(٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

 ٢٧:

  ‫אوאא‬: ‫אنא‬

‫"! وאא‬#$ %% −١

*‫ א‬+ ,-.‫عא‬01‫*)نא‬234‫א‬567",‫א‬8:& ‫"!אول‬#$‫ن‬% ()

;<‫  &א‬A‫ א*אא‬+‫عא‬0B‫ن‬CD‫ذ‬FG)‫و‬.=>  )‫? و‬6Junction 90:;<%
.;<‫א‬HIJ(<%‫و‬C5)KL‫د‬N‫مو‬GPQ3‫א‬IJ‫و‬،N S‫ א*א‬+‫عא‬01 )‫? و‬6
 .*‫ א‬+ 3 S‫*א‬X‫ د‬G4‫ =وא‬+Y4‫ א*א‬+‫א‬560B‫و‬A ;<‫א‬P)(١)TU‫وא‬
Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the
outgoing currents negative, we have
I I
I1 + (-I2) + (-I3) + I4 + (-I5) = 0 1 2

or I1 + I4 - I2 - I3 - I5 = 0 A

or I1 + I4 = I2 + I3 + I5
I
I 3
or Incoming Current = Outgoing Current 5

We can express the above conclusion thus I

4

ΣI=0 at any junction (١)T"

 ?686‫< و‬4‫א‬8 +‫[א‬T3 \,-.‫عא‬01‫א‬:& &% Z‫"!א‬#$‫ن‬% ()‫و‬

.=>‫א‬,‫? )? و‬4‫אא‬IJ8‫א‬G_‫ <אא‬,-.‫عא‬01‫زאא‬closed mech] ^6
 :‫ن‬% <‫אא‬IJ(Y a +‫א‬2G‫وא‬

Σ IR + Σ e.m.f. = 0 round mesh

 :& +‫ عא‬7a‫א‬+) "‫)א‬Q+‫و‬
 +:)‫א‬K+4‫א‬G_‫ א<אא‬.١
 −:> +4‫א‬G_‫ א<אא‬.٢
 −:6‫< و‬4‫א‬8 +‫א‬H :‫א‬96 .٣
 +:6‫< و‬4‫א‬8 +‫א‬H :‫א‬e .٤
 . ABCDH :‫א‬8< ^6< fTA‫א&دא‬.‫]א" א‬7;+X Z6(٢)TU‫א‬P)‫و‬

١
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

I1R1 is –ve (fall in potential)

I2R2 is –ve (fall in potential)
A
13R3 is –ve (fall in potential)
I4R4 is +ve (rise in potential) I I B
4 1 R
E2 is –ve (fall in potential) 1 R
2
E1 is +ve (rise in potential) R E1
E
4 2
:&% Z‫"!א‬#$‫ن‬% ]7;+‫و‬ D I2
-I1R1 - I2R2 - 13R3 + I4R4 - E2 + E1 = 0 I R
3 3 C
I1R1 + I2R2 + 13R3 - I4R4 = E2 - E1
(٢)T"
 +‫א‬H :‫א‬
8‫א? و‬e‫و‬C ?‫א‬96 +‫א‬H :‫_ضא‬+)‫"! وאא‬#$ %% ]7;a
T$‫ل‬2A‫אمא=ض‬Y+‫א‬+)‫و‬. + 7  "‫א‬h+a9‫?  א‬$ G6‫ن)نא=ض‬C f
 +‫ א‬f8‫و‬.‫دد‬i4‫ א‬+‫وא‬0+?4‫ א‬+‫"!وאא‬#$ %% ]7;a5j‫و‬.*X‫ د‬G4‫א‬
 .k ‫وא‬lZ4‫ &א‬.‫ א‬7+‫مא‬K )‫دد‬i4‫א‬

 Current Loop +‫\ <א‬T)?$ 6<)m−٢
 f8 0$branch‫_ع‬T"8e‫و‬loop< fT"8 +‫ א‬7+‫א‬+)<);‫א‬HIJ8
HIoX Z6(٣)TU‫א‬P)‫و‬.*‫" א‬X‫)א‬n<)me=%‫אم‬Y+‫א‬+)‫ن‬C& !"#$‫ن‬% 
 :& + $ < \‫ א*א‬a56‫ א=ع‬a‫ ج‬++‫א‬5j‫و‬.<);‫א‬
(I1 - I2):,‫ )? و‬R46‫< و‬4‫א‬8 +‫א‬
(I2 – I3):,‫ )? و‬R56‫< و‬4‫א‬8 +‫א‬

R R R
1 2 E 3
B
A

R E
E R 5 2
1 4 I2 I
I 3
1

D C F H

(٣)T"

& ) 0_‫و‬.e$ G4‫א‬,A‫ א\ <א‬aqm+)‫ن‬C< \‫א‬TA‫ دא‬+‫\? [א‬6 G‫وא< א‬
.(٣)TU‫א‬8P4‫ لא‬Z4‫א‬8< Q &‫א‬.‫*א‬X‫ د‬G6

Loop ABCDA:

٢
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

Starting from point A, we have

- I1 R1 – R4 (I1 – I2) + E1 = 0
Simplifying it further, we have
I1 (R1 + R4) - I2 R4 = E1 …(i)
Loop BEFCB:
Starting from point B, we have
- I2 R2 – R5 (I2 – I3) – R4 (I2 – I1) = 0
Or I1 R4 – I2 (R2+ R4+ R5) + I3 R5 = 0 …(ii)
Loop EGHFE:
Starting from point E, we get
- I3 R3 – E2 – R5 (I3 - I2) = 0
or I2 R5 – I3 (R3 + R5) = E2 …(iii)
 .k2Z‫*א‬X‫ د‬G4‫א‬Tf56k2Z‫ א*א‬+‫? [א‬f+)‫و‬



 Thevenin’s Theoreme=)r%−٣

>656‫ن‬+)s_ms&$t_ 6[ ?f5j$7",u%‫)א‬r‫א‬HIJ(a

* 7" f86‫< و‬v‫و‬C$G% 0v&‫א‬+‫ &א‬T>+6‫(و‬e=>6)$G_‫دא‬
 :& +  <7m A‫אא‬6‫< و‬4‫>א&وא‬4‫? [א‬f+)‫و‬.* 6‫< و‬4‫א‬

 s_;‫א‬sf+=4‫אאא‬N,‫? و‬a>4‫א‬N0 −١

‫> د‬6 7+‫مא‬96s_;‫א‬s?‫א‬6‫< و‬4‫א‬t_ 6,‫? و‬a A‫אא‬6‫< و‬4‫א‬0 −٢

 ..‫א‬

‫אم‬Y+XX Z6(٤)TU‫א‬P)‫و‬.<G4‫אوאא‬8*‫ א‬+‫א;)]\? [א‬HIJ‫م‬Y+?a‫و‬

s‫אא‬P+_+)‫א‬I‫(و‬C−٤)TU‫א‬8R36‫< و‬4‫א‬8 +‫? [א‬f[ ;4‫وא‬.<);‫א‬HIJ
8A-Bs_;‫א‬sf+=4‫א& אא‬.‫? [א‬fD‫و) &ذ‬.A-Bs_;‫א‬
 :& +  <7m([−٤)TU‫א‬

V=drop across R2 = I R2
Where I is the circuit current when A and B are open.
I = E / (R1+ R2+r)
Then V= I R2= E R2 / (R1+ R2+r)

٣
 ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ )‪(٢٧‬‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪C‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬

‫"‪ (٤)T‬‬

‫و) &ذ‪t_ 6[ ?fD‬א‪ <4‬و‪GA-Bs6‬א‪ G7+‬دא‪E>4‬و‪96‬א‪ 7+‬א‪ <4‬و‪6‬אא‪،r A‬‬

‫و‪HIJ8‬א\ ‪a‬نאא‪ <65 7‬و‪ +6‬ن &א‪+‬אز‪8 0$,‬א‪.(C−٥)TU‬وא‪ <4‬و‪6‬‬
‫א‪ :& +  <7m  ?f+)x_ 4‬‬

‫])‪R = R2 (R1 + r)/ [R2 +(R1 + r‬‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪R‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫‪R‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪R‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫"‪(٥)T‬‬

‫و ‪T)n5j& +‬א‪s7U‬א;_‪A-Bs‬א&‪Ve=>6‬وא‪ <4‬و‪6‬אא‪ 0$R A‬‬

‫‪8‬א‪.([−٥)TU‬و‪[ ?f5j‬א‪8 +‬א‪ <4‬و‪s  3aGR36‬א;_‪ :& + $A-Bs‬‬

‫)‪I = V / (R + R3‬‬
‫‪−٤‬א‪sT)Q+‬د‪ +‬א&‪ 0y‬‬

‫)‪+‬א‪Y+‬אم‪HIJ‬א;)<‪Tf8‬א‪* 7U‬א‪5<G4‬א;)]א‪56T)Q+‬د‪ +‬א&‪C0y‬و‬

‫א‪.eG‬و)‪P‬א‪(C−٦)TU‬دא‪T"8‬د‪ +‬و‪  )n‬א&‪80y‬א‪.([−٦)TU‬و‪5j‬‬
‫א‪ ++‬جא‪ ?a])m52G‬و‪,‬א‪.‬א&‪56T‬אא‪sa‬و{>‪& T‬א‪2G‬א‪ +‬‬
‫‪ <6s‬و‪* 6‬א‪ +‬و‪56 x_ 6‬א|‪.0‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
(٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

1
1
R R
31
12 R
1
R
2
3 R 2
23 3 R
3 2

(‫)ﺃ‬ (‫)ﺏ‬
 (٦)T"

R1 = R12 R31 /(R12 + R23 + R31)

R2 = R23 R1 2 /(R12 + R23 + R31)
And R3 = R31 R23 /( R12 + R23 + R31)
. +‫א‬56 x_ 6‫و‬0|‫ *א‬6‫< و‬6s +‫א‬2G‫ &א‬T>{ 0$

R12 = (R1 R2 + R2R3+ R3R1)/ R3= R1 + R2+ R1 R2 / R3

R23 = (R1 R2 + R2R3+ R3R1)/ R1= R2 + R3+ R2 R3 / R1
R31 = (R1 R2 + R2R3+ R3R1)/ R2= R1 + R3+ R1 R3 / R2

 Norton Equivalent5a%t_ 6−٥

& 6‫< و‬696 a>6385‫ وאאو‬t_ 6)Q+u6‫א‬Y+‫א‬5j

 :& + $e=t_ 656uN ++‫א‬5j‫و‬.,‫אز‬+‫א‬

I = Vth / Rth
.5a%t_ 6‫و‬e=t_ 6s} +‫(א‬٧)TU‫א‬P)‫و‬

R th

I
Vth R

Thevenin's Equivalent Norton Equivalent

(٧)T"

٥
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

Example (1):
Determine the current x in the 4-ohm resistance in the circuit shown in Fig. (8(a))
below.
Solution:
The assumed distribution of current is 2Ω
shown in Fig. (8(b)). Applying
Kirchhoff’s laws to different closed
6A
loops, we get 10V
2Ω 10Ω
Circuit EFADE:
-2y + 10z + (x – y – 6) = 0 3Ω
or x – 3y + 10z = 6 …(i) 1Ω
4Ω
Circuit ABCDA : 24V X

-2(y + z + 6) – 10 + 3(x – y – z – (a)

6) –10z = 0
or 3x – 5y – 15 z = 40 …(ii) A 2Ω
F B
Circuit EDCGE : (Y+6) (Y+Z+6)
6A
-(x – y – 6) – 3(x – y – z – 6) – 2Ω
10V
10Ω
4x + 24 = 0
or 8x – 4y – 3z = 48 …(iii) Y z
3Ω
1Ω
E C
Multiplying equation (i) by 5 and D (X-Y-Z-6)
(X-Y) (X-Y-6)
equation (ii) by 3 and then 4Ω
subtracting equation (ii) from X X
equation (i), we get G
24V
-4 x + 95 z = -90 (b)
4 x – 95 z = 90 …(iv) Fig. (8)
Next, multiplying equation (ii) by 4 and equation (iii) by 5 and subtracting equation
(iii) from equation (ii), we get
-28 x – 45 z = -80
or 28 x + 45 z = 80 …(v)
Multiplying equation (iv) by 45 and equation (v) by 95 and adding the two, we get
: 2840 x = 11650
or 284 x = 1165
x = 1165 / 284 = 4.1 A

٦
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

Example (2):
Find I1, I2 and I3 in the network shown in Fig. (9), using loop-current method.
Numbers against resistances indicate their values in ohms.
10 40V 20 10
B E
A
10V

I 20 I2 10 I
1 3
10V 50V

D C F H
Fig. (9)
Solution:
Different loops would be taken one after another.
Loop ABCDA:
- 10 I1 – 20(I1 – I2) –10 = 0
or 3 I1 –2I2 = – 1 …(i)
Loop BEFCB:
40 – 20 I2+ 10 – 10 (I2 – I3) – 20(I2 – I1) = 0
or 2 I1 –5I2 + I3 = – 5 …(ii)
Loop EGHFE:
- 10 I3+50 –10(I3 – I2) – 10 = 0
or I2– 2 I3= – 4 …(iii)
1- Multiplying equation (ii) by 2 and adding it to equation (iii), we get
4 I1– 9 I2= – 14 …(iv)
Solving for I1 and I2 from equation (i) and (iv), we get:
I1 = 1A and I2 = 2A
Solving these values in equation (iii), we have, I3=3A

٧
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

Example (3):
With reference to the network of Fig. (10), (where the number against resistances
indicate their values in ohms and the internal resistance of the battery is given 1 Ω) by
applying Thevenin’s theorem, find the following:
(i) The equivalent e.m.f. of the network when viewed from
terminals A and B.
(ii) The equivalent resistance of the network when looked into
from terminals A and B.
(iii) Current in the load resistance RL of 15Ω
Solution:
(i) Current in the network after load resistance has been removed [Fig.
(10(b))]=24/(12+3+1)=1.5A
Then voltage across terminals AB=V=12*1.5=18V
Hence, so far as terminals A and B are concerned, the network has an e.m.f. of
18 volt (and not 24V).

(ii) There are two parallel paths between points A and B [Fig. (11(a))]. Imagine that
battery of 24V is removed but not its internal resistance. Then equivalent
resistance of the circuit as looked into from points A and B is
R=12*4/(12+4)=3 Ω
A 3Ω C A
C
3Ω
24V 24V
1Ω 12 Ω 15 Ω 1Ω 12 Ω V

B
D B D

(a) (b)
Fig. (10)
(iii) When load resistance of 15Ω is connected across the terminals, then the network
is reduced to the structure shown in Fig. (2.9(b)). Then I=18/(15+3)=1A.
C A 1 A

3Ω
R
1Ω 12Ω 18V 15 Ω
3Ω

B
D B
(a) (b)

Fig. (11)

٨
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

Example (4):
Three resistances R, 2R and 3R are connected in delta, Fig. (12(a)). Determine the
resistances for an equivalent star connection. In Fig. (13), 160 volts are applied to the
terminals AB. Determine (a) the resistance between the terminals A and B and (b) the
current.
100 Ω
1
1 A 1 C D
3R R E
R
1
R 60 Ω 40 Ω
2
3 2R 2
3 R
3 2 160V 80 Ω
88 Ω

(a) (b)

Fig. (12) B 1

Fig. (13)
Solution:
The three resistances are joined in delta in Fig. (12(a)).
We have in Fig. (12(b))
R1 = R x 3R /( R + 2R + 3R) = R/2
R2 = R x 2R /6 R = R/3
R3 = 2R x 3R / 6R= R
Take the network of Fig. (13). The C
C
three resistances of 100 Ω, 60 Ω and 40 100 Ω
60 Ω
Ω are delta connected between terminal R
1
points C, D and E as shown in Fig. R
2
(14(a)). They can be converted into E D
40 Ω E R
3 D
equivalent star connection as shown in
(a) (b)
Fig. (14(b)).

Fig. (14)
R1 = 60 x 100 /(60+100+40) = 30 Ω
R2 = 100 x 40 / 200 = 20 Ω
R3 = 40 x 60 / 200 = 12 Ω
Then the network of Fig. (14) is reduced to a simple structure of Fig. (15(a)).

٩
 (٢٧) ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ‬

D
As seen, there are two parallel paths
between points S and B, one of resistance 20 Ω

(20 + 80)=100 Ω and the other also of (12 10 Ω 80 Ω

1
+ 88) = 100 Ω. Hence, equivalent A S
C
resistance between points S and B
12 Ω
= 100 x 100 / 200 = 50 Ω 160 V
E (a)
The whole network is reduced to a simple
circuit of Fig. (15(b)). 88 Ω

(a) Then resistance between points A B

and B = 30 + 50 = 80 Ω.
30 Ω
1
(b)Current I = 160 / 80 = 2 A
(b)
160 V 50 Ω

Fig. (15)

١٠