb1m\sFL/h1243J`uN:=<K N:`"7
q3>`u3>=<=3E,Žf=NBG3EBH4=<3J?7A5L5 •jJŽ?R–$Z4JŽ?9`uNP=gi7:=FLN:H9FL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9R7A=<3YQH43IH43IEhFL/W1236JŽ?¦YQH43>H43JFL/&7*’".m’  Ks7A//43>=Z
[‹24FL5T361<24FL99;3I@7A=C7i1<FTNP/,N:` .;# 4 7:/EnŽR?‹2O7:9R1<243z7:E4g†7:/Q1<7AXP3N:`o@4=Nig^F8EBFL/4XsYPHFLGCVW=<3I9@kN:/93J1Ns`uH4=123>=FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9I|4FT1
27:91243MEBF897PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3N:`fKs7AFL/Q1<7AFL/4FL/4X,7:5T5oJŽ?9J7i1q1<243M97:Kr3*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\hgi7:5TH439>Z6wŽR? G>7A/€/4NA16tO3r@4=<3>3IKr@413IEltQ\
7A/4N:1243I=‚ŽR?_tHB1fG>7:/rtk3@4=<3>3IKM@B13E*t^\r7A/rFT/Q13I==<H4@B1Z-JŽ?9f7A=<33>~B3IGH413IErFL/W’-.m’- NP=<E43>=‚7i1f76@=FLN:=<Fb1m\p5LNiD3>= 12O7A/
1243p2O7A=CEBD7:=3JFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1@4=<FTNP=FT1m\Wt4HB124FTXP243>=127:/h1<243@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sN:`-1<2439<GC243IEBH5T3I= AEBFL9@7A1<GC243I=IZo. 1F89a/4N:1q@ONQ99FLt45T36`uNP=
7H93>=S 5T3Ig:3>5O12=37:EM1<N*3>~^3GHB1<3J7A1R7z@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M24FTXP243>=12O7A/W1<27i1aN:`ƒ.;J 49N:=RJŽ?9IZ R23>=<3`uN:=<3:|Q3>gP3>/h.;J 49R7A/E,ŽR?9
GNP==<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4XM1Nhg:3I=\n5LNiD @4=FLN:=<FT1m\,1C7:9V^9G>7:/€@4=<3>3IKr@41=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*@4=<N^G>3I9<9;39>ZJwq9J7,=<3I9H45T1I|k123z@kNA13I/Q1F87A5 t45LN^GCV^FL/4X
NA`=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3s1<7P9;VB9rEBH43h1NdJŽ?9rG>7:/ctk3h587A=<X:3PZ€’4NP=*3>~B7:KM@45T3P|oFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9rEBH43W1<Nd@O7AX:3W`j7AH45T1<9rX:3I/43>=C7i1<3IE]t^\]5TNiD
@4=<FTNP=FT1m\r1<7:9VB9RDNPH458E,XP31a@4=<N^G>3I9<9;3Es`j7P9m1<3>=R12O7A/&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J@4=NBG>3I9<9;39>Zow589N|B.;J 49a7:/E&ŽR?9RX:3>/3>=C7i13E,EBH361NMV:3I\
tONQ7A=CEe7A/E€KMN:H93zFL/Q13>=C7:G1FLN:/9DN:H458EeN:@k3>=C7i1<3z7i1624FLX:243I=@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5L9JGNPKM@7A=<3IEn1<N,=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7P9;VB9IZJR23>=<3`uN:=<3
§a

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 FT/s@=39;3I/G3N:`
@4=<N^G>3I9<9;39‚G>7:==<\^FT/XpN:HB1f/31mDN:=<VzN:=EBF89;VM.:*|A12433ˆ‡3IG$1RNA`
9\B9m1<3>KrSvDaF8EB3q’-.m’  YPH3>H439‚NA`
JŽ?9Ks7†\
5T37:E,1NsH4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE&=<3I9@ONP/9;31FLKM3I9a3Ig:3I/h`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J12=37:E49IZ‚R24F89R@4=NPt45L3>Ky2O7:9Rtk3>3>/e7†gPN:F8EB3IE,FT/&123p[‹FT/E4NiD9
’? VN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK •j93>3^3GAZ  Z < Z < –‚1<24=<N:H4XP2W123pH9;3pN:`-7M@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\sFL/4243I=FT1<7:/G36KM3IGC27:/4F89;KnZ
Real−time critical 31

Real−time Real−time normal

16−31

Real−time idle 16
Dynamic critical 15

Dynamic Dynamic normal

1−15

Dynamic idle 1
Idle 0
’-FTXPH4=3  W‚"7P9;V,Žf=FLN:=<FT1FL3I9FT/n[‹FL/EBNiD9a{q
0 [3h2O7:EcEBF89<GH9<9;3E_FL/ ?27:@B13I= n1<27i1MH4/45L3I9<9r7A@4@4=<N:@=F87i1<3W=3>S
Y
9;1*NPH4=CG3W]9\2b 7A~=<]9FT/\ Xe@4=_1N:`a1]!NB”G\0NP^!5L9z_/9;H41@3@OJNP\0=;ct1<h3I E]Zt^\_\0]7Aba/_]L^!N:] @ke3>` =C 7i1<FT/Xl9;\B9;13>Kn|-1<7P9;VB9zNA`7e=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3h7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/_Da24FL5T3&7:G>G>3I9<9;FL/4X
9;2O7A=<3IEh=39;NPH4=<G>3I9Ks7†\h9HBˆ‡3>=H4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE&@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/9R5T37:EBFL/4Xr1NhEB3I7PEB5TFL/43pKMF8993I9a7:/En3>gP3>/n9;\B9;13>Ky`j7AFL5TH=3PZ
[‹FT/OEBNiD96{q“EBN^396/4NA16@4=<NigQF8EB3r7A/^\l9;H@4@ONP=;1W•U9;HGC27:9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\nFT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3:|‰3>1<GAZ –1<Nn9H4@4@kN:=16=37A5TSU1<FTKM3*1<7:9VB91<N
9;2O7A=<3RG>=FT1F8G>7:54=<3I9N:H4=CG39o7AKMN:/4XJ1<243>Ks93>5Lg:3I9IZ R24FL9fFL9f76KM7 3mN:=f924NP=;1CGN:KMFL/4X6NA`‰[‹FL/EBNiD9‚{ Da23>/MH93IEMFL/s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZMBFT/G>3sKMNP9;16=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9pEBNn=3YQH4FT=<3M9;27:=FL/4XeG=<FT1F8G>7A5 =<3I9N:H4=CG3967AKMN:/4Xh1<7P9;VB9I|
D3rNPHB15LFL/43
tO3I5TNiD 7*`u3>D @ONQ99FTt5T36DR7†\^9FL/nDa24FLGC2nH93>=S 5T3Ig:3>5k`uH4/OG$1FLN:/O7A5LFb1<FT39aG>7A/ntk37:E4E43IE,1NM123p[‹FT/E4NiD9a{q 9;\B9;13>KnZ
R243z9FTKM@45L3I9;1J7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2h1<N,5L31J=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p1C7:9V^99;2O7A=<3zG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5"=39;NPH4=<G>3I9aDaFT12N:HB1JH4/^tONPH4/EB3Ee@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,FL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/9aF89
t^\GI7A=<3`uH45‚@=FLN:=<Fb1m\9;3>1;1<FT/4XQ9Da24FL5L3h7:GIYQH4FT=<FL/4Xl7A/E]=<3>5L3I7P9;FL/4Xe5LNBGCV^9IZewq9*9;N^N:/c7P9z7n1C7:9V€F89*9HGIG3I9<9;`uH45fFL/_5TNBGCV^FL/4Xl7
/4N:/4Sv@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t45T3q=39;NPH4=<G>3:|QFb1C9@4=FLN:=<FT1m\rGI7A/,tk3J=<7:FL93IEr1<Nz1<2432FTXP243I9;1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\ne•  § –Z w9R9;N^N:/h7:97p1<7P9;Vs=<3>5L3I7P9;39o1<243
=3YQH4FT=<3IEl=39;NPH4=<G>3:|‡FT1<9J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lG>7:/€tk3r=<3I9;1NP=3E‰ŠZ NiD3>gP3>=|OD3rVQ/NiD 127A16124F89p7A=<=<7:/4X:3IKM3>/Q1qDN:H458El5L3I7PEe1N&587A=<X:3
FT/243>=<Fb1C7A/G>3S =3I5L7A13EWFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/O9•v^3>3z^3GAjZ Z [^–$Z
w/4N:1243I=q@kNP9<9;FLt4FL5TFT1m\nFL91NhFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1J1243*@4=<FTNP=FT1m\hG>3>FL5TFL/4X,@=N:1NBGNP5•jŽR?Ž–ZO"N,FLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q1q12FL9@4=<NA1NBG>N:5v|D3z/43I3IE
1Nr=39m1<=F8G$1123J=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9V^91<Nr2O7†g:3q3Ig:3I/,@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9J•uFvZ 3:Z E§ a | '§ < |‡ZLZTZL#| "Q–‚NP/45L\:ZoR2436=37:9N:/s`uNP=124F89R=39m1<=F8G$1<FTNP/WF89
127A1f[‹FL/EBNiD9f{ EBN^3I9‚/NA19H4@4@kN:=1f’-.m’-x9GC23IEBH45LFL/4Xz7AKMNP/4Xp3IYQH7:54@4=<FTNP=FT1m\1C7:9V^9IZ-. `k1<243q2FTXP243I9;1‚@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*7:KrNP/4X
7A5L5-1<7:9VB9J/43>3EBFT/X&7h=39;NPH4=CG3zF8Š9 5
i/
|k1243I/1243sG3IFT5LFL/4Xh@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nN:`f123r=<3I9N:H=<G>3zF89 5†/  § Zp.0/…q/4FT~‡|"’".m’ N:@41FLN:/
7AKMN:/X*3YPHO7A5‰@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M1<7P9;VB9RF897†gi7AFL5L7:t45L3:|Q1243I=3>`uN:=<3p7A5L5
7†g†7:FT587At5T3J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W5L3>g:3I5L9RGI7A/ntO3pHO9;3EW1<NW7:9<9;FLX:/,1NM1<7P9;VB9IZ
;&  T=G A R X ' ISKR1MR  GT
.0/”124F89s9;3G$1<FTNP/
|‚D3hGNPKM@7A=<3,[‹FL/EBNiD9M{qy7A/E …/4FT~”DaFT12”=<3I9@k3IG$1r1Nd123>FL=M9H4FT1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\]`uN:=sEB3>@5TNi\^KM3>/Q1MFT/ =37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z

§Ea

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 0 _   1 +ŠctdP_ S _ Jb ”\0_ ceh”]\ `  + h”c 

JŽ?9 ‚3I9 {N
4a37A5TSU1<FTKM36@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9 ‚3I9 {N

NBGCV^FL/4X*g^FL=;1<H7A5‰KM3IKrNP=\ ‚3I9 ‚3I9
RFLKr3I=a@4=<3IGF89FTNP/ § KMFT5L5TF-^3IG § "rKMFL5T5LF"^3G
wq9\^/GC24=<N:/4NPH9. : ‚3I9 {N
-7At45L3  Z § [‹FL/EBNiD9q{q¦gP3>=C9;HO9a…/4FT~
w G>N:KM@7A=<F89;NP/,NA`-123p3~^13I/P1a1<NsDa24F8GC2n9N:KM36NA`-12361243pt7P9;F8GJ`u3I7A1H4=<3I9R=<3IYQH4FL=<3IE,`uN:=a=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p@=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/4Xr7A=<36@4=N:S
g^F8EB3IEst^\M[‹FL/EBNiD9f{¦7A/OEs…/4FT~  F89fFL/EBF8G>7A13EsFT/h"7:t45T3  Z § Z-. 1RGI7A/stk3J93>3I/M127A1[‹FL/EBNiD9{q‹9H4@4@kN:=1<97K*HGC2 /43I=
1<FTKM3XP=<7:/QH5L7:=FT1m\W• § KW^3GI–oG>N:KM@7A=<3IEz1N*…/4FT~&• § "6KW^3IG–$Z [‹FL/EBNiD9‚{ 2O7:9oKs7A/^\*NA`k1243a`u37i1<H4=39‚EB39;FL=3ErNA`‰76=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13>KnZ*NiD3>gP3>=|†1243DR7†\FT1f3~B3GHB1<3I9‚JŽ?9I|i1NPX:3>1243I=‚DaFb1<2MFb1C9‚587:GCVN:`k@4=<NA1<NBGN:549H4@4@kN:=1o`uN:=f=39;NPH4=<G>3927:=FL/4X
7:KrNP/4Xn3IYQH7:5o@4=FLN:=<FT1m\e1<7P9;VB96Ks7AVP3I96FT1H4/9H4Fb1C7At45L3M`uN:=pHO9;3sFL/_97A`u31m\QS G>=FT1F8G>7:5o27A=CEd=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZs[‹Fb1<2cG>7:=3>`uH45
@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKrFL/4XO|k[‹FL/EBNiD96{ G>7:/d9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH5T5L\etO3MH93IE€`uN:=p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O91<27i1G>7:/€1<N:5L3>=C7i1<3zNBG>GI7:9FTNP/7A5 EB3I7PEB5LFT/43MKMF8993I9I|
7:/Ee27†gP3zEB3I7PEB5LFT/439qN:`o1243*N:=CEB3>=NA`‚2^H4/E4=3E49N:`‚KrFL5L5TF89;3GNP/E49=<7A1243I=12O7A/€7W`u3>D KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/E49IZJq`fGNPH4=<93:|O1NhtO3*H93IE
FL/_9;HGC2]7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I|‰1<243M@4=NBG>3I9<9;NP=JH41FL5TFLI7A1FLN:/KzH9;1tO3MVP3>@B1z9H
GFL3>/Q15L\l5LNiD 7:/E€@=FLN:=<Fb1m\eFL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/dG>N:/Q1=<N:5 KzHO9m1tk3
@4=<Nig^FLE43IE&7i1R1243pHO9;3I=a5T3Ig:3>5vZ
R24NPH4X:2d[‹FT/OEBNiD9Jt7:93IEd9;\B9;13>Ks967A=<3r@ONP@4H4587A=J`uN:=pEB39;VQ1NP@d7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9J7:/Ed@4=Nig^F8EB3zKMNQ9m1pNA`f1243WEB39;FL=<3IEe`u37i1<H4=39
=<3IYQH4FL=3Eh`uN:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p@4=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/X|4…/Fb~^S t7:93IEn9\^9;13IKs97A=<3pNig:3I=Da243I5TKMFL/4X:5L\W@kN:@4H5L7:=a`uN:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM37A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9E4H43
1<NMG>NP9;1qGNP/9;F8EB3I=<7A1FLN:/97A/Eh1<243  2O7:GCV:3I=RKr3I/Q1<7A5LFT1m\ $BN:`"1<243p=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3J@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=<9    Z
  $¢ œ 

ŽR6^.0‘y9;1<7A/OE49p`uNP=zŽ N:=1<7:t45T3h@k3>=C7i1<FT/X€^\B9m1<3>K .0/P1<3>=`j7:G>3:ZeR243W5L3113>= A‘ n27:9ztO3I3>/”9H
~B3IE1<Ne1243h7At4t4=<3>g^F87i1<FTNP/d1<N

Ks7AVP3*FT1z9N:H4/E…/Fb~^S 5TFLV:3PZsgP3>=J1243s587:9;1EB3IGI7:EB3P|ƒŽ6B.0‘2O7:9JtO3GNPKr3s7:/dFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q19m1C7A/E47:=<E€`uN:=6NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13>Ks9I|
FL/G5LHEBFL/4Xd=37A5TSU1<FTKM3,NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\B9m1<3>Ks9>ZdR243hFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/G>3WNA`qŽR6^.0‘¥GI7A/ctk3,XQ7AH4I3IE`u=<N:K 123W`j7:G1*1<27i1r/4NiDR7:E47†\B9pFT1
F89r=<7:=3s1<NG>N:KM3h7PG=<NP9<9z7GNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5fN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xd9\^9;13IKŠ127A1rF89*/4NA1sŽ6^.0‘qS G>N:KM@45LFL7:/Q1IZ_Ž6^.0‘¤9m1C7A=13Ec7:9r7A/ N:@k3>/
9NA`£1mDR7A=<3*FL/4FT1F87i1<FTgP3:|ƒtHB127:96/NiD 7A5LKMNP9;1ptO3GN:KM3s7 `7 V9
)? HW9m1C7A/E47:=<E€`uN:=pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ,^FL/G3WŽR6^.0‘27:96/4NiD
tk3IG>N:KM3zNigP3>=<Da243>5LKMFT/4XP5T\h@ONP@4H4587A=|OD3*E4FL9<GH9<9a1<243MŽ6^.0‘ 9;1<7:/E47:=<E&`uNP==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xh9;\B9;13>Ks9IZq[3*9;1<7:=;1JDaFb1<2€7
t4=<FL3`‰FT/Q1<=NBEBHG1FLN:/r1N1243NP@O3I/s9;N:`£1mD7:=3RKMNig:3IKr3I/Q1f7A/E*123>/M1=C7:G>3R1243q24FL9;1NP=F8G>7:543>gP3>/Q1<9o127A1‚27†g:3a5L3IEr1<N612433IKM3>=<X:3>/OG3
N:` ŽR6^.0‘zZ^Ht9;3YQH43>/Q15L\:|BD3p24FLX:245LFLX:2Q1R1243pFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1a=3YPHFT=<3>KM3>/Q1C9RNA`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pŽ6^.0‘*Z
 ;=: PN8ISG A“H  KI
3`uNP=3JD36E4FL9<GH9<9N:@k3>/n9;N:`£1mD7:=3P|^5T3>1RHO9aEBFL9<GHO99N:@k3>/n9\^9;13IKs9>|BDa24F8GC2&27:9R7rKzHGC2&DaF8EB3>=aGNP/4/4N:1<7i1<FTNP/
Zow / H#E 7)WXQGKPQ:?@7)C
F89q7sgP3>/E4N:=a/43IHB1=C7A5"3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1|4Da24F8GC2l7A5L5TNiD9H9;3I=<9a1NWFL/Q13>=<KMFb~n27:=<EBDR7A=<3:|49NA`£1mDR7A=<3:|O7A/En/43>1mDNP=V^FL/4Xs9;NP5TH41FLN:/9R`u=<N:K
EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1ag:3>/OEBN:=C9>Z‚@k3>/n9;\B9;13>Ks9R7A=<3qtO7:93IEWNP/hNP@O3I/h9;1<7:/E47A=CE49R7A/OE,7A=<3J/4NA1GNP@^\r=<FLX:2Q13E‰|B97†g^FL/4X*HO9;3I=<9f`u=NPK 3~B@k3>/9FLg:3
FL/Q13>5L5L3IG$1<H7A5ƒ@4=NP@O3I=;1m\s=<FLX:2Q1•u.mŽ 4–f587†Dx9H4FT1<9IZ@O3I/e9;\B9;13>K¥7:EBgPN^GI7i1<3I9R9m1C7A/E7A=CEWFL/P1<3>=`j7:G>3I9`uN:=9FLKrFL587A=a@4=<NBEBHG$1C(9 349Nr127A1
H93>=C9GI7A/e3I7P9;FL5L\,FL/P1<3>XP=<7A13J1243IFT=J7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nDaFb1<2e123@4=<N^E4HG$1C9q9H4@4@45LFT3Ent^\&7:/Q\hg:3I/EBN:=ZR2FL9q5T37:E49R1<NWg:3I/EBNP=;S /43>H41=C7A5
9N:5LHB1FLN:/O9>ZR243MKMNP9;16FTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q16X:NQ7A589NA`N:@k3>/9;\B9;13>Ks967A=<!3 WqFT/Q13I=NP@O3I=<7:t4FL5TFT1m\e7A/E€@ONP=;1C7At4FL5TFT1m\:Zz.0/P1<3>=<N:@k3>=C7At4FL5LFb1m\nKM3I7:/9
9\B9m1<3>Ks9‚`u=<N:KK*H45T1FL@45T3Jg:3I/EBNP=<9G>7A/h3~4GC27:/4X:3FL/B`uNP=Ks7i1<FTNP/,7AKMNP/4Xz37:GC2WN:1243I=IZow 9;\B9;13>KF89@ONP=;1C7At45L3qFT`ƒFT1aGI7A/Wtk3JKrNigP3IE
`u=<N:KNP/4363>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P11Ns7A/NA123>=DaFb1<24N:HB1aKMNBEBF OG>7A1FLN:/9IZ‚wq9@7:=;1RNA`"12436N:@k3>/n9\^9;13IKFT/Fb1<FL7A1FLg:3:|BNP@O3I/&9NA`£1mDR7A=<3qKMNigP3S
KM3>/Q127P9RtO3GNPKr36@kN:@4H5L7:=IZ
@k3>/€9NA`£1mDR7A=<3p24NP5LE49qN:HB11=<3>KM3>/OEBN:H9J7:E4g†7:/Q1<7AXP3I9R1<N,tkNA1<2e1243rH93>=C9q7P9D3>5L5-7P9q9\^9;13IK EB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=C9>ZwEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3I9qNA`
NP@O3I/&9NA`£1mDR7A=<3FL/G>5THE431<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/49X W". 1=<3IE4HG39G>NP9;1aNA`-E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1a7A/E,1FLKM361NMKs7A=<V:31a7r@4=<N^E4HG$1Zo. 1R23>5L@9RFT/OG=<3I7:93
1<243e7†g†7:FT587AtFT5LFb1m\]N:`7:E4EBSvNP/ 9NA`£1mDR7A=<3,@7PGCV†7:X:39>Z]. 1s3>/42O7A/G>3I9r3I7P9;3hNA`@=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/4XOZ]. 1*`j7PGFL5TFT1<7A13I9M37:9\]FT/Q13IX:=C7i1<FTNP/cNA`
93>@7:=<7A13I5T\WEB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3E,KMNBEBH45L3I9IZ‚Ž6^.0‘ F897A/&NAˆkS09;24N^N:1RN:`ƒ1<243pN:@k3>/e9NA`£1mDR7A=<3KMNig:3IKM3>/Q1IZ

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 0 _1h `a] tb]\ #\_Q`,b #hJ\5` G>7:/htk3EBFLg^FLEB3E&FT/Q1Nr1<24=3I3pG>7i1<3>XPN:=<FT39,W
Y 0  _1h/1S]!”\0^!_i Ž‚=<NigQF8EB39f@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\h7i1R1<2439;NPH4=CG3pGNBEB365L3>g:3I5UZ‚"Ns=<H4/&7:/e7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/hNP/&7r/43IDx@5L7A1;`uN:=<KyDN:H5LE
=3YQH4FT=<3JN:/45L\,GNPKM@4FT587i1<FTNP/&7:/E&5TFL/4V^FL/4XZowq{J^.a7A/E&Ž6B.0‘ 7:=36FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1aN:@k3>/e9;NPH4=CG369m1C7A/E47:=<E9>Z
Y 0 _1h 0 
a_1^ bi R2FL9J9m1C7A/E7A=CEh@=Nig^F8EB3I9a@kN:=1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\hN:`‚H4/45LFT/V:3IElN:Jt 3m3G$1qKMNBEBH45L3I9J7:G>=NQ99aEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1@4587i1`uN:=<Ks9>Z"N
=H/&7:/&7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&FL/n7r/43IDx3I/^gQFL=<N:/4KM3>/Q1|B=3I5TFL/4V^FT/X*N:`"1<243pN:tJ3m3G$1aKMNBEBH45L3I9aDN:H458EhtO3p=<3IYQH4FL=3E‰Z
Y 0 _1h cehJ\
<i R2FL9p9;1<7:/E47A=CEl@=Nig^F8EB3I96GNPKM@45T3>13W9NA`£1mDR7A=<3z@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\€7:G>=NQ9927A=CEBDR7A=<3*@5L7A1;`uN:=<Ks96t7:93IE€N:/]7
GNPKrKMNP/ht4FL/7:=\W587A/X:H7:X:369m1<=HG1H4=<3:Z‚wq/nN:@k3>/nt4FL/7A=<\W@4=<NBEBHG$1GI7A/ntO3p@kN:=1<7:t45L367A1a1243p3>~B3IGH41<7At5T3pGNBEB3p5L3>gP3>5vZ‚w1
1243pKMNPKr3I/Q1I|B/4NMN:@k3>/nt4FL/7:=\,9;1<7:/E47:=<E493>~^F89;1IZ
R243sKs7:FT/_XPNP7A5oN:`Ž6^.0‘F897A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/]@kN:=1<7AtFT5LFb1m\7i11<243,9N:H4=CG3sG>N^E43W5T3Ig:3I5UZ 3>`uN:=<3sD3WE4FL9<GH9<9z7:tONPHB1p123 4 S
ŽR6^.0‘z|B5L31H93~B@45LN:=<3q1<243p24F89m1<N:=<FLGI7A5‰t7PGCVQXP=NPH4/EsH/EB3>=qDa24FLGC2nŽ6B.0‘ DR7:9aE43>g:3I5TNP@O3E‰Z
 ;  ISG6I”RT=RPAO F
3`uNP=3D3EBF89<GH9<9-1243aEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1 `u3I7i1<H4=<3I9-NA`O1243aŽ6B.0‘ 9;1<7:/E47:=<EpFL/r1243R/43>~^1o9H4t93IG1FLN:/
|:5T3>1 HO9"H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OE1<243R24FL9;1NP=F8G>7:5
I3 g:3>/Q1C9a12O7i165T3En1N,1243MEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1JNA`fŽR6^.0‘zZ‡…/4FT~eD7P9qNP=FLX:FL/7:5T5L\hEB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3Eet^\nwop 3I5T5*ƒ7:t9qFL/e1<243*37A=<5T\n93>gQS
3I/P1<FT39>ZfBFT/G>3pwop¦DR7:9R@4=<FTKs7:=FL5T\W7*1<3>5L3IGNPKMKzH4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/&GN:KM@7:/^\:|BFT1a`u3>5T1a127A1a…q/4FT~hDR7:9/4NA1G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\sFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
`uNP=qFT1IZqR243I=3>`uN:=<3:|OFb16EBFL9;1=<FLt4HB13El…/Fb~l9N:H4=CG3zG>NBEB3p`u=<3>3N:`fGNP9;11<N,9;3Ig:3I=<7:5
H4/4FLg:3I=<9Fb1<FT39>Z…6?’•j…/FTgP3>=C9;FT1m\hN:`?7A5LFb`uNP=/4F87
7AD1 3I=VP3>5L3>\4–D7P9NP/43pNA`"1243p37A=<5TFL3I9;1a=3GFL@4FL3>/Q1<9RN:`-…/Fb~n9;NPH4=<G>3pGNBEB3:Z
wo p 587i1<3>=JX:N:1JFL/Q13>=<3I9;13EeFL/G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=C9>Zp. 16=37A5LFTI3IEl1243r@ON:13I/P1<FL7:5 NA`…q/4Fb~7A/Ed9m1C7A=13IEdEB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4X&…/4FT~e`uH4=1243I=
7:/E,GI7AKM3H@hDaFT12n…/4FT~ *Z4Œe3I7:/QDa2FT5L3:|B…J’? ¦27:E,FT/G>N:=<@ONP=<7A13EWq?Ž i.mŽcFL/P1<Ns…/4FT~s124=<N:HX:2h7*587A=<X:3qw 4Ž‰w•j3`u3I/93
wEBgi7A/G>3IE 4a39;37A=CGC2rŽf=!N 3m3IG$1‚wqX:3>/OG\zN:`‡…JBw–‚X:=C7A/Q1IZ-…J’? G>7:Kr3aH@sDaFb1<2sFb1C9oNiDa/Mg:3>=C9FTNP/*N:`‡…q/4Fb~s7A/OEM/7AKM3IErFT17:9 R4
t• 3I=VP3>5L3>\W^N:`£1mD7:=3qF89m1<=FLt4HB1<FTNP/O–$Z‚w1R12FL91FLKM3:|^1<243JG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5kFTKM@kN:=1<7:/G3NA`"…q/4Fb~,9;1<7:=;1<3IEW1NzXP=NiD‹gP3>=<\*=C7A@FLEB5L\:Zow9
7,=39;H45T1I|kKs7A/^\ng:3I/EBN:=C9FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13El7A/OEe3~^13I/EB3E€…/Fb~l93>=<gQF8G39FL/dEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1DR7†\B,9 W. RŒ DaFb1<2€FT1<9Jw.0‘*&| Ž¦DaFT12dFb1C9
ŽoS0…‘z|BH4/hDaFT12&FT1<9a^N:587A=<F89>|BFTXPFb1C7A5‡DaFb1<2hFT1<9a…q5b1<=FT~‰|47A/E&?a DaFT12l?aqS0…/4FT~,7A=<39N:KM3JNA`"12436@4=<N:KMFL/43>/Q1R3~47AKM@45L3I9IZ
^FL/G>3123>=<3zD3>=<39;NhKM7:/^\hgi7A=<F87A/Q1<9aN:`f…/4FT~‰|‡@ONP=;1C7At4FL5TFT1m\&NA`f7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/97:G>=NQ99a…q/4Fb~l@5L7A1;`uN:=<Ks9tk3IGI7AKM3z7W@=NPt45T3IKnZ. 1
=<3I9H45T13IEhFL/n7M9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/nDa243>=<3p7*@=NPX:=C7AKDa=<Fb113>/&N:/nNP/43p…/4FT~h@4587i1`uN:=<K DN:H458E,/NA1=<H4/hNP/e7A/4N:1243I=R…q/4FT~h@4587i1`uN:=<K&Z
R243p/3>3IE&`uNP=q7s9;1<7A/OE47A=CEn…/4FT~hDR7:9a=<3IG>N:XP/4FTI3IEht^\h7A5L5vZR243 O=<9;1q3ˆ‡N:=1a1NiDR7A=CE49a9;1<7:/E47A=CEBFLI7A1FLN:/&NA`o…/4FT~&DR7:9a1<7AVP3>/
t^\€wo p FT/1<243M`uN:=<K¢NA`RFT1<9  .m*•v^\B9m1<3>K .0/P1<3>=`j7:G>3M(3 O/4Fb1<FTNP/O–$Z NiD3>g:3I=IL| aBy7A/EdNA1<243>=pgP3>/EBNP=<9JFLX:/4NP=3El1<24F89
FL/4FT1F87i1FLg:3PZ‚R2436/43~^1FL/4FT1F87i1FLg:3pDR7:91C7AV:3I/hH/EB3>=wq{B. †. VVV|^Da24F8GC2n\QFL3>58EB3EhŽR6^.0‘zZ
 ;& ILK DTBI  AO F 
RŽ 6^.0‘ FL9a7:/hN:ˆOS09;2NQN:1N:`ƒ1<243pN:@k3>/n9;N:`£1mD7:=3KMNig:3>KM3I/P1Zow KM7 3mN:=aGNP/G3I=/hNA` Ž6^.0‘ F8912436@kN:=1<7AtFT5LFb1m\,NA`-7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9
7PG=<NP9<9JE4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1gi7A=<FL7:/Q1<9JNA`a…/4FT~dNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13IKM9IZNiD3>gP3>=|ƒŽ6B.0‘2O7:96tk3>3>/c9NnDaFLE43>5L\d7:GIG3I@B13E€/4NiD 127A1z3>gP3>/
/4NP/BS0…/4FT~


 [#%%6F Q6$'4QQ,  F .# 0F- RH:<FE$' @B6C..#  0 133' 6;:<F >H#%R#%3! #%3'(N$: CD.# 6FQPU#%$!6F;: CD#
$@  .#/ #/3'(N3: C..# A+,) Q,.# F 37#.13EC : @ RM  D I6CD- R?S#/3'(N3: C..# 6$'( P+3=:<!?1- 3!$FEQ W
’N:=R9;NPH4=<G>3JG>NBEB3S 5T3Ig:3I5kG>N:KM@7i1<FTtFT5LFb1m\P|4Ž6^.0‘ 9@O3GF 3I912369\B9m1<3>K GI7A5L5L912O7i17A/hN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xr9;\B9;13>Ky/43>3E491NM9;H4@@ONP=;1|
1<243q3>~B7PG$1‚@7:=<7:KM313I=<9‚NA`‡12439;39;\B9;13>KG>7:5T589I|Q7:/Er12439;3IKM7:/Q1F8G>9‚N:`‡1243JEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q19\B9m1<3>KG>7:5T589>Z "=\^FL/4X/4N:1‚1Ntk3qH/4/43IG>3I9;S
9<7A=<FT5L\r=39m1<=F8G$1<FTgP3:|PŽR6^.0‘¦5L3I7†gP3I9 1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9\^9;13IKg:3>/OEBN:=C9 123q`u=<3>3EBN:K 1N*FTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q11243J9;\B9;13>KGI7A5L5L97:9‚@k3>=123>FL=
EB39;FLX:/ƒZ-R2439;1<7:/E47:=<E*EBN^3I9o/4N:1f9;@k3IG>Fb`u\*Da2431<243>= 1<243NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XJ9\B9m1<3>K V:3>=</43I5BKzH9;1otO3q9FL/4X:5L3124=<3I7PEB3IE*N:=oK*H45b1<Fb1<24=<3I7:E43IE
NP=7i1Da27i1f@=FLN:=<Fb1m\*5T3Ig:3I54123qV:3I=/3>593>=<g^FLG>3I9‚7:=3a1<Ntk3q3~B3GHB1<3IE‰|QN:=FT/sDa27A1@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKrFL/4X6587A/4XPH7AXP3aFb1fK*H9;1tk3qDa=<Fb113>/ƒZ

§'<

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ŽR6^.0‘ 9;1<7A/OE47A=CE&27:99;3Ig:3>=C7A5ƒ@7A=1<9IZR243zFLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1q@7:=;1C9N:`oŽR6^.0‘ 7:/E&123*7:9@k3IG$1C9a1<27i11243I\nE43I7A5"DaFb1<2€7A=<3p1<243
`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XZ
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z § Wo9;\B9;13>KyFT/Q13I=;`j7PG39a7A/E&9;\B9;13IKyG>7:5T5
@O7A=C7AKM31<3>=C9>Z
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z 5W‚9243>5L5L9q7A/EhHB1FL5LFb1<FT39>Z
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z  W 139m1KM3>124NBE49R`uNP=ag:3I=FT`u\^FT/4XsG>N:/B`uNP=Ks7A/OG31NsŽ6^.0‘*Z
Y Ž6^.0‘*Z [Wo=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr363>~Q1<3>/9FLN:/9IZ
 ;   I <? Y5' T( I O F  H *G 1*K 
ŽR6^.0‘zZ l[ EB3I7:5L9DaFb1<2c=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s3>~Q1<3>/9FLN:/961<N€Ž6B.0‘y7A/EF89z7:5L9Ne@ONP@4H4587A=<5T\dV^/4NiDa/_7:9zŽR6^.0‘S•4 6Zƒ’4NP=z7A/_NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>K 1<N&tk3WŽ6B.0‘S•4- GN:KM@45LF87A/Q1I|
FT1KzHO9m1pKM3>3>1p1243sEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1=3YPHFT=<3>KM3>/Q1C9J9@k3IGF 3E€FL/1243sŽ6B.0‘S•4- 9m1C7A/E7A=CE‰Z
R243pKs7:FT/&=3YQH4FT=<3>KM3I/P1C9RNA`"1243ŽR6^.0‘S•4  7A=<3J12436`uNP5T5LNiDaFL/4XW
Y  L_1^ Sbace]h@`a^ 3”_ tcehSi w‹ŽR6^.0‘S•4  G>N:KM@45LFL7:/Q1 NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xp9;\B9;13IK KzHO9m1‚@4=<Nig^FLE439H4@4@kN:=1o`uN:=‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p•j9;1<7i1<FLG–
@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9IZ
Y[Z_\ q]\0d #h^!_ \0_  ”ce\0_d[_h&ba`[]h `
L`2b2_1d ^  e`  [N:=C9m1&G>7:93e3~B3GHB1<FTNP/ 1FLKr39,=<3IYQH4FL=<3IE `uN:=hKrNQ9m1h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKy93>=<gQF8G39R27†g:3Jtk3>3>/e9@O3GF 3IE&t^\,ŽR6^.0‘•S 4 6Z
Y[Z\0ce]9\ceb
,e_g_t`!i R243p/^H4Kztk3>=aN:`-@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s5L3>gP3>589a9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE&9;2N:H458E&tO37A1R5L3I7P9m61 5BZ
Y
+Šced[_\0`i Ž 3>=<FLN^E4FLGJ7A/EhN:/36924N:11<FTKM3I=<9p•U7A589;NsG>7:5T5L3IEhDR7i1<GC2OEBN:Xz1FLKr3I=C–R924NPH45LEhtk39;H4@@ONP=;1<3IE‰ZoR2439\B9m1<3>KyG>5TNBGCVsF89
G>7:5T5L3IEe’? -p?  46Vw BR.mŒ VDa243I/,1<2439;\B9;13IK¥9H4@4@kN:=1<9R=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3pŽR6^.0‘zZ
Y 0 _   1=b2ctdP_
e_1`i 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKMŠ3 5L3r9\B9m1<3>K¢924N:H5LE€tO3M9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE‰Zw=<3I7:5bSv1FLKMŠ3 5L3r9\B9m1<3>K¢GI7A/l@4=<3I7:5T5LNBG>7A13*9;1NP=<7:X:3
`uN:= 5T39R7A/EW924NPH45LEWtO367At45L31<N*9;1NP=D3 O5T3Jt45LN^GCVB9GNP/P1<FTXPH4N:HO9;5L\*NP/s123EBF89;V‡ZoR24F893>/7:t45T39‚1<Nz27†gP3@4=<3IEBF8G$1C7At45L3E43>587†\
FT/ 5L37:GIG3I9<9IZ
Y  _1dP]9\
t]L^Z.LcehSi Œe3IKrNP=\n5LNBGCVQFL/4X&9;24NPH458Eltk3r9H4@4@kN:=13E‰ZŽ6^.0‘qqS 4  EB,3 /439q1<243MN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IK93>=<g^FLG>3I29 W
'0J)2+1<Nn5TNBGCV€7:5T5o@7:X:39N:`7&@4=<NBG3I9<9I9| '0j)2+z1<N&5LNBGCV€7&=<7:/4X:3rNA`@7AXP3I9I|ƒ7A/O E ' #")2+z1Nn5TNBGCVeNP/45T\
1243sG>H4==<3>/Q16@7AXP3:ZzR23rH/45TNBGCVl93>=<g^FLG>3I967A=<
3 ' 90J)2+^| ' 0j),+^|‡7A/E ' 90 #"*),+^ZJŒe3>KMN:=<\e5LN^GCV^FL/4X
9;3I=g^F8G392O7†g:3JtO3I3>/nFT/Q1<=NBEBHG>3IEh1Ns9H4@4@kN:=1EB31<3>=<KrFL/4F89m1<FLG6KM3IKrNP=\h7:G>G>3I9<9tQ\&7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM36@4=<N:X:=C7AKnZ
Y   b2ceb 3”\0_ ”cth ` ]9\b!i Ž6^.0‘qqS 4  Ks7A/OE47i1<3I9&12=37:EBFL/4X‹9;H@4@ONP=;1et^\ 7:/xNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9\B9m1<3>KnZ 4a3I7:5bSv1FLKM3
124=<3I7PE49q7:=39<GC243EBH4587At45L3z3I/P1<Fb1<FT39qN:`‚7W=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/n127A1JGI7A/e27†gP3FT/OEBFTg^F8EBH7:5ƒ1<FTKM3>5LFL/43I9<9G>N:/9;1=C7AFL/Q1<97:/E
Ks7†\s27†g:3pGNP5T5L3IG1FLg:3J1FLKM3>5LFT/3I9<9aGN:/O9m1<=<7:FT/Q1<9RDa23>/&tO3I5TNP/4X:FL/4Xr1NW7r=<H4/4/7:t45T3p931N:`ƒ12=37:E49IZ
  6œ nž Ÿ*› ,   M( ›qš &
z'ž pž ,  ›  !#"k˜™Iš› $ &d›q'ž  )™ (+* œ ,,¡ -›qš ¡
.0/e1<24F8993IG1FLN:/eD3t4=<FT3>}\&9H4=<g:3I\W123zFLKr@kN:=1<7:/Q1`u3I7A1H4=<3NA`f9N:KM3N:` 1243*@ONP@4H4587A=q=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XW9;\B9;13>Ks9127A1J7A=<3
tk3>FL/4XlH93IE]FL/”G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5f7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Znw 9;1HEB\]N:`1<243s`u37i1H=39NA`R1<243,GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\d7†gi7:FT587At45L3s=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3sNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9\B9m1<3>Ks9aG>7:/hXPFTgP3JHO97A/&FLE43I7M7AtkN:HB1Da2FLGC2&=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>K 1<NMH9;3pFL/e7M9;@k3IG>F OG6=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/
Z
3`uNP=3D369H4=gP3>\s9N:KM3qN:`
12436@kN:@4H5L7:=RG>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5k=37A5TSU1<FTKM3N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xr9;\B9;13>Ks9I|^D3J/43>3EW1<N*KM3I/P1<FTNP/W1<27i1RKs7A/^\sNA`
1<243I936N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IKM9aG>N:KM36DaFb1<2&7M931aNA`"1N^N:5891Nr`j7PGFL5TFT1<7A13J1243pEB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1aNA`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9><Z 3I9F8EB3I91<243
XP3>/43I=<7:5o@4=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/Xh1<N^N:5899;HOGC2]7P93EBFb1<N:=C9>|-GNPKr@FT5L3>=C9>|-7A/E_E43>t4H4XPX:3I=<9I|"93>gP3>=C7A5‚7:E4g†7:/G3Ed1N^N:5899@O3GF OG>7:5T5L\E43I9FTXP/43IE
1<Nr23>5L@&=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/&E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q17A=<3FL/G>5THE43IE‰ZfR231<N^N:589RFT/G>5THOEB3pKM3>KMN:=<\,7A/O7A5L\QI3>=C9>|^@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3@4=<N O5T3I=<9I|
9FTK*H4587i1NP=<9I|^31CGAZ

§

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ;=: O
Ž6WF89a7*@ONP@4H4587A=a=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>K1<27i1F89RtO3IFT/Xr@=FLKs7A=<FT5L\sH93IEhFT/&3>K*tO3E4EB3IEn7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z . 1aFL9a7†gi7:FT587At45L3
`u=<N:KŠ[‹FL/EP4aFLg:3I=r^\B9;13>Ks9I|‚7l587A=<X:3s@4587†\:3I=FL/c123,=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3,N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X€9\B9m1<3>K 7A=<3>/O7    Zd. 1*F89*7€24NP9;1;Sv1<7:=XP31p1m\^@O3hNA`
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xd9\^9;13IK •j93>3e^3IG:Z  Z [OZ 5P–$Z]Ž6_FL9rtk3>FL/4X€H93IE”FT/9;3Ig:3I=<7:5GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:53IKztk3IE4E43IEc@=NBEBHG1<9IZ_w/
3>~B7:KM@45T3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&NA`oŽO6WF89RFT/&1<243pt7:93p9m1C7i1<FTNP/9RNA` G3>5L5
@42N:/43p9\^9;13IKs9>Z
Legend:
XRAY+: Source level
debgguer
PROBE: Target Debgger

Editor
Cross−
compiler
. XRAY+
Libraries Application

Host Computer P PSOS+

N
A PHILE
TCP/IP +

PROBE

ROM

Target Board

-’ FTXPH4=3 § "#WoŽ6^Svt7P9;3E,3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1aNA`<V‚K*tO3E4EB3E&^N:`£1mD7:=3

Ž6QS t7:93IEs7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&EB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1R27P99<GC243IKM7A1F8G>7:5T5L\MtO3I3>/n9;24NiDa/hFT/n’-FTXOZ  Z § "4Z R243624NQ9m1aGNPKr@HB13I=F891m\^@4F8G>7A5L5L\
7*EB3I9VQ1N:@ƒZNA1<2,…/Fb~W7A/OEs[‹FT/OEBNiD9f2NP9;1<97A=<3q9;H@4@ONP=;1<3IE‰ZoR243q1<7:=XP31ftkNP7:=<EsG>N:/Q1<7:FT/9‚12433>K*tO3E4EB3IE,@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=I| 4aJŒc|
4wŒ_|k31<G:ZaR24324NQ9m1qG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=q=<H4/9a1243*3IEBFT1NP=I|kG=<NP9<9mS0GNPKr@FT5L3>=|B9;NPH4=<G>3S 5T3Ig:3I5
EB3>t4HX:X:3I=I|O7A/En5LFTt=<7:=\h=NPHB1FL/43I9IZRŽ6 
7:/E”N:1243I=sN:@B1<FTNP/7A5RKMNBEBH45L3I9W9HGC2 7:9MŽf{w *|RŽ q. SV|o7:/E Ž 4
 ’V7A=<3&FT/9;1<7:5T5L3IE N:/ 7 4JŒ NP/”1<243&1<7A=<X:3>1stONQ7A=CE‰Z
Ž{qw  FL91<243p/43>1mDNP=VsKs7A/O7AX:3I=IZ-. 1a@4=<NigQF8EB39q?Ž †.mŽGNPKrK*H4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/&tO3>1mD3I3>/h1243p24NQ9m17:/EW1<243J1<7:=XP31aNig:3I’= V‚1243I=/43>1
7:/E]’-J.$Z
. 1zGNP/B`uN:=<Ks9J1Nl…/Fb
~ [Z t• aBJ–69NBGCV:3>1p9\^/Q1<7i~7A/EdFL9zGN:KM@7A1FLt45L3rDaFT12]N:1243I=zq?Ž i.mŽoS t7:93IEe/31mDN:=<VQFL/4X
9;1<7:/E47A=CE49J9;HOGC27P9q`£1<@7:/E€{’o‡Zƒ…q9FL/4X,1<243I93:|"Žf{qw @4=<Nig^FLEB39q3
GFL3>/Q1EBNiDa/45LNP7:E4FT/4X&7A/EdEB3>tH4X:XPFT/4XnGNPKMKzH4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/
tk31mD3>3I/1231C7A=<X:3>1 7:/Ep1<243R24NP9;1IZ-Ž 4
  V ”FL9-1<2431<7:=XP31-E43>t4H4XPX:3I=-7:/E
‘ 4w :‹FL9-1<243a9;NPH4=<G>3S 5T3Ig:3I5PEB3It4H4X:XP3>=Z
/‘ 4qw :
FL/^g:N:VP3I9‚Ž 4
 ’V  1<Nz@4=<Nig^FLE43q793I7AKM5L3I9<9fEB3It4H4XPX:FL/4X3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1‚1Nz1243=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/WEB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=Z-R237A@@45TF8G>7AS
1<FTNP/lEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1F89EBNP/43pN:/&12324NP9;1qKs7:GC2FT/437:/E&FL9EBNiDa/45LNP7PEB3IE,1NM1<243p1<7:=XP31tkNP7:=<E‰ZR2437A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/nF89qEB3It4H4X:XP3IE
H9FL/4Xr1243p9N:H4=CG36EB3>tH4X:XP3>=6•u/‘ 4qw :6–$ZqH4=<FL/4Xs7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/hEB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1I|^1<243p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/,F89aEBNiDa/45LNP7PEB3IE,N:/W1<Ns7 4qwqŒ
NP/,1<24361<7:=XP31IZf/G>3J12437:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&=<H4/99<7i1<FL9;`j7:G1N:=<FL5T\P|QFT1F89`uH9;3E&N:/n7 4aJŒcZ
[3/4NiD 24FLX:245LFTXP2Q1q9;NPKr3zFTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1a`u37i1H=39NA`oŽO6‡ZOŽ6&9;H4@@ONP=;1C69 5r@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\h5T3Ig:3>589aDa24F8GC2lG>7:/ntO3r7:9<9;FLX:/43EW1<N
1C7:9V^9IZW.0/]1<243WKMFT/FTKs7A5GN:#/ X:H4=C7i1<FTNP/
|
1<243M`uN^NA1z@=FL/Q1NA`1243s1C7A=<X:3>1N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xe9\^9;13IK„F89pN:/5T\ § 5 8\Q139>Zh’4N:=927:=FL/4X
G>=FT1F8G>7:5"=<3I9N:H4=CG39q7:KrNP/4XW=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31<7P9;VB9I|OFT1p9;H4@@ONP=;1C9@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&FL/4243>=<FT1<7A/OG3*7:/El@=FLN:=<Fb1m\nG3IFT5LFL/4X,@4=<NA1<NBGN:589IZ. 1p9;H@4@ONP=;1C9
93>XPKr3I/Q13IErKM3>KMNP=\Ks7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1f7A/OErE4NQ39o/4N:19;H@4@ONP=;1‚g^FL=;1<H7A5Kr3IKMN:=<\z7:9oFT1fF89oFL/P1<3>/E43IEr1Nptk3H93IErFL/W9;Ks7:5T57:/ErKMN^EBS
3I=<7A13z9FTI3IE€3>Kztk3IEEB3IEl7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>ZJŽ6lEB(3 /3I9J7 C 7VC H<5GK 587 JAIHJW,1<N,tk3r7,@42^\B9;F8G>7:5T5L\&G>N:/Q1FLX:HN:H9qt45TNBGCVnNA`‚KM3IKrNP=\PZ
w Kr3IKMN:=<\h=<3>XPFTNP/eFL9G=<3I7i1<3IEnt^\&1243*N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xh9;\B9;13>KFL/l=<3I9@ONP/9;361<Nh7hG>7A5L5
`u=<N:K7A/d7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/
Zqw @4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=GI7A/
7:5T5LNBG>7i1<3p7z1C7:9Vs1Ns7MKM3>KMNP=\s=<3>XPFTNP/
Z
.0/_KMNP9;1*KMNBEB3I=/_NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X€9\^9;13IKs9>|-123hGNP/Q1=<N:5 3mH4KM@9z1N€1243hV:3I=/43I5‚Da243I/”7A/_FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1*NBGIGH4=C9>ZlŽ6d1<7:V:397
5"

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1q7A@4@=NQ7:GC2
Z q3Ig^FLG>36E4=FLg:3I=<9R7A=<36N:HB1C9;F8EB3J123pV:3>=</43I5
7A/E&G>7:/htk3p5TNQ7:EB3Eh7:/Eh=3IKrNigP3IEh7i1a123p=H4/h1FLKM3:Zo[‹243I/e7A/
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1NBG>G>H4=<9I|B1<243@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=3mH4KM@9qE4FT=<3IG15L\,1<NM1243.;#4•uFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1q9;3I=g^F8G36=<N:HB1<FT/43†–R@kN:FL/P1<3IEh1N,tQ\,1243zg:3IG1NP=R1<7At5T3PZ
R243rFL/P1<3>/Q1FLN:/dFL9J/4N:1JNP/45L\n1N&XP7AFL/d9@k3>3IE
|‰t4HB17A589;N,1N&X:FLg:3z1243s7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/€E43>g:3I5TNP@O3I=JG>N:KM@45L31<3rG>N:/Q1=<N:5-Nig:3I=qFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1
27:/EB5LFT/XZ
;  / ' 

4-R‘ F89f7zŽR6^.0‘S•4  GN:KM@45LF87A/Q1NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IK `u=<N:KŒe3I/Q1N:= J=<7:@424F8G>9IZ 
4 R‘x27P9‚tk3>3I/,G3I=;1<F 3Est^\r1243J…s’Bww
•U’43IE43>=C7A5‡wg^FL7A1FLN:/WwqX:3>/OG\4– `uNP=H93FL/,KMF899FTNP/W7A/EW5TFT`u3G>=FT1F8G>7:5k7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9f9HGC2W7:97†g^FTNP/4FLGI9>Z /4 R‘ FL97†gi7AFL5L7:t45T3qFT/s1mDN
K*H45b1<Fb1C7:9V^FT/4XMVP3>=</43>589,W 
4-R‘J97M7:/E/4 R‘qKsGAZ

-4 R‘J97FL9fH9;3EM`uN:=5L7:=XP37A/EMKM3EBFTHK*S09FTI3IEs7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ-. 19H4@4@kN:=1<9‚g^FL=;1<H7A5OKM3>KMN:=<\:Z-. 127P9‚7ŽR6^.0‘S0GNPKr@5TF87A/Q1
5LFTt=<7:=\,7:/En9;H@4@ONP=;1C9a@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/4243I=FT1<7:/G3PZ‚. 1<99\B9m1<3>K¤G>7A5L589GNPKr@5T3>13EB3>13>=<KMFT/FL9;1F8G>7:5T5L\,FL/ 4 ~B3IEh1FLKM3FL/P1<3>=<gi7A589a7A/En7A=<3
`uH45L5L\,@4=<3>3IKr@41<7At5T3PZ 
4 R‘qKsG6FL9N:@B1<FTKMFL>3IE,`uN:=a@kNiD3>=aGNP/9;HKr@41FLN:/n7A/E4 JŒ 7:/E q4 wqŒŠ9;FL>39>Z . 127P91243I=3>`uN:=<3J7rgP3>=<\
9Ks7A5L5B`uN^NA1f@4=<FL/P1Z-R23V:3I=/43I5B1m\^@4F8G>7A5L5L\z=<3IYQH4FL=39 N:/45L\[61<N < 8 \P1<3I9 N:`4 JŒ7A/OE § 8 \Q13I9 N:`&q4 wqŒ_ZQ. 1fEBN^3I9f/4NA1f9H4@4@kN:=1
g^FL=;1<H7A5‰KM3>KMNP=\PZ R2FL9RgP3>=C9;FLN:/hFL91C7A=<X:31<3IEW`uN:=aH936FT/&3>K*tO3E4EB3IEn7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O99HGC2n7:9aG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=Svt7P9;3Es1<Ni\^9I|BG3I5T5‰@42N:/439
7:/E,N:1243I=9;Ks7:5T5
2O7A/E^S 243I5LE&EB3>g^F8G39>Z
;&   AK#EDR
q~^[N:=<VB9JFL967h@4=NBEBHOG$1J`u=NPK¢[‹FT/OE 4aFLg:3I=6B\^9;13IKs9>Z*. 16F89J24NP9;1;Sv1<7:=XP311m\Q@k3r=37A5TSU1<FTKM3rN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X&9;\B9;13>KnZrR243*2NP9;16GI7A/
tk3h3IFb1<243>=M7l[‹FL/EBNiD9*N:=M7€…q/4FT~cKM7PGC24FL/43:Z  ~B[N:=<V^9rGNP/B`uN:=<Ks9p1<NŽR6^.0‘S•4 6Z  ~B[N:=<VB9*G>N:KM3I9*DaFb1<2 7:/cFT/Q1<3>X:=C7i1<3IE
EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1s3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1€•j.m/V–MG>7:5T5L3IE "N:=</7:EBNOZ‹.0/‹7:E4EBFT1FLN:/1<N]1243l9;1<7:/E47A=CE9;H4@@ONP=;1s`uNP=W@4=<N:X:=C7AKE43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
1<NQNP5L9r9HGC2c7:9*3IEBFT1NP=I|oG>=NQ99;S G>N:KM@4FL5T3I=I| G=<NP9<9;S EB3It4H4XPX:3>=|ƒ3>1<G:Zd"N:=</7:EBNdGN:/Q1C7AFL/9 q ~4BFTK7:/E_[‹FL/E q FL3>DpZ  ~^FLK9FTK*HBS
587i1<3I97 q ~^[N:=<VB91<7:=XP31a`uN:=qH9;37P97M@4=<NA1<NA1m\^@4FL/4Xs7A/Eh139m1<FT/Xs3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1aFL/n1243*7At93>/G>36NA` 1243*7:G$1<H7A5‡1C7A=<X:3>1tONQ7A=CE‰Z
[‹FL/E  FT3ID@=Nig^F8EB3I9 EB3It4H4X:XPFT/Xq1<NQNP5L9o`uN:= 1239;FLKzH4587i1<N:= 3>/^g^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q1IZ  ~4ŒlŽ]F89-1243aK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:= gP3>=C9;FLN:/*NA`  ~B[dNP=VB9IZ
q ~^[N:=<VB9zDR7:9rEB3I@45TNi\P3IE_FL/ 1243eŒl7:=<9rŽo7i1<2J/EB3I=*Da2FLGC2 D7P9*93>/Q1r1N_Œl7A=C9*FT/ §  ^
Z_Žo7i1<2J/E43>=r5L7:/EB3IE FL/ Œl7:=<9I|
=<3I9@ONP/EB3E”1<NcX:=<N:H/E GN:KMKs7A/OE49>|a7:/E 9m1C7A=13IE 1<N”9;3I/E‹9<GFL3>/G>3l7A/E 3I/4X:FL/43>3I=FL/4X_E47A1<74Z NiD3>gP3>=|7]2Fb1CGC2‹D7P9M127A1
FT1W=3I@O37i1<3IEB5L\_=39;3>1sFb1C9;3I5b`mZ V‚/X:FL/43>3I=<9rN:/X:=<N:H/Ec=<3>KMNA1<3>5L\cH9FT/X€1<=<7PG3nX:3I/43>=C7i1<FTNP/
|‚5LN:X:XPFT/X|f7:/E E43>t4H4XPX:FL/4Xd1N^N:589MNA`
q~^[N:=<VB9>|"EB31<3>=<KrFL/43E€1<27i1p1<243WG>7:H93rDR7:9JH4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE@4=<FTNP=FT1m\lFL/^g:3>=C9FTNP/
ZrR23rH/QtkN:H/EB3IE@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\lFL/^g:3I=<9FTNP/dGI7AH93IE
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3h1C7:9VB9z1<N]KrF89<9M1243IFT=WE43I7:E45TFL/43I9s7P9s7=39;H45T1I|f1243e3>~4G3>@41FLN:/27A/E45T3I=s=39;3>1r1<243l9\^9;13IK3I7PGC2c1<FTKM3:Z¦wq5b1<24N:HX:2
q~^[N:=<VB99H4@4@kN:=1<9@4=<FTNP=FT1m\&FT/423>=<Fb1C7A/G>3:|‰FT1JDR7:9`uN:H4/E€N:HB16t^\nH9;FL/4Xh1243r=<3>KMNA1<3*EB3It4H4XW1<N^N:5-1Nh27†g:3*tO3I3>/dE4FL9<7At45L3IEltQ\
NigP3>=C9;FLX:2Q1FL/&1243G>N:J/ OX:H4=C7i1<FTNP/ 5L3:Z‚R243p@=NPt45T3IK DR7:9 4~B3IE&t^\W3>/O7At45LFT/XrFT1IZ
; X 
XJ{q‘yF89z7e@4=<NBEBHG1z`u=<N:K XJ{‘¤BNA`£1mDR7A=<3,^\B9m1<3>K ‰1<E •u2Q1;1<L@ W  †DaDaDpZ YQ/B~‰Z G>N:KW–$@ Z XJ{q‘ F89zFL/Q13>/OEB3IE]`uNP=zH93WFL/cKMFL9<9FTNP/BS

G>=FT1F8G>7:5^7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9-FT/r123R7:=37:9-9;HOGC2r7P9"KM3EBFLGI7A5BFL/9;1=<H4KM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/
|A.0/Q1<3>=</431o=<N:HB1<3>=C9>|†1<3>5L3>KM31<=F8GREB3>g^F8G3I9I|A@4=<NBG399-GNP/P1<=NP5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>|^7A/Eh7AFL=f1<=<7
GqGNP/Q1=<N:5‡9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ XJ{‘ {3>H41=<FT/4NrNAˆ‡3>=C9Ž6^.0‘qS G>N:KM@45LFL7:/P1wqŽ‚.m9R7:/EsF89FLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13EWH9FL/4X
7rKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I5‰7A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3:Z
R2436KMF8G=<N:V:3I=/3>5‰7A=CGC24FT13IG1H4=<3JNA` XJ{‘ F89a9;24NiDa/&FL/n’-FLXZ  Z §:§ <Z 3G>7:H9;36N:`ƒ123 /43pX:=C7AFL/43E,9<G>7A587AtFT5LFb1m\,NA`ƒ1<243pKMFLG>=N:S
VP3>=</43>5 7A=CGC24FT13IG1H4=<3:|kFT16GI7A/ltk3rG>N:J/ OX:H4=<3IEn1<N&7,g:3I=\n9;Ks7:5T5o9FTI3  7,G>=FT1F8G>7:5-7PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:3FL/€24FLX:2dg:NP5TH4KM3rEB3>g^F8G3I9I|‡Da243>=<3
3Ig:3>/n7 § =3EBHG$1<FTNP/hFL/nKM3>KMN:=<\,GNQ9m1C9RG>7A/n=<31<H4=/&KMFT5L5LFTNP/9RNA`oEBN:5L587A=C9FL/n@4=<N 41Z
{q3>HB1<=FL/4NW7A/OEnFb1C9 ;KMF8G=<N 6…q.   G>7:5T5L3IEnŽf24NA1<N:/
|k7A=<3EB3I9FTXP/43IEh1<NWN:@k3>=C7i1<3p3~^1=<3>KM3>5L\W`j7P9m1N:/l7sgP3>=<\,9;Ks7:5T5"Kr3IKMN:=<\
`uN^NA1<@4=<FT/Q1I|BKs7:VQFL/4X*1243IFT=RFL/G5LH9FTNP/hFL/&@ONP=;1C7At45L3JE43>g^FLG>3I9@kNP9<9;FLt45L3:Z .0/,`j7PG$19| XJ{‘ 7A/Eh{3IHB1=<FT/NM7:5T=<3I7PEB\M@ONiD3>=[3>tn7A@4@45LFTS
7:/G39>|‰931;Sv1NP@€tkN†~B3I9I|‡Œ€Ž W@5L7†\P3>=C9>|k3IYQH4FL@4KM3>/Q1pH93IElFL/l1<243rFT/E4H9m1<=F87A5o7:/ElKM3IE4FLGI7A5TSv3YPHFT@4KM3I/P
1 3I5LE49I-Z XJ{‘{3IHB1=<FL/4N
5 §

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 File Device
System Driver

Micro Message Passing

kernel
Interconnection

Appli− TCP/IP
cation Manager

-’ FTXPH4=<3 §P§ WoŒeF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5‰w=CGC24FT13G$1H=36NA`XJ{‘

27P9ztk3>3I/”@kN:=13E]1N]7l/^H4K*tO3I=*N:`q@4587i1;`uNP=Ks9r7A/Ec/4NiD=H/9zNP/cKMNP9;1rKMNBEB3I=/?Ž…q9z127A1M7:=3,H9;3EcFL/c1<243h3IKztk3IE4E43IE
Ks7A=<V:3>1IZ‚R24F89RFL/G5LHEB39R1243z.0/P1<3>5‰~ <,a `j7:KrFL5L\:|OŒl.mŽ‡|4Ž NiD3>=CŽ?|^7A/Eh1<243w 4Œ `j7:KMFT5L\,N:`"@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=C9>Zow g:3I=<9FLN:/,N:j` XJ{q‘
`uNP=a/4N:/BS0GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5‡H9;3pGI7A/ntO3E4NiDa/45TNQ7:EB3Es`uNP=R`u=3I3`u=<N:Ky1243G>N:KM@7:/Q%\ $ 9D3It&9Fb1<3W•u2Q1;1<L@ W  †DaDaDpZ YQ/B~‰Z G>N:KW–$Z
; />
 YaFJF
w? {P^6.qQ? Sv.7A.R/FLEn9J7†GgiNP7A/QFL1<5L7A7:FLt4/5T399`u=KsNP7AK¤5L5‰Œe@ONPF8G=;1<=<FTFLNPH4/nK„NA?`oN:7:=<9<@O9;3INPKz=<7At415LFL\hN:/_G>N^•uE4Da3:DaZfDpRZ 24H3GNQ7P9m9S 9FLFU3>Z K*GNPt4Ks5L\,–Z587AR/424XPF8H97A=XP337A5T@kSUN:1<FT=KM1FL3N:/nNP@O23I7P=<9a7A1tOFL3I/43>X,/n9V:\^3I9;@B13I1aK1NhFL97*DaKM=FLFT/41;1<FLKz3>/lH4KFL/
1<N*Ks7AVP3FT1a3I7P9;\r1Nr@kN:=1RFT1R1NMEBFTˆk3I=3I/P1R@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=C9>Z-ƒNsE47A13:|  ? P6QSv..‚27P9tk3>3I/,@kN:=13EW1<N*NigP3>= § "*" EBFTˆk3I=3I/P1R@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=
7:=<GC24FT13G$1<H4=39=<7:/4X:FL/4Xr`u=NPK < S t4FT1a1N a [:SvtFb1aKMFLG>=NP@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=<9I|QKrF8G=<NBGNP/P1<=NP5T5L3>=C9I|^7:/E&JBŽ9>Z^N:KM36FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a`u37i1<H4=39RNA`
 ? P6QSv..7:=3J24FLX:245LFTXP2Q13IE&FL/&12436`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XZ
Y ? :6QS .;.aDR7:96EB39;FLX:/3IEe1<Nh5L3161<243M@4=NPX:=C7AKMKM3>=C927†gP31<243MN:@B1<FTNP/dN:`fH9FT/4X-3mH9;17W`u3ID NA`1243MN:ˆk3I=3E€93>=<gQF8G39qNP=
9;3I5T3G$11243J3>/Q1FL=<3q=C7A/4XP3qNA`ƒ93>=<g^FLG>3I9IZ-R2FL9R7A5L5LNiD9o123@4=<N:XP=<7:KMKr3I=<9o1NrKrFL/4FLKMFTI3q1<243J7:KMN:H4/Q1N:`ƒKM3>KMN:=<\M/43>3EB3IEWtQ\
 ? :6QS .;.fN:/e7r@O3I=;S @4=<N^E4HG$1at7P9;F89>Z
Y ? :6QS .;.a2O7:9J7W`uH45L5L\e@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3*VP3>=</43>5vZpR24FL9JKM3I7:/9q127A1  ? P6QS .;.7A5LDR7†\^9q3>/9H4=<3I9q127A11<243M24FLX:2439m1J@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
1<7P9;Vs1<27i1aF89a=<3I7:E4\sDNPH45LE&tk361<7:V:3>/&H4@&`uN:=a3>~B3IGH41FLN:/
Z
Y ? :6QS .;."7A5L5TNiD9-H4@r1N a q[ 1C7:9V^9-1<N6tO3G>=37i13E‰Z”V7:GC2z1<7:9VF89 =3YQH4FT=<3IEz1N6NP@O3I=<7A13R7i1f7JH4/4F8YQH43R@4=FLN:=<FT1m\p5T3Ig:3>5v|:7:KrNP/4X
1243 a W[ @=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5L9IZR2FL9JKM3I7:/9a1<27i16=NPH4/E^S =<N:t4FL/l9GC23IEBH45LFL/4XWF89q/4N:169H4@4@kN:=13E‰ZR23*@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\h5T3Ig:3>589J7A=<3H93IE
7:9123Ž‚.m •UŽ‚=<N^G>3I9<9.mEB3>/Q1F 3I=C–`uNP=R124361C7:9V^9IZ
Y ? :6QS .;.JH93I97l@7A=1FT1FLN:/43EKr3IKMN:=<\€Ks7A/7:X:3IKr3I/Q1z9GC243IKM3:Z Vf7PGC2dKM3>KMNP=\d@7A=1FT1FLN:/cG>N:/9FL9;1<9NA`9;3Ig:3I=<7:5*4~B3IE
9;FL>3Elt45LNBGCVB9>Zw 1<7P9;VeNPtB1<7:FT/O9KM3IKrNP=\nt45LNBGCVB9q`u=<N:K1<243MKM3>KMN:=<\n@7A=1FT1FLN:/7A/El1243r1<7P9;VeK*H9;16G>=37i13M7hKr3IKMN:=<\
@7A=1FT1FLN:/etk3`uNP=3*Fb16G>7:/ltO3*H93IE‰ZJw5L5TNBG>7A1FLN:/€7:/ElEB37A5L5TNBGI7i1FLN:/eN:<` 4~B3IE^S09FTI3IEnKM3>KMN:=<\nt45LN^GCVB9qFL9JEBN:/3zFL/€GNP/9m1C7A/Q1
1FLKM3*7A/OElF89EB3>13I=KMFL/4FL9;1F8GAZ6w 1<7:9VeG>7:/€G=<3I7A13z7:/EeH93*K*H45T1FL@45T3rKM3>KMN:=<\&@7A=1FT1FLN:/9I|‰9;NW127A1JFT16GI7A/lHO9;3*Kr3IKMN:=<\
t45LN^GCVB9NA`oEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1q9;FL>39>Z
Y ? :6QS .;.J27P9tk3>3>/ G3>=1F 3E]tQ\]’43EB3>=C7A5wg^F87i1FLN:/cwEBKMFT/FL9;1=C7i1<FTNP/¦•j’BwqwJ–p`uNP=H93,FL/cGNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5f7AFL=<G>=<7A`£1<97:/E
KM3>31C9a1<243zEB3IKM7:/EBFL/4Xs=<3IYQH4FL=3IKr3I/Q1<9aN:` FT1<99m1C7A/E7A=CE,`uNP=q9NA`£1mDR7A=<3JHO9;3EnFT/l7†g^FLN:/4F8G>9IZ"NWKM3>3>11243z=3YPHFT=<3>KM3>/Q1C9aNA`
124F89a9;1<7A/OE47A=CE‰|BFT1D7P9aEB3>KMN:/O9m1<=<7A13IE,12=NPH4X:2&EBNBGH4KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/e7:/EW1<3I9;1FL/4XM12O7i1FT1FL9R=<N:t4HO9m17A/OE&9<7i`u3PZ
;  ' -TBG M 
ƒFT/^HB~,F89a7*`u=3I36N:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XM9;\B9;13IK&Z . 1F89R=NPt4H9;1I|Q`u3I7A1H4=<36=F8GC2
|47:/E,3
GFL3>/Q1IjZ qNiD3Ig:3>=1| 
FL/QH4~ E7)5 Q)7FL9a7rXP3>/43I=<7:5k@H4=@kNP93
NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X,9\^9;13IKnZ6^3Ig:3I=<7:5ƒ=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3zFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9qN:`
FL/QH4~_•t4 D
FL/QH4~4–7A=<3z7†gi7AFL587At45L3:Z.0/e124F896EBF89G>H99FLN:/
|kD3rGNP/BS
9FLE43>=9N:KM36X:3>/3>=<FLG`u3I7A1H4=<3I9RN:`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3 ƒFT/^HB~&9;\B9;13>Ks9IZ
5!5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 4  
FL/QH4~ F89W7_9;3I5b`£S 24NQ9m1WNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X_9;\B9;13>K(•j93>3l’-FLXZ  Z § 5:–Z 4  ƒFT/^HB~=H/9W7A5LN:/XDaFT12‹7fƒFT/^HB~ 9;\B9;13>KnZ R243
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3hVP3>=</43>5R9;FT1<9Mtk31mD3>3I/c1<243n27A=CEBDR7A=<3h7A/OE_123 ƒFT/^HB~”9\B9m1<3>KnZ "Nd1243e9;1<7A/OE47A=CEP
FL/^HB~”VP3>=</43>5v|o123 4 ƒFT/^HB~
587†\:3I=7A@4@k3I7:=<91<NWtO31243z7PG$1<H7A5
2O7A=CEBD7:=3PZfR24|3 4  
FL/^HB~&VP3>=</43>5ƒFT/Q13I=<G>3>@B1C97A5L5
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9X:3>/3>=C7i13E&tQ\,1243z27A=CEBDR7A=<3:Z
7A=CEBD7:=3JFL/P1<3>=<=H@B1<97:=36/4N:1=3I5L7A13EW1<Ns=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7:G1FLgQFT1FL3I9q7A=<3J23>58E&7:/Eh1243I/e@7:9<93IE,1NM123Š
FL/QH4~hV:3I=/3>5
7:9q9;N:`£1mD7:=3
FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9RDa23>/&124Š3 4  
FL/^HB~hVP3>=</43>5‡F89aFLE45T37:/EW1<2439;1<7A/OE47A=CE ƒFT/^HB~&V:3I=/43I5‡=H4/O9>Z‚’-FLXZ  Z § 5r9<GC243>Ks7A1F8G>7A5L5L\W9;24NiD91<24F89
7P9;@k3IG1IZa. `f7A/eFL/Q13I==<H4@B1JFL91N,GI7AH93z7s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p1<7P9;Vh1NW=<H4/
|O123z=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3pVP3>=</43>5"@4=<3>3>KM@B1C9 ƒFT/^HB~‰|kFb` ƒFT/^HB~nFL9q=H/4/4FL/4X
7A1"1<27i1 1FLKM3a7A/E*5T3>1<9"123=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3f1C7:9Vp=H/
Z-R2^H9I|AFL/z3>ˆk3G$j1 
FL/^HB~z=<H4/9 7:9 75TNiDc@=FLN:=<Fb1m\6t7PGCV^X:=<N:H4/Ep1<7:9VpNA` 4- 
FL/^HB~‰Z
4a37A5TSU1<FTKM3a7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9f7A=<3Da=<FT1;13I/s7:9o5LNP7PE47At45L3RV:3I=/43I5BKMN^E4H45T39>Z .0/M3I9<93>/G>3:|A=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM37A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9 =<H4/MFT/r123V:3I=/43I5
9@7:G>3:Z
Linux

RT Linux

Hardware

’-FLX:H4=<3 § 5#Wo4GC243>Ks7i1<FLGgP3>=<gQFL3>D NA`f@O3I=<7A1FLN:/,N:`*4  

FL/^HB~
.0/d1243W7:@4@4=<NP7PGC2l1<7:V:3I/dt^\ 4  
FL/^HB~‰|‰1243I=3W7:=3r3ˆ‡3IG1FLg:3I5T\€1mDNnFL/EB3>@k3>/OEB3>/Q1V:3I=/3>589,W6=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3MVP3>=</43>5‚7:/E ƒFT/^HB~
VP3>=</43>5vZ,R24F897A@@4=NQ7:GC2d1243I=3>`uN:=<3MFL97:5L9NeV^/4NiDa/]7:961<243 `^ 9J;T
7V5GWU7V; 9:EEU58H/9
€7:9p1243s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sV:3>=</43I5oFL9pFLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q13E
NPHB1<9FLE43M1243ƒFT/^HB~V:3>=</43I5UZ,wq/^\l1<7P9;Vl127A1z=3YQH4FT=<3I96EB3>13I=KMFL/4FL9;1F8GW9<GC243IE4H45TFL/4XnF89p=H/]7P9p7n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3r1<7P9;V‡Z,R23I93M1<7:9VB9

@4=<3>3IKM@B1ƒFT/^HB~pDa243I/43>gP3>=
1<243>\6/43I3IE61<N3~B3GHB1<37A/OEp\^FT3I5LE61<243R?Ž…_1</N 
FL/^HB~6N:/45L\6Da243>//N=37A5TSU1<FTKM3o1C7:9V6FL9"=37:EB\q1N=H4/ƒZ
?NPKr@O7A=<3IEM1<N*1<2436KMFLG>=NPV:3>=</43I5k7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2ƒ|:1<243J`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XM7A=<3J9N:KM3JNA`ƒ1<2436FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a924N:=1<G>N:KMFT/XP9NA`
1<243pEBH7:5bS V:3I=/43I5
7:@4@4=<NP7:GC2ƒZ
Y   ece^ Jb2_  - ]”cth  ]9\b2`i -7:9VB9s=<H4/4/4FL/4X_FL/ 1<243l=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3eV:3>=</43I5G>7A/ /4N:1,KM3I7:/4FT/XA`uH45L5T\ H93n124Q 3 ƒFT/^HB~
9;\B9;13IK 9;3I=g^F8G3I9  5L39\^9;13IKs9>|B/43>1mDNP=V^FL/4X|^7A/OEh9N*NP/
Z‚R2436=<3I7:9N:/,`uN:=12FL9aF8912O7i1aFb`o7*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J1<7P9;VsFL/^g:N:VP3I97



FL/^HB~M93>=<g^FLG>3:|QFb1DaFT5L5ktO369;HJt 3m3IG1f1Nz1243J97:KM3q@4=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/W@4=<N:t5T3IKM9‚127A1@4=<N:2FTt4FT’1 ƒFT/^HB~s@4=<NBG3993I9 `u=<N:Ktk3>27†g^FL/4X
EB31<3>=<KMFT/4F89;1F8G>7A5L5L\:Zswq9p7&=<3I9H45b1|ƒ/43ID EB=<FLg:3>=C967A/E]9\B9m1<3>K„93>=<g^FLG>3I9JKzH9;1tk3MG>=37i1<3IE9;@k3IG>F OGI7A5L5T\l`uN:=6123s=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
V:3I=/43I5  3>g:3I/‹Da243>/‹3YQH4FTgi7:5T3I/P1&9;3I=g^F8G3I9h7A5L=37:EB\ 3~BF89m1W`uNP= ƒFT/^HB~‰Z“R2^H9I|a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3€7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/¦E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1
KMFTXP2P13I/Q1<7AFL5ƒ9FTXP/4F OG>7:/P1qE4H4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/nN:` G>N^E4FT/4Xs3>ˆkNP=;1Z’N:=a3>~B7:KM@45T3P|Da243I/e7M=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;Vh/43>3E49R1<NsH9;3p/31mDN:=<V
GNPKrK*H4/4F8G>7A1FLN:/9I|^N:=R`uN:=R1<27i1Ks7A1;13I = 5L37:G>G>3I9<9;39>|B7:@4@4=<N:@4=<FL7A136EB=<FTgP3>=C9K*H9;1tO3pDa=<Fb113I/hFL/&1243p=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3JVP3>=</43>5vZ
Y S \5 c t_  L_1^”b2ct]9h 
h&gLc \0]h”dP_1h&bi -7:9VB9z=<H4/4/FT/4XFL/”1<243h=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3,VP3>=</43>5aEBNd/4NA1stk3>/4,3 41M`u=NPK 1<243eŒlŒl…S
@4=<NA13G$1<3IEe3I/Qg^FL=NP/4KM3>/Q11<27i81 
FL/^HB~e@4=Nig^F8EB3I9q1N,1243r=<3>X:H5L7:=q/4NP/BSv=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@4=<NBG3I9<93I9IZq.0/d9;137:E‰|k1<243>\e=<H4/lH4/@4=N:S
13G$13EnFT/l1243VP3>=</43>5"9;@7PG3PZ?NP/93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|O7A/^\h=37A5TSU1<FTKM361<7P9;Vh12O7i1G>N:/Q1<7:FT/9q7WGNBEBFL/4XW3I==<N:=9HGC2l7:9q7WGNP==<H4@B1J?
@ONPFT/Q1<3>=zGI7A/]3I7P9;FL5T\dG>7AHO9;3W7&`j7A1<7A5V:3I=/43I5 `j7AH45T1IZnR24F89F8993>=<FTNPH96@4=<N:t45L3>K 9;FL/G3,KM7:/^\€3>K*tO3E4EB3E7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/97A=<3
97A`u31m\QS0G=<Fb1<FLGI7A5‡FT/&/7A1H4=<3:Z
Y 3ctdPc ba_ Z/]\b  c eceb
<i .0/]1243hEBH7A5V:3I=/43I5f7A@@4=NQ7:GC2
|ƒ1243h=37A5TSU1<FTKM3M1C7:9V^9z7A=<3s/4NA-1 ƒFT/^HB~]@4=<NBG3I9<93I97A1z7A5L5 3ot4H41
@4=<N:X:=C7AKs9oDa=<FT1;13I/WH9FT/X*7z9Ks7A5L5‰9;H4tO9;3>1NA`ƒŽR6^.0‘xwŽ‚.m9J•jwq@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/&Ž‚=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=‚.0/Q13>=`j7:G>3I9C–$Z ƒNr7AXPX:=C7†g†7A13R1<243
Ks7i1;1<3>=|‰EBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1JFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9N:`fEBH7:5-VP3>=</43>589HO9;3MEBFTˆk3I=3I/P16wqŽf.m9>Zpwq967,=39;H45T1I|‡=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z@4=<N:XP=<7:KM9Da=FT1;1<3>/
H9FT/4XMNP/436g:3>/OEBN:= $ 9 4 •S 
FL/QH4~,g:3I=<9FTNP/,Ks7†\W/4N:1=H/hNP/n7:/4NA1<243>= $ 9>Z
Y[Z\0]!9\5#dPdPcth c P^ eb
<i 4 D 
FL/^HB~,V:3I=/3>5899H4@4@kN:=1NP/45L\W7z5LFTKMFT13Eh9H4t931aNA`-Ž6^.0‘ wqŽf.m9>ZoR243I=3>`uN:=<3:|^7A@4@45LFTS
G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1G>7:/,1C7AVP3JKMNP=3J3ˆ‡N:=1q7A/E,1FLKM3:Z
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ; /
DG 
ƒ\Q/4~€FL9p7n93>5T`£Sv2NP9;16=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13IK&Zr. 1F89p7†g†7:FT587At5T3*`u=NPK¢DaDaDpZ 5T\^/^HB~BDNP=VB9IZ G>N:KnZ*R23MG>H4=<=3I/P1<5T\l7†gi7:FT587At45L3
gP3>=C9;FLN:/MNA`Sƒ\^/B~l•e
\^/B~Z "Q– FL97KMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5TSvtO7:93IE*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xz9\^9;13IKn|:1<24N:H4XP2s123q3I7:=5LFL3>=fgP3>=C9;FLN:/O9oD3I=3qt7:93IE
NP/dKMN:/N:5LFb1<24FLGMEB39;FLX:/ƒ-Z 
\^/B~dFL9J`uH45L5L\dGNPKM@7i1<FTt45L3rDaFb1<2 ƒFT/^HB~‰Zr[‹Fb1<f2 
\^/B~ $ 96tFT/7:=\lG>N:KM@7A1FLt4FT5LFT1m\:|ƒ7 
FL/^HB~€@4=<N:XP=<7:K $ 9
t4FL/7:=\rFTKs7:X:3G>7:/Wtk3=H/,EBFL=3G$15L\rN:/ 
\^/B~‰Zf/M123qNA1<243>=27A/OE‰|:`uNP=fN:1243I= 
FL/^HB~sGN:KM@7A1FLt45L3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X*9;\B9;13>Ks99;HGC2W7P9
XJ{q‘z#| 
FL/^HB~h7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9f/43I3IE,1NMtk3J=<3IG>N:KM@4FL5T3EWFL/hNP=<E43>=1Nr=H/hNP/W123>KnZ‚R2483 
\^/B~,KMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5kFLD9 5 < 8\Q13I9FL/&9FTI3
7:/Ee@4=<Nig^FLEB39a1<243z3993>/Q1F87A5-9;3I=g^F8G39a`uN:=1<7P9;Vn9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4X|‡FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1JE4FL9@7i1CGC2
|‡7A/El9\^/GC24=<N:/4FLI7A1FLN:/
ZR243zN:1243I=93>=<gQF8G39
7:=3@=Nig^F8EB3IEs7P9‚V:3I=/3>5@5TH4X:SvFL/9J• pŽf.m9<–Z \s7:E4E4FT/4X pŽ‚.m9o1<N1<243KMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5v|i123J9\B9m1<3>KG>7:/stO36GNPJ/ X:H=3Ez1<N*9H4@4@kN:=1
.P*J| 5L3z9;\B9;13IKM9I|9NBGCV:31C9>|O7A/En9NsN:/
Z[‹Fb1<2n`uH45L5-G>N:J/ XPH4=C7i1FLN:/ƒ|BFb1GI7A/n3>gP3>/n`uH4/OG$1FLN:/l7P97MKzH5b1<FT@4H=@kNP93z…/Fb~nKs7:GC24FL/43
NP/_Da24FLGC2_tkNA1<2c27:=<E]7A/OE_9;N:`£1z=37A5TSU1<FTKM3s1C7:9VB9G>7:/_=H4/ƒZn…q/45LFTVP3WKs7A/^\d3IKztk3IE4E43IE_=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3sN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4Xl9\B9m1<3>Ks9>*| 
\^/B~
9H4@4@kN:=1<9RKM3>KMNP=\W@=N:13IG1FLN:/
Z
;

 T=G A R > 
[‹FL/EBNiD9q?’V F897M9m1<=FL@4@k3IEnEBNiDa/ng:3I=<9FLN:/,N:`-[‹FL/EBNiD9RNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13IK&|O7A/Eh27:9q7*KMFL/4FLKzH4K¥`uN^NA1@=FL/Q1NA` ["" 8\Q1<3I9
NP/45T\PZz. 1p@4=<Nig^FLEB3985 3a @4=<FTNP=FT1m\e5T3Ig:3I5L9IZ*"NhNP@B1FLKMFTI3M@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7A/OG3:|
7:5T5 1<24=<3I7:E9J7:=3r=<H4/€FL/€1<243sV:3I=/3>5-KrNBEB3PZrR23*1<FTKM3I=
7PG>GH=<7PG\MFL9 § KM93IGq`uN:= "1" M7:/E 9%$M=3I5L7A13IEhwqŽf.m9>ZoR243pEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1`uH/G$1<FTNP/7A5LFb1<FT39RNA`
1<2436V:3I=/43I5‰7A=<3t4=<N:VP3>/,E4NiDa/,FL/P1<N
9Ks7A5L5f/4NP/BSv@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:3W93IG1FLN:/9IZewq9*7e=39;H5b1|-EBH=FL/4X€9\B9m1<3>KŠG>7A5L5‚@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/_F89p1<H4=/3IE_N:ˆ”`uN:=zN:/45L\924NP=;1@k3>=<FTNBE49zNA`
1<FTKM3:ZRw589N|FL/Q13I==<H4@B1q93>=<g^FLG>FT/4XMF89a@4=<3>3IKr@41<7At5T3PZR27A1FL9I|FT19H4@4@kN:=1<9a/3I9;13IE&FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1<9IZf. 1H9;39aKM3>KMN:=<\,Ks7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1
H4/Fb1z•UŒlŒl…–R`uN:=ag^FT=1HO7A5‰KM3>KMN:=<\WKs7A/O7AX:3IKM3>/Q1IZ
[‹FL/EBNiD9‚’? VlHO9;39-7@4=<FTNP=FT1m\pFL/4243>=<FT1<7A/OG3R9GC243IKM3‚1Np7†gPN:F8E61243@4=<FTNP=FT1m\6FT/^gP3>=C9;FLN:/@=NPt45T3IK 127A1oFL9-@4=<3I93>/Q1 FT/*[‹FT/E4NiD9
{6Z‡{qN:=<Ks7A5L5T\P|1<243zVP3>=</43>5"124=<3I7PEe27:/EB5LFT/4X,1243*@7AXP3`j7:H45b1s•uFvZ 3:Z6ŽR?R–a=<H4/9J7i1@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5"2FTXP243>=127:/ €•U9;3I3
^3GAZ  Z  Z 5P–$Za[‹243I/€7M1<24=37:EnDaFT12l@=FLN:=<Fb1m\&5L3>g:3I5 W9HBˆ‡3>=C9q7s@O7AX:3`j7AH45T1I|k123z@4=<FTNP=FT1m\,N:` 1243rGN:=<=<3I9@ONP/EBFL/4XsV:3I=/43I5
 


1<24=37:E€27A/E45TFL/4Xh124F896@7AXP3z`j7:H45T16F89J=<7:FL93IEe1N&127A1pNA`‚1<243M@4=FLN:=<FT1m\&N:`‚123*1<24=<3I7:EdG>7:H9;FL/4Xh1243M@7:X:3z`j7AH45T1IZrR24FL963I/9H4=39



1<27i1q7*12=37:EhFL9a/NA1at45LN^GCVP3IEht^\,7A/^\W5LNiD3I=R@4=FLN:=<FT1m\M124=<3I7PE‰|43>gP3>/&Da243>/nFT1q9;H4ˆk3I=<9a7r@7:X:3J`j7AH45T1IZ
    › (n  eš pž ,)™ (+*  ›  !#"k˜™>š › œ ,,¡ -›š¡
H4=<FT/4XsEB39;FLX:/&7A/Eh@4587i1`uN:=<K3>gi7A5LH7i1<FTNP/&9;1<7:X:3P|^9\B9m1<3>K EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3I=<9NA`£1<3>/ /EhFb1/3IG399<7A=<\r1NrtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V,G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a9;\B9;S
1<3>Ks9>Z 
3>1H9 =C9m1J3~47AKMFL/43z2NiD 124F89qF89JEBN:/43z`uN:=1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5"G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=69;\B9;13IKM9IZJBH4t93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|kD3*927:5T5-3~47AKMFL/431<24F89
F899H436`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3GNPKM@4HB13I=<9IZf"NMH4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/Eh1243F89<9;H439RFT/^gPN:5Lg:3IE
|4GN:/O9;F8EB3>=R1<243p`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XM9FT1H7A1FLN:/
Zfw99H4KM3612O7i11<243
NP=XQ7A/4FLI7A1FLN:/&\:N:HeDN:=<Vs`uNP=q3>/Q1<=H9;1<9q\:NPHn1N,93>5L3IG1124 3 ;tk3I9;1 sG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=*•u`u=NPK¤124NQ9;3z7†gi7:FT587At45L3pFL/n1243*KM7:=VP31$–N:/e@4=<FLG>3
7:/En@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3G>N:/9FLE43>=C7i1FLN:/O9R1NWtk3zHO9;3E&1NW24NQ9m11243*GN:KM@7:/^\ $ 9aD3>tl9Fb1<3:Z. 1FL9@ONQ99FLt45T3127A1q\:NPHlG>7A/l7P9;V,`uN:=t4FLE9
`u=<N:K¤g:3I/EBN:=C9a7A/OEnN:tB1C7AFL/h1<243>FL=q@=F8G3z7:/En@k3>=`uN:=<KM7:/G39@k3IGF OGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZR{NiDx1243rYQH43I9;1FLN:/nF8924NiD DNPH458En\:N:HeEB3>13I=KMFL/43
Da24F8GC2e7AKMN:/Xr7M931NA` GNPKr@HB13I=<9aYQH4N:13IE&t^\,EBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1g:3I/EBN:=C9DNPH458E,@k3>=`uN:=<K tk3I9;1a`uN:=a\:NPH4=7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:!/
q`ƒG>N:H4=C9;3P|^\:N:H=f3>gi7:5TH7A1FLN:/hDNPH45LEWtO3Jg:3I=\s7:GIGH4=C7i1<3qFT`ƒ\:NPH,7:G1H7:5T5L\sX:N:137:GC2WN:`
1243JKs7:GC24FL/43`uN:=Da24F8GC2,\:NPHW=<3IG3IFTgP3IE
YQH4N:13*7:/Ee1<243>/7:G1H7:5T5L\n=<7:/l\:NPH4=7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/€N:/l37:GC2lN:`‚1243IK¢7A/El3>gi7A5LH7i1<3IE€g†7:=FLN:HO9@k3>=`uN:=<KM7:/G3*@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C99HGC2
7P9=<3I9@ONP/9;31FLKr3z`uN:=JYPH3>=<FT39H4/E43>=E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q15LNP7PEeGNP/EBFT1FLN:/9I6Z NiD3>gP3>=|FT1DN:H458EntO3*FT/4`u3I7:9FLt45T31NhGI7A=<=\,124F89N:HB1`u=<N:K
G>NP9;1I|43>ˆkNP=;1|7A/Eh1<FTKM3GNP/9FLEB3I=<7A1FLN:/9IZ/43p@kNP9<9;FLt4FL5TFT1m\,F89R1<27i1\PN:HeG>7:/hH9361mDNM1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5‰KM31=<F8G>9aH93IE&t^\,gP3>/E4N:=C9f1<N
FL/EBF8G>7A13J12436@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3N:`ƒ123>FL=GN:KM@4H413>=a9\B9m1<3>Ks,9 WoŒe.mŽ€•UŒeFL5T5LFTNP/h.0/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9RŽ 3I=aB3IGNP/E–7A/OE,*’ -JŽl•j’-5LNP7A1FL/4X
Ž NPFT/Q1@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9qŽ 3>=q^3GN:/OE–$’Z NiD3>g:3I=I|47:/n3>gi7A5LH7i1<FTNP/nt7:93IE&N:/&1<243I93KM31<=F8G>9GI7A/nNA`£1<3>/etk324FLX:245L\,KMF89;5L3I7PEBFL/4XZR243
9Fb1<H7i1<FTNP/,F89R9;NrEBFL9X:HO9m1<FT/4X*12O7i1a9;NPKr3IN:/433>gP3>/,@=NP@ONQ9;3EM127A1R7*KMN:=<39H4FT1<7At5T3`uH45L5‡`uN:=<KNA`"Œe.mŽW924N:H5LE,tO3 ŒeF895T37:EBFL/4X
.0/B`uNP=Ks7A1FLN:/e7AtkN:HB1qŽf=NBG>3I9<9;NP=aB@O3I3IE Z 
3>1qH9a3>~47AKMFT/3pDa2Q\,124F89F899NZƒNWEB3>13I=KMFL/4361243*Œe.mŽh=C7i1FL/4XsN:` 7sG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=|
7s@=NPX:=C7AKF89=<H4/eN:/eFT17A/OE&1243=<H4/n1<FTKM3F89KM3I7P9;H=3E‰ZR23/^H4Kztk3>=NA`oFT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9FT/e1<243@4=<N:XP=<7:K F89qEBFLg^FLEB3Ent^\,1<243
=<H4/l1<FTKM3M1<NhXPFTgP3z1<243sŒe.mŽl=<7A1FL/4XhN:`‚123MG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=-Z qNiD3Ig:3>=|kFb1pF896/4NA19@O3GF 3IEd7:91NnDa27A11m\^@k3rN:`@4=<N:XP=<7:K¥/3>3IE9
1<Nr=<H4/
Z?NP/93IYQH43>/Q1<5T\P|QgP3>/E4N:=C9f1C7AVP3q1<243p5TFLtk3>=1m\WNA`-=H4//4FT/Xr@=NPX:=C7AKs9o1<27i1XP3>/43I=<7A13JN:/45L\M124NQ9;3s•jKM7PGC24FL/43–FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9
1<27i1z2O7†g:3Mg:3I=\€924NP=;1zG>\^G>5T3M1<FTKM39p`uN:=1243IFT=@=NBG399N:=|
=<3I9H45T1FL/4XeFT/c7:=;1<F kGF87A5L5T\lFL/B}O7A13E_Œe.mŽd=C7i1FL/4XQ9>Z,w9z7n=<3I9H45T1I|-Fb`
\PN:HcKs7AVP3,\PN:H4=rt4H4\^FL/4XdEB3GF89;FLN:/O9zt7P9;3EcNP/_1243eYQH4N:13IE”Œe.mŽ”7A/E ’  JŽ]=C7i1<FT/XP9I| 1243I/”\:NPH”7A=<3,KMNQ9m1M5TFLV:3I5T\1<Ndtk3
5<[

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 EBF89<7A@4@kN:FL/Q13IE
Zo. 1FL9agP3>=<\s5TFLV:3I5T\,127A1Da243>/n\PN:Hn7:G$1<H7A5L5L\WX:3>11<243zG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a\:NPH&93>5L3IG13EhtO7:93IEhN:/nŒe.mŽh=C7i1FL/4Xs7A/OE,=<H4/
\PN:H4=a7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/
|B\PN:H4=7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/hDN:H458Eh/4NA1a=<H4/e7:9`j7:9;17:9R\PN:H&27:E&3~B@k3IG13IE
Z
Vfg:3>=<\^tONBEB\d9;N^N:/_=<3I7:5TFL>3Ed127A1rŒe.mŽ]7A/E_*’ -JŽ=<7A1FL/4XP9z7A=<3sKrF895T37:EBFL/4XZ o3I/EBN:=C9p1<243>=<3`uNP=3W9;1<7:=;1<3IE1<Nl3~B@4=<3I9<9
@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3q=C7i1FL/4XQ9fN:`
1243IFT=aG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=R9;\B9;13>Ks9FL/W13I=Ks9NA`
@k3I7:VWŒe.mŽ,7A/E,@O37AVs*’ -JŽM1NrFL/EBF8G>7i1<3q1<27i1123=C7i1<FT/4XQ9
27†gP3tk3>3I/nN:tB1C7AFL/43IE&t^\WH9FT/X*1<243>FL=a`j7P9m1<3I9;1RFL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9IjZ NiD3>g:3I=I|Q1<24FL9aE4FLE&/4N:13I7:93J1243p@=NPt45T3IK FL/n7:/^\sD7†\PZ
"NhNigP3>=CGNPKr3z124F896@4=<N:t45L3>K N:`Œe.mŽ€7:/E’  JŽl=<7A1FL/4XP9JFL/d@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3*3Ig†7:5THO7i1FLN:/ƒ|
9;\^/Q1243>1F8GrtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<VB9D3>=<3
EB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3E‰jZ 
3>1H9aH4/E43>=C9m1C7A/EhDa27i1q7:=3p9\^/P1<2431<FLG6tk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<V^9IZow 587A=<X:3J/QHKztk3>=N:`"@4=C7:G1F8G>7A5‰@=NPt45T3IKs9RD3I=3p7A/O7A5L\QI3IE
1<NhEB3>13>=<KMFT/3123r9;1<7A1F89m1<FLGI7A5"E4FL9;1=<FTtHB1FLN:/dNA`‚gi7A=<FTNPH9FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9FL/d7:/€7†g:3I=<7:X:36@4=<N:XP=<7:K •u3PZ XOZ7:=FT124KM3>1F8GzFL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9
5" ,|‰. : § " ,|‰=<3>XPFL9;13I=1<=<7:/9;`u3>= § "
W|‰3>1<G:Z –ZM…9;FL/4Xh124F89pFL/B`uN:=<Ks7i1<FTNP/
|
7&tO3I/GC24Ks7A=<Ve@4=<N:X:=C7AKF896Da=FT1;1<3>/d127A1p27:9J1<243
9<7AKM3qEBF89;1=<FTt4H41FLN:/WN:`k1<243E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1FL/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9IZoq`ƒG>N:H4=C9;3P|A1<243qtk3>/GC2KM7:=Vr@4=<N:XP=<7:K“/43>3Es/4N:1GNPKM@4HB137A/^\*KM37A/4FL/4XA`uH5
=<3I9H45T1<9IZ€. 1MFL9r9;FLKM@45L\]9\^/Q12439;FL>3E_H9FT/4XdFT/O9m1<=HG1FLN:/9zDaFb1<2”=<3IYQH4FL=3E_9m1C7i1<FL9;1F8G>7:5EBF89;1=<FTt4H41FLN:/9IZd. 1rFL9z123>=<3`uN:=<3hGI7A5L5T3E_7
9\^/P1<2431<FLGJtk3>/GC2KM7:=V‡Z . 1q924N:H458EhtO3pG5L3I7:=127A1a1243p@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3=<3I9H45T1<9N:tB1C7AFL/43IEht^\W=<H4/4/4FL/4Xr12439\^/Q1243>1F8Gtk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<V
@4=<N:XP=<7:Ky924N:H458E&tO3zg:3>=<\,G>5TNQ9;3I5T\h=3I5L7A13IEh1<NsDa27i1qDN:H5LE&tk33~B@k3IG$1<3IEnt^\,=<H4/4/FT/4XW7:/e7†g:3>=C7AXP3@=<7PG$1F8G>7:5
@4=<N:XP=<7:K&ZfBN:KM3
3>~B7:KM@45T39zN:`9\Q/Q1<2431<FLGhtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<VB9*7:=
3 7V?LQG? HJWF7A2WJE9
#T 9JW ` 5GKPQG?@H<WF7>PZ ƒ7A13I=I|4Ž V?¤•vQ1<7:/E47:=<EcŽ 3I=;`uNP=Ks7:/G3
Vfg†7:5THO7i1FLN:/s?N:=<@ONP=<7A1FLN:/O–
D7P9"`uN:=<Kr3EzFL/*1243R587i13R3IFTXP2P1<FT39>Z BŽ VR?F89o7/N:/BS @4=<N 41o7:9<9;NBG>FL7A1FLN:/N:`kGNPKM@4HB13I= KM7:/^HB`j7:G1H4=<3>=C9
7:/Ee7:GI7:EB3IKrF8GF87A/O9127A1JEB3Ig:3>5LN:@O97A/E&@4Ht45TF8GFL>39tk3>/GC2KM7:=Vn9H4Fb1<3I9`uN:=q9@O3GF OG7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>ZR’4NP=q3~47:Kr@5T3zBŽ V?‘[ V
F891243ptk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<Vs`uN:=aD3>te7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZoR243BŽ VR? tk3>/GC2KM7:=V,@4=NPX:=C7AKs9G>7A/ntk3EBNiDa/45LNP7PEB3IEW`u=NPK DaDaDpZ 9@k3IGAZ N:=<XZ
;=:  6I*?=RH1AG6I  I HJKT=C
’N:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3z9;\B9;13IKM9
7:9<;RQG?@H<WF7*KM31<=F8G  5  FL9q@ONP@4H4587A=a`uNP=qtk3>/GC24Ks7:=V^FL/4XZ.0/e123|4a2437A589m1<N:/43KM3>1=<FLG:|O9Fb~n@7A=C7AKM3>13>=C9
N:`R=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3s9;\B9;13>Ks97:=3WG>N:/9F8EB3>=<3IE‰Z&R243I93sF8EB3>/Q1F 3E]@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C96FT/OEBFLGI7i1<3M1243W@O7A=C7AKM31<3>=C9J127A1*7A=<3MFTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1zFL/_7
1m\^@4F8G>7:5‰=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ [d3p/4NiDxt4=<FT3>}\,EBF89G>H9<912439;3p@7:=<7:KM313I=<9FL/&12436`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/XW
§ Z +`). 1 \ c ba^ 3”cth +ŠctdP_ .   4 

T2 T3
T1
t1 t2

t ts

-’ FTXPH4=<3 § #Wo-7:9V,^DaFb1CGC24FL/4XWRFTKM3wqKrNP/4X VfYQH7:5

Ž‚=<FTNP=FT1m\s"7P9;VB9
"7P9;VM9DaFb1CGC24FT/X1FLKM3qF89E43(/43E,7P9‚1<2431<FTKM3JFb11<7:V:3I9‚`uN:=N:/43JGN:/Q1<3~^19DaFb1CGC2,7AKMNP/4X3IYQH7:5O@=FLN:=<Fb1m\*1<7P9;VB9IZo?NP/9FLEB3I=
1243*3~47AKM@45L3z924NiDa/eFL/€’-FTXOZ  Z § Zwq9<9;H4KM3z127A1
 8
+
7:=33YQH7A5"@4=FLN:=<FT1m\W1<7P9;VB97A/En1<27i1J=NPH4/En=<N:t4FL/eN:@41FLN:/
7AKMN:/X*3YPHO7A5‰@4=<FTNP=FT1m\M1<7P9;VB9RF899H4@4@kN:=13IEht^\s1239GC243EBH45L3>=Zo.0/&’-FLXZ  Z § 4|  FL91<24361FLKM37i`£13I=aDa24F8GC2
9;1<7A=1<91<N
3~B3IG>HB137A`£13I=
 GNPKr@5T3>13I9‚Fb1C9o1FLKM3q95TF8G3P|:t45LNBGCV^9I|ANP=fGNPKr@5T3>13I9q•     .   –Zo"7P9;Vz9DaFT1<GC24FL/4X61FLKM3F89fEB3>13>=<KMFT/3IE
t^\s1243p3
GFL3>/G>\WNA`-1243pVP3>=</43>5
E7i1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3:Z
45 Z +`). Z\0__1d b2ct]9h +ŠctdP_ .   4  "7P9;Vl@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/1<FTKM3sF89EB(3 O/43IE]7:9J1<243s1<FTKM3sFT1p1<7AVP3I9J1<Nl9m1C7A=13~B3IG>HB1FLN:/NA`
7s24FLX:243I=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W1C7:9V•UGNPKr@O7A=<3IE&1NW1243rGH4=<=3I/Q15L\,=<H4/4/4FL/4Xs1C7:9VB–|k7A`£13I=123zGNP/EBFT1FLN:/l3I/7At45LFL/4XM1243z1<7P9;V&NBG>GH=<9IZ
"7P9;Vs@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/h1FLKM3627:9tk3>3>/nFL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEhFT/h124363>~B7:KM@45T3p924NiDa/,FL/n’"FLXZ § [Z "7P9;V,@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/W1FLKM3GNP/9;F89;1<9NA`
1243f`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4Xq124=<3>3GN:KM@kN:/43I/Q1<29 W‰1<7P9;Vp9DaFb1CGC24FT/X1FLKM3   |A1FLKr31N=3GNPX:/4FL>3o1<2433>g:3I/Q1"3>/O7At45LFT/X123f24FLX:243I="@=FLN:=<Fb1m\P|
7A/EW12431FLKM3J1NMEBFL9@7A1<GC2,FT1IZ?5L3I7:=5L\:|Q1C7:9Vs@4=3I3>KM@B1<FTNP/W1FLKM3DN:H5LE,tO36/4NP=Ks7A5L5L\r587A=<X:3I=f1<27A/,1<7P9;VW9DaFb1CGC24FL/4Xz1<FTKM3PZ
Z (h&b2_\\5b 3#b2_1h”^
+ŠcedP_6.  4  .0/Q13I==<H4@B1‚587i1<3>/G>\1<FTKM3F89‚EB,3 /43IEs7P9 123a1FLKM3Fb1f1<7AVP3I9-1<N9m1C7A=1o12433>~B3IGH41FLN:/MNA`
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 Condition enabling T2 starts running
high priority task T
2

T2

T1
t1 t2 t3
time

tt p

’-FTXPH4=<3 § [Wo-7:9V,Ž‚=<3>3IKr@41FLN:/nRFTKM3
Interrupt occurs

ISR

T1
t1 t2 t3
time
ti l
-’ FLX:H4=<3 §a W .0/Q13I==<H4@B1"7i1<3>/G>\,RFTKM3
1243z=3YPHFT=<3IEh.;J4 7i`£1<3>=q7:/eFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41N^GIGH4=C9IZf.0/Q13I==<H4@B1587i1<3>/G>\,1<FTKM3p`uNP=q7A/n3~47:Kr@5T3p27P9atk3>3>/l924NiDa/nFL/l’"FLXZ §a Z
.0/Q13>=<=<H4@B1f587i1<3>/G>\*1<FTKM3JGN:/O9;F89m1C9‚N:`‰1243q`uN:5L5TNiDaFL/4XzG>N:KM@ONP/43>/Q1C,9 W-27A=CEBDR7A=<3EB3>587†\rFT/&?Ž…¦=<3IG>N:X:/FTIFT/4X61<243qFL/Q13I==<H4@B1|
1FLKM31N&GNPKr@5T3>13p1<243rG>H4=<=3I/P1FT/9;1=<HG1FLN:/
|O1FLKM31N&97†gP361243rGNP/P1<3~^1N:`o1243rGH4=<=<3>/Q15L\h=<H4/4/FT/4XW1<7:9V‡|k7:/En1<243>/e1<N
9m1C7A=1R1243p.;J4Z
[OZ 1L_1d  3]\0_ 1*3 
Pceh +ŠcedP_ .    4  ^3>Ks7:@424N:=<3z92^H sFT/4Xh1FLKM3*F896EB(3 O/43IEd7:9q1243*1FLKM3*1<27i163>587A@O9;39qtk31mD3>3I/€7
Release Semaphore
Acquire Semaphore

tss
T1
T1
T2 T2

time

Request Semaphore

-’ FTXPH4=<3 §a W‚^3IKM7:@424NP=3p^2^HsFT/XWRFTKM3

5TNiD3>=f@4=FLN:=<FT1m\1<7P9;Vr=<3>5L3I7:9FL/4X793>Ks7A@42N:=<37A/EW724FTXP243>=@4=<FTNP=FT1m\1C7:9Vz1<Nz9m1C7A=1f=<H4/4/4FL/4XZ‚^3IKs7A@424NP=392^HsFT/X1FLKM3
27:9Jtk3>3I/dFL5T5LH9;1=C7i1<3IEdFT/]’-FTXOZ  Z E§ a Zz.0/]’-FTXOZ  Z E§ a |
7i17&G3>=1<7:FT/d1FLKM3r1<7:90V
24N:58E491243W93>Ks7:@424N:=<3:Z*R243r1<7:90V

=3YQH43I9;1<9`uN:=J1<243W9;3IKs7A@424NP=3r7A/Edt45LNBGCV^9IZMR243MFT/Q13I=gi7:5-tk31mD3>3I/
 =<31H=/4FL/4X&123M93>Ks7:@424N:=<3M7A/E
=<H4/4/4FL/4XnF89
V^/4NiDa/h7P9124393>Ks7A@24N:=<3p9;2^H sFL/4Xr1FLKr3PZ
 Z h%]!h_ [Z\0ce]9\0c b
(h&g9_\0`ace]h,+ŠctdP_ I• P–  w9924NiDa/WFL/ XPH4=<3 §
B|PH4/^tkN:H4/OEB3IE,@4=FLN:=<FT1m\zFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/M1<FTKM3 

5a

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 t1
t2

T2 T3
T1 T1

time
Acquire Request Release Acquire
Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore Semaphore

"’ FLX:H=3 §
JWo…/^tONPH4/EB3EnŽ‚=<FTNP=FT1m\s.0/^g:3>=C9FTNP/hRFLKr3
FL9aG>N:KM@4HB1<3IEn7:91<24361FLKM3pFb1q1<7AVP3I9`uN:=1243pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xr9\B9m1<3>Ky1NM=3GNPX:/4FL>3J@4=<FTNP=FT1m\WFL/QgP3>=C9;FLN:/•   –R7A/E&=<H4/&124361C7:9V
24N:58EBFL/4Xr1243p=<3I9N:H=<G>3J7:/Eh9;1<7:=;61
7i`£1<3>1=
 GNPKr@5T3>13I9pI•  –Zf^\^KztkN:5LFLGI7A5L5T\P|  /     Z
a Z  #b  9\5#d + 3”\] !3”b +|cedP_ .   4  R24F89f@7:=<7:KM313I=fFL/EBF8G>7A13I9f123/^H4K*tO3I=N:`
VQFL5LN:t^\Q13I9fNA`"E7i1<7p127A1RGI7A/Wtk3
1=C7A/9;`u3>=<3IEztO3>1mD3I3>/r1mDN1C7:9VB9 DaFb1<24N:HB1‚HO9;FL/4Xp9;2O7A=<3IE*Kr3IKMN:=<\N:= @kN:FL/P1<3>=C9>Z R24F89o@7:=<7:Kr3>13I=-KM37:9H4=39"1243a3
G>FT3I/G\

NA`"1243E47A1<7M9;1=<HG$1<H4=39R27A/OEB5TFL/4XMKM3I9<97:X:36@7P99FT/X*@4=<FLKrFT1FLg:39>Z
R24384a23I7A589;1N:/3JKM3>1=<FLG6F89aGNPKr@HB13E&7P9a7rD3IFTXP2P1<3IE&7†g:3I=<7:X:3qN:`ƒ1<243pFLE43>/Q1F 3IE&@7:=<7:KM313I=<29 W
2  / "
   Z%$      
 1     


  

  

 
[‹243I=3P|47 § |‰ZTZLZT|O7 a 7A=<3J3IKM@4FT=<F8G>7A5L5L\,EB31<3>=<KMFT/43EnGN:/O9m1C7A/Q1<9IZ
4a23I7A589;1N:/3ltO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V%$ 9X:H=3dNA`KM3>=<Fb1nGC27A=C7:G13I=FL>39M1243dV:3I=/43I5bS 27:=<EBDR7A=<3eGNPKzt4FL/7i1<FTNP/‹NA`z7 9;\B9;13>KnZR24FL9hF89
1<243>=<3`uNP=37sG>N:KM@4=<3>243I/9;FLg:36tk3>/GC2KM7:=V‡Z qNiD3Ig:3I=I#| 4a23I7A589;1N:/3p27:99N:KM393>=<FTNPH9aEB=C7†Dat7:GCVB9IZ‚’-FT=C9m1|B123z7At4FL5LFb1m\,1NWKM3>3>1
EB37:EB5LFL/43I96N:`R7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9s•£1<7P9;Vd9GC243EBH45LFT/X&3>1<G:Z –F89p/4N:1pG>N:/9F8EB3>=<3IE7i1z7:5T5vZsw589;NO|
123W9;FT~dKM3I7P9;H=3IKr3I/Q16GI7i13IX:NP=FL3I967A=<3
9N:KM3>Da2O7i17:E^S 24NBG67A/E,123>=<3pFL9R/4NM@4=<N:@k3>*= 3mHO9m1<F OGI7i1<FTNP/n7P9RDa2^\WN:/45L\s1<243I939;FT~,KM3I7P9;H=3IKr3I/Q1<9R27†gP3tk3>3I/nGC2NP93>/
Z
; FGHJILKKM6NH[OQK#ADC&ISR1R1TBGU ISK 6I  
ƒ31  *tk3z1<243*1FLKr3*1NnGNPKM@45T3>13r7hG>3>=1<7AFL/e1C7:9V&Da23>/l1<243>=<3*7:=3*/4N,FL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9J7:/Ee5L31  rtO3*123z1<FTKM3r1N&GN:KM@45L31<3
1<243*9<7AKM31C7:9VhDa23>/ 5"4| """MFL/Q13I==<H4@B1C9NBG>G>H4=q@k3>=69;3GNP/E‰ZqR243I/e123*NigP3>=<243I7PEhEBH3z1<N 5 " "" "MFT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9@k3>=693IGNP/EnF89
   

XPFTgP3>/&tQ&\ W  . 
       



? NP/9;F8EB3I=`uNP=R3~47AKM@45L3J127A1  6FL9 § & a 9;3G7:/E6 JF89 § 9;3GAZoR243I/

|^12436FL/Q13>=<=<H4@B1a@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X*Nig:3>=<2437:E pFL9 "Z a •uNP=
a " r–-NA`‡1231<7P9;V*3~B3IG>HB1FLN:/M1<FTKM3PZ R23Nig:3I=2437:ErGNP/9;F8EB3I=3EzF89‚NP/45T\*`uN:=f@4=NBG>3I9<9;FL/4X6123FTKMKM3IE4FL7A13@7:=;1‚N:`‡1243FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9
       

7:/E,/NA1a123EB3`u3I==<3IEh@7A=1<9IZ
;& ' KTT)( ISG/R1TAG*?  I <R1M6K#I
"=F8EBFLKM3>/9FTNP/7A5-KM3I7P9;H4=<3*G>N:/9F8EB3>=C9a1<24=3I3z`j7PG$1<N:=C91<27i1p7iˆ‡3IG11<243*@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3zN:`7W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3r9\B9m1<3>KnZpR243I93*F8EB3I/P1<F O3IE
@ 7:=<7:KM313I=<9f7A=<3!W ŒeFT5L5LFTNP/9fN:`
.0/9;1=<HG$1<FTNP/9Žf=NBG>3I9<9;3E*@k3>=a^3GN:/OEl•jŒe.mŽ § –|QŒlFT5L5TFLN:/O9fN:`
.0/P1<3>=<=H@B1<9Ž‚=<NBG3I9<93IEr@O3I=RB3IGNP/E
•UŒe.mŽ#5P–$|4{qH4Kztk3>=N:`".P“@O3I=<7A1FLN:/9RŽ 3I=aB3IGNP/E•j{.JŽ4–$ZO/OG3J12439;3J1<24=3I36@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C927†g:3JtO3I3>/nEB31<3>=<KMFT/43E‰|B1<243
1<=F8EBFLKr3I/9FTNP/7A5‰KM3I7P9;H=3s•jaŒd–RG>7A/&tk3pN:tB1C7AFL/43IEht^\,H9FT/X*1<2436`uN:5L5LNiDaFT/4Xr3~B@4=<3I9<9FTNP/LW

 •  §
    j5

   ‚–  
  

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 ;  ILH1ISK ( TBGT=G6U Z‹ILKGIS? OQK#ISI( N6H 
/TB?=T•H

^NPKM3M1FLKr39FT1tO3GNPKr39p/43G3I9<9<7A=<\e1NlEB3>13I=KMFL/43s123s3~^13I/P1z1NeDa24F8GC2_7A/]N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xl9\B9m1<3>K V:3>=</43I5oFL9p@=3I3>KM@B1<7:t45L3stQ\
24FLX:23>=‚@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\*=37A5TSU1<FTKM3R1<7P9;VB9IZ"’-FLXZ §'< 924NiD9‚7:/r3>~B@O3I=FLKM3>/Q1<7:59;3>1fH4@M1<27i1GI7A/sFL/EBF8G>7A13VP3>=</43>54@=3I3>KM@B1<7:t4FL5TFT1m\:Z-.0/W’-FTXOZ
§ < |P12436D 4a.mwq
{ KMNBEBH45L3XP3>/43I=<7A13I9‚=<7:/EBN:K1<=FL@45L31<9EB3I/4NA1<FT/4Xz124=<3>3Jg:3I=;1<FLG>3I9fNA`ƒ7p1<=F87A/X:5L3:Z R243>=<37:=3/W=37A5TSU1<FTKM3q1<7:9VB9

(& & &
WDa24F8GC2,=<3I7PEs1<243J1=<FL7:/4X:5L3qgP3>=1F8G3I9R7:/E,GI7A=<=\MN:H41RG>3>=1<7AFL/,@=NBG399FL/4X*7:/EO/7A5L5T\sNPHB1@HB1R12436N:=<FLX:FL/7A5O1=<FL7:/4X:5L3
gP3>=1 F8G3I9"1<N1<243a7A/7:5T\^I3>=-KrNBEBH5T3R1<24=NPH4X:2*KM3I9<97:X:3f@O7:9<9;FL/4XZ-D 4a.mwq
{ ¦NP@O3I=<7A139-7A1o24FTXP243>= @4=<FLN:=<Fb1<FT39ƒ1<27A/r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr31<7P9;VB9IZ
 

R2431FLKM3>’= =C9m1RFL/QgPN:VP3I9fD 4.mwq/{ r|47:/Es1<243>/hFT/^gPN:V:39f7r9;\B9;13IK G>7A5L5‡9;HGC2&7:9@4=<N^G>3I9<9G>=37i1<FTNP/

|B7A/EW9H4t93IYQH43I/Q15L\M1=<FTXPX:3>=C9
7nEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1=37A5TSU1<FTKM3r1<7P9;V”•
 '& & &
B–J3I7PGC2€1<FTKM3:ZWR23W7A/7:5T\^>3I=pGN:KM@7:=391243M1<=F87A/4XP5T3MgP3>=1F8G3I9J=<3IG>3>FLg:3IEl`u=NPK¢1<243
D 4a.mw/{ 7:/Eh`u=NPK 123z=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3J1C7:9VkZ. ` 1243*9;\B9;13>K¤V:3I=/3>5
F89a/4N:1q@4=<3>3>KM@B1C7At45L3:|1243I/e3>gP3>/ntO3>`uN:=<3p123=37A5TSU1<FTKM361C7:9V
 

GI7A/r=37:Ep1<243R1=<F87A/4XP5T3gi7A5LH43:|i1<243a/43>~Q1‚931oNA`O1=<FL7:/4X:5L3g†7:5TH3I9 Nig:3I="Da=<FT13I9-1<243a587:9;1 XP3>/43I=<7A13Egi7A5LH43I9IZ"R231<FTKM3I=o`u=3YQH43>/G>FT39

7:=36gi7A=<FT3Eh7:/Eh12437:/7A5L\^>3I==<3I9H45T1<9a7:=36N:tO9;3I=gP3IE‰ZoR24361<FTKM3>=`u=3YPH3>/G>\,7i1Da24F8GC2ng:3I=;1<FLG>3I9X:3>1KrF89<9;3E•U7:9RF8EB3>/Q1<F 3E&tQ\
1<2437A/7:5T\^I3>=$–$|^FT/OEBFLGI7i1<3I9R1<243pDNP=<9;1aG>7:936V:3I=/43I5‰@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/,1<FTKM3PZ
TRIANG

Shared Memmory

Analyser
System Call

RT1 RT2 RTn

Output

Timer

’-FLX:H4=<3 §'< WoB31H@h`uNP=D4a.mwq{

œ    
"
Y [d3|=C9m1E4FL9<GH9<93IE&123zt7P9;F8G6`u3I7A1H4=<3I9127A1J7:/Q\&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3zN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4XW9\B9m1<3>K¤FL9=3YQH4FT=<3IE&1<N,9H4@4@kN:=1IZ^NPKM3NA`o1<243
FTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1a`u37i1<H4=39=<3IYQH4FL=3E&NA`‚7s=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3pNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9\^9;13IKn|FT`‚Fb1qF89a1<NWtk3zH93IE&`uNP=27A=CEn=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9
7A=<3!W‚2FTXP2&=<3I9N:5LHB1<FTNP/nG>5TNBGCV&7A/Eh1FLKM3>=J9;3I=g^F8G3I9I|9;1<7A1F8G6@4=FLN:=<FT1m\,5L3>g:3I5L9I|45LNiD 1C7:9V,@4=<3>3IKM@B1FLN:/n1<FTKM3I9*•uN:`-1<243NP=<EB3I=aNA`
7`u3ID¦KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/E49C–$|Q5TNiD¦FL/Q13I==<H4@B1R5L7A13I/G\M1<FTKM3:|B5LNifD 3mFT1;1<3>=aFL/hKM3>KMNP=\s7:GIG399I|B7A/Eh9;H4@@ONP=;1`uN:=R=<3I9N:H4=CG3q927:=FL/4X
7AKMN:/X*=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM31C7:9VB9>Z
Y [d33~B@4587AFL/43IEWDa2Q\*1=C7:E4Fb1<FTNP/7A5kN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X*9;\B9;13>Ks99;HGC2h7:9f…q/4FT~,7A/EM[‹FL/EBNiD97A=<3/4N:19H4Fb1C7At45L3`uNP=2O7A=CEM=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZR[d3*@ONPFT/Q13EnN:HB1127A1q1<243Ks7AFL/l@4=<N:t45L3>Ks9R1<27i167s@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=aDNPH45LE&`j7PG3Da2FT5L3*EB3Ig:3I5TNP@4FT/XW7s=37A5TS
1FLKM3,7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/]H9FT/4Xl…q/4FT~]7:=3WEB\^/7:KMFLGs@=FLN:=<Fb1m\€5T3Ig:3>5897:/E]/4N:/4Sv@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t45T3sVP3>=</43>5vZhR2N:H4XP2[‹FL/EBNiD9*{q
9;@kN:=1<9 Ks7:/Q\z@ONQ9;FT1FLg:3R`u37i1H=39-`uN:=‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@=NPX:=C7AKMKMFT/4XO|†1243aDR7†\[‹FL/EBNiD9‚{”2O7A/EB5L3I9‚FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9 KMFTXP2P1‚=<3I9H45T1
FT/&H4/^tkN:H4/E43IE&=39;@kN:/O9;3J1FLKM3I9R`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3J1<7P9;VB9IZ
Y [d39;H=gP3>\:3E1243FTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1
`u37i1<H4=39
N:`9;NPKr3fNA`^1243GNPKrKM3I=<G>FL7:5T5L\HO9;3E6=37A5TSU1<FTKM3‚NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xq9\^9;13IKs9>Z
[3REBFL9<GHO993IE
Da2^\s`u=3I36=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKs99;HOGC2&7PD9 4-D ƒFT/^HB~‰|  ?a6‡|O7A/E 
\^/B~n7A=<3XQ7AFL/4FT/XrXP=NPH4/E‰Z
Y [d3p2FTXP245TFLX:2Q1<3IE,1243p@7:=<7:KM313I=<9t7P9;3E,NP/hDa2FLGC2&123p@O3I=;`uNP=Ks7A/OG3JNA` =37A5TSU1<FTKM369;\B9;13>Ks9GI7A/&tO3ptk3>/OGC24Ks7A=<V:3IE
Z

   -œ  œ

5<

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 § ZqQ1<7A13WDa23123>=r\:N:H_G>N:/9FLE43>=1<243s`uNP5T5LNiDaFT/X€9m1C7i1<3>KM3>/Q1<91Nltk3 + 0 P N:M= S - 3 1  Z :HO9m1<Fb`u\]\:NPH4=z7:/9;D3>=zFT/c37:GC2
G>7P9;3PZ
•j7Q–W.0/e=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM|3 
FL/^HB~t• 4-D ƒFT/^HB~–|O=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p@4=NBG>3I9<9;397A=<39GC23IEBH45L3IEe7A1@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9a2FTXP243>=q127:/n1243VP3>=</43>5ƒ@4=N:S
G>3I9<9;39>Z
•utO– V’]9<GC243IEBH5TFL/4XN:`k1C7:9VB9‚F89G>N:KMKMN:/45L\r9H4@4@kN:=13EMFT/hGN:KMKM3>=CGF87A5=37A5TSU1<FTKM3NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X9;\B9;13IKM99HGC2W7:9Ž6
7:/E /4 R‘zZ
•jGI–&ŽR6^.0‘ § " "!4Z [*•j=37A5TSU1<FTKM3a9;1<7A/OE47A=CE–-=<3IYQH4FL=39ƒ1<27i1‚=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3R@4=NBG>3I9<9;39 tO39<GC243IE4H45T3E*7A1‚@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9 24FLX:23>= 12O7A/
VP3>=</43>5‰@4=<NBG3993I9IZ
•jE–&…q/EB3>=1<243p…/4FT~,N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X*9\^9;13IKn|^G>N:KM@4HB1C7i1<FTNP/,FL/P1<3>/9FLg:31<7:9VB9E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\sXP=<7†g^FT1<7A13a1<Nr2FTXP243>=@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9IZ
•u3–h[‹243I/,Ž?Ž‹•j@4=<FTNP=FT1m\rG>3>FL5TFL/4Xp@4=<NA1<NBGN:5£– F89‚FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q13EsFT/s[‹FL/EBNiD9{q t^\M7A/W7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/M@4=<N:XP=<7:KrKM3I=I|:7:/^\
=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3@4=<FTNP=FT1m\*5L3>gP3>589fGI7A/stk37:9<9FTXP/43IEr1<Np1<7P9;VB9f7:/EWG>3>FL5TFL/4Xgi7A5LH439G>N:KM@4HB1<3IEsNP/M12439;3q1NzFLKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1ŽR?Ž Z
•£`<–n{qN:=<KM7:5T5L\:|^1C7:9V,9DaFb1CGC24FT/X*1<FTKM3pF89a587A=<X:3>=12O7A/&1<7P9;VW@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/&1<FTKM3:Z
•uX^– 31mD3>3I/93>XPKM3>/Q13Ed7:/E€g^FL=;1<H7A5‚7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4Xn9GC23>KM3I9I|
1<243W9;3IX:KM3>/Q1<3IE7:E4EB=<3I9<9FT/4X&9GC23>KM3sDNPH458E€FL/dXP3>/43I=<7:5
FL/GH=5TNiD3>= 3mFT1;1<3>=FL/nKr3IKMN:=<\W7:G>G>3I9<9aGNPKr@O7A=<3IEs1<NM1243pg^FL=;1<H7A5
7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4XM9GC23>KM3:Z
•u2O–&ŽR6^.0‘„F89n7A/ 7A1;13IKM@B1&t^\‹wq{J^. †. VVV1<N 3I/7At5T3d3~B3IG>HB1<7:t45TQ3 5L3I9,1NtO3@ONP=;1C7At45L3d7PG=<NP9<9WEBFTˆk3I=3I/Q1n…q/4Fb~
Ks7:GC2FT/439>Z
•jF8–h. `*’-.m’ „9<GC243EBH45LFT/4X7AKMN:/Xc3IYQH7:5q@4=<FTNP=FT1m\ 1<7:9VB9WF89,/NA1&9H4@4@kN:=13E t^\ 7:/¦N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/X”9;\B9;13IK&|1243I/¦FT/x7A/
FLKM@45T3IKM3>/Q1<7A1FLN:/ NA`6@4=<FTNP=FT1m\cG3IFT5LFT/X@=N:1NBGNP5•jŽ?Ž–r7i1s123eH9;3I=;S 5L3>g:3I5U|fN:/45L\”27:5b`JNA`J1243l7†gi7:FT587At45L3&@4=FLN:=<FT1m\
5L3>gP3>589aG>7A/&KM3I7:/4FT/XA`uH45L5T\htO37P99FLX:/43Es1NM1<24361<7P9;VB9IZ
7• 3–n^H@4@ONQ9;3r7W=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xh9;\B9;13>KEBN^3I9/4N:1J9H4@4@kN:=1qKM3>KMN:=<\n@4=N:13G$1FLN:/ƒ|4123>/d7W@4=NBG>3IEBH4=<3zGI7A5L5-7:/Ee7
9\B9m1<3>K¥GI7A5L5
7A=<3FL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8927At45L3pFL/h1<27i1q9\B9m1<3>KnZ
•jVB–h[]7i1CGC2nE4N:Xr1FLKM3>=C9a7A=<31m\^@4F8G>7:5T5L\WH93IE,1NW9;1<7:=;193>/9N:=a7:/Eh7PG$1<H7i1<N:=a@4=<NBG3I9<9FT/4X*1<7P9;VB9a7A1R=<3>XPH4587A=RFT/Q1<3>=<g†7:5L9IZ
•j58–&’N:=sKM3>KMN:=<\cN:`69<7AKM3l9FTI3&H/EB3>=h9;3IX:KM3>/Q13E 7:/Eg^FT=1H7:57:E4E4=399FT/X9<GC243>KM39>|1243l93>XPKM3>/Q13E7PE4EB=<3I9<9;FL/4X
9<GC243>KM36DN:H458E,FL/nX:3I/43>=C7A5‰FL/GH=a5TNiD3>=RKM3>KMN:=<\,7PG>G39”9 3mFT1;1<3>=qG>N:KM@7A=<3IE,1Nr1<243pg^FT=1H7:5
7:E4E4=399FT/Xr9<GC243>KM3PZ
•jKs–&’N:=6`j7:9;13I=6=39;@kN:/93*1FLKr3P|"7:/€3>K*tO3E4EB3Ed=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>K /3>3IE9J1NntO3s=<H4/€`u=NPK„7 4aJŒ =<7A1243I=
1<27A/e7 4wqŒcZ
546Z V‚gP3>/h124NPH4X:2lG>5TNBGCVW`u=<3IYQH43I/G\hNA`oKMNBEB3>=</e@4=<N^G>3I9<9;NP=<9F89N:`-1<243NP=<EB3I=aNA`‚93>g:3I=<7:S5 P|ODa2^\hE4NWKs7A/^\,KMNBEB3>=</n=37A5TS
1FLKM3JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X*9\B9m1<3>Ks9R/4N:1a9H4@4@kN:=1R/7A/4NQ9;3GNP/EsN:=R3Ig:3>/&KMFLG>=NQ9;3GNP/Es=<3I9N:5LHB1FLN:/&G5LN^GCVB9 h.m9RFb17i17:5T5‡@kNP9<9;FLt45L3`uNP=
7A/&N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IK 1<NM9H4@4@kN:=1/7:/4NP93IG>N:/E,=39;NP5THB1<FTNP/hG>5TNBGCVB9a7i1a@4=<3I93>/Q1 Vo~B@4587AFL/h24NiD 124F89GI7A/&tO37PGC24FT3Ig:3 E
Z JFTgP37:/,3~47:Kr@5T3NA`"7z=37A5TSU1<FTKM37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/W`uN:=Da24F8GC2h7*9;FLKM@45T3693>X:KM3I/P1<3IE,Kr3IKMN:=<\rKs7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q19H4@4@kN:=1t^\M1<243
4 q6lF896@4=<3`u3>=<=<3IE€7:/E7A/4N:1243I=J3>~47AKM@45L3*N:`7A/]7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/d`uN:=6Da24F8GC2dg^FL=;1<H7A5oKM3IKrNP=\eKs7:/7AXP3>KM3>/Q1p9;H4@@ONP=;1pF89
3I9<9;3I/Q1F87A5vZ PH9;1FT`u\W\:NPH4=GC24NPFLG>3I9IZ
[OZa.m9aFT1q@ONQ99FLt45T361<NWKM3>3>11243*9;3I=g^F8G36=3YQH4FT=<3>KM3I/P1C9aNA` 27:=<E&=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9at^\,Da=<Fb1<FT/XW7:E4EBFT1FLN:/O7A5
587†\:3I=<9RNigP3>=
1243W…q/4FT~]^\B9;13>K V:3>=</43I5 . `R\:NPH4=p7A/9D3>=6FL9 ;/4N 4|
3>~^@5L7:FT/Da2^\l/4NA1 . `R\:N:H=7A/9D3I=6FL9 \:39 |‰3~B@4587AFL/dDa27A1
7:E4E4Fb1<FTNP/7A5 `u37i1H=39pDNPH458E€\PN:HFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1zFL/1243,3~^13I=/7:5o5L7†\P3>=6NA`a…/Fb~c^\B9m1<3>K V:3>=</43I5o`uN:=9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4Xe27:=<E
=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9
 Zwq9 1<243qEB3Ig:3I5TNP@O3I=‚NA`‰27:=<Er=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr37:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>|:3~B@4587AFL/W9;NPKr3aN:`‡1243a`u37i1<H4=39 12O7i1f\PN:HMDNPH458E*=<3IYQH4FL=<376=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IK„e• 4 q64–R1Ns9;H@4@ONP=;1Z
a6 Z =FL3}\dFT/OEBFLGI7i1<3W24NiD…/4FT~]E4\Q/O7AKMFLGI7A5L5T\=<3IGNPKM@4HB13961<7P9;Vd@4=<FTNP=FT1m\€gi7A5LH439>Z&[‹2^\dF89z9HGC2_=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/]NA`R1C7:9V
@4=<FTNP=FT1FL3I9R=<3IYQH4FL=3 E e[‹2O7i1q7A=<36123pFTKM@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9aNA`‚9HGC2n@4=<FTNP=FT1m\W=<3IGNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/9RNP/n=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/eEB3>gP3>5TS
N:@4KM3I/P1

BZa[‹27i1pF89J1243WE4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3MtO3>1mD3I3>/]9;\^/GC24=<N:/N:H9. :7:/E7:9\Q/OGC24=NP/4N:HO9q. P# r[‹27i1z7:=3*1243MFLKM@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/96N:`f1<243I93
1mDN*1m\^@O39aNA`-. : `uN:=a=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/O9>Z
5

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 < Z6Vo~B@4587AFL/W1<243p@4=<NP9a7A/OEhG>N:/9RN:` 9H4@4@kN:=1FL/4XMg^FT=1H7:5‰KM3>KMN:=<\WFL/&3IKztk3IE4E43IE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9IZ
 aZ [‹27i1JEBNs\:NPH&H/EB3>=C9;1<7A/OEht^\&KM3>KMN:=<\W@4=<NA1<3IG$1<FTNP/nFT/eNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XW9;\B9;13IKy@7:=587A/G>3:Za?N:KM@7A=<36123@4=<NP97:/EnGN:/O9aNA`
=3YQH4FT=<FL/4Xr7:/h3IKztk3IE4E43IE&=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K„•t4 q64–1Ns9H4@4@kN:=1Kr3IKMN:=<\W@4=<NA13G$1<FTNP/!
§ "4ZR[‹27i1F89123EBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/OG3ptk31mD3>3>/nt45LNBGCVW.:“7A/E&GC27:=<7PG$13I=R.:#p’N:=a3I7PGC2,1m\^@k3pNA`-.:*|BX:FLg:3p7:/h3>~B7:KM@45T3pN:`-7r1C7:9V
127A1a/43>3E49R1NMH93pFT1IZo[‹24F8GC2&1m\Q@k3pNA`-. : FL97PG>G>N:=CEB3IE,24FTXP243>=a@=FLN:=<Fb1m\st^\,…q/4FT~ l[‹2^\
§P§ ZR[‹2^\,F89q…/Fb~  /4NP/BS @4=3I3>KM@B1<FTgP3pFT/eVP3>=</43>5
KMNBEB3 NiD EBNs`uH45L5T\&@4=<3>3IKr@41FLg:3VP3>=</43>589Rt7:93IEnNP/e…/4FT~]•j3:Z XDZ 
FL/^HB~–
Nig:3I=<G>N:KM3o12FL9o@=NPt45T3IK =<FT3>}\EB39G>=FLtO3a7:/*3>~^@k3>=<FLKr3I/Q1<7A54931oH4@*12O7i1fG>7:/*tk3RH93IE*1NpEB3>13>=<KMFT/31<243a@4=<3>3IKr@41<7AtFT5TS
Fb1m\,NA`oEBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>Ks9Rt^\,2FTXP2BSv@=FLN:=<Fb1m\s=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J1<7:9VB9RDa243>/e7r5LNiD @4=<FTNP=FT1m\s1C7:9VW27:9RKs7PEB37M9;\B9;13>K
G>7:5T5vZ
§ 5BZ^H4@4@kNP93612O7i1q\PN:Hn27†g:3J1<N,9;3I5T3G$1q7s9H4FT1<7At5T3zG>N:KM@4HB1<3>=a`uNP=q7M@4=<NBG3I9<9G>N:/Q1=<N:5
7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/ƒ|4N:HB1NA`‚9;3Ig:3I=<7:5‡7†gi7:FT587At45L3
GNPKr@HB13I=<9IZƒ[=FT13`uNPH4=oFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1o@k3>=`uN:=<Ks7A/G>3@7:=<7:KM313I=<9-Da24F8GC2r\:N:H*DNPH458E*G>N:/9FLE43>= FT/Mtk3>/GC2KM7:=V^FL/4XJ=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
GNPKr@HB13I=9;\B9;13>Ks9IZoq,3 /436123I93p@7A=C7AKM31<3>=C9R7A/Eh3~B@4587AFL/nDa2Q\W1243I\h7A=<3JFTKM@kN:=1<7A/Q1aFL/&=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9IZ
§ 4DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/”1<243n1FLKM3l9;3I=g^F8G39r127A1,7d=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3nN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X_9\^9;13IK e• 4 q64–sFL9M3>~^@k3IG13E”1<Nc9;H@4@ONP=;1Z¦w589;NO|t=FL3}\
24FLX:245LFTXP2Q1R2NiDx9HGC2,1<FTKM3I=q9;3I=g^F8G397:=3JFLKr@5T3IKr3I/Q13IEnFL/e7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKnZ
§ [ZR[‹27i1aF897A/&N:@k3>/e9\B9m1<3>K n[‹27A1q7A=<3FT1<97PEBgi7A/Q1<7:X:39G>N:KM@7:=3Es1NW7MG>5TNQ9;3Eh9\B9m1<3>K
§ ZR[‹27i1aF897rD7A1<GC2E4N:X*1FLKr3I= Vo~B@4587AFL/,1<243pH93JN:` 7rDR7i1CGC2EBN:X*1FLKM3>=HO9;FL/4Xs7A/&3~47AKM@45L3:Z
§a DZ 
F89m1M`uNPH4=sFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1r`u3I7A1H4=<3I9r1<27i1W7]Ž6B.0‘ § ""4Z [ e• 43I7A5TS0RFTKM3e9m1C7A/E7A=CE–zG>N:KM@45LFL7:/Q1MNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X]9;\B9;13>K KzH9;1
9;H@4@ONP=;1Z .m9f@4=<3>3IKM@B1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\rN:`
V:3I=/43I5O@=NBG3993I9f=3YQH4FT=<3IEWtQ\sŽR6^.0‘ § ""!Z [ &?7:/,7z…q/4FT~QS t7P9;3EsN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X*9;\B9;13>K
H9FT/4Xr1<243p@4=<3>3>KM@B1<FTNP/BS @ONPFT/Q1R13GC24/4F8YPH3G587AFLK1NMtk3Ž6^.0‘ § ""!Z [rGNPKr@5TF87A/Q1 V‚~B@45L7:FT/&\:NPH4=7A/O9;D3>=C9>Z
§
^Z^H4@4@kNP93p\:NPH&7:=361<243pKs7A/^HB`j7PG$1H=3I=NA`o9;Ks7:5T5
3IKztk3IE4E43IEeGNPKM@ONP/43>/Q1<9RHO9;3EnKM7:FT/5T\hFT/eGNP/9H4KM3>=3I5T3G$1=<N:/FLGI9RX:N^NBE49
9;HOGC27P9W7AHB1<N:KMN:tFT5L3I9I|ŒlŽ @45L7†\P3>=C9>|7A/E G>N:KM@4HB1<3>=Svt7P9;3Ec1<Ni\B9>Z‹[N:H458E\:NPH @4=<3`u3I=s1N_HO9;3eŽO6‡|‚[‹FL/k’? V|‚NP=
4 qS ƒFT/^HB~,FL/n\:NPH4=R3>Kztk3IEEB3IEnGNPKM@ONP/43>/Q1 Vo~B@4587AFL/,1<243p=37:9N:/9tk3>24FL/En\:NPH4=a7A/9D3>=Z
§ < DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/M24NiD FT/Q13I==<H4@B1C9f7:=32O7A/EB5L3IEWFT/s[‹FL/EBNiD9{q61Z Vo~B@4587AFL/M24NiD1243FT/Q13I==<H4@B1@4=<N^G>3I9<9;FL/4X9<GC243>KM3N:`‰[‹FT/E4NiD9
{q KM7:V:39RFb1H4/O9;H4FT1<7:t45L36`uN:=a27:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9I<Z NiDx27:91<24FL9@4=NPt45L3>K tk3>3I/&NigP3>=CGNPKr3FT/n[‹FL/k’? V
§  ZR[‹FT/OEBNiD96{q“EBN^39/NA16@4=Nig^F8EB3M7A/^\e9;H4@@ONP=;1J1Nn9;\^/GC2=NP/4FTI3*7PG>G399NA`1<7P9;VB9q1NnG=<Fb1<FLGI7A5 =39;NPH4=CG3I9I8Z Vo~B@4587AFL/€24NiD
=39;NPH4=CG3927:=FL/4Xs7AKMN:/Xz1C7:9V^9aGI7A/&tO39H4@4@kN:=13E‰Z
5"4ZR[dNPH458Ec\:NPHc=<3IGNPKMKr3I/E”…q/4FT~ ^\B9m1<3>K ¥1NtO3nH93IEc`uN:=M7l`u3ID =37A5TSU1<FTKM3,1<7:9VB9*`uN:=r=H4//4FT/X7dE47i1C7d7PG>YQH4F89;FT1FLN:/
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:!/ nw99H4KM3J127A11<243GNPKM@4HB1<7A1FLN:/,1FLKr36`uNP=12439;3J1<7P9;VB9RF89RNA`"12436N:=CEB3I=N:`ƒ`u3ID 2^H4/EB=<3IE9RNA`"KMFL5T5LF89;3GN:/OE49
7A/E,123EB3I7PEB5TFL/436NA`-123I9361<7:9VB9FL9aN:`ƒ1<243pN:=CEB3>=aN:`-93>gP3>=C7A5k13I/9aNA` 9;3GNP/E49IZ PH9;1FT`u\,\PN:H4=a7A/O9;D3>=Z
5 § DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/W1<2436@4=NPt45L3>Ks9127A1R\PN:H&DNPH458EW3>/OGN:H/P1<3>=|^Fb` \:NPHW1=<\s1<NrEB3Ig:3I5TNP@&7:/EW=<H4/n7*2O7A=CEW=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr367A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/hN:/
1243p[‹FL/EBNiD9a{ NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>KnZ
55BDZ NiD FL9‚1243aFL/Q13>XP=FT1m\zN:`O1<243VP3>=</43>54E47A1<7p9;1=<HG$1<H4=<3a@4=39;3I=gP3IE*FT/W…q/4FT~ ¦FL/M1243R`j7PG3N:`k@=3I3>KM@B1FLN:/O9oNA`k1243qV:3>=</43I5BtQ\
FT/Q1<3>=<=H4@41<9‚7:/EM24FLX:243I=f@4=<FTNP=FT1m\=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3a1<7P9;VB9 ,[‹2^\MEBN^3I9‚124F89o1<3IGC24/4F8YQH43/4N:1fDN:=<V*9HG>G>3I9<9m`uH45L5L\*FL/s@4=<3I93>=<gQFL/4X61<243
FT/Q1<3>X:=<FT1m\,NA` 1<243V:3I=/3>5"E7i1<7s9;1=<HG1H4=<3I9qFT/eK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=qFTKM@45L3>KM3>/Q1C7i1FLN:/O9 o3I=\&t4=<FT3>}\h3>~B@45L7:FT/n1<243FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q1
7A@4@=NQ7:GC2439‚1<27i127†gP36tO3I3>/e7:EBNP@B13EW1<NsNig:3I=<G>N:KM3q1<24F89a@4=<N:t45L3>K N:`-Ks7:VQFL/4Xs…/Fb~^S t7:93IE&9;\B9;13IKM9a9H4FT1<7:t45T36`uNP=a=37A5TS
1FLKM37A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/&E43>g:3I5TNP@4KM3>/Q1IZ
5!4DZ =FL3}\3~B@4587AFL/cDa2^\1243,1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5…q/4FT~cV:3>=</43I5fF89z/4N:1r9H4FT1<7At5T3,1N€tk3,HO9;3EcFL/”7lK*H45b1<FT@=NBG399N:=z3>/^g^FT=<N:/4KM3I/P1Z
Vo~B@4587AFL/h7s9@4FL/h5LNBGCV,7A/En7rV:3I=/3>5TSv5L3>gP3>5‡5TNBGCV,7:/E&EBFL9<GHO991<243>FL=H936FT/n=<3I7A5LFL>FL/4Xr7M@=3I3>KM@B1FLg:36VP3>=</43>5vZ
5J[ZR[‹27i1qE4Ns\:N:H&H4/E43>=C9m1C7A/E&t^\,7MKMFLG>=NPV:3I=/43I5bS t7P9;3EsN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>K QV‚~B@45L7:FT/h1237:EBgi7A/Q1C7AX:39RNA`o7rKrF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5TS
t7:93IEh=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K NigP3>=a7rKMN:/4NP5TFT124F8G6N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>KyFL/e9;H@4@ONP=;1<FT/Xr=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3J7:@4@45LFLGI7i1<FTNP/9>Z
"

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur

 5 ZR[‹27i1rFL9*1<243&E4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3htk31mD3>3I/”7lKMF8G=<N:VP3>=</43>5TSvtO7:93IE=37A5TSU1<FTKM3hN:@k3>=C7i1FL/4X9;\B9;13>K 7:/Ec7EBH7A5V:3I=/3>5=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XW9\B9m1<3>Kn6Z JFTgP3z7A/e3>~47AKM@45L3NA`o3I7PGC2
Zq?N:KM@7:=361<243@4=<NP97:/EeGNP/9N:` 1243z1mDNW7:@4@4=<NP7:GC23I91NhEB3>gP3>5LN:@4FL/4X
7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM36N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKnZ
5 a ZR[‹27i1pF89p7&=37A5TSU1<FTKM3 5L3M9\B9m1<3>K [‹27A1z7:E4EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 `u3I7A1H4=<3I9pE4NQ39p7&=37A5TSU1<FTKM-3 5T3W9\B9m1<3>K„9H4@4@kN:=1GNPKr@O7A=<3IEe1<N
1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/O7A5 5L39;\B9;13>Ks9 n[‹2^\WF89aH93JN:` 7r=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM/3 O5T3p9\^9;13IKy3993>/Q1F87A5‡FL/n27A=CE,=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3p7A@4@45LF8G>7i1<FTNP/9
5
^ZR[‹27i1pF896123ME4Fbˆ‡3>=<3>/G>3stO3>1mD3I3>/]7n9;\B9;13>K G>7A5L5‚7A/OE7h`uH4/OG$1FLN:/_GI7A5L5 [‹27A1p@4=NPt45L3>Ks9>|ƒFb`a7A/^\:|ƒKrFLX:2Q1z7:=F89;3rFT`1<243
9;\B9;13IKyG>7:5T589a7A=<3FL/EBF89;1FL/4X:H4F8927At45L36`u=<N:K @4=<NBG3EBH4=<36GI7A5L5L9
5 < DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/l24NiD 7h=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3*N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X&9;\B9;13IK¢EBFbˆ‡3>=C9`u=NPK¢7W1<=<7PEBFT1FLN:/7:5"NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X&9\B9m1<3>KnZ{q7:KM3r7,`u3>D =37A5TSU1<FTKM3
N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4XM9\^9;13IKs9127A1q7A=<36G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5L5T\W7†gi7:FT587At45L3:Z
5  ZR[‹27i1F89R1<243EBFTˆk3I=3I/G3tk31mD3>3I/e7r93>5T`£S 24NP9;1q7A/En7M24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:3>1t7P9;3E&3>Kztk3IEEB3IE&N:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K @ JFTgP37i1a5T37:9;1
N:/43n3>~B7:KM@45T3eN:`67]G>N:KMKM3>=CGF87A5GNPKMKr3I=<G>FL7:5aN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4X_9\B9m1<3>K `u=<N:K 3I7:GC2 G>7A13IX:N:=<\:Z [‹27A1,@4=<N:t45L3>Ks9MDN:H458E7A/
=37A5TSU1<FTKM367A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@k3>=aKMFTXP2Q1`j7PG3pDa24FL5L3JHO9;FL/4X 4 qS ƒFT/^HB~,`uN:=EB3Ig:3>5LN:@FT/4Xr27:=<Eh=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/9
 "4ZR[‹27i1FL97A/eN:@k3>/l9NA`£1mDR7A=<3 N^3I9q7:/eN:@k3>/l9NA`£1mDR7A=<36KM7:/E47A13@kN:=1<7:t4FT5LFT1m\hN:`-1<2433>~^3GHB1C7At45L83 5L3I97:G>=NQ99aEBFTˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1
@4587i1;`uNP=Ks9 €{7AKM3z7:/&NP@O3I/l9;N:`£1mD7:=3p9;1<7:/E47A=CEh`uN:==<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3pN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/4Xs9\B9m1<3>Ks9>Z[‹27A1qFL91243*7:EBgi7A/Q1C7AX:36N:`-H9FL/4X
7A/&N:@k3>/n9;N:`£1mD7:=3JN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/XM9\B9m1<3>K`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1
 § ZR[‹27i1,7:=3&1<243eFTKM@kN:=1<7:/P1M`u37i1H=39sEBN^3I9W7=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3e7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/ EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3>=s3>~B@O3G$1s`u=<N:K 7=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3&NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X
9;\B9;13IK nwq/7A5L\^>361<NrDa2O7i13~^1<3>/Q17A=<31<243I936`u3I7A1H4=<3I9R@=Nig^F8EB3IE,tQ\,[‹FT/E4NiD9{q 7A/E&…/Fb~ zZ
5BZR[‹27i1EBNM\PN:H&H4/EB3I=<9;1<7:/E,t^\,7r24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:3>11m\^@k3JN:`"=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4XM9;\B9;13>K JFLg:3J1mDNsGN:KMKM3>=CGF87A5‡3>~B7:KM@45T39
NA`f2NP9;1;Sv1<7A=<X:3>11m\^@k3MNA`=<3I7:5bSv1FLKM3*NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>KnZ Vo~B@4587AFL/€1<243s7A=CGC24Fb1<3IG1H4=<3*N:`9HGC27:/dNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xn9;\B9;13>K¢7:/E
7A589;Nr3~B@4587AFL/&24NiDx7r=<3I7A5TSv1FLKr3p7:@4@45LFLGI7i1FLN:/nG>7:/htk3EB3Ig:3>5LN:@k3IE&NP/&7r24NQ9m1SU1C7A=<X:311m\^@O3pN:`"NP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xs9;\B9;13>KnZ
4ZR.mEB3>/Q1<Fb`u\,7A15L3I7P9m1`uN:H=FLKM@ONP=;1C7A/Q17:EBgi7:/P1C7AXP3I9‚N:`"H9FL/4X q~B[dNP=VB9R7:9123JNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4X*9\B9m1<3>K`uNP=R5L7:=XP3q27:=<E,=37A5TSU1<FTKM3
7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/9RGNPKM@7A=<3IE,1NMH9FT/XM…q/4FT~ zZ 4Z
[ZR[‹27i1nF89e7A/ NP@O3I/x9NA`£1mDR7A=<3 [‹2O7i1l7A=<3€1<243@4=NQ9n7A/ExGN:/O9hN:`zH9FT/X 7:/ NP@O3I/x9NA`£1mDR7A=<3€@4=<NBEBHG$1nFL/x@4=<N:XP=<7:K
EB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3I/P1|4GNPKr@O7A=<3IEs1<NsH9FT/4Xs7:/h3YPHFTgi7A5L3>/Q1a@4=<N:@4=<FL31<7:=\s@=NBEBHG1
  ZR[‹27i1FL97A/WNP@O3I/,9N:H4=CG39;1<7:/E47A=C E qNiDF89Fb1REBFbˆ‡3>=<3>/Q1`u=NPK NP@O3I/WN:Jt 3m3G$1R7A/EMNP@O3I/Wt4FL/7A=<\r9;1<7:/E47:=<E49 JFTgP39N:KM3
3~47AKM@45L3I9N:`-@kN:@4H5L7:=aN:@k3>/e9;NPH4=CG369;N:`£1mD7:=3J@4=<N^E4HG$1C9>Z
 a Zq?7A/KzH45T1FT12=37:EBFL/4Xn=39;H5b1pFL/d`j7P9m1<3>=6=<3I9@ONP/9;3r1<FTKM3I9,•jGNPKM@7A=<3IEl1Ne9;FL/4XP5T3r12=37:EB3El1C7:9V^9C–3>gP3>/FT/]H4/4FL@4=<NBG3I9<9N:=
9;\B9;13IKM9 Vo~B@4587AFL/&\:N:H=R7:/9D3I=R7:/E&FLE43>/Q1FT`u\W1<243p=37:9N:/91<NM9H4@4@kN:=1\:NPH4=a7A/9D3>=Z

^DZ Vo~B@4587AFL/dDa2^\€1=C7:EBFT1FLN:/7:5q•u/N:/BS =37A5TSU1<FTKM3†–qNP@O3I=<7A1FL/4Xe9;\B9;13IKM9/43>3E1NlEB\^/7:KrF8G>7:5T5L\dGC2O7A/4XP3*1<243W@4=<FLN:=<Fb1m\l5L3>gP3>5896NA`
1<7P9;VB9IZ-[‹2O7i1F891243pFLKM@45TF8G>7A1FLN:/nNA`"124F89R`uNP=a=37A5TSU1<FTKM3p7A@4@5TF8G>7A1FLN:/nEB3>gP3>5LN:@4KM3>/Q1aH9FT/XM9HGC2n7A/nN:@k3>=C7i1<FT/Xr9\B9m1<3>KnZ
 › :›žo› (n a›¡
 § 3I/4/4399\ PN:2/ fZO7:/En7†g^F8EewZOŽo7A1;1<3>=C9;NP/

Z H<CE ^?@7)5 5
A2?@7
)?L^587K^ 9<W ?LA2?@9<?BA2OP7  EEF5#H/9
BZŒeN:=<XP7:/ p7:HB`£S
Ks7A/4/eŽfH4t45LFL9243>=C9IJ| 5""4Z

 5  p7AD = 4pZ Ž Z7:/EhŽ NP=;1<3>= M<Z 4a2437A589m1<N:/43

h7r=37A5TSU1<FTKM3JtO3I/GC24Ks7A=<V^FT/Xr@=NP@ONQ97:5UZ  5)YH  Q
 H3^5GWF9J; |4’43It4=HO7A=<\ §  <  Z
   =F87A/eB7:/P1<N< Z V‚K*tO3E4EB3EhtO7i1;1<5T36=<Ni\P7:5T3PZ E7
)?L5^Cr|^@7AXP3ID9  a
[15B|^q3G3IKztk3>/= 5"" § Z

Version 2 CSE, IIT Kharagpur