Phng trnh lng gic

Phng trnh lng gic

I. Cc phng trnh lng gic c bn
1.

Phng trnh c bn
a) Phng trnh

(1)

Nu

th phng trnh (1) v nghim

Nu

, gi

l mt nghim ca (1), tc

khi ta c

V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau

1.
2.
b) Phng trnh

(2)

Nu

th phng trnh (2) v nghim

Nu

, gi

l mt nghim ca (2), tc

khi ta c

V d 2: Gii cc phng trnh sau

1.
2.
c) Phng trnh

(3)

iu kin
Gi

l mt nghim ca (3), khi ta c

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Phng trnh lng gic

V d 3: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1.
2.
d) Phng trnh

(4)

iu kin
Gi

l mt nghim ca (4), khi ta c

V d 4: Gii cc phng trnh sau:

1.
2.

2.

Phung trnh

(5)

Cch 1: Chia hai v phng trnh cho

ta c phng trnh (5) tng ng vi

phng trnh

Chn sao cho

Vi
Cch 2: t

, khi ta c phng trnh:

. Ti y ta gii nh phng trnh (1).

, khi

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Phng trnh lng gic

Khi phng trnh (5) c a v phng trnh bc hai theo t, gii ra t v suy ra nghim
ca (5)
Phng trnh thun nht bc hai:

3.

(6)

Cch 1: p dng cng thc h bc

v

ta a c phng trnh:

Phng trnh ny bit cch gii phn trn

Cch 2: Cch ny ta xt hai trng hp
Trng hp 1:
Trng hp 2:
thnh:

c l nghim ca phng trnh khng?

Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho

Phng trnh trn l phng trnh bc hai theo

4.

, khi phng trnh tr

, ta c th gii c.

Bi tp

Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau:

a)
b)
c)
d)

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e)
f)
g)

Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Bi 3. Tm

cc phng trnh sau c nghim

a)
b)
c)

Bi 4. Cho phng trnh

a) Tm

phng trnh c nghim

b) Tm

phng trnh c nghim thuc

Bi 5. Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau:

a)
b)
c)
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Phng trnh lng gic

d)

Bi 6. nh

cc phng trnh sau c nghim

a)
b)
II. Cc phng php gii v cc dng phng trnh lng gic thng gp

1. Phng php bin i v dng c bn

y l phng php c bn nht trong vic gii phng trnh lng gic. Trong phng
php ny, chng ta bin i phng trnh cho thnh tr thnh nhng phng trnh c bn
bit cch gii (1) (6). Chng ta ch ti cc cung lin kt, cng thc h bc,. Sau y
l mt vi v d
V d 1. Gii phng trnh lng gic sau
(1)
Li gii. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

V d 2. Gii phng trnh lng gic sau:

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Phng trnh lng gic

(2) (Khi B 2009)
Li gii. Ta c phng trnh cho tng ng vi

Bi tp. Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau:

a)

(HSP HCM B, D 2001)

b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

(C Hi Quan

1998)
i)
j)
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(D, 2009)

k)

2. Phng php t n ph
Phng php t n ph c s dng khi phng trnh cho c biu thc lng
gic chung no , hoc t phng trnh ban u ta bin i a v phng trnh theo
mt hm lng gic no , Trong mc Phng trnh lng gic c bn ta s dng
phng php t n ph gii phng trnh (5) v (6), ngoi ra cn nhiu phng trnh c
th gii bng phng php ny, sau y ti xin nu ra vi dng quen thuc nht.
Dng 1. Phng trnh a v phng trnh vi mt hm lng gic
i vi dng ny, ta thng bin i phng trnh v ch cn mt hm s lng gic,
s dng cng thc h bc (tng cung),
V d 3: Gii phng trnh
Li gii. t

(3)
, khi ta c

, phng trnh tr thnh

Vi
V d 4. Gii phng trnh

(4)

Li gii.
Ta c

, phng trnh tr thnh

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Phng trnh lng gic

V d 5. Gii phng trnh

(5)

Li gii: iu kin

, phng trnh tr thnh

Vi
Vi
Bi tp. Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Dng 2. Phng trnh a v hm tang

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Phng trnh lng gic

Bin i phng trnh v ch cn hm tang, hoc t n

v tnh tt c cc biu thc

cn li theo . Cc phng trnh (5), (6) trong phn Phng trnh lng gic c bn l
nhng v d c bn nht ca dng ton ny, sau y chng ta xt mt vi v d khc.
V d 6. Gii phng trnh sau:

(6)

Li gii.

Ta thy

khng phi l nghim ca phng trnh.

Chia hai v ca phng trnh cho

ta c phng trnh

, ta c phng trnh

Vi
Vi
Vi
V d 7. Gii phng trnh
Li gii. iu kin
t
Phng trnh tr thnh

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Phng trnh lng gic

Vi
Vi
Bi tp.
Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

(D b A, 2006)

f)

Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a)

(HQG HN, D, 2000)

b)

(SPHN, B, 2001)

c)
d)
e)

(H Thy Li 1999)

f)
g)

(D b D, 2007)

h)

(D b, A , 2008)

Dng 3. Phng trnh

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Phng trnh lng gic

Cch gii
t
, a phng trnh cho v phng trnh bc 2 theo . Gii
phng trnh ny ra nghim , t a v dng phng trnh c bn (1) bit cch gii.
V d 8: Gii phng trnh

(8)

Li gii.
t

Vi

, suy ra

. Phng trnh (8) tr thnh:

ta c

V d 9: Gii phng trnh

(9) (H Cnh St

2000)
Li gii.
t

. Khi

Phng trnh tr thnh

Vi
Vi
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Phng trnh lng gic

Bi tp. Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau
a)

(H Ngoi Ng HN, 2000)

b)

(HQG TPHCM, 2000)

c)
d)

(H Nng Nghip, HN, 2000)

e)

(HSP TPHCM, 2001)

f)

(D b A, 2007)

g)

3. Phng php phn tch thnh tch

y l phng php c bn v thng c s dng nht trong vic gii phng trnh
lng gic. Vic phn tch ty thuc vo bi ton, tuy nhin chng ta cn bit mt s bin
i hay s dng nh: cc cng thc bin tng thnh tch,
,
,Chng ta s xt mt vi v d
sau y.
V d 10. Gii phng trnh lng gic:
(B, 2008)
Li gii.

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Phng trnh lng gic

V d 11 Tm nghim thuc

ca phng trnh sau

(11)

(H khi A, 2007)
Li gii.

T ta c cc nghim thuc

V d 12. Gii phng trnh:

ca phng trnh trn l:

(12) (A, 2003)

Li gii.
iu kin
Ta c

TH1:
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TH2:

(V nghim)

Bi tp
Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau:

a)

(HSP TPHCM 2000)

b)
c)
d)
4.

Phung php nh gi (s c trnh by sau)

III. Phng trnh lng gic trong cc k thi i hc gn y

1. (A, 2005)
2. (B, 2005)
3. (D, 2005)
4. (D b 2005)
5. (D b 2005)

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Phng trnh lng gic

6. (A, 2006)
7. (B, 2006)
8. (D, 2006)
9. (D b A, 2006)
10. (D b A, 2006)
11. (D b B, 2006)
12. (D b B, 2006)
13. (D b D, 2006)
14. (D b D, 2006)
15. (B, 2007)
16. (D, 2007)
17. (D b A, 2007)
18. (D b A, 2007)
19. (D b B, 2007)
20. (D b B, 2007)
21. (D b D, 2007)
22. (D b D, 2007)
23. (A, 2008)
24. (D, 2008)
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Phng trnh lng gic

25. (D b A, 2008)
26. (D b A, 2008)
27. (D b B, 2008)
28. (D b B, 2008)
29. (D b D, 2008)
30. (A, 2009)
31. (D,

2009)

Chc cc em lm bi tt.

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