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Dr. G. Mirjalili, Physics Dept. Yazd University
Dr. G. Mirjalili, Physics Dept. Yazd University
Dr. G. Mirjalili, Physics Dept. Yazd University
Yazd
University
Vacuum techniques
Introduction
Dr. G. Mirjalili
Physics Dept. Yazd University
دكتر ميرجليلي
Physics Dept. Yazd University
• So . . . what is pressure?
– Pressure is “Force per unit area”.
• pounds/square inch
• newtons/square meter
• (example: hand in sand)
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
PSIA 8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Altitude in meters above sea level
1:
:1
Atmosphere (High)Vacuum
Contamination
Clean surface
(usually water)
ناخالصی
سطح پاک
( معمول آب(
2:
برای دست یابی به یک سطح پاک
Dr. G. Mirjalili, Physics Dept. Yazd
University
Why Use Vacuum?
• Cleanliness: low pressure =< low number
of molecules of potential contaminants
– extend formation time for native oxides
– reduce or eliminate impurities incorporated
during processing
• Plasma generation: plasmas can easily be
created and sustained in a low pressure
environment
– used for etching, deposition, and ion
implantation
• Lower molecular interference:
– increase mean free path for ions used in
sputtering
WATER MERCURY
Dr. G. Mirjalili, Physics Dept. Yazd
University
بارومتر
آب جيوه
Dr. G. Mirjalili, Physics Dept. Yazd
University
Pressure Measurement
• Barometer:
– Torricelli placed a glass
tube that was sealed at
one end in a beaker of
mercury (Hg).
– The level of Hg in the tube
went up and down as the
surrounding pressure was
changed.
– At sea level, the
atmospheric pressure will
support a column of Hg
760mm high.
– 1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 1/760
atmospheric pressure
CGS →P=dyne/cm2=bar
P=ρgh=13.6×98×76=1012928bar≈10 6bar ≈ 1013
mbar
MKS →P=N/m2 =pascal
P=13600 ×9.8 ×.76=101292.8 ≈105 pascal
100 pascal=1 mbar=.76 Torr
CGS →P=dyne/cm2=bar
P=ρgh=13.6×98× 76=1012928bar≈106bar ≈ 1013
mbar
MKS→P=N/m 2=pascal
P=13600× 9.8×.76=101292.8 ≈10 5pascal
pascal=1 mbar=.76 Torr 100
T (O C) P (mbar)
100 (BOILING) 1013
25 32
0 (FREEZING) 6.4
-40 0.13
-78.5 (DRY ICE) 6.6 x 10 -4
-196 (LIQUID NITROGEN) 10 -24
T (O C) P (mbar)
100 ((جوش 1013
25 32
0 ((یخ 6.4
-40 0.13
-78.5 ((یخ خشک 6.6 x 10 -4
-196 ((نيتروژن مایع 10 -24
10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 103
Pressure (Torr)
10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 103
)(Torrفشار
109 107 105 103 101 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-7 •