Ccmchiukhinngcbccbn

Phn3ngcbc

Giithiu
ngcbinthinttr
ngchnhpvnamchmvnhcuncc
Dnngttrvncctrongthct
ngclngccvcuH
Mchdnnglngcctrongthct

Giithiu
Phnnycagiotrnhtrnhbyvmchdnngkhucuicangc
bc.Mchnytptrungvomtmchphtn,ngngtdngintrong
cundycangc,ngthiiukhinchiudngin.Mchinc
nitrctipvicundyvcpnguncangc,mchciukhinbi
mththngsquytnhkhinocngtcnghayngt.
Phnnycngninccloingc,tmchincbniukhinngc
bin thin t tr n mch cu H iu khin ng c nam chm vnh cu
lngcc.Miloimchdnngcminhhabngvdcth,tuynhin
nhngvdnykhngphilmtcatalogyccmchiukhincsn
trnthtrng,nhngthngtinnycngkhngphithaythbngdliu
vchititcanhsnxut.

Phnnycharamchiukhinnginnhtcatngloingc.Tt
c cc mch u c gi thit rng ngun cung cp mt in p khng vt
quinpngngcangc,iunygiihnhiusutcangc.Phn
k tip mch dn ng cdng giihn s cp n cc mch dn ng
hiusutcaotrongthct.

ngcbinttr
Biukhininhnhcangcbcbinttrdatheonguyntcnh
trnHnh3.1:

Hnh3.1

Trn Hnh3.1,cc hpk hiuchocng tc, biu khin (controller khng

thhintrnhnh)chutrchnhimcungcptnhiuiukhinngmcng
tc ti tng thi im thch hp quay ng c. Trong nhiu trng hp,
chngtaphithitkbiukhin,cthlmtmytnhhocmtmchiu
khingiaotiplptrnhc,viphnmmtrctipphttnhiuiukhin
ngm,nhngtrongmtstrnghpkhcmchiukhincthitk
kmtheongc,vikhicchominph.

Cundy,lisolenoidcangchocccchitittngtulccticm
ng.Nhvy,dnginquacundykhngthngngttcthimkhng
lmptngvttngt.Khicngtciukhincundyng,chodngin
iqua,lmdngintngchm.Khicngtcm,stngmnhinpcth
lmhcngtctrkhitabitcchgiiquytthchhp.

Chaicchcbnxlstnginpny,lmcsongsongvicun
dymtdiodhocmttin.Hnh3.2minhhahaicchny:

Hnh3.2

Diod trn Hnh 3.2 phi c kh nng dn ton b dng in qua cun dy,
nhngnchdnmikhicngtcm,khidnginkhngcnquacundy.

Nu ta s dng diod tc dng tng i chm nh h 1N400X chung vi cc

mchchuyntcdngnhanhthcnphimcsongsongvidiodmttin.
TintrnHnh3.2dnnvnthitkphctphn.Khicngtcng,
tinsxinquacngtcxungt,docngtcphichucdng
in xny.Mtintrmc nitipvitin hoc vi ngun sgii hn
dnginny.Khicngtcm,nnglngtchtrtrongcundysnpvo
tinchonkhiinpvtqupcungcp,vcngtccngphichu
cinpny.tnhindungt,tangnhthaicngthctnhnng
lngtchtrtrongmchcnghng:
P=CV2/2
P=LI2/2
trong:

Pnnglngtchtr[Ws]hay[CV]

Cindung[F]

Vinphaiut

Ltcmcacundy[H]

Idnginquacundy

Tatnhkchthcnhnhtcatintrnhquptrncngtctheocng
thc:

C>LI2/(VbVs)2
trong:

Vbinpnhthngmchchuyn

Vsinpcungcp

ngcttrbinthinctcmthayitythucvogccatrc.Do
, trng hpxunht c dng la chn tin.Hn na, t cm
cangcthngtcghir,nnchngtaphilmvy.

Tinvcundykthpvinhautothnhmtmchcnghng.Nuh
iukhinchongcquaytnsgnvitnscnghngny,dngin
qua cun dy, ko theo moment xon do ng c sinh ra, s rt khc so vi
momentxoniukinnnhviinpvnhnhdanhngha.Tnscng
hngl:
f=1/(2 (LC)0.5)

Mtlnnatnscnghngincangcttrbinthinliphthuc
vo gc ca trc. Khi ng c ny hot ng vi xung kch gn cng hng

dngindaongtrongcundystoramtttrngbngkhngtihai
lntnscnghng,iunycthlmgimmomentxonirtnhiu.

ngchnhpvnamchmvnhcuncc
BiukhininhnhngcbcnccthayitheostrnHnh3.3:

Hnh3.3

TrnHnh3.3,cngnhHnh3.1,hpbiudincccngtcvmtbiu
khin(khngthhintrnhnh)chutrchnhimcungcptnhiuiukhin
ngmcngtcvothiimthchhpquayngc.Biukhin
thnglmytnhhaymtmchiukhinlptrnhc,viphnmmtrc
tipphtratnhiucnthitiukhincngtc.

Cng nh i vi mch dn ng ca ng c bin t tr, chng ta phi gii

quyt s thay i t cm bt ng khi cng tc h. Mt ln na, ta c th
chuyn s thay i ny bng cch dng diod, nhng by gi ta phi dng 4
diodnhtrnHnh3.4:

Hnh3.4

Tacnthmvoccdiodvcundycangckhngphilhaicundy
clpmlmtcuncentertappednginvitapgiacinpcnh.
Chnghotngnhmtbtchuyni.Khimtucacundybko
xung u kia s b y ln v ngc li. Khi mt cng tc h, t cm
4

kickbackslmubncangcnivingundngvbkpbicc
diod.ubnkiabylnvnunkhngtcinpcungcpcng
lcthsxungdimc0,ochiuinpquacngtcu.Mtvi
cngtccthchucsochiunhvynhngnhngcngtckhcs
bh.

Mttincthcdnggiihninpkickbacknhtrnhnh3.5:

Hnh3.5

CcquytctnhkchthctintrnHnh3.5gingnhccquytctnh
kchthctintrnHnh3.2nhnghiungcnghngrtkhc.Vimt
ngcnamchmvnhcunutinhotnggnhaybngtnscng
hng, moment xon s tng gp hai ln moment xon vn tc thp. ng
congmomentxontheovntcsrtphctpnhtrnHnh3.6:

Hnh3.6

Hnh3.6chothytitnscnghngin,momentxonsvtlnvtitn
scnghngc,momentlistnhanh.Nutnscnghnginlnhn
vntctihncangcsdngmchdnngdngdiodmtmcno
thhiungnyslmvntctihngiatngngk.

Tnscnghngchcphthucvomomentxon,vvynutnsny
gnvitnscnghngin,tnscnghnginslmnthayi.Hn
na,rngcascnghngchcphthucvodcccbcang
5

cong moment xon theo vn tc. Nu moment xon gim theo vn tc, cng
hngsrtdc,cnnumomentxontngtheovntc,cnghngsrng
rathmchcthtchrathnhnhiutngscnghngkhcnhau.

Driverngcnccvbinttr
Trongccmchinphntrn,chngtakhngquantmncccngtcv
cctnhiuiukhin.BtkkthutngngtnotcudaonMOSFETS
cngudngcht!Hnh3.7lmtvicchmcchomiloicngtc,bao
gmccundycangcvdiodbovphcvchomcchngngt
ktrn:

Hnh3.7

MicngtctrnHnh3.7utngthchviuvoTTL.Ngun5Vsdng
chomchlogic,baogmopencollectordriver7407nhtrnhnh.Ngunin
chongc,thngt5V24V,khngcnchnhxccao.Tacnchrng
ccmchngngtccngunnyphithchhpchovicdnngcccun
dy,ngcDC,ccticmngkhcvcccngcbc.

TransistorSK3180trnHnh3.7lmtmchdarlingtoncngsutclidng
hn1000,dodng10mAquaintrhiuchnh470Ohmslnqua
transistor iu chnh dng vi Ampe qua cun dy ca ng c. B m 7407
dng iu khin darlington c thay th bi bt k con chip opencollector
inthcaonomncthiukhinmctithiu10mA.Ngayctrong
trng hp transistor h, open collector ny s gip bo v phn cn li ca
mchlogickhinguncangc.

IRCIRL540trnHnh3.7lmtpowerfieldeffecttransistor.Ncthchu
cdnginlnti20Avnbnhthng100V,doconchipnyc
thhpthunhnhncatcmmkhngcndiodbovnunc
gnvimtbtnnhitln.Transistornycthigianngngtrtnhanh
6

nnccdiodbovcngphinhanhtngnghoccchianhbicct
in.iunycbitcnthitchoccdiodbovtransistorchngliphn
ccngc.Trongtrnghptransistorbh,diodzenervintr100Ohm
sbovmchTTL.intr100Ohmcnngvaitrlmchmthigian
ngmcatransistor.

i vi nhng ng dng m mi cun dy ca ng c dn dng nh hn

500mA, mch darlington h ULN200x ca Allegro Microsystems hoc h
DS200xcaNationalSemiconductorhayMC1413caMotorolasdnngcho
cundyhocccticmngkhctrctipttnhiuvologic.Hnh3.8l
ccngvovngracachipULN2003,dy7transistordarlington:

Hnh3.8

in tr nn trn mi transistor darlington phi thch hp vi tn hiu ra TTL

lngccchun.CcphtcamidarlingtonNPNcnivichn8,lchn
nit.Mitransistorcbovbnghaidiod,mtnigiaccphtvcc
thu bo v transistor khi in p ngc, mt ni cc thu vi chn 9, nu
chn 9 ni vi ngun ca ng c th diod ny s bo v transistor khi nh
nhncatcm.

ChipULN2803cnggingnhchipULN2003mttrnnhngnc18chn
v8darlingtonchophpmtchipcthdnngchomtcpngcttr
binthinhocnamchmvnhcuncc.

ivi ng c m micundydndng nh hn 600mA, mchdn ng

quad UDN2547B ca Allegro Microsystems s iu khin c 4 cun dy ca
ngcbcnccchung.Nudndngnhhn300mA,tannchnmch
dnngkpSN7451,7452v7453caTexasInstruments,c3loinyubao
gmmtvimchlogiccngvimchdnng.

ngchaiccvmchcuH

Mithtrnnphctphnvingcbcnamchmvnhculngcc
vkhngcunichungtrncccundy.Vthochiucattrng
sinhrabicundytaphiochiudnginquacundy.Tacthdng
mtcngtckphaicclmcngvicny,mchintngngcamt
cngtcnhvycgilcuHvcmttrnHnh3.9:

Hnh3.9

Cngnhvimchdnngncccptrn,cccngtcsdng
trongcuHphicbovkhisvtinpkhingtdngintrongcun
dy.Talunsdngdiodchovicny,nhHnh3.9.

Cn ch rng cu H c th p dng khng ch iu khin ng c bc

lng cc m cn iu khin ng c DC, ht nh li solenoid (trong pittng
namchmvnhcu)vnhiungdngkhc.

Vi4cngtccuHchotathp16modehotng,trongc7modelm
ngnmchngun.Ccmodesauythngcsdng:

modethun:cccngtcAvDng
modengc:cccngtcBvCng

Cc mode nycho phpdng in it ngun qua cun dy ngc v t.

Hnh3.10minhhamodethun:

Hnh3.10

modesuygimnhanhhaymodetrt:ttccccngtcum

Btkdnginnoquacundyschngliinpngun,gystptrn
diodnndnginsbsuygimnhanh.Modenykhngtorahoctorart
thiunghmnglnrotorcangc,dorotorsquaytdo(trt)
nuttccundyccpnguntheomodeny.Hnh3.11minhhadng
inngaysaukhichuyntmodethunsangmodesuygimnhanh

Hnh3.11

modesuygimchmhaymodehmnglc:

Trongmodenydngincthchyvngliquacundycangcvi
intrnhnht.Nhdnginchytrongcundymttronghaimode
nyssuygimchm,vnurotorangquay,nssinhramtdngincm
ngcvaitrnhmtcihmrotor.Hnh3.12minhhamttrongnhiumode
suygimchmcch,vicngtcDng,nucundymivamodethun
thcngtcBcthnghocm:

Hnh3.12


HuhtcccuHcthitksaochobaogmcmchlogicdngphng
nga ngn mch nhng mc rt thp trong thit k. Hnh 3.13 minh ha
mtthitkccholttnht:

Hnh3.13

Vithitknytacccmodeiukhinsau:

XY ABCD

Mode

00 0000 fastdecay
01 1001 forward
10 0110

reverse

11 0101 slowdecay

Li ch ca thit k ny l tt c cc mode iu khin c ch c gi li v

chng c m ha vi mt s bit ti thiu iu ny rt quan trng khi s
dngvixlhaymytnhiukhincuHvcchthngnhvychc
snmtsbithuhncngsongsong.Tuynhinchviconchiptchhp
cuHcsntrnthtrnglcsiukhinngin.

Mchiukhinngchaiccthct

CmtsdrivertchhpcuHtrnthtrngnhngvncnxemsthcthi
tng thnh phn ri rc hiu mt cu H lm vic nh th no. Antonio
Raposo(ajr@cybill.inesc.pt)nghmchcuHnhtrnHnh3.14:

10

Hnh3.14

NgvoX,Ycamchnycthciukhinbingracabgpin
mTTLnhtrongmchiukhinnccdatrndarlingtontrnHnh3.7.
Cundycangcsccungcpnnglngnutronghaitnhiuvo
X,Ycmttnhiuonvmttnhiuoff.Nuchaiuoff,chaitransistor
koxung(pulldown)stt.Nuchaiucao,chaitransistorkoln(pull
up) s tt. Nh vy, mch in n gin ny t ng c vo tnh trng hm
nglcctrngthi11v00,khngthhinmodetrt.

MchintrnHnh3.14baogmhainaxcnh,minacmtchnh
xcnhmtmchkoy.ThutngnacuHthnhthongcpdng
cho nhng mch ny! Cn lu rng mt na cu H c mch rt ging vi
mchiunghinngradngtrongmchlogicTTL.Trongthct,ccmch
iukhinbatrngthiTTLnh74LS125Av74LS244cthcdngnh
mtnacuHivicctinh,nhminhhatrnHnh3.15:

Hnh3.15

Mchinnychiuquivingccintrtia50Ohmtrnmi
cun v in p ti a 4.5V khi dng ngun 5V. Mi mch m ba trng thi
trongLS244cthdngnuintrnicabmln,vdngsc
chia u trn cc ng iu khin (mc song song). iu ny cho php thit k

11

mchiukhingingnhHnh3.15,vkhichamhoiukhin,thchng
tacbngchntrnhdiy:

XYE

Mode

1 fastdecay
000 slowerdecay
010

forward

100

reverse

110 slowdecay

Mode hm th hai, XYE = 110, hm hi yu hn mode u tin XYE = 000 v

LS244htdngnhiuhn.

Chip TC4467 4 cu ca hng Microchip l mt th d khc ca cc driver 4

nacuH.Khnggingnhccdrivercsnxuttrc,datasheetca
ncungcpycnhngngdngiukhin,vnguncplnti18V,v
dngtrnmimucthtn250mA.

Mttrongnhngvncaccchipiukhinngcbcbnsnlas
chngctuithtrnthtrngkhngn.Vd,hSeagateIpxMxx,mchcu
i(tIP1M10nIP3M12)cthitkrtttnhngchdngchoccng
c bc nh v im u ca a cng Seagate. Mch dn ng cu H
ToshibaTA7279ttchongcdi1Anhngcngchcdngtrongni
hngmthi.

CuHiL293caSGSThompson(vcchiukhc)angcnhtranhvicc
chip trn nhng nkhng tch hp ccdiodbov. Chip L293D, s gii thiu
sau,cchntngthchvccccdiodbovny.NudngccL293gn
y,micundycangcphitquamtcuchnhlu(1N4001chng
hn). Vic s dng cc diod bn ngoi cho php ta t mt dy in tr trn
ngvcadngynhanh s suy gimdng trongcundy khi n b
ngt, cthtrongmtsngdng ngi ta khng mong mun iu ny.H
L293cthdngiukhinccngcbclngccnh,tia1A/cun
vinpcplnti36V.Hnh3.16chotaschncachipL293BvL293D:

12

Hnh3.16

Chipnycthxemnh4nacuHclp,ckchhottngcp,hochai
cuHy.yldngnggiDIP,vichn4,5,12,v13cthitk
truynnhitchobomchinhoctnnhitrangoi.

CuHiL298caSGSThompson(vcchiukhc)cnggingviloitrn
nhngcthchuctia2A/knh.NhviLS244,tacthnihaicuH
trongL298tothnhmtcuchuc4A(xemdatasheetbitcchniny).
MtiucnlulchipL298chuynmchrtnhanh,nhanhnniccdiod
bov(1N400X)khnglmvicc.VychngtaphidngdiodBYV27
thay th. Cu n LMD18200 ca National Semiconductor cng rt tt, c th
chucdng3Avcsnccdiodbovtchhp.

TrongkhicuHtchhpkhngsdngcchodnghaypqucaothtrn
thtrnglicnhnglinhkincthitkttnginhavictocu
Htcccngtcrirc.Vd,InternationalRectifierbnmtlotnacuH,
haitrongscthm4transistorngngtMOSFETlmmtcuH
hon chnh. Con IR2101, IR2102, IR2103 l cc mch dn ng c bn ca na
cuH.ConIR2104vIR2111cmchlogicbnngoitngtiukhin
cccngtcca cuH,chngcngcmchlogicbntrongmtrongmtvi
ngdngcthlmgimthiuphctpphithitkmchlogicbnngoi.
Cth,con2104baogmmtngvoenablenh4conchip2104cngvi8
transistor ng ngt c th thay th mt con L293 m khng cn thm mch
logicno.

MtsnhsnxutchorainhngconchipcuHphctpbaogmcmch
hndng.Tacngcnchrngtrnthtrngcmtsmchcu3pha,dn
ngttchongcbcnamchmvnhcu3phacuhnhYhaydelta.Tuy
nhin,ToshibaTA7288P,GL7438,TA8405lnhngthitktt,haitrongsny,
nubquamttrong6nacuHthchngtacthiukhincmtng
c5pha,10bc/vng.
13