Tematuri damxmare saxelmZRvanelo: `saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba XIX-XXI saukuneebSi.

qarTveli xalxis brZola saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisTvis~ (samuSao versia)

avtorebi: istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis mecnier-TanamSromlebi: dodo WumburiZe vaJa kiknaZe lela saraliZe xaTuna qoqraSvili

Sesavali Zvirfaso moswavleebo! TqvenTvis cxovrebis axali safexuri iwyeba. saWiroa SeZloT samyarosa da Tqvens irgvliv mimdinare movlenebis gaanalizeba-gacnobiereba, momavlis perspeqtivebis gansazRvra. uaxloesi warsulis Seswavla dagexmarebaT ukeT iazrovnoT, ukeT CawvdeT dRevandeli problemebis gamomwvev mizezebs, SeicnoT sakuTari Tavi da roli saqarTvelos momavlis SenebaSi. winaprebis gamocdileba gaswavliT, rom ar arseboben keTili dampyroblebi, rom yvelaze faseuli adamianisaTvis aris Tavisufleba da damoukidebeli qveynis moqalaqeoba, risTvisac Cveni winaprebi aTaswleulebis manZilze Rvridnen sisxls, wiravdnen Tavs da momaval Taobebs utovebdnen samSoblosTvis Tavdadebis ideas, icavdnen mamuls, enas, qristianobas. gaqrnen uzarmazari imperiebi, aRar arian msoflios udidesi qveynebi, saqarTvelo ki gadarCa. es Cveni winaprebis Tavganwirvis Sedegia. Tqveni damsaxureba ki is iqneba, Tu dRemde didi brZoliT da garjiT motanil am simdidres mouvliT, mtrebs xelaxla aRar miscemT misi xelSi Cagdebis SesaZleblobas. sworad cxovreba monuri fsiqologiisgan ganTavisuflebasac gulisxmobs. unda SegveZlos avis garCeva kargisagan, sulieri dapurebisa xorcieli maZRrisobisagan, swori arCevanis gakeTeba monobasa da Tavisuflebas Soris. es wigni Cveni istoriuli dampyroblebidan erT-erTis magaliTze gaswavliT: ra didi Zalisxmeva, dafiqreba da Wkuaa saWiro, rom gaiaroT istoriis mier gadebul bewvis xidze, rom upirvelesi _ es sakuTari erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi interesia, winaparTa gamocdilebis Tu msoflios istoriuli movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT momavlis problemebis ganWvretis niWi. masSi naxavT, rogor cdilobda da cdilobs mravaljer fernacvali, magram imperiul miznebs Seuleveli ruseTi, humanizmis, demokratiis, patara erebis bedze mzrunvelis mantiawamosxmuli, amtkicos qarTvelebisa da sxva kavkasieli erebis dapyroba-okupaciis samarTlianoba. am wigniT Tqven bevr saWirboroto da dRemde aqtualur kiTxvasac upasuxebT, tyuilsa da marTals ganarCevT, iswavliT_ra unda daafasoT da ras ar unda SeurigdeT... saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerili da gaanalizebulia saqarTvelos axali da uaxlesi istoriis movlenebi. es periodi urTulesi iyo Cveni qveynisaTvis. sparseTisa da osmaleTis eqspansias mohyva Crdiloeli mezoblis, ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba, saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba da misi gadaqceva Cveulebriv rusul guberniebad.

qarTveli mefeebi XV saukunidan, mahmadiani dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mokavSires eZebdnen da am mizniT, evropis qristianul saxelmwifoebTan erTad, ruseTTan daaxloebasac cdilobdnen. bizantiis saxelmwifos dacemis Semdeg (1453), ruseTi yvelaze axlobeli marTlmadidebluri qveyana iyo da misi daxmarebisa da mokavSireobis survili bunebrivad gauCndaT qarTvel politikosebs. isini mfarvelobasa da samxedro kavSirs iTxovdnen am Zlieri erTmorwmune mezoblisgan. unda iTqvas, rom ruseTi amgvar winadadebaze arc uars ambobda da arc energiul mxardaWeras avlenda. mas sakuTari interesebi hqonda da XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebamde am interesebSi kavkasiaSi gabatoneba jer ar Sedioda. rodesac dadga es dro, ruseTs aRarc ufiqria TviTgadarCenisaTvis mebrZoli saqarTvelos bedze, TviTneburad moaxdina misi nawil-nawil aneqsia da didi istoriuli warsulisa da kulturis qveyana msoflio rukidan waSala. rusi politikosebi da mecnierebi dRemde imeoreben, rom ruseTs Cveni qveyana ki ar daupyria, qarTvel mefeTa daJinebuli TxovniT SeierTa. sinamdvileSi, arcerT qarTvel mefes ar ufiqria daeTmo taxti da mTliani uflebebi gadaeca rusi mefeebisaTvis. maT mxolod mfarveloba da samxedro kavSiri surdaT, rac imdroindeli saerTaSoriso samarTliT Cveulebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi urTierTobis forma iyo. ruseTma daarRvia saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi da moaxdina saqarTvelos okupacia-aneqsia. rusuli koloniur-eqspansionisturi politika dapyrobil teritoriebs imperiis bunebriv nawilad ganixilavda da, amitom, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia-garusebas yvelanairi gziT cdilobda. sityva `saqarTvelos~ xsenebac ki akrZaluli iyo. mefis ruseTSi isedac ar iyo mowinave azrovneba, kavkasiaSi ki yvelaze CamorCenil, xSirad damnaSave moxeleebs gzavnidnen. aseT adamianebs ar SeeZloT egrZnoT da daefasebinaT uZvelesi da umdidresi qarTuli kulturuli tradiciebi, isini daufaravad dascinodnen Cveni qveynis warsuls, ruseTs Tvlidnen `ganmanaTlebel~, saqarTveloSi kulturis Semomtan qveynad, Cadiodnen sisastikes qarTveli xalxis mimarT, Zabavdnen isedac daZabul viTarebas metropolias (ruseTi) da kolonias (saqarTvelo) Soris. saqarTvelo mudam ibrZoda da ibrZvis msoflio TanamegobrobaSi Rirseuli adgilis dasaWerad. qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola, ruseTis koloniur-eqspansionistur politikasTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo dapirispireba mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs msoflio movlenebis fonze, did saxelmwifoTa interesebis Sejaxebisa da kavkasiaSi maTi geopolitikuri interesebis formirebis fonze. wignSi naxavT, ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs msoflios Zlieri qveynebis Tanadgomas samarTlianobisa da sakuTari Tavis gadasarCenad mebrZoli qveynisaTvis, rom saqarTvelosnair patara, magram udidesi warsulis mqone saxelmwifos yovelTvis daWirdeba amgvari mxardaWera. motanili masalebi, imedia, dagexmarebaT sakuTari mosazrebebis gamomuSavebasa da poziciis gamokveTaSi, erovnul-patriotuli da humanuri grZnobebis gaZlierebaSi, Rirseul pirovnebad da mamuliSvilad CamoyalibebaSi.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebi 1783 wlis traqtatamde qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis urTierToba ruseTTan XV_XVIII saukuneebSi. ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris politikuri urTierTobebi, marTalia, ufro adre daiwyo, magram intensiuri xasiaTi man XV saukunidan miiRo. XV s.-is II naxevarSi erTiani saqarTvelo daiSala. TiToeul politikur erTeuls Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis da saSinao viTarebis mixedviT, sagareo safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad gansxvavebuli politika hqonda SemuSavebuli. kaxeTis pirvelive mefeebma _ giorgi I-ma (1466-1476) da aleqsandre I-ma (1476-1511) mezobel mahmadian dampyroblebTan uTanasworo brZolas amjobines mSvidobis SenarCuneba. amas maTTvis mcire xarkis micemiTa da formaluri morCilebiT axerxebdnen. paralelurad, isini sparseT-osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erTmorwmune ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri kavSiris damyarebas cdilobdnen. am dros ruseTi monRol-TaTarTa batonobisagan ganTavisuflda (1480w.), misi diplomatebi da vaWrebi saqarTvelos mezobel SarvanSic gamoCndnen. aleqsandre I-is elCoba orjer Cavida moskovSi mefe ivane III-is karze (1483 da 1491 wlebSi). Tumca am vizitebs raime seriozuli Sedegi ar mohyolia, magram safuZveli Caeyara ruseT-saqarTvelos politikur urTierTobas. kaxeTis mefe levanis (1520-1574) dros, 1564 wels, moskovSi Cavida kaxeTis elCi iakobi. SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, rus meTofeTa razmebi Cadgnen kaxeTis samefos sanapiro cixeebSi, raTa daecvaT qveyana daRestneli 2

Tavdamsxmelebisagan. ruseTis am saqcielma osmaleTisa da sparseTis protesti gamoiwvia, ruseTic iZulebuli gaxda cixeebi daengria da meTofeTa jaric gaewvia kaxeTidan. levanis memkvidre aleqsandre II_m (1574-1605) gaagrZela mamis politika, ruseTidan Camosul elCobas moskovSi, mefe Tevdore ivanes ZesTan, Tavisi elCebic gaayola: ioakime mRvdeli, kirile beri da Cerqezi xurSita. molaparakeba damTavrda 1587 wlis 28 seqtembers `ficis wignis~ gaformebiT. dokumentis teqsti moskovSi Seadgines. 1589 wels ruseTis mefem kaxeTis mefes gamougzavna `wyalobis sigeli~, romelmac daadastura `ficis wigniT~ gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi. amiT es xelSekruleba orive mxridan damtkicda. xelSekrulebiT ruseTs unda daecva kaxeTi daRestnelTa da sxva dampyroblebis Semosevebisagan. ruseTis mefem _ boris godunovma amisTvis jaric gamogzavna, magram marcxi ganicada daRestnelebTan brZolaSi. amasobaSi sparseTma daasrula omi osmaleTTan, 1590 wels dado zavi stambulSi da daiwyo reformebis gatareba, riTac ise gaZlierda, rom regionSi kvlav Zlier qveynad gadaiqca. sparseTs am dros Sah-abasi marTavda(1587-1629), romlis mizani didi sparseTis imperiis aRdgena da mis SemadgenlobaSi samxreT kavkasiis Seyvana iyo. amaSi Sah-abass osmaleTTan erTad xels uSlida ruseTic. marTalia, Tavad rusi mefeebi jer ar aqtiurobdnen samxreT kavkasiaSi dasamkvidreblad, magram qristiani qarTveli mefeebi iCendnen gansakuTrebul swrafvas ruseTisadmi. agresiul mahmadianur garemocvaSi moqceuli saqarTvelo erTmorwmune qveynisgan eloda daxmarebas. qarTveli mefeebi ise guluxvad sTavazobdnen TavianTi qveynis qonebas, rom ruseTSi gakvirvebulic rCebodnen da SeTavazebaze uars ar ambobdnen, qarTvelebs realurad arafers ukeTebdnen, Tumca TavianT samefo titulSi kaxeTis flobasac ar iviwyebdnen. erTmorwmuneobis niSniT upirobod ndoba sxva qveynisadmi qarTuli diplomatiis sisuste da Secdoma iyo. saqarTvelo Tavisi Zlierebis xanaSi axerxebda TavisTvis gamosadegi diplomatiiT TamaSs, magaliTad, XII saukuneSi giorgi III da Tamari egviptis sulTans Seekvren da ara jvarosnebs, es maSin, rodesac maTi winapari daviT aRmaSenebeli jvarosnebTan TanamSromlobda. XV_XIII saukuneebis qarTuli diplomatia Secda, rodesac, mxolod sarwmunoebrivi niSniT, erTmniSvnelovnad da ukritikod aiRo rusuli orientacia. samwuxarod, golgoTas gzaze Semdgari saqarTvelosTvis maSin sxva gamosavali ar Canda. Sah-abasi am procesis safuZvelSive Cakvlas cdilobda. misi davalebiT, 1605 wels, rus elCebTan Sexvedrisas aleqsandre II, umcros vaJTan _ giorgisTan erTad, mokla sakuTarma Svilma _konstantinem. man Tavi kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada, magram mxolod erTi weli imefa. kaxelebma ar igues Zmisa da mamis mkvleli mefe, qeTevan dedoflis xelmZRvanelobiT ajanydnen da konstantine mokles. Sahi iZulebuli gaxda kaxeTis taxtze ajanyebuli dedoflis vaJi, Teimuraz I daemtkicebina. Teimuraz I-ma 1653 wels moskovSi, aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovis karze, aRsazrdelad SviliSvili erekle gagzavna. ramdenime wlis Semdeg Tavadac Cavida moskovSi, Tumca realuri daxmareba mefe aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovisgan ver miiRo. misma politikurma memkvidreebmac ver SeZles sparsul-osmaluri agresiis winaaRmdeg ruseTis gamoyeneba. am dros ruseTis mTavar amocanad iTvleboda baltiispireTis, dasavleT belorusiisa da poloneTis, Savi da azovis zRvis sanapiroebis, yirimis saxanos dapyroba, amasTanave, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis dakaveba, risTvisac upirispirdeboda ara marto osmaleTis imperias, aramed evropis did qveynebsac. qarTveli mefeebi cdilobdnen ruseTisTvis CaegonebinaT, rom sparseTis gandevna samxreT kavkasiidan maTi strategiuli amocana gamxdariyo, rasac ver axerxebdnen. amrigad, kaxeTis mefeebis pirvelive diplomatiuri nabijebi ruseTTan warumatebeli gamodga. seriozuli samarTlebrivi dokumenti kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTs Soris _`wigni ficisa~, romelic ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobamde saukuniT adre daido, ar yofila realurad moqmedi xelSekruleba. im periodSi ruseTis interesebSi kavkasia ar Sedioda. amis gamo, qarTvel mefeTaA molodini ruseTisagan daxmarebis miRebaze ar gamarTlda.

n. korkunovi, rusi saxelmwifomcodne, wignidan_rusuli saxelmwifo samarTali, sankt-peterburgi, 1909, t. I, gv 206: ruseTisa da kaxeTis samefos urTierToba, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis urTierToba ruseTTan (1587-1783), aris proteqtorati, anu mfarveloba, romelic scildeba Sinasaxelmwifoebriv damokidebulebas da gansxvavdeba vasalitetisagan. erTi

saxelmwifos proteqtoratSi meore saxelmwifos Sesvla ar iwvevs erTi mTliani politikuri erTeulis warmoqmnas, maTi urTierT damokidebuleba inarCunebs saxelSekrulebo xasiaTs... ruseTs araerTgzis ganuxorcielebia proteqtorati mezobel aziur saxelmwifoebTan, rac TandaTan gadadioda am qveynebis srul dauflebaSi: aseTi mxare xdeboda ruseTis teritoriis nawili. am gziT ganxorcielda, magaliTad, saqarTvelos samflobeloebis SeerTeba ruseTTan~. zurab avaliSvili, wignidan_`saqarTvelos SeerTeba ruseTTan~(rusul enaze), sankt-peterburgi, 1906, gv. 51: proteqtoratis Zebna (ruseTisa saqarTveloze) aris bunebrivi maSin, roca arsebobs survili damoukideblobis Tundac nawilobriv SenarCunebisa, magram ar aris saSualeba sakuTari ZalebiT amis miRwevisa. vasaluri damokidebuleba, rasac iZulebiT Tavs axvevdnen saqarTvelos misdami mtrulad ganwyobili aRmosavleTis qveynebi, es is formaa, romliTac, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo sixaruliT daukavSirdeboda iseT erTmorwmune da megobrul saxelmwifos, rogoric iyo ruseTi~. ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 1967, t. IV, gv. 302-305: aleqsandre mefis wadili iyo ruseTis mfarvelobiT mahmadian samflobeloebis medgar ieriSebisa da mZlavrebisagan saqarTvelo daecva... rusTa mefes mfarvelobiT dakmayofileba ar SeeZlo da miCneuli iyo, rom Tavisi umcrosi mokavSireebi, an mfarvelobisa da daxmarebis maZiebelni pirdapir Tavis ymebad, an qveSevrdomebad eqcia. kaxTa mefis aleqsandres wadilic man Taviseburad gaigo... aleqsandre kaxTa mefe ficis Semdegac Tavis Tavsa da qveyanas rusTa mefis mfarvelobis qveSe sTvlis, xolo kaxeTs kvlavindeburad Tavisufal qveynad~.

ruseTTan urTierTobaSi kidev ufro didi politikuri marcxi ganicada qarTlis samefom. XVI_XVII saukuneebSi is Tavganwirulad ebrZoda sparseT-osmaleTis agresias. sparseTma ver SeZlo qarTlSi mefobis mospoba. marTalia, qarTvel mefeebs sarwmunoebas ucvlidnen, mefobasac Sahis TanxmobiT aZlevdnen, magram bagrationTa samefo dinastiis uflebebi ar darRveula. qarTuli saxelmwifo mudmivi aoxrebebis pirobebSic arsebobda, qveyana sarwmunoebasa da erovnul tradiciebs inarCunebda. XVIII saukunis qarTlis gamoCenilma mefem, vaxtang VI-m, evropis qveynebis daxmarebiT sparseTis agresiisgan Tavis daRweva scada. maSindel evropas saqarTvelos gamo sparseTTan dapirispireba ar surda. amis gamo, vaxtangis maswavleblisa da didi qarTveli mwerlis_sulxan-sabas viziti evropaSi uSedegod dasrulda. 1716 wels vaxtangi gamahmadianda, Tumca ruseTTan faruli diplomatiuri urTierTobis damyareba daiwyo. 17121719 wlebSi sparseTSi myof vaxtangTan kavSiri ruseTis elCma sparseTSi_artem volinskim gaaba. es urTierToba elCs davalebuli hqonda ruseTis mefis petre I-isgan, romelic warmatebiT ebrZoda Zlier evropul saxelmwifos _ SvedeTs. imperiis sazRvrebis CrdiloeTiT gafarToebam petres imedi Causaxa, rom ruseTis sazRvrebs samxreTiTac gadaswevda. amisTvis Wirdeboda osmaleTisa da sparseTis gandevna kaspiis da Savi zRvis sanapiroebidan. artem volinskisagan sparseTidan miwodebuli cnobebiT, petrem gaigo, rom qarTvelebis samxedro Zala sparseTSi mniSvnelovani iyo, yvela oms es qveyana qarTuli jariT igebs, Tu moisurveben da gaerTiandebian, qarTvelebs ara marto Tavis ganTavisufleba SeuZliaT sparseTisgan, aramed misi dapyrobaco, _ werda volinski. petre I-ma gadawyvita ocdaerTwlian omSi dasustebuli rusuli armia am jariT gaemagrebina. 1721 wels damTavrda SvedeTTan omi, ruseTi imperiad gamocxadda, petre I ki misi pirveli imperatori gaxda. 1722 wels ruseTma sparseTis winaaRmdeg samxedro kampania wamoiwyo, raSic vaxtang VI-is CarTvac SeZlo. qarTlis mefesa da ruseTis imperators Tav-TavianTi interesebi amoZravebda, romelic nawilobriv emTxveoda orives miznad hqonda sparseTis ganadgureba, magram gamarjvebis Semdeg vaxtangs, ruseTis daxmarebiTa da mfarvelobiT, regionSi Zlieri qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmna surda, petres ki samxedro proteqtoratis damyareba kaspiispireTsa da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. es ori interesi erTmaneTs gamoricxavda, erT-erTi unda damarcxebuliyo. imdenad didi iyo petresadmi vaxtangis rwmena, rom man ar daujera samefo darbazs, qarTvel didebulebs, _ gadaefiqrebina am laSqrobaSi monawileoba. mamis gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdegi iyo taxtis memkvidre baqaric, romelic 1722 wlis martSi Sahis gvardiis sardlad dainiSna. vaxtangis imedi petres pirovnebasa da erTmorwmuneobaze iyo agebuli. vaxtangs ver warmoedgina qristiani mefisgan Ralati. amasTanave, petre megobrobda vaxtangis biZaSvilebTan, ruseTis I artileriis generalTan aleqsandre bagrationTan da darejan arCilis asulTan, romlis saSualebiTac gaiba urTierToba vaxtang VI_sa da petre I-s Soris. arc petres qristianoba da arc 4

qarTvelebTan misi siaxlove sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda, yvelaferze maRla dadga rusuli imperiuli miznebi da ambiciebi. 1722 wlis ivlisSi petrem daiwyo laSqroba, xelT igdo kaspiis zRvis daRestnis sanapiro, miaRwia darubands da baqos. masTan sakuTari nebiT gamocxadebulma am cixe-qalaqebis delegaciebma cixeebis gasaRebi miarTves da qveSevrdomoba aRuTqves. petre mixvda, rom kaspiispireTis damorCileba Zneli ar iyo, amas qarTuli jaris gareSec iolad moaxerxebda. Tumca isic cxadi gaxda, rom ruseTi am regionSi poziciebis ganmtkicebas jer ver SeZlebda: ar eyofoda sursaTi da furaJi, Tanac jarSi epidemia gavrcelda. vaxtangis bedi mas ar anaRvlebda. qarTlis mefis marcxi da katastrofa ruseTisTvis xelsayrelic iyo, radgan dasustebul qarTlis samefos ufro advilad daesakuTreboda. vaxtang VI 30-aTasiani qarTuli da 10-aTasiani somxuri jariT ganjasTan idga da amaod eloda ruseTis imperators. ori Tvis Semdeg qarTlis mefem gaigo, rom rusuli jari ukan gabrunda da erToblivi samxedro kampania CaiSala. petres am gadawyvetilebam urTules viTarebaSi Caagdo igi: sparseTis Sahma ar apatia ruseTTan dakavSireba da Ralati, waarTva mefoba da qarTlSi gamahmadianebuli kaxeTis mefe _ konstantine dasva. 1723 wels konstantinem lekebis daxmarebiT aiRo Tbilisi da saSinlad aaoxra. dasavleTidan qalaqSi osmalebic SemoiWrnen, 1724 wels maT konstantine taxtidan Camoagdes da qarTli arzrumis faSas dauqvemdebares. petresa da vaxtangs Soris elCebis piriTa da miwer-moweriT winaswari, zepiri SeTanxmeba moxda, laSqrobis detalebi dazustda, iuridiuli dokumenti ar gaformebula, xelSekruleba ar dadebula. amis gamo rusi istorikosebi Tvlian, rom petre I vaxtangVI-s arafers dapirebia da arc uRalatnia. didi qarTveli istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili ki miiCnevda, rom petrem moatyua qarTlis mefe, rusul armiaSi seriozuli epidemiac ar yofila. Tanac, sardlobam gaiTvaliswina kaspiispireTis bunebrivi pirobebi, winaswar moimaraga medikamentebi da samedicino personalic mravalricxovani wamoiyvana. ruseTis am damokidebulebam tragikuli Sedegebi moitana Cveni qveynisTvis. yizilbaSobam da osmalobam, rac XVIII saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi datrialda, qarTvel xalxs Temur-lengis Semosevebze naklebi tragedia rodi daatexa Tavs. es Sedegi ki petre I-is mier kaspiispireTSi dawyebuli laSqrobis Sewyvetas da mis upasuxismgeblo saqciels mohyva. motyuebul vaxtangs osmalo-yizilbaSebis mier dakavebul da aoxrebul samefoSi aRar daedgomeboda da 1724 wels, didi amaliT (1200-1500 kaci) ruseTSi wavida. am amalaSi Sedioda yvela ganaTlebuli da moazrovne qarTveli, ramac saqarTvelos sulier kulturas katastrofuli Sedegi moutana. petre I-ma tragikul mdgomareobaSi myof vaxtang VI_s moskovSi cxovrebis uflebac ar misca. vaxtangma mainc CaaRwia moskovs, Tumca imperatori gardacvlili daxvda, misma memkvidreebma ki araviTari daxmareba ar gauwies. imedgacruebuli da damarcxebuli vaxtang VI astraxanSi daesaxla, sadac gardaicvala 1737 wels. aqve gardaicvala ruseTis daxmarebis maZiebeli qarTlis mefe, vaxtang VI_is siZe_Teimuraz II_c. ruseTis `mfarvelobisa~ da daxmarebis es gamocdileba hqonda vaxtangis SviliSvilsa da Teimuraz II-is vaJs, qarTlkaxeTis mefes _ erekle II_s. samwuxarod, es gamocdilebac ar asaxula misi drois rusul-qarTul urTierTobebSi. amrigad, petre I-is mier vaxtang VI-is Cabmam `baqo-darubandis~ laSqrobaSi, vaxtang VI_is prorusulma politikam, erTmorwmuneobis niSniT misma gadametebulma ndobam ruseTisadmi, romelTanac warmatebuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gamocdileba manamde saqarTvelos ar hqonia, qveynisTvis damRupveli Sedegebi moitana. ruseTis mfarvelobis mosapoveblad osmaluri agresiisagan Sewuxebuli imereTis samefoc miiswrafvoda. 1649 wels imereTis mefem aleqsandre III_m da masTan TavSefarebulma kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz I-ma elCebi gagzavnes ruseTSi. aleqsandre ruseTis mefes aRuwerda imereTs, morCilebas aRuTqvamda da mfarvelobas Txovda: Tqveni brwyinvalebis qveS yofna gvirCevnia uwmindurebis (osmalebis) xelSi yofnas, elCebi gamogzavne Cveni adgilebis dasaTvaliereblado. aseT guluxv SeTavazebaze ruseTis mefe ver axerxebda uaris Tqmas, Tumca Zneli iyo am winadadebis miReba Tundac imitom, rom ruseTi Sors iyo, jer misi sazRvrebi kavkasions ar mobjenoda. 5

ruseTis samefo karma sapasuxo elCoba mainc gamogzavna. elCebs_aleqsi ievlievsa da nikifore toloCanovs specialuri davaleba misces: aReweraT da SeeswavlaT imereTi. maT sazeimod daxvdnen quTaisSi. ukan gabrunebulebs kvlav gaayoles imereli despanebi. arcerT am mcdelobas imereTis samefosTvis realuri Sedegi ar moutania. 1682 wels vaxtang VI_is Zma, imereTis mefe arCil II moskovs Cavida. mefesa da poets_arCils Tan mravali warCinebuli piri axlda, romlebic misi saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdegac ruseTSi darCnen. SemdegSi maTma STamomavlobam didi roli iTamaSa ruseTis istoriaSi, Tumca am istoriaSi maTi amocnoba advili ar aris, radgan imTaviTve iCina Tavi qarTuli gvar-saxelebis rusificirebam. imereli meomrebi ganjasTanac laSqrobdnen vaxtang VI_is jarSi. imereTis mefem aleqsandre V_m vaxtang VI_is elCs ruseTis mTavrobasTan Tavisi saxeliTac daavala molaparakeba. 1738 wels moskovSi Cavida imereTis mefis aleqsandre V-is elCi mitropoliti timoTe gabaSvili. is cdilobda ara marto samxedro strategiuli, aramed ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac daeinteresebina ruseTi, ramdenime madnis nimuSic hqonda Catanili, magram es cdac uSedego aRmoCnda. ruseTi osmaleTTan oms imereTis gamo ar apirebda. ruseTTan urTierToba kidev ufro gaRrmavda solomon I-is mefobisas. 1768 wels man ruseTSi gagzavna sagangebo uflebiT aRWurvili elCi maqsime quTaTeli, romelic yizlarSi daakaves, magram maleve gauSves. ruseTis imperatorma ekaterine II-m da misma mrCevlebma osmaleTTan mimdinare omSi (1768-1774)saqarTvelos CarTva Tavis sasargeblod miiCnies da jaric gamogzavnes general totlebenis meTaurobiT. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis mefeebi_ erekle II da solomon I didi imediT Sexvdnen rusuli jaris Semosvlas, maT TavianTi erovnuli interesebi hqondaT, ruseTs ki Savi zRvis sanapiros dapyroba da iq Tavisufali naosnobis uflebis mopoveba surda. `urwmunoebisagan qristianebis dacvis~ idea imperiuli farsi iyo, riTac ruseTi Tavis dapyrobiT omebs amarTlebda. XVII saukunidan ruseTTan urTierToba hqondaT da mis mfarvelobas iTxovdnen qarTuli samTavroebic. maT TxovnebSi xSirad Canda SinauTanxmoeba, samefo-samTavroebs Soris mtroba da qiSpi. ruseTi ara marto sparsulosmaluri agresiis Tavidan asacileblad, zogjer ermaneTis dasamarcxebladac surdaT feodaluri separatizmiT aRzevebul mmarTvelebs. aseTi procesi Cveulebrivia feodaluri xanis yvela qveynisaTvis, Tumca saqarTvelosTvis is ufro Zneli iyo, radgan mezobeli imperiebi qarTvelebs Soris uTanxmoebas kidev ufro aRvivebdnen da mis advilad dasapyrobad iyenebdnen.

wyaro a) ivane javaxiSvili ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb XVIII saukuneSi, wignidan:, `damokidebuleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi~: `ra mizezi iyo, rom didi ruseTis mTavroba ase eqceoda patara saqarTvelos, an rogor axerxebda ruseTi saqarTvelos ise mojadoebas, rom igi ramdenime mware gamocdilebis Semdegac mainc `qristesmoyvare~ ruseTis mfarvelobis gulwrfeli moimede iyo!.. qarTvelebs Soridan gagonili hqondaT rusTa mxurvale sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba da eWvi ar ebadebodaT, rom ruseTi qarTvelTa suliskveTebas advilad gaigebda da maTs Tavganwirul brZolaSi sparseTisa da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg wrfelis guliT Zliers daxmarebas gauwevda. ruseTis mTavrobas da politikosebs ar gamohparviaT qarTvelTa amgvari politikuri gulubryviloba. mTeli maTi politika saqarTvelos mimarT, swored qarTvelTa am sust grZnobas da gulubryvilobaze iyo xolme damyarebuli... roca ruseTisTvis saWiro iyo, maSin mas agondeboda, rom qarTvelebi mxurvale qristianebi iyvnen da mahmadis Zlieri saxelmwifoebis mZlavrebisagan ukiduresad Seviwrovebulni. am dros, is, viTomcda kacTmoyvareobis grZnobiT aRsavse, arwmunebda saqarTvelos, rom mudam mis daxmarebaze ocnebobs da misTvis zrunavs. ase iyo xolme, sanam saqarTvelos ar Seacdenda da Tavis samxedro gegmis mixedviT osmaleTTan an sparseTTan omSi, romelsac igi ganizraxavda, ar CaiTrevda. magram, ra wams ruseTs piradi mizani miuRwevlad miaCnda, an omis gagrZelebas TavisTvis xelsayrelad aRara sTvlida, is saqarTvelos uyoymanod miatovebda xolme da maSin mas yvelaferi aviwydeboda, qarTvelTa qristianobac da gaWirvebac...imazec ki aRar fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelo swored misi wyalobiT da misi moqmedebiT winandelze ufro uaressa da umweo mdgomareobaSi vardeboda xolme~.

wyaro b)

petre I aRmosavluri politikis Sesaxeb

konstantinopolisa da indoeTisaken waviwioT, am mizniT SevqmnaT saomari viTarebebi xan osmaleTTan, xan sparseTTan, erTmorwmune kavkasieli ZmebisaTvis gavixarjoT. SevecadoT, rom romelime mxarem mfarvelobis TxovniT mogvmarTos, mere ki maT srul damorCilebas mivaRwioT, SeviyvanoT jari droebiT da davtovoT, sanam sabolood iq ar davrCebiT.

aleqsandre arCilis Ze bagrationi, qarTveli batoniSvili, mefe-poetis_arCil II-is vaJi. iyo rusuli armiis pirveli felcexmeisteri, artileriis generali, petre I-is megobari, tyved Cavarda SvedeTis omSi da 10 weli gaatara iqaur cixeSi. icoda ra petre I-Tan aleqsandres siaxlove, SvedeTis mefem_karlos XII-m mis gaTavisuflebaSi 10 kasri oqro moiTxova. petrem aleqsandres Tavad miwera, gadaexada Tu ara ruseTisTvis es didi da mZime gadasaxadi, razec qarTvelma ufliswulma aseTi pasuxi misca: `araTu saTqmelad, fiqradac ar momsvlia raime zarali mouvides saxelmwifos, araTu Cemi ganTavisuflebisa, aramed imaTi ganTavisuflebisTvisac ki, romlebic Cemze aTaskecad meti Riran. Cven amisaTvis varT mowodebulni _ viTminoT da movkvdeT saxelmwifosa da mamulis interesebisaTvis~. `saxelmwifo da mamuli~, romelSic qarTveli emigranti ruseTs gulisxmobda, ucnaurad JRers, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sul ramdenime wlis Semdeg misi uaxloesi naTesavis_vaxtang VI_is Tavze datrialebul tragedias, rac saqarTvelos tragediad iqca. tyve aleqsandre bagrationma cixeSi rus generlebTan kavSirisTvis saidumlo (qarTuli anbani) gamoiyena. aleqsandre bagrationi 10 wlis tyveobis Semdeg gaaTavisufles, petre mas rigaSi Seegeba, magram daavadmyofebuli da dasustebuli iqve gardaicvala. petrem is gadaasvena moskovSi da dakrZales donis monasterSi.

b) vaxtang VI_is werilebidan levan dadianis 1636 wels gagzavnili elCis,karis mRvdelis_gabriel gegenavas, aseve rusi elCebis_Tedore elCinis da pavle zaxarevis zugdidSi Camosvlis Sesaxeb...

Q1) ra pirobebs iTvaliswinebda `wigni ficisa~? 2) ra interesebi hqondaT ruseTisa da qarTlis mefeebs baqo-darubandis samxedro eqspediciis dros da raSi emTxveoda da ewinaaRmdegeboda es interesebi erTmaneTs? 3) ra migaCniaT vaxtang VI-is Secdomad da gaamarTlebdiT Tu ara qarTveli mefis mier gadadgmul diplomatiur nabijs? 4) wyaro b-s mixedviT, SeiZleba Tu ara vivaraudoT, rom petre I-s samxedro proteqtoratis damyareba surda saqarTveloSi? 5) ra saSinao da sagareo viTareba aiZulebda imereTis samefos solomon I_is mefobisas eTxova ruseTis mfarveloba? imsjeleT Temaze: `politikuri arCevani da istoriuli gakveTilebi~ Seswavlili masalis mixedviT.

erekle II-is sagareo-politikuri orientacia da ruseTi; georgievskis traqtati ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 wlebis omi da saqarTvelo. warsulSi ruseTTan gancdili politikuri marcxis miuxedavad, osmaleTisa da sparseTis gamudmebuli muqaris fonze, saqarTvelos mainc erTmorwmune ruseTis daxmarebis imedi hqonda. qarTveli mefeebic mudmivad Txovdnen mas samokavSireo-mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis dadebas. 1768 wels ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebs Soris dawyebulma omma qarTvel mefeTa swrafva realuri gaxada. yirimisa da evropis frontze osmalebis zewola rom Seemcirebina, ruseTma gadawyvita kavkasiaSic Seeqmna fronti, osmaleTi iZulebuli gaexada am mimarTulebiT gadmoesrola didi Zalebi. am mizniT, ruseTma erekle II-sa da imereTis mefe solomon I_s osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi monawileobisaken mouwoda. qarTvel mefeebs egonaT, rom ruseTi kavkasiaSi sakmaod did Zalebs gamogzavnida. erekle sul cota_5-7 polks moiTxovda, magram 1769 wlis 29 agvistos ruseTis armiis generali totlebeni TbilisSi mxolod 400 jariskaciT Camovida. mogvianebiT am Zalas mozdokidan 2000-mde meomari unda damateboda, rac dasaxuli miznis 7

ganxorcielebas minimaluradac ver uzrunvelyofda. 1770 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi sul rusuli jaris 1200-mde meomari iyo. aqedan Canda, rom ruseTis xelisuflebis gegmiT, omi kavkasiaSi mTlianad qarTul jars unda etvirTa. erekle II-is mizans warmoadgenda osmaleTis dapyrobili samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli mxareebis dabruneba, kaxeTis soflebze lekebis TareSis aRkveTa da centraluri Zalauflebis ganmtkicebiT urCi feodalebis alagmva. imereTis mefe solomon I-ic msgavsi miznebiT Caeba omSi. 1770 wlis 17 aprils qarTvelTa 7-aTasiani da rusTa 1200-kaciani jari general totlebenis meTaurobiT awyurs miadga. gegmis mixedviT, mokavSireebs, awyuris aRebis Semdeg axalcixisaTvis unda SeetiaT. 19 aprils generalma totlebenma moulodnelad miatova qarTveli mokavSireebi da jarianad gaecala brZolis vels. 20 aprils erekle II-m marto Seutia mtris 8-aTaskacian korpuss da, Tavisi brwyinvale samxedro taqtikis wyalobiT, mTlianad gaanadgura. samwuxarod, am brwyinvale gamarjvebiT qarTvelebma ver isargebles, radgan kargad aRWurvili osmalebis mier gamagrebuli axalcixis aReba ver gariskes da ukan dabrundnen. erekle totlebens daedevna, romelic qarTlis mosaxleobas mis winaaRmdeg amxedrebda da ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze daficebas aZalebda. SemdegSi totlebeni dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida da iqac qarTuli interesebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebda. marTalia, mogvianebiT ekaterine II-m is gaiwvia saqarTvelodan, magram es formaluri dasja iyo, radgan imperatoris gareSe im zomis TviTnebobas, rac saqarTveloSi Caidina, generali ver gabedavda, miTumetes, ruseT-prusiis omSi Cadenili RalatisaTvis, is ekaterinem erTxel ukve gadaarCina sikvdils. ruseT-osmaleTis omma erekle II, misi Canafiqris ganxorcielebis nacvlad, umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo. amitom, man omis damTavrebamde ekaterine II-sa da ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis ufross graf nikita panins, ramdenime nota gaugzavna,_ar gaeyvana jari saqarTvelodan. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis samefo kari da kolegia gulgrilad moekida erekles Txovnebs, 1774 wels osmaleTTan dadebuli quCuk-kainarjis zavis 23-e muxliT xeli moawera jaris gayvanis valdebulebas, riTac qristiani qarTvelebi osmalTa aSkara SurisZiebisa da TareSisTvis gaswira. amiT kidev erTxel dadasturda, rom ruseTs srulebiT ar aRelvebda kavkasiis xalxebisa da qveynebis bedi.

ivane javaxiSvili general totlebenis saidumlo misiis Sesaxeb: `...ruseTi saqarTvelos ise uyurebda, rogorc karg iaraRs, romelic saWiroebisamebr SeiZleboda mSvenivrad gamoeyenebina Tavis sasargeblod. es azri TviT ruseTis mTavrobas aqvs cinikuri gulaxdilobiT gamoTqmuli grafi n. paninis piriT erT saidumlo miwerilobaSi, romelic man saxelmZRvanelod saqarTveloSi myofs ruseTis warmomadgenels general totlebens gamougzavna: unda vecadoT, saqme saqarTveloSi ise movawyoT, rom yvelaferi Cveni xelmZRvanelobiT xdebodes, TviT qarTvelebs ki ise egonoT, viTomc isini TavianTi mTavrobis gankargulebas asruleben, TviT mTavrobac darwmunebuli iyos, TiTqos yvelaferi misi survilisa da nebis Tanaxmad xdebodes. erTi sityviT, yoveli Cveni wadili ganxorcieldes ise, rom suli aqauri ( e. i. rusuli) iyos, sxeuli ki_ qarTuli.

Tqveni azriT, general totlebenis saqcieli TviTneburi iyo, Tu masSi rusuli interesebi iyo Cadebuli? mosazreba daasabuTeT.

1783 wlis georgievskis traqtati. quCuk-kainarjis zavis Semdeg, dainaxa ra ruseTis gulgrili damokidebuleba saqarTvelosadmi,erekle II_m scada sakuTari diplomatiuri svlebiT moegvarebina urTierTobebi saSiS mezoblebTan. 1776 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefom xelSekruleba dado osmaleTTan, amavdroulad, mSvidobiani urTierToba daamyara kavkasiis musulman mTielebTan. am droisTvis qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo kvlavindeburad uZlieresi iyo samxreT kavkasiaSi. Tumca es RonisZiebebi droebiTi iyo da musulmani mezoblebisagan mudmiv mSvidobas saqarTveloSi aravin eloda. XVIII saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze kavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilSi sami saxelmwifos interesebi daupirispirda erTmaneTs: iranis, osmaleTis da ruseTis imperiis. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos didi arCevani ar hqonda: 8

evropul civilizaciasTan axlos mdgom qristianul ruseTs alternatica ar gaaCnda. erekle mefe 1781 wels Seecada daxmareba eZebna evropaSic. man italieli misionerebis xeliT werilebi gaugzavna avstriis imperators_iozef II-s, veneciis respublikis doJs, safrangeTis, sardiniis, neapolis mefeebsa da romis paps. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe iTxovda jaris reorganizaciaSi daxmarebas da sanacvlod mokavSireobas hpirdeboda am qveynebs osmaleTTan konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi. 1782 wels, paralelurad, man ekaterine II-sac Txova daxmareba. kavkasiaSi strategiuli interesebis armqone evropa ar dainteresebula erekles notebiT, magram ruseTi mainc gafrTxilda. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTSi politikuri viTareba Seicvala. sagareo urTierTobebSi Zveli kursi axalma Caanacvla. axali Taobis politikosebma gaaaqtiures `aRmosavleTis sakiTxi~ da am fonze kavkasiis rolic wamoswies. axali politikis sulisCamdgmeli iyo grigol potiomkini, romelmac Tavisi Tanamoazreni daniSna mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze. mag.: aleqsandre bezborodko sagareo saqmeTa kolegiis wevrad, biZaSvili_pavle potiomkini_kavkasiis dacvis xazis meTaurad. ruseTma Tvisebrivad Secvala politika kavkasiaSi, osmaleTTan dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi Tu aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis saqarTvelos mieniWa sasicocxlo mniSvneloba. axali politikuri da diplomatiuri xedva iTvaliswinebda sparseT-osmaleTis gavlenis aRkveTas saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi da aq ruseTis gabatonebas. imis SiSiT, rom evropeli monarqebi ar Careuliyvnen kavkasiis saqmeebSi da axali kavkasiuri politikis wyalobiTac, ekaterine II-m aleqsandre bezborodkosa da grogol potiomkins ubrZana xelSekrulebis gaformeba qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebTan. grigol potiomkinma imereTTan amgvari kavSiri naadrevad miiCnia da pavle potiomkins mianiWa uflebamosileba qarTl-kaxeTTan gaeformebina mfarvelobiTi traqtati. peterburgi Tbiliss sTavazobda Tavad eTxova ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla. 1782 wlis 21 dekembers erekle II_m SeimuSava saTxovari punqtebi ruseTis imperiisadmi. 1783 wlis 24 ivliss Crdilo kavkasiis cixesimagre georgievskSi gaformda saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba _traqtati. ruseTis mxridan traqtats xeli moawera pavle potiomkinma, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mxridan ki_ ioane muxranbatonma da garsevan WavWavaZem. traqtati 13 ZiriTadi da 4 saidumlo muxlisagan Sedgeboda. mas erTvoda ficis teqsti da damatebiTi muxli qarTlkaxeTis mefis kurTxevis wesis Sesaxeb. georgievskis traqtatiT qarTl-kaxeTis mefe scnobda ruseTis imperatoris uzenaes uflebas. samefos saTaveSi rCeboda mefe erekle meore da misi STamomavloba. qarTl-kaxeTis mefes amtkicebda ruseTis imperatori, romelic ugzavnda mas samefo niSnebs. amieridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefo sagareo politikas ruseTisagan damoukideblad veRar awarmoebda. mefes ufleba ar hqonda, imperatoris nebarTvis gareSe, urTierToba daemyarebina sxva saxelmwifoebTan. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe valdebuli iyo, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, daxmareboda ruseTs. rac Seexeba saSinao saqmeebs, qarTl-kaxeTi damoukidebeli rCeboda, ruseTi qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi ar Caereoda. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis imperia saqarTvelos saukuno mfarvelobas kisrulobda, risTvisac qarTvelTa jaris gansamtkiceblad da saqarTvelos dasacavad aq mudmivad eyoleboda ori batalioni qveiTi jari oTxi zarbazniT. omis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi saWiro samxedro daxmarebas gazrdida. imperatori pirobas debda, rom yovel Rones ixmarda, raTa saqarTvelos dabruneboda mtrebisgan mitacebuli yvela kuTxe da mxare. amrigad, georgievskis traqtatiT, saqarTvelos samefo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. suverenitets igi nawilobriv,_sagareo politikaSi kargavda. traqtati, zogadad, ar warmoadgenda ori Tanasworuflebiani qveynis urTierTobis amsaxvel dokuments. qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTvis es ukan gadadgmuli nabiji iyo, magram amdroindeli saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT is saxelmwifoebriv statuss mainc inarCunebda. rusi istorikosebis mtkiceba, rom qarTvelma mefeebma Tavad gadasces ruseTs qveyana, ar Seesabameba istoriul sinamdviles. arcerT qarTvel mefes uari ar uTqvams Tavis samefoze da taxti ruseTisTvis ar gadaucia. SezRuduli suvereniteti saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebas ar niSnavs da mZime politikuri movlenebis fonze, maSindeli saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, amgvari xelSekrulebis gaformeba normaluri movlena iyo.

ruseTma isargebla traqtatiT da Zaladobrivad, nawil-nawil miitaca saqarTvelo, gaauqma mravalsaukunovani bagrationebis samefo saxli, rac manamde arcerT dampyrobels ar gaukeTebia.
nawyveti 1758 wels frangul enaze gamoqveynebuli emer de vatelis naSromidan_`xalxTa samarTali~: susti saxelmwifo, romelic Tavisi usafrTxoebis mizniT ufro Zlieri saxelmwifos mfarvelobaSi Sedis da madlierebis niSnad mfarvelobis Sesabamis valdebulebas kisrulobs ise, rom inarCunebs Tavis xelisuflebasa da suverenitets, rCeba suverenul saxelmwifod, romelic, xalxTa samarTlis garda, sxva samarTals ar cnobs.~

georgievskis traqtatis Sinaarsi: 1) qarTl-kaxeTis mefe, Tavis memkvidreTa da `menacvaleTa~ saxeliT sazeimod da saqveynod acxadebs, rom igi amieridan samudamod uars ambobs cnos iranis, an romelime sxva qveynis uzenaesi xelisufleba da mfarveloba, garda ruseTis imperatorebisa da misi memkvidreebisa, aRuTqvams maT erTgulebas; 2) ruseTis imperatori Tavisi da memkvidreebis saxeliT aRuTqvams erekle mefes, rom igi samudamod gauwevs mfarvelobas qarTlkaxeTis samefos da daicavs mas garese mtrebisagan, im samflobeloebis CaTvliT, romeltac erekle Teimurazis Ze, viTarebis wyalobiT, momavalSi SemoierTebs da romelic masve daumkvidrdeba; 3) rodesac erekles memkvidreebi gaxdebian mefeebi, umal auwyeben ruseTis mTavrobas, da ruseTis mTavroba gamougzavnis maT samefo niSnebs da isinic miiReben erTgulebis fics. am wesebs aRasrulebs erekle mefec. 4) ereklem, SemdegSi misma memkvidreebmac, ucxo qveynebTan mimowera ruseTis ministrTan (warmomadgenelTan) da kavkasiis xazis sardalTan unda SeaTanxmos. 5) erekle II_s ruseTis samefo karze eyoleba Tavisi ministri, an rezidenti, romelic mefis saWiroebaze moaxsenebs ruseTis mTavrobas, igi uflebebiT gaTanabrebuli iqneba sxva qveynebis ministrebTan, xolo ruseTis mTavrobas qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze eyoleba Tavisi warmomadgeneli; 6) ruseTis imperatori, romlis uzenaesoba aRiara qarTl-kaxeTma, Tavisi da Tavisi memkvidreebis saxeliT acxadebs: a)qarTuli samefoebis mosaxleobas TvlisomperiasTan mWidro kavSirSi myofad, amitom daicavs mas gareSe mtrebisagan, osmaleTTan, sparseTTan da sxva qveynebTan ruseTis mier dadebuli samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi qarTl-kaxeTzec vrceldeba; b)ereklesa da mis STamomavlebs daicavs `ucvalebelad samefoTa zeda qarTlisaTa da kaxeTisaTa~; g)qveynis saSinao sqmeebi:mmarTveloba, sasamarTlo da msjavri , gadasaxadebis akrefa,qarTl-kaxeTis mefis sruli nebaa da sargebelic misia; ruseTis mTavroba aukrZalavs Tavis samxedro da samoqalaqo warmomadgenlebs qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas; 7) erekle, ruseTis imperatoris aRTqmis pasuxad , Tavisi da memkvidreebis saxeliT kisrulobs: a) yovelTvis mzad iyos Tavisi jariT ruseTis imperatoris samsaxurisaTvis; b) ruseTis moxele didkacebTan mudmivi mimowera hqondes, asrulebdes maT moTxovnasa da daicvas ruseTis qveSevrdomebi Seviwroebisa da Seuracxyofisagan; g) Tanamdebobebze pirTa daniSvnisa Tu dawinaurebisas gaiTvaliswinebs ruseTis imperiis winaSe maT damsaxurebasac; 8) qarTl-kaxeTis kaTalikosi ruseTis eklesiis uwmindesi sinodis wevri xdeba da igi ruseTis episkoposebs Soris sinodSi ikavebs merve adgils (tobolskis episkoposis Semdeg); Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis saeklesio marTvisa da sinodTan urTierTobis Taobaze calke SeTanxmeba unda moxdes; 9) qarTveli Tavadebi da aznaurebi uflebebiT uTanabrdebian ruseTisas da raTa saTanado pativi miagon ruseTSi Casvlisas, ereklesgan iTxoven qarTvel TavadTa da aznaurTa sias; 10) qarTl-kaxeTis mcxovrebT ufleba aqvT gadasaxldnen ruseTSi, an , survilisamebr, dabrundnen samSobloSi, oRond gamosasyidi da gzis xarjebi unda dafaron. aseTive wesi vrceldeba saqarTvelos mezobelTagan gamoxsnil tyve rusebzec; 11) qarTl-kaxeTis vaWrebs ufleba eZlevaT ivaWron ruseTSi da iq isargeblon imave uflebebiT, romlebiTac rusi vaWrebi sargebloben, xolo rus vaWrebs eZlevaT aseTive ufleba saqarTveloSi da saqarTvelos gziT mezobel qveynebSi savaWrod gamgzavrebisa; 12) xelSekruleba ideba saukunod, magram Tu saWiro aRmoCndeba romelime muxlis Secvla, an damateba mxareTa sasargeblod, saWiroa orive mxaris Tanxmoba; 13) traqtatis ratifikaciisa da gacvlis vadad wesdeba 6 Tve, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba, ratifikacia SeiZleba moxdes adrec. traqtatis ZiriTad teqsts hqonda 4 separatuli artikuli (muxli), romelTa Sinaarsi aseTi iyo: 1. qveynis uSiSroebis mizniT erekles evaleba megobrul urTierTobaSi darCes solomon imerTa mefesTan, xolo uTanxmoebis Camovardnis SemTxvevaSi unda daemorCilos ruseTis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebas; 2. qarTl-kaxeTis dasacavad ruseTma saqarTveloSi unda gamogzavnos Tavisi xarjiT qveiTi jaris 2 batalioni 4 zarbazniT; 3. ruseTis sasazRvro jarebis meTauri(kavkasiis xazis sardali) imperatorisgan uflebamosilia omis SemTxvevaSi SeuTanxmdes erekles da iseTi zomebi miiRos qarTl-kaxeTis dasacavad da mtris winaaRmdeg samoqmedod, rogoric saWiroa saerTo mterTan sabrZolvelad; xolo Tu qarTl-kaxeTis jari imperatoris samsaxurSi iqneba gamoyenebuli, jaris Sesanaxi xarji ruseTma unda gaiRos; 4. ruseTis imperatori aRuTqvams erekle mefes, rom omis dros iaraRiT, zavis dadebisas molapatakebis gziT Seecdeba qarTlkaxeTs daubrunos mtrisgan mitacebuli miwebi, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis mefis gamgeblobaSi darCeba.

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calke dokumentis saxiT gaformda ficis nimuSi, romelic erekles unda mieRo traqtatze xelmoweris Semdeg. igi SeTanxmebuli iqna georgievskSi. dokumentSi naTqvami iyo, rom erekle, Tavisi da Tavisi memkvidreebis saxeliT, aRuTqvamda ruseTis imperators, mis Zes pavles da ruseTis taxtis yovel kanonier memkvidres, rom iqneboda ruseTis imperatoris erTguli da aRiarebda mis uzenaes xelisuflebasa da mfarvelobas. igi uaryofda sxva xelmwifeTa uzenaes xelisuflebas da mfarvelobas, ruseTis mters Tavis mtrad CaTvlida. meoTxe dokumenti iyo `Sesasrulebeli artikuli~ anu damatebiTi muxli, romelic exeboda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis kurTxevis wess.

1783 wlis traqtatSi moxseniebuli mefe erekles tituli: `memkvidre xelmwife da mflobeli irakli II wyalobiTa RvTisaTa da Tquenis imperatorobis didebulebis keTilnebobiTa mefe qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, memkvidre-mflobeli samcxe-saaTabagosi, mTavari yazaxisa, mTavari borCalosi, mTavari SamSadilisa, mTavari kakisa, mTavari Saqisa da Sirvanisa, mflobeli da mbrZanebeli ganjisa da erevanisa~. levan aleqsiZe, saerTaSoriso saukuneebSi~, 1983, gv. 145: samarTlismcodne, wignidan_`saqarTvelo-ruseTis samarTlebrivi urTierToba XV_XVIII

`1783 wlis xelSekrulebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo daeqvemdebara ruseTis imperias saSinao avtonomiis SenarCunebiT da sagareopolitikuri qmedunarianobis nawilobrivi SezRudvis pirobiT. samagierod ruseTis imperias unda daecva qarTl-kaxeTi yvela mtrisagan da xeli Seewyo mefe erekles winaSe mdgari umniSvnelovanesi Sida da sagareo politikuri amocanebis gadawyvetaSi. es iyo `mfarveloba-daqvemdebarebis xelSekruleba~.

1. iyo Tu ara saerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi Sesrulebuli georgievskis traqtatis dokumenti? 2. romel sferoSi zRudavda suverenitets georgievskis traqtati? 3. rogor migaCniaT, ratom ekidebodnen ekaterine II da misi garemocva erekles Txovnas jaris gagzavnaze uyuradRebod? 4. evropis qveynebisgan daxmarebis miRebisa da sajariso nawilebis gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi erekle mainc airCevda rusul orientacias, Tu damoukidebel politikas awarmoebda? Tqveni mosazreba daasabuTeT. 5. rogor TvliT, suverenitetis nawilobrivi SezRudva iyo Tu ara georgievskis traqtati da misi romeli muxli migaCniaT gansakuTrebiT miuReblad? pasuxi axseniT. 6. Tqveni azriT, georgievskis traqtati rom zustad Sesrulebuliyo, saqarTvelos bedi rogor warimarTeboda?

qarTl-kaxeTi 1783 wlis traqtatis Semdeg. traqtatis gaformebis Semdeg bevri araferi Secvlila. marTalia, ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTis samefos 2 batalioni gamougzavna. magram osmaleTis mier waqezebuli lekebis Tavdasxmebi ise masStaburi gaxda, rom es Zala aRar kmaroda maT asalagmavad, amitom erekle II ruseTisgan kvlav damatebiT Zalebs iTxovda. 1785 wlis Semodgomaze qarTl-kaxeTSi 20-aTasiani jariT avariis xani omari SemoiWra. lekebma aaoxres kaxeTi, qarTli da axalcixeSi gadavidnen. omari erideboda ereklesTan pirispir Sexvedras da gzad yvelafers spobda. erekle iZulebuli gaxda avariis xanisTvis jamagiri daeniSna da amiT SeeCerebina. erekles gadaudgnen da xarkis micema Seuwyvites ganjisa da erevnis xanebma, qurTebma. ruseTis mxridan uyuradRebobis gamo erekle II-m 1786 wels sagarejoSi TaTbiri moiwvia sagareo politikuri kursis gadasasinjad. samefos mowinave sazogadoebaSi bevri ruseTis mowinaaRmdege iyo. ruseTisgan uyuradRebobam mefes damoukidebeli politikis gatarebis survili gauCina. amas isic daemata, rom 1787 wels, osmaleTTan axali omis dawyebis Semdeg, ruseTma is ori batalionic gaiyvana, romlis gaZlierebas erekle II gamudmebiT iTxovda. raki ruseTi Tavs aridebda qarTl-kaxeTis dacvas, ereklem Tavad ikisra es movaleoba, SeTanxmeba gaaforma axalcixis faSasTan, egvipteSi mcxovreb mahmadian qarTvelebTan, 1788 wels ki_ osmaleTTan. 1789 wels erekle Sexvda azerbaijanis mmarTvels_faTali-xans. Zveli mtrebi mokavSireobaze SeTanxmdnen da amierkavkasiaSi gavlenis sferoebic gainawiles, magram faTali-xani male gardaicvala da dasaxuli gegmebic ver ganxorcielda. maSasadame, sagareo politikasac erekle mefe mezoblebTan ise agvarebda, rom ruseTi am saqmeSi ar ereoda, rac imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom ruseTs traqtatis pirobebis Sesruleba ar aRelvebda, radgan meti surda: qveynis sruli dapyroba da saamiso dros eloda.

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1784 wels gardaicvala imereTis mefe solomon I, mas memkvidre ar hyavda. taxtis ori predententidan gamefda daviT giorgis Ze,_solomonis biZaSvili. ruseTi ereoda imereTis saSinao saqmeebSi da erTmaneTs upirispirebda axal mefesa da taxtis meore kanonier memkvidres_solomon I-is ZmisSvils_daviT arCilis Zes, romelic qaliSvilis mxridan erekle II_is SviliSvilic iyo. sanam is srulwlovani gaxdeboda, imereTis didebulebma gadawyvites erekle II-isTvis mierTmiaT Txovna iveriis, anu dasavleT-aRmosavleT samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. gaimarTa qarTlkaxeTis samefos darbazis sxdoma. umetesoba gaerTianebis momxre iyo. osmaleTic marcxdeboda ruseTTan omSi da SesaZlo iyo am faqtze reaqciac aRar hqonoda, magram mefe mainc moerida mis gaRizianebas, imereTis SemoerTebas iq Tavisi SviliSvilis gamefeba amjobina. 1789 wels imereTSi daviT arCilis Ze gamefda solomon II-is saxeliT. 1790 wels miRebuli iqna iverielTa erTobis traqtati, rac iTvaliswinebda gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis erTobliv moqmedebas. miuxedavad amisa, 1795 wlis 10 seqtembers, rodesac saqarTveloSi sparseTis axali mmarTveli, yajarTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli-aRa mahmad-xani SemoiWra, ereklem mxolod 5 aTasi meomris Sekreba SesZlo. Tavadebisa da batoniSvilebis nawili brZolaSi ar gamovida. arc ruseTi daxmarebia mxcovan mefes, piriqiT, sparseTs saidumlo miwer-moweriT aqezebda kidec saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, radgan dasustebuldacemul qveyanas ufro advilad miitacebda. ruseTSi myofi mirian batoniSvilis ZalisxmeviT kavkasiis xazis sardalma gudoviCma mxolod erTxel gaafrTxila aRa-mahmad_xani, rom saqarTveloze Tavdasxma ar gaebeda, magram TviT rusi istorikosis_p. butkovis sityviT, es gafrTxileba iseTi toniT iyo gakeTebuli, rom man Tavdasxmis aRkveTa ki ara, provocireba gamoiwvia. wlebis manZilze ganuwyveteli Txovnis miuxedavad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefom, ara Tu mxardaWera, aramed ekaterinesgan dapirebuli zarbaznebic ki ver miiRo, omis win qarTvelebma sul mcire raodenobis denTi iTxoves da isic ver gamoimeta rusma generalma. ereklem ver moaxerxa daRestanSi jarebis daqiraveba, raSic, rogorc Cans, rusebis xeli eria. 10 seqtembris Seteva qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda. 75 wlis mefe ereklem Tavganwirulad Seutia mters da ukuagdo, magram moRalateebma amcnes sparselebs, rom qarTvelebs meti jaris gamoyvana ar SeeZloT, arc mezarbazneebi hyavdaT... sparselebma qarTvelTa jaris zurgidan Semovla moaxerxes. uamravi qarTveli daiRupa, romelTa Soris iyo samasi aragveli patrioti. gamarjveba iafi arc mters dajdomia: man 13 aTasi meomari dakarga. mmarTvelobis ukanasknel or wels erekle TbilisSi aRar dabrunebula: Telavis sasaxleSi dabinavda, Tumca Tbilisi sakuTari fuliT aRadgina, daabruna qalaqidan gaxiznuli mosaxleoba, kvlav ganavrco xelisufleba mezobel saxanoebze. 1796 wels ekaterine II_m 30-aTasiani jari gamogzavna kavkasiaSi, magram male gardaicvala da ruseTis axalma imperatorma, dedis mowinaaRmdege pavle I-ma(1796-1801) mTlianad Secvala kavkasiuri politika da rusuli jari ukan gaiwvia. 1797 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelodan ruseTis jaris gayvana,saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, ruseTis mxridan georgievskis traqtatze saboloo uaris Tqmas niSnavda. amave wels, saqarTveloze axali gamolaSqrebisTvis samzadisSi aRa mahmad-xani mokles. sul male, 1798 wlis 11 ianvars erekle II-c gardaicvala, taxti misma ufrosma vaJma _giorgi XII_m daikava.

rusi samxedro istorikosi dubrovini, nawyveti 1797 wlis 5 ianvars pavle I-is mier general gudoviCisaTvis gagzavnili reskriptidan:
1. raze miuTiTebs sagarejoSi mowveuli erekle II-is TaTbiri, surda Tu ara mefes sagareo-politikuri orientaciis gadasinjva da ratom? 2. riT upasuxa erekle mefem ruseTis mier 1787 wels jaris gayvanas misi samefodan da ra RonisZiebebs mimarTa momavali saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad? 3. rogor fiqrobT, erekle II-s rom mieRo imereTis deputaciis Txovna da 1789 wels momxdariyo aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos SeerTeba, ra SeiZleboda mohyoloda am istoriul faqts? 4. Tqveni azriT, ratom ar imuSava `iverielTa erTobis traqtatma~, ra uSlida xels qarTvelTa gaerTianebas gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg? 5. ra iyo krwanisis omSi qarTvelebis damarcxebis mizezebi?

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saqarTvelos okupacia-aneqsia ruseTis mier. saqarTvelos ukanasknelma mefem_ giorgi XII-m ver SeZlo saSinao Tu sagareo problemebis mogvareba, amas Tan daerTo misi mZime avadmyofobac. ruseTis xelisufleba mis sikvdilsac aRar elodeboda, imdenad Cqarobda qarTlkaxeTis samefos dapatronebas. amaod midi-modiodnen elCebi Tbilissa da peterburgs Soris, CahqondaT ruseTSi qarTuli samefo karis moTxovnebi. sinamdvileSi ruseTs gadawyvetili hqonda saqarTvelos bedi. 1799 wlis 18 aprils imperatorma mefes piroba misca, rom memkvidred mis vaJs_daviTs gamoacxadebda. daviT giorgis Zis memkvidred gamocxadebis sakiTxma erekles Svilebi da dedofali darejani gaaRiziana. amis mizezi erekles samefo anderZi iyo, romelic mefem 1791 wels Seadgina. anderZis mixedviT, mefe erekles vaJebs rig-rigobiT unda emefaT. amitom, giorgis gadawyvetilebam dedofali da batoniSvilebi aaRelva. mefem 1200 leki daiqirava da Tavisi dacva gaaZliera. daZabul saSinao mdgomareobas Tan daerTo sparseTidan Tavdasxmis safrTxe. mefe giorgi imdenad Sewuxda ruseTidan daxmarebis miuReblobiT da mosalodneli safrTxis SiSiT, rom osmaleTTan dakavSireba gadawyvita da despani gagzavna axalcixis faSasTan. sulTanTan mas unda eSuamdgomla. am dros ruseTidan daviT batoniSvili Camovida da pavle I-is saqarTvelosadmi keTili ganwyobilebis ambavi Camoitana. elCi axalcixidan moabrunes(butkovi, masalebi). sazogadoebis didi nawilic samefo taxtis memkvidred giorgiXII-is ufrosi vaJis_daviTis gamocxadebas iTxovda. es sakiTxi Setanili iyo giorgi XII_is `saTxovar punqtebSic~, romelic mefem sikvdilamde cota adre Seadgina da ruseTis imperators gaugzavna. marTalia, es dokumenti georgievskis traqtats aRar hgavda da qveynis suverenitets ukiduresobamde zRudavda, magram amas arsebiTi mniSvnelobac aRar hqonda: igi arc ganuxilavT, radgan ruseTs ukve gadawyvetili hqonda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos bedi. saimperatoro kari sagangebod malavda namdvil ganzraxvas, magram saidumlo werilebiT mdgomareobas akontrolebda. 1800 wlis noemberSi imperatori pavle I kavkasiis xazis ufross general knorings werda: `mefis avadmyofoba safuZvels gvaZlevs, rom male movelodeT mis gardacvalebas. amitom, rogorc ki es moxdeba, dauyonebliv gagzavneT iq Cveni saxeliT gancxadeba, rom Cvengan nebarTvis miRebamde ar Seudgnen taxtis memkvidris mefed kurTxevas.~ am gankargulebidan cxadad Cans, rom ruseTis imperators ganzraxuli hqonda iaraRiT daepyro qarTlkaxeTis samefo da ar daeSva giorgi XII_is memkvidris gamefeba. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTebis manifesti 1800 wlis 18 dekembers ukve mzad iyo. qarTveli elCebi_giorgi avaliSvili da revaz falavandiSvili peterburgidan samSobloSi gamoistumres. peterburgSi darCa garsevan WavWavaZe. elCebma wamoiRes imperator pavle I-is mier xelmowerili giorgi XII_is `saTxovari punqtebi~. rac Seexeba 18 dekembris manifests, is peterburgidan saidumlod gadmougzavnes kavkasiis xazis ufross, general karl knorings. ufro adre man miiRo saidumlo brZaneba _giorgi XII_is gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi qarTlkaxeTSi samefo xelisuflebis gauqmeba gamoecxadebina. saamisod Tanxmoba unda mieRo mefisa da didebulebisagan. winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi Zalas mimarTavda. Crdilo kavkasiidan qarTl-kaxeTSi damatebiT SehyavdaT rusuli jari. peterburgSi SemuSavebuli gegma CaSala giorgi XII_is moulodnelma gardacvalebam. es moxda 1800 wlis 28 dekembers. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCebi TbilisSi dabrundnen da Camoitanes imperatoris xelmowerili giorgi XII_is `saTxovari punqtebi~. mis safuZvelze, gardacvlili mefis ufrosi vaJi_daviTi gamocxadda `saqarTvelos memkvidred da mmarTvelad~. magram `saTxovari punqtebi~ daviT XII-is qarTl-kaxeTis mefed damtkicebas iTxovda, amitom, daviTma elCebi isev peterburgSi gaabruna am sakiTxis mosagvareblad. cxadia, arc qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karma da arc elCebma ar icodnen, rom peterburgSi ukve gadawyvetili iyo maTi samefos bedi.

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1801 wlis 18 ianvars peterburgSi gamoqveynda imperator pavle I_is manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTebis Taobaze. manifesti acxadebda: 1). qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperias samudamod uerTdeboda; 2). qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobas yvela ufleba da upiratesoba, aseve Qqoneba SeunarCundeboda; 3). qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleoba gareSe mterTagan da Sinagani areulobisagan daculi iqneboda. 1801 wlis 20 ianvars, imperatoris brZanebiT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yvela wevrs ruseTSi iwvevdnen. peterburgSi gaigzavna giorgi XII_is samefo gvirgvini da kverTxi. 1801 wlis 20 Tebervals sionis taZarSi manifesti sajarod waikiTxes da xalxi ruseTis mefis erTgulebaze daafices. taZarSi wiravda kaTalikosi anton II, romelic, TviTmxilvelTa cnobiT, ugunebod iyo. wirvas eswreboda generali lazarevi, taxtis memkvidre daviTi da misi Zmebi. taZars rkalad ertya rusuli jari. qarTveli mamuliSvili, erekles gonieri msajuli solomon lioniZe urCevda daviTs_Tavi gamoecxadebina mefed, magram evropuli ganaTlebis mqone da TavdaWerili ufliswuli cdilobda yvelaferi kanonis farglebSi moeqcia da ruseTis imperatoris dasturs dalodeboda. ra icoda, rom aseTi dasturi arasodes movidoda peterburgidan... 1801 wlis 6 marts damtkicda gauqmebuli samefos mmarTvelobis wesebi, 11 marts ki qarTl-kaxeTis generalgubernatorad dainiSna generali karl fon knoringi.
a) platon ioseliani, `cxovreba giorgi mecametisa~: `Sewuxebuli mefe samefosa dauwynarebelisa Sina SfoTTagan da mterTa lekTagan gaqelvisagan_hfiqrobda da ganizraxavda ruseTisadmi qveynisa gardacemasa. patrman nikolam moaxsena mefesa: evropiisa mefeTa ver uZlebs samefo Seni. wesdeba maTi da Cveuleba iqmneba samZimo TqvenTvis. damonebuli sxvaTagan mefoba aris ubeduri da maradis samwuxaro. sxvaTagan damokidebuli qveyana iqneba dacinebuli da sakicxveli. ucxo naTesavi, patronad qveyanasa moyvanili, Seeqmneba ersa mtrad da mdevnelad da mawuxeblad. mamaSviluri mTavroba mefeTa,_ gardaiqceva maminacvlisa da dedinacvlisa saxeli siyvarulisa ugvanisa da bunebisgan araodes aRsasruleblisa. rusni Semoitanen pirveladve mZimesa uRelsa da dasdeben qveyanasa kisersa, moiTxoven didTa xarkTa, romelTaca Tqven ver SesZlebT. maSin Tqvenni mamulni da ymani gaisyidebian barabaniTa da mkvdarni Tqvenni daimarxebian muzikiTa. upasuxa mefeman,_ davsustdiT, gaqreba qristianoba aq urusoT. metad mogveria mteri da ra mteri! qristesi. Tu ar mklavi rusTa xelmwifisa, ver vin daicavs saqristianosa. mesmis simZime rusTa Cemzed mbrZaneblobisa, ra vqna? vis mivmarTo? ra pasuxi gavce qtistesa! ver waviwymwd sulsa! Sevswirav col-Svilsa qristesa da jvarisa TayvanismcemelTa moviyvan mwed qveyanasa~.

anton II_ knoringi _karl Tevdores Ze, general-leitenanti, saqarTveloSi ruseTis jarebis pirveli mTavarsardali. 1799 wlis martSi daniSnes kavkasiis qveiTi jaris inspeqtorad da kavkasiis xazis sardlad. am Tanamdebobaze yofnisas mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula saqarTvelos dasapyrobad nawarmoeb rusul politikaSi,bagrationTa samefo taxtis likvidaciis farsi mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli: man Cautana ruseTs daskvna, rom saqarTvelos samefos damoukidebeli arseboba ar SeeZlo da yvela qarTveli ruseTTan SeerTebis momxre iyo, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereboda. am `damsaxurebis~ Semdeg ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos aneqsia, knoringi daniSnes rusuli saokupacio jaris mTavarsardlad da samoqalaqo saqmeTa mTavarmarTeblad, magram saqmes Tavi ver gaarTva da imperatoris ukmayofileba gamoiwvia rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise peterburgSi. mas evaleboda mxaris kolonizacia, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopoveba, rasac specialuri eqspedicia edga saTaveSi musin-puSkinis meTaurobiT, daamyara samxedro mmarTveloba, misi moadgilec samxedro piri, generali kovalenski iyo. mas xelisufleba avalebda eTamaSa qarTveli xalxis keTilismyofelis roli, raTa rusuli dapyroba adamianebs gadarCena hgonebodaT. dakisrebuli movaleoba knoringma ver Seasrula da 1805 wlis damdegs gadaayenes. terminebis ganmarteba okupacia_laTinuri sityva, romelime saxelmwifos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier sxva qveynis teritoriis droebiTi dakaveba. aneqsia_laTinuri sityva, niSnavs SeerTebas. termini gamoiyeneba erTi saxelmwifos mier sxva qveynis teritoriis ZaliT SeerTebadapyrobis aRsaniSnavad

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1. daaxasiaTeT generali knoringi da misi moqmedeba qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtis mimarT. 2.Tqveni azriT, ra mizniT iwvevdnen qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yvela wevrs ruseTSi? 3. wyaro a-s mixedviT, riT amarTlebda Tavis gadawyvetilebas giorgi XII da eTanxmebiT Tu ara mis argumentebs? 4. iyo Tua ara okupacia da aneqsia 1801 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli aqti?

aleqsandre I_is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifesti imperatorma aleqsandre I_ma (1801-1825) mamis_imperator pavle I-is saSinao da sagareo politika seriozulad gadasinja. aseTi bedi ewia pavle I_is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris manifestsac qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sesaxeb. aleqsandre I_ma gadawyvita es sakiTxi xelaxla gaexada msjelobis sagnad. mas surda evropis winaSe demokrati mmarTvelis saxeli hqonoda, risTvisac, am mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, qarTveli xalxis dasturi Wirdeboda. 1801 wlis 11-15 aprils saxelmwifo sabWos sxdomebze ganxiluli iqna qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da misi mogvarebis gzebi. sabWoSi Tanxmoba ar iyo: saqarTvelos aneqsiis momxreni iyvnen Zmebi_platon da valerian zubovebi, kavkasiis eqspertebad cnobili musin-puSkini, generali knoringi da petre kovalenski, sapirispiro azrs ki emxrobodnen am drois ruseTSi yvelaze progresulad moazrovne pirovnebebi: grafebi_aleqsandr da simon voroncovebi, axalgazrda liberalebi_viqtor koCubei, nikoloz novosilcevi da poloneli adam Cartoriiski, romlebic ruseTis imperiis mier axali teritoriebis dapyrobis mowinaaRmdegeni iyvnen.imperatorma knoringis meTaurobiT specialuri komisia Seqmna saqarTveloSi gamosagzavnad. generali knoringi 1801 wlis 22 maiss Camovida saqarTveloSi, maSinve gadaayena daviT batoniSvili da general lazarevs daumorCila xelisufleba, romlis yvela adgilobriv wevrs prorusuli orientacia hqonda. knoringma saqarTveloSi sul 22 dRe dahyo da ruseTis imperators daskvnis saxiT moaxsena_qarTl-kaxeTis mosaxleobas ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvla unda da samefos damoukideblad arseboba ar SeuZliao, rac simarTles ar Seesabameboda. amis safuZvels iZleva qarTveli xalxis is ajanyebebi, romelic mohyva ruseTis mier ganxorcielebul Zaladobriv aqts. axalgazrda da karieris maZiebelma knoringma imperators is ambavi Cautana, risi miRebac misgan surda umaRles xelisufals. cxadia, is am damsaxurebisaTvis gauqmebuli samefos ganmgeblobis miRebasac varaudobda. saxelmwifo sabWoze gatanamde imperatorma knoringis daskvna gaacno aleqsandre voroncovsa da grigol koCubeis. maT ar gaiziares knoringis daskvna, igi winaaRmdegobrivad CaTvales Tundac imitom, rom saqarTveloSi iyvnen ruseTis momxrenic da mowinaaRmdegenic, amitom, qarTvel xalxs erTsulovnad ar SeiZleba ndomoda ruseTTan SeerTeba. maTi azriT, ruseTis imperators bagrationTa dinastiis damxobis araviTari ufleba ar hqonda da saqarTvelos unda SenarCuneboda 1783 wlis traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli statusi. saqarTvelos SeerTeba ruseTTan saerTaSoriso samarTlis darRveva iqneboda. saxelmwifo sabWoze koCubeim da voroncovma ver gaitanes TavianTi azri, liberalobisa da demokratiis viTomda erTgulma imperatorma mxari konservatorebs da imperiuli azris matarebel diplomatebs dauWira. imis dasamtkiceblad, rom imperatoris nabijebi swori iyo, xelaxla gamomzeurda giorgi XIIO_is Txovnis dokumentebi, romelTac manamde rusi xelisufalni yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen. amjerad saqmes ise warmoadgendnen, TiTqos es Txovnebi daxmarebas ki ara, saqarTvelos ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanas exeboda. amiT ruseTi amarTlebda Tavis dampyroblur politikas da keTilSobilur nabijad miiCnevda saqarTvelos SeerTebas. 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis imperiis provinciad iqca. amiT ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I_ma fexqveS gaTela georgievskis traqtatiT garantirebuli bagrationTa samefo dinastiis uflebebi. ase tragikulad dasrulda qarTveli xalxis saukuneobiT naocnebari ruseTis `mfarveloba~. arc sparseTs da arc osmaleTs qarTuli samefoebisTvis amgvari ram ar gaukeTebia, maTi batonobisas saxelmwifoebrioba, suvereniteti nawilobriv ilaxeboda da ZiriTadSi samefo saxli da dinastia xeluxlebeli iyo. 15

mxolod ruseTma daamxo aTaswlovani samefo taxti, bagrationTa gvaris warmomadgenlebi samSoblos ZaliT mowyvita da ruseTSi gadaasaxla. rusma dampyroblebma bagrationTa gvaris amoZirkvac ki scades: isini gruzinskebad, imeretinskebad Tu muxranskebad gadanaTles. general karl knoringsac Seusrulda naocnebari da daufasda garja: is qarTl-kaxeTis I mTavarmmarTebeli gaxda. dasrulda saqarTvelo-ruseTis maravalsaukunovani urTierTobis erTi etapi da daiwyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis sruli dacemis, rusifikaciis, kulturul-istoriuli eqspansiis xana. saqarTvelo gaqra da vrceli ruseTis imperiis did rukaSi Caikarga.

a)`esec ase icodeT, rom eg saqarTvelo rusebma ZaliT da usamarTlobiT wagvarTves~. aleqsandre batoniSvilis werilidan anageli glexebisadmi b)garsevan WavWavaZe ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sesaxeb paata guguSvilis wignidan_`saqarTvelo da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba, t. I. pavle cicianovisadmi mirTmeul jaSuSur moxsenebaSi solomon TarxniSvili da ivane orbeliani aRniSnaven, Tu rogor miiwvia isini da maTTan erTad darCo da ioseb bebuTaSvilebi da egnate TumaniSvili garsevanis meuRlem mariamma da uCvena maT ruseTidan garsevanisgan miRebuli werilebi, romelTagan erTi qarTveli xalxisadmi iyo mimarTuli. am werilebSi garsevan WavWavaZe werda, rom rac ki davalebebi hqonda mas giorgi mefisagan imperatorisadmi saqarTvelos sakiTxis garSemo, arc erTi ar Sesrulda, mefoba gauqmebulia da qveSevrdomebadac ki Cven ar migviRes. arcerTi eri ise ar yofila damcirebuli, rogorc saqarTveloo. Semdeg g. WavWavaZe iwereboda, miecaT misTvis mindobiloba warmdgariyo imperatorTan da eTxova saqarTveloSi mefobis aRdgena. igi irwmuneboda:`icodeT, Tu moiTxovT, mefes mogcemeno~ g)nawyveti sargis kakabaZis wignidan_`qarTveli xalxis istoria~ (1783-1921), gv. 62-63: rodesac manifestiT gamoirkva, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi myardeba rusuli mmarTveloba, batoniSvilebi, romlebic aqamdis or banakad iyvnen gayofilni, gaerTiandnen da cdilobdnen rogorme qarTl-kaxeTis samefo SeenarCunebinaT, amasve cdilobdnen ruseTSi gagzavnilni garsevan WavWavaZe da misi amxanagebi. garsevan WavWavaZisTvis pavle I_is dapireba aTasi mamri glexis (daaxl. 300 komlis) boZebas ruseTSi, cariel dapirebad rCeboda. amitomac, garsevan WavWavaZe exla gulwrfelad moqmedebda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos SesanarCuneblad. wyaro d) ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre I.- saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb: `ara ZalTa SematebisaTvis, arc angarebisaTvis, arc msoflioSi isedac udidesi imperiis gafarToebisaTvis vkisrulobT Cven saqarTvelos samefos mfarvelobisa da marTvis tvirTs, aramed mxolod Rirseba, patiosneba da adamianoba gvkarnaxobs Cven saRvTo movaleobas, raTa yuri mivapyroT tanjulTa vedrebas da maTi glovis gasaqarveblad davamyaroT saqarTveloSi iseTi mmarTveloba, romelic SeZlebs marTlmsajulebis ganmtkicebas, uzrunvelyofs pirovnebisa da misi qonebis xelSeuxeblobas da kanonismieri uflebebis dacvas...~ informacia 10 ianvars 1802 wels daviT batoniSvilma weriliT, imereTSi gadaxvewil iulonis mimarT uari Tqva yovelgvar pretenziaze qarTlkaxeTis samefo taxtis mimarT... rogorc etyoba, qarTlSi darCenili batoniSvilebi am Jamad did imedebs amyarebdnen imereTis mefe solomon II-ze, romelic isedac mxars uWerda Tavis biZas, dedis mxriv iulons. magram imereTis amoqmedeba rusebis winaaRmdeg iyo Zneli saqme, radganac zurgSi imereTis mefes hyavda mtrulad misdami ganwyobili mTvaryofili grigol dadiani, romelic yovelnairad cdilobda TavisTvis odiSis mTavris adgilis dabrunebas. magram amis gareSec, imereTi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdgomareoba damSvidebulic rom yofiliyo, ver SesZlebda qarTl-kaxeTSi ukve blomad myof rus regularul da kargad gawvrTnil jarTan gamklavebas. amitomac daviT batoniSvilis xsenebul werils ar mohyolia araviTari praqtikuli Sedegi, radganac peterburgSi ukve gadawyvetili iyo qarTl-kaxeTSi rusuli marTeblobis damyareba. e) abo tfilelis wamebidan: `naSobni qristianeTani gardagulagrZnes(gadaagvares), romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT(motyuebiT), romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvrebiT...~

1. Tqveni azriT, ratom daWirda aleqsandre I-s pavle I-is manifestis Secvla axali manifestiT? 16

2. ra xerxebs iyenebda ruseTi wyaro g-s mixedviT qarTuli aristokratiis misamxrobad? 3. wyaro b-sa da g-s mixedviT rogor SeafasebT qarTveli eris konsolidaciis sakiTxs da am mxriv ra uaryofiTi tendenciebi ikveTeba
am wyaroebSi? 4. wyaro g-sa da e-s mixedviT, ra msgavsi momentebi ikveTeba VIII saukunis arab da XIX saukunis rus dampyroblebs Soris? 5. migaCniaT Tu ara wyaro d-s informaciaSi mocemuli aleqsandre I_is argumenti damajereblad? imsjeleT da Tqveni Tvalsazrisi imperatoris am sityvebze daasabuTeT. 6. informaciis mixedviT, SesZlebdnen Tu ara qarTuli Zalebi gaerTianebas da ruseTis dampyroblur politikasTan dapirispirebas?

kovalenski_ruseTis elCi da ministri qarTl-kaxeTSi 1799-1800 wlebSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Semdeg, 1801 wels dainiSna saqarTvelos mmarTvelad, amave dros I ganyofilebis aRmasrulebeli eqspediciis ufrosad. am Tanamdebobaze yofnis dros Cadenil danaSaulobaTa gamo (meqrTameoba, karierizmi) 1802 wlis seqtemberSi ruseTis mTavrobam ukan gaiwvia. gardaicvala 1817 wels. lazarevi_ivane petres_Ze (1763-1803), rusi moxele kavkasiaSi, general-maiori, meTaurobda legions, romelic 1793 wlis noemberSi Semovida saqarTveloSi. lazarevi faqtiurad ganagebda adgilobriv xelisuflebas 1800 wlis dekembridan 1801 wlis ianvris bolomde. 1801-1802 wlebSi saTaveSi edga droebiT mmarTvelobas, rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebis Semdeg mas rusuli jaris ufrosoba miendo. mokla mariam dedofalma misi ruseTSi ZaliT gasaxlebis mcdelobisa da Rirsebis SeuracxyofisaTvis. guliakovi_vasil simonis_Ze (1751-1804), rusi generali, kavkasiis omebis monawile, 1773-1774 wlebSi msaxurobda poloneTSi. 1778 wlidan ibrZoda SvedeTSi, 1800 wlis seqtemberSi meTaurobda saqarTveloSi Semosul rusul polks, Semdeg kaxeTSi ganlagebul rusul jars. 1803 wels rusulma jarma guliakovis meTaurobiT daimorCila War-belaqani, imave wels daamarcxa daRestnelTa mravalricxovani jari. daiRupa WarSi ajanyebis Caqrobis dros.

dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis dapyroba ruseTis mier; samegrelos samTavros Sesvla ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. mas Semdeg, rac qarTl-kaxeTi SeierTa, ruseTis xelisuflebam imereTis samefos Seutia. dasavleT saqarTvelos SeerTebis gareSe ruseTi ver SeZlebda Sav zRvaze gasvlas da imperiis samxreTis sazRvrebis dacvas. peterburgSi kargad icodnen imereTis mefis_solomon II-is antirusuli ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb, amitom misi dasusteba samegrelos samTavros gamoyenebiT scades. samegrelos mTavari imereTis mefis vasalad iTvleboda, magram leCxumis gamo erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen. rusma diplomatebma da samxedroebma kargad gamoiyenes es momenti da samegrelos mTavars_grigol dadians daxmareba aRuTqves im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevidoda. dadianic daTanxmda. saqarTvelos mTavarsardalma, generalma pavle cicianovma Seadgina `saTxovari punqtebi~, romelic grigol dadians imperatorisTvis unda gaegzavna da samegreloSi polkovnik mainovs gaatana. 1803 wlis 1 dekembers sofel WaladidSi mainovi Sexvda grigol dadians da gaacno dokumentis Sinaarsi. samegrelos mTavarma da dedofalma moiwones es dokumenti. `saTxovar punqtebSi~ grigol dadiani moxseniebuli iyo `odiSis, leCxumis, svaneTis, afxazeTis da yvela im miwis kanonier mflobelad, romelic winaprebisagan gadmoeca~. amxela uflebebiT gaxarebulma da wminda aleqsandre nevelis ordeniT dajildovebulma grigol dadianma 4 dekembers xeli moawera `saTxovar punqtebs~ da ruseTis imperatoris_aleqsandre I-is qveSevrdomobaze uyoymanod daifica. dokumenti 13 punqtisagan Sedgeboda da iTvaliswinebda samegrelos samTavros ruseTis mudmiv mfarvelobaSi Seyvanas. sigelSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom es xdeboda samegrelos mTavris TxovniT. aleqsandre I-ma samegrelos samTavros ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebas xeli 1804 wlis 4 ivliss, imereTis samefos qveSevrdomobaSi SeyvanasTan erTad moawera. masSi ukve samegrelos mTavari aRar ixsenieboda afxazeTisa da svaneTis mflobelad. 1805 wels imperatoris xelmowerili dokumenti maSin Camoitanes samegreloSi, rodesac grigol dadiani ukve gardacvlili iyo. mfarvelobis xelSekruleba gadaeca mis memkvidres_levan dadians, romelmac daifica ruseTis imperatoris qveSevrdomobaze da miiRo imperatorisgan boZebuli wminda anas I xarisxis ordeni, xmali da droSa.

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samegrelos samTavros ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi SeyvaniT aleqsandre I-ma daarRvia saerTaSoriso samarTali, xelyo imereTis samefos teritoriuli mTlianoba, daamcira legitimuri monarqis_solomon II-is uflebebi da kidev erTxel naTelyo imperiuli miznebi saqarTvelos mimarT. marTalia, samegrelos mTavarma SeinarCuna taxti memkvidreobis uflebiT,magram es iyo formaluri damoukidebloba. 50-ian wlebSi, yirimis omis dros, samegreloSi rusuli jari Sevida da is akontrolebda mTavris xelisuflebas. 1856 wels samegreloSi ifeTqa glexTa ajanyebam antibatonymuri moTxovnebis wamoyenebiT. rogorc saarqivo dokumentebidan irkveva, ajanyebis xelmZRvanelebi_utu miqava da utu Todua inspirirebulni (waqezebulni) iyvnen rusuli xelisuflebis mier. am dros samegrelos samTavros marTavda ekaterine WavWavaZe-dadiani, romelsac gaurTulda urTierToba rusul xelisuflebasTan. ekaterines damokidebulebas ymebisadmi da samegreloSi arsebul batonymur wesebs ise akritikebdnen samegrelos mTavris karze momuSave rusi moxeleebi, TiTqos rusuli batonymuri urTierTobebi ufro loialuri da humanuri yofiliyo. ruseTs surda samegrelos samTavros gauqmeba da sababs eZebda. amas aadvilebda yirimis omis dros Seqmnili mZime viTareba, osmalebis SemoWra samegreloSi, ramac socialuri mdgomareoba gaamwvava. rusuli xelisufleba kidev ufro Zabavda glexTa damokidebulebas mebatoneebTan, raTa Semdeg jariT Careuliyo samTavros saSinao saqmeebSi. xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi brals debdnen ekaterines qveynis uniaTo marTvaSi, xan misi TxovniT, xanac sakuTari iniciativiT ereodnen samTavroSi mimdinare politikur movlenebSi. 1857 wels xelisuflebam samegrelos dedofals SesTavaza ufrosi vaJis_ taxtis memkvidris_nikos ganaTlebis misaRebad gadasaxlebuliyo ruseTis dedaqalaqSi. es `sapatio gadasaxlebas~ niSnavda, razec ekaterinem uari ver Tqva. samTavroSi droebiTi rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda. mmarTveli formalurad marTavda niko dadianis saxeliT. 1867 wels niko dadians rusulma xelisuflebam `nebayoflobiT~ aTqmevina uari samegrelos mTavris memkvidris uflebaze. amiT samegrelos samTavro iuridiuladac gauqmda. samegrelos mmarTveli ekaterine WavWavaZe dadiani da misi vaJi_niko dadiani
cicianovi_ pavle cicianovi (1754 _1806), qarTuli warmomavlobis ruseTis saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe. bunebrivi niWiTa da unariT uxvad dajildoebuli, sakmao ganaTlebiT aRWurvili pavle dimitris Ze cicianovi daibada 1754 wlis 8 seqtembers qalaq moskovSi. igi iyo SviliSvili paata ciciSvilisa, romelic vaxtang VI-sTan erTad ruseTSi gaemgzavra. mama, dimitri ciciSvili, mSobliuri kulturis gamdidrebagaZlierebaze fiqrobda da Tavis Targmnil maTematikur saxelmZRvaneloebs saqarTveloSi gzavnida. Tavad pavle cicianovi ukve garusebuli qarTvelia, romelic carizmis erTguli msaxuri da misi politikis aqtiuri gamtarebeli gaxda. pavle cicianovs 1785 wlidan polkovnikis wodeba hqonda miRebuli. xolo 1786 wlidan sankt-peterburgis grenaderTa polkis meTauri iyo. 1787-1791 wlebSi monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis omSi, 1794 wels _ poloneTis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi, 1796 wels iyo _ sparseTis laSqrobaSi, armiis sardlis general-poruCikis zubovis TanaSemwed. cicianovs simamacisa da niWierebis gamo maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen suvorovi da imperatori ekaterine II. cicianovi ukve gadamdgari iyo samsaxuridan, rodesac 1802 wels saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblad da astraxanis general-gubernatorad daniSnes. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveli feodaluri zedafena didi imedebs amyarebda Zveli qarTuli feodaluri sagvareulos warmomadgenelze (Cveneburi TavadiSvili). ruseTis xelisuflebisTvisac ruseTis samsaxurSi didxans namyofi qarTuli warmomavlobis moxelis kandidatura savsebiT misaRebi iyo. cicianovi giorgi XII-is meuRlis, mariam dedoflis naTesavic iyo, magram garusebuli cicianovisaTvis amas naklebi mniSvneloba hqonda. mrisxane Tavadi, rogorc cicianovs kavkasiis xalxebi eZaxdnen, axalgazrda imperatoris, aleqsandre I-is didi ndobiT sargeblobda, asrulebda imperiul davalebas, sastiki meTodebiT eqceoda yvelas, vinc ruseTis dampyroblur nebas SeewinaaRmdegeboda. ruseTis mTavroba da cicianovi qarTl-kaxeTis dapyrobis gamarTlebas bagrationTa samefo saxlis wevrTa moqmedebiT da adgilze rusuli mmarTvelobis mouwesrigeblobiT cdilobdnen. amitom daavala aleqsandre I-ma saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblobas samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebis gasaxleba. cicianovi Seudga batoniSvilebis dayoliebas ruseTSi gadasaxlebaze, magram batoniSvilebs samSoblos datoveba ar surdaT. cicianovma Zalas mimarTa da 1803-1805 wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos samefo saxlis wevrebi, TiTqmis mTlianad, ruseTs gadaasaxla. garusebulma qarTvelma es aqti imdenad sastiki meTodebiT ganaxorciela, rom xalxis siZulvili daimsaxura. 1803 wels cicianovma daimorCila War-belaqani (droebiT), 1804 wels _ ganjis saxano, uSualod misi xelmZRvanelobiT moxda 1804 wels mTiuleTis ajanyebis CaxSobac. 1803 wels grigol dadianTan molaparakebis Sedegad miaRwia imas, rom odiSis samTavro ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida. solomon II-sTan dadebuli elaznauris SeTanxmebiT 1804 wels ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida imereTis samefoc. ruseT-iranis omis (1804-1813w.w.) dros 18041805 wlebSi cicianovis xelmZRvanelobiT ruseTis jarma moigeria iranis taxtis memkvidris _abas-mirzas Semoteva. 1805 wels ruseTis imperias SemouerTa Saqis, yarabaRis da Sirvanis saxanoebi.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom cicianovis saqarTveloSi yofnas zogierTi sasrgeblo wamowyeba mohyva, igi saqarTvelos istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc rusuli reJimis ganmtkicebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli, qarTveli xalxis jalaTi. pavle cicianovi 1806 wlis 8 Tebervals mokles baqos cixis misadgomebTan husein yuli-xanTan molaparakebis dros. iqve TxrilSi Camarxes, misi Tavi ki abas-mirzas miarTves. imave wels rusebma daikaves baqo da cxedari am Txrilidan baqos somxur eklesiaSi gadaasvenes, saidanac 1811 wels gadmoasvenes TbilisSi, dakrZalulia sionis taZarSi. 1. ratom dado ruseTma imereTis samefoze adre mfarvelobis xelSekruleba samegrelosTan? 2. daaxasiaTeT pavle cicianovis pirovneba da gamoyaviT misi roli imereTis samefosa da samegrelos samTavros ruseTisadmi daqvemdebarebaSi. 3. riT moatyua ruseTma samegrelos mTavari grigol dadiani?

imereTis samefos dapyroba da gauqmeba. mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma 1804 wels Tavis qveSevrdomobaSi Seiyvana samegrelos samTavro, Zalze garTulda antirusulad ganwyobili imereTis mefis_solomon II-is mdgomareoba. solomonma kargad dainaxa, ra nayofi gamoiRo misi papis_ erekle II-is swrafvam ruseTisaken. ruseTma isargebla da daxmarebis nacvlad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos okupacia moaxdina. solomon II aSkarad dadga erekle II-is memkvidreTa mxareze da araerTxel mimarTa imperators iulon batoniSvilis gamefebis TxovniT,sanacvlod pirobas debda, rom isic Sevidoda ruseTis mfarvelobaSi. imperatorma yuri ar aTxova mis Txovnas. imereTis mefe xvdeboda, rom male misi jeric dadgeboda, ruseTi didxans aRar Seurigdeboda mis mefobas da mfarvelobaSi ki aRar miiRebda, aramed mudmiv qveSevrdomobas SesTavazebda, winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi imereTis samefosac ZaliT daipyrobda. miTumetes, mas hqonda cnobebi, rom rusi diplomatebi samegrelos Semdeg guriis mTavris gadabirebas apirebdnen. saqarTvelos sruli dapyrobis gegmas asrulebda mTavarsardali pavle cicianovi, romelic gansakuTrebuli sisastikiTa da ruseTisadmi TavdadebiT gamoirCeoda. 1804 wels cicianovi jariT SeiWra imereTSi da mosaxleobas ruseTis imperatoris erTgulebaze aficebda. solomon II mixvda, rom masTan winaaRmdegobas ver gaswevda, amitom generalTan molaparakeba arCia. molaparakebis pirobad mefem leCxumis imereTis nawilad aRiareba moiTxova. cicianovi amaze ar daeTanxma da omiT daemuqra. bolos SeTanxmdnen, rom ruseTi, leCxumis nacvlad, gurias cnobda imereTis SemadgenlobaSi. am pirobiT, 1804 wlis 25 aprils sofel elaznaurSi solomon II-m da generalma pavle cicianovma xeli moaweres elaznauris traqtats. es iyo `saTxovari punqtebi~ruseTis imperatorisadmi, romelic cicianovis mier iyo Sedgenili. traqtati 17 punqtisagan Sedgeboda da Semdeg pirobebs iTvaliswinebda: imereTi Sedioda ruseTis samudamo qveSevrdomobaSi; imereTis samefoSi SenarCundeboda samefo dinastia, samefos teritoriaze ganlagdeboda rusuli jari, romelic daicavda gareSe mtrebisagan da daamyarebda Sinagan wesrigs, rusul jars SenobebiT, sursaTiTa da furaJiT uzrunvelyofda imereTis mxare, taxtis memkvidred gamocxadebuli konstantine an qarTl-kaxeTSi gadavidoda, an ruseTSi wavidoda, raTa momavali mefisTvis Sesaferisi ganaTleba mieRo. traqtatSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo aseve ruseTisTvis xelsayreli savaWro-ekonomikuri sakiTxebi.
solomon II uSvilo iyo. elaznauris traqtatiTQ mis memkvidred gamocxadda daviT giorgis Zis vaJi konstantine. ruseTis mTavrobis survili iyo imereTis taxtis kanonieri memkvidre da misi momxre Tavadebi solomon mefeze mudmivi politikuri zemoqmedebis saSualebad gamoeyenebina. imereTis mmarTvelma wreebma kargad icodnen, rom ruseTis carizmis sazrunavs konstantine batoniSvilis interesTa dacva ki ara, samefos gauqmeba Seadgenda. amaSi male TviT konstantine batoniSvilic darwmunda, igi qarTlidan imereTSi gaiqca da imereTis samefo karze gamocxadda. solomon II_m gaierTgula konstantines momxre Tavadebi da bagrationTa samefos es warmomadgeneli, romelic masze zemoqmedebis iaraRad surdaT eqciaT, Tavad gamoiyena ruseTis mTavrobaze zemoqmedebis saSualebad.

1804 wlis 4 ivliss, samegrelos samTavros `saTxovar punqtebTan~ erTad, ruseTis imperatorma xeli moawera imereTis samefos `saTxovar punqtebsac~. imperatoris diplomatia martivi iyo: jer isedac dapirispirebuli imereTis mefe da misi vasali_ erTmaneTs daamtera, samegrelos mTavars dapirda mfarvelobas maSin, rodesac samTavroze imereTis samefo acxadebda kanonier pretenzias, Semdeg imereTis mefes dapirda igive mfarvelobas, erT dRes ki orives erTi dokumenti gamouwera: samudamo qveSevrdomoba da mudmivi monoba. imperatorisgan damtkicebul dokumentSi solomon II marto imereTis mefed moixsenieboda, aRarsad Canda arc guria da arc leCxumi. mfarvelobis nacvlad, samudamo qveSevrdomobis miRebac minimumamde zRudavda imereTis mefis uflebebs.

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solomoni mixvda, rom moatyues da brZola daiwyo samefos SenarCunebisaTvis. es iyo Tavganwiruli, Seurigebeli da ukompromiso brZola rusi dampyroblebisadmi. 1806 wels cicianovis nacvlad saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblad daniSnul general gudoviCs solomon II-m warudgina xelSekrulebis axali proeqti, sadac misi, rogorc mefisa da imereTis saxelmwifoebrivi uflebebi gazrdili iyo. axli proeqtiT, imereTis mefes ruseTis imperatoris daukiTxavad unda gadaewyvita rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo sakiTxebi. Tu erekle II da giorgi XII georgievskis traqtatis Sesrulebis winapirobad qarTl-kaxeTSi mravalricxovani rusuli jaris Semoyvanas miiCnevdnen, solomonisTvis es aRar iyo mTavari. ruseTis xelisuflebam jariT daipyro qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da amave Zalis gamoyenebiT apirebda imereTis samefos SezRuduli avtonomiis gauqmebasac. amitom Cawera axal proeqtSi solomon II_m, rom rusi jariskacebis ricxvi imereTSi ar unda gadameteboda 120kacs, omis dros samefoSi Semoyvanili jarebic omis dasrulebisTanave unda gayvaniliyo. es yvelaferi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis dampyroblur miznebs da gudoviCma mis miRebasa da imperatorisaTvis gadagzavnaze kategoriuli uari ganacxada. amis Semdeg solomonma ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg osmaleTis gamoyenebac scada da sulTans daxmareba Txova. ruseTma imerTa xelmwifes es `Ralati~ ar apatia. 1809 wels mTavarmmarTebelma aleqsandre tormasovma, peterburgidan miRebuli miTiTebis Tanaxmad, gadaayena solomoni da 1810 wels farTomasStabiani omi daiwyo mis winaaRmdeg. rusulma jarma aiRo imereTis cixe-simagreebi da mTeli samefos okupacia moaxdina. rusi generlebi xelSeuxeblobisa da samefos SenarCunebis garantias hpirdebodnen da solomonic aseT pirobebSi daTanxmda molaparakebas. rusulma mxarem es piroba maSinve daarRvia, rogorc ki solomoni TavisTan daigula. mefe, rogorc patimari, TbilisSi waiyvanes da ruseTSi gadasaxleba SesTavazes. solomonma gadawyvita Tavi exsna rusTa tyveobidan da uerTgules adamianTa daxmarebiT SesZlo kidec gaqceva da gadasvla axalcixeSi, romelic am dros osmaleTis imperiaSi Sedioda. axalcixidan imereTis mosaxleobas mouwoda_rus dampyroblebs ar danebeboda da ajanyeba moewyo. antirusulma gamosvlam masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo. solomon II imereTSi dabrunda da ajanyebas saTaveSi Tavad Caudga. ajanyebaSi Sida qarTlic CaerTo, sadac aleqsandre batoniSvilma Zmiswuli_19 wlis levani gagzavna. tormasovma 2 aTasi maneTi SesTavaza, vinc levanis Tavs miutanda, imereTis mefis Tavi ki aTjer metad Sefasda. tormasovi gaocebuli iyo, ratom ar aRmoCnda gaWirvebul imereTSi Tundac erTi kaci, vinc amxela SeTavazebas daxarbdeboda, solomons sicocxles gamoasalmebda da amiT ruseTis mTavrobas did daxmarebas gauwevda. 1810 wlis seqtemberSi solomoni xaniswylis xeobaSi gadavida, mas rusuli jari fexdafex misdevda. gawbilebuli generali simonoviCi mTavarmarTebels werda, rom rusi jariskacebi Tavs ar izogavdnen, xangrZlivi brZoliTa da SimSiliT ganawamebi ConCxebs daemsgavsen, magram mizans ver mivaRwieT, meamboxe mefe ver davatyveveTo. imereTis droebiTma mmarTvelma tormasovs nebarTva gamoTxova TavadaznaurTa ojaxebidan mZevlebi aeyvana, raTa imereTis ajanyebaSi maTi monawileoba Tavidan aecilebina. imereTSi rusul okupacias uamravi adamiani emsxverpla, didi mamacobis miuxedavad, rusuli samxedro Zalis winaSe xalxi uZluri aRmoCnda. solomon II_m diplomatiis Zalis gamoyenebac scada,_axalcixeSi gadasulma elCebi gagzavna osmaleTis sulTanTan da safrangeTis imperator napoleon bonapartesTan, magram amiT araferi gamovida. igi iZulebuli gaxda sabolood osmaleTSi gadaxvewiliyo (trapezundSi daesaxla da iqve gardaicvala 1815 wels). amrigad, 1810 wels imereTis samefo sabolood Sevida ruseTis samudamo qveSevrdomobaSi, Tumca ruseTma imereTis dasapyrobad didi samxedro Zala gamoiyena da xalxis winaaRmdegoba Sexvda, man mainc Cawera Tavis imperiul qronikebSi, rom imereTis samefoc, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos msgavsad, `nebayoflobiT~ SeuerTda ruseTs, rac sruli sicrue iyo. imperiulma ruseTma fexqveS gaTela solomon II-is samefo uflebebi, daarRvia masTan dadebuli elaznauris traqtati, iaraRis ZaliT da teroriT daipyro dasavleT saqarTvelo.
Awyaro a) niko berZeniSvili imereTis mefis_solomon II-is ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Sesaxeb, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, II, gv. 289: solomon mefe didi moxerxebiT cdilobda daecva Tavis samefo safrTxisagan, romelic mas karze mosdgomoda. mefis pirveli saTxovari is iyo, raTa xelmwifes yvela qveynisaTvis ecnobebina, rom imereTis mefe da misi qveyana man Tavis safarvelSi miiRo. am xerxiT solomoni, TiTqosda sixaruliT cas nawevi, viTom qveyanas Tavis gabednierebas atyobinebda, namdvilad ki is amiT Tavisi wamxdari saqmis Svelas apirebda. sxva qveynebs, msoflio

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politikur azrs, romelsac ruseTis mTavroba oficialurad did angariSs uwevda, imereTis mefe Tavis saqmis mowmed mouwodebda im patronTan urTierTobaSi, romelic pirmtkicobas iCemebda, magram imis ndobis safuZveli imereTis mefes ar hqonda.~ Awyaro b)aleqsandre I-is saxelmZRvanelo miTiTeba kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis_ivane gudoviCisadmi, kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebi, t.III, gv. 154: me davrwmundi solomon II-is ruseTisadmi mtrul ganwyobilebaSi da ara marto viziareb Tqvens azrs misi gadayenebis Sesaxeb, aramed gibrZaneb, rom es saqme dauyonebliv daiwyo, gevaleba,_imereTis yofili mefe, misi ojaxis wevrebi da batoniSvili konstantine gamogzavno ruseTSi, imereTSi daaweso droebiTi rusuli mmarTveloba, daarwmuno imereTis mosaxleoba, rom daculi iqneba misi interesebi. Awyaro g)solomon II-sTan erTad TurqeTSi gaqceuli zurab wereTlis vaJis _simonis werili mamisadmi: RvTis gulisaTvis, ecadeT Cveni mefisaTvis, nu dagvtovebT TaTrebis xelSi, Sen SegiZlia Searigo mefe rusebTan. sTxove da dagijereben. Tu Sens Txovnas angariSs ar gauweven, Cven mxares mainc iyavi. Tu am saqmeze ar gairjebi, WeSmaritad mkacrad ageb pasuxs RmerTis winaSe. SenTvis SeiZleba kargi iqnes rusebTan yofna, magram rogorc Cveni mama-papani akeTebdnen, Cvenc ise moviqceT...

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

ras gulisxmobda elaznauris traqtati da iyo Tu ara es xelSekruleba imereTis samefos suverenitetis Selaxva? ra mizans isaxavda solomon II-is xelSekrulebis axali proeqti, romelic man ruseTis xelisuflebas warudgina? a) wyaros mixedviT, imsjeleT, ra xerxs mimarTa solomon II-m ruseTis veragobis Tavidan asacileblad? ratom gamoacxada taxtis memkvidred ruseTma imereTis yofili mefis _daviT giorgis Zis vaJi_konstantine bagrationi da ra mizniT? raze miuTiTebs b wyaro? g wyaros mixedviT, ra tendencia ikveTeba qarTul aristokratiul wreebSi da rogor iyenebda dampyrobeli eris amgvar gaTiSvas?

gudoviCi ivane vladimeris Ze(1806-1809)_cicianovis Semdeg, mis adgilze qarTveli Tavadaznauroba moiazrebda ruseTSi mcxovreb qarTvel generals petre bagrations. magram 1806 wlis ivnisSi am adgilze 70 wlis rusi generali ivane gudoviCi dainiSna. gudoviCi 1800 wels gadadga samxedro Tanamdebobidan da Tavis mamulSi cxovrobda. mas sakmaod didi samsaxureobrivi kariera hqonda gavlili: iyo ruseTTurqeTis omebis monawile, samxedro gubarnatori, kavkasiis xazis ufrosi, gudoviCi ficxi da Tavdajerebuli adamiani iyo da miaCnda, rom kavkasia masaviT aravin icoda. 1790-ian wlebSi monawileobda rusul-qarTul urTierTobebSi da cudi reputacia hqonda qarTvelebSi.. generlis saxels mwared ixsenebdnen, aleqsandre batoniSvili masze werda: eg is gudoviCia, mefe erekles bevri tyuili wigni rom swera da ise mouqcia saqme, rom mahmadianebs veRarc sZlia da verc SeuerTdao. `me aq cicianovis saqmeebis gasagrZeleblad ki ara, misi gafuWebuli saqmeebis gamosasworeblad Camovedio~,_ ambobda xSirad ambiciuri gudoviCi. magram mas imdeni araferi gaukeTebia, ramdensac apirebda. mis dros moxda omi sparseT-ruseTs Soris, rogorc umaRlesi samxedro Cinis mflobeli, monawileobda brZolebSi, moipova didi warmatebebic, baqos saxano SeuerTa ruseTs, gaimarjva osmalebTan brZolaSi arafCaisTan, magram marcxi ganicada erevnis aRebisas, ver daiyolia zavze sparseTis Sahi, ver SeZlo taxtidan imereTis mefis_solomon II-is gadagdeba, ris gamoc gadaayena kidec ruseTma da 1909 wlis 5 martis brZanebulebiT, mis adgilze dainiSna aleqsandre tormasovi. mogilevski_pavle ivanes Ze, rusi general-leitenanti, monawileobda imereTis mefis_solomon II-is wimaaRmdeg brZolebSi, aseve aleqsandre batoniSvilis devnasa da TvalTvalSi, iyo mTavarsammarTvelos kancelariis ufrosi. nesvetaevi-general-maiori. monawileoba miiRo osTa ajanyebis CaqrobaSi, amisTvis cicianovma yazanis qveiTTa polkis 6 rota misca. monawileobda me-19 saukunis dasawyisis ruseT-osmaleTisa da ruseT- sparseTis omebSi, 1808 wels unda daekavebina erevani, laSqrobis mzadebisas avad gaxda da 1808 wlis 17 ivniss gardaicvala, iqve, karaklisSi, daasaflaves, magram 1912 wels misi neSti gadmoasvenes TbilisSi da sionis taZarSi dakrZales.

guriis samTavros Sesvla ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi 1804 wels, elaznauris traqtatiT imereTi ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sevida, vinaidan ruseTi gurias imereTis nawilad Tvlida, pavle cicianovma miuloca guriis mTavars _mamia guriels ruseTis qveSevrdomoba. miuxedavad amisa, mamia gurielma mainc SeZlo 1810 wels guriis samTavro calke xelSekrulebiT Sesuliyo ruseTis imperatoris qveSevrdomobaSi. 1826 wels mamia gurieli gardaicvala. misi memkvidris mcirewlovnobis gamo, mTavarmarTeblis gankargulebiT, gurias marTavda Tavadebisgan Semdgari sabWo, romlis Tavmjdomare gurielis qvrivi_sofio iyo. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros sofio gurielma kavSiris damyareba scada osmalebTan, riTac apirebda ruseTisgan Tavdaxsnas. cxadia, misi saqcieli rusulma xelisuflebam Ralatad Seafasa. 1828 wlis oqtomberSi rusuli jari Sevida guriaSi, sofio gurieli SvilebTan erTad osmaleTSi gaiqca. 1829 wlis dekemberSi nikoloz II-m guriis samTavro gaauqma. 21

sofio gurielze dokumenti svaneTis samTavros gauqmeba ruseTis mier XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis svaneTi or nawilad iyo gayofili: qvemo svaneTi, romelic samegrelos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda da masTan erTad gaxda ruseTis qveSevrdomi da zemo svaneTi, romelic aseve or nawilad iyo gayofili: eceris mxares TaTaryan dadeSqeliani ganagebda, xolo fars_cioy dadeSqeliani. calke arsebobda e. w. Tavisufali anu ubatono svaneTi, romelic aravis emorCileboda. 1833 wels dadeSqelianTa orive samTavro saxli Sevida ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi, 1840 wels Tavisufalma svaneTmac aRiara ruseTis qveSevrdomoba. yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg ruseTi aRar apirebda svaneTis samTavros arsebobas Segueboda, Tanac im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aq erTmaneTs ori feodaluri samTavro saxli ebrZoda. 1857 wels rusuli jari Sevida svaneTSi. jaris ufrosTan Tavisi nebiT gamocxadda konstantine cioyis Ze dadeSqeliani. is quTaisSi waiyvanes da general-gubernator gagarinis brZanebiT ukan, svaneTSi aRar gauSves. metic, kavkasiis mefisnacvalma aleqsandre bariatinskim misi erevanSi gadasaxleba gadawyvita. rodesac gagarinma es gadawyvetileba gaacno, konstantine daTanxmda, magram svaneTSi gaSveba da ojaxTan gamomSvidobebis nebarTva iTxova. gagarini ar endo da moxeleebs misi ganiaraReba ubrZana. Seuracxyofilma dadeSqelianma gagarini da misi ori moxele xmliT gangmira. gaqceuli mTavari rusma jariskacebma Cacxriles da Wirisuflebs misi qristianulad damarxvis neba ar misces. 1859 wels mTavris uflebebze uari aTqmevines dadeSqelianTa II Stos warmomadgenels_ Tengiz dadeSqeliansac. es, svaneTis samTavros iuridiulad gauqmebas da ruseTis imperiaSi mis Seyvanas niSnavda.
wyaro a) karl borozdini samegrelosa da svaneTis ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb, wignidan_`samegrelo da svaneTi~: `ase iyo Tu ise, erTsa da imave dros oris_samegrelos da svaneTis avtonomiis gauqmebiT da rusis mmarTvelobis SemoRebiT, aq Cveni fexismokidebis saqmeSi erTi nabiji gadavdgiT win~. wyaro b) qarTveli mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi rusi moxeleebis Sesaxeb: niko nikolaZe, 1865 wels gamoqveynebuli statiidan _ `glexTa ganTavisufleba saqarTveloSi~: `qarTveli xalxi dRiTi dRe da ufro metad imsWvaleba Tavisi erovnuli damoukideblobis ideiT. mcireodenaTac ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom ruseTis mTavrobas saqarTveloSi megobrebi da keTilis msurvelebi ar Hyavs, garda didi mTavris karis erTi muWa klevretebisa da bobola moxeleebisa~.
Awyaro g) ilia WavWavaZe: `uvici moxeleebis moqmedebis Sedegi iyo is, rom ruseTis saxeli SeaZules maT, vis saerTo siyvarulzedac unda aSenebuliyo saxelmwifos Zal-Rone, keTildReoba da warmateba~. Awyaro d)iakob gogebaSvili: `saubedurod, is, rac Cvenma erma XVIII saukunis damlevs sasurvel navsadgurad miiCnia, daxavsebuli Waobi aRmoCnda, romelSiac lamis CaixrCo~.

informacia gagarini_aleqsandre ivanes Ze (1801-1857), quTaisis general-gubernatori, 1845 wels kavkasiaSi Camohyva mefisnacval mixeil voroncovs; 40-iani wlebis dasaruls msaxurobda derbentis qalaqis Tavad; am periodSi iqorwina manana orbelianis asul_ anastasiaze. amis gamo dauaxlovda qarTuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebs, maT Soris grigol orbelians. 1847 wels dainiSna quTaisis samxedro gubernatorad. 1853-56 wlebis yirimis omis dros meTaurobda guriis razms da me-13-e qveiT divizias. 1857 wels, bariatinskis wardginebiT igi quTaisis generalgubernatorad daniSnes. am dros gamwvavda urTierToba svaneTis mTavar konstantine dadeSqeliansa da rusul xelisuflebas Soris svaneTis samTavros gauqmebisa da dadeSqelianisaTvis mTavris uflebebis CamorTmevis Taobaze, ris gamoc aRelvebulma dadeSqelianma gagarini mokla. karl borozdini_rusi moxele, msaxurobda saqarTveloSi. 1850-ian wlebSi iyo samegrelos mazris ufrosi, cxovrobda ekaterine WavWavaZis karze, colad qarTveli_qavTaraZis qali hyavda. misi vaJi aleqsandre borozdini sityvierebis kaTedris profesori iyo peterburgis universitetSi. saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg dawera wignebi:`amierkavkasiuri mogonebebi~ da `batonymoba saqarTveloSi~. akritikebda qarTveli mebatoneebis damokidebulebas glexebisadmi, riTac samegrelos samTavros ruseTTan SeerTebis aucileblobas amtkicebda. kiTxvebi: 1. Tqveni azriT, saqarTveloSi damyarebuli koloniuri reJimis autaneli forma ramdenad iyo cudi moxeleebis brali?

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2. ra tendenciaze miuTiTebs rus moxeleebze qarTveli aristokrati qalebis qorwineba da es movlena uwyobda Tu ara xels am moxeleebis keTilganwyobas saqarTvelosadmi?

afxazeTis samTavros Sesvla ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi 1806 wels daiwyo ruseT-osmaleTis omi. omSi gamarjveba ruseTs SesaZleblobas aZlevda afxazeTic daekavebina da amiT kidev ufro gaefarToebina imperiis teritoria afxazeTis xarjze. omis dasawyisSive afxazeTis mTavari qeleSbei ServaSiZe rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. osmaleTis sulTanma mas trapizonis faSas gadacema moTxova. man uari Tqva am moTxovnis Sesrulebaze da faqtiurad amiT gadaudga sulTans, Tumca aqtiurad verc ruseTs dauWira mxari. ruseTis sardlobam qeleS-beis ubrZana afxazeTis laSqriT daekavebina foTis cixe, sadac misi naTesavis_quCuk-bei ServaSiZis meTaurobiT osmaluri jari idga. afxazeTis mTavarma ver gabeda foTze galaSqreba, Tumca rusul sardlobas mainc daexmara imiT, rom ar misca osmalebs afxazeTis teritoriis saomar placdarmad gamoyenebis saSualeba. qeleS-beis sicocxlis fasad daujda osmaleTis urCoba: 1808 wlis 2 maiss is mokla Svilma_aslan-beim, daikava soxumis cixe da Tavi afxazeTis mTavrad gamoacxada. aslan-beis daupirispirda rusuli orientaciis Zma_safar-bei, romelsac ZmisTvis taxtis warTmevaSi ruseTis daxmarebis imedi hqonda. safar-beim ruseTTan dakavSireba Txova samegrelos samTavros mmarTvels, grigol gurielis qvrivs _nino bagration-dadians. 1808 wlis 12 agvistos safar-beim, romelic qristianuli wesiT moinaTla da saxeli giorgi dairqva, xeli moawera ruseTis qveSevrdomobis aqts. 1810 wlis 17 Tebervals ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I_ma daamtkica giorgiServaSiZis `saTxovari punqtebi~, amiT dakanonda afxazeTis samTavros Sesvla ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi. zafxulSi ruseTis jarma daikava soxumi. C Aa m a t e b a 1823 wels afxazeTis taxtze avida mixeil ServaSiZe, romelic gansakuTrebuli avtoritetiT sargeblobda Crdilo kavkasiis mTielebSi. am faqtma mixeil ServaSiZesa da ruseTs Soris urTierToba daZaba, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma kavkasiis dasapyrobad omi daiwyo. yirimis omis dros (1853-1856) mixeil ServaSiZem osmalebs ganucxada, rom neitralitets daicavda, amiT mTavari cdilobda afxazeTis mdgomareobis Semsubuqebas, radgan iq osmaleTis jari iyo Sesuli. yirimis omis dasrulebisa da Samilis meTaurobiT Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg ruseTma sabolood gadawyvita afxazeTis mTavris institutis gauqmeba. soxumSi dabrunebis ufleba ar misces mixeilis vaJs, raTa samTavros marTva-gamgeoba gadaebarebina. 1864 wels mixeil ServaSiZe gadaayenes mTavris Tanamdebobidan da ruseTSi gadaasaxles. igi 1866 wels voroneJSi gardaicvala. amiT dasrulda afxazeTis samTavros arseboba.

mixeil ServaSiZe_ giorgis(safar-begis) Ze, afxazeTis mTavari, general-leitenanti. daibada 1808 wels, marTlmadidebeli, izrdeboda mSoblebis saxlSi. saarqivo dokumentSi, misi samxedro karieris monacemebi sakmaod vrcelia: daiwyo 1822 wels praporSCikobiT, daasrula general-leitenantis samxedro wodebiT. mixeil ServaSiZe izrdeboda ubixebis erT-erT winamZRolTan, rusuli mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi (1824-1827), afxazeTSi Seqmnili rTuli viTarebis gamo, samegrelosa da imereTSi, Semdeg ki TbilisSi cxovrobda, aq daeufla rusul enas, xolo qarTuli ena ojaxSi Seiswavla. samTavros marTavda ruseTis xelisuflebasTan sruli TanxmobiT, didi daxmareba gauwia xelisuflebas mTis afxazuri Temebis_fsxus, dalis da webeldis damorCilebaSi, monawileobda das. kavkasiis saomar operaciebSi. yirimis omis dros, rodesac Turqebma daikaves afxazeTi, sulTanma ServaSiZe, gadabirebis mizniT, Savi zRvis sanapiros (natanebidan anapamde) faSad daniSna, magram mas TurqTa sasargeblod araferi gaukeTebia. miuxedavad amisa, kavkasiis mefisnacvalma n. n. muraviovma (1854-1856) omis damTavrebis Semdeg, Ralatis braldebiT, misi gadayeneba moiTxova. mixeil ServaSiZe gardaicvala 1866 wlis 16 aprils voroneJSi, dakrZalulia moqvis taZarSi, meuRlis gverdiT (kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebi, simon janaSia, SromebiVI, 1987; beJan xorava, afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba da mixeil SarvaSiZe, krebuli ~didaWaroba~,2009).

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d o k u m e n t e b i qarTveli xalsis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis I etapi; antirusuli ajanyebebi saqarTveloSi; 1802 da 1804 wlebis ajanyebebi qarTveli xalxi ruseTTan SeerTebisTanave mixvda, rom ruseTma moatyua. aRSfoTebulma Tavadaznaurobis nawilma maSinve protesti gamoTqva, magram protestantebi myisve daapatimres. ruseTis batonoba represiebiTa da ZaladobiT daiwyo. rusul xelisuflebasa da xalxs Soris antagonizmi gaRrmavda. 1802 wlis ivlisSi generali lazarevi mTavarmmarTvel knorings werda: xalxis daumorCilebloba gaZlierda, batoniSvili daviTi SeuerTda iulon erekles Zes, mis momxreebs da exmareba mas samefo taxtis dakavebisaTvis brZolaSio. lazarevis sxva patakebidanac Cans, rom Tbilisis mosaxleoba Relavda, sabrZolvelad SemarTulni iyvnen qarTveli mTielebi, masobrivi moZraoba agorda kaxeTSi. general guliakovis erT-erT patakSi weria, rom saqarTveloSi TiTqmis aravin Sexvedria siamovnebiT ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlas, kaxelebma daarRvies imperatorisadmi micemuli fici da 40 aTas kaciani Tavyriloba moawyves, sadac ruseTis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebi aleqsandres, iulonsa da farnavazs elodebian da samarTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis brZola saerTo-qarTul moZraobad surT gadaaqciono. 1802 wlis gamosvlis monawileebma TavianTi moTxovnebi jer general guliakovs miarTves, magram mixvdnen, rom rigiT generalTan molaparakebas azri ar hqonda, amitom ruseTis imperatorisadmi gasagzavnad Seadgines werili, sadac ewera, rom saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla surda mxolod bagrationebis samefo taxtis SenarCunebiT, Txovdnen imperators_aRedgina traqtatis pirobebi, SegvisruleT mefe erekles anderZi da Cvenc SeZlebisdagvarad gemsaxurebiTo. ruseTis imperatori, romelsac Tavisi mefuri uflebebis dacva RvTisgan boZebulad miaCnda da Zalze ufrTxildeboda, bagrationebisaTvis analogiuri uflebebis dabrunebaze uars ambobda... bagrationebs dasaWerad dasdevdnen, asaxlebdnen ruseTSi, gvarsac ki aRar arCendnen: gruzinskebad, muxranskebad, imeretinskebad gadaukeTes bagrationis gvari. rusuli mmarTvelobis pirvel wlebSi yvelaze mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda qarTlis mTianeTis mosaxleoba. maT aiZulebdnen emuSavaT saqarTvelos samxedro gzis mSeneblobaze, muSebs maTraxebiT scemdnen, marxilebSi qalebsac ki abamdnen da ise amuSavebdnen. rogor unda aetana Tavidan fexebamde iaraRSi Camjdar mTiels mis Tvalwin qalebis aseTi damcireba, Rirsebis Selaxva. amgvari mdgomareobis gamo, 1804 wels ajanyebam ifeTqa mTiuleTSi, romelSidac 4 aTasamde kaci monawileobda. ajanyebulebma daikaves xevis mniSvnelovani punqti_stefanwminda, darialis xeobis Camketi saguSago larsi da sxva adgilebi. qarTvelma batoniSvilebma scades ajanyeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT, ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga erekle II_is Ze farnaoz batoniSvili. 1804 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi mTielTa laSqarma daikava darialisa da aragvis xeobebSi ganlagebuli cixe-simagreebi, TiTqmis mTlianad gawyvita iq myofi rusi jariskacebi. farnaozi jer kaxeTSi Cavida da Semdeg 120-mde kaxeli TavadaznauriT gadavida aragvis xeobaSi. misi meTaurobiT ajanyebulebma rusTa jari orgzis daamarcxes da 700 kaci moukles. ufliswulma antirusuli ajanyebis areali gaafarTova, magram imedi, rom sparseTi damxmare Zalas moaSvelebdaT, ar gamarTlda. amasobaSi rusma generlebma moaxerxes Zalebis mobilizacia: CrdiloeTidan generali nesvetaevi SemoiWra, samxreTidan ki mTielTa laSqars TviT mTavarmarTebelma cicianovma Seutia. ajanyebulebma ver gauZles rusul artileriasa da regularuli jaris Setevas. mTiuleTis ajanyeba damarcxda. farnavazi mcire razmiT dausxlta ruseTis jars, magram yazaxis midamoebSi mainc daatyveves. rusuli jaris samsaxurSi Camdgar erT qarTvel medrove samxedros, romelic mTiulebs farnavazis datyvevebas acnobebda da iaraRis dayras urCevda, ajanyebulebi werdnen: farnavazis datyvevebis ambavma Cveni guli da goneba gangmira, mTeli xeoba bagrationTa erTgulebazea daficebuli, unda icodeT, rom ruseTis jaris ar gveSinia. Tu tyvias gvesvrian, Cvenc vesvriT, ruseTis jari rom erT adgilze dagvecema Tavs, meoreze 24

gadavinacvlebT. farnaozis datyveveba CvenTvis didi ubedurebaa, magram RmerTs madlobas vwiravT, rom aleqsandre, Teimurazi da levani Tavisufalni arian da brZolas maTi meTaurobiT gavagrZelebTo. es werili adasturebda, rom qarTveli xalxi eTayvaneboda Tavis samefo gvars, bagrationebi saxelmwifos simbolod da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis droSad miaCnda. is damarcxebas droebiTad miiCnevda da kvlav apirebda ruseTis dampyrobluri reJimisadmi brZolis gagrZelebas.
Awyaroa) saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis peticia general lazarevisadmi, 1802w.

amaT (TurqeTma da sparseTma ) CvenSi ver moSales mefoba, ver moSales episkoposoba, ver moSales Tavadoba, ver moSales glexoba da...am didrovan urjulo mterTagan rom mosveneba ar gvqonda...ruseTis xelmwifem saqarTvelo ruseTs SeaerTa da manifesti gviboZa... rac wyaloba manifestebiT gvibrZana, Tqvengan ar aRgvisrulda. uSiSroeba gvibrZana, raSi Cans?soflebs glejen lekni da Tqven aras naRvlobT. eklesiebisa da episkoposTa pativis momateba brZana, Tqven ki yma da mamuli mTlad CamoarTviT, TavadT pativis momateba gvibrZana...pativi mogveSala...
Awyaro b)nawyveti aragvispirel glaxTa saCivridan:

Tu Cven adre RmerTs SevTxovdiT rusTa mosvlas Cvens qveyanaSi, axla sikvdils vnatrulobT, radgan am tanjvas da maTraxiT sikvdils, Cveni colebis uweso saqmiT danaxvas es gvirCevnia, ase davixocnoT.
Awyaro g) sofel JamurSi mcxovreb osTa saCivridan, 1804 w.

amas winaT starosvetski Jamurs movida, daiWira osebi, gobSi, saidanac ZaRlebi svlepen, Srati Caasxa, daxoca katebi da Sig Cayara, Semdeg Cayara adamianis sibinZure da maT aWama. amave osebs rva saxli dauwva, sadac 300 fuTi qeri daiRupa.
Awyaro d) kapitani anosovi rusuli jaris moqmedebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi:

Cvens brwyinvale da qvelobiT ganTqmul jars, CamosvlisTanave saqarTveloSi, viRacis upatronobiTa da uyuradRebobiT mavne suli aekviata da saxels utexda. urTierToba adgilobrivebsa da mxedrobas Soris umsgavs niadagze damyarda... jer kidev lazarevi sCioda 1802 welsa da Rones Ronobda, egebis rogorme movaSlevino jars mkvidris dawiokeba-ganadgurebao. aficrebi, martooden JinianobiT gatacebulni, Txouloben sabegro cxenebsa da urmebs, Saurs ar aZleven patronebs da amiT ojaxs uRupaveno. saldaTebi piradad Seuracxyofas ayeneben mcxovreblebs, staceben saqonels, frinvelsa da xilsa, anadgureben bostan-baRCebsa, venaxebs. Rvinos rom daleven da gaileSebian, qvevrebs miwiTa sCurTaven, iqamde midis maTi ugunuroba, av-znianoba da sigiJeo. kiTxvebi: 1.ra iyo 1802 wlis kaxeTisa da 1804 wlis mTiuleTis ajanyebis mizezebi? 2. rogor fiqrobT, ruseTis batonobis ra saSiS tendenciaze miuTiTebs wyaroa_? es tendencia Tavadaznaurobas exeba, Tu saerTo erovnuli saSiSroebaa? 3. wyaro b-sa da g-s mixedviT daaxasiaTeT rusuli batonobis sisastike qarTveli da osi mcxovreblebis mimarT. tormasovi_ aleqsandr petres_Ze(1752_1819), grafi, kavaleriis generali; adridanve Caeba samxedro laSqrobebSi, imperiis ganapira mxareebis marTvis didi gamocdileba hqonda. sxvadasxva dros msaxurobda kievisa da rigis samxedro gubernatorad. 1803 wels dainiSna kievis general-gubernatorad, 1807 wels_rigis, 1808 wels saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblisa da kavkasiis xazis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze. generlebTan_kotliarevskisTan, lisaneviCsa da simonoviCTan erTad, ibrZoda imereTisa da afxazeTis ajanyebuli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. osmaleTis omis monawile tormasovs Tavi ufro poloneTis ajanyebis CaqrobaSi gamoeCina. `kaci ese iyo mZvinvare, ampartavani da uwyalo~,_werda mis Sesaxeb Teimuraz batoniSvili. tormasovi verc Tavisi zneobiT daikvexnida, mis dros, rusuli oficialuri wyaroebis mowmobiT, carizmis moxeleTa meqrTameobam yovelgvar zRvars gadaaWarba. tormasovs sZulda qarTveli xalxi, romlis samarTavadac gamoegzavnaT. gansakutrebuli siZulvili gamoamJRavna imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg brZolisas, mkvlelebic ki miugzavna solomonII-s, veraguli iyo misi saqcieli imereTis dedofal mariamis mimarT, rodesac is motyuebiT Caiyvana TbilisSi da ruseTSi gaagzavna.aseve levan iulonis Zis xelSi Casagdebad yvela xerxs mimarTa. gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina axalcixis qarTuli mosaxleobis mimarT. jer jariskacebs daarbevina mesxeTis soflebi, Semdeg ayara 1500 qristiani mosaxle da mesxeTidan wamoiyvana.amiT qarTuli suli gamoacala mesxeTs. tormasovma daamarcxa imereTis mamaci mefe solomon II, moaxdina imereTis samefos likvidacia, ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Seiyvana afxazeTis samTavro, avtokefalia waarTva uZveles qarTul samociqulo eklesias. 1811 wels saqarTvelodan wavida da adgili italiuri warmoSobis pauliCs dauTmo. monawileobda 1812 wlis omSi. iyo rogorc ruseTis, aseve sazRvargareTis laSqrobebis wevri. kutuzovis avadmyofobisas mTavarsardlis rolic Seasrula. male Tavadac avad gaxda da gadadga samxedro Tanamdebobidan. iyo saxelmwifo sabWos wevri, 1814 wels moskovis generalgubernatori, 1916 wels miiRo grafis tituli. gardaicvala 1819 wels, dakrZales moskovis donis monasterSi.

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1812 wlis antirusuli ajanyeba kaxeTSi 1804-1813 wlebSi ruseTis omebma sparseTisa da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos mosaxleoba mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena. erTi mxriv, mas evaleboda ruseTis armiis momarageba sursaT-sanovagiT, xolo meore mxriv, sabrZolo operaciebSi monawileoba, rac xalxs mZime tvirTad daawva. saqarTvelos saukunovani swrafva ruseTisken mSvidobiani cxovrebis mopovebis surviliT iyo ganpirobebuli, magram, simSvidis nacvlad, ruseTma mravalricxovan aRmosavlur omebSi Caaba qarTveli xalxi da mravaljer misi miwa-wyali saomar arenad aqcia. omsa da ubedurebas erTvoda Savi Wiri da mousavlianoba, rasac aseve bevri adamiani emsxverpleboda. yvelafer amasTan erTad, 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis mizezi mosaxleobaSi saegzekucio samxedro razmebis Cayenebac iyo. rusi moxeleebi Zalis gamoyenebiT hkrefdnen sasursaTo gadasaxads, Cadiodnen TviTneboba-usamarTlobas. xalxma gadawyvita ajanyebuliyo dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, saqarTvelos amdroindelma erovnulma liderebma ki scades kaxeTSi dawyebuli moZraobisTvis saerTo-qarTuli da saerTo-kavkasiuri masStabi miecaT. kaxeTis ajanyebam aCvena qarTveli xalxis udidesi swrafva da Tavganwirva erovnuli interesebis dasacavad. 1812 wels pirveli antirusuli razmebi TianeTsa da axmetaSi Camoyalibda. qiziyelma meamboxeebma 5 Tebervals aiRes siRnaRi. ajanyebulTa erTma razmma kodalos cixe moaqcia alyaSi, meorem daamarcxa bodbisxevSi mdgari yabardos polki. 6 Tebervals saxalxo laSqarma gaanadgura rusuli sagarnizono razmebi anagaSi, kakabeTsa da manavSi. 7 Tebervals qarTulma laSqarma daamarcxa sagarejoSi mdgari kaxeTis olqis ufrosi generali portniagini, aiZula is Tavis jaris naSTebTan erTad Tbiliss gaqceuliyo. ajanyebis cecxli enTo xevSi, duSeTsa da fasanaurSi, saqarTvelos samxedro gza ajanyebulebma gadaketes. oficialur rusul dokumentebSi weria, rom qarTvelebma saSineli sisastike gamoiCines, amoxoces bevri rusi oficeri da jariskaci, magram igive dokumentebi ver faraven im mizezebs, ramac aqamde miiyvana qarTuli mosaxleoba. erovnuli tradiciebis Seuracxyofa, damcireba, ojaxis wevrebis Tvalwin qalebis gaupatiureba, Zala da uxeSoba Cveulebrivi ram iyo rusi samxedroebisTvis, rasac qarTveli xalxi ver egueboda da samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi ebmeboda. ajanyebulebma mefed gamoacxades da meTaurad airCies grigol ioanes Ze bagrationi, romelmac SeZlo Zalebis mobilizeba, saxalxo amboxebis masStabis gazrda, ramac xelisufleba Zalze SeaSfoTa. brZolaSi TviT mTavarmmarTebeli Caeba. sofel xaSmTan generalma pauliCma mosaxleobas mimarTa, dapirda maT, rom moxeleTa TviTnebobas da usamarTlobas alagmavda, magram xalxs dampyroblebis aRar sjeroda, verc muqaram SeaSina ajanyebulebi da xelCarTul brZolaSi iseTive TavganwirviT SeebrZolnen rusebs, rogorc wina saukuneebSi ebrZodnen osmalebsa da yizilbaSebs. Zneli iyo artileriiTa da Tof-zarbaznebiT SeiaraRebuli rusuli regularuli jaris winaaRmdeg xangrZlivi brZola da saxalxo laSqaric iZulebuli gaxda ramdenime kviris Tavdadebuli brZolebis Semdeg ukan, kaxeTis siRrmisken daexia. pauliCi ukandaxeulebs ar daedevna, jer ajanyebulebisagan sagarejo da qiziyi gawminda, uamravi saxrCobelaze dakida, uamravi adamiani daapatimra da Semdeg daiZra Telavisaken. sofel CumlayTan mas ajanyebulTa mTavar ZalasTan Sebma mouxda. rusebma didi danakargis fasad gaimarjves, pauliCs SeuerTda aragvis xeobaSi omgadaxdili uSakovis razmebic da damsjeli eqspedicia ise gaagrZela. 1812 wlis 6 aprils pauliCma Seipyro ajanyebulTa mier mefed gamocxadebuli grigol ioanes Ze bagrationi da iZulebiT ruseTs gaasaxla, imavdroulad xelisuflebas auwya, rom kaxelTa amboxi Camqrali iyo. generali pauliCi grZnobda, rom mSvidoba moCvenebiTad damyarda, amitom iZulebuli gaxda daTmobebze wasuliyo: gaauqma xalxisTvis saZulveli kapitan-ispravnikebis Tanamdeboba da daabruna mouravobis instituti. marTalia, kaxeTis olqis ufrosi isev rusi iqneboda, magram uflebebi gaezrdeboda Tavadaznaurobis winamZRols, sasamarTloSi qarTuli ena dabrundeboda da a. S. qarTvelebs am dapirebebisa ar sjerodaT, amitom kaxeTi minavlebul nakverCxals daemsgavsa, romelic uecrad SeiZleboda abrialebuliyo. ajanyebis meTaurebi tyeebSi gaixiznen. pauliCma arasaimedo Tavadebi daapatimra, misma Semcvlelma generalma rtiSCevma ki Yyvela dapireba ukan waiRo. amitom, sul male ajanyebam kvlav ifeTqa da mis saTaveSi aleqsandre erekles Ze bagrationi moeqca. qarTvelebma saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamoyenebac scades, kerZod, 1812 wlis agvistoSi ruseTSi safrangeTis naxevarmilioniani armiis SeWra napoleonis meTaurobiT da sparseTis omi ruseTTan. am daZabul viTarebaSi ruseTi 26

did Zalebs ver gamogzavnida saqarTveloSi. safrangeTTan diplomatiuri kavSiris damyarebas, aleqsandre batoniSvilTan erTad, cdilobda osmaleTSi gadaxvewili imereTis mefe solomon II-c. am orive erovnul gmirs erTi sanukvari ocneba hqonda: erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena. ajanyebis saboloo gamarjveba albaT Zneli misaRwevi iyo, radgan ruseTi dapyrobil teritoriebs ase advilad ar Tmobda, miTumetes, man daamarcxa rogorc napoleoni, aseve sparseTis taxtis energiuli memkvidre abas-mirzac, magram gulsatkeni iyo qarTvelebSi arsebuli gaTiSuloba, urTierTRalati da gautanloba. am Tvisebas yovelTvis didi ziani mohqonda da moaqvs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebisaTvis, samwuxarod, mteri xSirad axerxebs qarTvelebis dapirispirebasa da gaTiSvas. rodesac aleqsandre batoniSvilma TanamebrZolad moiwvia revaz erisTavi, am ukanasknelma misi werili xelisuflebas gadasca, aseve moiqcnen qarTlis sxva Tavadebic. xelmocaruli generali dimitri orbeliani, rusuli xelisuflebis dakveTiT, ukan dasdevda aleqsandre batoniSvils da mis Sepyroba-mokvlas cdilobda. didi samxedro niWiTa da xalxis siyvaruliT garemosili ufliswuli mas gamudmebiT usxlteboda, ris gamoc es moRalate qarTveli werda general rtiSCevs: mTeli xalxi Cvens winaaRmdegaa amxedrebuli, ufliswuls yvelgan bina da rezervi elodeba, ris gamoc mis saboloo damarcxebas ver vaxerxeb, aucilebelia kaxeTSi ufro mravalricxovani jari gamogzavnoT, TiTqmis yvela soflis okupacia moaxdinoT, xalxs SiSis zari daecema, meamboxe batoniSvils veRar daexmarebian da igi Cvens tyveobaSi aRmoCndebao. dimitri orbelianis es Txovna daakmayofiles da aman kaxeTis sisxli da cremli kidev ufro gazarda. rusebma saxlebi daangries da gadawves, baR-venaxebi aCexes, urC mosaxleobas didi kontribucia Seaweres, aqtiurebi daxvrites da CamoaxrCves. rusi generlebi ise iqceodnen, rogorc ucxo da axlad dapyrobil qveyanaSi. aleqsandre batoniSvilisa da ajanyebuli kaxelebis mxares bevri qarTlis Tavadic gadavida, eseni iyvnen: ciciSvilebi, avaliSvilebi, amilaxvrebi, sofel kavTisxevis mTeli aznauroba da glexebi. kaxeli Tavadebi_Tadia da oman ColoyaSvilebi, gorjaspi naTelaSvili, papo abelaSvili da sxvebi ukanaskneli sisxlis wveTamde ibrZodnen rusuli jaris winaaRmdeg. aleqsandre batoniSvili werilebs werda imperators, mTavarmarTebels, iTxovda georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT samarTlianobis aRdgenasa da saqarTvelos Seyvanas ruseTis mfarvelobaSi, magram ruseTisTvis es ganvlili etapi iyo, is aRar apirebda kavkasiis daTmobas da mas ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevda. ruseTis gamarjvebam saerTaSoriso asparezze kidev ufro gaaqtiura igi. 1813 wlis maisSi rusuli jarebi oTxi mxridan SeiWrnen fSav-xevsureTSi, bevri sofeli aaoxres, alya Semoartyes sofel Satils, sadac egulebodaT aleqsandre batoniSvili, romlis moSorebac aucileblad miaCndaT, radgan is iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da kanonieri xelisuflebis simbolo. qarTveli xalxis Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis ideis dacvas 600 mamuliSvilis sicocxle Seewira. Satili dampyroblebma miwasTan gaaswores. ufliswuli xevsurTa Tavdadebis wyalobiT gausxlta mters da Tavi CrdiloeT kavkasias Seafara. oTxi weli cxovrobda iq qarTveli mamuliSvili, rogor ar cdilobdnen rusebi CeCnebisa da lekebis mosyidvas, magram isini am SeTavazebas gakvirvebiT pasuxobdnen: stumrisa da moyvris Ralati gana SesaZlebeliao?..maT daicves aleqsandre batoniSvilis sicocxle, magram Tavadac bevri iswavles misgan: dampyrobelTa siZulvili da Seurigebeli brZolis paTosi, rac male dasWirdaT antirusuli mravalwliani brZolis gasaCaReblad, romlis Caqroba ruseTs aTiaTasobiT oficrisa da jarisjacis sicocxled daujda.
wyaro a)carizmis oficialuri istorikosi nikoloz dubrovini (1837-1904) saqarTveloSi rusi jariskacebis moqmedebaze:

glexTa saxlebSi purs rom ver naxulobdnen, jariskacebi glexis saqonels da frinvels daereodnen da uangariSod xocavdnen. Rvinos xom svamdnen da svamdnen, rasac ver moereodnen, miwaze Rvridnen, baR-bostnebs Seeseodnen da anadgurebdnen. jariskacTa da oficerTa borotmoqmedebani glexTa awiokebiT rodi isazRvreboda. . isini qalebsac ar indobdnen da qmrebis Tvalwin namuss xdidnen.
Awyaro b) nawyveti kaxel glexTa saCivridan:

sadac ki laSqrobda xelmwifis jari, Cven sursaTi unda migvetana yvelgan,_ gumbrSi, erevanSi da sursaTs vezidebodiT. mivdiodiT sadarajod da saomrad da rogorc saldaTebi anTxevdnen sisxls, ise Cvenc viJlitebodiT... roca urmebis gadasatanad gamoCndebodnen saldaTebi, sakmarisi iyo ori saaTi daggvianeboda xarebis Sebma, rom dedakacebi gamoerekaT da SeebaT uremSi, ormoci urmis magier bargi-barxanas daudebdnen oc uremze, radgan saqoneli uzomod dadebul urems ver ereoda, mogvcvivdebodnen gabrazebuli saldaTebi da gvcemdnen. erTi kviris magier TveobiT veyareT begaraze, an avdari, an Tovli mogviswrebda, saqoneli gvexoceboda da Sin cariel-tarieli vbrundebodiT.

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Awyaro g)kapitani anosovi saqarTveloSi moRvawe rusi moxeleebis Sesaxeb, aleqsandre fronelis wignidan-`amboxeba kaxeTisa~:

`patara moxeleni ise eqceodnen ersa, rogorc mwvelel fursa, sabuTi da ufleba hqondaT ase moqceuliyvnen, radgan didebi uaressa sCadiodnen...`Tevzi Tavidan ayroldebao~, da marTlac, markiz pauliCis dros marTlmsajulebas iseTi kaci udga saTaveSi, rom qarTvelobas ueWvelia daaviwydeboda netarxsenebuli kavalenski, poltavaSi rom gadazida rac-ki Zvirfasi nivTi da samkauli moepoveboda maSindel qarTvelobas. ra znisa da xasiaTisa iyvnen mosamarTleni, iqidan SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinos adamianma, rom TviT daraji kanonisa, saqarTvelos umaRlesis mmarTvelobis prokurori plaxotini... sazogadoebas balalaikis dakvriTa da uwmawuri simRerebiT arTobda, Tanamdebobas ki yuradRebas ar aqcevda, radgan Tanamdebobisa arc Tavi gaegeboda, arc bolo esmoda. generalma tormasovma plaxotini satusaRoSi Caagdo, datusaRebuli prokurori ise gakadnierda, rom xelmwifesTan iCivla, ukanonod momeqca mTavarmmarTebelio. warmoidgineT, aryiT movaWre, balalaikaze damkvreli da uwmawuri leqsebis momRerali prokurori udanaSaulod ucvniaT peterburgSi da gaumarTlebiaT... es ambaviSeatyobina pauliCis iusticiis ministrma_dmitrievma. cecxliviT aenTo markizi, es qaRaldi rom waikiTxa.
Awyaro d)carizmis oficialuri istorikosi nikoloz dubrovini ( 1837-1904) rusi jariskacebis Sesaxeb

glexTa saxlebSi purs rom ver naxulobdnen, jariskacebi glexis sqonels da frinvels daereodnen da uangariSod xocavdnen. Rvinos xom svamdnen da svamdnen, rasac ver moereodnen, miwaze Rvridnen, baR-bostnebs Seeseodnen da anadgurebdnen. jariskacTa da oficerTa borotmoqmedebani glexTa awiokebiT rodi isazRvreboda, isini qalebsac ar indobdnen da qmrebis Tvalwin namuss xdidnen. wyaro d) mTavarmmarTebeli pauliCi kaxeTis ajanyebis Sesaxeb: mTeli kaxeTi da aragvis xeobis mosaxleoba ajanyda, ajanyebulebma miznad daisaxes ananuris cixis aReba, raTa samxedro gziT daamyaron kavSiri CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan, saqme gvaqvs farTo SeTqmulebasTan, romlis meTaurebis mizania rusuli jaris gadadgureba da kavkasiis Camocileba ruseTisgan, Cven CavSaleT es saerTi SeTqmuleba daRestansa da SirvanSi, axla damrCa amocana _ CavaxSo antirusuli ajanyeba kaxeTSi. informacia aleqsandre batoniSvili ( 1770-1844) f o t o erekle mefisa da darejan dedoflis meoTxe vaJi. Tavis cxovrebas aseTi sityvebiT axasiaTebda: `gangrZelebuli tanjva mamulisa CemisaTvis~. da marTlac, mTeli Tavisi sicocxle Seswira rusi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. is ar iyo saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis winaaRmdegi, mxars uWerda georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis Sesrulebas da aprotestebda ruseTis mier saqarTvelos samefos TviTnebur aneqsia-okupacias. misi aRmzrdeli iyo erekles karze moRvawe germaneli swavluli reinegsi. batoniSvili uaRresad ganaTlebuli, diplomati da saukeTeso meomari iyo. rusebi uamrav fuls sTavazobdnen mis mosaklavad, magram ver moaxerxes misi mokvla. batoniSvilis werilebi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebisadmi, mTeli misi cxovreba savsea Tavdadebisa da gmirobis magaliTebiT. is gmirad miaCndaT da eTayvanebodnen... daqorwinda 50 wlis asakSi, SeeZina vaJi erekle, romelic rusebma dedasTan, mariamTan erTad, peterburgSi gadaasaxles. ereklem ruseTSi ver gaZlo da sabolood saqarTveloSi damkvidrda, erekle aleqsandres Ze bagrationi gardaicvala 1882 wels da dakrZalulia sveticxovelSi. Tavad aleqsandre batoniSvili gardaicvala sparseTSi, 1844 wels, ukidures siRaribeSi da dakrZalulia Teiranis somxur eklesiaSi.

1. ra iyo 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis mizezi da mizani? 2. ra saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamoyenebas cdilobdnen ajanyebulebi? 3. daaxasiaTeT kaxeli glexebis mdgomareoba wyaro a_s, b-sa da d-s mixedviT. 4. daaxasiaTeT saqarTveloSi mosamsaxure rusi moxeleebi wyaro g-s mixedviT. 5. daaxasiaTeT aleqsandre batoniSvili. Tqveni azriT, mas piradi interesebi amoZravebda Tu saxelmwifoebrivi? mosazreba daasabuTeT! markiz pauliCi _ filip osipis Ze (1799-1849), markizi, safrangeTisa da ruseTis samxedro moRvawe, general-adiutanti. daibada italiaSi, modenaSi, msaxurobda frangul armiaSi. napoleonis armiis TviTnebobiT ukmayofilo, 1807 wels gadavida ruseTis armiaSi, miiRo podpolkovnikis Cini, 1810 wels dainiSna general-kvartestermeisterad kavkasiis armiaSi, 1812 wels gaxda saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli, erTdroulad uxdeboda am dros warmoebul osmaleTisa da sparseTis omebSi brZola, dajildovda wm. giorgis me-3 klasis ordeniT; Teimuraz batoniSvilis sityviT `pauluCi iyo kaci elami ragvaradac TvaliTa, egreve suliTa da moqmedebiTa~. sisastikiTa da rusuli politikis erTgulebiT sxva mTavarmmarTeblebisagan ar gansxvavdeboda, magram naziarebi ar iyo rusul biurokratiuli mmarTvelobis stils: ver egueboda rusul armiaSi gavrcelebul meqrTameobasa da loTobas. ebrZoda fuliT kavkasiis mmarTveli xanebis mosyidvas. saqarTveloSi misi mosvlisas mZvinvarebda Savi Wiri, amas daemata mousavlianoba da SimSili. mTavarmmarTebelma alRo ver auRo Seqmnil situacias da mdgomareoba kidev ufro gaamZafra: egzekuciebiT scada gadasaxadebis akrefa. kaxeTis ajanyebis dros gadawva mravali sofeli, CamoaxrCo amboxebis mravali monawile, Tumca xmalamoRebul da uSiSar kaxelebs iseTi dapirebebic misca, romelsac mas aravin gaakeTebinebda. `kaxeTSi mSfoTvare suli moispo, mTeli saqarTvelo damSvidebulia~_upatakebda imperators. 1812 wlis omis dawyebisTanave gaiwvies sankt-peterburgSi, magram armiis general barklai de-tolTan uTanxmoebis gamo armiaSi aRar darCa, is dainiSna rigis, finlandiis da kurlandiis samxedro gubernatorad, mogvianebiT, rigaSi, mis mier gaSenebul vermanis baRSi daidga misi Zegli. 1829 wlidan gadavida italiaSi da gaxda piemonis armiis meTauri. gardaicvala 1849 wels, nicaSi.

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imereT-guriis 1819-1820 wlebis ajanyeba qarTveli xalxi verc damoukideblobis dakargvas da verc rusuli mmarTvelobis mier damyarebul usamarTlobas ver egueboda. yvelaze didi gulistkivili gamoiwvia qarTuli eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis warTmevam da mis saTaveSi 1815 wels Seqmnili saqarTvelo-imereTis sinoduri kantoris Cayenebam. kaTalikos-patriarqi anton II gaiwvies ruseTSi. kaTalikosis nacvlad dawesda egzarqosis Tanamdeboba. am Tanamdebobaze pirveli qarTveli mitropoliti, qsnis erisTavTa Camomavali varlam erisTavi iyo, romelsac ar daemorCila dasavleT saqarTvelos samRvdeloeba da ar misca saeklesio qonebis aRricxvis saSualeba. amiT ukmayofilo xelisuflebam varlami ruseTSi gaiwvia da 1818 wels mis adgilze saqarTvelos egzarqosad riazanis episkoposi Teofilaqte rusanovi daniSna. rusanovs qarTuli istoriuli da kulturuli tradiciebis araferi gaegeboda, man scada mTeli saeklesio mmarTvelobis gardaqmna, gadawyvita saeklesio qonebis xazinisaTvis gadacema, eparqiebis minimumamde Semcireba, daawesa rusuli wirva-locva, rasac qarTveli xalxis aRSfoTeba mohyva. imereTis 12 eparqiidan rusanovma sami datova. imereTSi, guriasa da samegreloSi TiTo eparqia unda yofiliyo. samRvdeloebis didi nawili kargavda samuSaos, bevri eklesia gauqmda, bevrs yma-mamulebi CamoerTva. ruseTis mTavroba cdilobda aRewera saeklesio qoneba, es ki saSualebas miscemda_dapatroneboda am qonebas, rasac aqtiurad daupirispirda rogorc qarTveli sasuliero, aseve saero wodeba. ukmayofilebam saerTo-saxalxo ajanyebis saxe miiRo. raWaSi Sekrebilma sazogadoebis farTomasStabianma yrilobam miiRo specialuri mimarTva, sadac ewera: egzarqos Teofilaqtesa da mis xelqveiTebs ganzraxuli aqvT bevri Cveni wminda eklesia daxuron da daangrion, wmindanebis nawilebi da jvrebi CamogvarTvan, CvenTvis mlocveli episkoposebi da mRvdlebi wagvarTvan, saSualebas gvispoben_vadidoT qriste. agarianTa batonobis drosac ar mouyenebiaT CvenTvis aseTi Seuracxyofao... rusuli xelisuflebisagan isini iTxovdnen Teofilaqte rusanovis gadawyvetilebis SeCerebas, qarTveli xalxis qristianuli grZnobebisaTvis pativiscemas. raWvelebma reformis Casatareblad gamogzavnili moxeleebi ar miiRes, gzebi Caxerges, moiTxoves egzarqos rusanovis imereTidan gaZeveba. raWis okrugis ufrosi_maiori cacka Tavisi samxedro razmiT kvaras cixeSi Caiketa da gareT gamosvlas ver bedavda. raWvelebma fici dasdes saerTo da SeTanxmebul moqmedebaze. mRelvareba guriasa da nawilobriv samegrelosac moedo. am dros saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTebeli iyo ermolovi, romelic daRestans utevda da TbilisSi mis movaleobas generali veliaminovi asrulebda. ermolovis brZanebiT man ajanyebis `dasawynareblad~ razmebi gagzavna. ajnyebulebma lozungi_`samSoblos ganTavisufleba~ wamoayenes. maTi azriT, unda aRmdgariyo dasavlur-qarTuli samefo da mas saTaveSi solomon I-is SviliSvili, darejanis vaJi_ivane abaSiZe unda Cadgomoda. SeSinebulma rusulma xelisuflebam, romelsac ukve hqonda mTiuleTisa da kaxeTis ajanyebis mkacri gakveTilebi, mimarTa diplomatiur xerxs: veliaminovma Tbilisidan proklamacia gaugzavna ajanyebul imereTs,_reformebs ar gavatarebT da egzarqos rusanovs imereTidan waviyvanTo. marTlac, reformis gatareba Sewyda, SeSinebuli rusanovic gaZlierebuli dacviT_300 jariskaciTa da artileriiT quTaisidan TbilisSi waiyvanes. amis Semdeg ajanyeba Senelda, magram mTavrobam Secdoma dauSva, xalxs `codvis monanieba~ da imperatoris erTgulebaze daficeba moTxova. aman gaaRiziana dawynarebuli mosaxleoba da ajanyeba ganaxlda. ajanyebulebma scades quTaisis dakaveba, magram rusulma jarma qalaqis yvela Sesasvleli Caketa. 1820 wlis 4 marts, rusebma motyuebiT quTaisSi miiwvies da daapatimres ajanyebis meTaurebad miCneuli mitropolitebi: dosiTeos quTaTeli da eqvTime genaTeli, solomon I-is asuli darejani, sexnia wulukiZe da mdivanbegi daviT miqelaZe. mefed gamocxadebulma ivane abaSiZem moaxerxa gaqceva da Tavi gurias Seafara. am faqtma ajanyebis cecxli kidev ufro gaaZliera.

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patimrebi RamiT TbilisSi waiyvanes, raTa iqidan ruseTSi gaegzavnaT. mitropolitebs xelebi gaukres da Tavze tomrebi Camoacves, ris Sedegadac dosiTeos quTaTeli gzaSi gardaicvala. erTmorwmune, mokavSired da megobrad miCneuli ruseTi ase uswordeboda qarTuli eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebs. imereTis mmarTvelma polkovnikma puzirevskim qaixosro guriels ivane abaSiZis gadacema moTxova, razec uari miiRo. amis Semdeg puzirevski guriaSi damsjeli razmiT Sevida, magram pirvel rigSi Tavad daisaja: Semoqmedis cixisken mimavals win qaixosro gurielis gamogzavnili gurulTa mzveravi razmi Sexvda, man lanZRva dauwyo, erT guruls maTraxic gadahkra, rac gurulebma ar apaties, puzirevski mokles, misi Tanmxlebni ki daapatimres. jaris Sesvlam da damsjeli operaciis amoqmedebam mTeli guria aaRelva da ajanyebis cecxlSi gaxvia. maT gaanadgures guriaSi myofi rusis razmebi da samegrelosken daiZrnen. samegrelos mTavari levan dadiani rusebis mxareze iyo, misi Zma _grigoli ki ajanyebulTa mxares dadga. misi xelmZRvanelobiT ajanyebulebma gza gadauRobes soxumidan momaval satransporto nawils da 1820 wlis 5 maiss, abaSis axlos, TiTqmis mTeli dRis Seupovari brZoliT gaanaxevres rusuli jaris nawilebi. ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi rusuli jari mTliani ganadgurebisagan levan dadianma ixsna. garda imisa, rom brZolebSi uamravi adamiani iRupeboda, tragedia isic iyo, rom rusi samxedroebis waqezebiT TanamoZmeni erTmaneTs mtrad uxdebodnen, rasac qarTvelebisTvis mZime Sedegebi mosdevda. es iwvevda undoblobisa da siZulvilis daTesvas, adamianebis gadakidebas, eris gaTiSvasa daAerovnuli Zalebis gafantvas. guriasa da samegreloSi gaCaRebulma brZolebma ajanyebis axali azvirTeba gamoiwvia imereTSi. 1820 wlis zafxulSi aq guriidan gadmovida ivane abaSiZe da brZolas Caudga saTaveSi. mdinare ColaburTan man mTlianad gaanadgura kazakebis sadarajo punqti da rusul jars aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebis saSualeba mouspo. miuxedavad amisa, generalma veliaminovma mainc SeZlo dasavleT saqarTveloSi didi jaris Seyvana da mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg sastiki represiebis dawyeba. samwuxarod, mis mxareze aRmoCnda bevri qarTveli Tavadi. Zala, gavlena, dapirebebi, umecreba Tu rusebisgan motyueba iyo maTi rusebis mxareze gadasvlis mizezi. veliaminovma jer imereTi daikava, Semdeg raWaSi gagzavna 2000 kargad SeiaraRebuli razmi. raWvel ajanyebulebs iaSvili meTaurobda, kvarascixesTan maT didi winaaRmdegobac gauwies rusul jars, magram sbolood ukan, mTebSi daixies. erT-erTi brZolis dros rusebma daatyveves mebrZoli razmis winamZRoli_lomkac leJava, romelsac ermolovis saxeliT CamoxrCoba miusajes. Tavis gadarCenis mizniT, man gasca ajanyebis gegma, daasaxela meTaurebi da miuTiTa ajanyebis qartiaze, romelic inaxeboda mis meuRlesTan, Tavad giorgi wulukiZis mamulSi. qartiiT naTeli gaxda, rom ajanyebis mizani rusebis saqarTvelodan gandevna iyo. qartiaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo ajanyebis gegma, mas xels awerdnen meTaurebi, riTac rusebs maTi monaxva da dasja gauadvildaT. bevri meTaurTagani armiaSic msaxurobda da rusebi ver wamoidgendnen maT Ralats. giorgi wulukiZec rusuli jaris polkovniki da wminda anas ordenis kavaleri iyo. qartiaSi dasaxelebulebma ar icodnen leJavas aRiarebis ambavi, rusebmac xerxs mimarTes: viTom zemo raWaSi midiodnen da zogierTi piris gayola surdaT, miiwvies aTi, qartiaSi dasaxelebuli adamiani. rodesac isini gamocxaddnen, rusebma alya Semoartyes da dapatimreba daupires, imereli Tavadebi mixvdnen raSic iyo saqme, levan wulukiZem xmali iSiSvla da daiyvira: `erTia sicocxle da Tavisuflebao~ da ekveTa mters, magram aTi kaci uricxv jarTan ras gaxdeboda, is da misi ori TanamebrZoli adgilzeve mokles, danarCenebi daWrilebi daatyveves. rusma generlebma imereTis mmarTvelis_gorCakovis meTaurobiT mTel das. saqarTveloSi sastiki angariSsworeba daiwyes: maT daarbies raWa, cecxls misces soflebi, daangries cixe-simagreebi, daapatimres uamravi adamiani, mosaxleobas waarTves iaraRi. kidev ufro didi ubedureba daatyda Tavs imereTisa da guriis mosaxleobas. xaniswyalTan brZolaSi rusebma scades ivane abaSiZis datyveveba, magram ramdenime Setakebis Semdeg abaSiZem ukan daixia da axalcixeSi moaxerxa gadasvla. rac Seexeba gurias, veliaminovma 3200 jariskaciT Seutia Semoqmedis cixes, sadac ajanyebul gurulTa mTavari nawili idga. qarTvelebi uTanasworo da Seurigebel brZolaSi Caebnen, magram sabolood damarcxdnen. rodesac rusebi cixeSi Sevidnen, maT mxolod 5 cocxali meomariRa daxvdaT da isinic xiStebze wamoages. SemdegSi 30

ermolovi Tavis CanawerebSi ase aRwerda guriaSi Catarebul rusul represiebs: `amboxebuli soflebi gavanadgureT da gadavbugeT, baRebi da venaxebi Zirebamde avCexeT, mravali wlis Semdegac ver aRidgenen moRalateni pirvandel mdgomareobas~. didxans gastana damnaSaveebis Zebnam. bevri daapatimres da cimbirSi gadaasaxles, bevrma ver gauZlo da daixoca, mxolod nawili dabrunda samSobloSi. samagierod, uxvad daasaCuqres moRalate Tavadebi_ gurieli da dadiani. levan dadianma sakuTari Zma _grigoli Seipyro da rusebs gadasca. damarcxebis miuxedavad, qarTvelma xalxma dampyroblebs kidev erTxel aCvena, rom erovnul Cagvras verasodes Seurigdeboda, rom saqarTveloSi ar gamoileodnen samSoblosTvis Tavdadebuli adamianebi. ajanyebam aCvena isic, rom rusi dampyroblebi arafriT gansxvavdebodnen baRebisa da venaxebis amkafavi momTabare Turq-selCukebisa da osmalo-yizilbaSebisagan da rom saqarTvelos maT xelSi mSvidoba ar ewera.

wyaro a) qarTvelebi da rusi moxeleebi gr. giorgaZis wignidan `sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi (1864-1905)~ : ` 1886 wels Jurnal `vestnik evropaSi~ daibeWda werili..., romelic iseT warmodgenas qmnida qarTvelebze, rom viTom maT Soris cxovreba da moRvaweoba saSiSi ram iyo, da Tu amas vinme gaakeTebda, es did Tavganwirvad da samSoblosadmi gansakuTrebul damsaxurebad unda CaTvloda. yvela rusi moxele, romelic saqarTveloSi samsaxurisaTvis moemgzavreboda, fiqrobda, rom midis iseT qveyanaSi, sadac xanjlebiT da danebiT kacis gafuSva da mokvla did siamovnebasa da vaJkacobas Seicavda, amitom, kavkasiaSi gamomgzavrebisas naTesav-megobrebi mas dakargulad sTvlidnen, viTom is omSi miemgzavreboda kavkasiel avazakebTan sabrZolvelad da masac didi vaJkacobiT mohqonda Tavi, rom aseT saSiS qveyanaSi miemgzavreba TviTmpyrobelobisa da marTlmadideblobis gansamtkiceblad.

1. ermolovis sityvebidan ra daskvna gamogaqvT qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg mimarTul rusul agresiaze 2. rogor migaCniaT, risTvis iyo gamiznuli saeklesio qonebis aRwera da ra qonebaze iyo saubari? 3. Tqveni azriT, ratom axasiaTebdnen rusuli samTavrobo gazeTebi da moxeleebi saqarTvelos ase CamorCenil qveynad?

poto _ vasil aleqsandres-Ze (1836-1912), cnobili rusi samxedro istorikosi, romlis naSromebSi, miuxedavad oficiozisadmi misi erTgulebisa, Sevida ruseTis mier qarTveli xalxis dapyrobisa da koloniuri Cagvris amsaxveli bevri movlena da faqti. daibada tulis guberniaSi, pirveldawyebiTi samxedro ganaTleba miiRo aqve, Semdeg iricxeboda jer oriolis kadetTa korpusSi, Semdeg ki saTavadaznauro legionSi. 1855 wels poto praporSCikis CiniT amTavrebs saswavlebels da pirdapir midis yirimis omSi, frontze, niJegorodis dragunTa polkis SemadgenlobaSi mebrZoli, igi monawileobda yarsis alyasa da aRebaSi. omis damTavrebis Semdeg potom imogzaura kavkasiaSi, kargad gaecno mas da aqauri STabeWdilebebiT dawera wigni _ `mogonebani kavkasiaSi mogzaurobaze 1853-1856 wlebSi~ 1866-1887 wlebSi poto msaxurobda sxvadasxva samxedro saswavleblebSi, 1887 wlidan is TbilisSia, msaxurobda kavkasiis armiis StabSi sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze. 1899 wlidan gardacvalebamde iyo kavkasiis Stabis samxedro-istoriuli ganyofilebis ufrosi, amasTanave redaqtorobda kavkasiis armiis Stabis yovelwliur Jurnals_`kavkazski sborniks~. iyo general-leitenanti, avtoria wignebisa: `niJegorodis dragunTa polkis istoria~, `rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba kavkasiaSi~ da sxv.

f o t o
ermolovi _aleqsi petres_Ze (1777-1861), rusi samxedro da politikuri moRvawe, infanteriisa da artileriis generali, 1791 wlidan msaxurobda armiaSi, monawileobda poloneTis omSi 1794 wels, sparseTis laSqrobaSi 1796 wels. 1798 wels, rogorc smolenskis oficerTa politikuri wris wevri, daapatimres da samudamo sacxovreblad gadaasaxles kostromaSi, 1801 wels daabruna aleqsandre pirvelma, monawileobda safrangeTTan omSi 1805-1807 wlebSi, Tavi gamoiCina borodinosa da maloiaroslavecis brZolebSi, monawileobda sazRvargareTis laSqrobebSi.1816 wlidan iyo jer calke qarTuli, Semdeg kavkasiuri korpusis meTauri, mTavarsardali saqarTveloSi da, amave dros, sparseTis elCi, atarebda mkacr koloniur politikas. aseTi saxelganTqmuli adamianis kavkasiaSi wamosvlas, Tanac sakuTari surviliT, aravin moeloda. `qedi moixare kavkasiav, ermolovi modis!~_puSkinis am fraziTac Cans rusuli imperiuli ambiciis farTo masStabi. `es xalxi Rirsi ar aris aleqsandre I_is saTno mmarTvelobisa, mas rkinis kverTxi esaWiroeba~_ganacxada ermolovma saqarTveloSi Camosvlisas. xelmZRvanelobda Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa dapyrobas, autaneli sisastikiT eqceoda ajanyebul mosaxleobas. es sisastike gamoiyena man 1819-1820 wlebSic ajanyebul dasavleT saqarTveloSi: misi xelmZRvanelobiTa da brZanebiT generlebma veliaminovma da gorCakovma aaoxres, gadaswves da gadabuges imereTis, guriisa da raWis araerTi sofeli. dekabristebTan kavSiris gamo Tu sparseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gamoCenili uunarobisaTvis 1827 wels nikoloz I-ma samxedro samsaxuridan gadaayena.

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dekabristebi da saqarTvelo 1812 wlis omsa da 1813-1814 wlebis evropul laSqrobebSi, romelic safrangeTis imperatoris_napoleon bonapartes winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, bevri axalgazrda rusi aristokrati monawileobda. maT dainaxes ruseTis katastrofuli CamorCena evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT. am mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad liberal-demokratiuli faseulobebis pativismcemelma ruseTis axalgazrda samxedro aristokratiam gadawyvita qveyanaSi reformebis gatareba, risTvisac Seiqmna faruli politikuri sazogadoebebi. moZraobis liderebma Seadgines proeqtebi ruseTis Semdgomi mowyobis Sesaxeb. maTi midgoma ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali dapyrobili xalxebisadmi iyo carizmis msgavsad reaqciuli da agresiuli, SesaZloa kidev ufro metad daundobeli, rac aqarwylebs miTs imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos ruseTSi romelime politikuri Zala iyo humanuri, sxva erebis interesebis damcveli.
wyaro a) pavle pestelis `russkaia pravda~ kavkasieli xalxebis Sesaxeb, paragrafi 11. kavkasieli xalxebi calkeul samflobeloTa did umravlesobas Seadgenen. isini sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis aRmsarebelni arin, gansxvavebul enebze laparakoben, mravalferovani adaTebi da marTva-gamgeobis wesebi gaaCniaT ; erTmaneTs mxolod erT rameSi, sificxesa da mZarcvelobaSi hgvanan. mudmivma saomarma moqmedebebma, rac am xalxebis cxovrebis wesia, isini gamorCeuli simamaciTa da moxerxebulobiT daajildova. magram cxovrebis igive wesia damnaSave imaSi, rom es xalxebi Zalian Raribni da gaunaTleblebi arian. miwa, romelzedac cxovroben, dalocvilia da ZvelTaganve ganTqmulia imiT, rom aqauri buneba adamianis Sromas uxvad anazRaurebs. es odesRac ayvavebuli da umSvenieresi mxare, dRes gaudaburebulia da naxevrad veluri xalxebiT aris dasaxlebuli. sparseTisa da mcire aziis mosazRvre am mxaris dakaveba ruseTs karg saSualebas miscemda aqtiuri da momgebiani savaWro urTierTobebi daemyarebina samxreT aziasTan da amiT gaemdidrebina saxelmwifo. es yovelive ki imitom ar xerxdeba, rom kavkasieli xalxebi Zalian saSiSi da mSfoTvare mezoblebi da arasaimedo, usargeblo mokavSireebi arian. mxedvelobaSi viRebT ra im garemoebas, rom am xalxebis mSvidobiani xerxebiT moTviniereba SeuZlebelia, saWiroa am miwebze damyardes droebiTi umaRlesi mmarTveloba : 1. aucileblad iqnas dapyrobili yvela xalxi, romlebic cxovroben ruseTis sazRvridan sparseTsa da TurqeTamde gadaWimul miwebze, DdRes TurqeTis qveSevrdomobaSi myofi zRvispireTis CaTvliT. 2. yvela es kavkasieli xalxebi daiyos or kategoriad : mSvidobianebad da mRelvareebad. pirvelebi datovebul iqnan TavianT sacxovrebel adgilebze, oRond davumyaroT maT rusuli wyobileba da mmarTveloba; meoreni davanawiloT mcire jgufebad da CavasaxloT ruseTis SuagulSi mdebare sxvadasxva rusul samflobeloebSi. 3. kavkasiur miwebze davaarsoT rusuli dasaxlebebi. iq Casaxlebul rusebs sakuTrebaSi gadavceT mRelvare kavkasielebisaTvis CamorTmeuli miwebi. am xerxiT, kavkasiaSi waiSalos yovelgvari niSanwyali uwindeli (anu axlandeli) mcxovreblebisa da es mxare keTilmowyobil rusul olqad gadaiqces. am RonisZiebebis gatarebis yvela detali droebiT umaRles mmarTvelobas daeqvemdebaros da misi gankargulebiT ganxorcieldes. kiTxvebi: 1. gaixseneT 1802-1820 wlebSi mimdinare qarTveli xalxis antirusuli ajanyebebi da CamoayalibeT Tqveni azri, romel kategoriaSi moxvdebodnen qarTvelebi : mSvidobianebsa Tu mRelvareebSi ? 2. rogor SeafasebdiT dekabristebis damokidebulebas patara erebisadmi da Seqmnidnen Tu ara isini evropuli tipis progresul rusul saxelmwifos, rac maTi brZolis mTavari ideali iyo ?

dekabristebi_rusi revolucionerebi, rusuli samxedro aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic monawileobdnen napoleonTan omSi, Semdeg ki, 1813-1814 wlebSi, ruseTis mier mowyobil evropul samxedro eqspediciaSi. ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg maT gadawyvites TavianTi qveynis ganviTareba da evropuli reformebis gatareba, rac ase advili ar iyo ruseTisnair Jandarmul qveyanaSi. am mizniT, dekabristebma Camoayalibes faruli sazogadoebebi: `CrdiloeTis sazogadoeba~_ peterburgSi da `samxreTis sazogadoeba~ odesaSi. am sazogadoebebs xelmZRvanelobdnen pavle pesteli da aleqsandre muraviovi. dekabristebs es saxeli daerqvaT imis gamo, rom maTi ajanyeba dagegmili iyo 1825 wlis 14 dekembrisaTvis, rodesac imperator nikoloz I-is taxtze asvlis ceremonia tardeboda peterburgis senatis moedanze. ajanyebulebs surdaT monarqiis Secvla respublikuri, an konstituciur-monarqiuli wyobilebiT. dekabristebis ajanyeba sastikad iqna CaxSobili, xuTi dekabristi, maT Soris pesteli da poeti kondrate rileevi, ajanyebis organizaciisaTvis petre-pavles cixeSi CamoaxrCves. CamoxrCobili 5 organizatoris garda, uamravi adamiani gadaasaxles cimbirsa da kavkasiaSi, katorRaSi axalgazrda rus oficrebs colebic gahyvnen, rac aisaxa puSkinis cnobil leqsSi_ dekabristebis colebisadmi. pesteli_pavle ivanes Ze (1793-1826). daibada moskovSi, didi moxelis ojaxSi, iyo polkovniki, dekabristebis erT-erTi lideri, 1812 wlis omisa da 1813-1814 wlebis sazRvargareTis laSqrobis monawile; 1816 wels Sevida `xsnis kavSirSi~ da iyo misi wesdebis mTavari avtori; 1818 wels tulCinoSi Camoyalibda `keTildReobis kavSiri~, sadac miRebuli iqna respublikuri mmarTvelobis programa, moiTxovda da asabuTebda mefisa da misi ojaxis sikvdiliT dasjas. 1821 wels Seqmna da saTaveSi Caudga dekabristebis samxreTis kavSirs, cdilobda mis gaerTianebas

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CrdiloeTis kavSirTan. iyo avtori Sromisa_`russkaia pravda~, sadac asabuTebda ruseTSi politikuri da socialuri gardaqmnebis aucileblobas, moiTxovda batonymobis gauqmebas, glexobisTvis miwis gadacemas, wodebrivi privilegiebis gauqmebas da sxva. am dokumentSi gamoTqmuli aqvs reaqciuli Tvalsazrisi kavkasieli xalxebis Sesaxeb. daapatimres 1825 wlis 13 dekembers, tulCinoSi, oTx sxva dekabristTan erTad CamoaxrCves petre- pavles cixeSi. muraviovi_aleqsandre nikolozis Ze (1792-1863), dekabristi, 1810 wels daamTavra moskovis universiteti, iyo 1812 wlis ruseT-safrangeTis omisa da 1813-1814 wlebis sazRvargareTis laSqrobebis monawile; 1815 wlidan gvardiis genStabis polkovniki, 1816 wels daaarsa `xsnis kavSiri~, 1817 wels gaxda samxedro sazogadoebis wevri, 1817 wels daafuZna `keTildReobis kavSiri~ da misi moskovis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli gaxda, 1818 wels gadadga samsaxuridan. male farul sazogadoebasac CamoSorda. `1826 wels gaasamarTles dekabristebis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT da cimbirSi gadaasaxles. gardaicvala 1863 wels, moskovSi.

1832 wlis SeTqmuleba XIX saukunis I mesamedSi qarTuli saxelmwifos kidev erTi aRdgenis cda iyo 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. antirusuli ajanyebebis damarcxebam qarTveli patriotebi da politikosebi im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom saWiro iyo ara kuTxuri, lokaluri, aramed saerTo-qarTuli masStabis brZola. amasTanave, ajanyeba winaswar unda momzadebuliyo. am mizniT, 1825-1826 wlebSi, peterburgsa da moskovSi Seiqmna faruli wreebi. peterburgSi farul sazogadoebas dimitri iulonis Ze, moskovSi ki_ oqropir giorgis Ze bagrationi meTaurobda. peterburgis wris garSemo Tavi moiyares: dimitri da vaxtang orbelianebma, giorgi, dimitri da elizbar erisTavebma, aleqsandre ColoyaSvilma, solomon razmaZem da sxvebma, moskovis wreSi gaerTiandnen: giorgi erisTavi, daviT orbeliani, solomon dodaSvili da sxv. mogvianebiT SeTqmulebma TavianTi saqminobis centri TbilisSi gadmoitanes. izrdeboda SeTqmulTa wre da SeTqmulTa masStabebi. masSi monawileobdnen: aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol orbeliani, dimitri yifiani, Tekla da Tamar batoniSvilebi... 1829 wels oqropiri Camovida TbilisSi, gaicno elizbar erisTavi, solomon dodaSvili, aleqsandre orbeliani da sxva xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic saTaveSi edgnen TbilisSi Camoyalibebul farul organizacias. ufliswul oqropiris daxmarebiT berma filadelfos kiknaZem Seadgina faruli sazogadoebis wesdeba _`aqti goniuri~. qarTvel SeTqmulTa sazogadoeba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda poloneTis ajanyebis Semdeg. rodesac polonelma patriotebma varSava aiRes, elizbar erisTavi da sxva SeTqmulni moiTxovdnen saswrafod miebaZaT maTTvis da daewyoT swrafi moqmedeba rusuli jarisa da xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg.solomon dodaSvilma mimarTva-proklamaciac Seadgina qarTveli xalxisadmi. daiwyes mokavSireebis Ziebac rogorc evropaSi, aseve iran-osmaleTSic. arcerTi SeTqmuli ar eTanaxmeboda ruseTTan raime molaparakebis gamarTvas, amas dimitri da oqropir bagrationebic uaryofdnen, radgan kargad icodnen,rom ruseTis mTavrobas saqarTvelos samefos aRdgenaze laparakic ki did danaSaulad miaCnda. TiTqmis yvela SeTqmuli mxars uWerda SeiaraRebul ajanyebas. poloneTis ajanyebis marcxma da ruseTis Catarebulma represiebma qarTvelTa paTosi da SemarTeba erTgvarad Caacxro, magram cota xnis Semdeg sabrZolo suliskveTeba isev gauCndaT. SeTqmulebma ajanyebis dawyebis TariRic daTqves: rusuli jarisTvis da moxeleebisTvis cecxli unda gaexsnaT 20 noembers, rodesac tardeboda Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa marSlisa da sakrebulos deputatTa arCevnebi. Semdeg es TariRi Seicvala 20 dekembriT. aqtiuri kavSiri damyarda sparseTSi myof aleqsandre bagrationTan, romelic cdilobda antirusuli koaliciis Seqmnas sparseTis Sahisa da egviptis sulTanis_mohamed-alisagan. qarTvelTa bunebriv mokavSired gaiazreboda ruseTis winaaRmdeg amxedrebuli CeCneT-daRestanic. SeTqmulebi winaswar gegmavdnen aRdgenili saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv formas. ZiriTad nawils surda konstituciuri tipis monarqia, mcire nawili ki respublikur mmarTvelobas uWerda mxars. am jgufis saTaveSi solomon dodaSvili idga. SeTqmulTa sazogadoebam Seadgina `pirveli Ramis gankarguleba~, anu samoqmedo gegma. SeTqmuleba moulodnelad gasca iase falavandiSvilma. man Zmas, Tbilisis samoqalaqo gubernators_niko falavandiSvils, viTomdac SeTqmulTa mxares gadmosayvanad, gaando faruli sazogadoebis gegma. iase falavandiSvilis saqcieli gaugebari da gaumarTlebeli iyo. is Zmis SeTqmulebaSi CarTvis winaaRmdeg yovelTvis 33

gamodioda. imasac ki amtkicebda, rom nikos Tavidan moSoreba ajobebda da mis mokvlas TviTon kisrulobda. amdenad, misi saqcieli miuTiTebs, rom iase falavandiSvili an specialurad iyo rusebis mier Segzavnili SeTqmulTa banakSi, anda, bunebiT moRalatem, SeTqmuleba sakuTari nebiT gasca. mas yvela patimarze kargi pirobebi hqonda gadasaxlebaSi, aRarc samSobloSi dabruneba ucdia, Tumca amis ufleba mTavrobisgan miiRo. cxovrobda CrdiloeT ruseTis mivardnil provinciaSi da iq Casul rus istorikossa da mwerals_sergei maqsimovs uxsnida, rogor uyvarda bavSvobidan ruseTi, rogor ar moswonda qarTveli Tavadebi da a. S. amgvari azrovnebis kacisagan Ralati arc gasakviri araa. 1834 wels samxedro sasamarTlom 13 SeTqmuls sasikvdilo ganaCeni gamoutana. eseni iyvnen: elizbar erisTavi, aleqsandre orbeliani, solomon dodaSvili, dimitri erisTavi, luarsab da vaxtang orbelianebi, zaqaria ColoyaSvili da sxva. SemdegSi nikoloz I moerida qarTvel patriotTa saqmis gaxmaurebas da ganaCeni imperiis Soreul regionebSi gadasaxlebiT Secvala. gadasaxlebulTa Soris iyvnen: aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol orbeliani, Tamar iulonis asuli, Tekla bagrationi, solomon razmaZe, giorgi erisTavi, dimitri yifiani da sxv. carizmis SedarebiT lmobieri sasjeli ramdenime garemoebiT unda aixsnas: 1. poloneTis ajanyebis Caqrobisas gamoCenilma sisastikem, represiebma, ruseTis saimperio reJims kidev ufro Seuryia avtoriteti. qveynis SigniT axali sisxliani angariSsworeba evropis progresulad moazrovne adamianebis protestsa da ruseTis reputaciis Selaxvas gamoiwvevda; 2. SeTqmulebis periodi daemTxva ruseTis oms CrdiloeT kavkasiis dasamorCileblad, sadac ZiriTad Zalas da carizmis dasayrdens qarTveli Tavadaznauroba warmoadgenda. xelisuflebas maTi ganawyeneba Zviri daujdeboda; 3. saqarTveloSi ukve momxdarma antirusulma ajanyebebma naTeli gaxada, rom qarTvel xalxs ruseTi iaraRiT ver daaCoqebda, daTmobiTa da patiebiT ki, Tavadaznaurobas ufro gaierTgulebda. amitom, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba xelisuflebam ara politikur aqtad, aramed `ramdenime Tavadis borot ganzraxvad~ monaTla. marTalia, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba damarcxda, magram man seriozuli gavlena moaxdina saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobaze da Semdgomi Taobis erovnul cnobierebaze. misi mizani iyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena. SeTqmulebi iyvnen Tavisi droisaTvis progresulad moazrovne adamianebi, icnobdnen dasavleT evropis ganmanaTleblur ideebs. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba farTo sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraobis xasiaTs atarebda da safuZvels uyrida erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis Semdgom etaps saqarTveloSi.
wyaro a) 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawileni TavianTi miznebis Sesaxeb: 1. solomon dodaSvili: qveynis daarsebiTgan mamulsa Cvensa aqvnda sakuTari mdgomareoba, aqvnda Tvisni sjulni, Tvisi sarwmunoeba, Tvisi ena da Tvisi Cveuleba da hyvanda yovelsa drosa sakuTari Tvisi xelmwife... aw xedavT damxobasa da araraobas a mamulisa Cvenisasa, hgrZnobT Seiwroebasa yovlisa kacisasa. raisTvis ars ese esreT, nuTu Cven ara varT Svilni mama-papaTa CvenTani, nuTu Cven ar ZalgviZs Senaxva mamulisa Cvenisa, nuTu Cven ara gvaqvs simxne da Zali eseodeni, raodenic Cvensa mamaTa anu sxvaTa msgavsTa kacTa, maSa raisTvis cocxalvarT. 2. aleqsandre orbeliani: SeTqma ise unda momxdariyo, rom mTeli kavkasia Savi zRvidan moyolebuli kaspiis zRvamde, sruliad mTebisa da baris xalxi unda gaverTianebuliyaviT da erTiani aRreuloba mogvexdina. wyaro Bb)arCil jorjaZe 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa Sesaxeb: CvenSiac iyo 1832 weli. Cvenebur mamuliSvilebs swaddaT saqarTvelos `ganTavisufleba~, magram ra bavSvuri da gulubryvilo iyo maTi maTi ocneba da politikuri azrovneba!.. xolo SemdegSi, rodesac ocnebas FrTebi SemoaWres, ra male damSviddnen, ra warmatebiT da gulmodginebiT emsaxurebodnen samoqalaqo Tu samxedro asparezze imav mTavrobas, romlis winaaRmdeg guSin ilaSqrebdnen SeniSvna: arCil jorjaZe(1872-1913)_politikuri da sazgado moRvawe, publicisti, socialistur-federalisturi partiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli. wyarog) generali ivane afxazi ruseTis mier dapyrobili qarTveli xalxis Sesaxeb. 1830w. : `awindeli Cveni sazogadoeba aris mkvdari mamulisaTvis. hscxovneben usagnod, daexetebian ugzod, yoveli fiqrobs sakuTari Tavis sargeblobisaTvis, romelisa misaRebad ara mihxedaven arca sircxvilsa, arca upatiursa gzasa, angareba aris maTTvis Tayvansacemi kerpi, romliTac gvekargeba patiosneba. garna nu ggonia, romel ese iyos bunebiTi Tviseba qarTvelTa. ara! ese ars mxolodnayofi ocdaaTi wlis morCilebisa!...

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wyaro d) generali ivane afxazi, 1831 weli: RmerTo, nu miiyvan rusebs iseT ganwirulebamde, rom iZulebulni gaxdnen datovon saqarTvelo, radgan igi myisve gadaiqceva uwesobis, Sinagani ganxeTqilebis da dauZinebeli mtrebis msxverplad. Tqven axalgazrdano! yoveli RonisZiebiT unda ecadoT siketes mamulisaTvis; pirvelad unda iswavloT, goneba ganinaTloT, maSin dainaxavT da gaasworebT yovels naklulevanebas, amitom vambob, rom RmerTma nu inebos saqarTvelos dateveba rusTagan as wlamdis. maSin saqarTvelos ukve eyoleba swavluli kacebi, sazogadoeba Seicvleba igrZnobs yovel saWiroebas, da yoveli axali sasargeblo sqme advilad aRsruldeba. wyaro e) rostom CxeiZe: peCoraSi gadasaxlebuli iase falavandiSvilis saubari rus mweral_sergei maqsimovTan, wignidan: `iase ianusi~, gv.34-35: `TiTqos nostalgiiT unda ixsenebdes mTxrobeli im garemosa da aristokratTa wres, romlis sisxli sisxlTagani da xorci xorcTagania TviTonac, magram nostalgias bevrad sWarbobs gaRizianeba, rac amden weliwadsa da iqaurobidan mowyvetasac ver gaunelebia. da arc ucxo kacs erideba, qarTvel Tavad-aznaurobaze cudi STabeWdileba ar darCeso. sworedac rom amas mieltvis, rus mwerals guli auyaros qarTvel aristokratebze. SeuZlebelia, iseTi miamiti iyos, angariSs ar uwevdes, visTan ras laparakobs, da ver xvdebodes, rom misi kriticizmi TvistomTa mimarT, erTiaTad mZafri gamoCndeba ucxoeli Tanamosaubris TvalSi... arada, Tavsac ver ikavebs gakenwvlisagan da es detali, cota ar iyos, ucnauri gveCveneba, axali Strixi Cndeba peCoris Tavadis pirovnul xasiaTSi, wmindanis SaravandiT gasxivosnebuli kacisaTvis arcTu Sesaferisi. _ qarTvel aristokratias simdidriTa da brwyinvalebiT aRbeWdili cxovreba uyvarda. mxolod am survilis dakmayofilebaze fiqrobdnen da sxva araferze, TviT mosalodnel materialur gaCanagebazec ki. raRac ucnauri Jini fufunebisa da gancxromisa dRiTidRe uZlierdebodaTo... rusul saliteraturo mimoqcevaSi qarTveli kacis saxeliT ratom unda datrialebuliyo qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis _ tragikuli da TavisuflebismaZiebeli adamianebis _ Rirsebis SembRalavi striqonebi?.. Rirsebad ufro iTvlebodao, _ rom eubneboda, moadevnebda: ise amaTgan ara erTi da ori marTlac mefeTa _ vaxtang IV-isa da giorgis _ pirdapiri STamomavali iyo. es is giorgia, romelmac saqarTvelo ruseTs gadasca da am ukanaskneli mefis Svilebs pirdapir sulSi iZvrendnen. didgvarovanTa ojaxebSi moxvedra arc ise advili iyo da iq adamianebs imis mixedviT afasebdnen, Tu ra niSniTa da xarisxiT iyvnen daaxlovebulni kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardalTano. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis mizezebsa da garemoebebSi ufro Rrmad garkveuli adamiani, cxadia, giorgi XII-s ar miawerda ruseTisaTvis saqarTvelos gadacemas da dauridebladac ganucxadebda Tanamosaubres, sinamdvileSi aTwleulobiT mzaddeboda Cemi samSoblos dapyroba Seni samSoblos mier da formalurad mohyva mxolod mefe giorgis gardacvalebaso. Tuki pirSi Tqmas moerideboda, sul ar axsenebda arc qveynis ukanasknel mefesa da arc im dokuments, romelic ar gaformebula da, maSasadame, arc oficialuri Tu saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba SeuZenia~. ivane afxazi_generali ivane nikolozis Ze afxazi (1764-1832);generlis mama iyo mxatvari nikoloz afxazi, romelsac mouxatavs ananuris kankeli da aqve ganuaxlebia cameti asureli mamis freska (platon ioseliani, cxovreba giorgi mecametisa, akaki gawerelias gamocema, 1936 weli). ivane afxazis smxedro kariera adre daiwyo, 1812 wels is ukve maioris CiniT ibrZoda lenqoranTan rusul jarTan erTad, aq gamoCenili mamacobisaTvis miiRo rusuli armiis didi jildo_ wminda giorgis me-4 xarisxis ordeni. 1821 wels gaxda polkovniki. amave wels dainiSna qarTvel grenaderTa polkis komandirad. rodesac afxazeTSi mTavrad dajda dimitri ServaSiZe, ivane afxazi sagangebo razmiT gaemarTa mis dasaxmareblad, raTa ganedevna arslan-bei, romelsac surda afxazeTis taxtis xelSi Cagdeba. ivane afxazma miaRwia soxumamde da gafanta arslan-beis momxreebi. 1827 wels igi dainiSna general pankratievis korpusis Stabis ufrosad. 1829 wlidan general-maioria; ivane afxazi iTvleboda amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis provinciebis samxedro-samxareo ufrosad. 1830 wels daawynara meamboxe mTielebi (Tagaurebi). ivane afxazi 1832 wels poloneTSi gaiwvia iq samuSaod gamwesebulma (mefisnacvlad daniSnulma) grafma ivane Tevdores Ze paskeviCma (17821856), romelic manamde saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli (1827-1831) da kavkasiis jarebis sardali iyo. amdenad, is kargad icnobda da afasebda qarTvel generals, ris gamoc miiwvia poloneTSi samuSaod. ivane afxazi poloneTSi Casvlamde, gzaSi gardaicvala.

1. ra dokumentia da vis ekuTvnis `aqti goniuri~ ? 2. ram ubiZga qarTvel aristokratias faruli SeTqmulebisa da ajanyebisaken? 3. vin gasca SeTqmuleba? 4. Tu ruseTis xelisuflebam CamoaxrCo dekabristebi da sastiki angariSi gauswora rogorc maT Tanamoazreebs, aseve poloneTis ajanyebis monawileebs, ratom ar gamoiyena igive sisastike qarTveli SeTqmulebisadmi? 5. ra iyo 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Sedegi? 6. ras sayvedurobs SeTqmulebis organizatorebs arCil jorjaZe da ras gulisxmobs am sayvedurSi? 7. ra winaaRmdegobas xedavT generlis gamonaTqvamebSi da dapyrobili qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rogori azrovneba ikiTxeba dokumentebSi? 8. rogor axasiaTebs iase falavandiSvils rus mweralTan qarTvel Tavadebze gamoTqmuli azri da rogoria Tqveni Sexeduleba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis gamcem, ruseTSi wmindanad Seracxul adamianze?

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guriis 1841 wlis ajanyeba 1841 wlis maisSi daiwyo ajanyeba guriaSi. guriis ajanyebis mizezi iyo rusuli administraciisa da sasamarTlos daweseba da am cvlilebebiT gamowveuli mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gauareseba. mTavrobamM gurulebs axali begara-gadasaxadebi Seawera, rac fulis saxiT unda gadaexadaT. mosaxleobas ar hqonda rusuli fuli, aikrZala osmaluri fulis gamoyeneba, romelic qobuleT-baTumis siaxlovis gamo aqac vrceldeboda. dadioda xma, TiTqos mTavroba savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris SemoRebas da xalxis jarSi gawvevas apirebda. ajanyeba daiwyo sofel akeTSi, saidanac gadasaxadebis amkrefi moxeleebi gayares. ajanyeba mTel gurias da mimdebare imereTsac moedo. ajanyebulebma daikaves guriis regionis strategiuli adgilebi. mTavarmarTebelma golovinma daRestnis frontidan moxsna da guriaSi gamogzavna polkovniki brusilovi, romelmac moaxerxa samazro centrSi_ozurgeTSi Sesvla, magram amboxebulebisgan guria-quTaisis gzis gawmenda ver SeZlo. 9 agvistos didi brZola moxda sofel gogoreTSi. brZolaSi brusilovi damarcxda da ozurgeTSi gabrunda. ajanyebulebma momdevno dRes SekveTilis cixe aiRes, rusi jariskacebi, romlebic cixeSi iyvnen, gauSves, maTi iaraRi da sursaT-sanovage ki Tavad daitoves. 11 agvistos glexebma alya Semoartyes sisastikiT gamorCeul Tavad nakaSiZis mamuls. nakaSiZe RamiT gaiqca da misi mamuli ajanyebulebs darCa. ajanyebulTa am warmatebulma brZolebma ozurgeTi mowyvita guriis danarCen Temebs, gadaiketa gza foTiyulevisa da quTaisisken. mTel guriaSi, ozurgeTs garda, gauqmda rusuli xelisufleba da yovelgvari mmarTveloba. brusilovi ozurgeTSi Caketili aRmoCnda. ozurgeTis garnizonis gamosaxsnelad gaemarTa samegrelos mTavari, magram ajanyebulebma sof. gogoreTTan dadiani sastikad daamarcxes. aseTive bedi ewia imereTidan rusebis dasaxmareblad Casul wereTelsac. dasavleT saqarTveloSi rusebi kritikul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: am dros CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi rusuli jarebi ebrZodnen Samils, afxazeTidan utevdnen CerqezTa tomebs_ubixebsa da SafsuRebs, eCvenebodaT, rom Cerqezebi da gurulebi maT winaaRmdeg erTiandebodnen. amasTanave, gurulebma kavSiri gaabes qobuleTis mmarTvel_hasan-begTan, romelic jariT unda miSveleboda maT, Tumca brusilovma mas miugzavna mociqulebi da oqroTi moisyida. brusilovis gamosaxsnelad da guriis ajanyebis Casaqrobad xelisuflebam gagzavna polkovniki arRuTinski-dolgorukovi, romelic didi jariT Coxataurisken daiZra. Svidi dRis manZilze rusulma jarma da qarTulma miliciam gawmindes foTi-yulevisa da quTaisis gza. 31 agvistos arRuTinski-dolgorukovi SeuerTda ewerSi dabanakebul wereTels. 1 seqtembers ajanyebulebma ieriSi miitanes ozurgeTze. brZolas meTaurobdnen bolqvaZe da gugunava. Seteva iseTi Zlieri iyo, rom alyaSemortymuli rusis jari panikam moicva, magram dabneuloba male artileriis cecxlis gaxsniT Seicvala da ramdenime saaTis Semdeg rusuli garnizonis upiratesoba aSkara gaxda. ajanyebulebma 150 kaci dakarges, Tumca brZola ar SeuwyvetiaT, magram saRamos ukan daixies. maT meore dres brusilovTan molaparakeba gamarTes, winadadeba misces_daetovebina ozurgeTi. brusilovma icoda, rom arRuTinski-dolgorukovi moemarTeboda mis dasaxmareblad, amitom ar daTanxmda ajanyebulTa winadadebas, cota xnis Semdeg maTac gaiges damxmare Zalis moaxloebaze, moxsnes ozurgeTis alyidan saukeTeso Zalebi da arRuTinski-dolgorukovis Sesakaveblad gagzavnes nagomari-Coxatauris mimarTulebiT, maT specialurad gaamagres da didZal xalxs mouyares Tavi nasakiralTan, fiqrobdnen, rom aq mouwevdaT generaluri brZolis Catareba rusul jarTan, romelsac qarTuli miliciac exmareboda. arRuTinskim gaigo ra ajanyebulTa am taqtikis Sesaxeb, moxerxebul manevrs mimarTa: nasakiralTan ori aseuli da samasi milicioneri gagzavna wereTlis meTaurobiT, viTom aq apirebda generalur brZolas, magram ufro didi Zala, nasakiralis gverdis avliT, ozurgeTisken daZra. man es gza guruli Tavadebis megzurobiT gaiara da 7 seqtembers miadga ozurgeTs. ajanyebulebi ormxriv cecxlSi moxvdnen, moulodneli SeteviT ar daibnen da brZolas mainc ar SeuSindnen, isini gaafTrebuli icavdnen saalyo xazs. ra mamacoba eyofodaT saxalxo razmebs regularul jarTan,artileriasa da cxenosan polkebTan brZolaSi, rodesac isini gacilebiT mravalricxovannic iyvnen! Tanac, ajanyebulTa mTavari Zalebi am dros nasakiralTan imyofebodnen. ajanyeba damarcxda. uamravi adamiani daiRupa, umravlesobam tyes Seafara Tavi, bevri 36

daiWires da daapatimres. arRuTinski-dolgorukovi Tavis oficrebs da aRdgenil rusul administracias mTavari damnaSaveebisa da ajanyebis xelmZRvanelTa gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT dasjas Txovda. zogi CamovaxrCoT, zogi mwyobrSi gavataroT, zogi sapyrobileSi CavsvaT an jariskacad gaviyvanoTo. ajanyebis yvelaze TvalsaCino xelmZRvaneli_abesa bolqvaZe rusebma SepyrobisTanave mokles. guriis 1841 wlis ajanyeba, romelsac uamravi adamianis sicocxle emsxverpla, iyo qarTveli xalxis erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis Semadgeneli nawili, rusuli TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg Tavdadebuli brZolis kidev erTi magaliTi.

wyaro a) luiji magaroto, italieli mwerali da mecnieri, wignidan: `saqarTvelos aneqsia ruseTis mier (1783-1801)~. `XIX saukunis I aTeuli wlebis rusul politikur azrovnebaSi rogorc imperiaSi Semavali ararusi xalxebisadmi, aseve mosazRvre mcire qveynebisadmi dampyrobluri da imperiuli damokidebuleba iyo gabatonebuli. es iTqmis rogorc caristul da sxva konservatiul, aseve liberalur, Tu lamis revoluciur wreebze dekabristebis CaTvliT. SeiZleba davsZinoT, rom dapyroba-Zaladobaze damyarebuli urTierTobis amgvar ideas mxurvaled iziarebdnen rogorc jarSi momsaxure moazrovneebi, aseve rusuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris_ mravali liberalurad ganwyobili mwerali, puSkinis CaTvliT, romelmac Tavisi poemis_`kavkasiis tyve~_epilogSi xotbac ki Seasxa rusi generlebis kolonialistur oms kavkasiaSi. marTalia, zogierTi moazrovne ar TanaugrZnobda puSkinis aRtacebas rusuli jaris ZaladobiT (o, kotliarevski, kavkasiis Solto! sadac ki gaCndi elvad da mexad_ iq Seni misvla Savi WiriviT acamtverebda da spobda tomebs! ) da akritikebda mas xelisuflebis winaSe mliqvnelobisa da qedis moxrisaTvis (poeti da kritikosi petre viazemski, sxvaTa Soris puSkinis megobari, mas imaSi adanaSaulebda, rom `sisxliT SebRala Tavisi poemis bolo striqonebi~), magram aseTi adamianebi iSviaTobas warmoadgendnen da, cxadia, isini ver aRudgebodnen win ruseTis sazogadoebaSi gamefebul saerTo suliskveTebas.~

SeniSvna: kotliarevski_rusi generali (1782-1852), romelsac, or sxva generalTan,_dimitri cicianovTan da al. ermolovTan erTad, puSkinma xotba Seasxa poemaSi_`kavkasiis tyve~. wyaro b) mefisnacvlis 1863-1871 w. w. moxsenebidan ruseTis imperatorisadmi: `qarTvelebi kargad grZnoben, rom maT uruseTod ar SeuZliaT; amasTanave isini gatacebuli xalxia da maT ara aqvT nebisyofa mtkice gzas daadgnen da erTi mimarTuleba daicvan. amitom, radgan zogierT wreebSi mainc sufevs separatiuli suliskveTeba, da, meore mxriT, aqac gavlena aqvs saerTo ruseTis revolucionur moZraobas, saWiroa gansakuTrebuli zomebi. aseT zomad aRebuli unda iqnas: 1. did damnaSaveTa gadacema samxedro sasamarTloze, da es ufleba unda mieniWos mTavarmmarTebels; 2. maZebari policiis SemoReba; 3. damnaSaveTa gadasaxleba ara cimbirSi, saidanac isini xSirad iparebian, aramed saxalinis kunZulze. amasTan erTad, administraciaSi da kerZoT policiaSi rusuli elementebis gaZliereba, policiisTvis meti uflebebis micema, radgan adgilobrivi elementebi saimedoni ar arian...~ wyaro g) quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris 1899 wlis `uqveSevrdomiles saidumlo moxsenebidan~: gr. giorgaZis wignidan _sazogadoebrivi urTieroba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, 1928 w., gv. 260. `exla me mivedi im mtkice daskvnamde, rom mcxovrebTa umetesoba taxtis erTgulia, magram sazogadoebis erTi nawilis garegnul erTgulebaze damyareba SeuZlebelia... sazogadoebaSi arsebobs viwro patriotuli mimdinareoba, risi Sedegi aris is, rom sazogadoebis erTi nawili yovelive rusuls zizRiT uyurebs da am mimarTulebiT saidumlo muSaobasac awarmoebs... unda aRvniSno, rom am wlis ganmavlobaSi soxumis olqSi adgili hqonda samrevlo skolebSi rusuli enis da agreTve slavianurad wirva-locvis winaaRmdeg saidumlo galaSqrebas, magram am muSaobas ar hqonda niadagi, radgan samurzayanos da afxazeTis mcxovrebT araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT qarTvelebTan, romelnic mosuli elementia. am moZraobis xelmZRvanelebi arian zogi uvicni maswavleblebi da publicistebi, romelT mxars uWers saqarTvelos samRvdeloeba... saWiroa samRvdeloebas CamoerTvas swavla-ganaTlebis saqme: sanam es mxare sakmarisad ar aris SekavSirebuli imperiasTan, manam swavla-ganaTleba unda iqnes rusis administraciis xelSi, rom aRizardos axalTaoba rusuli saxelmwifoebrivi mimarTulebis mixedviT da ara nacionaluri midrekilebiT. ukeTesia Seferxdes swavla-ganaTlebis saqme, vidre moviqceT sxvagvarad.~

kiTxvebi: 1. ra Sexedulebas gamoTqvams italieli mwerali da istorikosi luiji magaroto ruseTis mowinave wreebze da ra aZlevs amis Tqmis saSualebas? 2. CamoayalibeT wyaro b-Si gamoTqmuli Sexeduleba qarTvelebze da rusi moxelis mier imperatorisadmi SeTavazebuli maTi dasjis forma!

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3. wyaro g-Si mocemuli quTaisis samxedro gubernatoris saidumlo moxsenebis mixedviT, daaxasiaTeT am moxelis miznebi da amocanebi!

XIX saukunis sparseT-ruseTisa da osmaleT-ruseTis omebi da saqarTvelo XIX saukunis I mesamedSi ruseTma ramdenime omi gadaixada osmaleTisa da sparseTis winaaRmdg: sparseTTan omebi gaimarTa _1804-1813 da 1826-1828 wlebSi, osmaleTTan ki_1806-1812 da 1826-1828 wlebSi. am omebSi qarTveli xalxi monawileobda da didi msxverplic gaiRo. omebis mTavari mizani iyo kavkasiaSi gabatonebis sakiTxi, ris gamoc ruseTs upirispirdebodnen mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebi:_osmaleTi da sparseTi. marTalia, ruseTic dampyroblur politikas atarebda kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos mimarT, magram qarTveli xalxis interesebi nawilobriv emTxveoda mis miswrafebas_ganedevna osmalo-sparsi dampyroblebi am regionidan. Tu ruseTi amas moaxerxebda da sparseT-osmaleTis mier mitacebul qarTul teritoriebs daipyrobda, es niSnavda, rom odesRac dakarguli qarTuli miwa-wyali saqarTvelos SemouerTdeboda. swored amis gamo ibrZodnen TavganwirviT am omebSi qarTveli samxedroebi da moxalise laSqris meomrebi. tragedia, romelic eris gaxleCviT, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva mxareze dgomiT iqmneboda, am omebiTac kargad Canda: erTni rom ibrZodnen da qarTuli interesebis gansaxorcieleblad surdaT omis gamoyeneba, meoreni ruseTis damarcxebasa da erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgenas imedovnebdnen. ase iyo 1804-1813 wlebis ruseT-sparseTis omSi, rodesac ajanyebuli kaxelebi da aleqsandre batoniSvili miznis miRwevas ukavSirebdnen abas-mirzas gamarjvebas. iranis axlgazrda memkvidre damarcxda, damarcxda qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis erTi etapic_kaxeTis ajanyeba. ruseT-sparseTis 1804-1813 wlebis omi gulistanis zaviT dasrulda, sparseTma cno aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi ruseTis mmarTvelobis damyareba. imperiis xelSi gadavida azerbaijanis saxanoebi da daRestani. ruseTis mflobelobaSi aRmoCnda aseve Zveli qarTuli mxare_saingilo anu War-belaqani, Tumca rusuli jari am dros iq ar Sesula. ruseTs mieca ufleba hyoloda floti kaspiis zRvaze. CrdiloeTis veSapi nela ylapavda samxreT kavkasiis regions, mtkicdeboda Savsa da kaspiis zRvebze. 1826-1828 wlebis ruseT-sparseTis omSi ruseTma kvlav daamarcxa sparseTi. amjerad TurqmenCais zaviT sparseTma daadastura gulistanis xelSekrulebis piroba_ War-belaqanis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda aseve aRmosavleT somxeTis teritoriac_ erevnisa da naxCevanis saxanoebi. amis Semdeg sparseTi Seegua aRmosavleT kavkasiis dakargvas da aRarasdros gamouTqvams pretenzia mis dabrunebaze. osmaleT-ruseTis 1806-1812 wlebis omSi ruseTma gaimarjva da buqarestis zaviT miiRo soxumi, redut-kale (yulevi), am or punqts Soris mdebare Savi zRvis sanapiro. osmaleTma cno saqarTvelos Sesvla ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, magram ruseTisgan daibruna omis dros dakavebuli foTi, anapa da axalqalaqi. saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis iyo osmaleT-ruseTis 1828-1829 wlebis omi. omSi didi simamace gamoiCina 6000 mebrZolisagan Semdgarma qarTulma miliciam. omSi gulovaneba da mxedruli niWi gamoavlines qarTvelma generlebma. maT TurqebTan brZolaSi aSkarad dajabnes mteri, magram enanebodaT is mamaci qarTvelebi, romlebic odesRac ZaliT gamahmadianebulni, axla rusuli xiStiTa da maxviliT icelebodnen. axalcixis aRebaSi sxva qarTvel generlebTan erTad Tavi isaxeles aleqsandre WavWavaZem da grigol orbelianma. osmaleTi am omSic damarcxda da adrianopolis zaviT ruseTs gadasca foTi, axalcixe, axalqalaqi, aspinZa, awyuri, xerTvisi, qvabliani, abasTumani, WaWaraqi, focxovi da Cildiri. es iyo umTavresad yofili axalcixis safaSos mniSvnelovani teritoria, romelic XVI saukunidan hqonda mitacebuli osmaleTis imperias. ruseTis xelSi aRmoCnda Savi zRvis sanapiro rionis SesarTavidan Yyubanis SesarTavamde. osmaleTs daubrunda omis dros ruseTis jarebis mier dakavebuli yarsi, baiazeTi da erzerumi. mas isev darCa aWara da WaneTi. 1830 wels ruseTma sabolood ganimtkica poziciebi War-belaqanSi da iqac rusuli mmarTveloba daamyara. osmaleTisgan odesRac mitacebuli qarTuli miwebis dabrunebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. am saqmeSi ruseTis wvlilic ar unda dagvaviwydes, Tumca saqarTvelos istoriul miwebs ruseTi qarTvelebisTvis ar abrunebda. is, ubralod, afarToebda Tavis imperiul sazRvrebs. es iqidanac Cans, rom qarTveli mahmadianebiT dasaxlebuli samcxe-javaxeTi, eruSeTi da palakacio xelisuflebam TurqeTidan gadmoyvanili araqarTvelebiT daasaxla, maSin, rodesac paskeviCma lixTimereTis mosaxleobas iq dasaxlebis ufleba ar misca. 38

am movlenam Secvala regionis demografiuli suraTi: ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, Tu 1828 wlamde mesxeTis mosaxleobis 95% qarTvelebi iyvnen, 1832 wels ukve, rus moxeleTa wyalobiT, isini regionis mcxovrebTa umciresobad iqcnen. amasTanave, am omebSi qarTvelma samxedroebma da mebrZolebma udidesi msxverpli da wvlili gaiRes. ai, ras werda cnobili rusi mwerali da diplomati_aleqsandre griboedovi amis Sesaxeb: `marto 1825 wlidan, vidre 1828 wlis seqtembris damdegamde saqarTvelom puriT, sasapalne da gamwevi pirutyviT, gadamrkebiT da sxva, meti daxarja Tavisi qonebidan, vidre amis gakeTebas SesZlebda ruseTis yvelaze ufro ayvavebuli olqTagani, maSin roca mosaxleobiTa da sididiT igi velikorusuli guberniis mxolod sam mazras udris~.
ivane javaxiSvili axalcixe-axalqalaqis SemoerTebis Sesaxeb, wignidan_`saqarTvelos sazRvrebi~. tfilisi, 1919, gv.39: `am kuTxeSi qarTveli mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen. ruseTis aq Sesvlas 1828 wels am mkvidr qarTvel mcxovrebTa ayra mohyva Sedegad, metadre javaxeTidan...rusebma rom axalcixe aiRes, kavkasiis maSindels mTavarmarTebels qarTveli Tavadaznaurebi warudgnen da saqarTvelos mefeTa wyalobis wignebi miutanes, romlebiTac samcxe-javaxeTSi maTi mflobelobiTi ufleba mtkicdeboda da am sabuTebis ZaliT TavianT uflebs aRdgenas Txoulobdnen. magram paskeviCs aramcTu es Txovna ar Seuwynarebia, piriqiT, ganrisxda kidec. amave dros, osmaleTidan, yarsisa da arzrumis safaSoebidan iqauri somxoba gamorboda da saqarTveloSi eZebda TavSesafars. ruseTis mTavrobam maT mfarveloba gauwia: TiTos 25 maneTis daxmareba aRmouCina da 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan gaanTavisufla. amis wyalobiT 90 aTasze meti somexi ltolvili moawyda. maT dasasaxleblad saaxalSeno komiteti iyo daarsebuli da zemomoyvanili ricxvidan 30 aTasamde somexi dasaxlebul iqmna axalcixisa da gansakuTrebiT axalqalaqis mazrebSi~. (am cnobisaTvis imowmebs kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebs, VIII toms da ivanenkos naSroms_`samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis istoria kavkasiaSi~) dimitri orbeliani_dimitri Tamazis-Ze orbeliani (1797-1868), ruseTis armiis general-leitenanti, 1826 wlidan iyo borCalos distanciis mTavari boqauli, monawileobda ruseT-osmaleTis omSi(1828-1829). 1829-1839 wlebSi iyo Tbilisis mazris, xolo 1839_56 wlebSi (mcire intervaliT) Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa winamZRoli. 1844-45 wlebSi monawileobda Crdilo kavkasiis mTielTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.

abas-mirza_(1789-1833), sparseTis saxelmwifo moRvawe, FfaTali-Sahis Ze da memkvidre, azerbaijanis beglarbegi, sparseTis saxelmwifo saqmeebisa da sagareo politikis faqtiuri gamgebeli; ibrZoda amierkavkasiaSi ruseTis gabatonebis winaaRmdeg, sardlobda sparseTis jars ruseTsparseTis I (1804-1813) da II (1826-1828) omSi, scada sparseTis jaris evropul yaidaze reorganizacia, mWidro kavSiri daamyara saqarTveloSi arsebul antirusul ZalebTan, maT Soris aleqsandre batoniSvilTan, exmareboda mas ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. TurqmenCais 1828 wlis xelSekrulebiT iZulebuli gaxda ecno ruseTis gabatoneba amierkavkasiaSi.

kiTxvebi: 1. saqarTvelos romeli istoriuli teritoriebisTvis mimdinareobda brZola XIX saukunis I mesamedis rusul-sparsuli da rusul-osmaluri omebiT? 2. CamoTvale sazavo xelSekrulebebi da maTi pirobebi 1804-1813 da 1826-1828 wlebis ruseT-sparseTis omebSi. 3. romeli sazavo xelSekrulebebiT damTavrda ruseT- osmaleTis 1806-1812 da 1828-1829 wlebis omebi? 4. ra demografiuli cvlilebebi moaxdina rusulma xelisuflebam regionSi da, Tqveni azriT, ratom?

yirimis omi da saqarTvelo 1853 wels daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis omi. radgan ZiriTadi saomari operaciebi mimdinareobda yirimSi, igi yirimis omis saxeliTaa cnobili. omSi TurqeTis mxareze ibrZodnen inglisi da safrangeTi. ruseTi marto aRmoCnda Zlieri mowinaaRmdegebis winaSe. misi aseT mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenis mizezi gaxda XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi evropis qveynebSi momxdari revoluciebis dros dakavebuli pozicia, ris gamoc ruseTs `evropis Jandarmi~Searqves. amasTanave, misi interesebi da swrafva balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gabatonebisa da konstantinopolis dapyrobisaken, rac aRizianebda evropis saxelmwifoebs. moskovi Tavs `mesame romad~ gaiazrebda, rac niSvda misgan bizantiis imperiis samarTalmemkvidreobaze pretenzias. konstantinopolis ganTavisufleba osmaleTisagan, ra Tqma unda, ruseTs ar 39

SeeZlo da arc miscemdnen amis uflebas evropis didi saxelmwifoebi. amis gamo, TurqeTTan 1853-1856 wlebis omSi is izolirebuli aRmoCnda da damarcxda kidec. saqarTvelo, rogorc ruseTis imperiis nawili, omSi bunebrivad iyo Cabmuli, magram gansakuTrebuloba am omisa imiT gamoixata, rom brZolebi mimdinareobda saqarTveloSic, omSi monawile qarTvelTa mizani iyo dakarguli qarTuli teritoriebis dabruneba, mokavSireebisgan waqezebul da zurggamagrebul TurqeTs ki gadawyvetili hqonda daebrunebina ruseTisgan warTmeuli kavkasia. 1853 wlis oqtomberSi TurqeTis armia SemoiWra samegrelosa da guriaSi. jer kidev omis dawyebamde TurqeTma didZali jaris mobilizeba moaxdina amierkavkasiaSi. misi azriT, mTavari iyo Tbilisis aReba, rac mas Semdeg ganxorcieldeboda, rodesac Turqebi daeuflebodnen axalcixes, axalqalaqs da aleqsandropols(sabWoTa periodSi leninakani, amJamad_giumri). rusuli regularuli jarebisa da qarTuli miliciis didi nawili yarsis, axalcixe-axalqalaqisa da aleqsandropolis mimarTulebiT iyo ganlagebuli. es teritoriebi axali SemoerTebuli iyo(1828-1829 wlebi), amitom xelisufleba gansakuTrebulad frTxilobda. yarsis garda, mters TbilisSi baiazeTidanac SeeZlo SemoWra erevnis gziT, ris gamoc specialurad gamagrda erevanic. dasavleT saqarTveloSi moqmedi `guriis razmi~ qveiTi jaris 8 batalionisgan, kazakTa 2 aseulisa da 12 zarbaznisagan Sedgeboda. baTumsa da qobuleTSi mdgari TurqeTis armia ki mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos emuqreboda ganadgurebiT, radgan rusTa Zalebs ara marto ricxobrivad aRemateboda, aramed gacilebiT ukeTesadac iyo SeiaraRebuli. mas inglisuri artileria hqonda, jariskacebi Sorsmsroleli SaSxanebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni, maSin, roca rusuli jaris nawilebis umravlesobis iaraRs kaJiani Tofebi warmoadgenda. ruseTis imperatori ubrZanebda kavkasiis mefisnacvals swraf ieriSze gadasvlas, ver xvdeboda, Tu ra saSiSroebis winaSe idga kavkasiis bedi, miTumetes, am dros Crdilo kavkasiaSi antirusuli ajanyebis cecxli enTo, romelsac daRestnis mamaci beladi_ Samili meTaurobda. qarTvelma xalxma yirimis omSic, ruseTis gauazrebeli politikisa da samxedro strategiis wyalobiT, auracxeli msxverpli naxa. pirvelive brZolebi misTvis tragikuli aRmoCnda. 15-16 oqtombris RamiT, rodesac ruseTs Tavisi Zalebi arc ki hyavda koncentrirebuli, guriis sazRvarze, SekveTilis saguSagos Tavs daesxa TurqTa 5000-iani, kargad SeiaraRebuli jari. saguSagoze rusTa mcirericxovani razmi da guriis saxalxo laSqari imyofeboda giorgi gurielis meTaurobiT. uTanasworo brZolam mTeli Rame gastana. qarTulma miliciam mTeli Rame Tavganwirulad ibrZola SekveTilis saguSagos dasacavad,meomrebma mxolod tyvia-wamlis maragis amowurvis Semdeg Sewyvites brZola. Turqebma mTlianad amowyvites cocxlad darCenilebi, ar indobdnen qalebsa da bavSvebs da umowyalod Jletdnen. brZolaSi daiRupa miliciis meTauri giorgi gurielic. guriaSi osmalTa Semosevis paralelurad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi SemoiWra Samilis jari, romelic qarTuli da rusuli Zalebis saSualebiT ukuagdo generalma grigol orbelianma. 2 noembers rusTa jars, romelsac grigol orbelianis Zma ilia orbeliani meTaurobda, aleqsandropolTan axlos, moulodnelad daesxa Tavs anatoliis Turquli korpusi. mTeli dRe igeriebdnen orbelianis meomrebi Semotevebs, gauZles am sruliad uTanasworo brZolas da saRamos gaimarjves, rodesac general bebuTovis maSveli jari movida dasaxmareblad. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda axalcixesTan gamarTul brZolebs, radgan mteri aqedan fiqrobda Tbilisisken daZvras da kavkasiis gulis dapatronebas. yarsidan, ardaganidan da aWaridan Sematebuli Turqi meomrebi ricxviT bevrad Warbobdnen axalcixeSi dabanakebul rusul Zalebs. axalcixis razmis ufrosi generali kovalenski Seqmnili mdgomareobiT ukiduresad SeSfoTebuli iyo da saswrafo daxmarebas iTxovda. is saxelganTqmul generals_ ivane malxazis Ze andronikaSvils emudareboda_Casuliyo axalcixeSi da xelSi aeRo am strategiuli punqtis dacvis organizacia. 12 noembers generali andronikaSvili maSveli jarebiT mivida axalcixeSi. pirvelive dazvervam igi daarwmuna, rom mteri Zlier Zalebs flobda da kargad gamagrebuli poziciebi ekava. mis gankargulebaSi 800 meomari, maT Soris qarTuli milicia da moxaliseebi iyo, mowinaaRmdeges ki 20-aTasamde kargad SeiaraRebuli jariskaci hyavda. 14 noembers andronikaSvilma mters artileriis cecxli gauxsna, magram naxa, rom Sedegs amiT ver 40

miaRwevda da jari xelCarTul brZolaze gadaiyvana. moulodnelma Setevam imdenad daabnia Turqebi, rom isini nelnela Sedrknen da ukan daxeva daiwyes, TiTqmis garbodnen ardaganisken. gaqceulebma brZolis velze uamravi iaraRi datoves. aq 1500-ze meti Turqi jariskaci mokvda, 2000-mde ki daiWra. axlcixesTan brZolaSi gansakuTrebulad isaxela Tavi goris razmma. rac Seexeba ivane andronikaSvilis gmirobas, masze yvela laparakobda, TbilisSi dabrunebul qarTvel generals triumfiT Seegeba saburTalos mindorze Tavmoyrili mosaxleoba. sardals didi jildo da pativi miago Tavad mefisnacvalma mixeil voroncovma. manve daajildova qarTuli miliciis 150 meTauri da mebrZoli. omis dros Seqmnilma kritikulma situaciam aiZula ruseTi _gaeyvana Tavisi jari afxazeTis sanapiro cixeebidan, rac warmatebiT ganxorcielda, magram Turqebs gza gaexsna zRvis vrcel sanapiro zolze da meti ieriSis mitanis SesaZlebloba moipova guriisa da samegrelos winaaRmdeg. am kritikul momentSi axalcixe-guriis razmebis ufrosad dainiSna ivane andronikaSvili, romelic saswrafod Cavida ozurgeTSi da jari SetevisaTvis moamzada. rusul-qarTuli nawilebi ganlagebuli iyo ozurgeTis ganapira mxareebsa da Coxatauris maRlobebze. mtris Seteva mosalodneli iyo 2 mimarTulebiT: 1. soxumisa da baTumis mxridan, 2. ardaganidan da aWaridan axalcixeze Tavdasxma. andronikaSvilma kavSiri daamyara axalcixe-guriis razmebs Soris, raTa saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi swrafad daxmarebodnen erTmaneTs, wesrigSi moayvanina imereT-axalcixis SemaerTebeli abasTumnis gza, romlis dacva quiTaisis mcxovreblebs daavala. mis mier 4 ivniss mdinare ColoqTan gamarTuli brZola selim-faSas 34-aTasian korpusTan sabrZolo xelovnebis nimuSs warmoadgens. man gamoiyena strategiac, taqtikac, diplomatiac, brZolis saukeTeso xerxebic da mteri gaanadgura. didi iyo yirimis omSi monawile sxva qarTveli samxedroebis wvlilic omis bedis gadawyvetaSi. marTalia, es omi ruseTis marcxiT damTavrda, magram kavkasiis frontze qarTveli meomrebis simamacis wyalobiT, didi warmatebebi iqna mopovebuli. omis saerTo bedi yirimis frontze rusuli flotisa da saxmeleTo Zalebis saboloo marcxma gamoiwvia. omSi Tavi isaxeles: nikoloz erisTavma, romelmac TurqTa mxares mebrZoli renegati qarTveli hasan-bei TavdgiriZe daamarcxa, qarTulma cxenosanma laSqarma, romlis aseulebs meTaurobdnen: giorgi maCabeli, zaqaria andronikaSvili, niko WavWavaZe, daviT vaxvaxiSvili, TuSTa da fSavTa meTauri elisaberiZe, giorgi erisTavi, bodbisxeveli natroSvili, aseve, qarTuli laSqris instruqtorma ivane amilaxvarma, guriis miliciis ufrosma malaqia gurielma, romelic omis dasawyisSi, SekveTilTan daRupuli giorgi gurielis Zma iyo da sxvebma. Tanamedroveni erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, rom qarTuli laSqari Tavisi CacmulobiTa da sabrZolo garegnobiT Tvalwarmtac sanaxaobas warmoadgenda. brZolaSi gmirulad daiRupnen 5 Zma_vaxvaxiSvili, zaqaria andronikaSvili, 75 wlis imereTis miliciis saxelovani meTauri_qaixosro miqelaZe. saxalxo laSqris 120-ze meti meomari marto ColoqTan brZolaSi Seakvda mters. gansakuTrebuli mamacobiT icavda xalxi Tavs samegreloSi SemoWrili omer-faSas sisastikisagan. am omSi Tavad ekaterine WavWavaZec ki cxenze amxedrebuli ebrZoda mters. omer-faSa mas Caagonebda osmaleTis mxareze gadasvlas da mTavris taxtis SenarCunebas hpirdeboda, magram ekaterine rusTa erTgulebas ar Ralatobda da misgan moweril werilebs rusul xelisuflebas awvdida. aseTi erTgulebisaTvis is ar daujildoebia ruseTs: 1857 wels gaiwvies peterburgSi da, marTalia, imperatorma sabrZolo mamacobisaTvis daajildova, magram sul male xelidan gamoacala samTavro da sabolood SeuerTa ruseTs. amrigad, yirimis omSi Tavi dado qarTulma miliciam da saxalxo laSqarma, aseve partizanulma razmebma. qarTvelTa Tavdadeba brwyinvaled gamovlinda guria-samegrelos teritoriaze brZolebSi da yarsis aRebisas. ruseTma yirimis SenarCuneba swored am gamarjvebiT SeZlo, parizis sazavo xelSekrulebiT yirimi yarsSi gaicvala. ruseTs darCa afxazeTi da yulevi. aWara kvlav osmaleTs rCeboda. ruseTs qarTveli xalxis mamacobam SeanarCunebina dapyrobili saqarTvelo da samxreT kavkasia, rasac ver malavdnen maSindeli samefo xelisuflebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebic. isini xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen qarTveli xalxis gamorCeul Rvawls TurqeTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
quTaisis samxedro gubernatori, polkovniki kolubiakini yirimis omSi qarTveli xalxis Rvawlis Sesaxeb: `omma mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT gamoavlina adgilobrivi Tavadaznaurobis guladoba. 1854 wels adgilobrivi miliciis Cinebulma ieriSma gadawyvita Coloqis brZolis bedi, Zlevamosilad daamTavra kampania da didi xniT uzrunvelyo amierkavkasiis sanapiro zolis dacva. 1855 wels imereTis mwyobrma

41

laSqarma Tavisi monawileobiT engurze, iseTi monawileobiT, romelic mowinaRmdeges daundobeli saxalxo omiT emuqreboda, didxans Seakava omer-faSa SemoWrisagan. bolo dros Tavisi yoveldRiur partizanuli TavdasxmebiT samegreloSi man daamtkica energiuloba, Seupovroba da qedmouxreli erTguleba. yarsis aRebas ruseTi adgilobriv Tavadaznaurobas unda umadlodes , radgan imereTi, ase vTqvaT, moalye korpusis kontrvalaciur xazs warmoadgenda. mTavarsardals mxolod imerlebis simtkiciT sruliad daimedebuls, SeeZlo ar SeSfoTebuliyo omer-faSas SemoteviT, an Cveni generlebis warumateblobiT alya ar moexsna.~

nikoloz erisTavi_ (1820-1856), fligel adiutanti, polkovniki; daibada yofil qsnis erisTavTa ojaxSi; pirveli sabrZolo naTloba miiRo 1840 wels osebTan brZolaSi, gaxda praporSCiki, am brZolaSive daiWra da 1844 wlamde aRar dabrunebia sabrZolo rigebs. dabrunebisTanave Cairicxa qarTul druJinaSi da daRestanSi gaemgzavra Samilis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mopovebuli sabrZolo warmatbisaTvis igi dajildoebuli iqna wminda anas III klasisa da wminda vladimiris IV xarisxis ordeniT, miiRo podporuCikoba. kavkasiis omis mTavarsardali, mefisnacvali mixeil voroncovi imdenad moixibla axalgazrda oficriT, rom is Tavis adiutantadac daniSna. monawileoba miiRo yirimis omSi, am dros is polkis kapitani iyo da podpolkovniki gaxda, Tumca amavdroulad rCeboda voroncovis adiutantad. misi gmiroba gamorCeulad gamovlinda guriaSi, nigoiTTan da sofel SuxuTTan, sadac baTumis Turquli korpusi gaanadgura selim-faSas meTaurobiT, am brZolaSi mokluli iqna selim faSas ariergardis meTauri_hasan-begi. qarTvelTa Soris Tavi gamoiCines imereTis cxenosani aseulis mebrZolebma 75 wlis qaixosro miqelaZis meTaurobiT. n. erisTavi monawileobda ColoqTan gamarTul brZolaSic, 1855 wlis 4ivniss. am gamarjvebaSic didi wvlili Seitana. igi gaigzavna imperatorTan, raTa piradad moexseniebina misTvis am gamarjvebebze. imperatorma qarTveli polkovniki piradad daajildova wminda giorgis IV xarisxis ordeniT da podpolkovnikoba misca. peterburgidan n. erisTavi guriis razmSi dabrunda, magram amjobina yirimis frontze gadasvla, sadac smolenskis polks meTaurobda, mamacurad mebrZoli brZolaSi daiRupa, 1856 wlis 26 marts, dakrZales sevastopolSi.

ruseTis agresiuli da diversiuli demografiuli politika saqarTveloSi rusuli kolonializmis erTi proeqti, ramac kargad imuSava saqarTveloSi da dRemde muSaobs, iyo ruseTis demografiuli politika, romelsac agresiulTan erTad diversiuli xasiaTi hqonda. qarTuli saxelmwifo dResac mtkivneulad awydeba orsaukunovani demografiuli diversiis Sedegebs. monarqiulma Tu sabWoTa imperiis rusulma politikam gadaxara, gaamruda is swori demografiuli procesi, romliTac saqarTvelo viTardeboda saukuneebis manZilze. mravalerovnuli qveyana yovelTvis axerxebda araqarTvelTa Tavisufal integracias qarTul samyaroSi, maT Cayenebas qarTuli saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. ruseTma ki, gazarda ra araqarTvelTa ricxvi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi, moaxdina maTi gaucxoeba qarTuli samyarosagan, Casaxa da ganaviTara maTSi separatistuli tendenciebi, ramac warmoSva dRevandeli separatistuli reJimebi da saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas aseTi mZime politikuri memkvidreoba dautova. erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg dawyebul da maleve ganxorcielebul aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriul aneqsias demografiuli diversiebi da ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri aneqsiac daemata. ruseTs awyobda saqarTvelos garuseba, mravalmilionian rus erTan misi Serwyma. qarTveli eris eqspansiis, misi sruli asimilaciisaTvis didi roli iTamaSa: dapyrobili kavkasiis teritoriul-administraciuli gadamijvnis rusulma modelma, qarTuli enis srulma gandevnam saxelmwifo dawesebulebebidan da skolebidan, qveynis daCqarebulma kolonizaciam ucxo eTnosiT, CamosaxlebulTaTvis privilegirebuli, xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmnam mTavrobis mxridan, samoxeleo Statis, ZiriTadad, am garusebuli ucxo elementebisagan dakompleqtebam da sxva antiqarTulma RonisZiebebma. Tu ruseTis demografiul politikas gavecnobiT, cxadi xdeba, rom qarTuli mosaxleobis mateba bunebrivad moxda XIX saukuneSi, saqarTveloSi sxva erTa Camosaxleba da maTi ricxvis mateba ki _ xelovnurad, Tanac, es ukanaskneli, procentulad aWarbebda pirvels. magaliTad: XIX saukuneSi qarTvelTa raodenoba 670 aTasidan 1314 aTasamde gaizarda, erovnuli umciresobisa ki 180 aTasidan _ 533 aTasamde. e. i. qarTvelebis ricxvi gaormagda, sxva eTnikuri jgufebis _ gasammagda. Semcirda qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos mTel mosaxleobaSi da man rva meaTedis nacvlad, Svidi meaTedi Seadgina, rac ruseTis arasworma demografiulma politikam gamoiwvia. ruseTis omebSi qarTveli xalxi wina saukuneebze nakleb zarals rodi ganicdida. am danakliss dakarguli teritoriebis SemoerTebiTac ki ver anazRaurebda, radgan ruseTi SemoerTebul saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-wyals sakuTari interesebiT awyobda, qarTvel xalxs misi bunebrivi aTvisebisa da gamoyenebis saSualebas ar aZlevda. qarTvelTa didi demografiuli danakargebi dakavSirebulia XIX-XX saukuneebis aRmosavlur da msoflio omebTan. rogorc mefis ruseTisa Tu sabWoTa imperiis nawili, saqarTvelo ebmeboda did omebSi, procentulad, qveyanaSi mcxovreb sxva xalxebze gacilebiT met msxverpls iRebda, kargavda erovnuli regeneraciis srulfasovan unars. 42

ruseTis mZime koloniurma politikam gamoiwvia qarTveli xalxis antireJimuli ajanyebebi XIX saukunis I meoTxedSi, ris gamoc uamravi qarTveli an brZolaSi daiRupa, an gadasaxlebasa da patimrobaSi. qarTvelTa erTma nawilma samSoblo miatova da ucxoeTSi wavida. am dros daicala TrialeT-lore, walkis midamoebi da sxva is teritoria, sadac Semdeg ucxo eTnosis Casaxleba moxda. ajanyebaTa CaxSobis Semdeg xdeboda represiebi, qarTvel TavadaznaurTa masobrivi emigracia sparseTsa da TurqeTSi, mTavroba ki maT miwebs saxazino fondSi ricxavda. rusul terors gaqceuli qarTveli Tavadebis _ ColoyaSvilebis, amirejibebis, TumaniSvilebis, TarxniSvilebisa da sxvaTa miwebi xazinis sakuTrebad iqca da SemdgomSi maTze sxva eTnikuri kuTvnilebis xalxi Camoasaxles. ruseTis omebsa da antireJimul ajanyebebSi daRupul qarTvelTa ricxvi arcerT statistikas ara aqvs dazustebuli, magram is rom mZime iyo da mniSvnelovani danakargi Cvennairi patara erisaTvis, kargad Cans istoriuli dokumentebidan. maSin, rodesac TurqeTidan Camoyvanil somxebsa da berZnebs usityvod aZlevdnen sacxovrebels, amas ar akeTebdnen qarTvelebis mimarT. didi qarTveli istorikosi ivane javaxiSvili samcxe-javaxeTis regionis demografiuli suraTis xelovnur damaxinjebaSi ruseTs sdebs brals. misi azriT, Tu aqamde mosaxleobis 95% am regionSi qarTveloba iyo, 1832 wels umravlesoba somxebi gaxdnen. istorikos SoTa lomsaZis cnobiT, 60 aTasi qarTveli mahmadiani daiRupa da gasaxlebuli iqna am periodSi samcxe-javxeTidan. ruseTis am politikas pavle ingoroyva ase axasiaTebda: `ruseTis politika aSkarad iyo mimarTuli iqiTken, rom saqarTvelos teritoria, yvelaze kompaqturad da erovnulad erTgvarovani erTeuli amierkavkasiis samflobeloebSi, eTnografiulad aeWrelebinaT da amiT gamoewviaT dasusteba qarTvelobisa, rogorc yvelaze kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi erisa kavkasiaSi~. ruseTis demografiuli diversia vlindeboda qarTuli mosaxleobis, eTnikuri qarTvelebis daSla-danawevrebaSic. SuasaukuneebSi gaRvivebul partikularizms carizmi kidev ufro aRvivebda da xels uwyobda. igi calke hyofda svanur, megrul, qarTul mosaxleobas, maT enebs, cdilobda tomobriv-kuTxuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT:fSavlebad, megrelebad, xevsurebad, raWvelebad, imerlebad, svanebad da sxva, daeyo qarTuli mosaxleoba. qarTveli patriotebTan erTad, zogjer rusi avtorebic amxeldnen amgvari politikis dampyroblur xasiaTs, akritikebdnen ruseTis xelisufleba, maT miswrafebas, CaeTvalaT Cveni eri Temebis doneze mcxovreb pirvelyofil xalxad. rusi avtori _ kanadpaevi 1900-an wlebSi gamoqveynebul naSromSi _ `amierkavkasiis cxovrebis narkvevebi~, keTilsindisierad aRwerda ucxoelTa demografiuli da ekonomikuri eqspansiis ukanonobas saqarTveloSi, laparakobda qarTvelebisagan mevaxSeobiT, motyuebiT warTmeul qonebaze, saxlebsa da miwebze, qarTvelebSi sxva sarwmunoebis ZaliT danergvaze.
a) kavkasiis mefisnacvali bariatinski, 1861 weli: `unda gavaTavisufloT kavkasiis zegani mosaxleobisagan da am mSvenier da nayofier adgilebSi unda SevqmnaT kazakTa dasaxlebebi~. am azrs is imeorebda kavkasiis omis damTavrebis Semdegac, imperator aleqsandre II-isadmi gagzavnil werilSi. bariatinski_aleqsandre ivanes-Ze (1815-1879), rusi general-feldmarSali, kavkasiis omebis aqtiuri monawile. yirimis omis dros iyo kavkasiis korpusis Stabis ufrosi(1853-1854), 1856 wlidan mTavarsardali da rigiT mesame mefisnacvali kavkasiaSi; 1859 wlis 25 agvistos misi xelmZRvanelobiT moxda Samilis datyveveba aul RunibSi; 1857 wlidan xelmZRvanelobda saqarTveloSi saglexo reformis momzadebas;1862 wels, samxedro samsaxuridan gadadgomis Semdeg, dainiSna saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad; gamodioda d. miliutinis samxedro reformis winaaRmdeg. al. bariatinskim uari Tqva daqorwinebuliyo nikoloz I_is mier SerCeul graf stolipinis qaliSvilze da mogvianebiT colad erekle II-is STamomavali (mefis usayvarlesi qaliSvilis_Teklas SviliSvili), elisabed dimitris asuli orbeliani SeirTo. eweoda koloniur, ormagi standartis politikas: erTi mxriv aRrmavebda rusifikaciisa da amierkavkasiis kolonizaciis process, meore mxriv, bevr praqtikul saqmes agvarebda. mis dros gauqmda samegrelosa da svaneTis samTavroebi. Samilis Sempyrob mefisnacvals kaxelebma specialuri adresi miarTves da erekles sayvareli Tofic ki uZRvnes.

b) `tiflisskie vedomosti~, 1829w., #27 `rusi meomrebis simRera~ (Targmani rusulidan)

43

mZafri qariSxali amovarda, Cqara iaraRiT daiZariT, triali mindvrisken gaeSureT da es qveyana daicaviT. mere ra, aq Tu ar davibadeT, axla is Cvenia, aq vcxovrobT Cven, da ise, rogorc mamulisTvis, gavwiroT imisTvis sicocxle. 1. ratom iyo diversiuli ruseTis demografiuli politika saqarTveloSi? 2. raze mianiSnebs is, rom qarTvelebis demografiuli mateba naklebi iyo XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi, sxva erebis ki_gacilebiT didi? 3. ra iwvevda demografiul danakargebs XIX_XX s.s._Si saqarTveloSi? 4. Tqveni azriT, ratom anawevrebda rusuli xelisufleba demografiul aRwerebSi qarTvelebs, rodesac calke gamoyofda imerlebs, raWvelebs, svanebs, megrelebs, TuSebs da sxv.? 5. romel omSi monawile jariskacebis simRera aris TbilisSi gamomaval rusul gazeTSi da raze miuTiTebs simReris teqstSi motanili azri?

rusuli dasaxlebebi saqarTveloSi (XIX-XX ss.) da `gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos amierkavkasiis ganyofileba~ XIX saukunis bolos ruseTma mtkiced gadawyvita yvelaze barbarosuli gegmis ganxorcieleba: kavkasia `inorodcebisa~ da `tuzemcebis~ gareSe, kavkasia rusebisaTvis. pirvelad saqarTveloSi 1817 wels ermolovma Camoasaxla germanelebi. qarTvelebi rusebs zarmac, meurneobis ucodinar xalxad miaCnda, fiqrobdnen, rom germanelebi TavianTi sameurneo gamocdilebiT `gamoasworebdnen~ maT, Tumca maT bevri veraferi Semates saukuneTa siRrmidan wamosul da mtkice qarTul sameurneo tradicias, piriqiT, bevri gadaiRes qarTvelebisagan. germanelebis Camosaxlebas rusi seqtantebis duxoborebis, skopcebis, moloknebis Camosaxleba mohyva. esec erTgvari diskriminaciuli politika iyo qarTvelebis mimarT, ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda rus mosaxleobaze seqtantTa mavne zegavlenis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, isini kavkasiaSi Caesaxlebina. seqtantebma ver Seasrules xelisuflebis imedi, ver moaxdines veraviTari mavne zegavlena verc qarTvelebze, verc maT sarwmunoebaze, amis Semdeg mTavrobam samxedro banakebis Seqmnaze gadaitana imedi. iqmneboda samxedro-strategiuli punqtebi. samxedroebis Camosaxleba jer kidev pavle cicianovma (1802-1806) daiwyo. md. engurze mis dros Camosaxlda doneli kazakebis didi jgufi, Cexi seqtantebi gamoCndnen imereTSi, 1806 wels 4 aTasze meti rusi gadmosaxlda kavkasiaSi. gadmosaxlebul samxedroebs aZlevdnen binas, miwas, aniWebdnen garkveul SeRavaTebs da asaxlebdnen strategiulad mniSvnelovan punqtebSi. aseTi dasaxlebebi iyo: gorSi, manglisSi, TeTriwyaroSi, dedofliswyaroSi, gomborSi, muxranSi. am wamowyebamac ver hpova gasaqani. es proeqtic ver ganaxorciela ruseTma, samxedroebi ver daamagra sacxovrebel adgilebze. proeqtis gagrZeleba da ganxorcieleba scada imperatorma nikoloz I-ma, rodesac man 1837 wels manglisSi, elizavetopolSi, walkaSi, TeTriwyarosa da lagodexSi Seqmna e. w. samkvidro koloniebi. mizani iyo rusuli mosaxleobis ricxvis gazrda saqarTveloSi, sazRvrebis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa. imave 1837 wels samxedro dasaxleba Seiqmna dasavleT saqarTveloSi, webeldaSi. 1860 wlamde dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze 10 samxedro dasaxleba iyo: kodoris xeobaSi, fsxuSi, webeldaSi da a. S. es iyo samxedro koloniebi, sadac saxldebodnen CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis, orenburgis, donis, uralis jarebis kazakebi, kavkasiis omis monawile jariskacebi ojaxebiT. iyvnen sxvadasxva guberniis glexebic, ZiriTadad arameurneni. es samxedro dasaxlebebi unda gamxdariyo mTavrobis dasayrdeni am regionSi, misi politikis gamtarebeli da unda uzrunveleyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis srul morCilebaSi yofna. rusi glexebis kolonizacia gaZlierda saglexo reformisa da kavkasiis omis dasrulebis Semdeg. ruseTis saxelmwifom, regionSi mtkiced fexmokidebis mizniT, gadawyvita Tavisi erTguli xalxis gadmosaxleba, im mebrZolTa dajildoeba, romelTac `sisxli daRvares~ mxaris dapyrobisaTvis. amierkavkasiis regioni ruseTTan SedarebiT, gansakuTrebulad mciremiwiani iyo da Tavis mkvidr mosaxleobasac ver akmayofilebda. 44

1898 wlis 15 aprils damtkicda kanoni kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebaze da TbilisSi dafuZnda ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosTan arsebuli `gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos amierkavkasiis ganyofileba~, romelsac unda ezruna kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebulebze. 1896-1905 wlebSi kavkasiis mTavarmmarTebeli iyo v. s. golicini. golicini reaqcioneri, antiqarTveli, namdvili rusifikatori da koloniuri reJimis xelisufali iyo. man kargad dainaxa rusuli kolonializmis interesebi am proeqtSi da aqtiurad Seudga mis ganxorcielebas. dagzavna cirkulari amierkavkasiis gubernatorebTan, daavala maT Seedgina `Warbi miwebis~ siebi da daewyoT mzadeba rus gadmosaxlebulTa soflebis dasaarseblad. golicinis cirkulars safuZvlad daedo ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa ministris i. k. goremikinis Sesabamisi miTiTeba, rac kavkasielma moxelem zedmiwevniT zustad Seasrula. golicinis uxeSi politika imdenad aRizianebda xalxs, rom mas Tavs daesxnen da daWres, ris Semdegac wavida kavkasiidan, magram sanam es moxdeboda, man iseTi RonisZiebebi gaatara, riTac mTlianad ukuagdo adgilobrivi mciremiwiani mosaxleobis uflebebi da interesebi. rusuli dasaxlebebis Seqmnis mizani iyo:: ruseTi am mxaris kolonizacias rusi, marTlmadidebluri mosaxleobiT apirebda, radgan sxva sarwmunoebis xalxi, maT Soris rusi seqtantebic ki ver axdendnen adgilobriv mosaxleobaze, maT religiasa da kulturaze zegavlenas. qarTvelebi TavianTi tolerantuli bunebiT, arc upirispirdebodnen da arc wes-Cveulebebs iRebdnen maTgan; gadmosaxlebulebs Tavi ise kargad unda egrZnoT, rom procesi SemdgomSi ufro didi masStabiT warmarTuliyo, risTvisac yovelmxrivi daxmareba unda gaewiaT kolonisti rusi glexebisTvis, miecaT maTTvis is SeRavaTebi, rac adgilobriv glexobas ar hqonda; sagadasaxlebo nakveTebi ise unda SerCeuliyo, rusuli soflebis gaSeneba imgvarad unda daegegmaT, rom bevri Tavisufali miwa yofiliyo, sadac gansazRvruli iqneboda kolonistTa Semdgomi talRebis miReba. am dros ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleobis matebis SemTxvevaSi saWiro samosaxloebic ki. gadmosaxlebis mTel process saTaveSi edga xelisuflebis mier Seqmnili specialuri sagadasaxlebo jgufebi. arcerT am jgufSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebi ar Sediodnen. isini mxolod xelisuflebis rusi wevrebiT kompleqtdeboda. es faqti mowmobs ruseTis reaqciul Canafiqrs, mis mier dapyrobili mosaxleobis interesTa ugulvebelyofas. sammarTvelos daarsebidan or weliwadSi amierkavkasiaSi iyo ramdenime rusuli dasaxleba, gaizarda rusuli dasaxlebebis ricxvi saqarTveloSic. gansakuTrebiT es procesi gaaqtiurda SavizRvispireTSi, gaCnda rusuli toponimika, Wreli gaxda saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba. magaliTad, rodesac muxajiroba daiwyo da Tavisufali miwis fondi gaCnda afxazeTSi, mTavrobam moiTxova adgilobrivTa gasaxleba, raTa Seeqmna misTvis ufro saimedo, wminda rusuli soflebi. marto soxumis olqSi 1900 wels 35 rusuli sofeli iyo. am regionSi qarTvelebis da afxazebis dasaxlebas pirdapir oms ucxadebda xelisufleba. maTi argumentiT, eseni iyvnen barbarosebi da meurneobis armcodneni, amitom maTi adgili aq ar unda yofiliyo. amierkavkasiis gadasaxlebulTa sammarTvelos erT-erTi TanamSromeli iyo kiril petres Ze ianovski, rusi moxele, romelic ebrZoda qarTul enas, skolas, ilia WavWavaZes da yvelas, vinc qarTul interesebs daicavda. aqedan Cans, Tu ra reaqciuli da antiqarTuli saqmeebi keTdeboda am organizaciis mier. maSin, rodesac qarTveli umiwo glexebisTvis saqrTvelos Tavisufal miwebze dasaxleba akrZaluli iyo, xelisufleba cdilobda isini samxreT ruseTsa da Crd. kavkasiaSi daesaxlebina. amas imitom akeTebda, rom gadasaxlebulTa organizaciebma winaswarve icodnen, ra elodaT ruseTSi dasaxlebul qarTvelebs. sakolonizacio procesma bevr regionSi Secvala demografiuli suraTi. am procesis warmmarTveli xelisufleba iyo. misi damsaxurebiT movlenebi afxazeTSi ara marto qarTvelTa, afxazTa sazianodac mimdinareobda, xdeboda mTliani garuseba. mefisnacvali voroncov-daSkovi afxazeTis kolonizaciaze saubrisas acxadebda: `vargisi miwis yoveli mtkaveli, romlebic mWidrodaa dakavebuli gadmosaxlebulebiT, warmoadgens am mxareSi ruseTis sayrdens~. ukeTesi mdgomareoba arc aWarasa da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi iyo. 45

rusuli soflebis SeqmnaSi TviT mefisnacvali monawileobda.

a) golicini saqarTveloSi rusebis Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb: `sagadasaxlebo saqme kavkasiaSi Seadgens Cveni drois gadaudebel moTxovnas, vinaidan gadmosaxlebulni Camodian mxareSi, raTa ipovon raime safuZveli sagadasaxlebo saqmis kargad gadawyvetisaTvis. viRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom ruseTis interesebSia am mxaris kolonizacia rusuli warmoSobisa da marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebis adamianebiT, da rom sxva xalxis, sxva sarwmunoebisa da seqtantebis Camosvla aq ar unda davuSvaT. ...mTeli Tavisufali saxelmwifo miwa... unda gamoyenebul iqnas rusuli kolonizaciisaTvis, sagadasaxlebo saqmis sworad warmarTvisaTvis kavkasiaSi, ra Tqma unda, Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom pirveli gadmosaxlebulebi myarad moewyon, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxleba SemdgomSi warumateblad wava. amitom, Zalze aucilebelia, rom moijareebs, romelTac surT aq sabolood Casaxleba, unda mieniWoT yvela SeRavaTi, iafi sagadasaxlebo tarifiT siarulis ufleba... kolonizaciis saqmis sruli gadawyvetisaTvis, pirvel rigSi dagvWirdeba sagadasaxlebo nakveTebi, ara ubralod Tavisufali saxelmwifo miwebi, romlebic gamodgeba miwis samuSaoebisaTvis da cxovrebisaTvis, aramed miwebi, romlebzec gansazRvruli iqneba adgilebi momavali dasaxlebisaTvis, saZovrebisaTvis, xvna-TesvisaTvis... aseT samuSaos yvelgan asruleben specialuri sagadasaxlebo jgufebi. bunebrivia, rom kavkasiis mxareSic am samuSaos warmatebiT Seasruleben mxolod es organoebi....

b)

istorikosi aleqsandre bendianiSvili ruseTis mier saqarTvelos miwis fondis miTvisebis Sesaxeb:

rusma moxeleebma qarTl-kaxeTis mierTebis manifestis gamocxadebis meore dResve daiwyes qveynis miwa-wylis aRwera: tyeebis, saZovrebis, saxnav-saTesi miwebisa da baR-venaxebis ruseTis saxelmwifo xazinis uwyebaSi moqceva. rusuli xelisufleba imTaviTve daeufla mefisa da ufliswulTa miwebs. male amas miemata antirusul ajanyebaSi monawileobisaTvis dasjil TavadaznaurTa mamulebi. miTvisebul miwawyalze mcxovrebi, meurneobis sxvadasxva dargis mimdevari saxaso da sabatono glexebi ruseTis saxelmwifo(saxazino) glexebad gamoacxades da dabegres. imereTis okupaciis Semdeg aseTsave mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda am kuTxis mosaxleobis zedafena da glexoba. XIX saukunis 2030-iani wlebis mijnaze rusulma xelisuflebam Tavis eqspluataciis obieqtad gadaaqcia guriis mosaxleobis didi nawili. 50-60-ian wlebSi ki ruseTis saxelmwifo xazinam miiTvisa gauqmebuli samTavroebis_samegrelos, svaneTisa da afxazeTis miwa-wylis didi nawili...ruseTis saxelmwifo xazinam daisakuTra saqarTvelos miwis fondis naxevarze meti, TiTqmis 3 milioni desetina saxnav-saTesi, tye, saZovari da sxva savargulebi. mis ekonomikur damokidebulebaSi aRmoCnda 70-80 aTasi komli glexi. g)saarqivo dokumenti baTumis olqSi rusi miwaTmflobelebisaTvis SeRavaTebis micemis Sesaxeb, saistorio arqivi, fondi 242, saqme 15, furceli123-126: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

`SemovitaneT Txovna-gancxadeba Cvens miwebze 1902 wlis kanonis gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. am kanoniT SeRavaTi eZlevaT rusebs, raTa maT ufro advilad daikavon adgili Turquli (sinamdvileSi mahmadiani qarTveli) elementisa, romelsac ar aRmoaCnda kulturuli meurneobis warmoebis unari... am kanonis gverdis avla Seaferxebs am mxaresi rusTa miwaTmflobelobis gafarToebas...mxolod rus miwaTmflobelTa wamaxalisebel RonisZiebas SeuZlia daaCqaros baTumis olqis miwebis adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan kulturul adamianTa xelSi gadasvla~ d) arCil jorjaZe: am kiTxvas (miwis sakiTxs) umetesi yuradreba unda mivaqcioT, radgan, enasTan da gvartomobasTan erTad, miwaa erTi upirvelesi faqtori erovnuli cxovrebisa~ 1. ratom gadawyvita ruseTma XIX sakunis bolos rusi glexebis dasaxleba saqarTveloSi? 2. ratom ar endobodnen rusebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas? 3. ras iTvaliswinebda golicinis proeqti da riT iyo is saSiSi saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis? 4. wyaro b-s mixedviT, saxazino fondSi qarTuli miwebis Caricxva ra riskTan iyo dakavSirebuli? 5. wyaro g-s mixedviT, rogor SeafasebT aWarlebisadmi wayenebul pretenzias? sinamdvileSi ra mizans isaxavdnen kanonisa da am dokumentis avtorebi? 6. rogor fiqrob, arCil jorjaZis sityvebi aqtualuria Tu ara dRevandel saqarTveloSi?

kavkasiis omi da saqarTvelo kavkasiis omi_esaa ruseTis mier XIX saukuneSi gamarTuli sisxliani brZolebis istoria kavkasiis dasamorCileblad. am brZolam gansakuTrebuli simZafre SeiZina Samilis imamobis periodSi(1834-1859). Samili saTaveSi Caudga `urwmunoTa~ winaaRmdeg oms, romelSic mTeli CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba monawileobda. Samilis droSis qveS gaerTianebuli aRmoCnda avaria, daRestani da CeCneTi. Seudrekeli xasiaTis, saocari simamacisa da kldesaviT gautexeli Samili udidesi mxardaWeriTa da siyvaruliT sargeblobda mTis xalxSi. misi adamianuri da meomruli Tvisebebi xSirad mowinaaRmdegeebsac ki xiblavda. Samils aqebdnen masTan tyved moxvedrili da gausaZlis pirobebSi aRmoCenili adamianebic. kavkasiis omi_ es iyo ara religiuri, aramed dampyrobluri omi: kavkasieli xalxebi

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Tavs icavdnen ruseTis agresiisagan, ruseTi ki imperiis gasafarToeblad ibrZoda, ar indobda sakuTar moqalaqeebsac, vinaidan am omSi uamravi rusi jariskaci uazrod iRupeboda. ruseTs SamilTan omis dros samxreT kavkasia ukve dapyrobili hqonda. rusuli armiis rigebSi mravali qarTveli TavganwirviT ibrZoda ruseTis gasamarjveblad. maTi mTavari argumenti iyo saukuneTa manZilze aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi lekTa saSineli TareSi, `tyveoba, mokvla, taceba,~rac aunazRaurebel danaklisTan, uamrav tragediasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. meore argumenti iyo erTguleba ficisa, romelic qarTvelma xalxma dado ruseTis winaSe georgievskis traqtatiT (Tumca ruseTs ar Seusrulebia Tavisi fici da dapirebebi).Samils ukvirda qarTvelebis aseTi Tavganwirva da erTguleba ruseTisadmi, is omis dros ramdenjerme daesxa Tavs kaxeTs da didi ubedureba moutana. mTielTa beladi darwmunebuli iyo, rom qarTvelebis gareSe ruseTi mas ver daamarcxebda. amaSi nawilobriv iyo marTali: qarTvelma meomrebma marTlac didi daxmareba gauwies mTiani reliefis ucodinar da amgvar adgilebSi sabrZolo gamocdilebis armqone rusul jars, Tumca ruseTi, adre Tu gvian, kavkasias mainc daipyrobda. qarTvelTa erTi nawili aleqsandre batoniSvilis meTaurobiT saWirod Tvlida kavkasiel xalxebTan gaerTianebasa da ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolas. saqarTvelodan rusebis mier devnil erovnuli moZraobis liderebs, xSirad TavSesafars CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxi aZlevda. 1841 wlidan kavkasiis omSi ibrZoda didi qarTveli poeti grigol orbeliani. daRestanSi miiRo man umaRlesi samxedro wodebebi. swored mas Tvlida Samili Tavis yvelaze Zlier mowinaaRmdeged. 1842 wels Samilis meomrebma daatyveves ilia orbeliani da ori oficeri, tyveebi ormoSi daamwyvdies da wyalsa da Sav purs awvdidnen. Samili tyveebSi Svilis gacvlas iTxovda da ilia orbelians aiZulebda miewera imperatorisaTvis, magram qarTveli tyve uarze iyo. saqmeSi grigol orbeliani Caeria da imperators miawvdina xma, Tumca nikoloz I-ma sastiki uari ganacxada Samilis Svilis ganTavisuflebaze.
a)grigol orbelianis werilidan Samilisadmi: Cven yvelani RvTis xelTa varT da gareSe misisa arara xdebis. mogmarTavT Tqven, RvTis mlocvel muslimTa ufroso!...Tqveni gulisa da grZnobaTa keTilSobilebiT, Cems tyve naTesav qalebs aseTi mwuxarebisa da urvis dros kacTmoyvarebriv yuradRebas ar aklebT, risTvisac RmerTi mogagebT jildosa. merwmuneT, mec dakarguli ara var amqveynad! vin icis, iqneba SemTxveva momeces da mec gamogadgeT, Tu piradad Tqven ara, Tqvens Svilebs mainc. Tqven kargad uwyiT, rom madlobisa da SurisZiebis grZnobani didxans cocxloben amqveynad. Tqvengan miRebulma werilma masiamovna. uwinaca da axlac erTsa gTxovT mxolod: tyved myofi naTesavi qalebi, maTi Svilebi da msaxurni gangviTavisufleT. nu mevaWrebiT, radgan arc me da arc Tqven es ar Segvferis. vaWrebi xom ara varT! merwmuneT, rom Cems sityvas ar vuRalateb da gaviReb maTda gamosaxsnelad yvelafers, rasac ki SevZleb. marTalia, mtrebi varT, magram Tqveni keTilSobili gulisa da sulgrZelobis STagonebiT es ukanaskneli Txovna mainc unda amisruloT. b) nawyveti frangi mwerlis-aleqsandre diumas nawarmoebidan_`kavkasia~ ormoSi xangrZlivad yofnam ilia orbeliani ise daasusta, rom laparakis Tavic aRar hqonda. Samils uTxres, kidev erT kvirasac rom dahyos ormoSi, cocxali veRar gamovao. maSin Samilma brZana Tavadi xarodan ezoSi amoeyvanaT. Tavads win cxra SeiaraRebuli kaci daxvda.: _iliko orbeliano, Samili ganrisxebulia Seni sijiutiT da gadawyvetili aqvs sikvdiliT dagsajos, magram sasjelis arCeva Senve mogandoo. _me iseT sasjels virCev, romelic yvelaze swrafad gamaTavisuflebs misi mosawyeni tyveobidan, dae, damxvriton mag SeiaraRebulma kacebma!_upasuxa iliam. Samili yvelafer amas saxlis fanjridan adevnebda Tvalyurs. orbeliani kedelTan daayenes , Tofebi datenes da is-is iyo unda esrolaT, rom Samili gamovida ezoSi da mTielebs aniSna Tofebi daeSvaT. _iliko, Uuxra Samilma, _Seni mamacoba gagonili mqonda, axla ki Cemi TvaliT davrwmundi, rom marTali uTqvamT. aRarafers gTxov, garda patiosani sityvisa, rom ar gaiqcevi da am pirobiT gagaTavisufleb. Tavadi dahpirda, ar gaviqcevio. marTlac, tyveobidan 9 Tvis Tavze is TaTar tyveebSi gacvales.

1854 wels, yirimis omis dros, osmalTagan waqezebuli Samili saqarTveloSi SemoiWra da Tbilisis aReba ganizraxa. misi razmebi TuSeTis gziT gadmovidnen kaxeTSi, gadawves Silda, aaoxres gremi, eniseli, turis cixe, winandlidan gaitaces daviT WavWavaZisa da ilia orbelianis col-Svili, msaxurebTan erTad. gatacebis dros cxenidan gadmovarda da lekebis cxenebma gadaTeles WavWavaZis 4 Tvis bavSvi. mwuxarebisgan sasowarkveTili, SimSiliT da mTebis urTules gzebze siaruliT qancgawyvetili tyveebi vedenoSi, SamilTan Caiyvanes. daviT WavWavaZis 47

Svilebis aRmzrdeli iyo frangi guvernanti qali_ana dranse, romelmac safrangeTSi wasvlis Semdeg am movlenaze saintereso wigni dawera. Samili tyveebis sanacvlod isev Svils iTxovda, rusebisgan 1839 wels datyvevebul vaJs (romelsac peterburgSi, kadetTa korpusSi aswavlidnen da karg pirobebSi acxovrebdnen rusebi), aseve Zmiswuls da or avariels milion rublTan erTad. xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg, 1855 wels, tyveebi gacvales, Samilma Svili daibruna da 40 aTasi maneTi miiRo.
SeniSvna: Samilis vaJi_ jamal-ad-dini 7 wlis iyo, rodesac sofel axulgoSi daatyveves rusebma. peterburgSi mas did fufunebaSi acxovrebdnen. rodesac tyveebSi gacvales da mamasTan daabrunes, is veRar Seegua adgilobriv pirobebs, Samilic ver cnobda sakuTar Svils da mis aratradiciul Tvisebebs. jamali daavadda WleqiT da male gardaicvala. g) farangi mwerali aleqsandre diuma daviT WavWavaZis meuRlis Sesaxeb qalebTan Samilis kaci Semovida._Samili ixmobs TavisTan Tavad WavWavaZis meuRles. _ra unda?_ikiTxa Tavadis meuRlem. _TqvenTan laparaki. _TviTon movodes, me xom ar veaxlebi. _Samili imamia,_Tqva kacma. _me ki Tavadis meuRle var,_upasuxa tyve qalma. SeniSvna: igive frangi mwerali ramdenime wlis Semdeg TbilisSi Sexvda daviT WavWavaZis meuRles_ana bagrations. mas mwerlisTvis Samilis Sesaxeb uTqvams: `es aris maRali Tvisebebis mqone adamiani da misi saxeli sruliadac ar aris gazviadebuli~. wyaro d) grigol orbeliani da ilia WavWavaZe mamuliSvilobis mTavar niSanze: `daRestnis mTebi qebiT getyvian didTa maT saqmeT~... `rom brZolis cecxli atydes ficxeli, xmlisa trialiT, Zlevis yiJiniT, im Tqvenma gmirma, suliT Zlierma, xels bairaRiT Zirs dasces yarsi!... grigol orbeliani `Cven vvleT ruseTi, magram arcerTi xeloba Tqveni ar gviswavlia, Cveni qveyana, mkvdari Tqvengana, Tqvenebr Cinebzed ar gagvicvlia, liberaloba, patriotoba salanZRav sityvad ar gagvixdia, Tqvengan Cagruli, dabrmavebuli, eri jvrebzed ar gagviyidia. ilia WavWavaZe

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1. Tqveni azriT, ra amoZravebdaT qarTvel mebrZolebs kavkasiis omSi TavdadebisaTvis: a) movaleoba samSoblos winaSe ; b) movaleoba ruseTis winaSe; g) samxedro karieris gakeTebis survili? pasuxi daasabuTeT! 2. wyaro d_s mixedviT, rogor esmis namdvili mamuliSviloba: a) grigol orbelians; b) iliaWavWavaZes; CamoayalibeT da daasabuTeT Tqveni damokidebuleba ori mwerlis Tvalsazrisze! 3. wyaro b-s mixedviT, daaxasiaTeT erTmaneTis pirispir damdgari mtrebi_orbeliani da Samili; raSi xedavT am adamianebis mtrobis mTavar safuZvels da xasiaTis ra Tvisebebs gamoyofdiT? 4. wyaros mixedviT, qarTvelebisadmi ra damokidebuleba aqvs Samils da ratom? 5. SeadareT saqarTvelo istoriis Tqvens mier Seswavlili epoqebidan qarTvelebis monawileoba dampyrobelTa omebSi, monaxeT paralelebi da ganxsxvavevebi ruseTis kavkasiur da aRmosavlur omebSi maT monawileobas Soris. Samili_kavkasiis mTielTa_daRestnelTa da CeCenTa beladi ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi (1834-1859). daibada 1797 wels, aul gimrSi, iyo Razi mahomedisa da hamzaT-begis TanamebrZoli. 1834 wels, hamzaT-begis daRupvis Semdeg, gaxda ruseTis samxedro-koloniuri politikis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTauri. adgilobriv feodalTa damorCilebis Semdeg, SeZlo samxedro-Teokratiuli saxelmwifos_imamatis Seqmna. 1848 wels misi xelisufleba aRiares memkvidreobiTad. adaTuri sasamarTlo Samilma Secvala SariaTiT, sadac saxelmwifo enad arabuli daawesa. rezidencia iyo auli axulgo. Samilis saxelmwifo 50 sanaibosgan Sedgeboda. 1839 wels rusis jarma aiRo auli axulgo. Samili CeCneTSi gadavida da warmatebebic moipova brZolebSi. 1840 wls mas avariis yofili mmarTveli_haji-murati miemxro. 1845 wels rusebma scades CeCneTSi Samilis rezidenciis_dargos aReba, magram damarcxdnen. yirimis omis dros Samili gaaqtiurda, 1854 wels, misi brZanebiT aiRes da gaZarcves winandali. Samils surda kavSiris damyareba osmaleTTan da inglisTan, magram uSedegod. yirimis omis Semdeg mas sami mxriT Seuties,Samili Sua daRestanSi, RunibSi gadavida, sadac Seipyres 1859 wlis 25 agvistos. igi ojaxiT gadaasaxles kalugaSi, 1870 wels ufleba misces meqaSi wasuliyo. gardaicvala medinaSi. evdokimovi_ rusi samxedro moxele, romelic ebrZoda ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebul mTielebs, Samilis meTaurobiT mimdinare kavkasiis omis aqtiuri monawile. man, 1859 wlis 1 aprils aiRo Samilis rezidencia vedeno. is iyo avtori mahmadiani mTieli mosaxleobis TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis ideisa da am ideis ganxorcielebis organizatori, gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT kavkasiis patara erebis mimarT. garda TurqeTisa, is mTis xalxs asaxlebda dablobebSi, yubanispireTSi, maTTvis specialurad gakeTebul stanicebSi. klugenau_kluki-fon klugenau franc karlis Ze (1791-1851), general-leitenanti, erovnebiT germaneli. sicocxlis didi nawili kavkasiaSi dahyo, sardlobda daRestanSi mebrZol rusul jarebs, ibrZoda yazi-molasa da Samilis winaaRmdeg. gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi aul gimris ieriSSi 1840 wlis 14 seqtembers, romelic Samilis damarcxebiT damTavrda. monawileobda 1845 wels voroncovis mier darRoSi mowyobil cnobil, magram marcxiT damTavrebul eqspediciaSi. klugenausTvis es ukanaskneli samxedro eqspedicia iyo. man jer cixeSi Casva Samilis erTguli naibi_haji-murati, Semdeg ki ruseTis mxareze gadaibira. igi 1851 wels gardaicvala.

batonymobis gauqmeba saqarTveloSi yirimis omSi gancdilma marcxma srulad gamoavlina ruseTis sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri CamorCena da TvalsaCino gaxada reformebis gatarebis aucilebloba. feodalur-batonymuri meurneoba veRar uzrunvelyofda Tanamedrove moTxovnebs, aferxebda cxovrebis winsvlas. mZime socialuri mdgomareoba mosaxleobis dabal fenebs aiZulebda gamosuliyo arsebuli reJimis winaaRmdeg. amgvari ajanyebebi moxda saqarTveloSic: imereTsa da samegreloSi_1857 wels, 1862 wels _guriaSi, 1863 wels_Sida qarTlSi. imperatorma aleqsandre II-m, 1861 wlis 19 Tebervals xeli moawera manifests ruseTSi batonymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, romliTac glexebma moipoves iuridiuli Tavisufleba. ruseTi saqarTveloSi saglexo reformis gatarebis winaaRmdegi iyo, magram glexTa ajanyebebma aiZula Seecvala es gadawyvetileba da reforma aqac gaetarebina. 1862 wels TbilisSi mowveuli iqna TavadaznaurTa sagubernio yriloba, romelmac reformis proeqtis Sedgena daavala cnobil sazogado moRvawes dimitri yifians. yifianis saglexo reformis proeqti iTavaliswinebda glexTa umiwod ganTavisuflebas, rasac memamuleTa umravlesoba uWerda mxars. glexTa interesebs icavdnen da ganTavisuflebuli glexebisTvis miwis micemas iTxovdnen axali Taobis warmomadgenlebi_Tergdaleulebi: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, rafiel erisTavi, iakob gogebaSvili da sxv. TavadaznaurTa erT-erT krebaze ilia WavWavaZis poziciam ise gaaRiziana erTi Tavadi, xmali iSiSvla da mweralze mosaklavad gaiwia. 1864 wlis noemberSi batonymobis gauqmeba gamocxadda aRmosavleT sqarTvelos yvela samazro centrSi, 1865 wlis noemberSi ki quTaisis guberniaSi (imereTi, raWa da guria). samegreloSi batonymoba gauqmda 1867 wlis TebervalSi, afxazeTSi_1870 wels, svaneTSi ki_ 1871 wels.

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glexuri revoluciis SiSiT, carizmi ar daeTanxma qarTvel TavadaznaurTa moTxovnas, rom glexebi sul umiwod gaenTavisuflebinaT. mTavrobam glexebs mcire miwis nakveTebi miakuTvna, es imitomac gaakeTa, rom glexs raRac Semosavali mainc hqonoda saxelmwifosTvis gadasaxadebis gadasaxdelad. Tumca mTeli miwa mebatoneebis sakuTrebad gamocxadda, glexobas mainc dautoves ufleba, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi memamulisagan igi gamoesyida. am nakveTebis gamosyidvamde isini `droebiTvaldebul~ glexebad rCebodnen. zogierT ganTavisuflebul glexs batonymobis gauqmebamde rac hqonda, nawili iqedanac CamoaWres. qarTvel glexebs `droebiTvaldebuleba~ mZime tvirTad daawva, is oci weli unda gagrZelebuliyo, magram saqarTveloSi es instituti mxolod 1912 wlis noemberSi gauqmda. mowinave qarTveli inteligencia aRaSfoTa glexTa motyuebam da gaZarcvam. saqarTveloSi gatarebuli saglexo reforma imdenad miuRebeli aRmoCnda progresulad moazrovne adamianebisTvis, rom 1865 wels sazRvargareT arsebul rusul demokratiul gazeTSi_`kolokoli~ niko nikolaZe werda: `stambis melanma rogor aitana da ar gawiTlda, roca mzis sinaTleze gamohqondaT mZarcvelobisa da yaCaRobis, siyalbisa da danaSaulis es dakanoneba~. miuxedavad amisa, batonymobis gauqmebam mainc iTamaSa progresuli roli: Seqmna Tavisufali muSaxeli da daaCqara kapitalizmis ganviTareba.

XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis reformebi XIX saukunis 60_70-ian wlebSi ruseTSi gatarda burJuaziuli reformebi, romlis mizani iyo arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis TandaTan, evoluciuri gardaqmna burJuaziul yaidaze. xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi ar gaatara yvela is reforma, rac ruseTSi, CvenSi mxolod sami reforma ganxorcielda, isic nawilobriv, anu rogorc imdroindeli qarTveli moRvaweebi werdnen_`kudmokvecili saxiT~. saqarTveloSi gatarda sasoflo, saqalaqo mmarTvelobisa da sasamarTlo reformebi. debuleba sasoflo TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb iTvaliswinebda sasoflo sazogadoebis Seqmnas, romelSic yvela kategoriis glexi unda gaerTianebuliyo. soflis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis ganmkargulebeli organo unda yofiliyo glexTa yriloba. aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba eZleoda yrilobis mier arCeul mamasaxliss, xolo marTlmsajuleba soflis sasamarTlos. marTalia, soflis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis SemoReba zogadad dadebiTi movlena iyo, magram koloniuri reJimis pirobebSi mas hqonda Tavisi nakli. debulebiT TiTqos didi ufleba hqonda miniWebuli sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis organoebs, magram sinamdvileSi glexTa interesebi naklebad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. mazris ufrosi yovelTvis axerxebda soflisaTvis Tavs moexvia mTavrobisTvis sasargeblo mamasaxlisi, romelic arsebiTad gamodioda policiis agentis rolSi da imas akeTebda, rasac mazris ufrosi ubrZanebda. kanon-debulebis mTavari uaryofiTi mxare mainc is iyo, rom igi soflis sazogadoebrivi mmarTvelobis kontrolsa da Zaldatanebas glexebze avrcelebda da icavda zedafenebis interesebs. didmpyrobelur doqtrinaSi ar Sedioda yvela wodebisaTvis saerTo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis SemoReba, romelic uflebasac da movaleobasac Tanabrad gaanawilebda mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialur fenaze. rusuli xelisufleba bolomde ambobda uars adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saerTo-saxalxo formis Camoyalibebaze. amitom ibrZoda qarTveli xalxi da carizmis damxobamde ver miaRwia saerobo reformis gatarebas. saerobo reformis yvela proeqti, romelic kavkasiaSi gasatareblad ramdenjerme Seadgines ruseTis centrSi, iqca antiqarTul, rusuli Sovinizmisa da imperiuli `dahyav da ibatones~ principis gasatarebel iaraRad. sasamarTlo reforma ruseTSi 1864 wels gatarda, saqarTveloSi ki_1868 wels. reformiT sasamarTlos ruseTSi mieniWa damoukidebloba. ZalaSi Sevida mosamarTleTa da nafic msajulTa arCevis principi. administraciuli wesiT maTi gadayeneba aikrZala. imperiis ganapira mxareebSi, kerZod saqarTveloSi,sasamarTlo reforma Seikveca. rusi reformatorebi amis mizezad asaxelebdnen `mosaxleobis moumzadeblobasa da `specifikur pirobebs~, sinamdviuleSi ki am SemTxvevaSic Tavi iCina koloniur-rusifikatorulma politikam. mTavrobas ar surda koloniebSi Tavisi 50

administaraciis yovlisSemZleobis SezRudva, sasamarTlos sferos gadacema adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier arCeuli mosamarTleebisa da nafici msajulebisaTvis. 1868 wlidan Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebSi Camoyalibda saolqo sasamarTloebi. mazrebSi Seiqmna momrigebeli sasamarTlos ganyofilebebi. saqarTveloSi ar gadmonergila burJuaziuli sasamarTlos ZiriTadi principebi: ar SemouRiaT arc mosamarTleebis arCeviToba, arc samarTalwarmoebaSi nafic msajulTa monawileobis wesi. mosamarTleebs winandeburad mTavroba niSnavda da isini mTlianad administraciis didmoxeleebze iyvnen damokidebulni. damoukidebeli sasamarTloebis nacvlad, saqarTveloSi Seiqmna axal yaidaze gamarTuli, mTavrobis moxeleTagan dakompleqtebuli sasamarTloebi, romlebsac unda SeesrulebinaT imperatoris neba-survili. am sasamarTlos yvelaze didi nakli is iyo, rom saqmis warmoeba xdeboda rusul enaze,romelic mosaxleobis did umravlesobas ar esmoda. amiT xalxsa da sasamarTlos Soris rCeboda ufskruli, xalxs surda adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan arCeuli nafici msajulebi, amgvari Suamdgomloba qarTvelma Tavadaznaurobam aRZra kidec umaRlesi mTavrobis winaSe, magram amaod. demokratiuli sasamarTlo saqarTvelos mefis ruseTis dros ar miuRia. saqalaqo reforma ruseTis imperiaSi gatarda 1870 wels. TbilisSi saqalaqo TviTmmarTveloba 1874 wels, quTaisSi ki_1875 wels amoqmedda. male saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi Seiqmna gorSi, axalcixeSi, foTsa da baTumSi. saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebi arc demokratiuli iyo da arc farTo ufleba-kompetenciiT aRWurvilni. qarTveli inteligencia bolomde ibrZoda TviTmmarTvelobis demokratizaciisa da uflebamosilebis gafarToebisaTvis. niko nikolaZes inteligenciis movaleobad miaCnda caristuli administraciis kritika da imavdroulad TviTmmarTvelobis principis dacva-gafarToeba, radgan am sakiTxis gadawyvetasac ukavSirdeboda qarTveli xalxis ukeTesi momavali. viwro ufleba-kompetenciis miuxedavad, saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobebma koloniur saqarTveloSi dadebiTi roli Seasrules. aq moRvawe sazogadoebrivi Zalebi axerxebdnen ramdenadme mainc SeekvecaT ruseTis mTavrobis administraciuli aparatis moxeleTa TviTneboba, gaeumjobesebinaT komunaluri meurneoba da saqalaqo cxovreba. magram saqalaqo debuleba, smwuxarod, ar gatarda yvela qalaqSi. XX saukunis dasawyisamde sapolicio mmarTveloba iqna datovebuli TelavSi, siRnaRSi, axalqalaqSi, duSeTSi, soxumSi, zugdidsa da ozurgeTSi, aseve saqarTvelos yvela dabaSi.
wyaro a) Tbilisis samxedro gubernatoris saidumlo moxseneba imperatorisadmi, 1899 w. gr. giorgaZis wignidan _sazogadoebrivi urTieroba saqarTveloSi 1864-1905, Tbilisi, 1928 w., gv. 214. 1899 wels gubernatori Tavis saidumlo moxsenebaSi imperatorisadmi uaryofs saqarTveloSi erobis da nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoRebas da am uaryofiT damokidebulebas asabuTebs miT, rom qarTvel xalxs ara aqvs zneobrivi safuZvlebi da man ar icis, ra aris kanonierebisadmi pativiscema. igive momxsenebeli exeba ra qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis zneobriv mdgomareobas, saSinel cudad axasiaTebs mas, uwodebs znedacemuls, crus, matyuaras, mZarcvels, yalbi sabuTebis gamkeTebels, uvics da aqedan gamohyavs daskvna, rom Tu aseTia upirvelesi wodeba, raRa iqneba saerTod xalxio. momxseneblis azriT, saqarTveloSi, kerZod quTaisis guberniaSi, eroba da nafic sasamarTloTa SemoReba ki ar aris saWiro, aucilebelia nel-nela, SeumCnevlad adgilobrivi elementebis gandevna saxelmwifo organoebidan da maT magier rusuli saimedo elementebis mowveva, magram es saqme Catarebuli unda iqnas TandaTanobiT da ara mkacrad, gadaWriT...momxsenebeli urCevs mTavrobas _stipendiebi daniSnos marto kadetTa korpusebSi, radgan iq aRzrda, samxedro samsaxuri gaTqvefs adgilobriv elementebs rus xalxSi. arCil jorjaZe xiznebis Sesaxeb: `Cven arc misvla-mosvlis winaaRmdegni varT, arc ucxoelebis garekvis azri gvafrTovanebs, Cven vambobT mxolod, rom emigracia-migraciis sakiTxi mowesrigebuli unda iqnas Tanaxmad samarTlianobisa da kavkasiis yvela erTa interesebisa. Cven gvinda emigracia-migracia gabatonebuli biurokratiis xelSi politikis iaraRad ar iyos~. didi mTavari mixeili_mixeil nikolozis Ze romanovi (1832_1909), daibada moskovSi, iyo imperator nikoloz I-is meoTxe vaJi, imperator aleqsandre II-is Zma. general-feldmarSali, kavkasiis mefisnacvali da samxedro olqis sardali 1862-1881 wlebSi, ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardali; mis saxels ukavSirdeba afxazeTis samTavros saboloo gaiuqmeba da dasavleT kavkasiis SeerTeba ruseTTan, risTvisac almasebiT Semkuli oqros xmali gadaeca warweriT: `kavkasiis omebis dasrulebisaTvis~. mis drosve gatarda saglexo, saqalaqo da sasamarTlo reformebi. axlo urTierToba hqonda qarTul aristokratiasTan. daviT kldiaSvilis sityviT, mas bralsac ki sdebdnen rusi xelisufalni, rom `auSva kavkasiis mkvidrni da ver gahyavda mtkiced ruseTis politika~. hqonda mamulebi borjomsa da abasTumanSi, aseve afxazeTSi. miuxedavad liberalizmisa, misi mmarTvelobis periodi gamoirCeoda sisastikiT yovelive erovnulisadmi. mis dros, 1875 wels, rusulma jarma sisxlSi CaaxSo svaneTis ajanyebuli sofeli xalde, 1865 wels daarbies da 30-mde adamiani mokles da daWres Tbilisis xelosanTa amboxebis Caqrobisas. mis dros daixura rusulenovani, magram qarTuli suliT gaJRenTili gazeTi_`obzori~, romlis redaqtori niko nikolaZe ruseTSi gadaasaxles. mis drosve mimdinareobda muhajirobis procesi afxazeTsa da aWaraSi. mcire, pirovnuli TvisebebiT gansxvaveba rus moxeleebs ar aZlevda ruseTis imperiuli saxelmwifo politikidan gadaxvevis saSualebas.

51

saqarTvelodan wasvlis Semdeg, mixeil romanovi 1881-1905 wlebSi iyo saxelmwifo sabWos Tavmjdomare. is mainc xSirad Camodioda saqarTveloSi, yovelTvis aRniSnavda qarTveli xalxisa da saqarTvelos bunebis siyvaruls. gardaicvala kanSi (safrangeTi), 1909 wels.

ruseTis politika qarTuli kulturis winaaRmdeg (1801-1917w.w.) ganaTleba 1801-1917 w. w. dapyrobil saqarTveloSi rusuli politika sami mimarTulebiT warimarTa: politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturulsaganmanaTleblo. imperiuli ideologiis gamarjveba _ZvelTaZveli kulturuli tradiciebis mospobiTa da ganaTlebis axali, rusuli kerebis daarsebiT, qarTveli eris sruli rusifikaciiT igegmeboda. iaraRiT dapyrobili saqarTvelo am gziT Tu iqceoda imperiis bunebriv Semadgenel nawilad, mxolod garusebuli qarTveloba Tu gaxdeboda rusuli guberniebis morCili mosaxleoba. es mizani skolebiT SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo, Tuki am skolebidan sruliad ganidevneboda qarTuli ena. am imperiul dakveTas asrulebda rusuli saganmanaTleblo politika saqarTveloSi 1801-1917 wlebSi. ruseTis dapyrobamde saqarTvelo, marTalia, ganicdida ori didi imperiis_sparseTis da osmaleTis kulturul eqspansias, magram qarTveli xalxi amas bunebrivi ganviTarebis kalapotidan ar amougdia. is am kulturebTan religiur identobas ver ganicdida da arc mis enas da arc qristianobaze dafuZnebul kulturul memkvidreobas safrTxe ar Seqmnia. axalma dampyrobelma ki, Tavisi erTmorwmuneobiTa da imperiuli miznebiT, gacilebiT meti ziani moutana dapyrobil qveyanas, amoagdo igi bunebrivi ganviTarebis kalapotidan. zogadad, kulturis sferos, kerZod ki ganaTlebasa da mecnierebas, pirveli didi dartyma ruseTma saqarTvelos aneqsiisTanave miayena, rodesac ZaldatanebiT gadaasaxla ruseTSi samefo kari da masTan daaxloebuli adamianebi; es iyo inteleqtis iseTi gadineba, romlis anazRaureba qveyanas aRar SeeZlo. qarTul kulturas manamde is feodaluri aristokratia qmnida, vinc mizanmimarTulad moaSores Tavis qveyanas. marTalia, ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebi agrZelebdnen kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobas, magram misi Sedegebi saqarTvelomde an ver aRwevda, an ise dagvianebiT, rom mas aRar SeeZlo qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebaze raime arsebiTi zegavlenis moxdena. amasTanave, SeuZlebelia, ucxo enobriv da eTnikur garemoSi, bunebriv safuZvels mowyvetili adamiani mSobliur kulturas qmnides. am faqtma qarTuli kulturis danaklisi aunazRaurebeli gaxada. ruseTis Semosvlamde TbilisSi, sadac 60 aTasamde kaci cxovrobda, ocamde dawyebiTi skola, erTi seminaria, 5 kerZo saswavlebeli iyo, arsebobda damoukidebeli swavlebis praqtikac. ruseTis mier am qveynis dapyrobis Semdeg qarTuli saswavleblebi saqarTveloSi aRar darCa, an gauqmda, an moxda saswavlebelTa sruli rusifikacia. mefis moxeleebi sakuTar qveyanaSi ganaTlebamiRebul adamianebs gaunaTleblad Tvlidnen. am dros rusuli ena cota vinmem Tu icoda saqarTveloSi, ris gamoc rusi moxeleebi maT ukulturoebs da CamorCenilebs uwodebdnen da Tavs am qveynis ganmanaTleblebad miiCnevdnen. Tumca, 1801 wlis 12 noembris umaRles reskriptSi ganaTlebaze araferi iyo naTqvami, es saqme mTlianad kavkasiis korpusis mTavarsardlis pirad iniciativaze iyo, is ki, umTavresad, rus moxeleTa Svilebisa da kavkasiis warCinebuli wodebis rusul ganaTlebaze zrunavda. kerZo skolebis gaxsnis uflebas kanoni iZleoda, magram es ufleba imdenad Zneli misaRebi iyo, rom zogjer aTeuli wlebic ki Wirdeboda, saero pirebidan am uflebis miRebas marto `politikurad saimedoni~ Tu axerxebdnen, esenic ZiriTadad araqarTvelebi iyvnen da saxelmwifos sastiki kontrolis qveS muSaobdnen. saswavleblebi emorCilebodnen ruseTis ganaTlebis sistemas, xelovnurad iyo gadmotanili rusuli programebi da swavlebis meTodebi, rac xSirad Seusabamo iyo qarTveli kacis bunebasa da saganmanaTleblo tradiciebTan. maSin, rodesac ruseTis saswavlo dawesebulebebs xelisufleba saxelmwifo biujetidan afinansebda, amas ar akeTebda saqarTveloSi arsebul skolebSi. arc saero da arc sasuliero sawavleblebze saqarTveloSi xazinidan 1830 w.mde kapiki ar daxarjula. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili wera-kiTxvis ucodinari rCeboda. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi ramdenime ajanyeba moxda rusuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. pirveli, rac ajanyebuli qarTvelebis dasasjelad moifiqra rusulma xelisuflebam, es iyo damnaSaveTa mcirewlovani Svilebis gagzavna rusul samxedro (kadetTa) skolebSi da maTi garuseba. ase, magaliTad: 1820 wels kavkasiis mTavari Stabis ufrosi werda saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTebels, general ermolovs: `xelmwife imperatorma, Tqveni udidebulesobis ganzraxvis Tanaxmad, umaRlesad keTil ineba: mTiel xalxSi, guriasa, imereTsa da samegreloSi mRelvarebis 52

umTavres gamomwvevTa da moRalateTa Svilebi gaigzavnon aRsazrdelad samxedroTa oblebis ganyofilebaSi, saidanac isini unda gadavidnen ruseTis SigniT ganlagebul polkebSi~. amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi brmad gadmotanili ruseTis saswavlo debulebiT aqauri skola eqvemdebareboda yubanis olqs da yazanis universitetis reqtors. imas, rom ase Soridan marTva rTuli iyo, emateboda rusuli Sovinizmi da antiqarTuli suliskveTeba, rasac rusi moxeleebi imperiuli reJimis pirobebSi Tavisuflad gamoxatavdnen. ase mag.: 1819 wels yubanis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelad daniSnulma m. k. magnickim zedmetad CaTvala `keTilSobilTa saswavleblis~ arseboba da misi daxurva moindoma. brZola am sakiTxze ramdenime weli gagrZelda, Tavad rusi moxeleebic ki mixvdnen magnickis aSkara antiqarTuli qmedebis ukanonobas da bolos Tbilisis saswavlebeli xarkovis saswavlo olqisa da misi universitetis daqvemdebarebaSi gadaitanes. skolebi marto samazro da sxva qalaqebSi arsdeboda, saqarTvelos geografiuli Tu socialuri pirobebis mixedviT, swavlis msurveli niWieri axalgazrdebi, mTian regionebSi rom cxovrobdnen, ver axerxebdnen qalaqebSi wasvlas da wera-kiTxvis uswavlelni rCebodnen. 1824 wels, ukiduresi reaqcioneris_ golicinis nacvlad arCeulma ganaTlebis ministrma_a. SiSkovma araTu mxari dauWira liberalur ideologias, romelic is-is iyo fexs idgamda ruseTis moazrovne elitaSi, aramed kvlav reaqciuli lozungebi wamoayena: ganaTlebis sistemis ZiriTad sawyisad man gamoacxada imperiaSi Semaval ararusTa swavleba rusul enaze. es reaqciuli lozungi ruseTis ganaTlebis arcerT ministrs ar Seucvlia imperiis arsebobis manZilze. mSobliuri enis warTmeva da garuseba skolebis mTavari mizani iyo. am miznis ganxorcielebas exmareboda rusuli enis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba yvelgan, administraciul dawesebulebebsa da sasamarTloebSi, qarTuli enis qceva saSinao moxmarebis enad. msgavsi kulturuli eqspansia istoriis manZilze bevrjer gadaetana qarTvel ers, Tumca amjerad erTmorwmune qveyana upirispirdeboda, am movlenas advilad ver egueboda, cdilobda kerZo skolebSi aenazRaurebina danaklisi: eswavlebina mSobliuri ena da kultura, amgvari skolebic, gansakuTrebiT antirusuli gamosvlebis Semdeg ixureboda, mTavroba mxolod rus da ucxoel kerZo pirebs aZlevda kerZo saswavlebelTa daarsebis uflebas. qarTveli xalxi Tavisi Segrovili fuliT xsnida skolebs, mTavroba ki xSirad amaSic uSlida xels. marTalia, rusi moxeleebidan liberalobiT gamorCeulma voroncovma moaxdina kavkasiis saswavlo dawesebulebebis unificireba, mis dros daarsda meore gimnaziac quTaisSi,magram swavleba maSinac rusulenovani da qarTveli bavSvebisaTvis autaneli iyo. mavne meTodi_rozgi da wkepla bevri bavSvis sicocxles tragikulad asrulebda. am viTarebas kargad aRweren am drois qarTveli mwerlebi. magaliTad akaki wereTlis avtobiografiuli moTxrobac ikmarebda. iakob gogebaSvils aRwerili aqvs, rogor scemda revizori qarTvel bavSvebs da aiZulebda eTqva_rusi varo. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo qarTuli skolebis mdgomareoba XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. rogorc kavkasiis mmarTveli dondukov-korsakovi (1882-1890), ise kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli k. p. ianovski, mxaris sruli rusifikaciis mizniT, ZirSive spobda yovelive qarTuls da nacionalistur-Sovinistur grZnobebs aRvivebda araqarTul mosaxleobaSi. mizanmimarTuli politikiT afxazebsa da osebs, romelTac qarTvel xalxTan saukuneebis manZilze kulturuli erToba hqondaT, waarTves ufleba_ ganaTleba qarTul Tu mSobliur enebze mieRoT, isini rusuli skolebiT gaaruses, politikuri inspiraciebiTa da rusificirebuli ganaTlebiT CamoaSores qarTul samyaros. 1885 wlis cirkulariT qarTuli ena savsebiT ganidevna skolidan, amave wels gamoica brZaneba samegrelos skolebSi qarTuli enis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. qarTveli eris Sinagan gaTiSvas emsaxureboda carizmis moxeleTa cda_ samegrelos, svaneTisa da aWaris skolebSi qarTulis nacvlad swavleba megrul, svanur da Turqul enebze SemoeRoT, musulman qarTvelebs xelisufleba Turqebad, svanebsa da megrelebs ki_ araqarTvelebad acxadebda. `megruli damwerlobis~ SemoRebac ki scades samegrelos skolebSi, 1892 wels levickim megruli skolebisaTvis rusuli enis saxelmZRvanelo Seadgina, romelic unda eswavlebinaT rusul anbanze dayrdnobiT Sedgenili megruli anbaniT, rasac Tavad aqauri skolebis maswavleblebma gamoucxades protesti. qarTuli enis devna-Seviwroeba, erovnuli Cagvra kidev ufro gaZlierda golicinis mmarTvelobis dros(1897-1904). gaugebari da miuRebeli aRmoCnda swavlebis axali, e. w. munjuri meTodic. mefisnacvali voroncov-daSkovi ganaTlebis miznebze kavkasiaSi werda, rom es iyo rusuli ganaTlebis saSualebiT kavkasiis erTa Serwymis mizani imperiasTan. `saqarTvelos skolebidan qarTuli enis gandevnas asaxavs cxrili, romelic 1908 wels Jurnal `ganaTlebaSi~ gamoqveynda. ## skolebi, romlebSic 53 procentulad

aswavlidnen dedaenaze dedaenaze rusuli 2 saSualebiT 3 mxolod rusul enaze 1

1878 w. 17.9 32.3 49.8

1881 w. 13.8 34.0 52.2

1889 w. 0.1 27.1 72.8

1890 w. 27.1 72.9

1900 w. 1901 w. gauqmebulia 13.3 86.7 11.9 88.1

kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunveli 1903 wlis angariSSi siamayiT werda, rom `skolebis 92,4 % saqarTveloSi mTlianad rusul enaze aswavlis, iseTi skolebi ki, sadac swavleba dedaenazea, amJamad sruliad aRaraa~_o. XIX saukunis qarTuli presa, umkacresi cenzuris pirobebSic axerxebda qarTuli enis diskriminaciaze weras. qarTveli inteligencia ilia WavWavaZis, iakob gogebaSvilis da sxvaTa saxiT pirdapir ebrZoda amgvar damokidebulebas, eris moTxovnebis arad Cagdebas, isini rusulis swavlebis winaaRmdegni ki ar iyvnen,aramed misi swavleba SesaZleblad miaCndaT mSobliur enasTan erTad. `udedaenod gonebis gaxsna bavSvisa yovlad SeuZlebelia. maSin skola gonebis gaxsnis saxsari ki ar aris, gonebis daCagvrisaa, gonebis daxSvisaa, daTrgunvisaa~,_ werda ilia `iveriaSi~ 1881 wels. ianovski mefisnacvalTan da JandarmeriasTan abezRebda ilia WavWavaZes,rogorc saxelmwifo enis swavlebis mowinaaRmdeges. qarTveli eris winaaRmdeg rusul politikas asaxavs marvalTagan erTi dokumentic: 1885wels kavkasiis sacenzuro komitetSi ganxilula `saqarTvelos mokle geografia~, romelSidac sityva `saqarTvelo~ yvelgan gadaxazulia da cenzoris xeliT Cawerilia `Tbilisisa ~ da `quTaisis gubernia~. vinaidan sityva `saqarTvelo~ saxelmwifoebriobasa da warsuls moagonebda, axalgazrdobas unda daeviwyebina igi da Tavi ruseTis imperiis Cveulebrivi guberniebis mkvidrad unda egrZno. liberalur-demokratiuli azrovnebisaTvis carizmis moxeleTa mier bevri qarTveli pedagogi da erovnuli interesebis damcveli adamiani iqna represirebuli. es xdeboda saswavlo olqis mzrunvelis_ rudolfis brZanebiT. is, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovreb rus bavSvebs ar evalebodaT eswavlaT qarTuli ena, rom qarTuli ena arasavaldebulo saganTa Soris iyo, rom qarTuli enis pedagogTa anazRaureba rusulis maswavleblebisas Camouvardeboda, rom ar aswavlidnen saqarTvelos istorias da geografias, piriqiT, rusi e. w. ganmanaTleblebi dascinodnen qarTul enas da istoriul warsuls (ianovski, katkovi, zavadski, levicki da sxv.), uflebas ar iZleodnen profesiuli skolebis gaxsnisas, radgan saqarTveloSi arc sasoflo-sameurneo tradiciebia da arc misi kadrebio (maSin, rodesac istoriuli sinamdvile sul sxva iyo)...miuTiTebda ruseTis saganmanaTleblo politikis Sovinistur, koloniurimperiul xasiaTze.
wyaro a) quTaisis gimnaziis direqtoris_al. stoianovis mimarTva saswavlo olqis mzrunvels, 1880 weli, 15 ianvari: `... qarTuli ena samSoblo enaa, pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba unda swarmoebdes samSoblo enaze. Semdegi ganaTlebac samSoblo enis saSualebiT unda mimdinareobdes. amitom mosamzadebel klasebSi maswavleblebad unda iyvnen qarTvelebi, an iseTi rusebi, romlebmac qarTuli ician. amitom maswavleblebs_vituSinskis da petrovs me miveci winadadeba erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Seiswavlon qarTuli ena... amboben, rom saqarTvelo unda Tanaeziaros ruseTis kulturasao, da imave dros arcerTma rusma ar icis qarTuli ena. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusis Svilebi amTavreben gimnazias, umaRles saswavleblebs, msaxureben saqarTveloSi da ar ician qarTvelebis arc ena da arc zne-Cveuleba. ingliselma moxeleebma, romlebic foTi-tfilisis rkinisgzas aSenebdnen, 5-6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi Seiswavles qarTuli ena, rusebi ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom naxevar saukuneze meti saqarTvbeloSi arian, ar ician arcerTi qarTuli sityva~. SeniSvna: am mimarTvisaTvis ianovskim stoianovi gadaiyvana quTaisidan da male misi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli enis Sesaxeb zustad ianovskis, levickis da dekanoz vostorgovis msgavsi gaxda. wyaro b) ilia WavWavaZe rusuli politikis Sesaxeb, `iveria~ 1887w., # 1: `es weliwadi daiwyo imiT, rom ianovski da egzarxosi ioanike movida da wavida neverovi da egzarxosi evsevi. Cven gvegona axali kargi ambebi iqneboda. gamovida, rom sistema igivea da marto xerxia sxva. am tkbilma imedebma Cailulis wyali dalies. RmerTo, gvixsen!... risgan gvixseno,_ mkiTxavT Tqven. imisagan, rom... eriha!.. kinaRam RmerTi ar gamiwyra da ar wamovayrantale pasuxi!...sul gadamaviwyda, rom adamians sityva azrisTvis ara aqvs miniWebuli, aramed imisTvis, rom didma sTqvas:` me Sen

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gibrZaneb da xma unda gaikmindo~ da pataram miugos: `maqvs pativi mogaxsenoT, rom ena mucelSi Camivarda brZanebisamebr Tqvenisao~. wyaro g) sergei mesxis Ria werili kavkasiis ganaTlebis mzrunvels_ ianovskis; gazeTi `droeba~ 1880 w., # 254:. Cven moxaruli viyaviT, rodesac neverovis adgilze Tqven dagniSnes, radgan gagonili gvqonda, rom ganaTlebuli pedagogi xarT. es imedebi Tavidan gamarTlda, Tqven momxre iyaviT samSoblo enis, istoriisa da literaturis Seswavlis, magram Semdeg gadauxvieT am gzas: 1. quTaisis saxalxo skolebis direqtors miswereT, rom ecade guberniis maswavlebelTa krebam gamoitanos dadgnileba, rom skolaSi pirvelive wlidan rusuli ena aswavlono. 2. axalsenakSi mimarTeT sityviT maswavleblebs, rom Tqven rusuli gezarebaT, sxva mizans misdevT da ara pedagogiurso, winaaRmdegi xarT rusuli enisao. mTavrobas arasodes ar dauSlia erebisaTvis Tavis samSoblo enaze swavla, Tqven ki gindaT wagvarTvaT ena, mospoT is... aravis ara aqvs ufleba, aseTi sityvebiT mimarTos qarTvel xalxs, man araerTxel daamtkica Tavisi erTguleba da morCileba... qarTvelebis survili igivea, rac yvela xalxebisa: daicvan Tavis samSoblo ena, mamuli, sjuli da sarwmunoeba. Tqveni survili ki aris_ daaviwyoT qarTvelebs qarTuli ena. Tqven cils swamebT qarTvel xalxs... wyaro d) iakob gogebaSvili qarTuli enis devnis Sesaxeb, gaz. `iveria~, 1883w.: `mamao, miuteve maT, rameTu ar ician, rasa iqman...~raRac ucnaur varskvlavzed dabadebula Cveni saxalxo skola. TiTqos yvelani, vinc ki cotaodeni uflebiT aris Semosili, dauZinebliv mieswrafvis da cdilobs, rom saxalxo skola Tavis wminda daniSnulebas_codnas da swavlis mofenas xalxSi_ daacdinos da gaxados gadabirebis iaraRad. erTi Sedegi am mimarTulebis aris _Seusabamo mniSvneloba da adgili, romelic Cvens saxalxo saswavleblebSi mieniWa rusul enas. am enis swavleba mZime tvirTad ahkides erTklasian saxalxo skolebsac, sadac sami wlis ganmavlobaSi Cveni bavSvebi qarTuls wignsac Zlivs swavloben da vainaCrobiT iZenen elementarul codnas... amas garda, erTi bedureba kidev, rusul enas aswavlian ara samSoblo enis saSualebiT, aramed rusul wignebSi, romelic rusi bavSvebisTvis arian daniSnuli~.

1. ratom iyo ganaTlebis sfero ruseTis imperiul-koloniuri politikis mTavari mimarTuleba? 2. ra daemarTa saqarTveloSi ruseTis aneqsiamde arsebul qarTul skolebs? 3. skolebis rusifikaciis garda, kidev ra iyo is iaraRi, rasac rusuli xelisufleba iyenebda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi: samegreloSi, afxazeTSi, svaneTsa da aWaraSi? 4. raze mianiSnebs wyaro a-s informacia da TandarTuli SeniSvna? 5. Tqveni azriT, ras gulisxmobda ilia WavWavaZe wyaro b-s mixedviT? 6. ra daskvnis gamotana SegiZliaT ruseTis saganmanaTleblo politikis gacnobis Semdeg?

literatura. ruseTis batonobis orsaukunovani epoqa Zneli iyo literaturis sferoSi moRvawe adamianebisaTvis. qarTvel mwerlebs umkacres cenzurasTan dapirispireba, rusul Sovinistur politikasTan SebrZoleba da eTnokulturuli Rirebulebebis dacva pirovnuli Tavganwirvis fasad uxdebodaT. maSin, rodesac sityva `saqarTvelos~ xmarebac ki ikrZaleboda, mimdinareobda qarTveli eris asimilacia da rusifikacia, qarTuli mwerloba mtkiced upirispirdeboda dampyrobels, literatura iqca sulier sazrdod da eris ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa. ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi eris winamZRolebi mwerlebi iyvnen. amitom, rusuli imperiuli reJimis warmomadgenlebi gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT uswordebodnen mwerlebs, krZalavdnen maT Semoqmedebas. XIX saukunis mweralTa didi nawili qarTuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. im Sedegebma, rac rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebam moitana,_ mfarvelobis gawevis nacvlad, qarTveli xalxis awiokebam, aRaSfoTa isini da zogierTma kalmiT, zogma antireJimul ajanyebebSi monawileobiT gamoxata ara marto sakuTari imedgacrueba, aramed mTeli eris tragediac. ruseTma ar daindo saqarTvelos dapyrobaSi misi aqtiurad Tanamdgomi ojaxebis wevrebic, iseTi, rogoric georgievskis traqtatis erT-erTi avtoris_ garsevan WavWavaZis vaJi, poeti da SemdgomSi rusuli armiis maRalCinosani, ruseTis imperatoris naTluli_aleqsandre WavWavaZe iyo. 1804 wlis antirusul ajanyebaSi da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis is daapatimres.

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1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisa da dekabristi poetis_ kondrate rileevis Tavisuflebis ideiT ganmsWvaluli leqsis qarTulad TargmnisaTvis daapatimres aseve cnobili poeti da momavalSi rusuli armiis generali_grigol orbeliani. reJimis simkacre da tragikuloba imaSic gamoixateboda, rom didi qarTveli poetebi, rusuli samxedro reJimis wiaRSi aRmoCndnen gaorebul adamianebad: SemoqmedebaSi namdvil, antirusul grZnobebs gamoxatavdnen, cxovrebaSi ki reJimis ganmtkicebas Tavad emsaxurebodnen. mxolod sikvdilis piras myofma grigol orbelianma aRiara erT patara strofSi, rom misi samSobloc da piradi cxovrebac daqceuli iyo. misi gardacvalebidan ramdenime wlis Semdeg(1888), am adamianis Sesaxeb leqciis wakiTxvis uflebac ki ar misca Tbilisis gubernatorma cnobil literators iona meunargias. XIX saukunis cnobili publicisti da sazogado moRvawe dimitri yifiani orjer daapatimra ruseTis xelisuflebam: pirvelad 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis gadaasaxles vologdaSi, meored 1886 wels_stavropolSi. meored dapatimrebis mizezad iqca Tbilisis seminariis reqtoris mokvla qarTveli seminarielis mier, romelmac ver aitana saswavlebelSi gamefebuli sisastike, moswavleebisadmi ugulo damokidebuleba da mokla reqtori Cudecki. saqarTvelos rusma egzarqosma_pavlem dawyevla qarTveli eri, ris gamoc mas dimitri yifianma sajarod moTxova am qveynis datoveba. amis gamo yifiani Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da gadaasaxles. stavropolis cixeSi rusma Jandarmebma is mokles. misi neStis gadmosveneba samSobloSi da dakrZalva qarTveli eris axal SemakavSirebel Zalad iqca. am movlenas akaki wereTelma miuZRvna qarTuli poeziis Sedevri_`ganTiadi~. mwerlobis erovnuli misia gansakuTrebiT gaizarda mas Semdeg, rodesac, 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebis gamo, cxadad gamoCnda istoriis winaSe qarTveli eris kapitulacia. ara marto inteligencia, aramed dabali socialuri fenebic grZnobdnen, rom dampyrobelma qarTvel xalxs qristianobis saxeliT is realoba SesTavaza, sadac politikuri cbiereba, eqspansionisturi suliskveTeba da biurokratiuli avantiurizmi iyo gamefebuli. yvelafer amas patara eris kvdomis procesi unda gaeRrmavebina, Tuki mas ar gamoafxizlebdnen eris iseTi moazrovne adamianebi, rogoric ilia WavWavaZe da misi sxva TanamebrZolebi iyvnen. ruseTi didi ZalisxmeviT cdilobda Caekla qarTuli suli, nihilizmiT gaeJRinTa igi, daerwmunebina qarTveloba, rom araferi iyo mis warsulSi iseTi, riTac iamayebda, eri, rogorc istoriuli subieqti, ar arsebobda, warsuli mxolod eTnografiuli dekoracia iyo da meti araferi. amitom mouwodebda qarTvelebs `moskovski vedomostis~ redaqtori_ Teatris scenaze gamotanili droSa cirkisTvis gadaecaT. tragikuli iyo is, rom dampyroblis gegma amoqmedda: ruseTma SeZlo qarTvelebSi morCilebis grZnobis Cadeba, rasac mohyva monuri fsiqologiis gamovlena: qreboda sakuTari Rirsebis, eTnokulturuli Rirebulebebis dacvis neba. ilia WavWavaZe eris am sulier ngrevas da metafizikur kvdomas aRudga win. amisTvis ara marto anTropologiuri karikaturuli tipaJebi Seqmna, aramed nawil-nawil ganixila movlenis gamomwvevi mizezebi, amas ki mwerlis mier rusuli politikis mZafri kritika, koloniuri Cagvris winaaRmdeg da erovnuli meobis dabrunebisaTvis brZolisken mowodeba mohyva. rusulma imperiulma xelisuflebam, yovelive amis gamo, ilia metad saSiS pirovnebad CaTvala da misma Savrazmulma organizaciebma, rusuli interesebis damcvelma adamianebma mwerals dauwyes jaSuSuri TvalTvali da devna, mkvlelebis migzavna, jer zneobrivi diskreditacia(glexebis mCagvrelad warmodgena), misi uzarmazari avtoritetis Seryevis mcdeloba, bolos ki am movlenebs mohyva_misi mkvleloba. rodesac saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen rusi Savrazmelebi da maTi Tanamoazre antiqarTvelebi, eri Tvalsa da yurs Tavis rCeul mwerlebs miapyrobda xolme. rusi moxeleebis karikaturuli saxeebis Seqmna, TviTironia da fsevdoRirebulebebis warmoCena ilias TanamebrZolisa da didi qarTveli poetis_akakis poeziis mTavari niSani iyo. poeti mTeli cxovreba ebrZoda rusul Sovinizms, Cagvrasa da damcirebas. misTvis Tavisufleba brZoliT mosapovebeli faseuloba iyo da amitom mouwodebda ers: `rac ZaladobiT waiRes vin daabrunebs nebiTa, vin naxa Tavisufleba tanjviT da moTminebiTa?..~ es iyo brZolisken mowodeba,rac, ilias msgavsad, akakisac Savrazmuli ZalebisTvis saSiS pirovnebad aqcevda. akaki arRvevda rusuli cenzuris mier zogierT Temaze dadebul tabus, leqsebiT asaxavda eklesiis daqveiTebasa da wirva-locvis rusul enaze dawesebas, misi azriT, amas dampyrobeli mizanmimarTulad akeTebda: sulier saZirkvels aclida erovnul Senobas, xalxs RmerTis imedsac aRar utovebda. `jer eklesias eZgeren, Tqves_aq marxia ZaRlio, jer Ziri gamouTxare, Tu gsurs daiqces saxlio, RvTis savedreblad ras varga raRaca ZaRlis enao...~leqsebiTa Tu werilebiT akaki wereTelma dagmo rusi moxeleebis_ianovskis, vostorgovis, dondukovkorsakovis, loris-meliqovis, katkovis da sxvaTa antiqarTuli saqmianoba.im dros, rodesac simarTlis Tqma SeuZlebeli iyo, akaki mimarTavda alegoriasa da rus dampyroblebs `skviTebad~ moixseniebda. politikuri reaqciis Jams, XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac cenzura ulmobeli gaxda, poeti xSirad mimartavda skviTis alegorias. 1884 wels 56

daweril leqsSi_`saxalxo Sairi~ qarTvel xalxs poeti aTqmevinebda: `mama ucxonda skviTorels, Tavi ki mivsce xelada! Tavis ojaxSi briyvia, sxvisaSi Sedis xelada, xan iRrineba ZaRliviT, xan ipareba melada, aRarc kacia, arc mxeci, gamxdara saeWvelada, qveynis codva da varami gars Semortymia mcvelada... RmerTo, Sen gaasamarTle, Sen gixmobT damfarvelada!...~ akaki satirisa da pamfletis ostati iyo, rasac kargad iyenebda qarTveli xalxis mtrebze SurissaZieblad. samagierod, mis Semoqmedebas daundoblad ebrZoda cenzura, xSirad iRebda gamzadebuli wignidan da Jurnal-gazeTebidan mis mwvave simarTliT daweril teqstebs. poetis Semoqmedebis nawili mravaljer iyo datyvevebuli rusuli specsamsaxurebis arqivebSi, rac poetis cxovrebas amZimebda. dabeWdvas ver eRirsa misi poema `asi wlis ambavi~, sadac aRwerilia da tragikulad waroCenili ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba, 1801 wlis manifestidan XX saukunemde , ukanasknelad, 1913 wels, misi nawerebis II tomis mTeli egzemplari daatyveva cenzuram da akakim mefisnacvalsac ki mimarTa, Tumca veraferi gaawyo: gamocema mas Semdeg daubrunes, rodesac poema_`voroncovi da misi dro~ mTlianad amoWres. materialurad uaRresad gaWirvebul akaki wereTels erTi dRec ar umuSavia, radgan Tvlida, rom misi drois yvela dawesebuleba saqarTveloSi ruseTis dampyroblur interesebs emsaxureboda da mterTan ar unda eTanamSromla. daundoblad eqceoda ruseTis oficiozi did qarTvel publicistsa da sazogado moRvawes_niko nikolaZesac. maRali erudiciisa da erovnuli cnobierebis nikolaZe did sulier gavlenas axdenda Tanamedroveebze. mis werilebs presaSi sulmouTqmelad elodnen, radgan ara marto saqarTvelosa da ruseTis imperiaSi, mas icnobdnen imdroindeli evropis moazrovne sazogadoebaSic. is iyo didi paraqtikosic: man daarsa foTis porti, iyo foTis qalaqia Tavi, xelmZRvanelobda WiaTuris marganecis mopoveba-damuSavebis process, redaqtorobda qarTul da rusul presas da a. S., rac zrdida mis avtoritets. nikolaZis kritikuli, carizmis imperiul-koloniuri politikis ganmaqiqebeli publikaciebi uyuradRebod ar rCeboda mefis cenzuras. kavkasiis mefisnacvlis mTavarsammarTvelos ufrosi_baroni nikolai sacenzuro komitets avalebda: fxizlad edevnebina Tval-yuri misTvis, SeezRuda misi `mavne zegavlena~... rusi dampyroblebis Zaladoba gansakuTrebiT mwared iwvnia saqarTvelos samxedro gzis perimetrze mcxovrebma mosaxleobam. moxeveebisa da mTiulebis mimarT Cadenili rusi kolonistebis sisastike TviT rusi moxeleebis mier Sedgenil kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebsa da sxva dokumentur masalebSic aisaxa, qarTul literaturaSi ki es Semzaravi suraTebi didi mxatvruli ostatobiTa da simZafriT daxata aleqsandre yazbegma. esaa mxatvrulad gacocxlebuli istoriuli qronikebi: gzebis gawmendasa da SekeTebisas, Soltis cemiT daRupuli uamravi qarTvelis, namusaxdili qalebis, awiokebuli ojaxebis istoria. misi gmirebi itanjebian tlanqi rusuli mmarTvelobiT, moxeleTa aRviraxsnilobiTa da SeubraleblobiT, ojaxebSi, rusul egzekuciebTan erTad. Camdgari SiSiT: `vaime, daviRupeT, rusebi Tu moiyvanes dasayeneblad~,_ sasowarkveTili warmoTqvamen daucveli adamianebi, moCans daCoqebuli, magram monobisadmi didi protestiT savse saqarTvelo. SimSilma da Wleqma, xelisuflebis devnisa da daucvelobis pirobebSi cxovrebam imsxverpla bevri qarTveli mwerali. rusuli reJimis sisastike aiZulebdaT mwerlebs_ an damorCilebodnen Zalas, an msxverplad gaeRoT sakuTari sicocxle. amaze ambobda didi qarTveli poeti vaJa-fSavela: `Zalam sTqva: Cemi kanoni xiStis wverzeda sweria, vinc me ar maqeb-madidebs me var imaTi mteria, urCi ver damemaleba, rogorc miminos mwyeria, arada, yvelas zurgzeda agedinebaT mtveria...~ vaJam, ilias msgavsad, igrZno rusul azrovnebaSi gaCenili axali mimarTulebis_socialistur-bolSevikuri ideologiis saSineleba da amxila igi. mas ubedurebad miaCnda erovnulisa da kosmopolitizmis, partiuli da socialur-religiuri niSnebiT adamianebis dapirispireba, miTumetes saqarTveloSi, sadac uZvelesi droidan iyo religiuri sinkretizmis, eTnikuri da socialuri Semwynareblobisa da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis klasikuri suraTi. ilias mkvlelobisas warmoTqmul sityvasa da gamoqveynebul statiebSi man pirdapir daadanaSaula rusuli Savrazmuli Zalebi saqarTvelos mimarT Cadenil usamarTlobasa da ilias mkvlelobaSi.

wyaroa)

wyaro b) `vin aRCndes gmiri, rom mis Zlieri

`mas vsWvret patimrad, vis monebs guli, misTvis glax ganwiruli, maqvs mwuxareba zeda-zed rTuli,

beds daZinebuls xma aRadgendes, romel marjveniT, erTisa dakvriT,

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marad meaxlvis wyluli~... aleqsandre WavWavaZe

usulod veSaps miwad dascemdes?1~ grigol orbeliani

wyaro g) bela wifuria, qarTvel romantikosTa memkvidreobis SefasebisaTvis: `amave periodSi ikidebs fexs arasuverenuli garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sociokulturuli situacia... roca individTa is nawili, romelic sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis, msoflmxedvelobrivad da emociurad ewinaaRmdegeba kolonizacias, magram, amave dros, iRebs kolonizatorebis mier damyarebul saxelmwifoebriv wesrigs, privilegiebis mopovebis formebs da moqmedebs mis Sesabamisad~. ganmarteba: koloniur qveyanaSi provnebis TviTidentifikaciis bunebriv meqanizmSi gamovlindeba e. w. `susti rgolebi~, romlebic emorCilebian garegani Zalebis Carevas. es susti rgolebia: 1. enaTa aRreva da funqciuri mniSvnelobis dakargva; 2. samoqmedo sivrcis SezRudvagafarToeba; 3. konglomeraciuli faseulobani, raSic Sedis is materialuri kultura, romelic manamde ar yofila faseuli. e. w. `gaorebuli mwerlebi~ mSobliur enas mxolod emociur datvirTvas utoveben, isini leqsebs weren qarTulad, werilebis, dokumentebis Tu sasaubro enis funqcia ki maTTvis marto rusul enas aqvs. samoqmedo sivrcis mSobliuri areali maT araTu aRar hyofniT,xSirad xelsac uSliT imperiuli miznebis aRsrulebasa da karieris gakeTebaSi, miTumetes, rodesac es kariera umetesad samxedro iyo. Tumca erovnul faseulobebs icavdnen, magram es faseuloba TiTqmis ar WirdebodaT koloniur reJimSi mcxovreb mwerlebs, isini amayobdnen konglomeraciuli faseulobebiT: Cin-medlebiT, pensiebiT, mamulebiT, sxvadasxva jildoebiT, rasac dampyrobeli qveynis xelisuflebisgan iRebdnen. materialuris garda, am faseulobas simboluri mniSvnelobac hqonda: mas gmirobisa da mamuliSvilobis gamoxatulebad miiCnevdnen ruseTis samsaxurSi Camdgari adamianebi, rasac kargad warmoaCens iliasa da grigol orbelianis kamaTi. wyaro d) `qveynisa bedi da xsnis imedi Tqvenebr xelSi mCvrad ar gaggvxdomia, kacis mxneoba, kacis zneoba Tqvenebr CinebiT ar gvizomia~ ilia WavWavaZeE kiTxvebi: 1. vin igulisxmeba patimrisa da veSapis alegoriaSi wyaro a-sa da g-s mixedviT? 2. ra saqmianobas eweodnen am striqonebis avtorebi da TavianTi cxovrebiT ramdenad sworad pasuxobdnen poeziaSi dasmul problemebs? 3. ramdenad SeiZleba davukavSiroT wyaro g-Si da `ganmarteba~-Si gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi aleqsandre WavWavaZisa da grigol orbelianis Semoqmedebasa da moRvaweobas. 4. wyaro d-s mixedviT, ras sayvedurobs ilia WavWavaZe grigol orbelians da mis Taobas?

Teatri da kulturuli dawesebulebebi. antirusuli suliskveTebisa da erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi udidesi roli iTamaSa Teatrma. am kulturul dawesebulebas yvelaze axlo kavSiri hqonda xalxTan, amitom SeeZlo didi emociuri zemoqmedebis moxdena adamianebze, maTSi erovnuli grZnobebis gaRviveba, sabrZolo suliskveTebis gaZliereba. Teatri erTaderTi adgili iyo, `sadac qarTuli ena sajarod ismoda da sajarod moqmedebda~. am sityvebTan erTad, megobrisadmi miweril werilSi ilia WavWavaZe imasac amtkicebda, rom Teatris gareSe eris winsvla SeuZlebeli iqneboda: `xom ici, Teatri ra didi ram aris CvenisTana dacemuli xalxisaTvis. magis meti nacionalizmis niSan-wyali jerjerobiT Cven ara gvaqvs ra~. Tetris mniSvneloba kargad icodnen rusma moxeleebmac, amitom,qarTuli Teatris gaxsnamde, TbilisSi, mixeil voroncovis mmarTvelobisas Seiqmna rusuli Teatri. am cbieri rusi diplomatis mier 1849 wlis 14 ivniss p. m. volkonskisadmi miweril werilSi kargad Cans rusuli Teatraluri dasis mizani. `Tbilisis rusul Teatrs me vuyureb ara mxolod garTobis saSualebas, aramed vTvli, rom mas aqvs umniSvnelovanesi mizani: tuzemcebs gaacnos da 58

dauaxlovos rusuli ena, rusuli zne-Cveulebebi, xeli Seuwyos maT TandaTan Serwymas ruseTTan, amitom, sakuTar movaleobad vTvli vecado, rom TbilisSi kargi rusuli Teatri arsebobdes~. aqedan Cans, rom Teatrs xelisuflebisaTvis kolonizatoruli misia hqonda dakisrebuli, Tumca am Teatrma es misia ver Seasrula, radgan xalxma ar miiRo, igi erovnul Teatrs iTxovda, voroncovic iZulebuli gaxda xalxis moTxovna Seesrulebina. sxva moxeleebi ar iyvnen inglisur diplomatiur skolaSi aRzrdilebi, amitom, qarTuli Teatris xsenebac ar undodaT, radgan xedavdnen mis erovnul misias. mudmivi Teatraluri dasis garda, romelic amxelda da akritikebda ruseTis koloniur politikas, Teatraluri dasebi iqmneboda ara marto qalaqebSi, aramed saqarTvelos soflebSic da yvela speqtakls hyavda uamravi mayurebeli, hqonda warmateba da interesi. aseTi iyo daviT erisTavis piesis_`samSoblos~ warmodgenac. rodesac msaxiobebma scenaze qarTuli droSa gamoitanes, mayurebelma cremliTa da fexze adgomiT gaumarTa ovacia msaxiobebs. aman gaaRiziana rusuli presis flagmanis_`moskovski vedomostis~ Savrazmeli redaqtori katkovi, romelmac gamoaqveyna qarTvelebis Seuracxmyofeli werili. es ar gakeTebula mxolod qarTvelTa erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis Sesalaxad. is dabezRebac iyo mTavrobis winaSe: saqarTvelo ar emorCileba ruseTs, TbilisSi raRac Zvel istoriul droSebs afrialeben, Teatri arasaimedoa da dasaxuri, mTavrobam es unda icodes, rom meti simkacriT moeqces qarTvelobas, _aseTi qveteqsti gasdevda katkovis msjelobas, rac aseve `mdidrulad~ iyo Sezavebuli qarTveli xalxis damcirebiT, misi warsulisa da erovnul-kulturuli faseulobebis dacinviT. iliam, akakim da sxva qarTvelma mwerlebma pasuxi gasces Sovinist katkovs, magram amgvari bezRoba Tavis saqmes akeTebda: qarTuli Teatri rusuli mmarTvelobis xelSi suls Rafavda da mxolod gaWirvebuli qarTvelebis Segrovili kapikebiT arsebobda. imas, rasac ruseTis xazina ukeTebda rusul kulturas, ar aZlevda e. w. inorodcebsa da tuzemcebs,isini unda dajerebodnen fizikur sicocxles, rasac ruseTis imperia Tavis damsaxurebad Tvlida. qarTveloba aTaswleulebis manZilze arCevans sulier sicocxleze akeTebda, da rodesac marTlmadidebelma `mfarvelma~ misi xelyofa scada, katastrofisken mimaval ers mowinave Svilebi Caudgnen saTaveSi, raTa swori gziT gaeyvanaT istoriul momavalSi da ufskrulSi gadaCexvisgan exsnaT sakuTari qveyana. kavkasiis sacenzuro komitetis fondSi bevri statiaa daculi, romlebic amoRebulia J. ~Teatridan~,1886 wels cenzuram akrZala akakis 5-moqmedebiani dramis_`mefe erekles~ dadgma, aseTive bedi ewia rafiel erisavis gadmoTargmnil vodevils_`maswavlebeli~, mesxiSvilis,konstantine mesxis da sxvaTa piesebs. Teatri ebrZoda cenzuras da mainc ganagrZobda arsebobas.
wyaro a) ilia WavWavaZe qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb, werilidan_`katkovis pasuxad~, 1880w. 1. `Cvenma Teatrma TavisiT Caidga suli, garedam Semweoba aravisgan hqonia, Cven marto imisi madlobelni viyaviT da varT, rom damSleli ar gamogviCnda. sxvas veravin veras dagvayvedrebs. rusuls Teatrs ki amave xanebSi xuTiaTas Tumnamde fuli miaSvela mTavrobam, magram mainc ki Tavi ver daiWira. ratom? imitom, rom Semosavali ara hqonda, da Semosavali ara hqonda imitom, rom aqauri rusebi rusul TeatrSi ar daiarebodnen~. 2. ` Cven am masxaraobas masxara kacisas yurs ar vaTxovebdiT, rom bezRoba marto amazed Semdgariyo da mabezRars ar Seeginebinos, upatiureba ar mieyenebinos mTeli qarTvelobisaTvis da misi erovnobis RirsebisaTvis. igi ambobs, rom `samSoblos~ warmodgenazed didi xarji mouvidaT qarTvelebso da qarTuli droSebi rom godfruas cirks mihyidon, kargs izameno. gacveTilis kacisagan yvelaferi mosalodnelia, magram egre ukadrisad xseneba misi, rasac yoveli patiosani kaci, yoveli eri Tayvansa scems, rogorc emblemas eris patiosnebisas, eris Rirsebisas, romlis Seumwikvlelad dacvisaTvis aramcTu calke kaci, aramed mTeli eri yvelgan dedamiwis zurgzed sicocxles ara zogavs da misTvis sikvdili saxelad da didebad miaCnia,_imis egreT ukadrisad xsenebas, ar viciT ra saxeli davarqvaT da misi egreT momxsenebeli ra sulierebSi SevricxoT.

wyaro b) scena igive skolaa, romelic cxoveli suraTebiT elaparakeba kacis gulsa da Wkuas, igi kacis gunebazed metad moqmedebs, vidre sxva rame...scena xalxis mwvrTneli, xalxis aRmzrdeli unda iyos...scena adgilia, sadac Cveni ena sajarod ismis da sajarod moqmedebs. esec sakmaoa, rom kacma Tavi gamoidos, Torem Teatrs sxvac xom bevri sikeTe mosdevs... 1. raze miuTiTebs wyaro a_?; ratom exmareboda TbilisSi arsebul rusul Teatrs mTavroba da ratom akritikebda sakuTari xarjebiT arsebul qarTul Teatrs? 2. Seni azriT, ratom ar hyavda Tbilisis rusul Teatrs mayurebeli da ra iyo katkovis gaRizianebis mTavari mizezi: Aa) qarTuli Teatris mayureblis simravle; b) erovnuli repertuari Tu g) TbilisSi mcxovrebi rusi mayureblis dabali Teatraluri kultura? Tqveni Tvalsazrisi daasabuTeT. 3. Seni azriT, wyaro b-s mixedviT, ra miaCnia ilias Teatris mTavar Rirsebad? 4. Teatris ra rolze miuTiTebs mixeil voroncovis werili megobrisadmi? foto

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presa. rusul xelisuflebas saqarTveloSi hqonda Tavisi presa, romelic mis interesebs emsaxureboda, magram qarTuli presis didi nawili Seupovrad akritikebda rusi moxeleebis saqmianobas, xelisuflebis usamarTlo damokidebulebas Cveni eris problemebisadmi, amkvidrebda progresul azrovnebas, aRrmavebda dampyroblebisadmi Seurigeblobas. aseTebi iyo XIX saukunis gazeTebi `saqarTvelos moambe~, `iveria~, `droeba~ `cnobis furceli~, XX saukunis_ `Sroma~`isari~, `amirani~, `droeba~... isini zedized ixurebodnen da saxelgadarqmeulni agrZelebdnen saqmianobas. demokratiuli Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemas abrkolebda koloniuri xelisuflebis mier dawesebuli mkacri cenzura. cenzorebi krZalavdnen qarTveli xalxis Zvirfasi idealebis gaxmovanebas, kulturul movlenebze weras. kavkasiaSi beWdviTi organoebis nebarTva da Tvalyurisdevneba davalebuli hqonda `kavkasiis sacenzuro komitets~ , romelic 1849 wels daarsda. misi winadadebiT ixureboda gazeTebi, iWerdnen redaqtorebsa da gabedul publicistebs,Zveli presis bevr nomerSi vxvdebiT cariel gverdebs, rac umkacresi cenzuris Sedegia. xelisuflebam neba ar misca niko nikolaZes gamoeca gazeTebi `rioni~ da `kandeli~qarTul enaze. mizezad dasaxelda `obzoris~ redaqtorobisas misi urCoba da cenzurisgan akrZaluli werilebis dabeWdva. 1882 wels sacenzuro komitetma uari uTxra akakis qarTul enaze yovelkvireuli gazeTi_`gzis~ gamocemaze imis gamo, rom gaz. `SromaSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilebiT Canda poetis `literaturuli mimarTuleba~. es imas niSnavda, rom cenzura akakis antisaxelmwifoebriv azrovnebaSi adanaSaulebda.28 1885 wels mTavarmarTebelma Sinagan saqmeTa saministros winaSe aRZra Suamdgomloba _ivane maCablis gazeT `droebis~ redaqtorobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb. ministrma upasuxa, rom ivane maCablis gadayenebis SemTxvevaSi sxva redaqtori fiqtiurad dainiSneboda, namdvili redaqtoroba ki isev mas eqneboda, amitom, umjobesi iyo cenzuras kritikis qarcecxlSi gaetarebina misi werilebi da pasuxisgebaSi mieca saeWvo azrovnebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi. maCablis tragikuli bedi bevradaa dakavSirebuli im saidulo grifiT dacul masalebze, romlebic saqarTvelos erovnul arqivSia. am dokumentebidan erTi nawyveti aseTia: `sanam `droebis~ redaqciis saTaveSi dgas Tavadi maCabeli, gazeTi ar Secvlis arc Tavis mimarTulebas da arc Tavis xerxebs, romelsac exla iyenebs. amis gamo komiteti mivida daskvnamdis, Tavad maCablis mocilebis Sesaxeb gazeTis redaqtorobisgan...~ rodesac gazeTis redaqciam maCablis adgilze ilias kandidatura wamoayena, maSin xelisuflebam sabolood daxura gazeTi(1885w.). 1886 wels ilias redaqtorobiT daarsda Jurnali `iveria~, romelsac aseve ebrZoda mefis cenzura. xelisuflebas undoda qarTuli Jurnalistikis erovnuli paTosis Cakvla, misi ganviTarebis Seferxeba.am mxriv sainteresoa daskvna, romelic sacenzuro komitetma gaakeTa niko RoRoberiZis Txovnaze_Jurnal `moambis~ daarsebis Sesaxeb.daskvnaSi naTqvamia, rom ilias ~iverias~ aRar hyavs bevri mkiTxveli, qarTvelebi gatacebis xalxia, male mowyindebaT siaxle, Tanac ar hyavT am JurnalisTvis gasaZRoli Zalebi, Tu uflebas ar mivcemT, ufro gaRiziandebian, ityvian, rom somxebs vuWerT mxars, radgan maT am tipis Jurnali aqvT. mivceT gamocemis neba da Semdeg sacenzuro komitetis saSualebiT vimoqmedoT maszeo. isini, vinc amgvar represiebs uwyobdnen qarTul presas, mis redaqtorebs, erovnul azrovnebas, samwuxarod, sruliad uvicebi iyvnen qarTuli kulturisa da istoriis sakiTxebSi. amis sanimuSod erT masalas movitanT: 1894 wels, quTaisSi, nadvorni sovetnikma_kandelakma moiTxova sameurneo gazeTis_`sityvis~ gamocema. es moTxovna sacenzuro komitetma warudgina Sinagan saqmeTa saministros amgvari daskvniT: `kandelaks azrad aqvs gamosces gazeTi adgilobriv qarTul enaze. es survili savsebiT gasagebi ver aris: adgilobrivi ena quTaisSi megrulia, romelic rogorc qarTuli, afxazuri da svanuri, ekuTvnis iveriis enaTa jgufs. megrul enas ara aqvs Tavis mwerloba da megrelebi xmaroben qarTul anbans, garda amisa, quTaisSi arc mkiTxvelebia, iq amJamad gamwvavebuli brZolaa bankis partiebs Soris da erTi romelime maTgani gamoiyenebs gazeTs Tavis miznebisTviso.~ saministrom kandelaks uari uTxra, am daskvnas xels awerda sacenzuro komitetis Tavmjdomare m. p. gekkeli, riTac cxadi sdeba, ra arakompetenturi da usamarTloebi isxdnen maSindel sacenzuro komitetSi da ra dReSi iyo maT xelSi Cavardnili qarTveli xalxi. am adamianebis wyalobiT maxinjdeboda is statiebi, sadac simarTle ewera. 1895 wels cenzuram 8 TviT SeaCera ilias `iveriis~ gamocema. policiis meTvalyureobis qveS imyofeboda ilia WavWavaZe da `obzoris~ redaqtori nikolaZe. carizmi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda yvela Jurnalists, romelic ar eTanxmeboda TviTmpyrobelurkoloniuri Cagvrisa da Zaladobis politikas.

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Jurnali `klde~, gazeTebi_`saqarTvelo~, `saxalxo saqme~ da sxvebi amxeldnen da aqveynebdnen masalebs imperiis farul proeqtebze, rac iTvaliswinebda rusuli soflebis daarsebas da saqarTvelos Tavisufali miwebis srul kolonizacias, tirifonas velze samxedro poligonis Seqmnas, bambis plantaciebis gaSenebas da mis mosavlelad araqarTveli mosaxleobis Camosaxlebas da a. S. am proeqtebis ganxorcieleba katastroful Sedegebs moutanda erovnul interesebs. am gabeduli mxilebisaTvis es presis organoebi ramdenjerme daixura, maTi redaqtorebi ki daapatimres.
wyaro a) nawyveti cenzuris mier gazeT `droebidan~ amoWrili baCanas leqsidan: `vina Tqva saqarTveloze_ eg aris, lomi kvdebao, Cauxda bedis varskvlavi da aRar amoxdebao, Tavs dastrialebs yorani, dasCxavis zedi-zedao~... wyaro b) cenzuris mier Sesworebuli `saqarTvelos mokle geografiis~ adgilebi: avtoris teqsti: mokle geografia saqarTvelosi; saqarTvelos Seadgens Semdegi nawilebi... mTel saqarTveloSi 1500 000 mcxovrebi iTvleba; dasavleTi saqarTvelo... aRmosavleT saqarTvelo... cenzoris Sesworeba: mokle geografia quTaisisa da tfilisis guberniebisa; tfilisis da quTaisis gubernias Seadgens Semdegi nawilebi; am or guberniaSi... imereTi... qarTl-kaxeTi... saqarTvelo amoSlilia

saqarTvelos mTebi, mdinareebi, mcenareebi, cxovelebi da niadagi; damoukidebloba amoSlilia; Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba

wyaro g) Tbilisis guberniis saxalxo skolebis inspeqtoris_a. grenis recenzia zaqaria gulisaSvilis mier 1890 wels moswavleebisTvis Sedgenil sakiTxav wignze_`saqarTvelos mefeebi~: `Cemi azriT, saSiSi da mizanSeuwonelia gaecnos xalxi am wigns, radgan is iwvevs erovnul grZnobebs, Tumca masSi ar aris araferi nebadaurTveli da miuRebeli azri... vTvli, rom es wigni ar unda iqnes nebadarTuli saxalxo skolebis wignTsacavSi~ kiTxvebi: 1. ra suliskveTeba Cans baCanas leqsSi, ris gamoc SeiZleboda misi gazeTidan amoWra? 2. wyaro b_s mixedviT, ratom asworebda cenzura teqstebs aseTi formiT? 3. ra saerToa wyaro a_sa d g-s Soris mocemul informaciaSi? rusuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi (1801-1917w.w.) mTavarmmarTeblebi 1. knoringi i. T. _1801-1802; 2. cicianovi p. d. _1802-1806; 3. gudoviCi i. v. _1806-1809;

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4. tormasovi al. p._1809-1811; 5. markizi pauliCi _1811-1812; 6. rtiSCevi n. f. _1812-1816; 7. ermolovi al. f. _1816-1827; 8. paskeviCi i. f. _1827-1829; 9. rozeni gr.vl. _1831-1837; 10. golovini e.a. _1838-1842; 11. neidgarti a. i. _1842-1844;

mefisnacvlebi 1. voroncovi m. s. _1844-1854; 2. muraviovi n. n. _1854-1856; 3. bariatinski al. iv. _1856-1862; 4. didi mTavari mixeil nikolozis Ze_1862-1882; mTavarmmarTeblebi 1. dondukov-korsakovi_1882-1890; 2. Seremetievi _1890_1896; 3. golicini _1896-1905; 4. mefisnacvali voroncov-daSkovi i. _1905-1916; 5. didi mTavari mixeil nikolozis Ze _1916-1917.

ruseTis taxtis erTgulebiT samSoblos samsaxuri

bevri qarTveli ganaTlebuli aristokrati da cnobili sazogado moRvawe fiqrobda: ruseTis erTguleba da samSoblos samsaxuri erTmaneTisTvis daekavSirebina. maT swamdaT, rac ufro met erTgulebas da Tavdadebas gamoiCendnen xelisuflebisadmi, samSoblos met sargeblobas moutandnen, radgan ruseTis mTavroba mis samsaxurSi gamorCeulebs aucileblad Seusrulebda moTxovnebs, miscemda qarTuli saqmeebis keTebis nebas. es ase ar moxda. piriqiT: Tavis dasayrdnob moxeleebs, xelisufalni ubralo winaaRmdegobis gawevasac ar patiobdnen da gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT sjidnen. amis saukeTeso magaliTi aris dimitri yifianis cxovreba. didi ganaTlebis mqone, principuli da samarTliani adamiani, dimitri yifiani axalgazrdobis wlebSi qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis ideiT iyo ganmsWvaluli, amitom monawileobda 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi, risTvisac vologdaSi gadaasaxles. 1837 wels samSobloSi dabrunebuli gaxda kavkasiis mefisnacvlis sabWos wevri, bejiTad asrulebda taxtis uerTgulesi qveSevrdomis rols, iyo Tbilisisa da quTaisis TavadaznaurTa guberniebis winamZRoli, Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi. kavkasiis administraciis samoxeleo elitaSi yofnis paralelurad, man SeZlo didi mamuliSviluri saqmeebis gakeTeba, iseTi erovnuli dawesebulebebis dafuZneba, rogoric saTavadaznauro banki da qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba iyo. rodesac XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi daiwyo yovelive qarTulis devna da qarTveli eris garusebis mizanmimarTuli politikis gatareba, man ver SeZlo daefara Tavisi ukmayofileba, daupirispirda xelisuflebas da sastikad daisaja kidec.
1885 wels dimitri yifiani iyo quTaisis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli. am dros quTaiss ewvia didi mTavari mixeil nikolozis Ze, romelsac yifianma saubarSi uTxra: rom Tavadaznauroba, saerTod qarTveloba, winandeburad erTgulia xelmwifis, ficisTvis mas ar ualatnia, erTguleba yvelafri daumtkicebia da riT unda aixsnas adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier qarTvelebis aseTi devnao. didma mTavarma daamSvida dimitri yifiani da masTan saubris Sinaarsi acnoba mTavarmmarTebel dondukov-korsakovs. mTavarmmarTebelma am sakiTxisTvis naTelis mosafenad SekiTxva misca Tavad yifians, ubrZana aexsna, Tu ras gulisxmobda did mTavarTan naTqvam sityvebSi. yifianma axsna, rom misi naTqvami gulisxmobda: 1. dabrkolebebs saxelmwifo samsaxuris dros da 2. saxalxo ganaTlebis sferoSi mimdinare movlenebs. axsna-ganmartebis teqsti ase mTavrdeboda: `SemiZlia mogaxsenoT, erTi Seuryeveli da axali faqti, romelic imas gveubneba, rom arsebobs midrekileba qarTuli enis devnisa. mociqulTa droidan qarTuli ena iyo saeklesio da kulturuli ena. amJamad ki iq axal kulturas hnergaven_ megrul enas aswavlian sxva anbanis saSualebiT. ase rom gavyveT, SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali kulturebi aWarlebisa, fSav-xevsurisa, ingiloebisa, mTiulebisa da sxvaTaTvis. sasargeblo ki iqneba es yovelive im mTavrobisaTvis, romelmac Tavis mfarvelobis qveS aiyvana mravaltanjuli marTlmadidebluri saqarTvelo , risTvisac usazRvro madloba da erTguleba daimsaxura?

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me Cems wminda movaleobad vsTvli mudam am madlobis da erTgulebis grZnobaze vidge da swored rom ar mesmis, ratom miwyrebian amis gulisTvis?..~ am miwer-moweris Sedegi is iyo, rom 1885 wlis 13 dekembers imperatorma ganixila quTaisis Tavadaznaurobis winamZRolis saqcieli da acnoba ruseTis ganaTlebis ministrs_dimitri tolstois, xolo ukanasknelma mTavarmmarTebel dondukov-korsakovs mowera: `xelmwife imperatori scnobs ra b-n yifianis amgvar moqmedebas uadgiloT, Tqven brwyinvalebas avalebs gamoucxados mas Sesaferisi gakicxva~.

1886 wels Tbilisis seminariis moswavlem ioseb laRiaSvilma mokla am saswavleblis reqtori dekanozi Cudecki. es iyo saqarTveloSi represiebiTa da mTavrobis uvargisi politikiT gamowveuli pirveli mkvleloba. xelisufleba SeSfoTda, centraluri rusuli presa alaparakda qarTvelebis velurobaze, xolo egzarqosma pavlem Cudeckis dasaflavebis dros daswyevla da SeaCvena is eri, romlis wridan mkvleli laRiaSvili gamovida. dimitri yifianma werili miswera egzarqoss da urCia, Tu es simarTle iyo, daetovebina is eri, romelic dawyevla, Tu arada misgan, rogorc mRvdelmTavrisgan, Sendobas iTxovda. werilze egzarqosma meore dResve upasuxa, miuTiTa am Temaze gazeT `kavkazis~ # 199-Si gamoqveynebul Tavis statiaze, `rac Seexeba im ugnur xmebs, romelzedac Tqven swerT, amis Sesaxeb damamcireblad mimaCnia pasuxis gacemao~. am miwer-moweris Sedegi is iyo, rom dimitri yifiani gadaayenes TavadaznaurTa winamZRolobidan da sacxovreblad q. stavropolSi gadaasaxles, sadac 1887 wlis 24 oqtombers ruseTis mTavrobam Tavisi agentebis saSualebiT sicocxles gamoasalma mZinare moxuci, egzarqos pavles ki, erTguli samsaxurisaTvis xelmwifem uboZa briliantis jvari bartyulze satareblad ( gaz. `iveria~,1886, #184). ase damarcxda ruseTis taxtis erTgulebiT samSoblos samsaxuris politika, romelsac qarTveli aristokratiis erTi nawili misdevda: TviTmpyrobelobisa da imave dros saqarTvelos samsaxuri ori SeuTavsebeli cneba gamodga. miuxedavad amisa, am damarcxebul ideologias qarTveli inteligencia amis Semdegac ar gamoricxavda, misi mcire nawili ki zogjer dResac icavs.
wyaro a)arCil jorjaZe ruseTis mefeebisa da moxeleebisadmi qarTvelebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb TavadaznaurTa saukeTeso warmomadgenlebs sjerodaT, rom Tu raime saero da saxelmwifoebrivi muSaoba iyo saqarTveloSi, es iyo nayofi didi mefeebis da maTi erTguli saero da samRvdelo pirebis TanamSromlobisa. mefe iyo feodalTa amlagmveli, wesierebis damamyarebeli, erovnuli da politikuri sxeulis ganmamtkicebeli. mefis erTguleba da momxreoba iyo progresistoba da mowinaveoba... grZnoba, mimarTuli winaT qarTveli mefeebisadmi, dRes axal mfarvelebs ekuTvnodaT... axali reJimis uvargisoba aseT adamianTa TvalSi politikuri mmarTvelobis uvargisobiT ki ar iyo gamowveuli, aramed moxeleTa uvargisobiT, romelnic gars exveodnen uangaro da yoveli sikeTis mqone mefes. wyaro b)1885 wlis 21 aprils ruseTis imperatoris umaRlesi reskripti Tavadaznaurobis Sesaxeb, gaz. `droeba~ 1885w., # 93: `saxelmwifos keTildReobisaTvis keTil vcaniT, rom ruseTis Tavadaznaurobas, rogorc wineT, ise exlac, unda SerCes pirveloba sardlobaSi, adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi da sasamarTloSi... da is uangarod unda zrunavdes xalxis saWiroebaze~. wyaro g)

1. ratom sayvedurobdnen, Tqveni azriT dimitri yifians da ratom ar moewona did mTavars misi SekiTxva? 2. rogor fiqrobT, icoda Tu ara dimitri yifianma ratom `uwyrebodnen~? 3. gaixseneT saqarTvelos istoriidan: vis egona SesaZlebeli dampyroblisa da saqarTvelos samsaxuris erTmaneTTan SeTanxmeba da SeZlo Tu ara es? 4. SeiZleboda Tu ara qarTveli eris mowinave Svilebs igive miznebi hqonodaT, rac ruseTis koloniuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs da ratom? 5. raSi xedavT rusi egzarqosis Secdomas? rogor axasiaTebs mas, rogorc maRali rangis saeklesio pirs, yifianisadmi miwerili pasuxi? 6. rogor SeafasebdiT dimitri yifianis saqciels da mis magaliTs qarTveli erisaTvis? 7. wyaro a da b-s mixedviT, imsjeleT: qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis Sexeduleba mefeze ramdenad progresuli iyo istoriulad da ramdenad Seesabameboda qarTveli xalxis axal mdgomareobas?

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ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi da saqarTvelo 1877 wlis 24 aprils ruseTma omi gamoucxada osmaleTs. kavkasiis frontis mTavarsardloba kavaleriis general mixeil tarielis Ze loris-meliqovs daekisra. omis dawyebis win mRelvarebam moicva osmaleTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo: baTumis, qobuleTis da maWaxelis raionebi. mosaxleoba win aRudga osmaleTis mTavrobis mcdelobas_gaedidebina gadasaxadebi da osmaleTis jarSi gaewvia axalgazrdebi. mTavari brZolebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mimdinareobda. osmaleTis gegmiT, Turqi generlis_derviS faSas korpusi baTumidan daiZvreboda quTaisisken, xolo zurgSi Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebis erTiani ajanyeba daiwyeboda. gegmis mixedviT, kavkasiaSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jari or cecxls Soris moeqceoda. osmaleTis floti unda Sesuliyo azovis zRvaSi da kavkasiidan ukan dasaxevi gza moeWra ruseTisaTvis. rusuli gegmis mixedviT, Seteva oTxi mimarTulebiT unda ganviTarebuliyo: ozurgeTidan baTumisaken, axalcixidan_artaanisaken, aleqsandrepolidan-yarsisaken, erevnidan-baiazeTisaken. qarTveli xalxis brZola dakarguli istoriuli teritoriebis aRdgenisaTvis, sruliad Seesabameboda am omSi ruseTis strategiul interesebs. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi 30 000-ze meti qarTveli monawileobda. saxalxo razmelebi erovnuli tansacmliT gamodiodnen. sabrZoli suliskveTebis asamaRleblad TiToeul druJinaSi eklesiis msaxurebic iyvnen. uamravi qarTveli moxalised ewereboda. dasawyisSive dazustda omis gegma da mTeli simZime kavkasiis frontze moqmed qarTul nawilebs daawva.. ruseTis samxedro sabWom pirvel rigSi axalcixis Zalebis gaZliereba da artaanis aReba gadawyvita. 1877 wlis 7 maiss maior ioselianis cxenosani divizionis moxaliseebi, romelTac iunkeri nakaSiZe meTaurobda, mdinare mtkvarze gadavidnen, ieriSi miitanes mterze, daatyveves osmalo jariskacebi. nakaSiZem ukan gadmocura mtkvari da Tan wamoiyvana osmalo tyveebi TavianTi iaraRiT. nakaSiZisa da misi 20 moxalisis gmiroba saTanado jildoTi aRiniSna. 17 maiss brZola daiwyo artaanisaTvis. 8 saaTiani brZolis Semdeg, artaani kavkasiis armiis mebrZolTa xelSi gadavida. 17 maiss, yarsTan mowinaaRmdege Zalebs Soris Zlieri sakavalerio brZola gaimarTa. general WavWavaZis kavaleriam mters gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena. korpusis meTauroba xazs usvamda sabrZolo operaciebis saukeTesod warmarTvis unars, sakavalerio brZolebSi mas metad Tavisebur da iSviaT brZolad miiCnevdnen, radgan mtris mimarTulebiT dartyma imdenad swrafi da Zlieri iyo, rom mterma brZolis velze miatova daWrilebi da sabrZolo teqnikac. am samxedro operaciis Semdeg, osmaleTis armiis kavaleriam karga xniT dakarga brZolis unari. aseTive gmirobiT aRiniSna general maior ilia zaalis Ze ColoyaSvilis frontis marcxena frTaze Serkineba. misi xelmZRvanelobiT maior kvinitaZis da maior WavWavaZis polkebi ekveTnen mters da didi danaklisiT ukuagdes igi. generali ColoyaSvili sasikvdilod daiWra. igi 11 maiss gardaicvala. yarsTan brZolaSi Tavi isaxeles daRestnis cxenosanTa II regularuli polkis Stabs kapitanma ioselianma, 133-e qveiTi armiis polkis kapitanma CiCuam, 56-e elisavetpolis polkis maiorma mayaSvilma, praporSCikma adeiSvilma da sxvebma. erevnis mimarTulebiT brZolebSi mTeli simZime general maior i. amilaxvaris nawils daawva. imave periodSi Zlieri brZolebi gaCaRda muxaestatesa da xucubnisaTvis, sadac Tavi isaxela danibegaSvilis razmma, romelmac ieriSiT aiRo xucubani. medgrad ibrZoda polkovnik buWyiaSvilis 151-e qveiTi piatigorskis legioni. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda guriis laSqari, Stabskapitan gurielis meTaurobiT. gurielis miliciis razmi yovelTvis avangardSi moqmedebda, radgan brZolis asparezs kargad icnobda, igi yvela gamarjvebis sulisCamdgmeli iyo. guriis miliciis gverdiT ibrZoda pirveli da II qarTuli druJina, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. gansakuTrebiT mZime brZolebi gaCaRda sazRvris gadalaxvis meore dRes, 25 aprils. qobuleTis razmi Zlieri cecxlis qveS aRmoCnda. oklobJiom ubrZana guriis laSqris meoTxe aseulis ufross, kapitan mayaSvils, aeRo is simagre, sadac mteri iyo ganlagebuli da iq droSa aRemarTa. brZaneba sisruleSi moiyvanes. brZolis velze gmirulad daeca 16 mamaci lixaureli, romlebic moxaliseebad Caewernen aseulSi sabrZoli operaciebis dawyebis win. gamoCenili gmirobisaTvis aseulis meTaur mayaSvils wminda anas IV xarisxis ordeni gadasces warweriT: mamacobisaTvis, xolo igi 64

Semdgom rumineTis mefem daajildova rumineTis varskvlavis ordeniT. aseTi jildo kavkasiis armiaSi erTaderTi iyo. gurul mebrZolTa gmirobaze sazRvargareTis presac ki alaparakda. brZolebi baTumis mimarTulebiT imdenad nela warimarTa, rom qobuleTis razmi, mxolod, ivlisis dasawyisSi mivida cixisZiris simagremde, romlis gadalaxva verc erT omSi ver SeZlo ruseTis armiam. mtris banakidan ruseTis mxareze gadasuli Serif ximSiaSvili, romelmac kargad icoda cixisZiris bunebrivi miuvaloba, am brZolis winaaRmdegi iyo. igi Tvlida, rom jer aWara-SavSeTi unda aeRoT da Semdeg baTumi, ris Semdegac cixisZiri TavisTavad aRebuli iqneboda, raSic is savsebiT marTali iyo. cixisZirTan warmoebul operaciebSi msxverplis gaRebas ximSiaSvili Tavidanve amaod miiCnevda. osmalebma adgilobrivi miliciis garda, cixisZirTan Tavi mouyares 20 qveiT batalions da 25 qvemexs, qobuleTis razmi ki 25 batalions da 72 qvemexs iTvlida. 23 ivliss cixisZiris ieriSi marcxiT damTavrda, radgan igi kargad organizebuli ar iyo ruseTis samxedro xelmZRvanelTa mier. omis dasawyisidanve rTuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna afxazeTSi. ruseTis razmma, romelsac generali kravCenko meTaurobda, saswrafod ukan daixia da adgilobrivi mosaxleoba bedis anabara miatova. maisis dasawyisSi osmalebma daikaves gudauTa, soxumi da afxazeTis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi nawili. mdinare kodorze kravCenko SeuerTda general iakob qaixosros Ze alxaziSvilis Zalebs, 20 agvistos qarTul-rusulma SenaerTebma soxumi ieriSiT aiRes. qalaqi gadamwvari da ganadgurebuli aRmoCnda, magram yvelaze ufro mZime iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis osmaleTSi gadasaxleba. gadasaxlebulTa ricxvi 25 aTas kacs Seadgenda. droTa ganmavlobaSi, gadasaxlebulTa nawili ukan dabrunda, nawili gzaSi daiRupa, xolo nawili samudamod darCa osmaleTSi. qarTulma SenaerTma daaSoSmina afxazebis mRelvareba da aiZula osmaleTis desanti daetovebina afxazeTi, aseve kavkasiis Savi zRvis sanapiro. omis gadamwveti etapi iyo brZola arzrumis aRebisaTvis. simaRleebi erTi meoris miyolebiT qarTvelTa xelSi gadadioda. am gamarjvebis mTavari gmiri iyo amirejibi, romelic dajildovebul iqna wminda giorgis me-3-e xarisxis ordeniT, xolo 8 noembers mas general-maioris wodeba mianiWes. brZolaSi Tavi isaxeles: 39-e artileriis brigadis Stabskapitanma i. makriaSvilma, artileriis kapitnebma g. kaCikaZem da g. ximSiaSvilma da sxvebma. 18 noembers aiRes qalaqi yarsi. brZolaSi Tavi isaxeles poruCikma abaSiZem, bagration-muxranelma, polkovnikma qavTaraZem da sxva qarTvelma samxedroebma. samwuxarod, isini aWaraSi Sesvlisas arc ki Seiyvanes axladSemoerTebul qarTul mxareSi, rasac akritikebda da imperiul moqmedebad Tvlida gazeT `droebis~ redaqtori-sergei mesxi. 1878 wlis TebervalSi san-stefanoSi daido sazavo xelSekruleba osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris. zavis pirobebi gadaisinja imave wlis zafxulSi berlinis kongresze. kongresma Sekveca ruseTis gamarjvebis Sedegebi. berlinis traqtatis ZaliT ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadavida aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, imerxevi, kola-artaani da olTisi. 1878 wlis 25 agvistos baTumisken daiZra rusuli jari, romelsac generali oklobJoi sardlobda. dRis 2 saaTze sazeimo viTarebaSi jari baTumSi Sevida. 31 agvistos osmalTa ukanasknelma nawilebma derviS faSas meTaurobiT baTumi datoves. aWaris dabrunebaSi didi roli iTamaSes osmalebis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze mcxovrebma qarTvelebma, omSi organizebulobiTa da damsaxurebiT gamoirCeoda qarTvel oficerTa Semadgenloba, milicia da mxedrebi, romlebmac warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi maT winaSe dasaxul amocanebs. omis warmatebiT dasruleba ganapiroba qarTveli xalxis saerTo-erovnulma suliskveTebam : is jars exmareboda sursaTiT, furaJiT, tvirTebis gadazidviT, binebiTa da sxva materialuri saSualebebiT.

a)baTumis olqSi miwebis ganawilebis Taobaze kanoni aWaris dabrunebisTanave, 1879 wlis 3 Tebervals gamovida. kanoniT, aq dasaxlebaze privilegiebi eZleoda rus mosaxleobas, gansakuTrebiT kavkasiis moqmedi armiis meomarTa ojaxebs. ramdenime weliwadSi Seiqmna pirveli rusuli dasaxlebebi: 1884 wels quTaisis general-gubernatorma, general-leitenantma smekalovma baTumTan Seqmna dasaxleba smekalovka. mogvianebiT, aWaraSi gaCndnen rusuli dasaxlebebi: maxinjauri, Caqvi, aWyua, Curuqsu (qobuleTi), orTa baTumi, axalSeni, xalibauri, feria, barcxana, kapreSumi, ureki, xucubani, xolodnaia sloboda, souksu da sxv.

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saarqivo masalebi cxadyofen, rom aWaris kolonizacia mimdinareobda afxazeTis msgavsad, misi mizani mxaris sruli rusifikacia iyo, Tumca aWaraSi xelisufleba nakleb Sedegs Rebulobda, radgan aq erovnuli elementi ufro Zlieri iyo da xels uSlida dampyroblis mier Cafiqrebuli procesis ganxorcielebas. b `droeba~, 1878, # 164 : `Cveni azri es aris, rom jarebiTa da sazogadod ZaldatanebiT mxolod erTi Sedegis miRweva SeiZleba :mTeli aWaris xalxi gadasaxldeba osmaleTSi da ara mgonia , rom amisTana Sedegi vismesTvis sanatreli da sasiamovni Seiqmnes. erTi xeiriani ufrosi, xalxis zne-Cveulebis mcodne Wkviani kaci ufro mometebul sargeblobas moitans amgvars SemTxvevaSi da ufro ukeT mouvlis da daawynarebs xalxs, vidre ramdenime batalioni jari~ g)`droeba~, #195, 1878w. `trapizonSi gadasaxlebuli qobuleTlebis mdgomareoba~ : baTumidan 4 aTasi sulia Camosuli.pirvelad aq gadmosaxleba Curuq-sus mcxovreblebma daiwyes. derviS-faSa(baTumSi mdgari Turquli jaris sardali) hpirdebodaT daxmarebas.malaciis axlos gamouyo dasasaxlebeli adgilebi osmaleTis mTavrobam, magram araferi mzrunveloba gamoiCina. derviS-faSas uCivles trapizonis gubernatorTan_dagvpirda, oRond gadasaxldiT da yvela piroba geqnebaT, dReSi sulze oyanaxevar purs miiRebTo. zogi maTxovrebad dgas meCeTebsa da xanebSi, zogi xis saxlebSi cxovroben, sadac adre hospitlebi iyo. iseT mZime dReSi arian, surT xma miawvdinon naTesavebsa da axloblebs baTumsa da qobuleTSi, ar wamovidnen osmaleTSi.

Dd)`aba, qarTvelobav, exla Sen ici rogor daanaxveb Tavs Sens axlad SemoerTebuls Zmebsa ! exla Sen ici rogor daumtkiceb qveyanas mama-papaT anderZs : Zma ZmisTvisa da Savi dRisTvisao~... ilia WavWavaZeO 1.Seni azriT, ram ganapiroba rusuli jaris warmateba kavkasiis frontze ? 2.XIX saukuneSi romeli ori imperia ipyrobda saqarTvelos ? 3. ra gansxvavebas xedavT TurqeTisa da ruseTis mier dapyrobil teritoriebze mcxovreb qarTvelebs Soris ? 4. Seni azriT, aWaris magaliTze, aris Tu ara religiuri faqtori gadamwyveti, rodesac erovnuli safrTxeebi mZafrdeba? 5. wyaro d-s mixedviT, ras gulisxmobda ilia WavWavaZe qarTvelebisadmi mimarTvaSi? 6. raze migvaniSnebs wyaro b ? 7. rogor fiqrobT, ram gamoiwvia wyaro g-Si aRwerili qarTveli ltolvilebis mdgomareoba ?

afxazeTis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola ruseTis winaaRmdeg da muhajiroba 1810 wels ruseTis jari SeiWra afxazeTSi, daikava soxumi, magram afxazeTis danarCen nawilebs didxans ver akontrolebda. SezRuduli saxiT SenarCunebuli iqna afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebac. mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma daamarcxa TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli Crdilo kavkasia, miiRo gadawyvetileba afxazeTis samefos gauqmebis Sesaxeb. ukanaskneli mTavari_mixeil ServaSiZe daapatimres da ruseTSi gadaasaxles, afxazeTSi ki uSualod rusuli mmarTveloba SemoiRes. 1864-1883 wlebSi afxazeTs oficialurad `soxumis samxedro ganyofileba~ ewodeboda. es imitom, rom aq mefis mTavrobam samoqalaqo mmarTveloba ki ar SemoiRo, rogorc es ruseTis sxva nawilSi iyo, aramed mTeli Zalaufleba gadaeca samxedro meTaurebs, maT Soris_administraciuli, policiuri da sasamarTlo. afxazi xalxi medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda koloniur-dampyroblur reJims da antirusul ajanyebebs awyobda. aseTi ajanyebebi moxda 1866 da 1877 wlebSic. mSvidobian droSic xSiri iyo Tavdasxmebi rusTa samxedro razmebze da calkeul samxedro mosamsaxureebze.

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ajanyebebis sisxlSi CaxSobas Tan sdevda afxazTa iZulebiTi migracia osmaleTis imperiaSi. 1864 wels. kavkasiis mTieli xalxebis damarcxebis Semdeg, rusuli xelisufleba Seudga mizanmimarTuli politikis gatarebas : mTielTa gandevnas mSobliuri miwa-wylidan, gansakuTrebiT Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapirodan. am dros aiZules osmaleTSi gadasuliyo asobiT aTasi Cerqezi, ubixi, afxazi, CeCeni, daRestneli da sxva mTielebi. samSoblodan gaZevebulebs `muhajirebs~ uwodebdnen, rac arabulad gadasaxlebuls niSnavs. 1864 wels afxazeTidan 20 aTasamde kaci gaasaxles, 1866 wlis ajanyebis dros_amdenive, 1877 wels ki_afxazeTi datova 30-40-aTasma adamianma. mTlianad, osmaleTSi gadasaxlebul afxazTa ricxvma 80-aTass gadaaWarba. gadasaxlebulTa nawili,_15-aTasamde kaci ukan dabrunda, magram umravlesoba osmaleTSi darCa. maSasadame, ruseTis dampyrobluri politikis winaaRmdeg afxazTa SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis Sedegi iyo afxazi xalxis didi nawilis samSoblodan gaZeveba. 1877 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, ruseTis mTavrobam samSobloSi darCenili afxazebi sastikad dasaja. afxazebi gamocxaddnen `damnaSave mosaxleobad~, SeizRuda maTi uflebebi: CamoerTvaT miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba, aekrZalaT teritoriis garkveul nawilSi cxovreba. kerZod, afxazuri dasaxlebebi ar unda yofiliyo zRvis sanapiroze, maRalmTian zonaSi, soxumidan 25 kilometris radiusSi. `damnaSave mosaxleobis~statusi afxazebs ruseTma mxolod 1907 wels mouxsna. afxazeTis dacarielebul adgilebSi ruseTi asaxlebda rus, somex, berZen germanel kolonistebs. qarTvelebi afxazeTSi yovelTvis cxovrobdnen. XIX saukuneSi, rodesac mahmadiani da antirusulad ganwyobili afxazebi samSoblodan gadaasaxles, umiwo qarTvelebma daiwyes cariel adgilebSi dasaxleba, Tumca ruseTi yovelnairad ewinaaRmdegeboda am process. rusuli xelisuflebis argumenti iyo is, rom aq kulturuli sasoflo meurneobis saukeTeso mcodne Sidaguberniebis rusuli mosaxleoba unda daesaxlebinaT. qarTvelebsa da afxazebs igi velur da CamorCenil tomebad moixseniebda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTSi 35 rusuli sofeli iyo. samTavros gauqmebis Semdeg (1864)afxazeTSi momravldnen rusi miwismflobelebi. aWaridan da afxazeTidan gandevnili mahmadiani mosaxleobis miwebs an xazina daepatrona, an rusma samxedroebma da mesakuTreebma Caigdes xelSi. afxazeTis kolonizacia-dapyroba xdeboda samonastro, sakurorto da arenduli formiT. didi miwebi Cauvarda xelT axali aTonis monasters. afxazeTis didi miwaTmflobelebi iyvnen igumenovi, smeckovi, makarovi da sxv. 1891 wels aleqsandre mixeilis Ze romanovma afxazeTis teritoriaze Seisyida mamuli `sinopi~ , ramdenime wlis Semdeg ki mamulebi_`dioskuria~ da `kolxeTi~. `sinopi~ iqca dekoratiuli da samrewvelo daniSnulebis mcenareTa moSeneba-aklimatizaciis centrad, mamul `dioskuriaSi~ 90 desetina miwaze gaSenda xexilis baRi, 100 desetinaze ki Tambaqos plantacia, `kolxida~ mandarinis vrceli baRiT ganaSenianda. 1856 wels afxazeTi quTaisis samxedro gubernators dauqvemdebarda. 1864 wels afxazeTis samTavro gauqmda da 1866 wels Seiqmna `soxumis ganyofileba~. 1883 wlis 12 ivniss afxazeTi soxumis okrugis saxeliT quTaisis guberniaSi Sevida baTumis olqTan erTad, Tumca orive olqSi_soxumsa da baTumSi darCa samxedro-saxalxo mmarTveloba. quTaisis guberniaSi SesvliT qarTul mosaxleobasTan siaxlove ar moswondaT rus mmarTvelebs da gadawyvites soxumis olqi Savi zRvis guberniasTan mieerTebinaT. amis Sesaxeb brZaneba 1903 wels gamovida. qarTulma da afxazurma inteligenciam es gadawyvetileba gaaprotesta. rusi dampyroblebi da maTi ideologebi xels uwyobdnen afxazebSi antiqarTuli grZnobebis gaRvivebas, viTomdac afxazi mosaxleobis interesebs icavdnen, ebrZodnen qarTvelebis (megrelebis)dasaxlebas ZirZvel kolxur miwaze. samagierod, afxazTa interesebi aRar axsovdaT maSin, rodesac am miwas rusi Camosaxlebulebi ikavebdnen. miwis sakiTxi, warmoebis am ZiriTadi saSualebis floba-dasakuTrebis problema rusuli xelisuflebisa da qarTveli sazogadoebis dapirispirebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi gaxda. mTeli XIX saukune da XX_is dasawyisi ruseTi Semotevis poziciaze idga, qarTveli eri ki Tavisi uflebis dacvas cdilobda, magram upiratesoba agresoris mxares iyo.
informacia 1

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zurab papasqiri, wignidan afxazeTis istoriis problemebi, gv.78: XI_XV saukuneebSi ...awindeli afxazeTis teritoria sulac ar warmoadgenda erTian saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmns, Tundac avtonomiur samTavros saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. mocemul periodSi dRevandeli afxazeTis teritoriis udidesi nawili administraciulad Sedioda odiSisa da cxumis saerisTavoSi, romlebic ZiriTadad qarTveluri toebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. cxumi, yvela monacemiT iyo qarTuli qalaqi, is warmoadgenda samegrelos mTavris rezidencias, sadac es ukanaskneli Wrida monetas. sakuTriv afxazur tomebs ekavaT mxolod afxazeTis saerisTavo, romlis samxreTi sazRvari anakofias(dRevandeli axali aToni) ar scildeboda. aRniSnuli saerisTavo, romelsac ServaSiZeTa sagvareulo edga saTaveSi, aseve saerTo- qarTuli saxelmwifos organul nawils warmoadgenda~. informacia 2 gansakuTrebiT tragikulia afxazebisa da Cerqezebis monaTesave ubixi xalxis bedi. isini cxovrobdnen Savi zRvis sanapiro zolsa da qalaq soWis midamoebSi. kavkasiis omSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen, ris gamoc ruseTis sardloba maT yvelaze saSiS mowinaaRmdeged Tvlida SavizRvispireTSi. amitom, omis dasrulebis Semdeg, 1864 wels, rusebma maT ultimatumi wauyenes_an unda gadasaxlebuliyvnen yubanis velebSi, an osmaleTSi wasuliyvnen. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis armia mzad iyo gaewyvita mTeli ubixi mosaxleoba. ubixebma osmaleTSi wasvla arCies. 1864 wlis manZilze mTeli xalxi_30-40 aTasi suli wavida mcire aziaSi. kavkasiaSi mxolod ramdenime aTeuli adamiani darCa, romlebic Seerwynen Cerqezebsa da afxazebs. dRes ubixebi ZiriTadad TurqeTis respublikaSi cxovroben, kargad axsovT Tavisi warmomavloba, magram mSobliuri ena daiviwyes. ukanaskneli ubixi, romelic mSobliur enaze laparakobda, 1994 wels gardaicvala. ubixebis istoria rusuli imperiuli politikis Sedegi, eris genocidisa da eTnowmendis magaliTia. soxumis sanapiro 1870-ian wlebSi wyaro a) rusi istorikosi nikoloz dubrovini 1810-iani wlebis afxazeTze : `afxazeTi mxolod rukaze iyo Semoyvanili ruseTis farglebSi, sinamdvileSi Cveni xelisufleba iq sruliad umniSvnelo oyo.~ wyaro b) rusi generali filipsoni afxazeTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (1858w.) `viTareba afxazeTSi ukeTesobisken ar Secvlila. iseve, rogorc adre, Cveni jariskaci erTi versiTac ver moscildeba cixe-simagres, rom sikvdili, an datyveveba ar daemuqros...~ wyaro g) quTaisis general-gubernatori d.sviatopolk-mirski afxazTa gasaxlebisa da afxazeTis rusuli kolonizaciis Taobaze, 1864 wlis moxsenebidan : `erTaderTi radikaluri gza, rac Cven mogvixsnis yovelgvar saSiSroebas soxumis ganyofilebis mxridan, _es aris afxazeTis mcxovrebTa osmaleTSi gadasaxleba, Tu afxazta nawili TurqeTSi wasvlas moindomebs, Cven amaSi xeli ar unda SevuSaloT. Cven axlave SegviZlia SevudgeT kazakTa dasaxlebebiT afxazeTis kolonizacias, bzifis orive sanapiros dauflebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba aq daviwyoT afxazeTis dasaxleba rusuli mosaxleobiT~. 1. riT iyo gamowveuli afxazi xalxis antirusuli ajanyebebi ? 2. ra iyo muhajirobis mizezi ? 3. ratom damyarda samxedro xelisufleba afxazeTSi ? 4. Tqveni azriT, ratom uSlidnen qarTvelebs afxazeTSi dasaxlebas ? 5. ratom iyo ase mkacri ruseTis politika kavkasiaSi da rogor SeafasebT ubixebis beds ?

Tergdaleulebi XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi sazogadoebriv sarbielze gamovida qarTvel moRvaweTa axali Taoba, romelic `Tergdaleulebis~, igive `samocianelTa~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am Taobis ZiriTad birTvs Seadgenda: ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, kirile lorTqifaniZe, niko nikolaZe, iakob gogebaSvili... am jgufs SemdegSi daematnen : sergei mesxi, ivane maCabeli, vaJa-fSavela, aleqsandre yazbegi da sxvebi. Tergis simboloSi qarTvelma xalxma Cado is Seupovari suliskveTeba, dauRalavi qmedebis wyurvili, rac am adamianebs hqondaT mamulisaTvis samsaxurSi, misi bednieri momavlisaTvis brZolaSi. ruseTsa da evropis qveynebSi ganaTlebamiRebuli es axalgazrdebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni iyvnen sazogadoebriv-ideuri SexedulebebiT, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli miswrafebebiT, TviTmpyrobelobis uRlisagan qarTveli eris gamoxsnis gzebis ZiebiT.

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am Taobis ideuri beladi ilia WavWavaZe iyo. masve ekuTvnis samoqmedo programa, romelic unda ganxorcielebuliyo qarTveli eris ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis am etapze. peterburgis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze iliam dasavluri tipis ganaTleba miiRo, xolo msoflio istoriul procesebsa da ganviTarebis tendenciebze dakvirvebiT aRiara dasavleTis qveynebis saxelmwifoebrivi da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis progresuloba. poets Rrmad swamda, rom misi xalxi, Tu arsebul situacias gaaanalizebda da gamoiyenebda evropul gamocdilebas, gamoasworebda sakuTari qveynis mdgomareobas. dasavluri civilizaciis dawinaurebas ruseTTan SedarebiT da arCevanis winaSe mdgari qarTvelis swori gadawyvetilebisTvis Semzadebas isaxavda miznad mTeli misi naazrevi da praqtikuli moRvaweoba. mweralma mravalgzis amxila ruseTis dampyrobluri politika da am politikis gamtarebeli Tu ideis matarebeli adamianebis simdable, aCvena pirovnebis erovnul-patriotuli misia da samSoblos winaSe mamuliSvilis wminda movaleobis sidiade. 24 wlis Wabukma mweralma `mgzavris werilebSi~ Tanamemamuleebs auwya, rom saqarTvelos damoukidebloba qarTvelTa umTavresi da sanukvari mizania. mweralma Tavis SemoqmedebaSi mravalgzis amxila ruseTis koloniuri reJimis sisastike da mis winaaRmdeg Seupovari brZolis magaliTad iqca. ilia WavWavaZisa da TergdaleulTa asparezze gamosvla daemTxva evropaSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali talRis azvirTebas. Zneli iyo feodalur rutinaSi CaZirul saqarTveloSi evropuli ideebis gadmotana, arada, aRar SeiZleboda qarTvel ers ruseTis koloniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis Zveli meTodi ar Seecvala,iaraRiT dapirispireba gaegrZelebina. erovnuli moZraobis zogierTi lideri jerac ar gamoricxavda antirusul SeiaraRebul ajanyebas. TergdaleulTa programa iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos avtonomiis mopovebas ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, Semdeg ki_srul ganTavisuflebas. iliam da misma Taobam TavianTi SemoqmedebiT daiwyes evropis xalxTa demokratiuli moZraobis gadmonergva, amis gasakeTeblad saWiro kulturul-saganmanaTleblo revoluciac moaxdines. es uZnelesi amocana sruldeboda rusuli Savrazmuli ideologiis, rusifikatoruli politikisa da qarTuli enisa da kulturis devnis pirobebSi. es iyo moqmedebis swori da gonivruli gza. uwinaresad, erovnuli TviTSegneba unda gamococxlebuliyo, qarTveli eris suliereba aRorZinebuliyo. amisTvis saWiro gaxda bevri winaaRmdegobis daZleva. ilia WavWavaZe qarTuli liberalizmis Sesaxeb, gaz. `iveria~, 1881w.
qarTveli ymawvilkacoba, romelic liberalobas aRiarebs, qarTul sinamdvileSi sul sxva rames gulisxmobs: maT naxes, rom Cvens qveyanas sul sxva tkivili aqvs, sul sxva faTeraki sdevs. scnes, rom Cveneburi dRevandeli dRe sul sxvasa Txoulobs, sul sxvas RaRadebs da, maSasadame, Cveneburi liberaloba sul sxvba rasmezed unda miiqces mTelis Tavisi Zal-RoniTa. es `sxva ramea~ Cvenis dacemulis vinaobis aRdgena, fexzed dayeneba da dacva yovelis mosalodnelis faTerakisagan...~

am drois saqarTveloSi erTaderTi Jurnali_`ciskari~ gamodioda, romlis redaqtori ivane kereseliZe iyo. es Taoba, marTalia, erovnuli sulis matarebeli patrioti adamianebisagan Sedgeboda, magram brZolisa da xelisuflebasTan dapirispirebis unars iyo moklebuli. isini undoblad ucqerdnen yvela sazogadoebriv siaxles, werdnen moZvelebuli eniT, romelsac xalxis sasaubro ena bevrad CamoSoreboda. iliam gaakritika `ciskari~, misi konservatoruli pozicia enis sakiTxSi, rac TaobaTa Soris dapirispirebad, e. w. `mamaTa da SvilTa ~ brZolad gadaiqca. es aRar iyo marto enis Sesaxeb kamaTi, erovnul da sulier faseulobebze Zvel da axal Taobas sxva Sexedulebebi gaaCnda. mweralma gadawyvita mebrZoli organos Seqmna. aseTi iyo 1863 wels ilias redaqtorobiT daarsebuli `saqarTvelos moambe~. marTalia am organom sul erTi weli iarseba, magram didi roli iTamaSa erovnuli ideebis win wamowevasa da xalxis gacnobierebaSi. amas Semdeg iseTi demokratiuli gamocemebi mohyva, rogoric iyo :`droeba~(1866), `krebuli~(1871), `iveria~(1877). periodulma presam gamoacocxla miZinebuli sazogadoebrivi azri, xeli Seuwyo erovnul konsolidacias. cenzuris sisastikis miuxedavad, romelic ebrZoda yovelive qarTuls, iseTma mamacma redaqtorebma, rogorebic iyvnen ilia, niko nikolaZe, ivane maCabeli, sergei mesxi uamravi saWirboroto Tema wamoswies win, mravaljer daisajnen, magram mainc ar Sewyvites brZola qarTveli eris saWirboroto sakiTxebisTvis naTelis mosafenad. qarTuli ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da erovnuli interesebis ganxorcielebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda saTavadaznauro bankis daarsebas 1875 wels, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe Caudga saTaveSi. TergdaleulTa erT-erT didi brZolis asparezs warmoadgenda qarTuli ganaTlebis sfero. vinaidan ruseTis ganaTlebis sistemam mTlianad amoiRo swavlebidan mSobliuri enis kursi, qarTvelma patriotebma scades kerTo skolebiT 69

aenazRaurebinaT es danaklisi. ianovskisa da misi msgavsi rusi moxeleebis xeliT danergil antiqarTul skolas unda dapirispireboda `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ mier Seqmnili skolebis sistema, sadac qarTveli moswavleebi deda-enaze iswavlidnen. es dawesebuleba 1879 wels Camoyalibda da misi pirveli Tavmjdomare dimitri yifiani iyo, 1886 wlidan 1907 wlamde ki sazogadoebas ilia WavWavaZe edga saTaveSi. sazogadoeba 1907 wlamde arsebobda. qarTvelma qvelmoqmedebma_daviT sarajiSvilma da Zmebma zubalaSvilebma mas didZali Tanxa Seswires. aleqsandre WavWavaZis SviliSvilma_niko dadianma sazogadoebas dadianebis sagvareulo biblioTeka gadasca. arsebobis manZilze sazogadoebam qarTuli skolebi gaxsna rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, aseve imperiis im adgilebSi, sadac qarTvelebi kompaqturad cxovrobdnen. amiT daexmara maR erovnuli sulis SenarCunebaSi. eris gadarCenis mTavari mizani qarTuli enis dacvasa da misi dakarguli uflebebis aRdgenaSi gamoixata. am TvalsazrisiT fasdaudebeli wvlili gaiRo didma qarTvelma pedagogma iakob gogebaSvilma, romelmac 1876 wels gamosca `dedaenis~ saxelmZRvanelo. genialurad mignebuli ori sityva_`ai, ia~ gaxda qarTveli eris gulis gasaRebi mSobliuri enisadmi usazRvro siyvarulis axali ZaliT gamosaxatavad. w.k. gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamgeobis wevrebi: portretebi
wyaro a). ilia WavWavaZe mamulis siyvarulis Sesaxeb, gaz. `iveria~, 1882w. CvenSi mamulis siyvaruli ipyrobs mxolod wminda grZnobas. visime siZulvili, visime daTrgunvis survili, visime gaubedurebis wadili masSi sruliad ar aris... rogorc warsulSi Cveni eri ibrZoda ara sxva xalxebis damonebisaTvis, aramed Tavis sakuTari damoukideblobis dacvisaTvis, ise axla Cveni mamulisSvilebi moRvaweoben ara im ganzraxviT, rom sxvani davTrgunoT, aramed imisaTvis, rom Cvens ersac gavukvaloT gza gonebis ganviTarebisa, zneobis amaRlebisa da keTildreobisa. BB wyaro bB) iakob gogebaSvili rusuli mmarTvelobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb qarTuli enisaTvis : mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos uricxvni mterni sul imasa cdilobdnen, rom sarwmunoeba waerTmiaT CvenTvis da Tavis rjulzed gadaveyvaneT. Cveni enis warTmevaze ki, mis aRmofxvrasa da gauqmebaze aramcTu ara fiqrobdnen, piriqiT, TviTonac swavlobdnen. Cvenis sarwmunoebis devniT savsebiT savsea saqarTvelos warsuli, , magram diogenis farniTac ver miagneb iq enis devnasa. amis gamo Cveni winaparni ibrZodnen mxolod sarwmunoebisaTvis da am brZolaSi ukanasknels xarisxamde gaiwvrTnen da simtkice foladisa moipoves. enisaTvis brZola ki maT sruliad ar icodnen, radganac am erovnul saunjes maT aravin ar arTmevda, aravin ar sCagravda... ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg sarwmunoeba uzrunvelyofil iqna, magram bevri qarTveli vera grZnobs, ver amCnevs xifaTs da gansacdels, romelic moevlina dedaenas...~ wyaro g) iakob gogebaSvili saRmrTo rjulis rusul enaze swavlebis Sesaxeb : CvenSi, qarTvelebSi, sarwmunoebas metad asustebs is garemoebac, rom saRmrTo sjuli yvela saswavlebelSi iswavleba ara dedaenaze, aramed rusulze. umagaliToa aseTi dabriyveba qarTvelobisa... am dabriyvebas didi vneba moaqvs: sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba qarTvel moswavles ara Tu ar uviTardeba, aramed usustdeba da uWkneba. es imitom, rom sarwmunoeba gulis sferoa, xolo gulze moqmedebs marto deda-ena... rogorc poetoba ar SeiZleba ucxo enaze, ise sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba~. wyaro d) niko nikolaZe antirusuli SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis winaaRmdeg : arsebul pirobebSi qarTuli nacionalizmis gaRrmaveba, ruseTis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis dawyeba, saqarTvelos, qarTvel ers miiyvans im sasaklaomde, sadac amas winaT (1863) tyavi gaaZres poloneTs da sadac mTlad sisxli gamoswoves Cerqezebs. informacia XX s_is dasawyisSi qarTveli wvevamdelebis Sesaxeb, sargis kakabaZis wignidan_`qarTveli xalxis istoria~, gv. 208 : `mosaxleobis garusebis dasaCqareblad mTavrobam am xanaSi gadadga kidev erTi nabiji. gamovida gankarguleba, rom 1900 wlidan samxedro samsaxuris wvevamdelebi gaenawilebinaT ruseTis Sida guberniebis samxedro nawilebSi. qarTvelebisaTvis es gansakuTrbiT samZimo iyo( samxedro samsaxuri maSin oTxwliani iyo), radgan maT gverdSi mTeli amierkavkasiis mahmadiani mosaxleoba srulebiT ar gahyavdaT jarSi. garda amisa, qarTvelebi ver itandnen CrdiloeTis qveynebis havas, avadmyofobdnen da xSirad ixocebodnen kidec. magram am garemoebas mTavroba yuradRebas ar aqcevda, radganac xangrZlivi myofoba rusis jaris nawilebSi da isic rusebis qveyanaSi xels uwyobda gawveul qarTvelTa Soris rusuli enis gavrcelebas.~ 1) rogor gamoiyena ruseTis xelisuflebam qristianuli sarwmunoeba qarTveli xalxis winaaRmdeg? 2) iyo Tu ara wyaro g_s mixedviT daculi qarTveli eris sarwmunoebrivi interesi? 3) ra xifaTi eloda qarTvel ers, iakob gogebaSvilis azriT, Tu mSobliur enaze ar eqneboda wirva-locva?

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4) ra datvirTvas aZlevda ilia qarTul liberalobas ? 5) ilias azriT, qarTuli patriotizmi, mamulis siyvaruli ras gulisxmobda ? 6) ratom miiCnevda niko nikolaZe miuReblad SeiaraRebul ajanyebas koloniuri reJimis winaaRmdeg ? 7) ratom mihyavdaT qarTveli wvevamdelebi ruseTis Sida guberniebSi ?

qarTveli eris ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola XIX saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi da saqarTvelos avtonomiis idea Tergdaleulebs ekuTvnis ruseTis imperiis federaciul saxelmwifod gardaqmnisa da saqarTvelos avtonomiur politikur erTeulad mowyobis idea. am ideas programuli saxe ilia WavWavaZem misca. mwerlis azriT, amgvar politikur mowyobas saWiroebda rogorc imperiaSi Semavali sxvadasxva xalxis normaluri ganviTareba, aseve TviT ruseTis saelmwifoebrivi interesebic. 1881 wels gazeT `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi_`Sinauri mimoxilva~ ilia werda, rom saxelmwifoSi aravis ainteresebda ararusi xalxebis bedi, ganapira erebis uflebebi ukugdebuli iyo. mwerali xazs usvamda moxeleTa Tavgasulobasa da maT mier erovnebaTa devna-Seviwroebas. am drois saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ukve damkvidrebuli iyo sityvebi_federacia, avtonomia, magram imperiuli ruseTis usastikesi cenzuris pirobebSi mwerali am terminebs ver ixmarda, Tumca misi Tvalsazrisi mkafioa da kargad Camoyalibebuli: ilias surda ruseTis absolutur-monarqiuli, unitaruli saxelmwifos federaciul sawyisebze reorganizacia. am federaciaSi saqarTvelo da sxva ganapira qveynebi Sevidodnen avtonomiuri erTeulebis saxiT. aseTi saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebiT ruseTis saxelmwifo da xalxi moipovebda sxva erebis pativiscemasa da ndobas. aseTi wyoba gaxdeboda am mravalerovani saxelmwifos Semdgomi gaZliereba-ganviTarebis safuZveli. nawilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis safuZvelze, 80-iani wlebidan, Tavadaznaurobas SeeZlo viwro wodebrivi interesebis dacva, magram saerTo-erovnuli problemebis win wamoweva da mTavrobis winaSe sakiTxis dayeneba ar SeiZleboda. am problemebis ganxilva mimdinareobda mowinave viwro wreebSi, farul sazogadoebebsa da sazRvargareT, ruseTis miRma moRvawe patriot adamianTa Soris. ilia WavWavaZe Tvlida, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis idea carizmis usastikesi politikuri reaqciis pirobebSi ase advilad gansaxorcielebeli ar iyo, amitom erovnuli programa did droze gaTvala, qarTveli eris konsolidaciis process, saerTo moqmedebis niadagis Teorias daukavSira. raki ruseTis mTavroba saqarTvelos politikuri avtonomiis xsenebasac dauSveblad Tvlida, qarTvelma moRvaweebma win wamoswies saerobo reformis gatarebis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis(sagubernio, samazro, saTemo) organoTa Seqmnis sakiTxi. 1864 wels ruseTSi gatarebuli saerobo reforma saqarTvelos ar misces. Tergdaleulebi am usamarTlobis gamosworebas iTxovdnen. isini erobaSi farTo Sinaarss debdnen: TviTmmarTvelobis subieqtad maT eri gamoacxades da maSin, rodesac germanelebi, rusebi da amerikelebi TviTmmarTvelobebs miwas, teritorias aZlevdnen, qarTvelma moRvaweebmac saWirod CaTvales Tavisi istoriuli miwebis dakanoneba qarTuli erobebisaTvis. iliasa da mis Tanamoazreebs miaCndaT, rom farTo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba niadags moumzadebda erovnul avtonomiasa da damoukideblobas. ruseTis carizmi aseT avtonomiaze uars ucxadebda qarTvel xalxs, cenzura sityva avtonomias presis furclebze ar aWaWanebda. xelisuflebam erobasac uari uTxra. qarTveli publicistebi Sefarulad werdnen ucxo qveynebis avtonomiaze da amiT mianiSnebdnen, rom qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenisaTvis ibrZodnen da Sesaferis dros elodnen misi ganxorcielebisaTvis.
SeniSvna : `saerTo niadagis Teorias~ ayenebdnen Tergdaleulebi. maT liders_ilia WavWavaZes miaCnda, rom isedac patara qarTveli eri, koloniur Cagvras rom ganicdida, upirispirdeboda saSiS gareSe safrTxeebs, amitom saWiro iyo misi erTianoba am Zalebis dasamarcxeblad. am Teorias ebrZodnen rusuli ideologiis mimdevrebi saqarTveloSi. am Sexedulebas zogierTi erovnuli moRvawec ar iziarebda, radgan socialuri problemebis mogvarebis aucileblobas isini imedovnebdnen socialistur moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT da ara `saerTo niadagze~. maTi azriT, saqarTvelos politikur da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi gadamwyveti roli erovnul burJuazias eniWeboda. ilias azriT, eris gaTiSva wodebrivi, partiuli da sxva niSniT, saSiSi iyo qarTveli eris momavlisaTvis. ilia WavWavaZe, werilidan-`wodebaTa Tanasworoba~, gaz. `iveria~ :

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Cveni ZiriTadi rwmena yovelTvis is yofila da aris, rom eris warmateba, qonebrivi Tu gonebrivi, SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca eri wodebaTa dauyoflad, did-pataraobis ganurCevlad da gamouklebliv, erTianis mecadineobiTa da garjiT cdilobs cxovrebis gza gaikvlios da burTi bedisa gaitanos wuTisoflis moednidan yvelam erTad da sayovelTaod. cal-calke weva cxovrebis uRlisa, cal-calke xvna da mka, cal-calke Tla lxinisa Tavisaken da Wirisa sxvisaken, marto TavisTavis xsovna da sxvisi daviwyeba momakvdinebelia kacTa saurTierTo cxovrebisa da sadac eg urTierToba ar aris, iq arc igi krebulia, romelsac eri hqvia. ...qveyanazed marto im ers gauZlia, marto im ers gamoutania Tavi aTas gvar gansacdelisagan, marto im ers warumatnia da gaZlierebula, romelsac Tavis droze Seutyvnia da miugnia, rom erTi romelime wodebis win waweva arafris maqnisia, Tu danarceni eric win ar waweula, piriqiT, erTi wodebis win wawevas danarcenis ukan daweva mohyolia~.

`saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis liga~ TergdaleulTa ganmaTavisuflebeli ideologia farTod gavrcelda xalxSi da is aitaca studentma da moswavle axalgazrdobamac. erovnuli ideiT ganimsWvalen rogorc ruseTSi saswavleblad wasuli studentebi, aseve gimnaziaseminariis moswavleebi. ruseTSi arsebulma qarTvel studentTa saTvistomoebma 1889 wels kavSiri daamyares erTmaneTTan da Camoayalibes faruli organizacia_`saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis liga~. misma wevrebma sakmaod masStaburi agitacia gaaCaRes erovnul sakiTxebze peterburgis, moskovis, varSavis, kievis, xarkovis, odesis da sxva universitetebis qarTvelma studentebma 1892 wels, ardadegebis periodSi, 26-29 ivliss quTaisSi Caatares pirveli gaerTianebuli yriloba. quTaisis yrilobam imsjela ramdenime aqtualur Temaze da dagenilebac miiRo. yrilobis muSaobis angariSi daigzavna yvela im umaRles saswavlebelSi, sadac qarTuli saTvistomo iyo. dokumenti iuwyeboda, rom qarTvel studentTa faruli organizaciis mizani iyo samSoblos samsaxuri, ruseTis batonobisgan saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba. yrilobis delegatTa umravlesobam moiTxova faruli organizaciis Seqmna TviT saqarTveloSi, romelic gamaerTianebel, sakoordinacio centris rols Seasrulebda. `Tavisuflebis ligam~ Seadgina samoqmedo programa, romelSic naTqvami iyo: saqarTvelo daCagrulia, qarTvel ers emuqreba mSobliuri enis, zne-Cveulebebis, miwa-wylis dakargvis safrTxe. qarTveli xalxi Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze araerTxel yofila mZime mdgomareobaSi, magram gamosavali mounaxavs. mas arc exla daukargavs imedi. `Tavisuflebis liga miznad isaxavs xeli Seuwyos saqarTvelos gamosvlas ekonomikursocialuri da politikuri ganviTarebis farTo gzaze, darazmos qarTveli xalxi TavisuflebisaTvis sabrZolvelad, rac Seexeba sxva qveynebidan saqarTveloSi CamosaxlebulT, Cven arc maTi interesebis ugulvebelyofas vapirebT. `ligis~ idealia iseTi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba, romelic yvela erovnebas miscems Tavisufali ganviTarebis saSualebas. momavlis am sazogadoebaSi adgili ar unda hqondes erovnebis, religiisa da rwmenis Seviwroebas... 1894 wels ruseTis Jandrmeriam aRmoaCina da daarbia `saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis liga~. misi yvela aqtiuri wevri daapatimres. represiebis qveS moeqcnen SemdegSi iseTi cnobili mwerlebi da sazogado moRvaweebi, rogorebic iyvnen : Sio aragvispireli, Tedo saxokia, giorgi gvazava, mixeil xelTufliSvili, giorgi dekanoziSvili, iakob fancxava, vaxtang RambaSiZe, noe Jordania, ioseb CareqiSvili, ilia jiSkariani, daviT miqelaZe da sxvebi. `saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis ligis~ wevrTa Sexedulebebi ar iyo erTgvari, amitom, es organizacia ver gadaiqca monoliTur partiad. es iyo imis mizezic, rom misi wevrebi SemdegSi sxavadasxva ideur-politikuri mimarTulebis partiebSi aRmoCndnen : zogi erovnul partiebSi gaerTianda, nawili ki rusuli socialisturi partiebis rigebSi aRmoCnda. werili lev tolstois 1901 wels,kavkasiis rusuli xelisuflebisa da zogierTi qarTveli moRvawis iniciativiT saqarTveloSi aRiniSna ruseTTan SeerTebis 100 weli. erovnulma Zalebma es zeimi gaaprotestes. RonisZiebis organizatorebi, rogorc yovelTvis, amgvar daTmobis politikas saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis saWirod da aucileblad miiCnevdnen. qarTveli axalgazrdebis jgufma werili miswera did rus mwerals lev tolstois, sadac gamoxata sakuTari azri ruseTis saukunovan agresiul politikaze da Txova mwerals daxmareboda ruseTsa da evropaSi am samarcxvino zeimisa da ruseTis `veluri~politikis mxilebaSi.
wyaro a) istorikos sargis kakbaZis azri 1901 wlis saiubileo zeimze, qarTveli xalxis istoria, gv. 210:

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`qarTuli Tavadaznaurobis oficialur warmomadgenlebs imedi hqondaT, rom msxvili memamuluri wreebis mxriv carizmis winaSe mucelze amdeni xoxvis Semdeg peterburgidan axla mainc moiRebdnen saqarTvelosTvis raime mowyalebas. magram es imedi savsebiT gacruvda. centraluri mTavroba dakmayofilda imiT, rom gaiRo Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis TavadaznaurTa Svilebis aRsazrdelad 40 aTasi maneTis Semweoba weliwadSi da garda amisa TavadaznaurTa SvilebisTvis adgilebi gaxsna kavkavSi axlad daarsebul saSualo samxedro saswavlebelSi( kadetTa korpusSi). cxadi iyo, rom carizmisagan araviTari SeRavaTi, Tundac mxolod qarTuli enis mimarT, ar iyo mosalodneli~. wyaro b) nawyveti qarTveli axalgazrdebis lev tolstoisTan miwerili werilidan: `asma welma ganvlo mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis mTavrobam iwyo sistematurad Selaxva imis, rac mas zneobrivi da iuridiuli samarTlis mixedviT unda daecva da Semoenaxa, saxeldobr man daiwyo qarTvelebis miwis miTviseba, Selaxa uflebebi qarTuli enis da yvelafris, rac am enasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da agreTve saqarTvelos eklesiis. asi wlis sigrZeze ruseTis mTavroba cdilobda waeSala qarTveli xalxis saxe da qarTvelebi xelovnurad da Zalad gadeqcia rusebad. am mizniT ruseTis mTavrobam xelT igdo saukeTeso miwebi, moawyo rusebis kolonizacia am mxareSi, sadac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, miwis naklebobis gamo, TiTqmis rom SimSiliT ixoceba. gandevna qarTuli ena skolebidan, sasamarTlodan da sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaTagan, veluri RonisZiebebiT aviwrovebda qarTuli presis ganviTarebas da krZalavda iseTi cnobebis dabeWdvas rusuli gazeTebidanac ki, romelnic romelnic marTla asaxavdnen mdgomreobas am mxareSi ; gaitaca da gaZarcva qarTuli monastrebi, aRkrZala wirva-locvis Sesruleba mosaxleobisaTvis gasageb mSobliur enaze da bolos TviT qarTuli enac gandevna saeklesio-samrevlo skolebidanac ki. magram yvelaferi es kidev ecotaveboda mTavrobas. man daadva mosaxleobas Znelad gasaRebi gadasaxadebi saerobo razmisaTvis / /, romelsac evaleba qarTvelebs Soris ararasebuli yaCaRebis devna, man dauwyo qarTvel wvevamdelebs, maTi garusebis mizniT, ruseTSi gagzavna, saidanac 80% maTgani brundeba daavadmyofebuli da daCiavebuli. yvela am aRmaSfoTebel ZaladobaT qarTvelebis mimarT ruseTis mTavroba awyobda da axlac awyobs ise, rom Tavis mtacebluri batonobis tlanq instiqts niRbavs yovelgvari saganmanaTleblo valdebulebebiT aRmosavleT qveynebSi. mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi qarTvelebs eWiraT Tavi, rogorc namdvil monebs. qarTvelebi arafer sxvas ar aRniSnavdnen, Tu ar Tavis erTgul-qveSevrdomobiT grZnobebs, Rebulobdnen monawileobas rusebis saukeTeso polkebis rigebSi uazro sisxlisRvrebSi, mliqvnelobdnen da xoxavdnen mZlavri samxedro marTeblobis winaSe. unda iTqvas, rom mliqvnelobis da xoxvis saqmeSi wamyvani am asi wlis sigrZeze yovelTvis iyo `saxelovani qarTveli Tavadaznauroba~. am sityvebiT rus monarqebs uyvarT im wodebis moxsenieba, romelsac aqvs monuri grZnobebis gamoTqmis unari da sisxlis daRvris midrekilebac. yvelafer amis jildod rusis mTavroba ar stovebda arcerT SemTxvevas, rom ar gamoexata Tavisi Rrma zizRi qarTveli xalsis saWiroebaTadmi da TviT Tavadaznaurobis saWoroebaTadmi, Tumca es Tavadaznauroba yoveli ZalRoniT yovelTvis cdilobda daemsaxurebina mTavrobis ndoba. etyoba, rom zneobrivi principis arqona da msubuq gamarjvebaTadmi miswrafeba tiranTa Sorisac ki zizRs iwvevs. da ai, Tavisis dacemis sabolood gamosaaSkaraveblad da Zaladobis da SeviwroebaTa sistemis ukvdavsayofad qarTveli Tavadaznauroba /Tumca ara yvelani/ 25 seqtembers awyobs grandiozul saiubileo uqmobas saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis asi wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad... lev nikolozis Zev! mTeli am motyuebiT, am sazizRari dacinviT xalxze Rrmad aRSfoTebulia mTeli jansaRi da waumxdari mosaxleoba saqarTvelosi. bevr aTas patiosan adamianTa saxeliT mogmarTavT Tqven TxovniT dagvexmaroT, raTa es samarcxvino `zeimoba~ farTed iqnas gaxmaurebuli ruseTsa da evropaSi. gTxovT SegvawioT Tqveni sityva daCagrul da damonebul xalxis sasargeblod, im xalxis, romelsac unda, rom sxva xalxebis msgavsad icocxlos da ganviTardes da romlis gaqroba pirisagan dedamiwisa unda velur rusul mTavrobas... Cven gvinda, rom Tqven da rusulma sazogadoebam da evropam, icodeT, jer ara yvela qarTvels aqvs dakarguli kacobrivi Rirseba, rom saqarTveloSi izrdeba da viTardeba Zaladobis, sicruisa da motyuebis winaaRmdeg brZolis aucileblobis Segneba, rom qarTvelma xalxma da qarTvelma sazogadoebam ician, Tu ra beds umzadebs mas rusebis mTavroba, rom is mzad aris daicvas sicocxlis Sesaxeb Tavisi ufleba.~

politikuri ideologiebi da partiebi XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawisSi ruseTis dampyroblur-koloniuri politikisadmi Tergdaleulebs erTnairad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqondaT, magram iyo maT Sexedulebebs Soris gansxvaveba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis meTodebsa da taqtikaze. es gansxvaveba aisaxa qarTvel erovnul moRvaweTa `dasebad~ dayofaSi, Tumca bevri ar iziarebs amgvar dayofas da ufro sworad miaCnia I da II dasis moazrovneebi sxvadasxva Sexedulebis, magram erovnul moRvaweTa erT_`TergdaleulTa~ jgufSi gaaerTianos. pirvel dasSi iTvleba ilia da misi `saerTo niadagis~ Teoriis momxreebi, meoreSi_niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli da sxvebi, romlebic erovnul moZRvrebaSi socialisturi ideebis Setanas moiTxovdnen. 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac (1883 weli) mesxi gardaicvala da 1885 wels `meoredaselTa~ gazeTi `droebac~ daixura, am jgufis nawili kvlav pirveldaselebs SeuerTda da moRvaweoba ilias `iveriaSi~ gaagrZela.

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giorgi wereTelma 1893 wels daarsa gazeTi `kvali~, romlis irgvliv Semokrebilma jgufma 1894 wels Camoayaliba `mesame dasi~, romelSic ZiriTadad socialisturi ideologiis moRvaweebi gaerTiandnen. misi Seqmnis iniciatori mwerali egnate ninoSvili iyo, organizaciis lideri ki_ noe Jordania. es jgufi Tavidan erovnul sakiTxebsac ayenebda, magram 1903 wlidan SeuerTda ruseTis social-demokratiul partias da misi nawili gaxda, riTac uari Tqva erovnuli problemebis upiratesobaze. misi mTavari gezi socialuri problemebis gadaWra gaxda. imave wels ruseTis socialdemokratiuli partiis II yrilobaze partia gaiyo orad: bolSevikebad da menSevikebad. DsaqarTvelos avtonomias erTic da meorec uaryofda. gansakuTrebul agresias am sakiTxisadmi bolSevikebi iCendnen. aqve unda vTqvaT, rom saqarTveloSi ideuri dasayrdeni da xalxze gavlena ufro menSevikebma moipoves, vidre bolSevikebma.
wyaro a) aleqsandre wulukiZe (bolSeviki) saqarTvelos avtonomiis Sesaxeb :

`Tavi da Tavi sazrunavi is unda iyos, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo demokratiul safuZvelze aSendes da yvelaferi is, rac xels uSlis amis ganxorcielebas, uaryofili iqnas...avtonomiis Txovna dRes amas xels uSlis da amitom Cven misi winaaRmdegi varT. qarTvelebis avtonomia, qarTvelebis sakuTari kanonebi, qarTvelebis gansakuTrebuli interesebi ! dadga sasixarulo dro, roca kavkasiaSi erovnebaTa Soris SuRli da Suri moispo, mivaRwieT iseT Jams, roca qarTveli da somexi, rusi da ebraeli, TaTari da poloneli Zmurad, amxanagurad, xelixelCakidebulni, erTi interesiT ganmsWvalulni... proletariatis idealisken eswrafvian da maT Soris undobloba... dRiTi-dRe ispoba...ai, am dros moaqvT avtonomia da es cecxli isev Rvivdeba~.
wyaro b) filipe maxaraZe (bolSeviki) saqarTvelos avtonomiis Sesaxeb : `dRevandel pirobebSi mSromeli xalxis interesebi srulebiT amas ar Txoulobs, rom saqarTvelos avtonomia mieniWos, piriqiT, dRes iseTi droa, roca mTeli mSromeli xalxi unda SeerTdes da saerTo mtrebis winaaRmdeg SeerTebuli ZaliT miitanos ieriSi. erTi sityviT, dRevandel pirobebSi avtonomiis moTxovna ara marto uazrobaa, mavnebelic iqneba mSromeli xalxis interesebisaTvis~.

1903 wels parizSi daarsda gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, romlis irgvliv Semokrebilma jgufma kvlav daayena sakiTxi ruseTis federaciul saxelmwifod gardaqmnisa da masSi saqarTvelos avtonomiuri saxiT Sesvlis Sesaxeb. 1904 wels, JenevaSi, emigraciaSi myofma qarTvelma moRvaweebma_arCil jorjaZem, varlam CerqeziSvilma, mixako wereTelma da sxvebma moiwvies konferencia, sadac sxvadasxva partiuli kuTvnilebis adamianebi monawileobdnen da kvlav wamoswies avtonomiis sakiTxi. konferenciaze daarsda `qarTvel socialist-federalistTa sarevolucio partia~, romlis programa agebuli iyo ruseTis socialistur-federaciul saxelmwifoSi saqarTvelos avtonomiuri statusiT gaerTianebasa da socialisturi wyobilebis damyarebaze. socialist-federalistebi daupirispirdnen qarTvel marqsistebs, romlebic avtonomiis mowinaaRmdeged gamodiodnen da rusuli interesebiT ikvebebodnen. federalistebi damajereblad asabuTebdnen, rom daCagrul erTa ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saerTo demokratiuli revoluciis Semadgeneli nawili iyo da mas Seasustebda ara politikuri avtonomiis moTxovna, aramed erovnuli sakiTxis ugulvebelyofa, misi samarTlianad gadaWris samomavlod gadadeba. saqarTvelos avtonomiisaTvis brZolis sakiTxSi kidev ufro Sors wavida erovnul-demokratTa jgufi, romelic Tavdapirvelad socialist-federalistTa partiaSi iyo gaerTianebuli, Semdeg ki calke ideur jgufad gamoeyo am partias, Tavi moiyara sakuTari presis organoebis garSemo. 1906 wels ilia WavWavaZis, iakob gogebaSvilis da sxva erovnuli moRvawis mier daiwyo partiis programis SemuSaveba. erovnul-demokratTa programiT, saqarTvelos ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi unda mieRo avtonomia, demokratiuli gziT aerCia sakuTari parlamenti, romelic qveynis saSinao saqmeebs TviTon gadawyvetda. unda aRdgeniliyo saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxi aqtiurad daayena ilia WavWavaZem ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWoSi moRvaweobisas. am ideiT iyo atacebuli qarTveli xalxi ruseTis I revoluciis dros_1905-1907 wlebSi. mogvianebiT, 1917 wels es mimdinareoba Tavmjdomare niko nikolaZe gaxda. Camoyalibda erovnul-demokratiul partiad, romlis sapatio

1. vin wamoWra pirvelad saqarTvelos avtonomiis idea da ras daupirispires qarTvelma samocianelebma es idea ?

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2. rogor gesmis ilia WavWavaZis `saerTo niadagis Teoria~ da rogor Seafaseb mis aqtualobas im droisaTvis ? 3. ratom ewinaaRmdegeboda ilias `saerTo niadagis Teorias~ TergdaleulTa erTi nawili (niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli) da rogoria Seni azri maT Sexedulebebze ? 4. ratom ver gadaiqca `saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis liga~ monoliTir partiad ? 5. daasaxele socialisturi mimarTulebis organizacia da partiebi XIX saukunis bolosa da XXs.-is dasawyisSi. 6. rogor Seafaseb wyaro a-sa da b-s poziciebs erovnuli TvalsazrisiT ? 7. ra msgavseba da gansxvaveba iyo socialist-federalistebsa da erovnul-demokratebs Soris ? 8. rodis Seiqmnen socialist-federalisturi da erovnul-demokratiuli partiebi da visi xelmZRvanelobiT ?

1905-1907 wlebis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revolucia da ruseTis represiebi saqarTveloSi iman, rom saglexo reforma saqarTveloSi bolomde ar gatarda da qarTvel glexobas droebiTvaldebulobis procesi zomaze metad gaugrZelda, agraruli sakiTxi metad gaamwvava. amas qarTul sofelSi mimdinare sxva uaryofiTi movlenebic erTvoda. batonymobis naSTebis zomaze metad arseboba, mZime socialuri pirobebi, rasac erovnuli Cagvrac emateboda, gaxda qarTvel glexTa revoluciuri gamosvlebis mizezi. Tu ruseTSi revolucia 1905 wlis 9 ianvris movlenebiT daiwyo, saqarTveloSi ukve 1902 wlidan gaCaRda revoluciuri brZolis koconi. socialuri gamosvlebi erovnuli moTxovnebiT Seicvala. `Zirs TviTmpyrobeloba, gaumarjos Tavisuflebasa da demokratiul respublikas~,_ aseTi lozungebiT gamodiodnen ajanyebuli muSebi da glexebi. qarTveli xalxis pirvel gamarjvebas moaswavebda is, rom TiTqmis saqarTvelos yvela mazrasa da raionSi Camoyalibda revoluciuri TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. xalxis TiTqmis 90 % aRar scnobda ruseTis xelisuflebis adgilobriv administracias da xelisuflebis ZiriTad organoebad miiCnevda revoluciur komitetebs, romlebic wyvetdnen TiTqmis yvela sakiTxs. miwis fondi am komitetebma saerTo-saxalxo sakuTrebad gamoacxades da anawilebdnen glexTa Soris. Seiqmna demokratiuli yaidis sasamarTloebi, romlebic wyvetdnen rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve sisxlis samarTlis sakiTxebs. mTavrobam saSiSad CaTvala amgvari erovnuli paTosi da gansakuTrebul represiebs mimarTa. xelisuflebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi gagzavna alixanov-avarskis damsjeli razmebi, romelic aravis da arafers indobda. alixanovi cecxls ukidebda soflebsa da qalaqebs, anadgurebda baRebsa da venaxebs, misi razmelebi daundoblad Jletdnen udanaSaulo adamianebs. glexoba moiTxovda droebiTvaldebulebis gauqmebas, miwebis konfiskacias, demokratiul reformebs. mefisnacvali mixeil voroncov-daSkovi mzadyofnas acxadebda Seesrulebina xalxis moTxovnebi, misi xelmZRvanelobiT saerobo reformis axali proeqtic ki Seadgines, magram is arc gatarebula da masSi qarTuli interesebic ar iyo Cadebuli. policiis dargSi mefisnacvlis mrCeveli, generali Sirinkini mas urCevda, rom ruseTis dasayrdeni kavkasiaSi unda gamxdariyvnen somxebi, radgan burJuazias isini warmoadgendnen, qarTvelebi ki avtonomiis ideis matarebelni da eqstremistebi iyvnen. am eqstremistebs ebrZoda xelisufleba : 1906 wlis dasawyisSi mTavrobis jari yvelgan gadavida kontrSetevaze, xalxis TviTmmarTveloba yvelgan gauqmda da aRdga rusuli administracia. alixanov-avarskis razmebma imdeni ukanonoba Caidines, iseTi tragedia daatriales, rom am saSinelebas ara marto qarTuli presa, rusulic aRwerda,es sakiTxi ruseTis dumaSic ganixiles. rusi deputatebis umetesoba amarTlebda rusuli jaris sadamsjelo operaciebs, moiTxovda kavkasiis kolonizaciis gaaqtiurebas da akritikebda voroncov-daSkovis loialur politikas. da es maSin, rodesac qarTvelebisaTvis mefisnacvlis moRvaweoba da mis dros dagegmili proeqtebi saqarTvelos saboloo ganadgurebis survilad aRiqmeboda.
wyaro a)giorgi lasxiSvilis mogonebidan : generali alixanovi sanam guriaSi Sevidoda, arafers zogavda da cecxlSi gaaxvia mTeli mxare. TbilisSi kanti-kuntad modioda Semdegi cnobebi : gadaswves zestafoni, gadaswves samtredia, cecxli waukides quTaissac. damsjeli razmebi SeiWrnen daba-soflebSi, xdeba qveynis aoxreba, mosaxleobis Jleta da gaugonari Seuracxyofao. wyaro b)ingliseli Jurnalisti henri nevinsoni alixanov-avarskis damsjeli eqspediciis Sesaxeb, gia gelaSvilis Targmani, axali da uaxlesi istoriis narkvevebi, II, 2008, gv. 434-436 : `alixanovi movida, raTa daesaja patara provincia, romelmac ...gabeda keTilad emarTa Tavisi Tavi...alixanovma Stabi quTaisSi daido da qveyana Tavidan bolomde aalda, ismoda momakvdavi kacebis, gaupatiurebuli qalebis, SimSiliT momakvdav bavSvTa yvirilis

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xma, magram aravin iyo gamgoni. Sesrulda mefis survili Cveulebrivi imperiuli maneriT...rkinigzis gaswvriv mdebare qalaqebi an mTlianad, an nawilobriv daingra... saTavsebi mozrdilebisa da bavSvebis tansacmliT, qveSagebi, ubralo aveji, qvabebi, sakvebis mcire maragi, yovelive es an cecxlma STanTqa, an gaitaces rogorc alafi. sofel nagomaridan 31 urmiT gaitanes saldatebma naZarcvi. me vnaxe soflelebi sacodavad SeyuJulebi TavianTi saxlebis Sav da svel nangrevebSi, ramdenime Tve isini cxovrobdnen mTiani tyeebis kldeebsa da gamoqvabulebSi. mravali qali da bavSvi daiRupa tyeebSi sicivisa da SimSilisagan.~ wyaro g) qarTveli emigrantis_ aleqsandre manveliSvilis wignidan_`ruseTi da saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, san-francisko, 1984, gv.47. `es saSineleba grZeldeboda da, rasakvirvelia, qarTveli eri gulxeldakrefili ver Sexvdeboda mas. fizikuri winaaRmdegobis saSualeba aRar arsebobda, aRarc protestebi Wridnen, qarTvelTa yvela reaqcias rusebi represiebiT pasuxobdnen. darCa mxolod saerTaSoriso azri da sindisi, romelzedac rusebi ase Semomwyralni iyvnen, Tumca arc es gza iyo didad saimedo, magram esRa rCeboda, rogorc ukanaskneli gamosavali.~

1907 wels haagaSi gaimarTa saerTaSoriso konferencia da qarTvelebis erTma jgufma specialuri peticiiT mimarTa mas. dokuments ewodeboda `saqarTvelos xalxis memorandumi~. igi Seadgines varlam CerqeziSvilma, giorgi gvazavam da mixako wereTelma. dokuments xels sazogadoebis 2 aTasamde warmomadgeneli awerda. am dros inglisSi Seiqmna `saqarTvelos daxmarebis inglisuri komiteti~, romlis saSualebiTac memorandumi haagis saerTaSoriso konferencias gadaeca. es dokumenti konferenciis gaxsnis dRes evropisa da aSS-s gazeTebma gamoaqveynes. samwuxarod, evropis saxelmwifoebi ruseTis imperiis gaRizianebas moeridnen, ris gamoc memorandumi konferenciis dRis wesrigSi ver moxvda. miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnulma dokumentma safuZveli Cauyara qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenisaTvis samarTlebriv brZolas evropaSi. XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi saerTaSoriso rezonansi miiRo erT-erTma rusulma antiqarTulma proeqtma_tirifonis samxedro poligonis Sesaxeb. pirveli msoflio omis winaxanebSi ruseTma ganizraxa samxedro poligonis mowyoba Sida qarTlSi, tirifonas velze. amisTvis xelisuflebam gadawyvita cxinvalis samxreTiT ramdenime qarTuli soflis ayra da gadasaxleba. erovnul-demokratiuli Jurnali `klde~ da sxva organoebi mZafrad gamoexmauren am ukanonobas, erovnulma politikurma Zalebma daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes dasavleT evropis erovnebebis uflebaTa damcvel organizaciebs. sakiTxi ganixila 1914 wels liverpulSi gamarTulma dapyrobili da daCagruli erebis warmomadgenelTa kongresma da specialuri rezolucia miiRo. rezoluciaSi protesti iyo gamoxatuli ruseTis politikisadmi, naCvenebi iyo is Sedegebi, rac qarTvel glexTa ayras, maTi sakamidamo nakveTebis ganadgurebas mohyveboda. kongresi imeds gamoTqvamda, rom ruseTis mTavroba xels aiRebda am ganzraxvaze. liverpulis kongresma rezoluciis aslebi gadaugzavna ruseTisa da evropis mTavrobebs. amisi Sedegi iyo aRniSnuli proeqtis gauqmeba.

ruseTis ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi ruseTis savaWro- ekonomikuri interesebi. Tumca aleqsandre I Tavis manifestSi amtkicebda, rom saqarTvelos qarTveli xalxis keTildReobisTvis ierTebda da sxva interesi ar hqonda, magram es gancxadeba gulwrfeli ar iyo. sinamdvileSi ruseTs izidavda saqarTvelos didi strategiuli mniSvneloba, misi saSualebiT aRmosavleTis qveynebis (indoeTi da CineTi) vaWrobis gakontroleba, saqarTvelos bunebrivi simdidreebiT sargebloba, iafi nedleulisa da gasaRebis axali bazris mopoveba. ukve XVIII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi damzadebuli saqonlis gatanam ruseTis bazrebze iseTi masStabi miiRo, rom es faqti Tanadroul rusul literaturaSic aisaxa. XIX saukunis dasawyisidan ruseTSi gatanili saqonlis raodenobam imata, rac darialis gzaze usafrTxoebis gazrdas mohyva. gatanil saqonelSi ZiriTadi adgili safeiqro nawarms ekava. 1803-1805 wlebSi saqarTvelodan ruseTSi 5 milionamde arSini qsovili Sevida. saqarTvelo- ruseTis vaWrobis ZiriTadi sabaJo centrebi yizlari da mozdoki iyo. amis garda, saqoneli sabaJoebis gverdis avliT, uSualod kavkasiis mTianeTSi gadioda, radgan am regionisTvis bambis ZiriTadi mimwodebeli saqarTvelo oyo. saqarTveloSi gabatonebis pirvel xanebSi 76

ruseTi axalisebda kidec am eqsports, magram kavkasiaSi fexis mokidebis Semdeg koloniurma reJimma radikalurad Secvala damokidebuleba. amis mizezi gaxda is, rom ruseTma Tavad gadawyvita bambeulis safeiqro warmoebis Seqmna, amis xelSesawyobad qveyanaSi bambeulis Setanaze uaRresad maRali, faqtiurad amkrZalavi tarifi daawesa, rac qarTul produqciasac Seexo. Tanac, koloniur xelisuflebas surda saqonlis moZraoba evropasa da azias Soris saqarTveloze gadmoetana, amisTvis ki am gzis gawmenda da momzadeba iyo saWiro. ra gavlenas moaxdenda es RonisZieba saqarTveloSi ukve arsebul mrewvelobaze, es ruseTs ar ainteresebda, radgan mas Tavisi politikisaTvis xelisSemSlelad Tvlida da qarTuli ekonomikis dangrevas eswrafvoda. 1821 wlis oqtomberSi ruseTis xelisuflebam amierkavkasiaSi vaWrobis SeRavaTiani taranziti daawesa. kanoni 1822 wlidan Sevida ZalaSi. am kanoniT saqarTveloSi Semotanili yovelgvari saqoneli SeRavaTiani, 5 procentiani baJiT ibegreboda, magram, radganac es procesi safinanso kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda, saqoneli gacilebiT naklebi gamosaRebiT Semodioda. saqarTveloSi momuSave vaWrebsac mTeli rigi privilegiebi eZleodaT, ramac ucxouri saqonlis Semotana swrafad gazarda. axalma satranzito politikam ver Seasrula mTavari amocana : ver gandevna sparseTis bazridan inglisi, ver SeZlo saqarTvelos (zogadad amierkavkasiis) bazris dapyroba rusuli saqonliT da verc qveynis momzadeba moaxerxa carizmis ekonomikuri koloniuri politikis gasatareblad. saqarTvelo rom damoukidebeli qveyana yofiliyo, kanons SeeZlo dadebiTad emoqmeda mis ekonomikaze, magram koloniur reJimSi myofi qveyana ver axerxebda Tavisi produqciiT Tanabar pirobebSi gaewia konkurencia rusul da ucxour produqciasTan. marcxi garduvali iyo da moxda kidec. SeRavaTianma satranzito politikam Seaferxa adgilobrivi xelosnuri da Sinamrewveluri warmoeba, romelic axla idgamda fexs da axali, kapitalisturi urTierTobis Casaxvis gziT viTardeboda. dakninda qarTuli produqciis roli ekonomikaSi. mniSvnelovani dartyma ganicada qarTulma safeiqro warmoebam, romelic manamde wamyvani iyo saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi. satranzito kanonma ver daakmayofila verc ruseTis xelisufleba, radgan rusul saqonelze metad ucxuris Semotana gaaqtiurda. ruseTis xelisuflebis bevri TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli mas akritikebda, amitom, 1831 wels, vadaze adre kanoni SeRavaTian satranzito tarifebze gauqmda. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri dapyrobisaTvis ruseTi gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan gaaqtiurda. Seiqmna sxvadasxa proeqti saqarTvelos koloniur-ekonomikuri eqspansiisaTvis. isini ZiriTadad soflis meurneobas exeboda. xelisuflebacdilobda soflis meurneobis im dargebis ganviTarebas, rac saWiro iyo ruseTis fabrikaqarxnebisaTvis nedleulis misawodeblad. 1830 wels daarsda `amierkavkasiis soflis meurneobis sazogadoeba, romelic zrunavda meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis ganviTarbisaTvis. sazogadoeba xels uwyobda mosaxleobaSi agronomiuli codnis gavrcelebas, ucxoeTidan iwerda sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebs, Tesleuls, awyobda saqonlis fermebs, soflis meurneobis gamofenebs da sxva. feodalizmis rRveva da kapitalizmis ganviTareba zrdida memamuleTa moTxovnilebas fulze, amas emateboda rusuli jarisa da moxeleebis Senaxvis, saxazino gadasaxadebisa da begaris valdebulebebi, rac glexobas auwerel gaWirvebaSi agdebda da iwvevda antisamTavrobo ajanyebebs. xelisufleba ajanyebulebs sastikad sjida, rac am mwarmoebel Zalas aCanagebda. rusi moxeleebi saqarTveloSi tropikuli da subtropikuli kulturebis danergvas moiTxovdnen. amasTanave, meRvineobis, abreSumis kulturis, Tambaqos moyvanis waxalisebasac cdilobdnen. Tumca materialurad ver exmarebodnen meurneobis racionalurad mowyobis msurvel qarTvel memamuleebs, rac am dargebis aRmavlobas aferxebda. rac Seexeba mrewvelobasa da fabrika-qarxnebs, maT daarsebas rusi moxeleebi metropoliisTvis sazianod miiCnevdnen. am mxriv cnobilia saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTeblis paskeviCis, ruseTis finansTa ministr kankrinis, senator ganis, griboedovisa da zavileiskis proeqtebi da Sexedulebebi. ruseTis xelisuflebis damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mrewveloba-xelosnobisadmi carizmis koloniuri politikis miuxedavad, romelsac surda saqarTvelo mxolod nedleulis mimwodeblad eqcia rusuli mrewvelobisaTvis, saqarTveloSi mainc viTardeboda mrewveloba, Cndeboda kapitalisturi manufaqturebi. 30-iani wlebis miwuruls yvelaze ufro msxvili kapitalisturi sawarmo iyo vaWar zubalaSvilis mier TbilisSi daarsebuli Saqris qarxana, romelsac mTavrobam mfarveloba ar gauwia da male daixura. 77

40-50-ian wlebSi gamococxlda samTamadno warmoeba, warmoiqmna meqanikuri Tujsasxmeli sawarmoebi, sapnis, tyavis, Tambaqos, maudis, aguris, minis, abreSumis, aryis, ludis da sxva sawarmoebi. gamococxlda saqalaqo cxovreba, gaizarda bazari. saqarTvelos aneqsiis dros qarTuli xelosnoba maRal doneze idga rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiTac. Tavisi produqciiT is amaragebda rogorc adgilobriv mosaxleobas, aseve kavkasias da ucxo qveynebSic gadioda. Tbiliseli xelosnebi amqarSi erTiandebodnen. amqrebi xelisuflebisadmi morCilebiTa da pativiscemiT gamoirCeodnen. dasawyisSi isini rusuli xelisuflebis dasayrdenadac iqcnen. magram, rodesac xelisufleba momagrda da koloniuri reJimis mkacrad gatareba daiwyo, daupirispirda adgilobrivi xelosnebis interesebsac. SeRavaTiani tranzitis dawesebam gamoiwvia rusuli da ucxouri saqonlis Semodineba da rogorc saSinao, aseve sagareo bazridan adgilobrivi nawarmis gandevna. aman SezRuda Tbilisel xelosanTa saqmianoba da gaauaresa maTi mdgomareoba. Tbiliseli xelosnebi koloniur xelisuflebas daupirispirdnen ucxoeli xelosnebis mxardaWerisa da dawinaurebisaTvis. rusulma xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla ucxoeli(germaneli,ebraeli)xelosnebi. konkurenciisa da saxelisuflo politikis wyalobiT, adgilobrivi da ucxoeli xelosnebi erTmaneTs gadaemteren. qalaqis zrda momsaxureobaze moTxovnasac zrdida, amitom iwvevdnen ruseTis mTavari qalaqebidan da ucxoeTidan mesaaTeebs, oqromWedlebs, meCeqmeebs, epoletebis ostatebs da sxva. miuxedavad amqruli xelosnebis didi ukmayofilebisa, mTavrobam 1843 wels mosul xelosanTa mosawyobad specialuri komiteti daarsa, romelsac saTaveSi inJiner-polkovniki sonini Cauyena da 2000 maneTic gamouyo. amis Semdeg TbilisSi Camosul ucxoel xelosanTa ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda. xelosnobis Zveli dargebi sul ufro ecemoda da evropuli yaidis axali dargebi mravldeboda. amaSi iyo progresic, magram Tu gavixsenebT Zvel qarTul xelosnur tradiciebs, rac am procesebma didad daazarala,zogi dargi mTlianadac mospo, ra Tqma unda, am TvalsazrisiT man uaryofiTi roli ufro iTamaSa. amrigad, XIX saukunis I naxevarSi saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis xasiaTs mTlianad ruseTis koloniuri politika gansazRvravda. 1830 wlidan, rodesac saqarTvelos politikuri dapyroba dasrulda, ruseTis mier misi ekonomikuri dakabalebis sakiTxi gaaqtiurda. ekonomikuri dapyroba gulisxmobda im dargebis ganviTarebasa da iseTi sawarmoebis Seqmnas, romlebic metropoliis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis interesebs pasuxobda, misTvis nedleulis bazasa da gasaRebis bazars qmnida. kolonialuri xelisuflebisTvis saintereso iyo alkoholiani sasmelebis warmoeba, romelze moTxovnilebac rusuli jaris Semosvlasa da ucxoeli xelosnebisa da mewarmeebis gamravlebasTan erTad, swrafad izrdeboda. xazina exmareboda misTvis sasurvel sawarmoebsa da mrewvelebs, aZlevda sesxsa da nakveTebs. mTavrobis pozicia iyo tendenciuri: misTvis saWiro dargebis mxardaWeriT da xelSewyobiT qveynis sawarmoo ganviTarebas garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevda da am saqmeSi rTavda ara adgilobriv, aramed ZiriTadad axalmosul, xelisuflebis erTgul elements. A
wyaro a) mTavarmmarTebel ermolovis werili finansTa ministr kankrinisadmi, 1830 w., kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebi, t. VII, gv. 140 : `saeWvoa rom saWiro iyos qarxnebisa da fabrikebis damaarsebelTaTvis privilegiebis miniWeba, radgan me gadawyvetilad mimaCnia sakiTxi saqarTveloSi fabrikebisa da qarxnebis...waxalisebis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb. gana ar unda vuyurebdeT saqarTvelos, rogorc kolonias, romelic Cvens fabrikebs miawvdida nedl masalas (abreSums, bambas da sxv.) , xolo ruseTidan miiRebda manufaqturul nakeTobas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi aseTi manufaqturebis daarsebiT bunebrivad xom ar Sesustdeba misi kavSiri ruseTTan ?~ wyaro b) senatori gani ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelos koloniuri statusis Sesaxeb, wignidan_`ruseTis carizmis kolonialuri politika azerbaijanSi XIX saukunis 20-60-ian wlebSi, 1936, gv. 232 : `saqarTveloSi da saerTod amierkavkasiaSi unda ganviTardes mxolod da mxolod soflis meurneoba. fabrikebis da manufaqturebis daarseba aq Zalas waarTmevs da Seasustebs soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas, zians miayenebs ruseTis mrewvelobas da vaWrobas. rac Seexeba amierkavkasiaSi moyvanil nedleuls, misi gamoyeneba da gadamuSaveba mxolod ruseTis mrewvelobas SeuZlia~. wyaro g) griboedovisa da zavileiskis proeqti ruseTis `saqarTvelos istoria~, gv. 216 : ekonomikuri politikis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi, wignidan : abel kikviZe,

`rusebma, romlebmac gadalaxes kavkasioni, upiratesad izrunes imaze, rom magrad moekidaT fexi saqarTveloSi, romelmac TviT iTxova Cveni monarqebis mfarveloba da saxanoebSi, romelnic mopovebulni arian imperiis iaraRiT...SeiZleba Tu ara, rom bunebrivma simdidrem daayenos es mxare ganaTlebisa da keTildReobis sapatio safexurze da amiT sargebloba moutanos mTel saxelmwifos ?amaze SeiZleba dabejiTebiT dadebiTi pasuxi iyos. amierkavkasiis bunebrivi nawarmi imdenad mravalferovani da mdidaria, rom Cven

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dagvrCenia mxolod amovirCioT isini, romelTa damuSaveba yvelaze sasargeblo iqneba. maTgan umravless Seadgenen : Rvino, abreSumi, bamba, endro, buJRendi da sxva saRebavebi, agreTve samkurnalo mcenareebi da Tambaqo. Saqris lerwamis da ZvelTaganve aq cnobili zeTisxilis gaSenebam da, bolos, qiSmiris matylma SeiZleba dabadon mrewvelobis umniSvnelovanesi dargebi. mxarem SeiZleba SeiTvisos cxeli havis yvela nawarmi~. wyaro d) quTaisis bazari XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebi, fransua gambas mixedviT : `quTaisis bazari sakmaod didia. saqoneli, romelsac aq vxvdebiT, konstantinopolidan, Tbilisidan da axlcixidan Semodis. am saqonliT maragdeba garnizonic da mosaxleobac. mosaxleoba saWiro sqonels iZens mxolod gacvliT. gasacvlelad iyeneben bewveuls, abreSums, bambas, cvils, Tafls da soflis meurneobis sxva produqtebs.~ kiTxvebi : 1. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi romeli dargebis ganviTarebas uwyobda carizmi xels da ratom ? 2. ra mizani hqonda `SeRavaTiani tarifebis~ kanons da romel wlebSi moqmedebda ? 3. ra dadebiTi tendenciebi moxda saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi XIX saukunis I naxevarSi ? 4. ratom uwevda rusuli xelisufleba daxmarebas ucxoel xelosnebs da adgilobrivebs ratom zRudavda ? 5. daaxasiaTeT a da b wyaros mixedviT rusuli koloniuri ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi. 6. raze miuTiTebs wyaro d-Si motanili faqti, rom imereTis mosaxleoba saqonels mxolod gacvliT iZenda ?

ruseTis ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi cxadi gaxda, rom feodalur-batonymuri socialuri wyoba aferxebda qveynis saerTo ganviTarebas da iwvevda glexTa mzard ukmayofilebas. mTavrobam igrZno saSiSroeba da batonymoba Tavad, `zemodan~ gaauqma. xelisuflebas egona, rom reforma Tavadaznaurobas meurneobis axleburad warmarTvas aiZulebda, ganTavisuflebuli glexebic SesZlebdnen TavianTi meurneobis gaumjobesebas. ra Tqma unda, es gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba iyo, sinamdvileSi gatarebulma reformam TiTqmis xeluxleblad datova xazinisa da memamulis monopolia miwaze, glexma ver miiRo sruli Tavisufleba. memamuleTa mimarT droebiTvaldebulebam, rac aTeuli wlebi gagrZelda, glexs mouspo meurneobis gaumjobesebis stimuli. miuxedavad amisa, reformam mainc Seasrula dadebiTi roli qveynis ganviTarebaSi. daiwyo naturaluridan sasaqonlo fulad meurneobaze gadasvla, soflis dargobrivi specializacia, Tumca xelisuflebas am procesebSi misTvis sasurveli koreqtivebi Sehqonda. kerZod, im dargebis ganviTarebas aqcevda met yuradRebas, romlis produqcia Wirdeboda ruseTis mosaxleobas, rogorc sursaT-sanovage, xolo mrewvelobas_rogorc nedleuli. bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovneba xels uwyobda mravaldargovani soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas. XIX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo ZiriTadad iyo marcvleuli meurneobis, mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis da mecxoveleobis qveyana. bazrisa da fulad-sasaqonlo meurneobis ganviTareba ayenebda produqciis xarisxis gaumjobesebisa da soflis meurneobis rentabelobis gazrdis sakiTxs. qarTuli guTani, romelic uZvelesi droidan iyo ganTqmuli da didi rolic iTamaSa Cveni xalxis sameurneo yofaSi, veRar pasuxobda Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. amitom Seiqmna axali gaumjobesebuli guTnebi, Tumca diwyo qarxnuli guTnebis Semotanac. bevrma memamulem evropulad moawyo meurneoba da axali teqnikiT gaaumjobesa misi rentabeloba. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas aferxebda sarwyavi arxebis nakleboba. XVIII saukuneSi sarwyavi arxebiT sargebloba mowesrigebuli iyo vaxtangVI_is kanonebiT. rusulma xelisuflebam es kanonebi gaauqma da sairigacio sistema kargaxans moSlili iyo. XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi mefisnacvalma bariatinskim inglisidan moiwvia ori hidroinJineri_beli da gaba, romelTac daavala amierkavkasiis sairigacio sistemis Seswavla da axali proeqtebis Sedgena. gamokvlevebi Catarda da daskvnac gakeTda, magram 60-70-ian wlebSi mxolod erTi sarwyavi arxi iqna gayvanili_yaraiazSi, sadac 24 aTasi desetina miwa irwyveboda. am farTobs jer qristianobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoeba flobda, 1885 wlis Semdeg ki aq rusuli soflebi gaSenda. 1890 wlis 3 dekembris kanoniT Camoyalibda amierkavkasiis wyalTa meurneobis gamgebeli sazogadoeba, romelsac sarwyavi sistemebis Seswavla-mowyoba evaleboda. aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo mdinareebis mixedviT daiyo wylis okrugebad,. am organizaciam 10 wlis manZilze bevri veraferi gaakeTa, xalxs uWirda misgan dawesebuli gadasaxadebis gadaxda, uars ambobda gadasaxadze da TviT dawesebulebis daxurvas iTxovda. ruseTis

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dedaqalaqidan movlinebulma revizorma_dingel Stentmac aRniSna wyalTa meurneobis cudi muSaoba da xalxis protestis samarTlianoba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mwvaved idga Waobebis amoSrobis problema. XIX s-is II naxevris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi ZiriTadi mecxoveleoba iyo, barSi misdevdnen marcvleuli kulturebis moyvanas, mevenaxeoba-mexileobas, mohyavdaT aseve bamba, Tambaqo, misdevdnen meabreSumeobas. dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi eweodnen mesimindeobas, romlis gverdiT inergeboda da xalxis ekonomikur yofaSi TandaTan did rols asrulebda Tambaqos, ramis, Txilis, bostneulisa da bambukis kulturebi. zogierT raionSi misdevdnen mevenaxeoba-meRvineobas. bevri aq CamoTvlili kultura gadioda gasayidad. saqarTvelo Tavisi puriT ikvebeboda da kvebavda jars. dasavleT saqarTvelodan ucxoelebs gahqondaT simindi. es iyo mwarmoebelTa ZiriTadi fuladi Semosavali. amitom simindiT vaWrobis gasaumjobeseblad xalxi iTxovda wisqvilebis aSenebas, Saragzebis mowyobas, rkinigzis tarifebis Semcirebas, sazRvargareT arsebul sabazro fasebze swori informaciis mowodebas. ruseTis xelisuflebas qarTuli simindi da puri ar Wirdeboda, amitom araferi gaukeTebia misi eqsportis mosawesrigeblad da gaWirvebuli dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dasaxmareblad. XIX saukunidan yvelaze meti sasaqonlo Rirebuleba hqonda qarTul Rvinosa da spirtian sasmelebs. mevenaxeobameRvineobis centrs kaxeTi warmoadgenda, magram dasavleT saqarTveloc ganTqmuli iyo yurZnisa da Rvinis gansakuTrebuli jiSebiT : ojaleSi, Cxaveri, aladasturi, xvanWkara, cicqa, colikauri da sxva. ruseTis mTavroba, romelic dainteresebuli iyo saqarTveloSi meRvineobis ganviTarebiT da misi produqciis gamoyenebiT, eWvqveS ayenebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sameurneo unars da iwunebda vazis qarTul jiSebs. mefisnacvalma mixeil voroncovma saqarTveloSi Semoitana evropuli da yirimuli vazis jiSebi, Tumca amis saWiroeba ar iyo. adgilobrivi jiSebi bevrad ukeTesi iyo ucxourze, rogorc es Tavad rusma meRvineobis specialistebma mogvianebiT aRiares. ucxouris winaSe qedmoxriloba saqarTvelos mevenaxeobisTvis mtkivneuli gamodga : Semotanil jiSebs Tan mohyva daavadebebi_iodiumi, mildiu da filoqsera. am daavadebebma Seiwira Zveli maRalxarisxovani jiSebi. Cxaverisa da ojaleSis adgili mdare izabelam daiWira. vazis daavadebebTan brZolaSi Caeba qarTveli xalxi da yvelaferi iRona misi meurneobis mTavari Rirsebis_venaxis gadasarCenad. ucxouri, Zviri Rvinoebis Semcvleli qarTuli Rvinis safrTxem xelisuflebac gamoafxizla da Seqmna safiloqsero komiteti, sanergeebi, sadac amerikuli vazis lerwze qarTuli jiSebis mynoba daiwyo. amgvarad gamoyvanili vazi gamZle iyo da naklebad avaddeboda. yuradReba mieqca Rvinoebis daZvelebisa da Sor manZilze transportirebis sakiTxs. SemuSavda spirtis qarxnuli wesiT gamoxdis xelovneba, dawinaurda jer aryis, Semdeg ki koniakis warmoeba. spirtiani sasmelebis 79 % eqsportirebuli iyo cnobili qarTveli mewarmis_daviT sarajiSvilis mier. sasaqonlo xasiaTi mieca mefrinveleobas. XX saukunis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTvelodan yovelwliurad gadioda 2,5 milioni maneTis frinveli. 1,2 milioni maneTis kvercxi igzavneboda londonis, parizis, hamburgisa da berlinis bazrebze. sabazro daniSnuleba hqonda meabreSumeobas, mefutkreobas, Tambaqos warmoebas, mebambeobas, mexileoba-mebostneobas. metropolia udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda meCaieobas, imedi hqonda, rom qarTuli Cai gaaTavisuflebda mas ucxour Caize valutis xarjvisagan. meurneobis ganviTarebisa da racionalizaciisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda dargobrivi kooperativebisa da amxanagobebis Camoyalibebas, sakredito sazogadoebebis daarsebas. aseTi organizaciebi xels uwyobdnen kapitalizmis danergvas, vaWrobisa da Tavisufali konkurenciis masStabis zrdas. saqarTvelo ekonomikurad gaerTianda, misi calkeuli kuTxeebi erTmaneTs daukavSirda, amasTanave, saqarTvelo da amierkavkasia gadaiqca erT ekonoikur erTeulad da mTlianad iqca rusuli meurneobis nawilad.

saqarTvelos mrewveloba da rkinigzebi XIX s-is bolosa da XXs-is dasawyisSi XIX saukunis II naxevris ruseTSi, mowinave dasavleT evropis gavleniT, warmoebisa da sabazro urTierTobis formebi icvleboda da metropolias es siaxleebi Tavis koloniebSic gadmohqonda. daiwyo kapitalisturi sawarmoebis 80

Seqmna, romelTagan mniSvnelovani iyo xe-tyis samrewvelo damuSaveba, alkoholiani sasmelebisa da samTamadno warmoeba. kapitalizmis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda rkinigzebis mSeneblobas. ruseTma saqarTvelos aneqsiisTanave miiTvisa miwis fondis naxevarze meti, romlis 40% tyes ekava. es bunebrivi simdidre xe-tyis mrewvelobas afarToebda. am mxriv pirvelobda qarTli. mixeil romanovis kuTvnil borjomis tyeebSi, aseve qarTlel TavadTa kuTvnil mamulebSi gaCnda xe-tyis sawarmoebi. ufro didi masStabi am saxis warmoebam SeiZina das. saqarTveloSi. xe-tyis damuSavebas eweoda rionis, cxeniswylis, enguris, kodoris da sxva mdinareTa xeobebis mosaxleoba. XIX s-is 60-70-iani wlebidan gaizarda Rvinisa da spirtiani sasmelebis sasaqonlo warmoeba. bevri kaxeli memamulis zvari 50-60 ha-ze gadaiWima. maRali xarisxis Rvinoebs amzadebdnen WavWavaZeebi, andronikaSvilebi, afxazi, vaCnaze, vaxvaxiSvili, ColoyaSvili , romelTa Soris gamorceuli iyo zaqaria jorjaZe. man pirvelad gaacno kaxuri Rvinis gemo rus momxmareblebs, 70-ian wlebSi daiwyo Rvinis evropuli wesiT dayeneba da bevri I xarisxis jildo miiRo. ruseTis Semdeg, man parizis gamofenaze waiRo Tavisi nawarmi da aiZula frangebi qarTuli Rvino burgundiulis gverdiT daeyenebinaT. qarTlis msxvilma memamulem_v. muxranbatonma 430 desetina FfarTobze gaaSena zvari. 1886 wels mis maramSi 50 aTasi vedro daZvelebuli Rvino inaxeboda, romelmac moskovis gamofenaze jildo_`saxelmwifo Rerbi~ miiRo. samegreloSi maRali xarisxis Rvino mzaddeboda salome dadianis qarxanaSi. imereTSi, salxinosa da varcixeSi Rvinisa da koniakis qarxnebi Seqmna onanovma. yvelaze didi mamulebi saufliswulo uwyebis gamgeblobaSi. winandalSi maT aages centraluri qarxana-sardafi, romelic 200 aTas vedro Rvinos itevda. ruseTis saxelmwifo xazina did Semosavals iRebda Rvinisa da spirtis mrewvelTagan. ruseTis mTavroba dasawyisSi, samxedro-strategiuli mosazrebiT aqcevda did yuradRebas gzebis gayvanasa da keTilmowyobas. am motiviT gavida samxedro gza, Saragzebi da gzatkecilebi. amave mizniT daisva amierkavkasiis rkinigzis magistralis mSeneblobis sakiTxic. 1858 wels mefisnacvalma bariatinskim aRZra Suamdgomloba imperatoris winaSe amierkavkasiaSi rkinigzis gayvanis Sesaxeb. sakiTxi ganixiles, magram praqtikulad araferi gakeTebula. 1864 wels mefisnacvalma mixeil voroncovma kvlav aRZra Suamdgomloba foTi-Tbilisis rkinigzis gayvanaze. amjerad kavkasiis xelisuflebis Suamdgomloba dakmayofilda da Tanxac gamoiyo(3,2 ml. man.). winaswar samuSaoebze rusi moxeleebi da specialistebi farTod iyenebdnen glexebisa da jariskacebis TiTqmis ufaso Sromas, magram 1869 wlamde mainc daixarja 2 ml. maneTi da mefisnacvalma damatebiT 3 milioni moiTxova. umaRles xelisuflebas eWvi Seepara kavkasiis administraciis samSeneblo unarSi da rkinigzis mSeneblobis koncesia inglisel biznesmenebs gadasca. ingliselebma saTaveSi Tavisi specialistebi Caayenes da saintereso garigebiT didZali muSaxelic miizides. foTi-Tbilisis rkinigza, romelic 23 milioni dajda, eqspluataciaSi Sevida 1872 wlis II naxevarSi. 1879 wels ingliselTa am jgufs gadaeca Tbilisi-baqos rkinigzis koncesiac. es xazi 1883 wels amuSavda. 18 weli iyo amierkavkasiis rkinigza ingliselTa xelSi. mas didi Semosavlebi hqonda, rac aRizianebda rusul xelisuflebas. garda Semosavlebisa, mas samxedro-strategiuli mniSvnelobac gaaCnda, amitom ruseTis mTavrobam SeuZleblad miiCnia misi Semdgomi datoveba ingliselTa xelSi da 1889 wels amierkavkasiis rkinigzis magistrali yvela Tavisi ganStoebiT gamoisyida. igi ruseTis gzaTa saministros daeqvemdebara. rkinigzis tvirTbrunva da Semosavlebi didi iyo, amitom xelisuflebam gaafarTova misi qseli. 1886 wels daigegma da 1890 wels dasrulda wifis gvirabis mSenebloba ; 1894 wels amoqmedda xaSuri-borjomis xazi ; 1895 wels Tbilisiyarsis; imave wels Sorapan-WiaTuris ; 1902 wels_borjom-bakurianis ;1903 wels Tbilisi-aleqsandropoli-erevnis. mTavrobam didi Semosavlis Semomtanad miiCnia da 21 milioni maneTi Cado baqo-baTumis navTobsadenSi, romlis gayvana daiwyo 1900 wels da dasrulda 1906-Si.

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ruseTis saxazino rkinigzas yvelaze met Semosavalsa da mogebas aZlevda samxreT kavkasiaSi mopovebuli da ucxoeTSi eqsportirebuli navTobi da manganumi, aseve Rvino, brinji, bamba,qvanaxSiri, samSeneblo xe-tye, SeSa, matyli, spilenZi, mineraluri wylebi, sakmaod did Semosavals iZleoda mgzavrebis gadayvanac. metropoliis mTavrobas kontrols veravin uwevda koloniaSi da igi fiskaluri interesebis Sesabamisad, TiTqmis uceremoniod, metnalebad adidebda sxvadasxva saqonlis (tvirTebis) gadazidvis tarifs da adgilobrivi mwarmoebeli Zalebis xarjze zrdida xazinis Semosavals. mogebis udides nawils ruseTs axmarda, samxreT kavkasiaSi ki umniSvnelo nawils tovebda da masac ZiriTadad rus moxeleebs aZlevda xelfasis saxiT. ruseTis mTavrobis koloniur-ekonomikuri mizandasaxulobis miuxedavad, rkinigzam dadebiTi roli Seasrula: xeli Seuwyo warmoebis aRmavlobas, gaaadvila saqonelmimoqceva, ganamtkica ekonomikur-komerciuli kavSiri saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebs Soris. imave rkinigzam gacilebiT xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna sasaqonlo produqciis SavizRvispirze Catanisa da foTi-baTumis portebiT ucxoeTSi eqsportisaTvis. 1911-1912 wlebSi dasrulda kaxeTis rkinigzis mSeneblobac, misi agebis iniciatori Tbilisis TavadaznaurTa sakrebulo iyo. mTavrobam uari Tqva xazis dafinansebaze, radgan misi Semosavlebi mcire iqneboda da xarjebs ver dafaravda. kaxeTis rkinigzis gasayvanad gamouSves specialuri saobligacio sesxi da aqciebi. ruseTis mTavroba xelovnurad zRudavda manqanaTmSeneblobis ganviTarebas, qvanaxSiris mopovebas, garkveul siZneleebs uqmnida manganumis warmoebas, yvela sferoSi hqonda sakuTari interesebi. samxreT kavkasiaSi yvelaze metad spirtiani sasmelebis, Rvinisa da koniakis warmoebas uwyobda xels. es sfero XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi gadavida qarxnul warmoebaze. yvelaze didi qarxnis mflobeli da mwarmoebeli daviT sarajiSvili iyo. man 1886 wels daamontaJa franguli teqnika da warmoeba gaafarTova. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma germanelebma Seqmnes Sveicaruli yvelis damazadebeli qarxnebi. 1909 wels borCalos mazraSi aseTi 48 qarxana iyo. meabreSumeobis dargSi saqarTveloSi ucxoelebic moRvaweobdnen. zugdidSi, daviT dadianis karze sfrangeTidan mowveulma rozmordukma da orpirSi berZenma marko polim daaarses abreSumis Zafsaxvevi fabrikebi. saqarTveloSi sxvaganac Seiqmna aseTi fabrikebi. TbilisSi daarsda tyavis gadamamuSavebeli da fexsacmlis damamzadebeli qarxana. saukunis bolos baqos navTobis mrewvelobaSi da baTumis navTobgadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSic iseTi didi mwarmoeblebi monawileobdnen, rogorebic iyvnen rotSildi da Zmebi nobelebi. WiaTuraSi marganecis aRmoCenas unda Seecvala aqauri gaWirvebuli adamianebis cxovreba, madnis aRmoCena ukavSirdeba didi qarTveli poetis_akaki wereTlis saxels. is fiqrobda kidec, rom madani gaamdidrebda mis mxares, magram es ase ar moxda. ruseTis mTavrobam, imis gamo, rom qarTuli marganeci msoflio bazarze konkurentunariani iyo, didi tarifebi daado zestafonii-WiaTuris 40 versian rkinigzis trasas. ucxouri kapitalisa da firmebis Semotevas ver gauZles adgilobrivma aqcionerebma, rasac qarTveli moRvaweebi_kita abaSiZe da giorgi zdanoviCi ruseTis mTavrobis politikas abralebdnen. WiaTuris rkinigzis xazze tarifebis gadidebas iTxovdnen samxreT ruseTis mrewvelebi. nikopolis marganecis mompovebelTa da donbasis metalurgiuli mrewvelobis interesebis dasacavad maT amis gakeTeba aucileblobad miaCndaT. amrigad, XIX saukunis II naxevarsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli ekonomika ruseTis ekonomikis nawils warmoadgenda. imperiis mizani iyo ara marto axali qveynebis SemoerTeba, aramed am qveynebSi ganmtkiceba da misi qceva imperiis organul nawilad. am mizniT TviTmpyrobelobis gegmaSi ar Sedioda periferiebis ekonomikuri gaZliereba da iq warmoebis ganviTareba. saqarTvelosnairi ganapira qveyana unda yofiliyo mTlianad imperiis centrze damokidebuli. miuxedavad amgvari koloniuri politikisa, qarTuli ekonomikuri cxovreba, vaWroba- aReb-micemoba, rkinigzebi da sawarmoebi qveyanas saxes ucvlida da anviTarebda.
wyaro a)ruseTis mTavrobis politika qarTuli marganecis mrewvelobisadmi, wignidan_`rusuli kolonializmi saqarTveloSi~ : 1912 wels g. zdanoviCma daxmareba sTxova ruseTis samTamadno saqmeTa departaments. gulistkiviliT auwyebda am dawesebulebis ufross, rom saelmwifo banki da kerZo sakredito dawesebulebanic eridebian WiaTurel mrewvelTaTvis kreditis gaxsnas,

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uromlisodac SeuZlebelia ucxoel kapitalistTa mogerieba. magram samTo departamentmac xeli daibana, daxmareba ar gauwia WiaTurel mrewvelebs uari uTxra sabados giraos qveS kreditis micemaze. am warumateblobis Sesaxeb zdanoviCma Tavis megobarsa da TanaSemwes, kita abaSiZes acnoba. es ukanaskneli ramdenime xnis Semdeg g. zdanoviCs swerda : Tqvenma werilma Zalian amaRelva, ra unda uyos kacma ucxoel vaWar-eqsportiorebs. magaTTan brZola CvnTvis dausrulebeli iqneba da ubedureba is aris, rom mTavrobac magaT uWers mxars. ruseTis mTavrobis politikam marganecis saqmeSi moitana is nayofi, rac mosalodneli iyo. dRes WiaTura ori nemcis xelSia da awi rac undaT, imas izamen. informacia : giorgi zdanoviCi, 1898 wlidan WiaTuris Savi qvis mrewvelTa yrilobis sabWos Tavmjdomare, gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe, socialist-federalisti. daviT sarajiSvili Zmebi zubalaSvilebi wyaro b) akaki da WiaTuris marganeci, joyoeTis memamulis-konstantine abaSiZis werili sxvitorSi rostom wereTels (akakis mamas) : `Seni Svili rom ruseTidan dabrunda, Cven yvelani sixaruliT mivegebeT, gvegona, ojaxs fexze daayenebda da Cvenc, misianebs, bevrad gvargebda, magram mis nacvlad, rom samsaxurSi Sesuliyo da win biji waedga, an advokatobiT sxvebsaviT moexveWa rame, ig dalocvili mestvireobas gamoudga... axla kidev auCemebia raRac Savi qva da Turme iZaxis : `qveyana unda gavamdidroo~ da qveyanas Tavs ybad aRebinebs. xuTSabaTs mixeil wereTeli iyo Cemsas. isic Zalian swuxs: ra vqna, sigiJe araferSi atyvia da ase axirebulad ki iqcevao! salome wereTlis qals oTxmoc Tumnad sul uZlevia, rac Savi qva ki aqvs; magram akakis uTqvams, Tqvenis umecrebiT am SemTxvevaSi me ar SemiZlia visargebloo da arendiT auRia weliwadSi xuTas Tumnad. erTi wlis, mgoni, kidevac miucia windawin...netavi fuls mainc raT Rupavda. me ki gana cota maqvs qva-gundi? rganisa da Rvimevis xriokebi sul Savi qva ar aris? waiRos, RmerTma moaxmaros da Tu Sevecilo, iudas Tanaziari viyo. daTia CixriCisTvis UTqvams: WiaTuraSi adgilebi iyideo, radganac iq erT dros rkinisgza unda movideso da es ki nametaniao!.. Tavis qneviTa da mwuxarebiT daamata mixailma. marTla, Cemo rostom, Zalian sakvirveli sanaxavi ar iqneba mRvimeze rkinis gza !.. he, sasaciloa, rom es yvelaferi samwuxaro ar iyos ! eg dalocvili ras mied-moedeba ? mtrebs raze axarebs ? misTana rames raT ambobs, rac arc RvTis aris da arc kacis ? egeba xumrobs, magram rom aRarc xumrobasa hgavs !.. an ki ra xumrobaa, aq imereTia, qveyana dascinis, zogi ras ambobs da zogi ras. versa Sevxvdi, Tvara vawyeninebdi swored... urCie rame da Tu saWiro dainaxo, es werilic gadaeci. Seni konstantine~

sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri politika da saqarTvelo 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTis mier xelaxla okupirebuli saqarTvelo iZulebiT aRmoCnda CaTreuli socializmis bolSevikuri modelis mSeneblobaSi. es gulisxmobda kerZo sakuTrebis likvidacias, socialistur urTierTobebze agebuli ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmnas. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri sistema mTlianad daiSala. `erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTis~ tradiciul imperiul lozungs kargad pasuxobda leninuri xelisuflebis ekonomikuri idea: erTiani meurneoba, romelic centridan imarTeba. amieridan sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufleba gankargavda yvela mokavSire respublikis erovnul simdidres, mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobas. amas mowmobs saqarTvelos gasabWoebis pirvelsave TveebSi v. i. leninis daSifruli depeSebi sergo orjonikiZisadmi. SimSilobis marwuxebSi aRmoCenili ruseTi cdilobda ZaliT aneqsirebuli saqarTvelos resursebis gamoyenebiT gadaeWra sakuTari problemebi. `radac unda dajdes, daaCqareT puris Camotana ucxoeTidan saqarTvelos koncesiebze, marganecisa da sxva gacvliT~, iuwyeboda depeSa, rac imas niSnavda, rom WiaTuris marganeci da saqarTvelos sxva nedleuli unda gacvliliyo purze, rac bolSevikuri gadatrialebisa da samoqalaqo omis Semdeg ase aklda ruseTs. axladdapyrobili qveyana, romelsac moCvenebiT rusuli bolSevikuri xelisufleba `damoukidebel da suverenul respublikad~ moixseniebda, Sors iyo damoukideblobisagan. lenini ukve dabejiTebiT urCevda amierkavkasiel Tanapartielebs_daewyoT ekonomikuri resursebis gaerTianeba, rac yovelTvis iwvevs politikuri gaerTianebis aucileblobas. MmarTalia, moskovis ekonomikuri diqtati aRizianebdaT ara marto qarTvel, aramed sxva respublikebis komunistebsac, is mainc garduvali iyo. ruseTis komunistiri partiis XII yrilobis Semdeg moskovi TviTneburad gankargavda yvela respublikis erovnul simdidres, miwas, wyals, bunebriv Tu adamianur resursebs. Politbiurom 1924 wels 9-jer ganixila WiaTuris marganecis eqsportis sakiTxi, 1925 wels ki 5-jer. WiaTuris marganecze imJamad didi moTxovnileba iyo. is yvelaze saukeTesod iTvleboda da xarisxiani metalurgiuli mrewvelobis ganviTarebaSi fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba hqonda. ramdenime weli iyo, rac WiaTuris marganecis mompovebel firmebs germanelebi flobdnen. WiaTuris marganeci bolSevikuri xelisuflebis xelSi Sorsagamiznuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebis 83

mowesrigebis saSualebac gaxda. mTavrobas survili hqonda saocrad momgebianad gaeyida sakoncesio ufleba da konkurencia gamoewvia germanelebsa da amerikelebs Soris. rodesac germaniis memarcxene Zalebis mxardaWera surda, mTavroba germanias aZlevda upiratesobas, rodesac rusuli ekonomika katastroful dReSi aRmoCnda, maSin amerikuli milioni dolari arCia. Ees Tanxa amerikelma mrewvelma harimanma Cado WiaTuris koncesiaSi. sabWoTa socialistur ekonomikas amerikelebi ver Seeguen, konfliqti garduvali iyo da 1928 wels sabWoTa mTavrobam WiaTuris amerikuli koncesia gaauqma da misi damuSaveba sabWoTa centrs gadasca. Mmarganecidan miRebuli mTeli Semosavali sakavSiro biujetSi gadadioda. Aase iyo warmoebis yvela sferoSi. K20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, komunisturi reJimis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi kerZo seqtoric Zlieri iyo. kerZo mewarmeTa nawili sakuTari ojaxis wevrTa Sromas iyenebda, zogi ki daqiravebul muSaxels. maT totalitaruli reJimis pirvel etapze gatarebuli axali ekonomikuri politikis-nepis periodSi miiRes garkveuli SeRavaTebi da kerZo biznesi ganaviTares. 30-ian wlebSi soflis meurneobisa da mrewvelobis kerZo segmentis mimarT represiebi gatarda, mepatroneebi daiWires da `samSoblos mtris~ iarliyiT daxvrites, warmoebas ki nacionalizacia gaukeTda anu saxelmwifos xelSi gadavida. saqarTvelos ekonomikuri resursebis ukeT gansakargavad, sabWoTa mTavrobam daiwyo qveynis daCqarebuli industrializacia.1926 wels aSenda abreSumis Zafsaxvevi da Zafsagrexi qarxnebi ozurgeTSi, xonsa da TelavSi. Ddidi abreSumis Zafsaxvevi qarxana gaixsna quTaisSi. gaZlierdnen Zveli fabrikebi. meabreSumeobam samrewvelo xasiaTi miiRo. D didi mniSvneloba hqonda qveynis eleqtrofikacias. 1927 wels aigo zahesis hidroeleqtrosadguri, imave dros safuZveli Caeyara rionhess. ramdenime weliwadSi saqarTvelos did da patara mdinareebze moewyo adgilobrivi hesebi, romlebic mosaxleobas eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofdnen. 1929 wels gaixsna goris sakonservo qarxana, romlis produqcia saeqsporto iyo, amave wels amuSavda baTumis navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana, momdevno wels ki baqo-baTumis navTsadeni. yvelaferi keTdeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikis erTian sabWoTa sivrceSi mosaqcevad. industrializaciis swrafi tempebi iwvevda migraciuli procesebis gaZlierebas. mokavSire respublikebidan didZali muSaxeli modioda, rac mravalerovnuli koleqtivebis Seqmnasa da rusifikaciis axali talRis azvirTebas emsaxureboda. industrializaciis tempebi gansakuTrebiT 30-ian wlebSi daCqarda. sabWoTa kavSiris mizani iyo daweoda da gaeswro mowinave kapitalisturi qveynebisTvis erT sul mosaxleze produqciis warmoebis mixedviT. arada, CamorCena didi iyo. 1931 wlis erT TaTbirze stalini acxadebda, rom ssrk 50 -100 wliT CamorCeboda mowinave qveynebs. `Cven es manZili aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda gavirbinoT, an SevasrulebT amas, an gagvsresen~. am forsirebulma Sejibrebam pirvel xuTwledSi (1928-1932) ukve moitana Sedegebi : aSenda axali Tbosadgurebi, msubuqi mrewvelobis rigi obieqtebi. mimdinareobda zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxnis, zahesi 2-is, quTaisis litofonis, kaspis cementis qarxnis da sxva sawarmoebis mSenebloba. 1933 wels eqsploataciaSi Sevida rionhesi. meore xuTwliani gegma(1933-1938) iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos eleqtroenergetikis Semdgom ganviTarebas, rac mrewvelobis ganviTarebis safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. ekonomikis marTvis sabWoTa biurokratiuli sistema axerxebda marTvis subieqturi meTodebiT sakmao warmatebebis mopovebas. staxanovuri Sejibrebebi, komkavSirulkomunisturi brigadebi yvelafers akeTebdnen maRali Sedegebis misaRebad. yvela, rogorc erTi, unda damorCileboda brZanebas zemodan, winaswar Sedgenil gegmebi kanonis Zalas iZenda da mSromelebs misi Sesruleba xSirad sicocxlis fasad ujdebodaT. rusuli socializmis ideali modernizebuli rusuli Temi iyo, rac sabWoTa kavSirma koleqtivizaciis formiT ganasaxiera. saqarTvelos sofelSi XX saukuneSi Temuri urTierTobebi ukve aRar arsebobda. aq individualuri meurneoba iyo gabatonebuli : iyvnen Raribi, saSualo da mdidari glexebi. 1929 wlis bolos komunisturi xelisufleba gadavida kulakobis, rogorc klasis likvidaciaze. saSualo glexebs kulakebSi urevdnen da andgurebdnen, xelisufleba cdilobda mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis socialurad da ekonomikurad gaTanabrebas. es unda momxdariyo kerZo glexuri meurneobebis koleqtiur meurneobebSi gaerTianebis gziT. soflis e. w. koleqtivizaciis procesi 20-30-iani wlebis mijnaze Zalismieri meTodebiT mimdinareobda. mravali mesakuTre glexis msxverplis fasad qveyanaSi Seiqmna kolmeurne glexobis fena, romelic soflis mosaxleobis umravlesobas warmoadgenda.

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1936 wels damtkicda qveynis axali konstitucia, socialisturi sazogadoebis aSeneba xelisuflebam oficialurad gamoacxada. socialisturi sistemis Camoyalibeba sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli sisxliani represiebis fonze mimdinereobda. represiebs Seewira mravali milioni adamiani. saqarTveloSi es msxverpli procentulad gacilebiT didi iyo, vidre sxva respublikebSi. ZiriTadi TariRebi 1783 w. 24. VII_ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris Crdilo kavkasiis rusul cixe-simagre georgievskSi mfarvelobiTi traqtatis dadeba ; 1784 w. erekleII_m ruseTis imperatorisadmi fici miiRo da traqtats xeli moawera . 1785w. saqarTvelos 20- aTasiani laSqriT Semoesia xunZaxis batoni omar-xani da daarbia misi calkeuli kuTxeebi_axtala, lore, axalcixe, . qveyana rom Semdegi darbevebisagan exsna, erekle II iZulebuli gaxda omar-xanisaTvis wliurad 5 aTasi maneTi daeniSna. 1789 w. gaimarTa maTxojis brZola imereTis taxtis memkvidre daviT arCilis Zesa, romelic solomonis ZmisSvili da erekleII_is SviliSvili iyo, da daviT II-s Soris. gaimarjva daviT arCilis Zem, gamefda da biZis pativsacemad solomon II dairqva.

rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis dapyrobis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSi am teritoriebis marTvis sakiTxi dadga. ruseTi saqarTveloSi caristuli wes-gangebis SemoRebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. Aaneqsirebul saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba, momavalSi ruseTis imperiis mTel kavkasiaSi damkvidrebas niSnavda.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gerbi

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII

rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saSinao saqmeebSi Careva da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis SezRudva ruseTma giorgi XII-is mefobis wlebSi daiwyo. qveyanaSi dRiTidRe izrdeboda rusi diplomatebis da samxedro pirebis gavlena. qarTlkaxeTis mefis giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, TbilisSi myofi rusuli jaris sardalma ivane lazarevma ruseTis 85

imperatoris saidumlo instruqcia zedmiwevniT aRasrula da taxtis memkvidris daviT giorgis Zis mefed kurTxeva ar dauSva. man qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mmarTvelad ioane giorgis Ze bagrationi daniSna, Tumca realurad qveyanas Tavad marTavda. lazarevma rusuli samxedro Zalis CareviT aRkveTa, agreTve, mcxeTaSi sveticxovlis taZarSi iulon erekles Ze bagrationis mefed kurTxevis mcdeloba. 1801 wlis 14 ianvars ruseTis imperatoris pavle I-is saxeliT daviT giorgis Ze bagrationi ,,saqarTvelos ganmged gamocxadda. ruseTis saimperatoro karze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT mas qveyana lazarevTan erTad unda emarTa. ufliswuls imedi hqonda, rom is ruseTis imperatorisagan mefed kurTxevaze dasturs miiRebda. magram pavle I-is mier xelmowerili manifestiT, romelic peterburgSi 1801 wlis 18 Tebervals oficialurad gamoqveynda, qarTlkaxeTi ruseTis guberniad gamocxadda. cxadi iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenas ruseTis samefo karze aRaravin daapirebda. 1801 wlis martis dasawyisSi ruseTis xelisuflebam qarTl-kaxeTis axali sagubernio mmarTvelobis debuleba daamtkica, senatis gadawyvetilebiT general-gubernatorad karl knoringi dainiSna.

daviT giorgis-Ze bagrationi generali knoringi saqarTveloSi 1801 wlis maisSi Camovida. Mman daviT giorgis Ze bagrationi Tanamdebobidan gadaayena. Seiqmna qarTl-kaxeTis droebiTi mmarTveloba, romlis Tavmjdomared generali ivane lazarevi dainiSna, xolo wevrebad qarTveli mdivanbegebi _ zaal baraTaSvili, ivane ColoyaSvili, egnate da sulxan TumaniSvilebi, agreTve Tbilisis yofili mamasaxlisi darCo bebuTaSvili. droebiTi mmarTveloba ganagebda mTel saxelmwifo Semosavlebs, awesrigebda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs, ixilavda saCivrebsa da Txovnebs. sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi saboloo daskvnisaTvis general knorings egzavneboda. droebiTma mmarTvelobam erT weliwads iarsebda. es iyo gardamavali safexuri mmarTvelobis sruli rusifikaciisaken. Aam periodSi qarTl-kaxeTSi sakmao raodenobiT rusuli samxedro SenaerTebi Semovidnen.

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ruseTis imperatori pavle I (1796-1801)

ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre I (1801-1825)

Ppavle I-is avtografi

aleqsandre I-is avtografi

1801 wlis 12 seqtembers gamoica ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre I-is manifesti, romlis safuZvelzec moxda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sruli aneqsia da okupacia ruseTis jarebis mier. saqarTveloSi manifestis gamosaqveyneblad xelsayrel moments eZebdnen. TbilisSi Semoiyvanes ruseTis jaris damatebiTi nawilebi. aleqsandre I-is manifesti da rusuli administraciis SemoRebis saWiroeba qarTvel aristokratias, 1802 wlis 12 marts, rusuli jarebiT alyaSemortymul sionis taZarSi gaacnes. xolo 1802 wlis 8 maiss qveyanaSi sajarod gamocxadda rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba. axli mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb Ddokuments ewoda _ ,,saqarTvelos Sinagani mmarTvelobis debuleba, Tumca is mcired gansxvavdeboda ruseTSi arsebuli sagubernio marTva-gamgeobisagan. ,,saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis saTaveSi idga ,,saqarTvelos mTavarsardali igive ,,mTavarmmarTveli. is erTdroulad qveynis samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisufali iyo. SemdgomSi am terminebis nacvlad damkvidrda ,,mTavarmarTeblis saxelwodeba. mTavarmarTeblis TanaSemwed iTvleboda ,,saqarTvelos mmarTveli, romelic xelmZRvanelobda ,,saqarTvelos uzenaes mTavrobas. es mTavroba oTx ganyofilebad anu eqspediciad daiyo.Eeseni iyo: aRmasrulebeli, samoqalaqo saqmeebis, sisxlis samarTlis da saxazino qonebaTa eqspediciebi. saqarTvelos mmarTveli, romelsac SemdgomSi ,,saqarTvelos samoqalaqo gubernatorsac uwodebdnen, amave dros iyo aRmasrulebeli eqspediciis ufrosic. danarCeni eqspediciebis xelmZRvanelebadac rusi moxeleebi daniSnes, xolo maT mrCevlebad qarTveli Tavadebi gaamweses. saqarTvelos pirveli mTvarmarTebeli generali karl knoringi iyo, romelic amave dros saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris mTavarsardalic gaxldaT. xolo saqarTvelos pirvel mmarTvelad ki petre kovalenski dainiSna.

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aRmosavleT saqarTvelo daiyo axal administraciul erTeulebad _ mazrebad da distanciebad. sul Seiqmna xuTi mazra: Tbilisi-lores, goris, duSeTis, Telavis da siRnaRis. mahmadiani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi daarsda distanciebi: borCalos, yazaxis, SamSadilis, bambakisa da Soragalis. Mmazrebi saerobo policiisa da samazro sasamarTlos meSveobiT imarTeboda. saerobo policias rusi moxeleebi _ kapitan-ispravnikebi ganagebdnen, maT TanaSemweebad, policmeisterebad, ki qarTveli Tavadebi iniSnebodnen. Qqalaqebis mmarTvelebi, aseve, rusi Cinovnikebi _ komendantebi iyvnen. samazro sasamarTlos ZiriTadad ori msajuli warmoadgenda da maT Tanamdebobaze adgilobriv qarTvel Tavadebs niSnavdnen. marTvagamgeobisa da sasamarTlo saqmiswarmoebis enad ZiriTadad rusuli iqca. qarTveli moxeleebi saxelmwifo marTvis sadaveebs Camoaciles da meorexarisxovan Tanamdebobebze gaamweses. qveynis mmarTvelobis es modeli aRebuli iyo rusuli kanonmdeblobidan da imeorebda sagubernio mmarTvelobis 1775 wlis debulebas. Aamgvarad, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi damyarda rusuli samxedro-saokupacio reJimi (1801-1841 ww.). ruseTis xelisufleba, am etapze, iZulebuli gaxda, formalurad mainc, angariSi gaewia qarTveli eris tradiciebis, cxovrebis wesis, kanonmdeblobisa Tu qarTveli aristokratiis interesebisaTvis. Aam mizniT, ZalaSi darCa vaxtang VIis samarTali, aneqsirebul qveyanas ar uwodes rusuli administraciuli erTeulis saxelwodeba _ gubernia da sakuTari saxeli _ saqarTvelo SeunarCunes, rus Cinovnikebs TanaSemweebad da mrCevlebad qarTveli moxeleebi duniSnes da a. S. Tumca qarTuli elementis daSveba mmarTvelobaSi im doziT moxda, rom regionis marTva wminda rusuli kanonebiT ar Seferxebuliyo. samxedro-saokupacio reJimis mizani iyo qarTuli marTva-gamgeobis moSla da ruseTis imperiaSi saqarTvelos sruli asimilaciisaTvis niadagis Semzadeba.
danarTi Teimuraz bagrationi daviT giorgis-Zis gamgeblobis Sesaxeb qarTl-kaxeTSi `aman iwyo marTvad qarTlisa f(ria)d gonierad, vinadgan iyo ese aRzrdil mecnierebasa Sina v(iTarc)a saRmrToTaA da filasofiaTa, egreTve samxedroisaca Sina, vinadgan uwyoda man v(iTarc)a kanoni samoqalaqo da samxedro aziisa, egreTve evropisa... da moeloda mefobisa damtkicebasa rossiiT~ Teimuraz bagrationi, axali istoria, Tbilisi, 1983. daviT batoniSvili qarTl-kaxeTis `droebiTi mmarTvelobis~ Sesaxeb daviT batoniSvili aRniSnavda, droebiTi mmarTvloba ramdenime `pluti~ da `durakisagan~ Sedgebao: `vsTqvaT, rom ubedureba soflisagan didi xania Cveulebad Semosula, da viTomc mec erTi gavubedurdi, magram am mTelma qveyanam, Tvis Soris damkvidrebuli eriT, ra daaSaves, da an ras Sescodnen, rom amisTanas ukanonos da uwesos ubedurebaSi miawies, rom oTxT uwignoTa, uwvrTnelTaA da uistorioTa gvamTagan es mTeli samefo itanjebodes da ase mouvlelad da mwuxred rCebodes. citirebulia wignidan: eqvTime TayaiSvili,saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. III

ruseTis imperiis oficialuri istorikosi XIX s-Si n. dubrovini saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobisa da moxeleebis Sesaxeb

,,im borotmoqmedebaTa garda, romlebic mmarTvel kovalenskisa da mis moxeleTa mier iqna Cadenili, da romelTac xalxis sayovelTao aRSfoTeba da drtvinva gamoiwvies, axali marTveloba uZluri iyo vinme daekmayofilebina, radgan 12seqtembris manifestiT aRiarebul keTil zraxvebs daupirispirda garemoebiT gauTvaliswinebeli sinamdvile: eqspediciebi da saerobo mmarTveloba, Cveuli rusuli formalobiT instanciebidan instanciebSi, dawesebulebebidan dawesebulebebSi saqmeebis gadatana, yovelive es ucxo da autaneli aRmoCnda xalxisaTvis, romelic saqmis ase gaWianurebas ar iyo miCveuli... '' saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblis cicianovis werilidan saqarTvelos mmarTvelis kovalenskisadmi ,,Tqven SeuracxyofdiT maT (qarTvelebs) Tqvenis qceviT da amiT aiZuleT DSeeZulebinaT mmarTveloba im zomamde, rom me aq vixile saSineli drtvinva rusuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg.~ saqarTvelos zogierTi mTavarmarTeblis daxasiaTeba Teimuraz batoniSvilis mier

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tormasovi _ ,,kaci mZvinvare, ampartavani da uwyalo.~. pauluCi _ ,,kaci elami, ragvaradac TvaliTa, egreTve suliTa da moqmedebiTa.~ rtiSCevi _ ,,kaci es iyo friad meqrTame, vinc miscemdis qrTamsa gauSvebdis, vinc ara _ wargzavnides cimbirsa da garda amisa, Sterica.~EE ermolovi _ kaci ese iyo ara ugunuri, aramed iyo quegan mxedveli, quebudan, mcbier da ficxel...~ Teiburaz bagrationi, axali istoria, Tb., 1983.

rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba dasavleT saqarTveloSi imereTis samefos dapyrobil teritoriaze axali mmarTvelobis sistemis morgeba sakmaod garTulda. Tavdapirvelad mTavarmarTeblis kancelariaSi SemuSavda dadgenileba _ ,,imereTis olqis Sinagani mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTl-kaxeTSi damyarebuli rusuli mmarTvelobis gamartivebuli varianti iyo. imereTSi arsebuli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT es debuleba miuReblad miiCnia imereTis olqis pirvelma xelisufalma polkovnikma Tevdore simonoviCma. Aamitom is cxovrebaSi ver ganxorcielda.

saqarTvelos mTavamarTebeli aleqsandre tormasovi mxatari jorj dou (daculia sankt-peterbugSi ermitaJSi) mTavarmarTebelma aleqsandre tormasovma axali mmarTvelobis sistemis Seqmna, amjerad, Tevdore simonoviCs daavala. 1810-1814 wlebSi man imereTis olqis marTva-gamgeobis sami proeqti Seadgina. Tumca realur cxovrebaSi sruli saxiT arc erTi maTgani ar ganxorcielebula. simonoviCis mesame proeqtis safuZvelze imereTis olqSi Camoyalibda ,,droebiTi mmarTveloba, romelsac zogjer ,,mTavrobas an ,,divans uwodebdnen. Mmas xelmZRvanelobda imereTis mmarTveli, romelic amavdroulad iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganlagebuli ruseTis jarebis sardali. imereTis mmarTvels niSnavda mTavarmarTebeli da amtkicebda ruseTis imperatori. is mxares erTpirovnulad marTavda da angariSvaldebuli iyo mTavarmarTeblis winaSe. droebiTi mmarTvelobis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: rusi erovnebis Tavmjdomare, ori rusi mrCeveli da ori qarTveli mdivanbegi. Mmdivanbegebi imereTis TavadaznaurTa wridan iniSnebodnen. imereTis droebiT mmarTvelobaSi ar SemouRiaT eqspediciebi.

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imereTis olqi daiyo jer eqvs (quTaisis, vakis, Cxaris, saCxeris, baRdadis da raWis), xolo mogvianebiT ki oTx ,,okrugad~, kerZod: quTaisis, vakis, Sorapnis, raWis. maT ganagebdnen okrugis ufrosebi, romlebsac or-ori TanaSemwe hyavdaT. TanaSemweebad ZiriTadad qarTveli Tavadebi iniSnebodnen da okrugis marTvaSi umniSvnelo samarTali vaxtang VI-is ,,samarTlis wignis mixedviT irCeoda. xolo sisxlis samarTlis, samxedro da politikuri danaSauli ki rusuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze samxedro sasamarTlo komisiis mier ganixileboda. Aamgvarad, imereTSi damyarebuli ,,droebiTi mmarTveloba erTdroulad iyo samxedro-saokupacio da samoqalaqo xasiaTis. aRsaniSnavia, rom xelisuflebam imereTSi ver SeZlo rusuli ,,droebiTi mmarTvelobis oficialurad gamocxadeba, Tumca faqtobrivad is 1810-1840 wlebSi moqmedebda. am periodSi, ruseTis xelisufleba kavkasiaSi, jer kidev, myarad ar iyo damkvidrebuli, didi iyo winaaRmdegoba, romelsac qarTveli eri rus dampyrobels uwevda. amitom saokupacio xelisufleba iZulebuli iyo marTva-gamgeobaSi bevri qarTuli tradiciuli instituti daetovebina. sxvagvari iyo ruseTis politika dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebis mimarT. ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg samegrelos, guriis, afxazeTisa da svaneTis samTavroebze rusuli mmarTveloba ar gavrcelebula. ruseTis xelisuflebam dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebis mTavrebs SezRuduli TviTmmarTveloba SeunarCuna. guriis, samegrelos, afxazeTisa da svaneTis mTavrebs miecaT ufleba am kuTxeebis adaT-wesebisa da kanonebis mixedviT emarTaT samTavroebi. Tumca isini valdebulebi iyvnen samTavroebSi rusuli jari daebinavebinaT da sursaTiT moemaragebinaT, xolo omis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis dasaxmareblad samxedro Zala gamoeyvanaT. rus moxeleebs samTavroebis Sinaur saqmeebSic aqtiurad SeeZloT Careva. ruseTis xelisufleba imedovnebda, rom am xerxiT is dasavleT saqarTvelos samTavroebis damorCilebas da koloniuri interesebisaTvis maT gamoyenebas ufro iolad SeZlebda.
danarTi nawyveti imereTis olqis mmarTvelis polkovnik simonoviCis werilidan saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebels tormasovs 1810 wels imereTSi Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Cven mdgomareobas isic arTulebs, rom WeSmaritad Cveni erTguli arc erTi Tavadi da arc erTi aznauri ar aris. sxvebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, TviT saxlTuxucesi zurab wereTeli, imis magivrad, rom Seqmnas Tavisi momxreTaA partia da xalxze Tavisi gavlenis wyalobiT Cven raime sargebloba mogvitanos, miukerZoebel mayureblis rolSi gamodis da Tu farulad ar exmareba janyebulebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven sasargeblos arafers akeTebs. Ddokumenti gamoqveynebulia kavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebSi, t. IV, gv. 278.

bagrationTa devna da samefo ojaxis wevrTa gadasaxleba ruseTSi qarTvel ers saukuneTa manZilze saTaveSi bagrationebis samefo dinastia edga saTaveSi. XIX saukunis damdegs qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis moSlam da rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebam bagrationebis samefo saxlis uflebebi Selaxa. qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis bagrationTa dinastiebma erTbaSad dakarges samefo xelisufleba. Aamgvarma usamarTlobam da Zalmomreobam bagrationebis samefo ojaxis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebuli antirusuli ganwyobilebiT gamoirCeodnen erekle II-is meuRle _ dedofali darejani, agreTve, batoniSvilebi: aleqsandre erekles Ze, iulon erekles Ze, farnaoz erekles Ze, daviT giorgis Ze, Teimuraz giorgis Ze da sxvani. aleqsandre erekles Zem sparseTs Seafara Tavi da didxans ibrZoda saqarTvelodan ruseTis gansadevnad. mogvianebiT sparseTSi mas Teimuraz batoniSvilic SeuerTda. iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebi imereTSi gadaixvewnen da brZolis dasawyebad xelsayrel dros elodnen.

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iulon batoniSvili

ioane batoniSvili

ruseTis xelisuflebisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi saqarTveloSi antirusuli moZraobis sulisCamdgmelebi iyvnen. isini mudam dakarguli mefobis dabrunebas da dinastiis aRdgenas Seecdebodnen. amitom bagrationebis samefo ojaxis wevrebis saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gadasaxleba gadawyda. ruseTis imperatori ruseTSi yvela maTgans saukeTeso pirobebs, pensiasa da yma-mamulebs pirdeboda. Ddedoflebma _ darejanma (erekle II meuRle) da mariamma (giorgi XII-is meuRle), agreTve batoniSvilebma ruseTSi nebayoflobiT gamgzavreba ar isurves. Bbagrationebis samefo ojaxis Seviwroeba da devna ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis dapyrobisTanave aqtiurad daiwyo. batoniSvilebs da dedoflebs saufliswulo mamulebi da qoneba CamoarTves da xazinas gadasces. QqarTlkaxeTis samefo taxtis memkvidre daviT giorgis Ze samefos marTvas CamoaSores da ruseTSi dauyovnebliv gamgzavreba mosTxoves. 1803 wlis TebervalSi daviT giorgis Ze da vaxtang batoniSvili samxedro razmis TanxlebiT saqarTvelodan ruseTs gaamgzavres. Bbagrationebis samefo ojaxis wevrebis gadasaxleba gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT saqartvelos mTAvarmarTeblis pavle cicianovis dros warimarTa. dRis wesrigSi dedoflebis gadasaxleba dadga, radgan bagrationebis samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi ZiriTadad maT garSemo iyridnen Tavs.

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saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli pavle cicianovi (1802-1806) Ggiorgi XII-is qvrivma dedofalma mariamma ruseTSi gamgzavrebaze mtkice uari ganacxada. male xelisuflebisaTvis cnobili gaxda, rom dedofali Tavisi mcirewlovani SvilebiT Tbilisidan gaxizvnasa da fSavxevsureTSi Tavis Sefarebas apirebda. 1803 wlis 19 aprils mTavarmarTeblis pavle cicianovis brZanebiT, mariam dedoflis sasaxles rusulma jarebma alya Semoartyes. ivene lazarevi, romelic am operacias xelmZRvanelobda dedoflis oTaxSi SeiWra da mosTxova dauyovnebliv Sesdgomoda ruseTSi gamgzavrebis samzadiss. G rusi generali Tavisive Zaladobas Seewira. igi mokles. Llazarevis mkvleloba oficialuri versiiT mariam dedofals dabralda. Aarsebobs gansxvavebuli versiac, rom is mariam dedoflis mxlebelma, Tavadma nikoloz ximSiaSvilma xanjliT gangmira da farulad miimala. Mmariam dedofali SvilebTan da bagrat batoniSvilTan erTad dauyovnebliv gaasaxles ruseTSi. dapatimrebuli dedofali ruseTSi belgorodis dedaTa monasterSi moaTavses, 1811 wels gaaTavisufles da moskovSi cxovrebis neba darTes. 1850 wels Mmariam dedofali gardaicvala ise, rom samSobloSi ver dabrunda. gardacvalebis Semdeg is Camoasvenes saqarTveloSi da mcxeTaSi, sveticxovlis taZarSi, misi meuRlis giorgi XII-is gverdiT gverdiT dakrZales. E1803 wlis Semodgomaze saqarTvelodan ruseTSi gaamgzavres erekle II-is xandazmuli meuRle, dedofali darejani. mas antirusuli saqmianoba da ruseTis xelisuflebasTan mebrZol, sparseTSi gadaxvewil SvilTan, aleqsandre batoniSvilTan, mimowera da kavSiri dasdes bralad. peterburgSi dasaxlebuli dedofali 1807 wels gardaicvala. 1804 wlis ivnisSi qarTlis mTianeTis ajanyebis dros rusebma Seipyres iulon erekles Ze, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis taxtis erT-erT pretendentad iTvleboda. Aamave wlis oqtomberSi ki daapatimres am ajanyebis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli farnaoz batoniSvili. 1805 wlis gazafxulze iuloni saqarTvelodan tulaSi, xolo farnaozi ki voroneJSi gadaasaxles. 1806 wels isini ruseTis imperatorma darejan dedoflis TxovniT gaaTavisufla. aleqsandre batoniSvilTan erTad sparseTis Sahis kars TavSefarebuli Teimuraz giorgis Ze male saqarTveloSi dabrunda. 1810 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam isic peterburgs gaamgzavra. saqarTvelodan ruseTs gaiwvies agreTve erekle II-s Svili _ saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi anton II. is sabolood niJni-novgorodSi dasaxlda da 1827 wels aqve aResrula.

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saqarTvelos kaTolokos patriarqi anton II mxatvari v. borovikovski (daculia moskovSi tretiakovskis galereaSi) ruseTis xelisuflebam XIX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ojaxis yvela mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli gadaasaxla ruseTSi. Mmxolod aleqsandre batoniSvils veraferi mouxerxes. is bolomde ibrZoda qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenisaTvis da 1844 wels sparseTSi aResrula. 1810 wlodan dRis wesrigSi dadga imereTis bagrationTa ruseTSi gadasaxlebis sakiTxi. imereTis samefo saxls sami mefis: solomon I-is, daviT II-is da solomon II-is ojaxis wevrebi Seadgendnen. XIX saukunis ocian wlebamde imereTis bagrationebis samefo saxlis wevrTa umravlesoba peterburgsa da moskovSi gadaasaxles. maT Soris iyvnen imereTis taxtis memkvidred gamocxadebuli konstantine daviTis-Ze bagrationi da imereTis mefis, solomon II-is meuRle, mariam dadiani. imereTis ukanaskneli mefe solomon II, romelic bolomde ibrZoda ruseTis winaaRmdeg saqarTveloSi veRar dabrunda da 1815 wels trapizonSi gardaicvala.

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imereTis mefe solomon II ruseTis imperiaSi gadasaxlebul bagrationebs samSobloSi dabruneba ekrZalebodaT. ruseTis xelisufleba maT wyalobas ar aklebda, uniSnavda jamagirsa da pensiebs, ar iSurebda maTTvis maRal Cinebsa da Tanamdebobebs. Tumca ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli batoniSvilebisa da maTi STamomavlebis ojaxebSi samSoblos gaTavisuflebis da samefos aRdgenis imedi ar Camqrala. bagrationTa ruseTSi gadasaxlebiT ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTveloSi antirusuli moZraobis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala gaauvnebelyo. man qarTveli eris ganmaTavisuflebel brolas saqarTvelos samefo saxli Camoacila.
danarTi N XIX s-is dasawyisSi kavkasiaSi moRvawe rusi moxele s. a. tuCkovi gadmoscems mariam dedoflis mier general lazarevis mokvlis faqts. is cdilobs Searbilos generlis Tavxeduri moqmedeba, Tumca iZulebulia aRiaros: ,,yvela winadadeba, romelic generalma lazarevma dedofals wamouyena Sesrulda erTgvari dacinviTA da arasaTanado pativiscemiT. citirebulia: s. a. tuCkovi, ,,Canawerebi // krebuli ,,kavkasiis omi 1770-1821 ww., kavkasiis omis monawileTa mogonebebi, sanktpeterburgi, 2002. (rusul enaze) *** qarT-kaxeTis bagrationTa samefo saxlis memkvidreni ruseTSi ,,gruzinskebis gvariT iyvnen cnobilni, xolo imereTis bagrationTa memkvidreni `imeretinskebad iwodebodnen. ruseTSi gadasaxlebul bagrationTa pirveli Taobis warmomadgenlebi ,,qarTvel batoniSvilebad (,,careviCebad) da ,,uganaTlebulesobis wodebiT ixseniebodnen. xolo maT STamomavlebs ,,qarTveli Tavadis da ,,brwyinvalebis zedwodeba eniWebodaT. Tumca 1865 wlidan maTTvisac dawesda ,,uganaTlebulesobis tituli. Bbagrationebis samefo saxlis STamomavlebis araerTma warmomadgenelma momavalSi Tavi isaxela saqarTvelosa da ruseTis samxedro, politikur da kulturul asparezze.

daviT bagrationis proeqtebi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenis Sesaxeb (1812w., 1817 w.) ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dapyrobis Semdeg erovnuli moZraobis nawili, bagrationTa samefo gvaris warmomadgenlebi samefos aRdgenas antirusuli ajanyebebis gziT Seecadnen. Tumca sazogadoebis garkveuli wreebi da bagrationTa ojaxis zogierTi wevri, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenas mSvidobiani brZoliT, samarTlebrivi SeTanxmebis gziT varaudobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa, ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRsadgenad daviT giorgis Ze bagrationis brZola. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1783 wels ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli georgievskis traqtati ZalaSi imxanad arsebuli yvela saerTaSoriso normis dacviT Sevida. mfarvelobiTma xelSekrulebam mniSvnelovnad SezRuda qarTlkaxeTis mefisA uflebebi, Tumca amavdroulad aRiara kidec bagrationebis samefo dinastiis legitimizmi (legitimizmi _ laT. legitimus (kanonieri) _ saxelmwifo weswyobilebis mTavar principad xelisuflebaze romelime dinastiis memkvidreobis uflebis aRiareba) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos taxtze. Mmomdevno periodSi, 1801 wels 12 seqtembris manifestiT, ruseTma uxeSad daarRvia georgievskis traqtati da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaauqma. amiT ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma ugulebelyo maSindel diplomatiaSi aRiarebuli normebis dacviT ratificirebuli saerTaSoriso dokumenti. swored am argumentis gamoyenebas Seecada ruseTSi gadasaxlebuli batoniSvilebis erTi nawili. isini SesaZleblad Tvlidnen mSvidobiani gziT qarTl kaxeTis samefosa da bagrationebis dinastiis adgenas, Tundac ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi garkveuli avtonomiuri uflebebis miniWebiT. swored, es Tvalsazrisi gaJRerda daviT giorgis Ze bagrationis proeqtebSi, romelic man ruseTis saimperatori karze gansaxilvelad araerTxel waradgina. 1812 wlis seqtemberSi daviT bagrationma ruseTis imperators aleqsandre I-s warudgina werili _ `saqarTvelos ukeTesi mowyobis Sesaxeb~. Ees iyo periodi, rodesac napoleon bonapartes armia SemoiWra ruseTis teritoriaze da mimdinareobda ruseT-safrangeTis 1812 wlis omi. saqaTveloSi ki sparseTidan dabrunebuli aleqsandre erekles-Ze

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bagrationi (batoniSvili) kaxeTis antirusul ajanyebas Caudga saTaveSi. daviT bagrationma saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesacvlelad es viTareba Sesaferisad miiCnia. ruseTis imperatorisadmi miweril werilSi is aRniSnavda, rom ruseTis mier 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis darRvevas, giorgi XII-is 1800 wlis saTxovari punqtebis ignorirebas Sedegad qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba, qveynis tradiciuli marTva-gamgeobis moSla da ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebebi moyva. gauTavebeli ajanyebebis mizezad daviT bagrationi cxadia, ruseTis saimperatoro karis politikas ver daasaxelebda. qarTl-kaxeTSi mosaxleobis ukmayofileba da antirusuli gamosvlebi, man saqarTveloSi mTavarmarTebelTa mier gatarebul politikas da daSvebul Secdomebs miawera. daviT bagarationis azriT, Secdomebi, ramac qarTvelebis rusuli orientacia Searyia da mosaxleobaze uaryofiTad imoqmeda, iyo erekle II-is memkvidreebisa da batoniSvilebisTvis mamulebis CamorTmeva, bagrationTaA ojaxis ruseTSi gadasaxleba, amasTanave, saqarTveloSi rusuli regularuli jaris im raodenobiT Semoyvana, romlis Senaxva-gamokveba adgilobriv xelisuflebas uWirda. saqarTveloSi mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad daviT batoniSvili ruseTis imperators aleqsandre I-s sTavazobda: 1. ruseTis jarebis mTavarsardlis (mTavarmarTeblis) TanaSemwed erT-erTi ufliswuli (batoniSvili) daeniSna, romelsac saqarTvelos mefis tituli SeunarCundeboda. 2. ruseTSi ZaldatanebiT gadasaxlebuli bagrationTa samefo ojaxis wevrebisTvis mieca samSobloSi dabrunebis neba, aRedgina maTi sakuTrebis ufleba saufliswulo mamulebze. 3. ar daesajaT antirusuli moZraobis monawile Tavadaznaurni, ar daeSvaT maTi yma-mamulis xazinisTvis gadacema. 4. mizanSewonili iyo ruseTis jaris nawilis, kerZod, dragunTa da kazakTa polkebis gawveva saqarTvelodan. maTi funqcia qarTul laSqars unda Seesrulebina, romelic morige jaris ganCinebis safuZvelze DSeiqmneboda. 5. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT, saWiro iyo, soflis meurneobis, mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba, xolo Savi zRva ruseT-saqarTvelos savaWro urTierTobebis mTavari magistrali unda gamxdariyo. daviTis proeqti iTvaliswinebda mazrebSi policiuri administraciis gauqmebas da tradiciuli mourav-mamasaxlisobis aRdgenas, romelsac momrigebel mosamarTleTa funqciac unda Seesrulebina. daviT bagrationis winadadebebi daskvnisTvis saqarTvelos yofil mTavarmmarTebels _ pauluCis gadasces. man aRiara, rom saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis sistemis naklovani mxareebi cvlilebebs moiTxovda. Tumca pauluCim bagrationebis saqarTveloSi dabruneba da maTi daSveba qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi mizanSeuwonlad CaTvala. man daviT bagrationisgan SemoTavazebuli proeqti ruseTis interesebis sazianod miiCnia. ufro metic, pauluCim xelisuflebas mouwoda, sifrTxile gamoeCina bagrationebis peterburgSi yofnis gamo, radgan SesaZloa maT aq SeeqmnaT antirusuli partia (dasi). ruseTis saimperatoro karma daviT bagrationis (batoniSvilis) proeqti uaryo. ruseTis mizani saqarTvelos imperiis ganuyofel nawilad gadaqceva, amierkavkasiaSi Zalauflebis gafarToeba da ganmtkiceba iyo. saqarTveloSi avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis nebismieri formiT SemoReba da mis saTaveSi bagrationebis samefo saxlis warmomadgenelTa dayeneba samefo titulis SenarCunebiT, am mizans ewinaaRmdegeboda. daviT bagrationis winadadeba saqarTvelodan ruseTis jarebis Tundac nawilis gayvana (anu qveynis nawilobrivi deokupacia) da qarTuli laSqris formireba ar Seesabameboda saqarTeloSi, da saerTod, kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi ruseTis interesebs. imdenad didi iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da bagrationTaA dinastiis aRdgenis imedi, rom ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, daviT bagrationma dawera naSromi `saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva~. am vrcel naSromSi man axleburad gaiazra saqarTvelos mefisa da ufliswulTa movaleoba, pasuxismgebloba qveynisa da xalxis winaSe. rogorc Cans, is varaudobda, aRdgenil da ganaxlebul qarTul saxelmwifoSi, qveynis mowyobisa da marTvagamgeobis Sesaxeb sakuTari naazrevis praqtikul gamoyenebas. daviT batoniSvilma 1817 wels ruseTis saimperatoro karis winaSe kvlav dasva saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis sakiTxi. amjerad, man istoriuli faqtebis SexsenebiT da monarqiuli legitimizmis principTa moSveliebiT, ruseTis imperators axali, gacilebiT damajereblad dasabuTebuli proeqti warudgina. imperatorisadmi gagazavnili baraTis Sesaval nawilSi daviT batoniSvilma yuradRebas Semdeg istoriul faqtebze gaamaxvila: 1. saqarTvelo, romelsac arcTu iSviaTad ipyrobdnen mezobeli didi imperiebi, qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi damoukideblobas yovelTvis 95

inarCunebda. 2. 1783 wels georgievskSi dadebuli ruseT-saqarTvelos xelaSekruleba (traqtati) saqarTvelos mfarvelobas gulisxmobda. 3. georgievskis traqtatis me-6 muxliT ruseTis imperatorma saqarTvelos samefo taxtze saqarTvelos mefis erekle II-is da misi memkvidreebis uflebebis dacvis valdebuleba ikisra. 4. pavle I-ma sagangebo sigeliT saqarTvelos mefed giorgi XII, xolo mis memkvidred daviT giorgis Ze bagrationi daamtkica. 5. giorgi XII-is sikvdilis Semdeg general knoringis mier saqarTvelos mmarTvelis Tanamdebobidan daviT giorgis Zis da saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba usamarTlo gadawyvetileba iyo, riTac dairRva 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtati da bagrationTaAdinastiis legitimuri uflebebi. 6. ukanono iyo, agreTve, bagrationTa samefo ojaxis warmomadgenlebisTvis saufliswulo mamulebis CamorTmeva da maTi ruseTSi gadasaxleba. Yyovelive amis safuZvelze, daviT batoniSvilma warmodgenil proeqtSi pirdapir daayena qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da bagrationTa dinastiis legitimuri uflebebis aRdgenis sakiTxi. aRiniSna, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgeniT ruseTic isageblebda. is SeiZenda saimedo mokavSires da dasayrdens amierkavkasiaSi, yovelwliurad eqvsi milioni maneTis Semosavals miiRebda, qarTlkaxeTi Tavisi xarjiT Seinaxavda ruseTis 6-aTasian jars, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mis dasaxmareblad qarTul laSqars gamoiyvanda. 1817 wlis noemberSi ruseTis xelisuflebam daviT batoniSvils Txovnaze oficialuri uari ganucxada. erTi wlis Semdeg daviT bagrationma kvlav gaimeora Txovna. ruseTis saimperatoro karze gavleniani dodmoxele arakCeevi `uniadago ocnebisa~, `usafuZvlo baraTebis SeTxzvisTvis~ samsaxuridan gadayenebiTa da peterburgidan gadasaxlebiT daemuqra. daviT bagrationis proeqtebi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis geopolitikur interesebs. ruseTi Kkavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gavlenis gansamtkiceblad sparseTTan da osmaleTTan omebSi iyo CarTuli da saqarTveloSi Tavisi Zalauflebis Sesustebas ver dauSvebda. MruseTis imperiuli ambicia da interesebi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebriobis srul mospobas iTxovda. daviT batoniSvilis proeqtebi ruseTis saimperatoro karma uaryo, isini ganuxorcielebeli darCa. Mmiuxedavad amisa, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gadarCenisa da aRdgenisTvis daviT giorgis Ze bagrationis brZolam, erovnuli moZraobis istorias sayuradRebo da mniSvnelovani furceli Semata.
daviT batoniSvili, bagrationi (1767, Tbilisi-1819, peterburgi), giorgi XII-is ufrosi Ze, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gamgebeli 1800-1801, mwerali, mecnieri, general-leitenanti (1800).

aRizarda Tavisi papis erekle II-is karze. 1787-1789 da 1797-1798 swavlobda da msaxurobda ruseTSi. 1801 wlis ianvridan-maisamde iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gamgebeli, 1803 qarTl-kaxeTis bagrationTa ojaxis sxva wevrebTan erTad peterburgSi gadaasaxles. aq gaiSala misi mecnieruli da literaturuli moRvaweoba, iyo qarTvel volterianelTa pirveli warmomadgeneli, muSaobda leqsikografiaSi. sulxan-saba orbelianis "sityvis konas" daumata calkeuli sityvebi, Seavso ganmartebani, miuwera somxuri, Turquli da rusuli Sesatyvisebi. 1803-idan peterburgSi Seudga statiebis Sedgenas enciklopediuri leksikonisaTvis. 1814 qarTul enaze gamocemuli misi istoriuli naSromi dawerilia qarTlis cxovrebis sqemis mixedviT, warmoadgens vaxuStis istoriis gagrZelebas da moicavs periods 1744 wlamde. rusul enaze dawerili misi naSromebSi gadmocemulia saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde. mniSvnelovania daviT bagrationis moRvaweoba samarTlis dargSi. 1800 wels Seadgina krebuli, romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT "samarTali batonisSvilis daviTisa. ruseTSi dasaxlebis Semdeg daviT batoniSvili dainiSna ruseTis senatis wevrad, Tavmjdomareobda vaxtang VI-is samarTlis rusuli Targmanebis saredaqcio komitets. 1811-1816 wlebSi rusul enaze dawera "saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva";. Seiswavla sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani. 1818 daasrula "Semoklebuli fisika" da saqarTveloSi gamogzavna gasamravleblad. ganicdida mixeil lomonosovisa da evropis mowinave fizikosebis gavlenas. nawyveti daviT bagrationis werilidan ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre I-is mimarT (1817 weli) saqarTvelo Soreul warsulidanve arcTu iSviaTad eqceoda mezobeli didi saxelmwifoebis gavlenaSi, hkargavda Tavis suverenul uflebaTa nawils, magram mas Zveli welTaRricxvis IV saukunidan yovelTvis hyavda sakuTari mefe, hqonda Tavisi konstitucia (igulisxmeba: marTvagamgeobis sakuTari sistema), romelsac mfarvelebi ar arRvevdnen. papa Cemi, erekle II nebayoflobiT Sevida ruseTis mfarvelobaSi. georgievskis traqtatis meeqvse muxliT ruseTis imperatorma Tavisi da memkvidreTa saxeliT piroba dado daecva saqarTvelos samefo taxtis mimarT ereklesa da mis memkvidreTa RvTiuri ufleba. giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg me savsebiT kanonierad davikave saqarTvelos gamge-mmarTvelis Tanamdeboba da Tqveni umaRlesobisagan velodi mefed damtkicebis sigels. magram generalma knoringma marTva-gamgeobis sadaveebs CamomaSora, mefoba gaauqma da TbilisSi Seqmna rusuli mmarTveloba. dido xelmwifev! Tqveni saxeli cnobilia mTel msoflioSi. samarTliani brZandebiT, zrunavT ara marto ruseTze, aramed gareSe saxelmwifoTa da maTi qveSevrdomobis keTildReobazec. Tqven aRadgineT samefo taxtze safrangeTis, espaneTis, portugaliis, avstriisa da prusiis mefeni. yvela Tqveni madlobelia. qarTvel bagrationTa dinastia ki, romelic 1266 weli mefobda, axla dakninebulia. Cveni gvari, romelmac nebayoflobiT dauqvemdebara Tavisi skiptra da gvirgvini ruseTis imperatorebs, wminda uflebis safuZvelze elodeba Tavis RvTaebriv uflebaTa aRdgenas. Tu es aRsrulda, saqarTvelo cremls moiwmends da izeimebs. madlobis niSnad muxls moiyris Tqveni imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis winaSe.

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citirebulia wignidan: al. bendianiSvili, al. dauSvili, m. samsonaZe, x.qoqraSvili, d. WumburiZe, o. janeliZe, rusuli kolonializmi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 66. wina paragrafidan gaixseneT daviT giorgis Ze bagrationis moRvaweoba giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis Semdeg. imsjeleT rogori xelisufali iyo is saqarTvlos gamgeblis Tanamdebobaze yofnis dros. riT dakavda daviT bagrationi ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg? Arogori mmarTvelobis damyarebas gulisxmobda qarTl-kaxeTSi daviT bagrationis mier aleqsandre I-is mimarT wardgenili pirveli proeqti. riT gansxvavdeboda mis mier wardgenili meore proeqti pirvelisagan. Tqveni azriT, daviT bagrationis proeqtebSi warmodgenili moTxovnebidan ra iqneboda ruseTisTvis misaRebi da ra miuRebeli. daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazrebani. imsjeleT ratom ar Seesabameboda ruseTis interesebs saqarTvelos mmarTvelad bagrationebis samefo gvaris warmomdgenelTaA daniSvna, rusuli jarebis Tundac nawelis gayvana qarTl-kaxeTidan. gamoyaviT ramdenime faqtori.

ruseTis koloniuri politikis axali etapi rusuli mmarTvelobis sistema 1840-1865 wlebSi

rusuli mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizaciis momzadeba kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi (XIX s-is 30-iani wlebi) rusuli mmarTvelobis samxedro-saokupacio sistemam, romelic XIX s-is dasawyisSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi damyarda, 1841 wlamde iarseba.Eam xnis ganmavlobaSi ruseTi safuZvlianad damkvidrda amierkavkasiaSi. misi teritoriebi am mxarSi ruseT-sparseTis (1826-1828 ww.) da ruseT-osmaleTis (1828-1829 ww.) omebis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda. arsebuli mmarTvlobis sistema srulyofilad veRar pasuxobda ruseTis imperiis interesebs am regionSi. mmarTvelobis samxedro-saokupacio reJimi miuRebeli aRmoCnda adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, rac XIX s-is I mesamedSi antirusuli ajanyebebiT araerTxel gamomJRavnda. arsebuli marTvis sistemis naklovanebebs rus saxelmwifo moxeleTa erTi nawilic aRniSnavda. isini saxalxo mRelvarebebisa da ajanyebebis ZiriTad mizezad mmarTvelobisa da marTlmsajulebis sferoSi arsebul uwesrigobas, biurokratiul aparatSi gamefebul korufcias, rus saxelmwifo moxeleTa TviTnebobasa da borotmoqmedebas miiCnevdnen. 1829 wels senatis mier Seiqmna oficialuri saxelmwifo komisia senatorebis p. quTaisovisa da e. meCnikovis TaosnobiT, romelsac amierkavkasiaSi arsebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis gamokvleva daevala. komisiis daskvniT saaSkaraoze iqna gamotanili is ukanonoba, uwesrigoba da qaosi, romelic am mxareSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebidan arsebobda. A imperiis xelisuflebis winaSe dadga saqarTvelosa da saerTod mTeli kavkasiis mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizaciis sakiTxi. reorganizaciis mizani iyo ruseTTan kavkasiis sruli integracia, adgilobrivi xalxebis asimilacia da maTi teritoriebis ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel nawilad gadaqceva. XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis sakiTxze ramdenime proeqti Seiqmna. maTSi warmoCnda regionSi arsebuli problemebis daZlevis gansxvavebuli xedva. proeqtebis avtorTa erTi nawili gamosavals adgilobrivi mosaxleobis tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebaSi, mxaris socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul ganviTarebaSi xedavda. Aam mxriv, sayuradRebo iyo aleqsandre WavWavaZis mier ruseTis imperatorisadmi wardgenili naSromi `saqarTvelos da misi mdgomareobis mokle istoriuli narkvevi 1801 wlidan 1831 wlamde~, agreTve, aleqsandre griboedovisa da petre zavilevskis proqtebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom arcerTi maTgani kavkasiis mmarTvelobis reorganizaciis dros ar gauTvaliswinebiaT.

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Pproeqtebis avtorTaAmeore nawili Tvlida, rom kavkasiis administraciul sistemaSi wesrigi marTvagamgeobidan da marTlmsajulebidan adgilobrivi tradiciebis da saadaTo samarTlis gandevnis gziT damyardeboda. 1831 wels mTavarmarTebelma paskeviCma ruseTis imperators nikoloz I-s amierkavkasiis mmarTvelobis axali proeqti warudgina. amierkavkasiaSi saomar moqmedebaTa dasrulebis gamo is mizanSewonilad Tvlida samxedrosaokupacio reJimis nacvlad SemoeRoT samoqalaqo xelisufleba. proeqti iTvaliswinebda amierkavkasiis mmarTvelobis wminda rusul yaidaze gardaqmnas. amasTanave paskeviCi iTxovda mTavarmarTeblis nacvlad kavkasiaSi mefisnacvlis Tanamdebobis dawesebas. paskeviCis proeqti ver ganxorcielda, radgan is poloneTis ajanyebis CasaxSobad gaiwvies. paskeviCis nacvlad kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis Tanamdebobaze dainiSna generali baroni grigol rozenma (1831-1837), romelmac miuReblad miiCnia paskeviCis, quTaisovisa da meCnikovis proeqtebi. Mmisi azriT, amierkavkasiaSi adgilobrivi kanonebisa da adaT-wesebis gauqmeba da wminda rusuli kanonebze damyarebuli mmarTvelobis SemoReba naadrevi iyo. naCqarevad, adgilobrivi Tviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe reformebis gatareba, grigol rozenis azriT, daZabavda urTierTobas mosaxleobasa da xelisuflebas Soris. 1833 wels peterburgSi daarsda `gansakuTrebuli komiteti~, romelsac samxedro ministri CerniSevi xelmZRvanelobda. komitets daevala kavkasiis regionSi marTva-gamgeobis proeqtis momzadeba. `ganakuTrebulma komitetma~ gadawyvita, rom kavkasiaSi mmarTvelobis reorganizacia Catarebuliyo kanonmdeblobis sruli rusifikaciiT. Gkomitetis mier SemuSavbuli poeqts daupirispirda kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli grigol rozeni. Mis rusuli mmarTvelobisa da kanonmdeblobis gavrcelebas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mxolod xuT mazraSi miiCnevda mizanSewonilad. xolo imereTSi, guriasa da axlcixis olqSi ki adgilobrivi viTarebis Sesatyvisi mmarTvelobis damyarebas, kanonmdeblobis SenarCunebas, gardamavali periodis samxedro-samoqalaqo administraciis datovebas Tvlida saWirod. grigol rozenis mosazrebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis xelisuflebis ganzraxvas, romelic amierkavkasiis mosaxleobis ruseTTan srul asimilacias isaxavda miznad. 1837 wels kavkasiaSi administraciuli sistemis Seswavla, adgilze mdgomareobis gacnoba da kavkasiis mmarTvelobis reorganizaciis proeqtis Sedgena daavala specialur komisias, romelsac ruseTis imperatoris nikoloz I-is ndobiT aRWurvil piri, senatori pavle gani xelmZRvanelobda. Mmis mier SemuSavda proeqti, romelic ar iTvaliswinebda adgilobriv adaT-wesebs, mxaris mosaxleobis erovnul Tu religiur mravalferovnebas da Taviseburebebs.PproeqtiT daigegma kavkasiis administraciuli da biurokratiuli aparatis sruli rusifikacia, mxaris marTva rusuli kanonmdeblobis mixedviT. 1837 wels kavkasias nikoloz I estumra. senatorma pavle ganma isargebla SemTxveviT da imperators kavkasiaSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da mmarTvelobaSi arsebuli darRvevebis Sesaxeb moaxsena. Ggrigol rozeni dauyovnebliv gaiwvies Tanamdebobidan, xolo mis nacvlad kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad evgeni golovini daniSnes (1837-1842). swored misi mTavarmarTeblobis dros gatarda kavkasiis mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizacia, romelsac safuZvlad ZiriTadad senatoris _ pavle ganis proeqti, agreTve, senatorebis meCnikovisa da quTaisovis mosazrebebi daedo. Aamrigad, ruseTis xelisuflebam aiRo kavkasiaSi poziciebis ganmtkicebis da am regionis ruseTis saxelmwifoSi sruli inkorporaciis politikuri kursi. Mes iTvaliswinebda: saqarTvelos da saerTod mTeli kavkasiis gadaqcevas ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel nawilad, qarTveli erisa da kavkasieli xalxebis asimilacias da rusifikacias.
danarTi nawyveti p. quTaisovisa da e. meCnikovis daskvnidan `Cvens mier Segrovili masalebi naTlad gviCveneben, rom borotmoqmedeba da uwesrigoba saqarTvelos mmarTvelobaSi yovelgvar zRvars scildeba.~(XIX saukune, gv.114)

mTavarmarTebeli paskeviCi saqarTveloSi arsebuli samxedro-saokupacio reJimis naklovanebebis Sesaxeb

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`mmarTvelobis keTilmowyobis garegnuli mxare faravs Sinagan uwesrigobas. dawesebulebebi yvelgan drobiTia. saocari aRrevaa mmarTvelobis rusuli wesisa qarTul da muslimanur wesTan. Aar aris erTianoba arc mmarTvelobis formebSi, arc kanonebSi, arc finansur sistemaSi.~ (al.bendianiSvilTan, gv.50)

rusuli mmarTvelobis reorganizacia kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi XIX s-is 40-ian wlebSi 1840 wlis 10 aprils am proeqtis safuZvelze gamoica kanoni, romelmac kavkasiaSi mmarTvelobis sistema Secvala. samoqalaqo da samxedro saqmeebi erTmaneTisagan gaimijna. samxedro-samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis nacvlad Seiqmna mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo sistema. Kes kanoni praqtikulad 1841 wlis ianvridan amoqmedda. kanoni Sedgeboda sami debulebisagan, romlebic Sesabamisad sam sferos Seexebodnen: 1. amierkavkasiis mmarTvelobas; 2. saqalaqo mmarTvelobas da 3. saerobo sabegro sistemas. A1) pirveli debulebis Tanaxmad (`uzenasad damtkicebuli debuleba amierkavkasiis mmarTvelobisaTvis~) amierkavkasia or administraciul erTeulad daiyo: saqarTvelo-imereTis guberniad da kaspiis olqad. saqarTveloimereTis guberniaSi Sevida 11 mazra: tfilisis, goris, Telavis, gurjaanis, quTaisis, axalcixis, guriis, elizavetopolis, aleqsandropolis, erevnis da naxWevanis. Kkaspiis olqi 7 mazrisgan Sedga. Seiqmna samsafexuriani mmarTveloba: 1. mTavari, romelic mTel kavkasias ganagebda; 2. sagubernio (saolqo); 3. samazro. mTavari sammarTvelos saTaveSi darCa mTavarmarTebeli, romelic kavkasiis umaRlesi piri da kavkasiis gansakuTrebuli korpusis mTavarsardali iyo. misi ufleba-movaleobebi da kompetencia, ZiriTadad, gauTanabres ruseTis Sida guberniebis general-gubernatorebs. Tumca mxaris mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri mravalgvarobis gamo, saTanado axsna-ganmartebis SemTxvevaSi, SeeZlo zogirTi sakiTxi erTpirovnuladac gadaewyvita. kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis moadgiled tfilisis samxedro gubernatori iTvleboda, romelic mxares mTavarmarTeblis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi ganagebda. mTavari sammarTvelos kolegiuri organo iyo MmTavarmarTeblis sabWo, romelsac kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli Tavmjdomareobda. mTavarmarTeblis sabWoSi Sediodnen: mTavarmarTebeli, samxedro gubernatori, agreTve, sabWos wevrebi, romlebsac mTavarmarTeblis wardginebiT imperatori niSnavda (1838 wlidan). sabWos funqcia iyo sagubernio da samazro instanciebis saqmianobis, marTlmsajulebis aRsrulebis kontroli. mmarTvelobis meore safexurs sagubernio mmarTveloba warmoadgenda. saqaTvelo-imereTisa da kaspiis olqis saTaveSi samoqalaqo gubernatorebi idgnen. Gguberniis mmarTveloba Semdeg departamentebad iyofoda: saxazino palata, saxelmwifo qonebaTa palata, sisxlis samarTlis palata, samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata da TavadaznaurTa deputatbis sakrebulo da a.S. mmarTvelobis yvelaze dabali safexuri iyo samazro sammarTvelo. Mmas ganagebda mazris ufrosi, misi TanaSemwe, ubnis msajuli (boqauli), policia, samazro sasamarTlo da prokurori. 2) 1840 wlis 10 aprilis kanonis meore debuleba iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebrivi saqalaqo mmarTvelobis Seqmnas. saqalaqo sammarTveloSi Sedioda qalaqis Tavi, romelsac tfilisis mTeli mosaxleoba irCevda, da eqvsi xmosani. xmosnebi iyvnen saqalaqo mmarTvelobaSi qalaqis mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialuri fenis _ uZravi qonebis mflobelebis vaWrebisa da xelosnebis warmomadgenlebi. qalaqis mmarTvelobis funqciebSi Sedioda: qalaqis keTilmowyoba, mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa sursaT-sanovagiT da samrewvelo saqonliT, meurneobis ganviTareba, moqalaqeTa qonebis da xazinis sakuTrebis dacva, saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis akrefa da sxva. 3)Kkanonis mesame debulebis Tanaxmad guberniebsa da mazrebSi Seiqmna saerobo sabegro komitetebi. misi movaleoba iyo: gadasaxadebis ganawileba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebs Soris, sabegro da fuladi Semosavlebis aRricxva. saxazino gadasaxadebis asakrefad Seiqmna saxelmwifo qonebaTa palata, romlis

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funqciebSi saxazino gadasaxedebis akrefasTan erTad ruseTidan gadmosaxlebuli kolonistebis miwebiT uzrunvelyofac Sevida. reorganizaciis Sedegad saqarTveloSi samxedro-samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis sistemis nacvlad damyarda mmarTvelbis samoqalaqo sistema.Ees iyo ruseTis koloniuri politikis axali etapis dasawyisi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiaSi. mmarTvelobis sistemidan sruliad ganidevna qarTuli da sxva adgilobrivi enebi, qarTuli kanonmdebloba da adgilobrivi adaT-wesebi amoiRes samarTalwarmoebidan, gabatonda biurokratizmi da formalizmi, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi marTvis organoebi daakompleqtes rusi CinovnikebiT, ramac sagrZnoblad gazarda amierkavkasiaSi rusi moxeleebis raodenoba. G reorganizaciis gatarebiT kmayofili mTavarmarTebeli evgeni golovini da senatori pavle gani ruseTis imperatorisadmi gagzavnil moxsenebebSi warmatebebiT Tavs iwonebdnen. realurad ki, 1840 wlis 10 aprilis kanoniT gatarebulma reformebma saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi sayovelTao ukmayofileba, mRelvareba, zogierT regionSi ki ajanyebebi gamoiwvia. reformis mankieri mxareebi 1841 wlis guriis ajanyebis uSualo sababi gaxda. gansakuTrebulad ukmayofilo amierkavkasiaSi mahmadianuri mosaxleoba iyo, romelTa uflebebi reorganizaciis Sedegad gansakuTrebulad Seikveca. mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad A1842 wels tfilisSi moavlines samxedro ministri CerniSovi da saxelmwifo moxele pozneni. maT daadastures rusuli mmarTvelobis formebis sruli Seusabamoba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis tradiciebTan da samarTalTan, mmarTvelobis instanciebSi arsebuli formalizmi da korufcia. xelisuflebam gadawyvita garkveul kompromisze da daTmobaze wasuliyo: samxedro da samoqalaqo administraciul aparatSi gza gaexsna adgilobrivi warmoSobis moxeleebs, samazro sammarTveloebs miecaT ufleba damoukideblad, adgilzeve gadaewyvitaT iseTi saqmeebi, romelTa Rirebuleba 200 maneTs ar aWarbebda. Ggadawyda: calkeuli samarTlebrivi saqmeebi qarTuli zepiri marTlmsajulebis da adgilobrivi adaT-wesebis safuZvelze ganexilaT, samarTalwarmoebaSi SezRuduli saxiT kvlav vaxtang VI-is kanonebi Semovida. cvlilebebi moxda amierkavkasiis administraciul dayofSi: tfilisis, Telavis, goris mazrebis mTielebisaTvis Seiqmna TuS-fSav-xevsureTis, mTiuleTis da oseTis okrugebi. Aam okrugebSi samxedro-samoqalaqo mmarTveloba damyarda. nikoloz I-ma 1842 wels evgeni golovini gaiwvia da saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblad generali aleqsandre neidgardti (1842-1844) daeniSna, Tumca misi moRvaweoba kavkasiaSi kidev ufro warumatebeli gamodga. Aamgvarad, 1840 wlis 10 aprilis kanonis safuZvelze gatarebuli marTvelobis reorganizaciam marcxi ganicada. saqmes verc mTavarmarTebelTaA cvlam uSvela. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi mosaxleobis yvela fena da wodeba reorganizciiT ukmayofilo darCa.
danarTi nawyveti mTavarmarTeblis evgeni golovinis nikoloz I-Tan gagzavnili moxsenebidan (rusuli mmarTvelobis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb), 1841 weli, aprili `amierkavkasiis axali mmarTvelobis SemoRebam, raRac saswaulebrivi Zalis wyalobiT, yovelgvari areulobis gareSe Caiara... ase rom, xelmwifev, amierkavkasiis samoqalaqo mowyobisTvis gaRebuli msxverpli istorias Cabarda. Amoaxlovda is dro, rom Cveni naSromis mosavali movimkaT... amierkavkasiis mosaxleoba morCilebiT asrulebs yvela moTxovnas, qveyanaSi sruli simSvide da siwynare sufevs, moxeleebi TavgamodebiT da bejiTad iRvwian, danaSaulTa ricxvi didi siswrafiT klebulobs, begara gadasaxadebi sruldeba da maqvs pativi movaxseno imperators, rom axali wyoba xalxis moTxovnilebebsac akmayofilebs.~ Ddokumenti saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqividan

senator pavle ganis werili nikolz I-s rusuli mmarTvelobis axali sistemis SemoRebis Semdeg

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me vtoveb mxares srul wesrigSi da simSvideSi; moxeleebi muyaiTad da gulmodgined Sromoben; damnaSaveoba SesamCnevad mcirdeba; begarebs da gadasaxadebs ixdian da bednieri var davarwmuno Tqveni imperatorobiTi udidebulesoba, rom axali wyoba sruliad Seesabameba xalxis moTxovnebs citata wignidan; `saqarTvelos istoria, XIX saukune~, Tbilisi, 2004. Aamonaweri kavkasiaSi samsaxurevi rusi moxelis a. l. zisermanis mogonebebidan rus moxeleTa Sesaxeb

Mmoxelebi ise mkveTrad iyofodnen maRal da dabal rangad, rom saSualo fena SeiZleba iTqvas arc arsebobda. sastumroebi dabali rangis moxeleebisTvis xelmisawvdomi ar iyo. isini SezRuduli saxsrebiT iZulebuli iyvnen karCaketilad ecxovraT da umTavresi dro banqos TamaSSi an Rvinis smaSi gaetarebinaT... iaffasiani Rvinis Warbi raodenobiT arsebobam... araerTi wesieri moxelec ki daRupa... rogori unda yofiliyo rusuli mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebis moraluri zegavlena, an ra pativscema unda hqonodaT maT mimarT adgilobrivebs?! es Zneli warmosadgeni ar iqneba, Tu gaviTvalswinebT meqrTameobasac, rac gansakuTrebiT policiis moxeleebs Soris iyo gavrcelebuli... mazrebisa da zogierTi ubnis ufrosis oinebi didxans axsovdaT kavkasiis Zvel mcxovreblebs. dRes isini SeiZleba maxvilgonivrul anegdotadac ki mogveCvenos magaliTad: erT-erTi maTgani iqamdec mivida, rom misadmi daqvmdebarebuli ubnis mosaxleobisgan, viTom xelmwifis asulis mziTevisaTvis, ramodenime uzalTunsac ki agrovebda... samwuxaroa da sawyeni, magram naTqvamia: `Subi xalTaSi ar daimalebao.~ a. l. zisermani, Tormeti weli kavkasiaSi (1842-1851), nawili. I, gv. 17-18. (rusul enaze)

kavkasiis samefisnacvlos Seqmna XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis bolos da 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi Samilis gamoCenam da saRvTo omis dawyebam ruseTs am regionis dakargvis safrTxe Seuqmna. cxadi gaxda, rom amierkavkasiaSi simSvide da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mxardaWera ruseTis warmatebisaTvis aucilebeli piroba iyo. 1840 wels amierkavkasiaSi mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizaciis Sedegad xelisuflebam adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi sayrdeni dakarga.Mmxaris mmarTvelobaSi cvlilebebi gardauvali gaxda. arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamosavali xelisuflebam kavkasiis administraciis uflebebis gafarToebaSi dainaxa. 1844 wels mTavarmarTeblis Tanamdeboba gauqmda. kavkasiis administracias saTaveSi mefisnacvali Caudga. mefisnacvals mTavamarTeblisgan gansxvavebiT mxaris mmarTvelobis sakiTxebi SeeZlo damoukideblad gadaewyvita. mTavarmarTebeli Tavisi uflebebiT ruseTis imperiis general-gubernatorebs uTanabrdeboda, amitom sxvadasxva uwyebis ministrebi amierkavkasiis mTavar sammarTveloze da mTavarmarTebelze garkveuli gavleniT sargeblobdnen. kavkasiis mefisnacvals ki pasuxismgebloba centraluri xelisuflebis uwyebebis, kerZod saministroebis, winaSe moexsna. faqtobrivad, mas SeuzRudveli uflebamosileba mieniWa da uSualod ruseTis imperators daeqvemdebara. amrigad, samefisnacvlos SeqmniT kavkasiaSi avtonomiuri administraciuli mmarTveloba damyarda. amasTanave, moxda mmarTvelobis maqsimaluri centralizacia. 1844 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tanamdebobaze mixeil voroncovi dainiSna. is metad ganaTlebuli, Wkviani, gamocdili, gawonasworebuli, amave dros xelqveiTebTan momTxovni mmarTveli iyo. igi Tavisi pirovnuli TvisebebiT, mxaris marTvis meTodebiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda misi winamorbedebisgan. samxedrobiurokratiuli da ZalmomreobiTi politikis nacvlad, mxaris kulturul-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gza airCia. voroncovis Semdeg kavkasiis mefisnacvlad nikoloz muraviovi (1854-1856) dainiSna. mkacri, ukmexi, metismetad pedanti mmarTvelisTvis sruliad usargeblo iyo kavkasieli xalxebis kulturul ganviTareaze zrunva. is Seecada kavkasiaSi SemoeRo ruseTis Sida guberniebis msgavsi marTva-gamgeoba, kvlav aRedgina naxevrad samxedro mmarTveloba. mis dros usaxsrobis momizezebiT daixura Jurnali `cikari~, daiSala qarTuli Teatri da daixura italiuri opera.Mmuraviovis dros ar momxdara raime arsebiTi gardaqmna. 1856 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvlis Tanamdebobaze dainiSna imperator alqsandre II-is uaxloesi megobari aleqsandre bariatinski (1856-1862). Mmis dros kidev ufro gaizarda kavkasiis mefisnacvlis uflebebi. 1858 wels bariatinskis iniciativiT miiRes axali debuleba: `kavkasiis mefisnacvlis sabWosa da mTavarmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb.~ debulebis mixedviT mmarTvelobis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Sevida.Kkavkasiis samefisnacvlosTan Seiqmna mTavarmmarTveloba da sabWo. mTavarmmarTveloba Sedgeboda oTxi departamentisgan, romlebic 101

avtonomiur uwyebebs warmoadgendnen. eseni iyo: 1. saerTo saqmeTa; 2. sasamarTlo saqmeTa; 3. safinanso saqmeTaA da 4. saxelmwifo qonebaTa. Ddepartamentebi uSualod mefisnacvlis mimarT iyvnen angariSvaldebulni. mTavarmmarTvelobis ufrosi mefisnacvlis TanaSemwed iTvleboda. Mmefisnacvlis sabWo iyo saTaTbiro organo, romelic Sedgeboda mcirericxovani didmoxeleebisgan. sabWo ganixilavda ZiriTadad mefisnacvlis mier wamoWril sakiTxebs. Aaxali debulebiT amierkavkasiis administracia mTlianad gaTavisuflda saministroTaA kontrolisgan. kavkasiis mefisnacvali finansTa saministrosagan damoukideblad adgenda mxaris Semosaval-gasavlis biujets da kotrols uwevda mis Sesrulebas. Seiqmna mmarTvelobis amgvari struqtura: saqarTvelo (Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebi) Seadgenda kavkasiis samefisnacvlos nawils. mefisnacvals eqvemdebarebodnen gubernatorebi, sagubernio dawesebulebebi. guberniebi mazrebad iyofoda, romelsac ganagebdnen mazris ufrosebi. maT hyavdaT TanaSemweebi da samazro kancelariebi. samazro sasamarTloebis struqtura da samarTalwarmoebis wesi ramdenadme Seicvala. Bbariatinskis dros SemoRebuli marTva-gamgeobis struqturaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi Seitanes XIX s-is 60-ian wlebSi reformebis gatarebis dros. Aamgvarad, kavkasiis samefisnacvlos daarsebiT kavkasiis mmarTvelobam avtonomiuri xasiaTi SeiZina. kavkasiis samefisnacvlos Seqmna miznad isaxavda kavkasiis biurokratiuli aparatis centralizacias da am gziT ruseTTan mis universalur integracias.
danarTi imperatoris nikoloz I-is reskripti mixeil voroncovis mimarT yvela es saqme, romelic amJamad arsebuli wesebis mixedviT, amierkavkasiis mTavarmmarTvelobis mier waredgineboda gadasaWrelad saministroebs, ufleba geZlevaT TviTon gadaWraT adgilze... amas garda, neba gaqvT, sadac saWirod dainaxavT, adgilobrivad miiRoT aucileblobiT gamowveuli yvela saWiro zoma da amis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc maT gamomwvev mizezebze momaxsenoT pirdad me. Kkavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebi, t. X, gv. 2 Mkavkasiis mefisnacvlis mixeil voroncovis werilidan amonaridi kavkasiis yofili mTavarmarTeblis general ermolovis mimarT (1845) samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis sferoSi umetesoba aramzadebi arian... ori kviris win, aq CamosvlisTanave, davitanje aramarto mimdinare da mitovebuli saqmeebis qaosiT, aramed ramdenime dRe zedized iZulebuli viyavi samxedro saministroSi gasagzavnad xarjTaRricxvebis Sedgenaze TavauReblad memuSava da namdvili omi gamomecxadebina sxvadasxva dargSi arsebul borotmoqmedebaTa winaaRmdeg. Mm. s. voroncovis werilebi a. p. ermolovs, rusuli arqivi, 1890 weli wigni I. gv. 165 (rusul enaze) Nnawyveti vorovicovis werilidan ermolovis mimarT, qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb (1850)

Ppirveli rusuli Teatraluri warmodgena 1750 wlis ianvarSi Sedga, TamaSobdnen kadetebi; qarTuli ki zustad asi wlis Semdeg, magram im gansxvavebiT, rom rusuli Teatri Tavisi daarsebis 50 wlis Semdegac Zalian cudi iyo, mxolod didi xani araa, rac gadaidga swrafi nabijebi msaxiobebis TamaSebis gasaumjobesebisaken. qarTuli Teatari ki sul Tavidan aramc Tu kargi, aramed saukeTesoa. Aar SeiZleba ar gangacvifros aqauri gvariSvilobis araCveulebrivma niWierebam, maT mier yvela rolebis gagebam da Sesrulebam. Ees saqme kargad wava win da Zalian sasargeblo iqneba moraluri TvalsazrisiTac. Mm. s. voroncovis werilebi a. p. ermolovs, rusuli arqivi, 1890, wigni I, gv. 354-355 (rusul enaze). Nnawyveti a. p. ermolovis werilidan m .s. voroncovsAamierkavkasiaSi Tavisufali vaWrobis proeqtis Sesaxeb (1845) Senma survilma daaarso amierkavkasiaSi Tvisufali vaWroba, aq didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia; Seni kancelariis direqtoris peterburgSi CamosvliTac ki SeSindnen. radganac yvela darwmunebulia, rom aramc Tu Sen wardginebas, aramed Sen azrebsac ki arasodes umciresi winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba. Mm. s, voroncovis werilebi a. p. ermolovs, rusuli arqivi, 1890, wigni I, gv. 202 (rusul enaze)

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nawyveti mixeil voroncovis werlidan ruseTis imperators nikoloz I-s (1846) Aaucilebelia daubrunoT aRalarebsa da begebs miwebi romlebic SecdomiTa da CvenTvis didad sazianod CamoerTvad maT. Yyovlad mowyaleo xelmwifev Tqvens nebasurvilzea damokidebuli bolo moeRos im sagangaSo mdgomareobas, romelSic wlebis ganmavlobaSi imyofebian saukeTeso da umdidresi mahmadianuri provinciebi. citirebulia wignidan e. orjonikiZe, rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1992, gv.

voroncovis mmarTvelobis Sefaseba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi monawilis aleqsandre (puplia) orbelianis mier dro varancovisa saqarTveloSi... sul sxvagvari mosatyuebeli dro iyo Cveni varancovisagan. Bbevris kaikacobis alersiTaA miTom kaikacobas gviCvenebda, namdvilad... vinc ruseTis interesebze iqceoda, amasTan xelgaSlili Cinebs da sxva jildoebs iZleoda, Tan bevri Seqceva da gancxroma hqonda xolme, sadac aRtaceulis sixaruliT T. giorgi erisTavis komediebs warmoadgendnen ... qarTul Jurnalsa `ciskarsac~ giorgive gamoscemda da kidev ramdeni ram moigona voroncovma Cveni mosatyuebeli. qarTvelebs ase egonaT saqarTveloSi es ambavi ase darCeboda. imisTana jiloebi, imisTana gancxroma-Seqcevani, imisTana Teatr-literaturoba, imisTana Tavisuflebani da amitom varancovis saxels adidebdnen _ es ra RvTiuri kaci mogvividao. citirebulia wignidan: m. berZniSvili, masalebi XIX saukunis I naxevris qarTuli sazogadoebriobis istoriisaTvis, wigni II, gv. 128.

nawyveti mixeil voroncovis werilidan ruseTis imperators nikoloz I-s samsaxuridan gadadgomis Jams Mme gulmodgined Sevasrule yvela Tqveni davaleba imisaTvis rom momxdariyo mravalerovnuli kavkasiis Serwyma da Sesisxlxorceba ruseTTan. Kkavkasiis arqeografiuli komisiis aqtebi, t. X, #875

Mmixeil voroncovis moRvaweobis Sefaseba caristuli ruseTis oficialuri istorikosis v. i. ivanenkos mier Mmas kargaT esmoda rom im dros ruseTis mTavari interesi iyo, rac SeiZleba mWidrod daekavSierebina TavisTan axali qveSevrdomebi, daeviwyebina maTTvis TvistomTa saxelmwifo da Seeyvarebina rusi monarqis keTilganwyobili, mzrunveli mmarTveloba. v. i. ivanenko, amierkavsiis samoqalaqo mmarTveloba, ruseTis mmarTvelobis ganmtkiceba kavkasiaSi, tfilisi, tomi XII, 1901, gv.343 (rusul enaze)

xalxosnuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi xalxosnoba (narodnikoba) ruseTSi warmoiSva, rogorc socialisturi moZRvrebis erT-erTi mimdinareoba. is saqarTveloSi ruseTSi mimdinare procesebis gavleniT gavrcelda da ar yofila qarTuli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebiT momwifebuli movlena. XIX s-is 70-iani wlebi ruseTSi xalxosnobis (narodnikobis) aRmavlobis periodad iTvleba. maTi mTavari mizani socialurad Tanaswori sazogadoebis Seqmna da arsebuli politikuri sistemis nacvlad `socializmis~ damyareba iyo. narodnikobis radikaluri mimarTulebis mimdevrebi (mixeil bakunini, petre lavrovi, petre tkaCovi da sxvebi) `socializmis~ dasamyareblad sayovelTao ajanyebis ideas uWerdnen mxars. batonymobis guqmebis Semdeg umiwod darCenili glexoba, maTi azriT, unda yofiliyo sayovelTao ajanyebis sayrdeni Zala. amitom xalxosnebma glexobaSi daiwyes TavianTi ideebis farTo propaganda. mefis xelisuflebis damxoba, memamuluri miwaTmflobelobis mospoba da glexebs Soris miwebis Tanabrad ganawileba _ es iyo maTi propagandis mTavari Tema. Tumca ruseTSi glexobis sayovelTao ajanyebis mowyoba xalxosnebma ver SeZles. A narodnikul moZraobaSi farTod iyvnen Cabmulebi ruseTSi moswavle qarTveli studentebi. 1874 wels Seiqmna erT-erTi Zlieri xalxosnuri organizacia iyo `sruliad ruseTis social-revoluciuri organizacia~ e.w. `moskovelTaA 103

wre~, romlis liderTa Soris rus narodnikebTan (vera figneri, sofia bardina, vera lubtoviCi) erTad qarTvelebic iyvnen: ivane jabadari, mixeil CikoiZe,Aaleqsandre ciciSvili, aleqsandre gamyreliZe, giorgi zdanoviCmaiaSvili. 1875 wels am organizaciis wevrebi daapatimres. `moskovelTa wris~ ganadgurebis Semdeg Seiqmna ufro Zlieri xalxosnuri organizacia `zemlia i volia~ (`miwa da Tavisufleba~). maTi warmomadgenlebi xSirad stumrobdnen saqarTvelos da qarTvel TanamoazrebTan erTad xalxosnuri ideebis propagandas eweodnen. XIX s-is 70-iani wlebis damdegs xalxosnebis ideebi saqarTveloSic gavrcelda. 1873-1874 wlebSi saqarTveloSi xalxosnuri organizacia Seiqmna, im qarTveli axalgazrdebis meSveobiT, romlebic mWidrod urTierobdnen ruseTis narodnikul moZraobasTan. maT Soris gamoirCeodnen: egnate ioseliani, ivane jabadari, romanoz favleniSvili, isidore qiqoZe. xalxosnuri moZraobis centrebi Camoyalibda tfilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi, ozurgeTSi, TelavSi.Mtfilisis xalxosnuri organizacia 200-mde wevrs iTvlida. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi xalxosnur ideebs aqtiurad avrcelebdnen: daviT TarxniSvili, stefane WrelaSvili, dimitri kezeli, olRa yifiani, vasil dekanoziSvili, elene yifiani, sofrom mgalobliSvili, anton furcelaZe, mixeil yifiani, baTu afaqiZe, ioseb gulisaSvili, dariko jorjaZe, ivane nakaSiZe, sofio jorjaZe, aleqsandre cxvedaZe da sxvani. saqarTveloSi Seqmnil xalxosnur organizacias sakuTari programa ar hqonia. is eyrdnoboda ruseTis narodnikuli organizaciebis programebs, romlebic glexTa sayovelTao ajanyebis mowyobas, arsebuli politikuri reJimis mospobas da socialuri samarTlianobis damyarebas gulisxmobdnen. qarTveli xalxosnebi soflad eweodnen primitiuli socializmis ideebis zepir agitacias, avrcelebdnen aralegalur literaturas da maT mier Sedgenil proklamaciebs. hqondaT saidumlo stambebi (mag.: goris mazris sofel tyviavSi), sadac ibeWdeboda xalxSi gasavrcelebeli masalebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom iseve rogorc ruseTSi, saqarTveloSic, glexobam xalxosnebis propaganda da ideebi ar gaiziara. 1876 wels Jandarmeriam masobrivad daapatimra saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi narodnikuli organizaciis wevrebi: egnate ioseliani, sofrom mgalobliSvili, mixeil yifiani, arsen kalandaZe da sxvani. sul 80-ze meti adamians brali antisaxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobaSi dasdes. aqedan mxolod 34-s daumtkicda braldeba. egnate ioseliani da mixeil yifiani samudamo patimrobiT cimbirSi gadaasaxles. Aam marcxis Semdeg xalxosnuri moZraoba TiTqos minelda, magram XIX s-is 80-iani wlebis damdegs is isev gaaqtiurda TbilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi. xalxosnebma Seqmnes sakuTari perioduli gamocemebi. TbilisSi daarsda gazeTi `imedi~ i. gurgeniZis, xolo quTaisSi gazeTi `Sroma~ d. dadianis redaqtorobiT. xalxosnuri tendenciebi aisaxa mxatvrul literaturaSi, gansakuTrebiT, s. mgalobliSvilis, a. furcelaZis, n. lomouris da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi. mxatvrul literaturaSi am mimdinareobam `tetiaTa motrfialeebis~ saxelwodeba daimkvidra. XIX s-is 70-80-iani wlebis mijnaze ruseTSi xalxosnebis nawilma brZolis taqtikad terori airCia. 1879 wels Seiqmna narodnikuli organizacia `narodnaia volia~, romlis organizatorebi da wevrebi iyvnen andrei Jeliabovi, sofia perovskaia, vera figneri, vera zasuliCi da sxvebi. am organizaciis wevrebma moawyes araerTi teroristuli Tavdasxma maRali rangis saxelmwifo moxeleebze. 1881 wlis 1 marts `narodnaia volias~ wevrebma (`narodovolcebma~) grinevickim da risakovma mokles ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre II. xalxosnebis terorizms xelisuflebam umkacresi represiebiT upasuxa. miuxedavad rusi narodnikebis mcdelobisa, saqarTveloSi xalxosnebma Zlieri teroristuli organizacia ver Seqmnes. narodnikebis teroristuli moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi farTod ver gaiSala. Aaleqsandre II-is mkvlelobis Semdeg narodnikuli organizaciebi xelisuflebam TandaTan gaanadgura. 1883 wels saqarTveloSi Jandarmeriam meored moawyo qarvel xalxosnebze Tavdasxma, maTi liderebi daapatimres. XIX s-is bolos xalxosnurma moZraobam Tavisi SesaZleblobebi amowura. saqarTveloSi xalxosnebis erTi nawili erovnul moZraobas SeuerTda, umravlesoba ki social-demokratiul, socialist-federalistur da socialist-revoluciur moZraobaSi CaerTo. saqarTveloSi xalxosnurma moZraobam ver datova Rrma kvali. is ver iqca Zlier sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobad. saqarTveloSi socialuri problemebi ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT ukiduresi simwvaviT ar idga. amasTanave, XIX s-is 70-80-ian wlebSi erovnuli moZraoba, ilia WavWavaZis TaosnobiT, gansakuTrebulad gaZlierda, erovnuli 104

sakiTxi saqarTveloSi metad aqtualuri gaxda da amdenad, sazogadoeba gulgrili darCa xalxosnebis mier wina planze wamoweuli socialuri problemebis mimarT.
danarTi damatebiTi informacia `moskovelTA wris~ sasamarTlo cnobilia saxelwodebiT `50-is procesi.~ `50-is procesi~ metismetad gaxmaurda~ mTel ruseTsa da evropaSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSi sasamarTlo procesze petre aleqseevis brwyinvale sityva aRmoCnda, romlis momzadebaSi monawileoba ivane jabadarma, mixeil CikoiZem,Aaleqsandre ciciSvilma miiRes. didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, agreTve, giorgi zdanoviCmaiaSvilis sityvas. saqarTvelos istoria, XIX saukune, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 182 wyaro a nawyveti sofrom mgalobliSvilis mogonebebidan saqarTveloSi xalxosnuri moZraobis Casaxvis Sesaxeb 1872 wlidan TbilisSi, aqa-iq imarTeba krebebi, romlebsac eswreba moswavle axalgazrdoba, kiTxuloben aramarto nebadarTul, aramed akrZalul wignebsac. saswavleblebSi fuZndeba saidumlo biblioTekebi... miznad davisaxeT TviTganviTareba da Semdeg xalxSi gasvla saqadageblad monarqiuli wyobilebis sawinaaRmdego azrebisa. sofrom mgalobliSvili, mogonebani, Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 71 wyaro b nawyveti mefis Jandarmeriis TanamSromlis xaritonovis moxsenebidan saqarTveloSi xalxosnuri moZraobis Sesaxeb (1876 w.) sazogadoebis wevrni izidaven mozard Taobas... da cdiloben STaunergon mas siZulvili mTavrobisa da arsebuli wyobilebis mimarT. isini arwmuneben, rom monarqiuli mTavrobis mospobis Semdeg yvela Tanaswori iqneba da yovelgvari qoneba Tanabrad ganawildeba ... propagandistebi xalxSi avrceleban Semdeg ideas: ... rodesac ar iqneba xelmwife, ar iqneba mTavroba da kanonebi, maSin yvela gaTanabrdeba, gadasaxads ZaliT aravis gadaaxdevineben, xalxis saWiroebisaTvis Seiqmneba saerTo Tanxa, saidanac is daikmayofilebs Tavis moTxovnilebas. amitom... xalxis sabednierod aucilebelia mondomeba da imisTana wyobilebis Seqmna, romlis drosac mSromeli TviTon iqneba batonpatroni Tavis naoflarisa. mRvdlebi scruoben, roca gveubnebian TiTqos mefe RvTisagan iyos dadgenili, TiTqos xalxis bed-iRbali misTvis gangebas Caebarebinos... Ddokumenti citirebulia wignidan: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 598-599 wyaro Gg saqarTveloSi xalxosnuri moZraobis erT-erTi lideris mixeil yifianis werili samegreloSi moRvawe xalxosnuri organizaciis wevris baTu afaqiZisadmi STaagone yvela mSromels, rom miwa, romelzedac isini cxovroben, maTi sruli sakuTrebaa da rom memamuleebs ara aqvT maTze araviTari ufleba... Ddokumenti citirebulia wignidan: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 599 wyaro d Sio daviTaSvili xalxosnebis gegmebis Sesaxeb kavkasiaSi

Cven adgilobrivi revolucionerebi, miznad visaxavdiT mogvemzadebina mTeli kavkasiis mosaxleoba, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, saerTo ajanyebisaTvis da rodesac Sida ruseTSi brZolis saaTi dahkravda, aqac mzad unda vyofiliyaviT. S. daviTaSvili, xalxosnuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi, gv. 40. wyaro e sofrom mgalobliSvili glexobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb xalxosnebis ideebisadmi xalxi Cven ar gvikarebda, gansakuTrebiT glexoba. xalxSi gavdiodiT vaso dekanoziSvili, Sio daviTASvili da zafxulobiT mec... rogorc kedels cercvi ise xvdeboda xalxs Cveni sityva. ... erTxel Cems sofelSi, romlis mcxovreblebs xuTi TiTiviT vicnobdi... mitingi gavmarTe, gavubi laparaki, rom miwa mSromeli glexisaa... rom mefem glexi umiwod gaanTavisufla da amitom ... uares yofaSi Cacvivdnen... rom amisTana mTavroba dasagmobia, mas Zala-ufleba unda waerTvas da xalxs gadaeces. Glexebma amaze ase mipasuxes: ehei, xelmwifis orguloba rogor SeiZleba, Seni Wirime, RvTisgan dayenebuli kacia... mgalobliSvili, mogonebani, Tbilisi, 1938, gv. 84

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nawyvetiAaleqsandres saxelobis tfilisis samaswavleblo institutis moswavleTa proklamaciidan (proklamacia vrceldeboda 1883 wlis 29 noembridan 14 dekmbramde; is saqarTvelos egzarqossa da kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelsac gaegzavna... am proklamaciis gavrclebis Semdeg xelisuflebam saswavleblis moswavleebi mkacrad dasaja) mTavrobam Cvens aRmzrdelebs misca axali instruqcia, romelic miznad isaxavs Cvens moralur da gonebriv gaxrwnas... jaSuSoba skolis kedlebSi, amxanagebSi, quCaSi, sazogadoebSi da TviT mSoblebis wreebSic ki _ aseTia is ideali, romelsac gvinergaven Cven. ufrosis survilis usityvod Sesruleba _ ai ras moiTxoven Cvengan gawkepvlis muqariT... gvcemen celqobisTvis, cudi formisTvis, maSinac ki, rodesac mSoblebs ukeTesis Sekervis saSualeba ara aqvT. rom mudmiv sibneleSi gvamyofon, gvikrZalaven wignis kiTxvas, TeatrebSi siaruls da yovelgvar Sekrebas, romlis mizans TviTganaTleba da gaTviTcnobiereba Seadgens... mamebo da dedebo! Cveno ufroso debo da Zmebo! dagvicaviT, nu miscmT Cvens aRmzrdelebs nebas Cahklan CvenSi grZnoba patiosani da moazrovne moqalaqisa. dgvicaviT sanam axalgazrdebi varT, vai im xalxsa da sazogadobas, romlis axalgazrdebSi ara Rvivis siyvaruli ganaTlebisadmi, siyvaruli axlobelisadmi, siyvaruli samSoblosadmi da siyvaruli kacobriobisadmi... magram, Tu ki sazogadoeba ar gamova Cvens dasacavad da dagvtovebs Cven despoti aRmzrdelebis xelSi, maSin yvela Cvengani, is visac ki guli ucems da adamianobis niSan-wyali SerCenia, gabedulad moekideba sakuTari ganTavisuflebis diad saqmes. dae, Cven TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZolebs, Suqura varskvlaviviT gzas GgvinaTebdnen perovskaiasa da zasuliCis, risakovisa da Jeliabovis brwyinvale saxeebi. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi, fondi153,saqme. 72 furc.5 Ddokumenti citirebulia wignidan: saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, tomi V, Tbilisi, 1970, gv. 627

ruseT-osmaleTis omi 1877-1878 wlebSi. aWaris da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebis dedasamSobloSi dabruneba XIX s-s 70-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperiis sagareo politikis ZiriTadi problema balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi poziciebis ganmtkiceba, yirimis omSi damarcxebiT Selaxuli saerTaSoriso prestiJis dabruneba gaxda. osmaleTis balkaneTidan gandevna da Savi zRvis srutebis xelSi Cagdeba ruseTis strategiul amocanad iqca. 1875-1876 wlebSi balkaneTSi antiosmalurma ajanyebam moicva bosnia, hercogovina, Cernogoria, bulgareTi. OosmaleTi sastikad gausworda ajanyebulebs. Bbalkaneli xalxis dacvis motiviT ruseTma 1877 wlis 12 (24) aprils omi gamoucxada osmaleTs. sabrZolo moqmedebebi balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi gaiSala. kavkasiis fronti ZiriTadad, mcire aziaSi, aWarisa da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze warimarTa. QqarTvelma sazogadoebam am omSi saqarTvelos istoriuli sazRvrebis aRdgenis realuri SesaZlebloba dainaxa. 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis Sedegad saqarTvelos qarTuli miwa-wylis nawili (samcxe-javaxeTi) daubrunda. 1877 wels ruseT-osmaleTs Soris dawyebulma omma qarTvel xalxSi aWarisa da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebis imedi dabada. qarTveli moRvaweebis erTi nawili, jer kidev omamde, aqtiurad cdilobda, rogorc im dros uwodebdnen, `osmaleTis saqarTvelosTan~ kavSirebis ganmtkicebas. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi imogzaures dimitri baqraZem, giorgi yazbegma, mamia gurielma, ivane kereseliZem, giorgi wereTelma da sxvebma. Aam imedebs isic aRvivebda, rom omis wina wlebSi aWaraSiAantiosmaluri moZraoba daiwyo. 1875 wels osmaleTis sulTanma aWarelTaA Soris jarebis Sekreba da balkaneTis ajanyebebis CasaxSobad gagzavna brZana. aWarlebma brZaneba ar Seasrules da ajanydnen. qarTvelma sazogadoebam es movlena aWaraSi antiosmaluri ganwyobis mniSvnelovan gamovlinebad miiCnia. osmalebma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi SeZles dapyrobili samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba, magram maT qarTuli ena ver daakargvines. aWarelTa Soris bevri iyo iseTi, romelic dedasamSobloSi dabrunebaze ocnebobda, maT Soris aWarelTa Tavkacebi Serif-beg ximSiaSvili, husein beg beJaniZe, husein abaSiZe da sxvebi. Aadgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganwyobas da orientacias ki omis saboloo SedegisTvis didi mniSvnloba Hhqonda. saqarTvelos erovnuli moRvaweebi mxars uWerdnen am omSi qarTvelebis monawileobas da mouwodebdnen TavianT Tanamemamuleebs simxnevisa da mamacobisaken. kavkasiis frontze sabrZolo moqmedebebi 1877 wlis 30 aprils daiwyo. kavkasiis frontis mTavarsardlad kavkasiis mefisnacvali, didi mTavari mixeil nikolizis Ze romanovi, xolo kavkasiaSi moqmedi jarebis (kavkasiis korpusis) sardlad generali mixeil loris-meliqovi dainiSna. osmaleTis mxriv anatoliis armias muxTarAfaSa meTaurobda. kavkasiis moqmedi armia sul 60 000 kacs iTvlida. is sam korpusad iyofoda. pirveli, romlis sardali mixeil lorismeliqovi iyo uSualod frontis xazze ganlagda; meore, 30-ze meti batalionisagan Sedgeboda da general i. oklobJios 106

meTaurobiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, jer kidev, 1876 wlidan iyo dislocirebuli. mas evaleboda guriis, samegrelosa da imereTis dacva; mesame korpusi general s. andronikaSvilis sardlobiT kaxeTSi iyo dabanakebuli. ruseT-osmaleTis omis dawyebisTanave saqarTveloSi daiwyo saxalxo laSqris Seqmna. mTeliOomis ganmavlobaSi saxalxo laSqarSi sul 38 000-ze meti molaSqre gavida. saxalxo razmelebi erovnuli tansacmliT gamodiodnen. kavkasiis frontze ruseTis sardlobam oTxi mimarTulebiT Seutia: ozurgeTidan baTumisaken, axalcixidan artaanisaken, aleqsandrepolidan yarsisaken, erevnidan baiazeTisaken. sabrZolo moqmedebis ZiriTadi asparezi anatolia iyo, radganac iseTi strategiuli cixesimagreebis aRebas, rogoricaa yarsi, artaani, baiazeTi, arzrumi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda. aranaklebi roli eniWeboda kavkasiis SavizRvispireTis dacvas da sabrZolo moqmedebis ganviTarebas baTumis mimarTulebiT. saomari moqmedebebi kavkasiis frontze 1877 wlis 30 aprils daiwyo. rusebma aiRes baiazeTi da artaani. Aam brZolebSi Tavi isaxeles samxedro nawilebma musxeliSvilisa da m. amirejibis meTaurobiT. Aartaanis dakavebis Semdeg artanujisa da arTvinis gavliT gza baTumisken ixsneboda. mopovebuli upiratesobis gansamtkicblad gamarTlebuli iqnebodaBbaTumze ieriSi. Mmagram ruseTis armiis sardlobam saWirod CaTvala artaanidan yarsis mimarTulebiT ieriSi, xolo baTumze Seteva ozurgeTidan daiwyo. Yyarsis aReba ruseTis jarma ver SeZlo. amiT osmalebma dro moiges jarebis mobilizaciisaTvis. 1877 wlis ivlisSi erevnidan baiazeTis mimarTulebiT Setevaze gadasuli ruseTis jari daamarcxes. Gkavkasiis frontis am ubanze seqtembramde ruseTis jarebma datoves ara marto osmaleTis teritoria, aramed erevnis guberniis nawilic. baTumis mimarTulebiT, moqmedebda ozurgeTis razmi (SemdgomSi qobuleTis razmad wodebuli) generalleitenant oklobJios meTaurobiT, romelic iyofoda sam nawilad: marcxena kolona general-maior danibegaSvilis, Sua general-maior Selemetievis da marjvena polkovnik abaSiZis meTaurobiT. baTumis mimarTlebiT ieriSze gadasulma jarebma brZoliT aiRes soflebi muxaestate da xucubani. Aam brZolebSi Tavi isaxeles danibegaSvilis razmma, piatigorskis legionma, romelsac polkovniki buCkievi (buWyiaSvili) xelmZRvanelobda da guriis laSqarma Stabskapitan gurielis meTaurobiT. winsvla baTumis mimarTulebiT sakmaod warumateblad warimarTa. baTumisken mimaval gzaze umniSvnelovanes simagres zRvispiras mdebare cixisZiri warmoadgenda. qobuleTis razmi, mxolod, ivlisis dasawyisSi mivida cixisZiriamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom am simagris gadalaxva bunebrivi mdebareobis gamo ruseTis armiam verc erT omSi ver SeZlo. cixisZiris dasakaveblad osmaleTis armiasTan brZolis winaaRmdegi iyo mtris banakidan ruseTis mxareze gadasuli aWareli Serif-beg ximSiaSvili. Mman kargad icoda cixisZiris bunebrivi miuvaloba da Tvlida, rom ruseTis jars jer aWara-SavSeTi unda aeRo, Semdeg baTumi, ris Semdegac cixisZiri TavisTavad aRebuli iqneboda. cixisZirTan warmoebul operaciebSi msxverplis gaRebas ximSiaSvili Tavidanve amaod miiCnevda. Oomis msvlelobam uCvena, rom misi Sefasebebi savsebiT gamarTlda. cixisZirTan brZolaSi ruseTis 25 000-ian jars osmaleTma 35 000 jariskaci daupirispira, romelac aqtiurad mxars samxedro floti uWerda. rusebi zRvis mxridan daucvelni iyvnen, Seferxda jarebis momaragebac. ruseTis jarebis da qarTuli saxlxo jarebis Seteva cixisZiris simagris dasakaveblad marcxiT damTavrda. omis dasawyisidanve rTuli mdgomareoba Seiqmna afxazeTSi. 29 aprils gudauTasTan, osmaleTis gemebidan 1500 kaci gadmosxes muhajir memed marRanias meTaurobiT. desanti ZiriTadad osmalTSi 1866 wels gadasaxlebuli afxazebisagan Sedgeboda. maisis dasawyisSi osmalebma daikaves gudauTa, soxumi da afxazeTis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi nawili. ruseTis razmma kravCenkos meTaurobiT ubrZolvelad datova aRniSnuli teritoria da mdinare kodorze gamagrda. ruseTis jarebis mier afxazeTis mitovebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis antirusuli gamosvlebi mohyva, rac ruseTisTvis Zalze saSiSi iyo. mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad afxazeTSi general alxaziSvilis sardlobiT gamogzavnes damxmare Zala, romelic regularuli armiisa da saxalxo laSqrisagan Sedgeboda.Ggadamwyveti brZola oqumis siaxloves gaimarTa. osmalebi damarcxdnen. rusulma jarebma 1877 wlis 20 agvistos (2 seqtembers) soxumi

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daikaves. Mmale osmalebma afxazeTi datoves. maTTan erTad osmaleTSi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis garkveulma nawilmac daiwyo gadasaxleba 1877 wlis seqtemberSi ruseTis jarebi axali ZalebiT gaZlierda da mcire aziis frontze Setevaze gadavida. man mTlianad gaanadgura osmaleTis armiis anatoliis korpusi da Seteva ori mimarTulebiT _ arzumisa da yarsisken warmarTa. daiwyo yarsis xangrZlivi alya. 1877 wlis 18 noembers ruseTis jarebma qarTuli saxalxo laSqris daxmarebiT yarsi aiRes. baTumis mimarTulebiT Seteva kvlav ferxdeboda, radgan osmalebi cixisZirs ar Tmobdnen. ruseTis sardlobam gadawyvita baTumze ieriSi qobuleTis, artaanis da axalcixis mxridan erTdroulad mietana. 1877 wlis dekemberSi rusTis armia artaanidan SavSeTSi SeiWra, daikva xerTvisi, artanuji da aqedan baTumisken mimaval gzaze gavida. 1877 wlis ianvarSi ruseTis jarebma da qarTulma saxalxo laSqarma mTeli SavSeTi daikava. Aaxalcixidan rusebi aWareli begebis TanxmobiT aWaraSi Sevidnen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, baTumis mimarTulebiT brZolebi cvalebadi warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. Oosmalebi aseve TagamodebiT icavdnen alyaSemortymul arzrums, Tumca 1878 wlis 9 (21) Tebervals isic daTmes. Oomis saboloo bedi balkaneTis frontze ruseTis didma warmatebam ganapiroba. plevnis cixesimagris aRebis Semdeg, ruseTis jarma gadalaxa balkaneTis mTebi, brZoliT gaiares balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli, daikaves qalaqebi sofia, plovdidi, andrianopoli da 1878 wlis ianvarSi osmaleTis dedaqalaqs _ stambols miuaxlovda. 1878 wlis 19 Tebervals (3 marts) daba san-stefanoSi ruseTma da osmaleTma xeli moaweresa sazavo xelSekrulebas. zavis Tanaxmad, osmaleTma aRiara serbiis, Cernogoriis, rumineTis damoukidebloba, bulgareTis erTi nawili damoukidebeli samTavro gaxda, meores ki osmaleTis mflobelobaSi avtonomia mieca. osmaleTs ruseTis sasargeblod kontribucia daekisra 1410 mln. rubli. radgan am Tanxis gadaxda srulad mas ar SeeZlo kontribucia, nawilobriv, teritoriis daTmobiT Seicvala. ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadmodioda yarsi, baiazeTi, arzrumi, alSqerti, kola-artaani, SavST-imerxevi, livana, artanuji, olTisi, taoskari, maWaxeli, lazistanis nawili, aWara-baTumqobuleTi. es teritoria mdinare Coloqidan iwyeboda, mdinare xofamde da soRanluRis qedamde vrceldeboda. evropaSi ki, kontribuciis sanacvlod, ruseTma yirimis omis Semdeg dakarguli besarabiis nawili daikava. san-stefanos zavi miuRebeli aRmoCnda evropis saxelmwifoebisTvis. zavis pirobebis gadasasinjad maT moiwvies saerTaSoriso kongresi berlinSi, romelsac germaniis kancleri oto fon bismarki xelmZRvanelobda. 1878 wlis 1 (13) ivliss xeli moaweres berlinis traqtats. ruseTma SeZlo san-stefanos xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi muxlebis SenarCuneba. Tumca berlinis traqtatiT osmaleTs daubrunda baiazeTi, arzrumi da alaSqerti. Kkongresma daadastura yarsis, kola-artaanis, aWara-tao-klarjeTis, SavSeT-imerxevis, olTisis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi gadasvla. baTumi sami wliT `porto-frankod~, anu Tavisufal navsadgurad gamocxadda. berlinis traqtatis xelmoweris dros baTumi isev osmaleTis jars ekava. osmalTi ar Cqarobda baTumisa da aWaris datovebas. Aam sakiTxze 1878 wlis agvistoSi quTaisSi ruseTisa da osmaleTis warmomadgenlebs Soris molaparakebac ki gaimarTa. 1878 wlis 25 agvistos ruseTis jarebi da qarTvelTa saxalxoA laSqari baTumSi Sevida, xolo ruseTis samxedro gemebma qalaqis navsadguri daikaves. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli teritoriebis dabrunebaSi didi roli iTamaSes aWarisa da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mkvidrma mosaxleobam, qarTveli oficrebis, saxalxo laSqris, jariskacebi Tavdadebam. samwuxarod, 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros saqarTvelodan mahmadiani mosaxleobis didi nawili aiyara da osmaleTSi gadasaxlda. ruseTis interesebSi Sedioda, saxelmwifos sazRvrispira regionidan rac SeiZleba meti mahmadiani moecilebina da gausaZlis pirobebs uqmnida maT. Mmahmadian mosaxleobas kavkasiis datovebas osmaleTis agenturac mouwodebda. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis dros da mis Semdeg afxazeTidan gadasaxlebulTaA (muhajirTa) ricxvma 25 000, xolo aWaridan 30 000 suli Seadgina. osmaleTis mTavrobam isini ZiriTadad marmarilos zRvis maxloblad, CrdiloeT anatoliaSi, dasaxla. muhajirebis nawili, droTa ganmavlobaSi, ukan dabrunda, nawili gzaSi daiRupa, xolo nawili samudamod darCa osmaleTSi.

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1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omis Sedegebma ganamtkica ruseTis imperiis piziciebi balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi, aamaRla misi saerTaSoriso avtoriteti. 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis oms gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelosaTvis. aWara da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos ZirZveli teritoriebi, romelic TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi osmaleTis uRel qveS imyofeboda, dedasamSoblos daubrunda. omis Sedegebma ganapirobes saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis AaRdgena da xeli Seuwyves qarTveli eris konsolidacias.
danarTi damatebiTi informacia rusTa jari yvelanairad cdilobda TurqeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebisa da somxebis keTilganwyobis mopovebas. aWaraSi Sesul mebrZolebs generali oklobJio mouwodebda, rom maT ar daerRviaT mosaxleobis tradiciuli zne-Cveulebani da pativiscemiT mopyrobodnen xalxs: `dae gaxsovdeT rom Tqven win gadaSlilia mindvrebi da mTebi Zveli qristianuli saqarTvelosi, romlis aTasobiT milicieli da moqalaqe Cvens rigebSi dgas da saerTo mters ebrZvis.~ citata wignidan: S. megrelaZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 125 saxalxo laSqari ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 ww. omSi qarTveli saxalxo razmelebis sabrZolo momzadeba 1876 wlis dekembris meore naxevarSi daiwyo. maT ori kviris ganmavlobaSi SesaniSnavad aiTvises brZolis wesebi da meTodebi, iaraRis gamoyeneba da sxva. ruseTis armiis kadris maRali Cinis oficrebi da generlebi aRtacebulni iyvnen qarTvelebis sabrZolo momzadebiT. mTlianad 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-osmaleTis omSi 30 000-ze meti qarTveli monawileobda. saxalxo razmelebi erovnuli tansacmliT gamodiodnen. sabrZolo suliskveTebis asamaRleblad TiToeul druJinaSi eklesiis msaxurebic iyvnen. guriis did daxmarebas uwevda armias. sakuTari urmebiT ezidebodnen sursaTs, furaJs, sabrZolo masalebs. QqarTvelma mxedarTmTavrebma Tavi isaxeles ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 ww. omis kavkasiis da balkaneTis frontebze kavkasiis armiis avangardSi idga general zaqaria WavWavaZis kavaleria da maior ioselianis cxenosanTa divizioni. artaanisaTvis brZolaSi saxeli gaiTqves polkis winamZRolma generalma mixeil amirejibma, batareis meTaurma generelma dimitri musxeliSvilma. xolo yarsis misadgomebTan didi mxedarTmTavruli ostatoba gamoamJRavnes generlebma ivane amilaxvarma, ilia ColoyaSvilma da aleqsi qavTaraZem da polkovnikma a. miqelaZem. plevnis aRebaSi Tavi gamoiCines generlebis aleqsandre bagrationis (imertinski), aleqsandre minveliSvilisa da iuri laSqaraSvilis samxedro SenaerTebma. xolo Sipkis uReltexilis gadalaxvisas mxneobiTa da simamaciT gamoirCeodnen: generali niko dadiani (mingrelski), maiori konstantine WilaSvili, kapitani ivane vaCnaZe da sxv. wignidan: oTar janeliZe, saqarTvelos istoria, XIX saukune, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 103 `Tergdaleulebis~ pozicia ruseT-osmaleTis 1877-1878 ww. Omis mimarT Tergdaleulebi ruseTis carizms, imperias marTalia, mCagvrel Zalad miiCnevdnen da TavgamodebiT ibrZodnen mis winaaRmdeg, magram dadebiTad afasebdnen saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis zogierT Sedegs. dadebiT movlenad miaCndaT is, rom saqarTvelom Tavi daaRwia muslimanur garemocvas, SedarebiTi mSvidobianoba moipova, ruseTis farglebSi administraciulad gaerTianda da TurqTagan mitacebuli miwawylis nawilic daibruna. Tergdaleulebma ufro didi imedi daamyares ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omze, ruseTis Semtev armiaze, romlis mxardamxar qarTuli saxalxo laSqaric ibrZoda. Aaleqsandre bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 1801-1821, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 109 ilia WavWavaZe `osmalos saqarTvelos~ dedasamSoblosTan SemoerTebis Sesaxeb ar gvaSinebs... Cven is ggaremoeba, rom Cvens Zmebs, osmalos saqarTveloSi mcxovrebTa dRes mahmadianis sarwmunoeba uWiravT. oRond movides kvlav is bednieri dRe, rom Cven erTmaneTs kidev SevurigdeT da qarTveli... didis xnis ganSorebul Zmas Zmuradve SeTvisebs, Tvis patiosans da lmobiers gulzed Zmas Zmuradve miiyrdens... da Tu saWiroa, rom siyvarulis cremlis uwinares, jer Cveni sisxli daiRvaros, nuTu qarTveli uku-drkeba da Tavs ar Seswiravs mas, risTvisac ori aTasi weliwadi Tavi uwiravT CvenT didebulTa mamapapaTa. i. WavWavaZe, Txzulebani, tomi 2, Tbilisi, 1941, gv. 312 iakob gogebaSvili samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvlos osmaleTisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi didi sikeTe SegvZina... Cveni Zmebi, Cveni sisxlxorci, CvenTan erTad `mebrZoli Savi bedisa~, Cveni gmirebis bude, Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebis da swavlis akvani, Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo dRes Cven SemogvierTda.~

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i. gogebaSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, tomi 2, 1940, gv. 52 ilia WavWavaZis mowodeba qarTvel xalxs axlad gaTavisuflebuli mahmadiani qarTvelobis Tanadgomisaken aba qarTvelobav, Sen ici rogor daanaxveb Tavs Sens axlad SemoerTebul Zmebsa! Eexla Sen ici rogor daumtkiceb qveyanas mamapapaT anderZs: `Zma ZmisTvisa da Savi dRisTvisa. gazeTi `iveria~, 1879, @ #9 qarTveli sazogadoebis Sexvdra aWaris TavkacebTan 1878 wlis noemberSi aWaris deputacia tfilisSi miiwvies da maT pativsacemad banketi gamarTes. deputaciaSi Sediodnen: husein-beg beJan oRli (beJaniZe), husein abaSiZe, Serif-beg ximSiaSvili da sxvebi. Zvirfas stumrebs maspinZlobas uwevdnen: grigol orbeliani, dimitri yifiani, akaki wereTeli da sxvebi.Bbanketze stumrebs brwyinvale sityviT miesalma grigol orbeliani. sapasuxo sityvebi daxvewili qarTuliT warmoTqves husein-beg beJaniZem da Serif-beg ximSiaSvilma. saqarTvelos istoria, XIX saukune, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 191.

PTavi . . . pirveli msoflio omi da saqarTvelo 1. pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba da kavkasiis frontis gaxsna pirveli msoflio omis dawyeba. pirveli msoflio omi ((1914 (28 ivlisi) -1918 (11 noemberi)) did saxelmwifoebs Soris gaCenili winaaRmdegobebis gamo daiwyo, rac maSindeli politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri procesebis kanonzomieri Sedegi iyo. msoflios didi saxelmwifoTaA Soris gamwvavda winaaRmdegoba gavlenis sferoebis, axali bazrebisa da teritoriebis mopovebisaTvis. XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi mimdinareobda msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifoTaAsamxedro-politikur blokebSi gaerTianebis procesi. 1882 wels Seiqmna evropaSi pirveli samxedro-politikuri kavSiri _ samxedro bloki _ `samTa kavSiri~, romelSic gaerTianda germania, avstria-ungreTi da italia. XX s-is dasawyisSi ki dasrulda samxedro-politikuri kavSiris _ samxedro blokis `antantis~ fomireba, romelSic Sedioda safrangeTi, inglisi da ruseTi. Aamrigad, pirveli msoflio omis win Camoyalibda msoflios did saxelmwifoTa, erTmaneTis sapirispiro interesebis mqone ori koalicia. winaaRmdegoba am or samxedro-politikur bloks Soris gamwvavda. Mmale cxadi gaxda omis gardauvaloba. pirveli msoflio omi teroristuli aqtiT daiwyo. q. saraevoSi 1914 wlis 28 ivniss, serbma studentma, serbiis nacionaluri organizaciis `mlada bosnas~ wevrma, Ggavrilo principma, avstria-ungreTis taxtis memkvires francferdinand habsburgs da mis meuRles yumbara esrola. es mkvleloba msoflio omis dawyebis sababi gaxda. saraevos mkvlelobis Semdeg zustad erT TveSi, 1918 wlis 28 ivliss avstria-ungreTma omi gamoucxada serbias. serbias mxari ruseTma dauWira, xolo avstria-ungreTs germaniam. 30 ivliss ruseTma saerTo mobilizacia gamoacxada. 1914 wlis 1 agvistos germaniam omi ruseTs, xolo 3 agvistos safrangeTs gamoucxada. sapasuxod inglisma omi daiwyo germaniasTan da (4 agvistos) avstria-ungreTTan (12 agvistos). 10 agvistos avstria-ungreTis winaaRmdeg safrangeTic Caeba omSi. A omis mimdinareobis procesSi antantas SeuerTdnen iaponia, belgia, serbia, Cernogoria, rumineTi, saberZneTi, egvipte, aSS (1917 wlidan), portugalia, CineTi, brazilia, kuba da sxva qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1915 wlis 23 maiss italia gamoeTiSa `samTa kavSirs~ da antantis koaliciaSi gaerTianda. samagierod, omis msvlelobaSi germaniasa da avstria-ungreTs SeuerTdnen osmaleTi (2 agvisto) da bulgareTi. Aamgvarad, `samTa kavSiris~ nacvlad Camoyalibda `oTxTa kavSiri~, anu igive `centralur saxelmwifoTa bloki.~ Aamgvarad, msoflios yvela ZiriTadi saxelmwifo omSi Caeba. gaCaRda pirveli msoflio omi (1914- 1918 ww.). mowinaaRmdege mxareebi omis damTavrebas 2-3 TveSi varaudobdnen, Tumca is 4 weliwadze met xans gagrZelda.

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saomari moqmedebebi erTdroulad, ZiriTadad, dasavleT da aRmosavleT evropaSi, balkaneTSi, CrdiloeT italiaSi, kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, evropis saxelmwifoebis koloniebSi (afrikaSi, CineTSi, wynari okeanis kunZulebze) gaiSala. omis msvlelobaSi samxedro-politikuri mdgomareoba ZiriTadad antantis sasargeblod warimarTa. 1917 wlis 6 aprils omSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi Caeba. antantis dasaxmareblad man evropaSi 2 milionamde Seiararebuli amerikeli jariskaci da oficeri gamogzavna. 1917 wels antantis bloks oqtombris gadatrialebis gamo, erT-erTi ZiriTadi meomari qveyana _ ruseTi gamoeTiSa. magram ZalTaA upiratesoba mainc mis mxares darCa. saqarTvelo, romelic ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iyo, pirveli msoflio omis Tanamonawile gaxda. omis sxvadasxva frontze sabrZolvelad saqarTvelodan 200 aTasze meti oficeri da jariskaci gaiwvies. pirvel msoflio omSi Tavi isaxeles qarTveli generlebma: givi amilaxvarma, pavle avaliSvilma, giorgi andRulaZem, giorgi arjevaniZem, nikloz baraTaSilma, andria benaSvilma, ilia mayaSvilma, ilia odiSeliZem, aleqsandre WavWavaZem, aleqsandre erisTavma da sxvebma. osmaleTis CarTva I msoflio omSi da kavkasiis frontis gaxsna. osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris didixania arsebobda mwvave winaaRmdegobani, rasac Sedegad araerTi omi mohyolia. Ppirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg CarTva ruseTs aZlevda Sanss Savi zRvis sruteebze da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Tavisi interesebi warmatebiT gadaeWra. xolo osmaleTi varaudobda imperiis teritoriebis gafarToebas kavkasiisa da yirimis xarjze. 1914 wlis 2 agvistos osmaleTma germaniasTan gaaforma saidumlo samxedro-samokavSireo xelSekruleba. realurad, es germaniis blokis mxares osmaleTis msoflio omSi Cabmas niSnavda. daiwyo, kidec, sayovelTao mobilizacia da omisTvis gaZlierebuli samxedro mzadeba. 1914 wlis 3 agvistos osmaleTma neitralitetis Sesaxeb deklaracia gamoaqveyna, Tumca es mxolod diplomatiuri manevri iyo mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Sesayvanad. 9-10 agvistos germanelebma Sav zRvaSi Semoiyvanes da osmalebs gadasces kreiserebi gebeni da breslau. 12 agvistos ruseTis mTavrobam kavkasiaSi gamoacxada samxedro mzadyofnis wesebi da osmaleTis mTavrobas ultimatumiT mosTxova demobilizacia. drois mosagebad osmaleTma antantis qveynebTan molaparakeba gamarTa, paralelurad ki ruseTTan omisTvis samzadisi gaagrZela. 1914 wlis oqtombris bolos, samxedro wvrTnis momizezebiT, osmalTis samxedro floti zRvaSi gavida. 29 da 30 oqtombers man sevastopoli da Savi zRvis sanapiros sxva qalaqebi dabomba, CaZira ruseTis ramdenime gemi da erTi franguli xomaldi.Aamis sapasuxod ruseTma, 1914 wlis 2 noembers, omi gamoucxada osmaleTs. 5 da 6 noembers igive gaimeores inglisma da safrangeTma. 12 noembers osmaleTis sulTanma antantis winaaRmdeg `jihadi~ anu saRmrTo omi gamoacxada da mowinaaRmdege koaliciis saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb muslimanebs osmaleTis mxardaWerisken mouwoda. Gpirvel msoflio omSi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis mxares osmaleTis imperiis CarTvam sami axali frontis gaxsna gamoiwvia _ kavkasiis, mesopotamiis da siria-palestinis. maT Soris politikuri da samxedro-strategiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mniSvnelovani iyo kavkasiis fronti. kavkasiis fronti gaixsna 1914 wlis noemberSi da oficialurad arseboba Sewyvita 1918 wlis martSi, sabWoTa ruseTis mier brestis sazavo xelSekrulebis dadebiT. Kkavkasiis frontze erTmaneTs osmaleTis da ruseTis imperiebi daupirispirdnen. sabrZolo moqmedebebi mcire aziis (anatoliis) da amierkavkasiis teritoriebze gaiSala. osmaleTis armias am frontze enver faSa xelmZRvanelobda. xolo ruseTis mxridan _ grafi voroncov-daSkovi, generlebi: n. n. iudeniCi (1917 w. aprili-maisi), m. a. brJevalski (1917 w. ivnisi-dekemberi), e. v. lebedinski (1918 w. ianvari-marti). omSi osmaleTis Cabmisa da kavkasiis frontis gaxsnis Semdeg saomari moqmedebebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze, kerZod, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aWarasa da baTumis olqSi, SavSeTSi, klarjeTSi, imerxevSi, kola-artaansa da olTisSi warimarTa.
wyaro a) aq an suraTi an ruka, irveli msofllio omis ruka

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pirveli msoflio omi Tavisi masStabebiTA da SedegebiT aRemateboda istoriaSi manamde momxdar yvela oms. omis dasawyisSi masSi evropis 8 saxelmwifo, xolo omis bolo etapze masSi ukve 33 saxelmwifo monawileobda, 1,5 miliardi mosaxleobiT.Ddapirispirebuli mxarebis armiebSi mobilizebuli iyo 74 milionamde adamiani, sabrZolo moqmedebebSi monawileoba miiRo 37 milionamde adamianma. omSi daiRupa daaxloebiT 10 milioni adamiani, daiWra da dainvalidda 20 milionze meti.ODdRemde ar arsebobs pirvel msoflio omSi saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad daRupuli mSvidobiani mosaxleobis zusti statistika, SimSiliTA da epidemiiT daRupulTaAricxvi, savaraudod, 10 milionze mets iTvlis. wyaro b) osmaleTis samxedro ministris enver faSas direqtiva ruseTis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli armiis mimarT (1914 w. seqtemberi) armia koncentrirebuli unda iyos arzrumis raionSi... aseT Setevas aqvs warmatebis SesaZlebloba, Tu mas mimarTuleba eqneba baTumisa da artaanisaken, vinaidan es mogvitans batonobas Sav zRavze, rac CvenTvis aucilebelia rusebis mier yarsis Zlieri gamagrebis gamo. citirebulia wignidan: m. sioriZe, samxreT dasavleT saqarTvelo 1914-1918 wlebSi, baTumi, 2002, gv. 67

wyaro g) Nnawyveti jemal faSas memuarebidan osmaleTis mier neitralitetis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb Cven neitraliteti gamovacxadeT mxolod imitom, rom dro mogvego, velodiT moments, rodesac mobilizacia damTavrdeboda da SevZlebdiT omSi Cabmas. wignidan: jemal-faSa, Canawerebi, tfilisi, 1923, (rusul enaze), gv. 101-102 wyarod d) pirveli msoflio omis bolo etapze daemxo oTxi imperia: germaniis, ruseTis, osmaleTisa da avstria-ungreTis. ruseTsa da germaniaSi momxdari revoluciebis gamo am qveynebSi arseboba Sewyvita monarqiulma xelisuflebam. am omis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi zesaxelmwifo gaxda, xolo germaniis revanSistulma ganwyobam safuZveli Seumzada meore msoflio oms. wyaro b-s mixedviT gansazRvreT Tu ra mniSvnelobas aniWebda enver faSa artaanisa da baTumis aRebas. P

2. pirveli msoflio omis kavkasiis fronti da saomari operaciebi saqarTvelos teritoriebze (1914-1916 ww.) 1914 wlis sabrZolo kampania. omSi osmaleTis Cabmisa da kavkasiis frontis gaxsnis Semdeg saqarTvelo frontispira qveynad iqca da saomari moqmedebebi uSualod mis teritoriebzedac warimarTa, kerZod, samxreTdasavleT saqarTveloSi (aWarasa da baTumis olqSi, SavSeTSi, klarjeTSi, imerxevSi, kola-artaansa da olTisSi). kavkasiis frontze osmaleTis umTavresi amocana XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi dakargul yarssa da baTumze kontrolis aRdgena, amierkavkasiis teritoriebis siRrmeSi SeWra iyo. didi Turquli saxelmwifos (Turani) Seqmnis gegmiT Sepyrobili enver faSa mTeli kavkasiis dapyrobas, aqedan Sua aziasa da volgispireTSi gaWras da mahmadianebiT dasaxlebuli regionebis SeerTebas varaudobda. Mmsoflio omis dawyebisTanave amierkavkasiidan dasavleTis frontze mniSvnelovani samxedro Zalebi gadaisroles. maT adgilas ki saTadarigo nawilebi Caayenes, romelTaA sabrZolo momzadebis done dabali iyo. arada, ruseTis kavkasiis armiis winaSe urTulesi strategiuli amocana idga: yarsisa da baTumis SenarCuneba, baqovladikavkazis rkinigzis da Tbilisi vladikavkazis saqarTvelos samxedro gzis gamagreba, baqos samrewvelo centrebis dacva, amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTis jarebis SemoWris aRkveTa maxlobel da Sua aRmosavleTSi gavlenis mopoveba. osmleTTan omis dawebisTanave ruseTis sardlobam sevastopolidan baTumSi saswrafod gamoixmo samxedro gemebi, Tavisi ekipaJiT. maTTvis elementaruli bazis mowyobas 2 Tveze meti dasWirda. am xnis manZilze baTumi sustad iyo daculi zRvidan da xmeleTidanac, ramac osmalebs zRvispira sanapiro zolSi gauadvila winsvla. Oosmalebma germaneli oficris Stankes meTaurobiT SeZles mowinaaRmdegis sanapiro zolis dacvis razmebis Seviwroeba da md. Woroxis xeobebSi SeWra. Woroxis xeobiT md. aWariswylis SesarTavTan gaWrilma osmalebma moqmedeba ori mimarTulebiT ganaviTares: dasavleTiT baTumisaken da aRmosavleTiT zemo aWarisaken. germaneli oficris meTaurobiT, am ukanaskneli mimarTulebiT Semtevi razmi, noembris damlevs qedaSi Sevida, xolo dekembris dasawyisSi ubrZolvelad daikava xulo. zemo aWaraSi SeWrisTanave osmalebma soflebSi propagandistebi 112

dagzavnes, adgilobriv mosaxleobas `CeTes~ razmebSi gaerTianeba da ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola mouwodes. aqedan osmalebi artaanisa da axalqalaqis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildnen, aiRes arTvini da artanuji. `CeTe~ (Gete)
moxaliseebis araregularuli, partizanuli momcro razmi. masSi sxvadasxva motiviT (religiuri fanatizmi, SurisZieba, alafis Sovna da sxva) Tavmoyrili mebrZolebi (ZiriTadad mahmadianebi) osmaleTis regularul jarTan erTad ibrZodnen.

ruseTis armiam, romelmac baTumisaken daixia, dacvis xazi, uSualod qalaqis misadgomebTan, md. aWariswylis gaswvriv daikava. ruseTis jarebis moulodnelma ukandaxevam am mxaris mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT ki somxebis panika, ayra da baTumisaken gaqceva gamoiwvia. evakuacia daiwyo baTumSic. 6 noembers gamoqveynda brZaneba: sami dRis vadaSi baTumidan yvela dawesebulebis da mSvidobian mosaxleobas evakuacia momxdariyo. qalaqidan gasvla ekrZaleodaT mxolod xelosnebs, mefaitoneebsa da medrogeebs, romlebic aucilebelni iyvnen qalaqis Tavdacvis mosawyobad. osmalebma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebs zRvidan Seuties. 27 noembers (ax. st. 10 dekembers) germanulma kreiserma gebenma, ori samxedro gemis TanxlebiT, yumbarebi dauSina baTums da mis simagreebs. baTumis olqis Jandarmeriis ufrosis cnobiT: dabombva 15-20 wuTs gagrZelda, magram mosaxleobaze damTrgunvelad imoqmeda. mowinaaRmdegis flotma mogvianebiTac scada baTumze Tavdasxma. 1914 w. 11 (24) dekembers RamiT baTums moadga kreiseri hamide, magram sanapiro dacvis simarjvis gamo man mxolod ramdenime gasrola moaswro. aWaraSi SavizRvispira zolis damcavi razmis TavdacviTi brZolebic warumateblad ganviTarda. mowinaaRmdegem aiRo gonio da md. Woroxis zRvasTan SesarTavs moadga. amis Semdeg, osmaleTis sardlobam, mixeilis samagris gverdis avliT, Setevis ganviTareba guriisa da quTaisis mimarTulebiT scada. amgvarad, kavkasiis frontze 1914 wlis saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad trapizonis mimarTulebiT osmalebma warmatebebi moipoves, SeiWrnen aWaris teritoriaze, daemuqrnen baTums, gadaadgildnen zemo aWaris teritoriebze, daikaves arTvini da artanuji, riTac zurgidan safrTxe Seuqmnes olTissa da artaans. Seiqmna samcxe-javaxeTisa da saqarTvelos Sida regionebSi osmalTa jarebis gadaadgilebis saSiSroeba. 1914 wlis dekemberSi osmalebma ganzraxes ruseTis mniSvnelovani samxedro Zalebis ganadgureba, romelic gamagrebuli iyo sariyamiSis raionSi. osmaleTis armias amocanad dausaxes sariyamiSis raionSi gamagrebuli ruseTis jarebis ganadgureba, xolo Semdeg baTumis da yarsis aReba. marcxena flangis uSiSroebis uzrunvelsayofad Stankes razms daekisra artaanis dakaveba. osmalebis am ganzraxvam kavkasiis armiis sardlobaSi panika gamoiwvia. frontis meTaurma generalma miSlaevskim sariyamiSi datova da TbilisSi gaemgzavra. 1914 wlis 22 dekembers sariyamiSis raionSi osmaleTis armia mTel frontze Setevaze gadmovida. 25 dekembers man daikava gamagrebuli punqtebi sariyamiSis marjvena flangze. imave dRes Stankes razmma aiRo artaani. artaanis aRebis Semdeg Stankes razmi axalqalaqisaken daiZra. samxedro operaciis bedi general vasil gabaSvilis gamWriaxobam da Tavdadebam gadawyvita, romelmac osmalebs sariyamiSTan katastrofa moumzada. man jer SeaCera Stankes razmi, Semdeg ki Seutia da daatyveva mowinaaRmdegis aTasamde jariskaci da oficeri. 3 ianvars brZoliT daibruna q. artaani, Semdeg olTisi. Stankem arTvinisken daixia. ruseTis jarebma mniSvnelovani warmatebebi moipoves frontis sxva ubnebzec. sariyamiSis operacia osmalebis sruli ganadgurebiT damTavrda. sariyamiSTan gamarjvebam gardatexa Seitana kavkasiis frontze mimdinare movlenebSi rusebis sasargeblod. sariyamiSis operaciaSi monawileobda Zalian bevri qarTveli, romlebmac Tavi isaxeles brZolebSi. gansakuTrebulad gamoirCeodnen kapitani tarasi vaSakiZe, qaquca ColoyaSvili, qarTveli mowyalebis debi kapitolina niJaraZe da nana sadraZe, nino jorjaZe da sxvebi. qarTvelTa aseT Tavdadebas patriotizmi ganapirobebda: pirvel yovlisa, saqarTvelos ZirZveli miwebis dacva-SenarCunebis Jini, agreTve, jer kidev osmaleTis xelT darCenili istoriuli teritoriebis (lazeTi da sxv.) gamoxsna-dabruneba. amasTanave, didi roli qarTvelTa tradiciulma meomrulma Tvisebebma, erTgulebam da nakisri movaleobis maRalma Segnebam Seasrula.

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1915 da 1916 wlebis saomari kampania. sariyamiSTan gamarjvebis Semdeg ruseTis sardlobam baTumis garnizoni gaaZliera da Seavso damatebiTi ZalebiT. ruseTis ZiriTadi amocana iyo baTumis olqidan osmalebis gandevna. 1915 wlis ianvarSi ruseTis jarebma kontrSeteva daiwyes. baTumidan Seteva ori mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda: mdinare Woroxis gaswvriv da zRvis sanapiros mimarTulebiT. saomar moqmedebaSi CaerTo Savi zRvis flotic. 15 Tebervals zRvispireTis razmma brZoliT daikava xofa. 2 marts ki porti arxave. warmatebiT ganviTarda Seteva mdinare Woroxis mimarTulebiT. ruseTis armiam ganTavisufla artanuji, arTvini. imave Tvis bolos kavkasiis armiis jarebma mowinaaRmdege ukuagdes olTissa da artanujs Soris mdebare gamagrebuli mTagoriani adgilebidan da daamTavres samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos mtrisagan gawmenda. amgvarad, 1915 wlis saomar kampaniaSi kavkasiis armiis jarebma osmalebisagan gaaTavisufles aWara, baTumisa da arTvinis olqebi, win waiwies SavizRvispireTis sanapiro zolSi da ramodenime metad mniSvnelovani punqti Caigdes xelSi. 1915 wels ruseTisTvis warmatebuli aRmoCndaDsaomari operaciebi kavkasiis frontis marcxena flangze. 1915 wlis meore naxevarSi kavkasiis armiis jarebi sparseTis teritoriaze SeiWrnen. romlis Sedegad CaiSala germaniis blokis mxardasaWerad sparseTis omSi Cabma. amgvarad, kavkasiis marcxena flangis zurgis gamagrebiT sparseTis mier Tbilissa da baqoze ieriSis ganxorcielebis saSiSroeba aRikveTa. aRsaniSnavia, rom am brZolebSi gansakuTrebuli mxedarTmTavruli SemarTeba da niWi gamoiCina qarTvelma generalma nikoloz nikolozis Ze baraTaSvilma. 1916 wlis saomar kampaniis Sedegad kavkasiis armiam, romlis TvalsaCino nawils qarTveloba Seadgenda, SeZlo samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos aramarto SenarCuneba, aramed istoriuli WaneTis (lazeTis) da sxva qarTuli teritoriebis gaTavisuflebac. 1916 wlis saomari kampaniis Sedegebma ruseTisaTvis yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba. kavkasiis armia osmalTis siRrmeSi 250 km-iT SeiWra, daikava mniSvnelovani punqtebi arzrumi, trapizoni, erzinjani. ukve 1916 wlis Sua periodidan ruseTma daiwyo dakavebuli teritoriebis ekonomikuri aTviseba. 1916 wlis Semodgomidan umZimes pirobebSi, araerT rTul samxedro operaciebSi mebrZol mxareebs aRar hqondaT seriozuli samxedro kampaniis warmoebis rezervebi da isinic poziciur omze (Tavdacvaze) gadavidnen. ase gagrZelda 1917 wlis bolomde, xolo momdevno 1918 wels ruseTis xelisuflebaSi mosulimaBbolSevikurma mTavrobam brestis sazavo xelSekrulebiT faqtobrivad daTmo es teritoriebi, riTac xeli Seuwyo osmaleTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebze xelaxal eqspansias. amrigad, pirveli msoflio omis kavkasiis frontze amierkavkasia, kerZod saqarTvelo mowinaaRmdege mxareebisTvis rCeboda erT-erT mTavar strategiul mimarTulebad. omis ganmavlobaSi saomari moqmedebebi warimarTa saqarTvelos kuTvnil da ZirZvel istoriul teritoriebze, kerZod, samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTveloSi, aWarasa da baTumis olqSi, SavSeTSi, klarjeTSi, imerxevSi, kola-artaansa da olTisSi. kavkasiis frontze moqmed armiaSi qarTvelebic iRebdnen monawileobas. qarTveli generlebisa da oficrebis gonierebam, gamWriaxobam, niWima, mamacobam araerT saomar moqmedebasa da brZolaSi iCina Tavi. gansakuTrebulad gabrwyinda qarTveli generlebis vasil gabaSvilis, nikoloz baraTaSvilis, da a.S. mxedarTmTavruli niWi; agreTve, qarTveli polkovnikebis giorgi mazniaSvilis, giorgi kvinitaZis, niJaraZis, wulukiZis, daviT naTiSvilis, kapitnebis _ tarasi vaSakiZis, qaquca ColoyaSvilis da sxvaTa goniereba da mxedruli SemarTeba.maTi TanamonawileobiT kavkasiis armiam SeZlo ara marto samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos SenarCuneba, aramed istoriuli WaneTis ( lazeTis ) da sxva qarTuli teritoriebis ganTavisuflebac. Aam frontzec, iseve rogorc sxvagan, gamoCnda qarTveli meomrebis simamace.
wyaro a) osmaleTis strategiuli amocanebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeWrisas (1914 w.) 1. daekavebina da gaemagrebina frontis es ubani, raTa aRekveTa aqedan arzrumze kavkasiis armiis mosalodneli kontrSeteva; 2. Setevis dasawyebad trapizonidan jarebi olTisisa da artaanis mimarTulebiT gadaeyvana, rac Seasrules kidec; 3. Seesrulebina germanlebis moTxovna da daufleboda arTvinis mxaris spilenZis sawarmoebs; 4. am teritoriebidan ieriSi mietana saqarTvelos Sida raionebze; 5. aRekveTa baTumis navsadguriT ruseTis evropuli frontisTvis navTobis miwodeba.

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m. sioriZe, samxreT dasavleT saqarTvelo 1914-1918 wlebSi, baTumi, 2002, gv. 71. wyaro b) osmaleTis samxedro Zalebi baTumis mimarTulebiT sabrZolvelad (1914 w.) osmaleTis sardlobam baTumis mimarTulebiT Tavi mouyara Zalebis Warb raodenobas - qveiTTaa 14 batalions. amasTanave, sof. xofaSi zRviT gadmoiyvanes 2 osmaluri polki germaneli oficris Stankes meTaurobiT. es dajgufeba gaaZlieres saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis mier Seqmnili qarTuli legioniT. maTTan erTad samxreT-dasavleTiT saqarTveloSi unda emoqmeda 6 aTasamde CeTniks. saomari moqmedebis dawyebis win osmalebma amierkavkasiaSi Semoagzavnes diversiuli jgufebi, rkinigzis da telegrafis xazebis mwyobridan gamosayvanad wyaro g) ruseTis armiasa da zurgSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba sariyamiSis operaciis win (1914 w.) sariyamiSis raionSi osmalebis ieriSis Sesaxeb axalma cnobam... miSlaevskis (ruseTis kavkasiis armiis Stabis ufrosi) Seuqmna STabeWdileba sariyamiSis dajgufebis gamouvali mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, gadawyvita bedis anabara daetovebina fronti da tfilisSi gamgzavrebuliyo... tfilisSi armiis StabSi frontidan miRebuli cnobebi mZime StabeWdlebas qmnida. Mmdgomareoba gansakuTrebulad muqQ ferebSi osmalebis mier ardaganis dakavebam warmoaCina, saidanac gza ixsneboda daucveli tfilisisken. osmalebis mier yarsi-sariyamiSis sarkinigzo xazis mwyobridan gamoyvanam, panika Seqmna... gaCnda osmalebis tfilisSi moulodneli gamoCenis molodini... miSlaevskis tfilsSi Camosvlam panika da dabneuloba gaamZafra...Mmisi moxsenebis Semdeg `yvalasTvis sruliad cxadi gaxda kavkasiis armiis alyaSi moqceva da kapitulacia.~ tfilisidan daiwyes mosamsaxureTa ojaxebis, arqivisa da saganZuris evakuacia... mosaxleobis SeZlebuli fena tfiliss tovebda... wignidan: n. korsuni, sariyamiSis operacia, moskovi, 1937.

osmalTa warmatebiT SeSinebulma ruseTis kavkasiis armiis Stabis ufrosma generalma al. miSlaevskim fronti miatova, saswrafod TbilisSi dabrunda da rusTa jarebis kavkasiidan gayvanis samzadiss Seudga. qarTvelebs ki mouwoda saxl-kari daewvaT, sanovage gaenadgurebinaT, rom `Semoseul mters saqarTvelo daxvedroda rogorc udabno da TviTonac gahyolodnen rusis jars, `Tbilissa da sxva qarTul qalaqebze Cven TviTon vizrunebT: ise avafeTqebT, rom maTgan osmalTa TavSesafrad qva qvaze aRar darCeso~. mosaxleoba panikam moicva. wyaro Dd) kapitan tarasi vaSakiZis gmirobis Sesaxeb sariyamiSis operaciaSi sariyamiSis brZolaSi saarako gmirobiT da SeupovrobiT gamorCeoda tarasi vaSakiZe (`SaiTan kapitani~, rogorc mas osmalebma uwodes), romelmac erTi aseuliT umsxverplod daatyveva 2 aTasi askeri, asze meti oficeri da osmaleTis armiis me-9 korpusis generaliteti isxan faSas meTaurobiT. am faqtma didi rezonansi gamoiwvia. masze werdnen imdroindeli Jurnal-gazeTebi. ruseTis mTavrobam tarasi vaSakiZe daajildova oqros iaraRiT da wminda giorgis jvriT. safrangeTis mTavrobam ki medliT. aRsaniSnavia, rom kapitan vaSakiZis gmirobis Sesaxeb erTi sityvac ar Tqmula rusul istoriografiaSi. TviT general n. korsunis wignSi sariyamiSis operacia, isxan faSas korpusis datyvevebaze zogadad aris aRniSnuli, rogorc ruseTis armiis morig warmatebaze. wyaro e) sariyamiSis gmiri mowyalebis debi

sariyamiSTan brZolis Tavdadebis da movaleobisadmi erTgulebis nimuSad gamodgeba ori qarTveli mowyalebis dis kapitolina niJaraZis da nana sadraZis sabrZolo biografiac. isini sariyamiSis hospitalSi msaxurobdnen, roca am ubanze osmalebma generaluri Seteva wamoiwyes. bevri SeSinebuli yarsisken gaiqca, magram qarTveli qalebi adgilze darCnen da bolomde uvlidnen daWril meomrebs. maTi es Tavdadeba giorgis me-4 xarisxis medlebiT aRiniSna. ra iyo kavkasiis frontze ruseTis mTavari strategiuli mizani ra mizani amoZravebda osmaleTis imprias ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi saqarTvelos ra teritoriebze warimarTa sabrZolo moqmedebebi pirveli msoflio omis kavkasiis frontis gaxsnis Semdeg wyaro b-s mixedviT gansazRvreT ra Zalebze dayrdnobiT apirebda osmaleTs mTavroba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi warmatebis mopovebas. wyaro g-s mixedviT imsjeleT Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda osmaleTisTvis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriebis dakavebas.

3. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba da erovnuli sakiTxi pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi pirveli msoflio omis dros gansakuTrebulad aqtualuri gaxda erTa TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi. Germaniis,avstria-ungreTis, ruseTis msgasi mravalerovnuli imperiebisTvis es niSnavda: axelmwifoSi mcxovrebi yvela eris Tanasworuflebianobas, calkeuli erebisTvis avtonomiebis miniWebas, mravalerovnuli imperiebidan gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli saxlmwifoebis Seqmnis uflebas.

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omSi Cabmuli saxelmwifoebisA meTaurebi cdilobdnen axladgaCaRemuli omi msoflios `Cagrul erTa~ ganmaTavisuflebel omad gamoecxadebinaT, eCvenebinaT misi `keTilSobiluri~ mizani. qarTuli presaDxSirad aqveynebda erTaATviTgamorkvevis sakiTxebze maT gamonaTqvamebsa da mosazrebebs. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela politikuri partia da mimdinareoba mimdinare procesebSi garkvevas, omis mimarT sakuTri poziciis Camoyalibebas, sagareo-politikuri orientaciis gansazRvras da samoqmedo gegmis dasaxvas Seecada. TiToeul maTgans erovnul sakiTxTan da `erTa TviTgamorkvevis~ problemasTan sakuTari damokidebuleba hqonda, amitom saqarTvelos adgils momavali msoflios politikur rukaze gansxvavebulad xedavdnen. E social-demokratiuli partia pirvel msoflio omSi antantis bloks uWerda mxars, Aaqedan gamomdinare omSi ruseTis gamarjvebis momxre iyo. erovnul sakiTxSi social-demokratebis msoflmxedveloba omis dawyebis Semdeg garkveulwilad Seicvala. maTi azriT, saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da somxeTs unda SeeqmnaT amierkavkasiis avtonomia, romelic ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda, rogorc damoukidebeli avtonomiuri erTeuli. Aamave dros, 1917 wels qarTvelma social-demokratebma miiRes saidulo gadawyvetileba: xelsayreli samxedropolitikuri situaciis SemTxvevaSi, mxari daeWiraT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisTvis. Eerovnul-demokratiuli mimdinareobis mTavari mizani saqarTvelos dakarguli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena iyo. jer kidev omamde, 1908 wels Camoyalibda erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis faruli jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen iakob gogebaSvili, giorgi gvazava, filipe gogiCaiSvili, valerian gunia, mixeil javaxiSvili da sxvebi. jgufi, petre surgulaZis redaqtorobiT, gamoscemda yovelkvireul Jurnals `eri~, romelic icavda saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis ideas. politikuri devnis gamo, erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis moRvaweTa erTi nawili, iZulebuli gaxda emigraciaSi wasuliyo da iq gaegrZelebina moRvaweoba. petre surgulaZem, leo da giorgi kereseliZeebma, nestor maRalaSvilma da sxvebma JenevaSi daaarses jgufi `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ da 1913 wels daiwyes amave saxelwodebis Jurnalis gamocema, romelSic aqtiurad TanamSromlobdnen giorgi maCabeli da mixeil (mixako) wereTeli. JenevaSive, amave jgufma, Seiqmna `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli komiteti~. am organizaciam gadawyvita mimdinare omi saqarTvelos interesebis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina da ruseTis mowinaaRmdegis germaniis daxmarebiT ebrZola qveynis ganTavisuflebisTvis. pirveli msoflio omis dasawyisiSive `komiteti~ Jenevidan berlinSi gadavida da germaniis xelisuflebis maRal wreebTan mWidro kavSirebi daamyara. 1914 wels seqtemberSi mixeil wereTelma da giorgi maCabelma germaniis sagareo saministros warudgines gegma: `ruseTisagan amierkavkasiis Camocilebisa da misi Semdgomi mowyobis Sesaxeb~. is iTvaliswinebda saqarTveloSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mowyobas, amirkavkasiaSi ruseTis samobilizacio gegmebis CaSlas, kavkasiis armiis demoralizacias, saboloo jamSi, ruseTisagan da mTeli amierkavkasiis mowyvetas da saqarTvelos damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnas. Ggermaniis xelisuflebisTvis saintereso aRmoCnda germaniaze orientirebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmnis idea. saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdebaroba xelsayreli iyo germaniis aziaSi winsvlisTvis. amitom kaizerma vilhelm IIm saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli komitetis delegacia miiRo da Sesabamis diplomatiur uwyebas `qarTuli sakiTxis~ saTanadod momzadeba davala. Mmale gaformda `komitetis~ SeTanxmeba germaniasTan. Ees xelSekruleba urTierTTanamSromlobis garda, Seicavda germaniis valdebulebas, omSi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi ecno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da daecva misi suvereniteti. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli komitetis umTavresi amocana iyo: 1. saqarTvelosTan dakavSireba da qarTuli politikuri ZalebisTvis komitetis amocanebis gacnoba. 2. saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis ideis propaganda. 3. iaraRis Semotana saqarTveloSi. 4. evropaSi germaniaze orientirebuli saqmianobis gagrZeleba. 5. qarTuli legionis Camoyalibeba osmaleTSi da misi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis brZolaSi gamoyeneba.

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qarTuli legionis formirebis saqme itvirTesA leo kereseliZem da germanelma oficrebma: komitetis samxedro ataSem kiSkem da politikurma ataSem mozelim. is unda SeeqmnaT osmaleTSi da daekompleqtebinaT germaniaSi, avstria-ungreTSi da osmaleTSi myofi samxedro tyveebiT, qarTveli emigrantebiT, moxaliseebiT. kavkasiaSi gamoCenisTanave legioni antirusuli ajanyebis birTvi unda gamxdariyo. Ggermaniis xelisuflebam legionisTvis gamoyo Tanxebi da saWiro raodenobis iaraRi. legionSi gawevrianebis mizniT daiwyo germaniiisa damisi mokavSireebis tyveTa banakebSi myof jariskacebsa oficrebs Soris propaganda, romelSic aqtiuri roli mixeil wereTelma Seasrula. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli komitetis wevrebi leo kereseliZe, petre surgulaZe, nestor maRalaSvili (murad bei), giorgi kereseliZe berlinidan stambolSi gadavidnen. maT SeueTdnen meliton qarcivaZe (osman-bei), zia abaSiZe, giorgi maCabeli, Salva vardiZe da sxvebi, sul 30-mde kaci. germaniis elCis da stamboleli gavleniani mahmadiani qarTvelebis meSveobiT komitetma kavSiri gaaba osmaleTis mTavrobasTan. osmaleTis xelisufleba Tavis teritoriaze germaniisDmxardaWeriT qarTuli legions Seqmnas Tavidan undoblobiT moekida. Tumca germaniis aqtiuri CareviT, xangrZlivi Sexvedrebis Semdeg osmaleTis mTavrobasa da komitets Soris gaformda SeTanxmeba. osmaleTma aiRo valdebuleba ecno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da udavo ufleba mis istoriul teritoriaze, osmaleT-ruseTis 1914 wlis sazRvrebis mixedviT. Ddokumentis mixedviT, man mxari dauWira qarTuli legionis Seqmnas da mis moqmedebas osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom realurad osmaleTs legionis mimarT bolomde uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqonda. kavkasia misi inrteresebis sfero iyo da Carevas, Tundac mokavSiris (am SemTxvevaSi germaniis) mxridan, ver egueboda. 1914 wlis bolosTvis viweSi (istoriuli WaneTis anu lazeTis teritoriaze) TiTqmis dasrulda legionis formireba. Tavidan is 600 mebrZols iTvlida, xolo 1916 wlisaTvis es ricxvi 2000-de gaizarda. qarTulma legionma pirveli sabrZolo naTloba 1914 wlis dekemberSi germaneli oficris Stankes razmebTan erTad artaanis aRebis dros miiRo. 1915 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnulma komitetma saqarTveloSi moavlina Tavisi warmomadgeneli giorgi maCabeli. quTaisSi gamarTul TaTbirze is Sexvda saqarTvelos wamyvani partiebis warmomadgenlebs: Salva amirejibs, revaz gabaSvils (erovnul-demokratebi), noe Jordanias, evgeni gegeWkors (social-demokratebi), samson fircxalavas, grigol rcxilaZes (socialist-federalistebi). giorgi maCabelma maT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnulma komitetis miRvaweoba gaacno da germaniis mxardaWeriT saqarTveloSi antirusuli ajanyebis mowyoba SesTavaza. social-demokratebis liderma, noe Jordaniam, ajanyebis mowyobis ideas mxari ar dauWira Semdegi mosazrebiT: 1. ar arebobda araviTari garantia msoflio omSi germaniis warmatebisa, rac germanias saqarTvelosTvis daxmarebis gawevis saSualebas miscemda. 2. ar arsebobda garantia, rom ruseTis gandevnis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTi saqarvelos okupacias ar moaxdenda. social-demokratebisgan gansxvavebiT, erovnul-demokratebi daTanxmdnen giorgi maCabelis winadadebas, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mosawyobad SeiaraReba mieRoT. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnulma komitetma germaniis wyalqveSa gemebiT saqarTveloSi ramdenjerme SeZlo iaraRis Semotana, Tumca erovnul-demokratebma ajanyebis mowyobis gegma ver ganaxorcieles. Epirveli msoflio omis dros saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisaTvis qarTveli xalxis survili damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. 1916 wels SveicariaSi q. lozanaSi gaimarTa mcirericxovan erTa III kongresi, sadac moxsenebiT gamovida mixeil (mixako) wereTeli. sityvaSi `qarTveli eris uflebani~ man msoflios progresul sazogadoebas mouwoda, mxari daeWira ruseTis imperiis mier ZalmomreobiT dapyrobili qarTuli saxelmwifos damoukideblobis aRdgenisTvis. socialist-federlisturi partia, omamdec da omis Semdegac, ruseTis saqarTvelos avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis ideas uWerda mxars. Partiis warmomadgenelTaAerTi nawili msoflio omSi antantis gamarjvebas, meoreni ki germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis gamarjvebas uWerdnen mxars. ruseTis winaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis idea partiis liderebma avanturad miiCnies. saWirod CaTvales, partiis samoqmedo gegma msoflio omSi ganviTarebuli samxedro-politikuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT SeemuSavebinaT.

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bolSevikuri partiis warmomadgenlebi ruseTSi, maT Soris qarTveli bolSevikebi, gmobdnen msoflio oms, moiTxovdnen mis Sewyvetas. isini xalxs sakuTari mTavrobis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisa da msoflio omis samoqalaqo omad gadaqcevisken mouwodebdnen. bolSevikebis `erTaTviTgamorkvevis~ lozungiar scildeboda farTo saolqo avtonomiis princips. maT mizanSewonilad miaCndaT ara erovnul saxelmwifoTaA ruseTisgan gamoyofa, aramed ruseTis gardaqmna muSur-glexur federaciul saxelmwifod. Mmsoflio omma saqarTvelos mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba da vaWroba gansakuTrebulad daazarala. nedleulis uqonlobis gamo gaCerda bevri sawarmo, moiSala sarkinigzo mimosvla, frontispira raionebSi Semcirda naTesi miwebis farTobi, gawyda pirutyvi. omSi mobilizaciis gamo Semcirda muSaxelis raodenoba, amasTan gaizarda samuSao saaTebi da Semcirda xelfasi, gauaresda sanitaruli-higienuri pirobebi samuSao adgilebze, pirveli moTxovnilebis sagnebze fasebi 400%-iT gaizarda. 1916 wels TbilisSi moxda e. w. `sasursaTo bunti~, romelic imxanad amierkavkasiis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi gaxSirda. am talRam baTums, gors, quTaiss da sxva qalaqbsac gadauara. Mmiuxedavad amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi farTo masStabis socialuri gamosvlebi ar momxdara.
wyaro a Jurnali `klde~ ruseTis xelisuflebis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos TviTgamorkvevis Taobaze (1914 weli, 9 noemberi) ruseTis mxedrobis umaRlesi mTavarsardali avtonomias aniWebs poloneTs da avstriis imperiaSi mosaxle erebs hpirdeba Tavisuflebas mZime uRlisagan. TviT germania da osmaleTic ki xmamaRla hyvirian _ Cven ganmaTavisuflebeli misiiTa varT aRWurvilio... da am dros sataxto qalaqebis presa qarTvelebisaTvis gulis mosafxanad beWdavs karg ambebs, rom kavkasielTaA gulad razmebSi saucxood ibrZvian qarTvelebio, rom simReriT xvdebian mters da mis tyviebso... da saqarTveloc lamazi qveyana ariso... erTi sityviT, idealurad aqvT warmodgenili Cveni Tavganwirva... Cven gvikvirs, rom progesuli, liberaluri presac iwonebs mxolod Cveni iaraRis Cxrialsa, romlsac Tan auarebeli sisxli sdis, rasac yoveldRiuri siebi gvimtkiceben daWrilTaA da moklulTa, xolod Cveni avtonomiis moniWebaze krintsac ar Zraven. wyaro b Ggeronti qiqoZe `Cagruli erebisaTvis~ msoflio omis xelsayrelobis Sesaxeb Cagruli eri pativayrili da iaraRayrilia. am qveyanaze ki pativis dabruneba, uwinares yovlisa, saWurveliT SeiZleba. Ggabatonebuli eri iWviani da SeiarRebulia. ZalTaA Sefardeba UuTanasworoa da daCAgrulni yovelTvis marcxdebian, Tu pirdapir da umekavSirod SeebrZolnen mCagvrelT. Amitom aris, rom didi saxelmwifoebis Setakeba yovelTvis xelsayrelia patara erebisaTvis da es ukanasknelni advilad isargebleben omis nayofiT, roca saR da SorsmWvretelur politikas adganan. gazeTi `saxalxo furceli~, #91, 1914 wyaro g erovnul-demokratebis pozicia pirvel msoflio omSi ruseTis marcxSi eWvi aravis epareboda, rasac saqarTvelosTvis didi cvlilebebi unda mohyoloda. Aaxla riTac SegveZlo xeli unda Segvewyo imperiis damarcxebisTvis da Cvens wisqvilze mogvegdo yvela aqedan gamomdinare nakadi. revaz gabaSvili wyaro d germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis tyveTaA banakebSi qarTveli jariskacebisa da oficrebisTvis gavrcelebuli mowodeba qarTvelebo, SesaZlebelia gawuxebT fici, romelic ruseTis imperators mieciT, magram TviT rusi imperatorebi arian ficis gamtexni, 1783 w. Traqtatis damrRvevni da saqarTvelos politikuri saxelmwifos wamSlelni... amdenad, saWiroa ara misi dacva, aramed uSualod samSoblos erTguli samsaxuri... dae, TiToeuli qarTveli iqces gmirad am brZolaSi. statiidan: m. svaniZe, qarTuli legioni TurqeTSi, gazeTi `xidi~, #5, 1992

K4. kavkasiis frontis demoralizacia da daSla. Bbrestis sazavo xelSekruleba da saqarTvelo 1917 wlis kampaniis dasawyisSi kavkasiis frontis poziciebze Savi zRvidan vanis tbamde mimdinareobda mxolod mciremasStabiani Setakebebi, romelTac frontis xazze arsebiTi cvlilebebi ar SeutaniaT. mkacrma zamTarma sursaT118

sanovagis miwodeba kavakasiis armiisTvis sakmaod gaaZnela. jari SimSilobda. armiaSi daiwyo avadmyofoba da epidemiebi. 1917 wlis dasawyisSi kavkasiis armiaSi WrilobebiTa da sxvadasxva daavadebebiT gardacvlilTa ricxvi 100 000-ze met jariskacs Seadgenda. armias kavkasiis frontze aqtiuri operaciebis sawarmoeblad Zala aRar Seswevda. 1917 wlis ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciam kavkasiis frontis jarebSi qaosi Semoitana. jariskacebi TviTneburad brundebodnen saxlebSi, adgili hqonda dezertirobas. frontis rRvevas garkveuli stimuli misca, Tebervlis revolucis Semdeg amierkavkasiis marTva-gamgeobisaTvis Seqmnili mTavrobis _ amierkavkasiis sagangebo komitetis (`ozakomis~) _ uunarobam, minimalurad mainc uzrunveleyo moqmedi armiis sursaTiT momarageba. 1916-1917 wlebis zamTarSi kavkasiis frontze SimSiliT, suravandiT, malariiTa da sxvadasxva avadmyofobiT mwyobridan gamovida jariskacTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba. furaJis uqonlobis gamo dakarges kavaleriis cxenebis didi nawili. 1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosulma sabWoTa mTavrobam ZiriTad amocanad daisaxa msoflio omidan saswrafod gamosvla da mTeli Zalebis mobilizacia qveynis SigniT Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad. Aamitom 1917 wlis 26 oqtombers (axali stiliT 8 noembers) bolSevikurma xelisuflebam gamosca dekreti zavis Sesaxeb. zavis dekretiT sabWoTa mTavroba winadadebas aZlevda yvela meomari qveynis xalxebsa da mTavrobebs dauyovnebliv daewyoT molaparakeba uaneqsio da ukontribucio zavis Sesaxeb. ruseTTan zavi da saomari moqmedebebidan misi gamoTiSva awyobdaT germaniasa da mis mokavSire saxelmwifoebs. ruseTis bolSevikurma xelisuflebam, romelic omidan gamosvlas xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis umTavres pirobad miiCnevda, antantis sabotaJis miuxedavad, 1917 wlis 20 noembers (3 dekembers) brest-litovskSi damoukideblad daiwyo sazavo molaparakeba germaniasa da mis mokavSireebTan. 1917 wlis 2 (15 dekembers) molaparakebaSi monawile mxareebi SeTanxmdnen daedoT 28 dRiani droebiTi zavi, romliTac Sewyda samxedro moqmedebebi ruseTis frontebze. 22 dekembers daiwyo molaparakeba ruseTsa da centraluri saxelmwifoebis bloks Soris zavis saboloo pirobebis SesamuSaveblad. es procesi Tavidanve daZabulad warimarTa da 1918 wlis 3 martamde gagrZelda. 1917 wlis oqtombris saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad ruseTSi mosuli sabWoTa xelisufleba mokavSire antantis saxelmwifoebma ar cnes. maT ar miiRes, arc bolSevikevis mier gamocxadebuli, dektreti zavis Sesaxeb. antantis mTavarma qveynebma praqtikulad kursi antisabWoTaA intervenciaze aiRes. 1917 wlis 23 dekembers inglissa da safrangeTs Soris xeli moewera saidumlo konvencias. am saxelmwifoebma, bolSevikuri ruseTis ignorirebiT da amerika-iaponiis gverdis avliT, gaiyves yofili ruseTis imperiis kuTvnili geopolitikuri gavlenis zonebi: inglisis gavlenis sferoSi Sevida kavkasia, md. donisa da yubanis auzi, xolo safrangeTs ergo _ besarabia, ukraina da yirimi. bolSevikuri gadatrialebisa da sabWoTaA ruseTisadmi mtruli pozicia daikaves saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da Aazerbaijanis erovnulma partiebmac. 1917 wlis 15 noembers (axali stiliT) amierkavkasiis politikuri partiebis moTxovniT gadadga amierkavkasiis sagangebo komiteti (ozakomi), romelic amierkavkasias ruseTis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg marTavda. Seiqmna amierkavkasiis koaliciuri mTavroba _ amierkavkasiis komisariati, romlis Tavmjdomared airCies e. gegeWkori. es iyo droebiTi mTavroba, romelic gaemijna ruseTis bolSevikur xelisuflebas, Tumca damoukideblobis gamocxadebisagan Tavs ikavebda. aSkara iyo, rom omis gagrZeleba amierkavkasias ar SeeZlo, amitom misi xelisuflebis winaSe daisva osmaleTTan zavis dadebis sakiTxi. 1917 wlis 5 (18) dekembers erzinjanSi amierkavkasiis komisariatsa da osmaleTs Soris xeli moaweres droebiT sazavo xelSekrulebas. am xelSekrulebiT kavkasiis frontze saomari moqmedeba Sewyda. Mmxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom kavkasiis frontze akrZaluliyo jarebis strategiuli gadaadgileba da gadajgufeba. osmaleTi Cqarobda zavis saboloo pirobebis gaformebas. amitom 1818 wlis 16 ianvars amierkavkasiis mTavrobas oficialurad SesTavaza brestSi mimdinare sazavo konferenciaze delegaciis gagzavna. samwuxarod, amierkavkasiis mTavrobam es winadadeba upasuxod datova, radgan bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi yofnas da maT mier dadebul zavs droebiTad miiCnevdnen. es iyp mcdari gadawyvetileba, radgan brest-litovskSi sazavo molaparakebebis dros amierkavkasiis interesebis damcveli aravin aRmoCnda.

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1917 wlis ganmavlobaSi kavkasiis armiaSi Tavisi gavlenis mopovebas Seecada yvela politikuri Zala. bolSevikebma gaaCaRes antisaomari propaganda. armiaSi moiSala disciplina, moxda misi politizireba. jarebis mniSvnelovani nawili gamovida meTaurTa morCilebidan, moiTxovda omis dauyovnebliv Sewyvetas da zavis dadebas. erzinjanis droebiTi zavis Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlierda kavkasiis frontis demoralizacia. Aarmiis momaragebaSi Seqmnili mwvave krizisis gamo, Seiqmna kavkasiis armiis kavaleriis, artileriis, fexosanTa jaris zurgSi gadayvanis aucilebloba. 1917 wlis 1 dekembers kavkasiis armiis sardlis general prJevalskis brZanebiT gamocxadda `frontis sursaTiT momaragebaSi Seqmnili mZime mdgomareobis gamo~ 1901-1905 ww. Ggawveul jariskacTa demobilizacia. SemuSavda maTi evakuaciis grafiki da marSruti, magram jariskacebi am gegmas arad agdebdnen. frontis rRvevam stiqiuri xasiaTi miiRo. xangrZlivi omiT daRlili kavkasiis armiis diviziebisa da polkebis jariskacebi masiurad tovebdnen poziciebs. 1918 wlis damdegs Tbiliss kavkasis frontidan wamosuli jariskacebis 16 eSeloni moadga qvemexebiTa da tyviamfrqvevebiT. swored maT moiTxoves mTavrobis gadadgoma. qalaqis dacvis ufrosad generali mazniaSvili dainiSna. mis xelT mcirericxovani SeiaraRebuli Zala iyo, magram moqmedebis gegma metad gonivrulad Seadgina. soRanluRisa da maxaTas mTaze, saidanac xelisguliviT Candnen eSelonebi, qvemexebi ganalaga. mTavrobis saxeliT gaigzavna warmomadgeneli, romelmac eSelonebis xelmZRvanelebi gaafrTxila, rom qalaqSi vagonebidan gadmosvlis SemTxvevaSi artileriis cecxlis qveS aRmoCndebodnen. jariskacebi sursaTis miRebas dasjerdnen, gza baqosaken ganagrZes. eSelonebs usafrTxoebis mizniT javSniani matarebeli daadevnes. saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi raime incindenti ar momxdara, Tumca sadgur SamqorTanAazerbaijanis jarebma SeZles eSelonebis ZaldatanebiTi ganiaraReba, ris Sedegadac 2 aTasamde kavkasiis frontis jariskaci daiRupa. sabWoTa ruseTis mier kavkasiis frontidan jarebis demobilizaciis Sedegad gaSiSvlda frontis xazi.Aamierkavkasiis mTavrobam kavkasiis frontis dacarielebuli ubnebis Sesavsebad daiwyo mcirericxovani erovnuli (kerZod, qarTuli da somxuri) samxedro SenaerTebis formireba, magram es procesi metad garTulda. Kkavkasiis frontis xazze arsebuli sicarielis Sevseba praqtikulad ver moxerxda, rac osmaleTs amierkavkasiaSi sasurveli teritoriebis dakavebis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. samwuxarod, somexTa samxedro razmebis mxriv adgili hqonda adgilobrivi mahmadiani mosaxleobis darbevis faqtebs erzinjanSi, olTisSi, yaRizmanSi da sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi. amiT, kargad isargebla osmaleTis mxarem. muslimani mosaxleobis dacvis motiviT 1918 wlis 12 Tebervals osmaleTma daarRvia droebiTi zavi, ganaaxla kavkasiis fronti da ruseTis armiis mier datovebuli teritoriebis dakavebas Seudga. 13 Tebervals osmalebma daikaves erzinjani, Semdeg giumuSxane, baiburTi da trapizoni, 12 marts daeca arzrumi, xolo 19 marts _ artaani. amasTan, amierkavkasiis jarebis zurgSi moqmedeba daiwyes qurTebis da `CeTes~ razmebma. isini wvavdnen xidebs, azianebdnen gzebs da aferxebdnen amierkavkasiis jarebis mowesrigebul ukandaxevas. amasobaSi ki, 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi ruseTsa da germanias Soris xeli moewera samSvidobo xelSekrulebas, romliTac ruseTma uari Tqva baltiispireTze, fineTze, amierkavkasiis samxreT teritoriebze da ukrainis did nawilze. sazavo SeTanxmebis me-4 muxlis Tanaxmad yarsis, artaanis da baTumis (imerxev-aWaris) olqebi datova ruseTma. Aam olqebs miecaT TviTgamorkvevis ufleba da saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis ufleba mezobel qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT, osmaleTTan SeTanxmebiT. am zaviT,Ffaqtobrivad, unda aRdgeniliyo ruseT-osmaleTis 1877 wlis saxelmwifo sazRvari. Gbrestis samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT ruseTi pirveli msoflio oms gamoeTiSa. Ooficialurad gauqmda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg kavkasiis frontic. brestis zavis pirobebi umZimesi aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis. Aam zaviT ruseTi saqarTvelos ZirZvel teritoriebze osmaleTis mflobelobas aRiarebda, riTac Mudides problemebs uqmnida saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas. Bbrest-litovskis sazavo molaparakebaSi amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlobas monawileoba ar miuRia. amierkavkasiis mTavrobam protesti ganacxada misi teritoriebis osmaleTisTvis daTmobis gamo, AsabWoTa ruseTis qmedeba sxva qveynis saSinao saqmeebSi uxeS Carevad Sefasda. Aamierkavkasiis xelisuflebam ar cno brestis zavis pirobebi da osmaleTs uaneqsio da ukontribucio zavi SesTavaza. magram es nabiji dagvianebuli da uSedego aRmoCnda.

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brestis zavma amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTis intervenciis saSiSroeba Seqmna. osmaleTis mTavroba ar daeloda zavis pirobebiT aRniSnuli plebiscitis Catarebas da 1918 wlis mart-aprilSi farTo SeteviTi operaciebi daiwyo amierkavkasiis da saqarTvelos teritoriebze. daikava baTumi, daemuqra Tbilissa da erevans.

saqarTvelos eklesia rusuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1811 _ XX s. 80-iani wlebi) 1. qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis (TviTmmarTvelobis) gauqmeba

saqarTvelos eklesia saukuneTa manZilze did rols asrulebda qarTveli xalxis istoriaSi. saqarTveloSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda IV s. 20-iani wlebis miwuruls. xolo TviTmmarTveloba anu avtokefalia1 saqarTvelos eklesiam moipova V s. meore naxevarSi, vaxtang gorgaslis mefobisas. mas Semdeg, qristianoba, rwmenasTan erTad, qarTvelebisaTvis ideologiur sayrdenad da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis mTavar faqtorad iqca. qristianobas da kerZod marTlmadideblobas daundoblad ebrZoda yvela is ucxo Zala, romelic ki saqarTvelos xelyofas cdilobda. magram yvelaze didi dartyma qristianobas, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, swored qristianulma da kerZod marTlmadideblurma ruseTma miayena. ruseTis imperia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebas ar dasjerda da 1811 wels qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliac gaauqma. es moxda im sababiT, rom ruseTi TviTon marTlmadidebluri qveyana iyo da sxva, mis SemadgenlobaSi myof ers, avtokefalia ar sWirdeboda. sinamdvileSi ki, am ukanono aqtiT, ruseTis imperia cdilobda qarTveli xalxis sakuTari mwyemsmTavris gareSe datovebas, sulieri sayrdenis gamoclas da qarTvelebis asimilaciis1 daCqarebas. 1811 w. 10 ivniss, ruseTis imperatorma aleqsandre I-ma, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq anton II-s (erekle II-is Zes), miTiTeba misca ruseTSi gamgzavrebuliyo. anton II didi yoymanis Semdeg, iZulebuli iyo brZanebas damorCileboda da 1811 wels ruseTSi samudamod gaemgzavra. amis Semdeg, ruseTis imperatorma da saeklesio sinodma, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia gaauqma. kaTalikosis nacvlad, saqarTvelos eklesias amieridan saTaveSi unda Cadgomoda egzarqosi, romelic ruseTis sinods daemorCideboda. TviT ruseTis eklesiis mmarTveli sinodi, emorCileboda saero pirs sinodis ober-prokurors. amgvari reforma, ruseTSi imperatorma petre I-ma ganaxorciela 1721-1722 wlebSi; amgvari qmedebiT, petre I-ma eklesia, mTlianad daumorCila saero xelisuflebas. amasTanave, eklesias CamoerTva mTeli qoneba da is saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi gadavida. 1811 wlis Semdeg, igive Targze daiwyes saqarTvelos eklesiis mowyobac. amasTan, saqarTveloSi am reformas erovnuli niSniT Cagvrac emateboda. Cagvra pirvel rigSi imaSi gamoixata, rom ruseTTan mierTebis Semdeg, daiwyo qarTuli enis gandevna saeklesio mRvdelmsaxurebidan, aseve yvela donis sasuliero saswavleblebidan da a.S. ruseTis imperatoris 1811 wlis 30 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT gauqmda saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebloba. saqarTvelos eklesia, Caabares egzarqosad daniSnul varlam erisTavs (erisTovs), romelic ruseTSi iyo aRzrdili da qarTuli samefo karis da qarTuli tradiciebis mimarT mtrulad iyo ganwyobili. 1811-1815 ww. masTan erTad saqarTvelos eklesias marTavda e.w. sasuliero dikasteria (erTgvari koleqtiuri mmarTvelobiTi organo, romelic saeklesio-sasamarTlo funqciebsac iTavsebda da ruseTis wm. sinodis ganyofilebas warmoadgenda). 1815 wlis 30 agvistos Semdeg, dikasteriis nacvlad Seiqmna `saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantora~, romelic aseve ruseTis sinods daeqvemdebara. am aqtSi yvelaze kargad gamoCnda rusuli saxelmwifos veraguli politika. erTi mxriv, is gamudmebiT pirdeboda patara qristianul qveyanas yovelmxriv mfarvelobas da meore mxriv, swored man gaakeTa is, rac iranma da osmalebma ver moaxerxes saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. moralurTan erTad, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
1

avtokefalia Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisagan da niSnavs `auto _ TviT~ da `kefalos _ Tavi~ amgvarad, am oris sityvis erTianoba niSnavs `sakuTari Tavis damoukideblad marTvas~. 1 asimilacia (laT.) _ romelime xalxis mier sxva xalxis Serwyma da misi sruli gaTqvefa.

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gauqmeba kanonikuradac gaumarTlebeli iyo. msoflio saeklesio kanonebis Tanaxmad: 1) romelime marTlmadidebeli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba unda moxdes TviT am eklesiis TanxmobiT 2) es gadawyvetileba unda daamowmos an miiRos oTxma msoflio marTlmadidebelma patriarqma (konstantinepolis, antioqiis, ierusalimis, aleqsandriis), amitomac am aqtis Sesaxeb, jer kidev 1907 wels, werda obieqturi rusi mecnieri nikoloz durnovo (1876-1937): `Cvens mmarTvel sinods ara aqvs kanonieri ufleba marTavdes qarTul eklesias. sruliad usafuZvloa 1811 wlis gadawyvetileba, romlis ZaliTac, man mmarTveloba ZaladobiT Caigdo xelSi~. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos eklesias CamoerTva mTeli qoneba, ymaglexebi (mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1850 komli), eklesia-monastrebi, saeklesio aznaurebi da yovelgvari Semosavali. (maSindeli kursiT 16960 maneTi qarTlSi, 9500 maneTi kaxeTSi) yvelafri es ruseTis sinods gadaeca, romelmac, eklesiis msaxurTaTvis Statebi daawesa da amieridan isini xelfass saxelmwifosgan miiRebdnen. amasTanave, imisTvis rom adgilobrivi eparqiebi ufro advili samarTavi yofiliyo, da qarTveli samRvdeloebis ricxvi Semcirebuliyo, ruseTis sinodma maTi raodenoba ukiduresad Seamcira. kaxeTSi, 5 saepiskoposo gaerTianda erT _ alaverdis eparqiad, qarTlSi ki, 8 saepiskoposo Tavdapirvelad erT mcxeTis eparqiad gaerTianda, magram SemdegSi, Seiqmna kidev goris eparqia. mogvianebiT, axalma egzarqosma Teofilaqte rusanovma (1817-1821) igive gaakeTa dasavleT saqarTveloSi. marTalia, saeklesio qonebis aRweras da eklesiis rusul yaidaze gardaqmnas, iq 1819-1820 ww-Si saxalxo ajanyeba moyva, magram eparqiebi iqac Semcirda da 12-dan sami darCa: imereTis, samegrelos da guriis. SemdgomSi Seiqmna agreTve soxumis eparqia, romelic mTeli saukune cvlilebebs ganicdida. nikoloz durnovos gamoTvlebiT, sul, saqarTvelos eklesias, 150 milion maneTad Rirebuli qoneba CamoerTva. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom rusuli saeklesio da saero mmarTveloba qarTvel saeklesio pirebs, romlebic mosaxleobaSi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen, iseve sastikad uswordeboda, rogorc saero pirebs. samagaliToa dosiTeos quTaTelis (wereTeli) da eqvTime genaTelis (ServaSiZe) bedi. 1819-1820 ww. imereTis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, maT Tavze tomara Camoacves, cxenebze daabes da ase gaamgzavres ruseTisaken. amasTan, rodesac moxucma mitropolitma dosiTeosma amgvar mopyrobas ver gauZlo da gzaSi gardaicvala, igi aseTive saxiT, gardacvlili atares ananuramde, sadac farulad dakrZales. rusuli mmarTvelobis usulgulobaze kargad metyvelebs is faqtic, rom rodesac dasavleT saqarTvelos samxedro xelmZRvaneloba (generali puzirevski) SeekiTxa Tbilisis rus mmarTvelebs, Tu mRvdelmTavrebi gzaSi, moulodnelad gardaicvlebodnen, ra eqnaT maTi gvamebisaTvis da xom ar gadaeyarad isini romelime mdinareSi, pasuxad miiRes cinikuri `instruqcia~. kerZod, pasuxSi ewera, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebi wyalmarCxia, da samRvdeloTa gvamebi advilad gamoiriyebodnen napirze. es ki mosaxleobis aRSfoTebas gamoiwvevda. mxolod amis gamo, rusuli mmarTveloba, imereTis samxedro xelmZRvanelobas aseT qmedebas ar urCevda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis garda, rusuli xelisufleba ebrZoda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva aRmsareblobis mosaxleobasac. gansakuTrebiT intensiuri Seteva maT kaTolikur aRmsareblobaze da kerZod, qarTvel kaTolikebze miitanes. Tavdapirvelad, nikoloz I-is 1845 wlis brZanebiT, saqarTvelodan yvela kaTolike misioneri gandevnes. mogvianebiT, 1848 wels, daido xelSekruleba pap pius IX-sa da ruseTis imperiis mesveurebs Soris, magram am xelSekrulebis ZaliT, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela kaTolike tiraspolis axal rusul eparqias unda daqvemdebareboda. amasTan, ruseTis xelmZRvanelobis waqezebiT, gaCaRda didi kampania, rom qarTveli kaTolikebi saerTod ar arsebobdnen da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela kaTolike somexi erovnebis iyo. 1886 w. 16 ianvars ki, aleqsandre IIIm gamoaqveyna brZaneba, romelSic pirdapir iyo miTiTebuli, rom qarTul enaze RvTismsaxureba arc somex da arc qarTvel kaTolikebs aRar unda ewarmoebinaT. XIX s. 20-50 wlebSi, ruseTis oficiozis pirdapiri miTiTebiT, daiwyo antiebrauli, (antisemituri) kampania, rasac saqarTveloSi arasdros hqonda adgili. 30-ian wlebSi mefis mTavroba apirebda saqarTvelodan saerTod gaesaxlebina yvela ebraeli, magram amis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. maSin XIX s. 50-70 ww. aqtiurad daiwyo qristiani mosaxleobis dapirispireba ebraelebis winaaRmdeg. magaliTad, 1850 w. suramSi, mefis xelisuflebam, moawyo didi saCvenebeli antisemituri procesi. procesze, suramis ebrael mosaxleobas brali edeboda qristiani mozardis ritualur mkvlelobaSi. es procesi Zalian gaxmaurda da ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebsac ki gascda. marTalia, rusulma oficiozma 122

mizans ver miaRwia da qarTvel da ebrael mosaxleobas Soris mtroba ver Canerga, magram aseTi mcdelobebi SemdegSic gagrZelda. aseve iqceoda rusuli xelisufleba qarTveli grigorianelebis mimarT, romlebmac Tavis droze, istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamo Seicvales rjuli. maT aiZulebdnen eswavlaT somxuri da erovnebis grafaSic Tavi somxad eRiarebinaT. igive politika tardeboda istoriul hereTSi (saingiloSi), sadac qarTvel mahmadianebs, qarTvelebad ar miiCnevdnen da qarTul enaze arc wirva-locvis mosmenis, arc ganaTlebis miRebis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen. am yvelafers, ruseTis imperia mizanmimarTulad axorcielebda saqarTvelos kidev ufro dasasusteblad da misi kidev ufro daqsaqsvisaTvis. am mizans emsaxureboda, agreTve, saqarTveloSi mravali aTasi seqtantis: duxoboris2, moloknis3, mcire raodenobiT staroobriadelis4 da sxvaTa Camosaxleba. maT ruseTis centralur raionebSi daundoblad ebrZodnen, magram saqarTveloSi da kavkasiaSi, dasayrdenad miiCnevdnen, da adgilze dasaxlebis yvela pirobas uqmnidnen. kiTxvebi: ras niSnavs avtokefalia? ratom gaauqma ruseTis xelisuflebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia? rodis moxda es? eklesiis mmarTvelobis ra forma arsebobda am dros ruseTSi? rogori mmarTveloba damyarda saqarTvelos eklesiaSi? ramdenad kanonieri iyo mefis ruseTis es gadawyvetileba? ra ekonomikuri mogeba miiRo ruseTma avtokefaliis gauqmebiT? ra Sedegebi moyva saeklesio reformas dasavleT saqarTveloSi? moiyvaneT mefis ruseTis xelisuflebis mier samRvdelo pirebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli araadamianuri qmedebis magaliTi. rogor eqceoda ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebs? dokumenti I. sinodis ober-prokuror golicinis 1811 wlis 21 ivnisis moxseneba imperator aleqsandre I-sadmi saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb. dokuments axlavs imperatoris dadebiTi rezolucia `iqmnes ase~. `1) aqamde saqarTveloSi (igulisxmeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, avtorebi) arsebuli 13 eparqiis nacvlad Seiqmnas ori: mcxeTa-qarTlisa da alaverd-kaxeTisa. cxra saarqimandritodan, darCes mxolod xuTi. 2) saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurad dadgindes mcxeTa-qarTlis mitropoliti. mas mudmivad miekuTvnos sinodis wevris da egzarqosis wodeba. 3) daarsdes dikasteria, msgavsad imisa, rogoric arsebobs ruseTSi. mas uxelmZRvanelos egzarqosma. dikasteria daamtkicebs eklesiaTa da sasuliero pirTa raodenobas, warmarTavs saeklesio saqmeebs. 5) Tanxa, romelic eklesiis xarjebisTvisaa saWiro, saeklesio Semosavlisgan gaiReba~. igive moxsenebis meore nawili, romelic dikasteriis ufleba-movaleobebs gansazRvravs: `1) [dikasteriam] Seamowmos amJamad arsebuli eklesiebi da maTSi mRvdelmsaxurebis aRmsrulebeli mRvdlebis da sxva sasuliero pirebis mdgomareoba. Tu romelime maTgani zedmetia, aseTi eklesiebi gaauqmon, samRvdelo pirebi daiTxovon an sxva eklesiebSi gadaiyvanon. xolo vinc eklesiidan gaSvebuli iqneba, daeniSnos wodebis Sesaferisi Semosavali. 2) saeklesio glexTa Semosavali moyvanil iqnas wesrigSi. amisTvis dikasterias neba daerTos Seamowmos [maTi] Semosaval-gasavali.~ dokumenti II.

`duxobori~ seqta, romelic Seiqmna ruseTSi XVIII s. Sua wlebSi. saxeli momdinareobs rusuli sityvebidan, `sulisTvis mebrZolni~. 1841 wlidan masobrivad Camoasaxles saqarTvelos samxreT regionebSi. 3 `moloknebi~, seqta, romelic duxoborebs gamoeyo XVIII s. 60.-ian wlebSi. maT WeSmaritebis Secnobis gzad goneba miaCndaT. saxeli unda darqmeodaT, imis gamo, rom TavianT moZRvrebas uwodebdnen `sulierebis sufTa rZes~. meore versiiT es saxeli maT miiRes imis gamo, rom Tavdapirvelad saxlobdnen md. moloCnaias napirze. saqarTveloSi Camoasaxles 1841-1850 ww. ZiriTadad saxlobdnen TbilisSi, kaxeTSi da saqarTvelos zogierT sxva regionSi. 4 `staroobriadelni~ _ XVII s-dan ruseTis eklesiaSi, patriarq nikonis meTaurobiT daiwyo saeklesio wignebis gasworeba. aman morwmuneTa nawilSi protesti gamoiwvia. maT `raskolnikebi~ an Zveli wesebis mimdevarni uwodes.

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fragmenti daviT batoniSvilis5 Sromidan: `moTxrobai, axali saqarTveloisa~. avtori aRwers im viTarebas, ra mdgomareobaSic qarTvelebi mefis ruseTis erTgulebaze ificebdnen 1802 wels 12 aprils. `moartyes sionisa eklesiisa gars ruseTis mxedroba zarbaznebiTurT da [qarTvelebs] auwyes: `ukueTu ar hyofT ficsa erTgulebasa zeda ruseTisasa, amogwyvetT~. SekiTxvebi: (I da II dokumentebi) dokumentis mixedviT ramdeni eparqia iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi XIX s. dasawyisSi da rogor Seamcira is rusulma xelisuflebam? amieridan vis unda emarTa saqarTvelos eklesia? gavixsenoT ra aris dikasteria da ra funqciebi daakisra mas ruseTis xelisuflebam. ratom miaCnda saWiro rusul xelisuflebas eklesiaTa da mRvdelmsaxurTa ricxvis Semcireba? Tqveni azriT ramdenad sando iyo rusuli mmarTvelobis dapireba rom eklesiebidan daTxovnil samRvdeloebas Sesaferisi Semosavali daeniSneboda? (dokumenti III) ramdenad kanonieri iyo rusuli xelisuflebis mier sionis taZarSi moqalaqeTa Seyra da maTTvis ruseTis imperatorisadmi ficis miRebis iZuleba?

2. saqarTvelos saegzarqoso XIX s-Si (1814-1900)

saqarTvelos mosaxleobis is molodini, rom qarTveli xalxi ara marto fizikurad gadarCeboda, aramed ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS religiur Tavisuflebasac moipovebda, ar gamarTlda. rogorc aRiniSna, rusulma saxelmwifom da sinodma umZafresi dartyma miayenes saqarTvelos eklesias. eparqiebis6 gazrdis nacvlad, rusulma xelisuflebam ukiduresad Seamcira maTi raodenoba. es keTdeboda imisTvis, rom ufro advili yofiliyo maTi kontroli da eparqiebis rusul mmarTvelobiT sistemaze gadayvana. 1812 wels imereTis oTxi eparqiidan Seqmnes mxolod erTi, 1829 wels samegrelos sami eparqia aseve erTad gaaerTianes da mas `samegrelos eparqia~ uwodes. 1833 wels guriaSi darCenili erTaderTi jumaTis eparqia, imereTis eparqias SeuerTes. 1844 wels jumaTis eparqia kvlav aRadgines, magram 1885 wels samegrelos eparqiasTan gaaerTianes. aseTi cvlilebebi uaryofiTad moqmedebda mrevlze. am administraciul cvlilebebs isic emateboda, rom paralelurad mimdinareobda Seteva qarTul enaze. yvelaferi es ki, mrevlis eklesiisgan gaucxovebas iwvevda. eqsperimentebi ki kvlav grZeldeboda. 1851 wels aRdga afxazeTis eparqia, magram 1869 wels is imereTis eparqias SeuerTes. 1885 wels ki kvlav calke gamoyves. 1885 welsve ruseTis saeklesio da saero xelisuflebam miiRo gadawyvetileba, qarTuli ena ganedevnaT ara marto afxazeTis da Sida qarTlis mTiani zonis (e.w. `samxreT oseTis~) skolebidan, aramed, samegrelos, da svaneTis skolebidanac. es imisTvis keTdeboda rom, saqarTvelos es ZirZveli regionebi saqarTvelosgan maqsimalurad ganecalkevebinaT. rusulma xelisuflebam megrulad saxarebis Targmanze da RvTismsaxurebis megrulad aRsrulebaze daiwyo `zrunva~. 1892 wels rusi mecnieri levicki megrelebisTvis rusuli enis saxelmZRvanelos adgens da `megrul anbans~ igonebs. amasTanave, megrulad gamalebiT Targmnidnen biblias. am xelovnur process xSirad kuriozebic moyveboda xolme, radgan saTanado saeklesio da saRvTismetyvelo terminologiis ar arsebobis gamo, xelovnurad igonebdnen iseT sityvebs, romlebic mosaxleobas Soris gakvirvebas da aRSfoTebasac ki iwvevda. sabolood ki, am procesebs is mosdevda, rom mrevli eklesias zurgs aqcevda. amitomac iyo, rom Telavis qarTuli seminariis bolo reqtori daviTi (mesxiSvili 1745-1824) aRSfoTebuli werda: `rusni movides da skola Seuracxyves da sadac saxeli RvTisa iqadageboda, hyves qvab avazakTa~. marTalia, XIX s. 20-ani wlebidan, rusulma saxelmwifom araerTi saswavlebeli, (maT Soris sasuliero saswavlebeli) daarsa, magram yvela maTgani, pirvel rigSi, rusul ganaTlebasTan erTad, SeiZleba iTqvas garusebis skolebi iyvnen. amave dros, XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi daixura 800 eklesia da 15 monasteri. xolo is monastrebi, romlebic daxurvas gadaurCnen, rusuli propagandis centrebad iqcnen. am mxriv samagaliToa axali aTonis rusuli
5

bagrat batoniSvili _ giorgi XII-is Ze (1776-1841). 1803 wlidan peterburgSia. gaagrZela Zmis daviT batoniSvilis istoria. 6 eparqia _ saeklesio administraciuli erTeuli, romelsac saTaveSi udgas episkoposi.

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monasteri, romelic oficialurad 1879 wels gaixsna. mefisnacvlis mixeil nikolozis Zis brZanebaSi pirdapir iyo miTiTebuli rom: `monastris Zmoba Tavdapirvelad 50 kaciT Semoifargleba, SemdegSi ki, ganusazRvreli ricxviT da isini... mxolod da mxolod rusi berebi iqnebian~. axali aToni rusuli sasuliero da saeklesio xelisuflebis centrad iyo moazrebuli ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasiaSi. amitom iyo, rom monasteri aRiWurva uaxlesi teqnikiT, maT Soris mcire hidroeleqtrosadguriT, viwroliandagiani rkinigziT, sabagiro gziT. monasters uzarmazari mamulebi gamouyves ara marto saqarTveloSi (afxazeTSi), aramed TevzsaWeri adgilebi miakuTvnes lenqoranSi, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze. rusi saeklesio da saero maRalCinosnebi arc malavdnen, rom monasteri marTlmadideblobis gavrcelebasTan erTad, `mxaris garusebis~ burji iqneboda. aseT azrs gamoTqvamda magaliTad, 1875 wels osmaleTSi ruseTis elCi nik. ignatovi. damaxasiaTebelia, rom monasterTan daarsebuli iyo sapolicio punqti, sadac mudmivad imyofebodnen boqauli da 2 policieli. am aqtiT, kidev erTxel xazi esmeboda imas, rom es iyo patara saxelmwifo _ saxelmwifoSi, romelic mizanmimarTulad imoqmedebda sasurveli miznis (mxaris garusebis) misaRwevad. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom rusuli oficiozis warmomadgenlebi adgilobriv afxaz mosaxleobaze farisevlur `zrunvasTan~ erTad (rac ZiriTadad, mosaxleobis saqarTvelosgan maqsimalur gaucxoebaSi da qarTuli enis SeviwroebaSi gamoixateboda), TavianT Sida mimoweraSi da zogjer centralur presaSic, afxazebs `bnel~ `ganuviTarebel~ `velur~ xalxs uwodebdnen. samagaliToa, rusuli `maRali sazogadoebisTvis~ gankuTvnili Jurnali `domaSnia beseda~, romlis 1876 wlis #7 nomerSi pirdapir iyo naTqvami, rom afxazeTSi arsebuli rusuli monasteri: `kavkasiur velur tomTa Soris~ samisionero banakad unda qceuliyo. ruseTis sinodis mier daniSnuli egzarqosebi7, erTmaneTs cvlidnen Tumca, mcire gamonaklisis garda, maTi saqmianoba didad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. garusebuli varlam erisTavi 1817 wels Secvala Teofilaqtem (rusanovi), romelic 1821 wlamde marTavda saqarTvelos eklesias. misma uxeSma da antiqarTulma qmedebam 18191820 wlebis Zlieri saeklesio ajanyeba gamoiwvia. egzarqosma ionam (vasilevski, 1821-1832), ramdenime saswavlebeli gaxsna, maT Soris Crdilo kavkasiaSic: vladikavkazsa da alagirSi, magram misi moRvaweobis saerTo xazi iseTive antiqarTuli iyo, rogorc sxvebis. aseTive politika grZeldeboda saqarTvelos eklesiis Semdegi egzarqosis _ moses dros (bogdanov-platonovi 1832-1834). egzarqosma evgenim (baJenovi 1834-1844) Tbilisis sasuliero seminariisTvis axali Senoba SeiZina. daiwyo sveticxovlis SekeTeba, risTvisac 30.000 maneTi daxarja, magram samwuxarod, rusul yaidaze SekeTeba niSnavda Senobis Zveli naSTebis likvidacias (ase daSales ori uZvelesi gverdiTi stoa8) da dazianebuli freskebis kiriT SeTeTrebas. sxva egzarqosebisgan gamoirCeoda isidore (nikolski 1844-1858), romelic mixeil voroncovis mefisnacvlobis dros ganagebda qarTul eklesias. es periodi mefis xelisuflebis mier Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc qarTvelebis Semomtkicebis da Semorigebis axali etapi. amitomac, am periodSi, rogorc saero, ise sasuliero xelisufleba gamoirCeoda Tavisi loialobiT, ganaTlebiT da xalxisa da mrevlisadmi SedarebiT gulisxmieri damokidebulebiT. magram Semdgomi egzarqosebis dros antiqarTuli politika araTu ar Sesustebula, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, gaZlierda kidec. egzarqosi evsevi (ilinski 1858-1877) mkveTrad daupirispirda gamoCenil qarTvel mRvTelmaTavrs episkopos gabriel qiqoZes (1825-1896), man daiwyo qarTveli mRvdelmTavris mizanmimarTuli devna da sinodSi dasmena. amave dros, daiwyo qarTuli eklesia-monastrebis masiuri Zarcva. egzarqosebis wayruebiT, an pirdapir miTiTebiTac ki, qarTuli uZvelesi xelnawerebis, mRvdelmTavarTa Sesamoselis, unikaluri xatebis, minanqrebis, Zvirfasi qvebis dataceba. amave dros, sasuliero saswavleblis e.w. mzrunvelebic (zedamxedvelebic) ki, erovnuli niSnis mixedviT SeirCeodnen. egzarqos evsevis dros 6 saswavleblis mzrunveli gaanTavisufles mxolod maTi qarTuli warmomavlobis gamo. misive egzarqosobisas daixura erTaderTi sasuliero xasiaTis yovelTviuri Jurnali `saqarTvelos sasuliero maxarebeli~ (gamodioda 1864-1868 ww-Si). Jurnals rusulTan erTad, qarTulenovani versiac erTvoda. 1872 wels akrZales qarTuli enis swavleba sasuliero saswavleblebSi, 1875 wels ki saqarTvelos istoriis swavleba. saerTo jamSi, egzarqos evsevis dros 2 milioni Rirebulebis ganZeuli dakargula. nikoloz durnovo mis Sesaxeb Seulamazeblad wers: `egzarqosi evsevi, romelic srulebiTac ar eweoda berul cxovrebas, gaxda saqarTvelos eklesiis despoturi mmarTveli, sruli am sityvis mniSvnelobiT. Tavaduri warmoSobis qarTvel episkoposebs, es gaunaTlebeli da uxeSi xucesis Svili xSirad Seuracxyofda~. Semdegi egzarqosi ioanike (rudnevi, 1877-1882) garegnulad ar gamoxatavda antiqarTul
7

egzarqosi _ raime Tanamdebobis `moadgile~. centraluri saeklesio an saero xelisuflebis moxele. saqarTvelos egzarqosebs mikuTvnebuli hqondaT qarTl-kaxeTis mitropolitis, Semdeg arqiepiskoposis tituli. 8 stoa _ miSenebuli kamara.

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ganwyobas. piriqiT, daarsa qalTa eparqiuli saswavlebeli, amave dros zogierT sasuliero saswavlebelSi qarTuli enis kaTedris gaxsnis nebac gasca. daarsa sanTlis qarxana, romlis Semosavali samRvdeloebas xmardeboda. amis gamo iyo, rom misi drois da Semdgomi periodis qarTvelTa Soris, egzarqos ioanikeze dadebiTi azri SemuSavda, magram misi namdvili ganwyoba qarTvelebis mimarT, mogvianebiT gaxda cnobili. mas Semdeg rac is saqarTvelodan gaemgzavra da moskovis mitropoliti gaxda da mas Semdeg, rac misma Semdgomma egzarqosma pavlem (lebedevi 1882-1887) qarTveli xalxi dawyevla, ioanikes aseTi ram uTqvams qarTvelebze: `maT (qarTvelebs v.k.) gansjis unari ar aqvT: isini Clungebi arian da rac erTxel TavSi CaujdebaT, ver amoZirkvav iqidan... ganumarteT maT rom pavles (egzarqoss, v.k.) ar dauwyevlia saqarTvelo, isini kvlav Tavisas imeoreben _ `dawyevla saqarTvelo, maTi kurTxeuli saqarTvelo~... maTTvis adamianis mokvla araferia. naTesaobas me-14 muxlamde iTvlian, magram xanjlis sakuTari ZmisTvis an mamisTvis Cartyma, maTTvis araferia. ra cofiani xalxia~! aseTi azris iyo qarTvelebze maTi sulieri mwyemsi! rac Seexeba egzarqos pavles, mis saxelTan didi skandalia dakavSirebuli. 1886 wlis 24 maiss Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis studentma ioseb laRiaSvilma mokla seminariis antiqarTuli qmedebebiT cnobili reqtori pavle Cudecki. ra Tqma unda, es iyo mravali piradi da erovnuli damcirebiT da SeuracxyofiT gamowveuli gaumarTlebeli nabiji, magram is rac saqarTvelos sulierma mwyemsma egzarqosma pavlem moimoqmeda Tavisi cinizmiT ar Camouvardeba laRiaSvilis mier Cadenil aqts. seminariis reqtoris wesis agebis dros, pavle egzarqosma sajarod ganacxada aleqsandre nevelis taZarSi9: ~wyeulimc iyos is xalxi, wyeulimc iyos is miwa, romelmac borotmoqmedi dabada~-o. marTalia, meore dRes, gazeTebma egzarqos pavles gamosvlidan, es sityvebi amoiRes, magram p. Cudeckis wesis agebas uamravi adamiani da maT Soris warCinebuli qarTveli eswreboda, romlebmac Tavisi yuriT moismines saqarTvelos mwyemsis es amazrzeni sityvebi. amis Semdeg, pavles saqarTveloSi aRar daedgomeboda. ruseTis eklesiis maSindeli reaqcioneri, magram Wkviani meTauri, sinodis ober-prokurori konstantine pobedonoscevi, pavles Semoswyromia. mas uTqvams, rom egzarqoss saqme (qarTvelTa garuseba) Cumad unda ekeTebina da ara xmamaRla elaparaka is, rac gulSi hqonda. aseTi saqcieliT, pobedonoscevis sityviT, man Tavis winaaRmdeg yvela aimxedra. pavle egzarqosis am gamoxdomas, gamoCenili qarTveli moRvawis dimitri yifianis sicocxle Seewira. aRSfoTebulma d. yifianma, romelic maSin Tavad-aznaurTa marSlis (winamZRolis) Tanamdebobas asrulebda, egzarqoss mokrZalebulad Seaxsena, rom Tu is xmebi, romlebic xalxSi gavrcelda, simarTles Seesabameboda, egzarqoss arc kanonieri da arc moraluri ufleba aRar hqonda darCeniliyo saqarTvelos mwyemsmTavrad. es mimarTva sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom dimitri yifiani samsaxuridan daeTxovaT da stavropolis guberniaSi gadaesaxlebinaT. samwuxarod, mas esec ar akmares da rodesac gadasaxlebis vada iwureboda, ucnobma pirebma, RamiT, sicocxles gamoasalmes qarTveli patrioti. dimitri yifianis dakrZalva uzarmazar demonstraciaSi gadaizarda. gansakuTrebuli siyvarulis niSnad, yifiani mTawmindaze dakrZales, xolo akaki wereTelma mas SesaniSnavi leqsi `ganTiadi~ uZRvna. egzarqosi pavle ruseTSi ki gaiwvies (yazanis kaTedraze ganaweses), magram imisTvis, rom aravis efiqra, TiTqos mas sjidnen, an aqveiTebdnen, umaRlesma xelisuflebam mas briliantis jvari uboZa kunkulze 10 satareblad da mitropolitis xarisxze aamaRla. pavles am aSkara gamoxdomasTan erTad, mis dros grZeldeboda saeklesio unikaluri nivTebis gataceba. egzarqos pavles dros dakargula metexis RvTismSoblis (beTlemis) saswaulmoqmedi, wmida nawilebiani xati, romelsac uZvirfasesi oqros moWediloba hqonda. mogvianebiT, is ipoves amave eklesiis sxvenze, magram mas oqros perangi SemoZarcvuli hqonda. Semdegi egzarqosebi arafriT gamoirCeodnen erTmaneTisagan. mTavari mainc is iyo, rom isini, pavle lebedevis gaxmaurebuli incindentis Semdeg, Riad aRarafers ambobdnen saqarTveloze da qarTvel xalxze. piriqiT, qarTvelebs zogjer emliqvnelebodnen kidec. magaliTad, imperator aleqsandre III-is (1881-1892) TbilisSi vizitisas, egzarqos paladis (raevi, 1887-1892) ganucxadebia, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis imperatoris gvirgvinSi saukeTeso brilianti iyo. magram sinamdvileSi, igi iseTive mtaceblur politikas atarebda saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT, rogorc misi winamorbedni. mas neba daurTavs avanturisti fotografi sabin-husisTvis, romelic Tavs mxatvrad asaRebda, guriisa da samegrelos taZrebidan da gelaTidan gaetana uZvirfasesi xatebi, viTomda maT SesakeTeblad. sabin-huss

10

es taZari dRevandeli parlamentis Senobis adgilas golovinis (dRevandeli rusTavelis) prospeqtze mdebareobda. kunkuli _ saeklesio Sesamoselis nawili, samonazvno qudi.

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marTlac, martvilis, xobis, jumaTis, Semoqmedis monastrebidan da gelaTis taZridan uamravi tixrul minanqriani11 xati da miniatura wauRia da egzarqosis nebarTviT, rusi koleqcionerebisaTvis (magaliTad botkini, zvenigrodski) miuyidia. aseve eqceodnen qarTul xelnawerebs. an mTlianad itacebdnen maT, an amoWridnen ulamazes miniaturebs da sazRvargareT yiddnen. amave egzarqosis mwyemsmTavrobisas 1887 wels guriisa da samegrelos sazogadoebis cnobilma da warCinebulma pirebma sinods sTxoves 1885 wels gaerTianebuli guria-samegrelos eparqiebis kvlav gancalkeveba, razedac egzarqos paladis mkacri da cinikuri uari miiRes. XIX s. miwuruls saqarTvelos egzarqosebi iyvnen vladimeri (1892-1898) da flabiane (gorodecki, 1898-1901). maTi qmedebebi wina egzarqosebisagan arafriT gamoirCeoda. samarTlianad werda XIX s. mkvlevari erisTav-ServaSiZe: `rusi egzarqosebis Tanamdeboba saqarTveloSi biurokratiam SemoiRo. amitomac, bunebrivia, rom egzarqosi dadebiTs verafers gaakeTebda... saqarTveloSi moRvaweobis asi wlis manZilze egzarqosebs araferi gaukeTebiaT, garda biurokratiuli reJimisa da `kanceriarSCinis~ danergvisa~. kiTxvebi: ratom amcirebda saqarTveloSi eparqiebis ricxvs rusuli xelisufleba? moiyvaneT magaliTi da gaixseneT ramdeni eparqia iyo XIX s. dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi, da maTgan ramdeni datova rusulma xelisuflebam? saqarTvelos romeli egzarqosebi iciT? ras niSnavs `egzarqosi~? ra iyo egzarqosTa ZiriTadi mizani saqarTveloSi? ratom iCendnen gansakuTrebul `mzrunvelobas~ rusi saeklesio moxeleebi samegrelos, svaneTis, mimarT? ra danakargi ganicada qarTulma eklesiam rusi egzarqosebis mmarTvelobisas? ra mizans emsaxureboda axali aTonis monastris daarseba? ra iqcevs Tqvens gansakuTrebul yuradRebas am monastris aRwerisas? ra moxda saqarTveloSi egzarqos pavle lebedevis mmarTvelobisas? romeli qarTveli moRvawe emsxverpla egzarqos pavles aramwyemsmTavrul saqciels? rogor `daisaja` es egzarqosi rusuli xelisuflebis mier? rogor SeiZleba SeafasoT saqarTveloSi egzarqosTa mmarTvelobis asi weli? dokumentebi: dokumenti I. fragmenti, 1905 w. 28-30 maiss TbilisSi gamarTuli saeklesio krebis mier miRebuli peticiidan, romelic gaegzavna ruseTis ministrTa komitetis Tavmjdomaresa da sinodis ober-prokurors: `imperatori pavle I, romelic ver poulobda gzas [saqarTvelos] avtokefaluri eklesia ruseTis sinods rogor damorCileboda, general-leitenant knoringis saxelze daweril 1801 wlis 20 ianvris reskriptSi12, sxvaTaSoris ambobda, `xels ar vaxleb saqarTvelos eklesiis privilegiebso~; magram miuxedavad yovelivesi, miuxedavad qarTveli xalxis survilisa `SenarCunebuliyo kaTalikosis Tanamdeboba da wodeba~ ruseTis mTavrobam kaTalikosi anton II aiZula ruseTSi wasuliyo (1810 wlis 3 noembers), xolo iveriis eklesia ruseTis eklesias SeuerTa. ruseTis mTavrobam, sinodTan erTad ... saqarTveloSi ise daiwyo egzarqosebis daniSvna, Tanxmoba ar hqonda aRmosavleTis [marTlmadidebeli] patriarqebis da adgilobrivi mRvdelmTavrebisac ki~. kiTxva: ra argumentebs iSveliebda qarTveli samRvdeloeba, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis dasacavad? dokumenti II. episkoposi kirionis werili ruseTis imperator nikoloz II-sadmi, saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb (uTariRo, savaraudod 1906 w.) `saqarTvelos eklesiis damcvelebs: episkoposebs, wmida krebuls da xalxs, ar SeuZliaT da arc aqvT ufleba Seurigdnen eklesiis uuflebobas da mis srul ngrevas, romelic daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac mmarTvelma sinodma saqarTveloSi daiwyo Tavisi xSirad angarebiani da zogjer ki RmerTis urwmuno egzarqosebis gamogzavna. 25-mde mravalsaukunovani, ganmanaTlebeli kaTedra, romelTagan mravali momswre iyo qristianobis Casaxvisa
11

tixruli minanqari _ saeklesio xelovnebis dargi. oqros firfita (safuZveli) ifareba uwvrilesi oqros ZafebiT, romelTa Soris sivrce ivseba gansakuTrebuli masiT _ minanqriT, romelic gacivebisas mkvrivdeba, ase iqmneba ulamazesi da urTulesi mxatvruli nawarmoebi. 12 reskripti (laT. rescriptum _ `werilobiTi pasuxi~) _ imperatoris werili qveSevrdomisadmi, romelic sajaro ganxilvisTvisaa gankuTvnili.

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saqarTveloSi, daiketa. 15 monasterze meti, gauqmebulia, 675 eklesia zars aRar rekavs... saeklesio mamulebi, romelTa Rirebuleba 15 milion maneTamdea, xazinas gadaeca, xolo saqarTvelos eklesia, maTi Semosavlis 1/2%-ze naklebs iRebs. Tbilisisa da quTaisis (daixura 1905 wels) sasuliero seminariebma, rusi reqtorebis, inspeqtorebisa da aRmzrdelebis wyalobiT aTasobiT iseTi axalgazrda aRzardes, romelsac arc rwmena aqvs da arc zneoba, da bolos da bolos rodesac isini quCaSi gauSves, Seqmnes usaxlkaro proletariati, social-revolucionerebi da anarqistebi~. SekiTxvebi: ra konkretuli faqtebi moaqvs episkopos kirions rusi egzarqosebis uaryofiTi moRvaweobis dasaxasiaTeblad? ra mizezebs asaxelebs kirioni imis dasamtkiceblad, rom sasuliero seminariebi, samRvdeloebis nacvlad, revolucionerebs zrdidnen? dokumenti III. fragmentebi mixeil (gobron) sabininis (1845-1900) werilebidan zaqaria WiWinaZisadmi) a) uTariRo, XIX s. 80-iani wlebi, b) igive adresatisadmi 1885 wels dawerili werilis amonaridi. a) `egzarqosma (igulisxmeba albaT pavle lebedevi) piri momWama, rom Sen qarTvelebis mxare giWiravso da imanTi patioseneba gindao. qarTvelebi sul unda gavasaxloTo da iq xsenebac ar iyos imanTio da iq rusebi da malaknebi unda CavasaxloTo; me gaviRiRine; gamijavrda kidec amazed~. *** b) `Cven aw wyevasa queSe varT da amis gamo, unda davemorCiloT gangebasa... Zali amanTa (e.i. ruseTis xelisuflebas) aqvsT da raca nebavT, imas Svrebian. ekzarxi rogorc mRudelmTavari da omoforis13 mtvirTveli, yvelas keTilad unda eqceodes da ara policiurad~. SekiTxvebi da davaleba: gaixseneT vin aris mixeil sabinini (ixileT Semdegi paragrafi). mokled gavaanalizoT ras fiqrobda ruseTis saeklesio xelisufleba saqarTvelos eklesiis Sesaxeb.

3. avtokefaluri moZraoba da misi Sedegebi (1905-1917)

meoce saukunis dasawyisidan ruseTis imperiaSi ori tendencia SeiniSneba: pirveli, Zlieri, antimonarqiuli moZraoba, meore, ruseTis xelisuflebis swrafva moaxdinos ganapira mxareebis da maT Soris qarTvelebis sruli da daCqarebuli asimilacia. amave dros, aSkara iyo rom bzari eklesiasa da mosaxleobas Soris ufro da ufro izrdeboda. qarTvelma xalxma axla ukve naTlad dainaxa ra iyo ruseTis saeklesio sinodis da saxelmwifos namdvili miznebi saqarTveloSi. imperia pirvel rigSi cdilobda yvela saSualebiT SeezRuda qarTuli enis xmareba cxovrebis da moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi, rac sabolood mas arasaWiro, meorexarisxovan danamatad aqcevda. es aucilebeli iyo imisTvis, rom gaadvilebuliyo ruseTis imperiis mosaxleobis erT erad Serwymis rTuli procesi. dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad, ruseTis saero da saeklesio xelisufleba mraval saSualebasa da meTods mimarTavda: skolis denacionalizacia, rusuli da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi masobrivi Casaxleba, mosaxleobaSi sarwmunoebrivi da eTnikuri dapirispirebis waxaliseba. (gavixsenoT Tundac antisemituri procesebi) ekonomikuri agresia (privilegiebis Seqmna ruseTis guberniebidan da ruseTis farglebs garedan Camosaxlebuli mosaxleobisaTvis), eklesiis gadaqceva rusuli saxelmwifos imperiuli miznebis uSualo iaraRad. amasTanave, iseve rogorc yvela imperia ruseTic iyenebda mosyidvisa da jildoebis darigebis cnobil meTods. qarTvel erze am kardinaluri Setevis erT-erTi mimarTuleba, rogorc adrec aRiniSna, TviT qarTvelTa daqsaqsva da qarTveli eris danawevreba iyo. ruseTis saero da saeklesio, sxvadasxva rangis moxeleebi, dabejiTebiT CasCiCinebdnen megrelebs, svanebs, mahmadian, kaTolike qarTvelebs, (rom araferi vTqvaT afxazebze da osebze), rom isini qarTvelebi ar arian, rom maT ZaliT axveven Tavs qarTul enas, literaturas, RvTismsaxurebas, saqarTvelos
13

omofori _ samRvdelmTavro Sesamoseli (warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvisagan `feros~ _ `tareba~). gadataniT, aRniSnavs ers, samwysos, romelTa sulebis gadarCenazec zrunavs eris sulieri mama.

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istorias da a.S. calke `erad~ undodaT gaesaRebinaT samurzayanoelebic (dRevandeli galis raionis mosaxleoba). imisTvis rom cotaTi mainc SeeniRbaT TavianTi namdvili miznebi, ruseTis moxeleebi TvalTmaqcobdnen da afxazebs, osebs, aseve ZirZvel qarTul mosaxleobas: megrelebs, svanebs sTavazobdnen axali anbanis Seqmnas da sasuliero da saero literaturis maT `enaze Targmnas~. saqarTvelodan afxazeTis CamoSorebisaTvis XX s. dasawyisSi rusulma saeklesio xelisuflebam axali mzakvruli gegma SeimuSava. axal aTonze moRvawe episkoposma arsenma zemdgom saero da saeklesio xelisuflebas miawoda idea, rom soxumis eparqia saerTod gamoeyvanaT saqarTvelo-imereTis sinodaluri kantoris daqvemdebarebidan (anu saqarTvelodan) da yubanis olqisaTvis SeeerTebinaT. am gegmam mTavarmarTebel gr. golicinis da saqarTvelos egzarqos aleqsi I-is (opocki, 1901-1905) aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia. egzarqosi sinods werda, rom `patara da mravalenovani soxumis eparqiis mierTeba yubanis olqisadmi, Zalze sasargeblo iqneboda. yubanis olqi 1.717 245 sul marTlmadidebel, rusul mosaxleobas iTvlis, da am masaSi advilad gaiTqvifeba 75. 000 SavizRvispireTis (igulisxmeba soxumis eparqia da mTlianad afxazeTi, avtorebi) mravalenovani mosaxleoba. rusuli xelisuflebis zraxvebi amaze Sorsac midioda. igive egzarqosi aleqsi 1903 wlis aprilSi saidumlo weriliT mimarTavda axali aTonis episkopos arsens da mas aseT gegmas uziarebda: `leCxumis mazra anu svaneTi geografiuli da saxelmwifoebrivi miznebisTvis, Zalian kargi da momgebiani iqneba Tu, saeklesio mmarTvelobis TvalsazrisiT, soxumis eparqias miuerTdeba~-o. naTqvamia `mada WamaSi modiso~ da aleqsi egzarqosma erTi mxriv, soxumis eparqia `gaTqvifa~ yubanis olqSi da meore mxriv, mas daumata svaneTis eparqiac, romelic manamde samegrelos eparqiaSi Sedioda. es antiqarTuli gegmebi albaT ganxorcieldeboda kidec, Tu ara 1905-1907 wlebis ruseTis revolucia. qarTvelebis siZulviliT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda saqarTvelos saegzarqosos axali mmarTveli, saeparqio saswavleblebis saolqo mzrunveli, saRvTo sjulis moZRvari da sasuliero Jurnalis redaqtori dekanozi ioane vostorgovi (1867-1918) 1900 wlidan is saqarTvelos sasuliero uwyebaSi wamyvan mdgomareobas ikavebs. i. vostorgovi siamayiT acxadebda, rom misi mizania qarTuli enis gandevna sasuliero saswavleblebidan da am dawesebulebis `saxelmwifoebriv~ doneze amuSaveba. igi iuwyeboda, rom mis dawinaurebamde `qarTul skolebSi (pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba saeklesio-samrevlo, anu pirveldawyebiTi sasuliero mimarTulebis skolebi; avtorebi) qarTul enas 12 saaTi eTmoboda da 6 saaTi ki rusuls. qarTuls `ZaliT aswavlidnen osebs da afxazebs, svanebs da qistebs da aseve megrelebs~. es `saSineli danaSauli~ rom aRmoefxvra (anu qarTuli ena saerTod ganedevna skolebidan) i. vostorgovs, misive aRiarebiT, Zalian daZabuli muSaoba dasWirda . is siamayiT acxadebda, rom misi mecadineobiT, bolo dros `samegrelosa da svaneTis 150 skolaSi (anu faqtobrivad yvela skolaSi; avtorebi) sruliad Sewyda qarTuli enis swavleba~. vostorgovma mizanSi amoiRo qarTveli samRvdeloebis is warmomadgenlebi, romlebic, misi azriT, mxaris rusifikaciis saqmeSi dabrkolebas warmoadgendnen. aseTi iyo pirvel rigSi episkoposi kirioni (saZagliSvili) romelic i. vostorgovis uSualo miTiTebiT 1902 wlidan Soreuli ukrainis patara qalaq kamenec-podolskSi `gadaiyvanes~ anu gadaasaxles. 1917 wlamde kirions samSobloSi dabrunebis nebas ar rTavdnen da imperiis sxvadasxva Soreul provinciebSi agzavnidnen (Tu ar CavTvliT 1906-1907 ww. rodesac kirions soxumSi Camosvlis da moRvaweobis saSualeba misces). kidev bevr antiqarTul qmedebas da ukeTurobas Caidenda i. vostorgovi, rom ara 1905 wels dawyebuli revolucia. qarTvelebis risxvas man imiT upasuxa rom 1905 wlis maisSi ruseTSi gaiqca da saqarTveloSi aRar dabrunebula. Tumca qarTvelebis da piradad kirionis devna vostorgovma moskovidan ganagrZo. aseT rTul viTarebaSi Seegeba XX saukunes saqarTvelos eklesia, magram amave dros, aSkara iyo isic, rom ruseTis imperiaSi seriozuli ryeva iwyeboda da qarTvel xalxs mieca saSualeba brZola daewyo eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad. saqarTvelos eklesiis ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolas, safuZveli Cauyares XIX s. qarTvelma sasuliero moRvaweebma, aseve ilia WavWavaZem da misma TanamebrZolebma. qarTvel sasuliero moRvaweTagan XIX s-Si pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT didi avtoritetis mRvdelmTavari wminda gabrieli (qiqoZe 1825-1896). XIX s. qarTveli samRvdeloeba da maT Soris meufe gabrieli mZime amocanis winaSe idga. erTi mxriv, igi rusuli saxelmwifos erTguli msaxuri unda yofiliyo, meore mxriv ki, yvela saSualebiT 129

unda daecva qarTveli xalxis TviTmyofadoba rusuli saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis zewolisagan. meufe gabrielma SeZlo am amocanis pirnaTlad Sesruleba. gansakuTrebiT ganTqmulia misi `qadagebebi~, romliTac is samwysos mimarTavda. `qadagebebi~ yvela saWirboroto saero Tu sasuliero sakiTxze amomwurav da marTal pasuxs iZleoda. wamoWril sakiTxTa Soris iyo qarTuli meobis da mSobliuri enis dacvis problemebic. avtokefalur moZraobas safuZveli Seumzada yvela im moRvawem, saerom Tu sasulierom, vinc saqarTvelos eklesiis TviTmyofadobas icavda da imperiis mesveurT mis uZveles istorias Seaxsenebda. aseT moRvaweTa Soris XIX s-Si unda dasaxeldes episkoposi aleqsandre (oqropiriZe, 1824-1907), romelic qarTuli saero da sasuliero literaturis gamocemas afinansebda da eklesia-monastrebis aRdgenis saqmeSic monawileobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvel moRvaweebTan erTad, saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis saTaveebTan idgnen mamiT rusi mixeil (gobron) sabinini (1845-1900) da patiosani rusi mecnieri nikoloz durnovo (1870-1937). am ukanasknelma ara erTi statia dawera qarTuli eklesiis dasacavad, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia `qarTuli eklesiis bedi~ (1907), romelic arnaxuli pirdapirobiT amxelda rusi egzarqosebis da ruseTis sinodis mavne politikas saqarTvelos uZvelesi eklesiis mimarT. rac Seexeba mixeil sabinins, igi saqarTveloSi daibada da dedam qarTuli suliskveTebiT aRzarda. amitomac, mixeilma sicocxle qarTuli siZveleebis da siwmindeebis warmoCenas, dacvas da propagandas miuZRvna. man erTad Sekriba da brwyinvaled gamosca peterburgSi 50 qarTveli wmindanis cxovreba-martviloba. wigns m. sabininma daurTo SesaniSnavi ilustraciebi, romelTa Tavdapirveli monaxazebi da eskizi masve ekuTvnoda. (wm. nino, daviT aRmaSenebeli, asureli mamebi, wm. qeTevani, abo Tbileli da a.S.). am wigns man `saqarTvelos samoTxe~ uwoda. manve, germaniaSi dabeWda ubrwyinvalesi xati, `saqarTvelos eklesiis dideba~, romelic sveticxovelTan dakavSirebul legendas asaxavs. es xati farTod gavrcelda maSindel ruseTis imperiaSi da misi aslebi dResac farTodaa mofenili mTel saqarTveloSi. am da mravali sxva qmedebiT, sabinini yvelas umtkicebda, rom uZvelesi saqarTvelos eklesiis xelyofis ufleba aravis hqonda. XX s. dasawyisidan avtokefaluri moZraobis upirobo lideri gaxda episkoposi kirioni (saZagliSvili 1855-1918). misi cxovreba mTlianad saqarTvelos eklesiasa da saqarTvelos istoriis warmoCenas mieZRvna. kirioni iyo Seupovari da mkvlevris unariT dajildoebuli mRvdelmTavari. igi araviTar siZneles ar uSindeboda da yovelgvar pirobebSi, maT Soris Soreul da mZime gadasaxlebaSic ki, ar wyvetda kvlevas. kirionis gamoqveynebuli da gamouqveynebeli naSromebi mravali aTeulobiTaa. 1905 wlidan igi ukve pirdapir ambobs saTqmels: saqarTvelos eklesia rusuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi umZimes mdgomareobaSia, mas CamoarTves yvela is ufleba, riTac eklesia saukuneebis manZilze sargeblobda. rac mTavaria, qarTvel xalxs aRar aqvs saSualeba Tavis enaze aRasrulos locva da moisminos wirva da qadageba; dRiTidRe izrdeba bzari mosaxleobasa da saeklesio xelisuflebas Soris. episkopos kirions miaCnda, rom am umZimesi mdgomareobidan erTaderTi gamosavali arsebobs: saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukidebeli marTvis anu avtokefaliis aRdgena. qarTvelma xalxma da samRvdeloebam daufasa mas es didi Rvawli. 1917 w. seqtemberSi episkoposi kirioni avtokefaliaaRdgenili saqarTvelos eklesiis pirvel kaTalikos-patriaqad aRasaydra, `kirion II-is~ saxeliT. samwuxarod, kirion II-s ar dascalda didxans exelmZRvanela damoukidebeli saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis. 1918 w. 26 ivniss is gaurkvevel viTarebaSi gamoasalmes sicocxles martyofis monasterSi. episkopos kirionTan erTad avtokefaluri moZraobis aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen episkoposebi: leonide (oqropiriZe, 1855-1921), petre (konWoSvili, 1836-1909), daviTi (kaWaxiZe); aseve mRvdlebi ioseb CijavaZe, nikita TalakvaZe, meliton kelenjeriZe da sxvebi. Tavdapirvelad avtokefalur moZraobas miemxrnen episkoposebi giorgi (aladaSvili) da eqvTime (eliaSvili) magram sakmarisi iyo rusuli oficiozis zewola da isini ganudgnen am moZraobas. avtokefalur moZraobaSi sxvadasxva dros, CarTulni iyvnen imxanad mRvdlebi (SemgomSi kaTolikospatriarqebi) kalistrate (cincaZe 1866-1952) ambrosi (xelaia 1861-1927), Zmebi karbelaSvilebi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT polievqtosi da vasili gamoirCeodnen. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos samRvdeloebaze ruseTis saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis zewola imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom 1906 wlis oqtomberSi, samRvdeloebis nawilma droebiT ukan daixia da srul avtokefaliaze uari Tqva. e.w. `mRdelTa jgufis~ azriT, romelic xelmouwerlad, 1906 wlis 12 oqtombers rusulenovan gazeT `tiflisSi~ 130

gamoqveynda, im etapze ukeTesi iyo ebrZolaT ara avtokefaliisTvis, aramed samRvdeloebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis (5 axali eparqiis daarseba da samitropolito olqebSi maTi gaerTianeba, samRvdeloebis daniSvnis nacvlad, arCeviTobis principis SemoReba, saero pirTa CarTva saeklesio mmarTvelobaSi, xelisuflebis Caurevloba saeklesio saqmeebSi da a.S.). am `jgufSi~ Sediodnen cnobili saeklesio moRvaweebi: kalistrate cincaZe, ambrosi xelaia, anton ToTibaZe. marTalia, mogvianebiT aRniSnulma moRvaweebma azri Seicvales da kvlav aqtiurad Caebnen avtokefalur moZraobaSi, magram rusma egzarqosebma da ruseTis sinodma moaxerxa da TviT avtokefalist samRvdeloebis wiaRSi gaaCina urTierTdapirispirebuli dasebi. am `dasTa~ brZolis Sedegebma gansakuTrebiT katastrofuli Sedegebi gamoiRo avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdgom, 1917-1918 ww-Si. amasTan erTad, arsebobdnen qarTuli samRvdeloebis iseTi warmomadgenlebic, romlebic daufaravad ebrZodnen aramarto saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobas, aramed yovelive qarTuls. maT Soris gamoirCeoda guria-samegrelos episkoposi dimitri (daviT) abaSiZe (1867-1944). igi ruseTis sinods werda, rom qarTvelebi separatistebi da moRalateebi arian, da maTi ndoba ar SeiZlebao. dimitri abaSiZe rusul saeklesio da saero xelisuflebas sTavazobda saerTod aekrZalad qarTulad wignebis beWdva. am qarTvelTmoZules episkoposi kirioni `rZenawyen renegats14~ uwodebda. 1905 wels dimitri abaSiZe ruseTSi CoxaSi gadacmuli gaiqca da saqarTveloSi aRar dabrunebula, Tumca iyo Sua aziis, simferopolis da Tavrizis episkoposi. aseTive azrebs gamoTqvamda ninowmindeli keTilmowese15 aleqsi gulisaSvili. 1906 wels igi fsevdonimiT `sofleli mRvdeli~, oficialur saeklesio JurnalSi (`saeklesio uwyebebi~) werda: `zomierebis mimdevar qarTvel mRvdlebs ar gvesaWiroeba avtokefaloba... Cven mudamdRe vloculobT eklesiaTa erTobisaTvis da ara ganyofisaTvis~. aseTi pozicia, qarTuli eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis mebrZolTaTvis pirdapir zurgidan laxvris Cacema iyo. yvela sirTulis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos damonebuli eklesiis gasanTavisufleblad moZraoba Zlierdeboda. 1901 wels, qarTvelebs ruseTTan `SeerTebis~ asi wlisTavi azeimes. saqarTvelos sazogadoebis yvela wodebam isargebla am momentiT da ruseTis ministrTa komitetis Tavmjdomares da saeklesio sinods, peticia gaugzavna. peticiaSi, qarTvelebma Selamazebis gareSe Seaxsenes ruseTis xelisufalT, rom: `mTavrobam gandevna qarTuli ena eklesiidan da amiT qarTveli xalxis sarwmunoebrivi grZnoba Seuracxyo~. peticiaSi naTqvami iyo agreTve, rom ar SeiZleba saqarTvelos sasuliero da sxva saswavleblebSi, daufaravi rusifikatoruli politika tardebodes. amave dros, 1901 wels saqarTvelos samRvdeloebam imperator nikoloz II-s da sinods mimarTes TxovniT, peterburgis sasuliero akademiaSi gaxsniliyo qarTuli eklesiis istoriis ganyofileba. am mimarTvebs maSin pasuxi ar moyolia; magram es iyo pirveli sajaro mimarTva imperiis umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi, eklesiis saWirboroto sakiTxebis ganxilvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. am peticiebis erTgvari gagrZeleba iyo imxanad dekanozis petre konWoSvilis moTxovna ruseTis sinodisadmi saRvTo sjuli, eparqiul saswavleblebSi moswavleTa dedaenaze eswavlebinaT (1901). avtokefaluri moZraoba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1905 wlidan, rodesac ruseTis pirveli revolucia daiwyo. ruseTis imperiis ministrTa kabinets da wminda sinods araerTi moTxovna da peticia gaegzavna. maT Soris: 1905 w. 31 martis imereTis samRvdeloebis dadgenileba, 1905 w. 15 aprilis sruliad saqarTvelos samRvdeloebis krebis oqmi (xels awerda 472 piri), 28-30 maisis qarTl-kaxeTis samRvdeloebis yrilobis dadgenileba da a.S. moTxovnebi ZiriTadad Semdegi iyo: 1) aucilebelia saqarTvelos eklesias daubrundes warTmeuli avtokefalia, eklesiis meTauroba unda gadaeces kaTolikos-patriarqs. kaTolikoss unda daeqvemdebaros istoriuli saqarTvelos yvela regioni: Tbilisis, quTaisis guberniebi, baTumis, zaqaTalas olqebi afxazeT-samurzayano da a.S. 2) unda danergiliyo saeklesio pirebis arCeviTobis sistema. 3) iveriis eklesias unda daebrunebina warTmeuli qoneba da mamulebi. 1905 w. 28-30 maisis krebam Zalian gaaRiziana rusuli saeklesio xelisufleba. Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi Sekrebili (dRevandeli xelovnebis muzeumis Senoba) yrilobis delegatebi ufro da ufro Tamam gancxadebebs
14

`renegati~ momdinareobs laTinuri zmnidan `renego~ _ uarvyof. es termini aRniSnavs rwmenis da saerTod moRalates. samwuxarod, dResac SexvdebiT gamocemebs, sadac dimitri abaSiZes qeba-didebiT amkoben. 15 keTilmowese (`blaRoCini~) piri rusul eklesiaSi, romelsac evaleboda mocemul olqSi monastrebis an samwysos zedamxedveloba-mzurnveloba.

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akeTebdnen da rusul saeklesio xelisuflebas daufaravad akritikebdnen. aRSfoTebulma seminariis reqtorma arqimandritma nikandrma 31 maiss kazakebi da policia gamoiZaxa. kazakebi ki, ar moeridnen erTmorwmune samRvdeloebis xarisxs da maTraxebiT cema dauwyes maT. ase daSala saqarTvelos da misi eklesiis `mfarvelma~ rusulma xelisuflebam qarTveli samRvdeloebis yriloba. kazakTa am barbarosul qmedebas bevri saprotesto werili da gamosvla moyva. amis gamo, egzarqosi da sasuliero saswavleblis reqtori ruseTSi gaiwvies. 1905 w. 16 noembers saqarTveloSi myofma da momqmedma oTxma mRvdelmTavarma axal egzarqos nikolozs (nalimovi, 1905-1906) mkacri peticia miarTva. egzarqosma Tavis mxriv peticia piradad imperators da sinods gadaugzavna. mRvdelmTavrebi xelisuflebas auwyebdnen rom Tu sinodi samRvdeloebis samarTlian moTxovnebs ar gaiTvaliswinebda da pasuxs ar gascemda, saqarTvelos samRvdeloeba Seikribeboda da: `mTavrobis daukiTxavad, kaTalikoss airCevda~. am radikalur moTxovnas xels awerdnen: imereTis episkoposi leonide (oqropiriZe), guria-samegrelos episkoposi giorgi (aladaSvili), goris episkoposi eqvTime (eliaSvili) da alaverdis episkoposi petre (konWoSvili). aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli, sul sami dRis xeldasxmuli iyo am kaTedraze. samwuxarod, mogvianebiT episkoposi eqvTime saerTod ganudga avtokefalur moZraobas. ufro metic, imperatoris mier ruseTis saeklesio krebisTvis am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad gadacemis Semdeg, eqviTme eliaSvilma antiqarTuli pozicia daikava. 1905 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos sazogadoeba kidev erTxel Seikriba da SeimuSava `saqarTvelos eklesiis reorganizaciis proeqti~. misi mTavari moTxovna bunebrivia, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom saeklesio avtokefaliisTvis brZolas, saqarTvelos damoukideblobisTvis brZolis nawilad ganixilavdnen cnobili qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebi: i. WavWavaZe, i. gogebaSvili, e. TayaiSvili, al. cagareli, n. nikolaZe, al. xaxanaSvili, n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili da sxvebi. amitomac iyo, rom ilia WavWavaZe mefisnacvlis i. voroncov-daSkovis (1905-1915) winaSe warsdga da saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuli moTxovna warudgina. aseve, igi peterburgSi, am sakiTxze esaubra sinodis ober-prokuror a. obolenskis. amasTan erTad, mefisnacvals gadaeca werilobiTi dokumenti, romelSic saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis moSveliebiT, misi damoukidebeli marTvis aRdgenis aucilebloba iyo dasabuTebuli. mefisnacvalTan miRebaze, ilias warmouTqvams sityvac, romlis mxolod fragmentia moRweuli. ilias, kerZod uTqvams: `ruseTis sazRvrebSi, yvela araruss (`inorodecs~) sarwmunoebis sakiTxSi, damoukidebeli marTvis ufleba aqvs. somxebi, musulmanebi, ebraelebi da a.S. TavianTi aRmsareblobis saqmeSi, damoukidebelni arian. maT aqvT Tavisi sasuliero saswavleblebi, sadac swavla mSobliur enaze warmoebs... ucnauria, rom am sikeTes moklebuli arian, mxolod marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebi, TiTqosda sasjelad maTi marTlmadideblobisa~. ilia asabuTebda, rom aseTi viTarebis SemdgomSi SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo. Tavis mxriv, mefisnacval ilarion voroncov-daSkovs uTqvams, rom yvela warmodgenili argumentis miuxedavad, is ver darwmunda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aucileblobaSi. miT ufro, rom misi TqmiT, erT saxelmwifoSi ori marTlmadidebeli, avtokefaluri eklesiis arseboba gaumarTleblad miaCnda. sabolood, mefisnacvali Sepirda qarTvelTa deputats, rom yvelafers peterburgs moaxsenebda. avtokefaliis aRdgenisaTvis brZola namdvil saxalxo moZraobad iqca. avtokefaliisTvis brZolas mxolod socialdemokratebi da saqarTvelos eklesiis aSkara moRalateebi ganudgnen. am saerTo moZraobiT SeSfoTebulma nikoloz II-m, sakiTxis ganxilva jer sinods gadauloca, Semdeg ki, sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebis e.w. winaswar saTaTbiros (1906 w.). yvelaferi isedac naTeli iyo, radgan saTaTbiros sxdomebze, umravlesobas i. vostorgovis momxreebi Seadgendnen. formaluri mxaris dasacavad, sxdomebze miiwvies episkoposebi: kirioni da leonide; (episkoposi eqvTime `mtris~ banakSi iyo). mecnierTagan ki, saqarTvelos eklesiis interesebs icavdnen niko mari, al. cagareli, al. xaxanaSvili. ruseTis saeklesio da saero xelisufleba garkveuli dabneulobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos erTianobis gasaTiSad, sakmaod Wkvianurad moqmedebda da qarTvelTa xasiaTis uaryofiT mxareebs (magaliTad: zRvars gadasul individualizms da ambiciurobas) SesaniSnavad iyenebda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1906 wels TviT qarTvel avtokefalistTa Soris gaCnda gansxvavebuli midgomebi da moZraoba, faqtobrivad, `dasebad~ daiyo. paralelurad, mZlavrad amoqmedda kavkasiis rusuli samRvdeloeba, romelmac 1906 w. zafxulSi, sinodSi gaagzavna moxsenebiTi 132

werili, romelSic daupirispirda qarTveli samRvdeloebis proeqts. qarTveli samRvdeloeba mxars uWerda avtokefaliis aRdgenas teritoriuli principiT. rusi erovnebis samRvdeloebis proeqti ki, Tavis mxriv, moiTxovda, avtonomiis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi, exelmZRvanelad mxolod erovnuli principiT. es imas niSnavda, rom istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, da saerTod kavkasiaSi, aseve erevnis, .... baqos guberniebSi, yarsis olqSi da sxvagan, calke gamoeyoT araqarTvel marTlmadidebelTa eparqia, romelic uSualod ruseTis sinods daeqvemdebareboda. aseTi proeqtis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia sruli fiqcia iqneboda. mas adgilzeve daupirispirdeboda masze ufro didi eparqia, romelic centridan iqneboda zurggamagrebuli. am eparqias rusi erovnebis arqiepiskoposi unda Casdgomoda saTaveSi, romlis rezidencia aseve TbilisSi iqneboda. rusi nacionalistebis es veraguli gegma, moralurTan erTad, saeklesio kanonikasTanac winaaRmdegobaSi modioda. erT qalaqSi ori mRvdelmTavris erTdrouli moqmedeba, saeklesio kanonebis mixedviT, dauSvebelia. 1906 wels ruseTis umaRlesma saeklesio wreebma, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi ramdenjerme ganixiles. Tumca arc erTma Sekrebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia ar aRiara, piriqiT, zogierT Sekrebebze i. vostorgovis reaqciuli proeqtebic ganixiles, romlis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saegzarqoso saerTod unda gauqmebuliyo da am teritoriaze samitropolo olqebi Seqmniliyo. misive proeqtis meore variantis mixedviT, saqarTvelos teritoriaze unda darCeniliyo mxolod ramdenime eparqia, romelic uSualod ruseTis sinods daemorCileboda. peterburgSi am sakiTxis pirveli seriozuli ganxilva 1906 w. 17 ianvars moxda. gadawyda, rom, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi momavali sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebisTvis gadaecaT. SemdegSi, marTlac, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxi saeklesio krebis e.w. `winaswari saTaTbiros~ II ganyofilebam ganixila. sxdomas eswrebodnen: episkoposebi kirioni da leonide. qarTveli episkoposebis moxseneba Seexeboda saqarTvelos eklesiis imdroindel mZime mdgomareobas (episkoposi leonide) da istoriul warsuls (episkoposi kirioni). pirveli ganxilviT, araviTari gadawyvetileba ar iqna miRebuli. Semdegi Sexvedra imave wlis 19 ianvars Sedga. Sekrebis win, egzarqosma nikolozma kerZo Sexvedrebis dros, rusul samRvdeloebas ganucxada, rom qarTvelebisaTvis `avtokefaliis qveS erovnuli avtonomia imalebao~. cxadia, aseTi Sefasebis Semdeg, krebaze ra mimarTulebac gabatondeboda. es krebac gadawyvetilebis gareSe daixura. 1906 w. martsa da aprilSi Sexvedrebi gagrZelda. 18 aprils kvlav miubrundnen am problemis ganxilvas. krebaze kirionma oTxi moxseneba waradgina: a) saqarTvelos eklesiis sakiTxi b) ra aiZulebT qarTvelebs ibrZolon eklesiis avtokefaliis aRsadgenad g) romel `iverias~ mieniWa avtokefalia XI s-Si d) nacionaluri principi eklesiaSi. kirioni am moxsenebebSi amtkicebda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaluri marTvis istoriul da kanonikur aucileblobas. mesame moxsenebaSi, is amtkicebda, rom im `iveria~-Si, romelmac XI s-Si avtokefalia miiRo, ara mTlianad saqarTvelo, aramed mxolod bizantiis gavlenaSi myofi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo e.w. `iveriis Temi~ igulisxmeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom kirionis es Tezisi swori ar iyo, da mxolod hipoTezad SeiZleba CaTvliliyo, magram es saqmis viTarebas ar cvlida. amave Sekrebaze, qarTvelma mecnierma al. cagarelma daasabuTa, rom rusulma sinodma saqarTveloSi mravali ukanonoba Caidina, da aseve aCvena ratom iTxovdnen qarTvelebi eklesiis avtokefalias ase dabejiTebiT. al. cagarelis sityviT, rusulma eklesiam: a) gaauqma iveriis uZvelesi sakaTalikoso b) CamoarTva eklesias mamulebi da qoneba g) gaauqma Zveli saeklesio dadgenilebebi d) saqarTvelos eklesias daevala edResaswaula rusuli eklesiis wmindanTa dReebi e) ruseTis uwmindesi sinodi saqarTveloSi agzavnida qarTulis ucodinar mmarTvel egzarqosebs v) saeklesio sabuTebi (dabadebis, qorwinebis mowmobebi, da a.S.) mxolod rusul enaze gaicemoda da a.S. amave Sekrebaze mniSvnelovani moxsenebebiT wardgnen al. xaxanaSvili da niko mari. saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxis gansaxilvelad Seiqmna 20 kaciani komisia, romelmac sabolood, uaryofiTi daskvna gamoitana. drois garkveul monakveTSi saqarTvelos egzarqosi ar yavda. sinodma gadawyvita axal egzarqosad nikoni (sofiiski, 1906-1908). daeniSna da saqarTveloSi gaegzavna. ramdenime sxdoma, qarTvelma delegaciam protestis niSnad datova (sxdomebze darCa mxolod episkoposi eqvTime eliaSvili). 1906 w. ivnissa da noemberSi am sakiTxebs isev miubrundnen, magram yvelaferi isedac naTeli iyo, saqarTvelos eklesias da xalxs avtokefaliis aRdgenaze uari eTqva. imperiis umaRles wreebSi mixvdnen, rom garkveuli ukandaxeva mainc saWiro iyo da amitom 1906 wlis 23 agvistos gamoqveynda nikoloz II `umaRlesi brZanebuleba~; romelic saqarTvelos eklesias Seexeboda.

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`brZanebuleba~ iTvaliswinebda eklesiis Sida sakiTxebis mowesrigebas, episkoposTa uflebebis gafarToebas, sasuliero saswavleblebSi qarTuli enisTvis da qarTuli galobisaTvis meti yuradRebis daTmobas da a.S. samwuxarod, yvela gadawyvetileba, umeteswilad qaRaldze darCa. ufro metic, 1908 w. 28 maisis Semdeg, rodesac ucnobma pirebma egzarqosi nikoni mokles, represiebi qarTveli samRvdelo pirebis mimarT, kidev ufro gamkacrda. mkvlelobis Tanamonawiled, i. vostorgovis uSualo mcdelobiT, episkoposi kirioni gamocxadda. mas CamoerTva mRvdelmsaxurebis ufleba da gaigzavna tambovis guberniis umkacresi havis sanaqsaris monasterSi. aseve, riazanis erT-erT mkacri reJimis monasterSi ganaweses arqimandriti ambrosi xelaia. ruseTis reaqciuli politika saqarTvelos eklesiis mimarT, kidev erTxel gaaxmovana ruseTis saTaTbiros ganTqmulma reaqcionerma deputatma v. m. puriSkeviCma 16. man dasabuTebis gareSe, qarTvel samRvdeloebas brali dasdo egzarqosis mkvlelobaSi. kerZod vl. puriSkeviCma mkvlelobis momzadebaSi personalurad daadanaSaula episkoposi kirioni da misi TanamebrZoli ioseb CijavaZe. v. puriSkeviCis am gamosvlam qarTuli sazogadoebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. 1908 wlis 12-24 dekembers saqarTvelos samRvdeloebam yrilobac ki moiwvia, sadac erT-erTi mTavari gansaxilveli sakiTxi es ciliswameba iyo. am periodis mniSvnelovan movlenaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos 190617 wels quTaisSi gamocemuli meliton kelenjeriZis (daibeWda Toncmelisis fsevdonimiT) uaRresad Semtevi xasiaTis Sroma: `simarTle qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis Sesaxeb~ (rusul enaze). wignSi daufaravad iyo mxilebuli mTeli is dagrovili uaryofiTi gamocdileba, rac saqarTvelos eklesiam 100 wlis manZilze miiRo. wignSi sxvaTaSoris, naTqvami iyo, rom qarTul eklesias safuZvlebi verc sparselebma, verc osmalebma ver Seuryies, da es mxolod erTmorwmune ruseTma moaxerxa. daskvnis saxiT m. kelenjeriZe werda: `raRa unda iTqvas amis Semdeg im sacodav kacunebze, romlebic usindisod da siamayiT ucxadeben qarTvelebs rusi xalxis raRac did damsaxurebaze, qarTveli eris winaSe?!~ movlenad iqca agreTve, 1910 wels TbilisSi rusulad gamocemuli episkopos kirionis Sroma: `saqarTvelos kulturuli roli ruseTis istoriaSi~. marTalia, iq mocemuli debulebebis nawilma dros ver gauZlo da sadReisod misaRebi ar aris, magram TviT wignis saTauri da mTeli misi mizanmimarTuleba rusul sinamdvileSi revoluciuri gadatrialebis tolfasi iyo. Tu am wignis gamosvlamde, qarTvelebs STaagonebdnen, rom yvelaferi pozitiuri rac qarTvel ers ukavSirdeboda, ruseTidan modioda, am wignis saSualebiT kirioni imperias umtkicebda: piriqiT, patara saqarTvelom Seasrula udidesi kulturuli roli ruseTis istoriaSi-o. 1908-1912 ww-Si, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis brZola Senelda. faqtobrivad, moZraobam naxevradlegaluri formebi miiRo. ruseTis imperiis saidumlo policiis (`oxrankis~) saarqivo masalebi cxadyofen, rom am wlebSi avtokefalistTa rigebSi ramdenime agenti Cainerga. isini policias yvelafers atyobinebdnen rac avtokefalistTa Soris xdeboda. 1910 w. 18 Tebervals, erT-erTi saidumlo agenti ityobineboda, rom avtokefalisti samRvdeloebis jgufma saprotesto peticia Seadgina da konstantinepolis msoflio patriarqTan apirebs mis gagzavnaso. saidumlo werilSi dawvrilebiT iyo gadmocemuli werilis Sinaarsi, agreTve is gza, romlis saSualebiTac peticia msoflio patriarqTan unda moxvedriliyo (cnobili anarqistis varlam CerqeziSvilis daxmarebiT mas TurqeTSi gaitandnen). saidumlo peticiaSi naTqvami iyo agreTve, rom werils gaecno da redaqtireba gaukeTa qarTvelTa qomagma nikoloz durnovom. peticiis Sinaarsi aseTi iyo: 1) saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria ruseTTan SeerTebamde 2) rusi egzarqosebis moRvaweobis xasiaTi 3) ruseTis sinodis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis qonebis konfiskacia. bolos, peticiaSi moTavsebuli iyo Txovna msoflio patriarqisadmi, moewvia msoflio saeklesio kreba, sadac ganixileboda saqarTvelos eklesiis mdgomareoba da is ukanonobani rasac mis winaaRmdeg ruseTis sinodi axorcielebda. cnobili ar aris miiRo
16

vladimer puriSkeviCi (1870-1920) _ msxvili memamule besarabiidan (dRevandeli moldaveTi). iyo gamorCeuli reaqcioneri da Savrazmuli organizaciebis erT-erTi damaarsebeli. II, III, IV saTaTbiros deputati. mis gamosvlebi xasiaTdeboda xulignur-Seuracmyofeli frazeologiiT. 17 garedan ydaze, wignis dabeWdvis TariRad miTiTebulia `1905~, magram Sidafurcelze, aRniSnulia, rom wigni daibeWda quTaisis eparqiis droebiTi mmarTvelis yovladsamRvdelo petres (konWoSvilis) nebarTviT 1906 wlis 17 marts.

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Tu ara patriarqma es peticia. cxadia, mxolod is, rom avtokefalistTa radikaluri nawili TbilisSi avrcelebda proklamaciebsac, aseTi saxelwodebiT: `qarTveli erisa da samwysos mowodeba mTeli qristianuli samyaros mimarT~. es `mowodeba~ daaxloebiT igive Sinaarsisa iyo rac msoflio patriarqisadmi gagzavnili werili. amasTanave, qarTulis garda `mowodeba~ rusul, laTinur, frangul da germanul enebzec iyo dabeWdili. avtokefalistTa aseT qmedebebs policiam da Jandarmeriam kontr-zomebiT upasuxa. aRricxvaze aiyvanes yvela is mRvdelmsaxuri da saero piri vinc avtokefalur moZraobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. maTi saxlebi gaCxrikes da zogierTi maTgani, Tbilisidan raionSi gaasaxles. Zveleburad aqtiurobdnen nikita TalakvaZe, ioseb CijavaZe, timoTe bakuraZe, daviT CikvaiZe, aseve episkoposi daviTi (kaWaxiZe). amitom isini sxvadasxva raionSi gaasaxles. daSinebasTan erTad, `oxranka~ xelisuflebas sTavazobda ufro farTod gamoeyenebina dawinaurebisa da dajildoebis politika. marTlac, am politikam kargad imuSava. samRvdeloebis nawili, xelisuflebis mxares gadavida da mis samsaxurSi myarad Cadga. 1909 wlidan, saqarTvelos eklesias axali meTauri inokenti (beliaevi 1909-1913) moevlina. Tavdapirvelad, is frTxil politikas atarebda da qarTvelTa qomagis rols TamaSobda, amitom qarTulma sazogadoebam axali egzarqosi aRfrTovanebiT miiRo. magram rodesac imereTis eparqiis samRvdeloebam kreba moiwvia (1910) da kvlav avtokefaliis aRdgena moiTxova, egzarqosma krebis monawileebs misasalmebeli sityvebis nacvlad, mkvaxe SeZaxiliT upasuxa. egzarqosma inokentim daufaravad aRiara, rom sruliad ar apirebda eklesiis gaurkvevel avtokefaliaze zrunvas. amis Semdeg, qarTveli samRvdeloebis damokidebuleba mis mimarT mkveTrad Seicvala. egzarqossa da samRvdeloebas Soris xidi Catyda. xelisuflebam TiTqos yvelaferi iRona imisTvis, raTa avtokefaluri moZraoba moespo. 1913 wels mefisnacvali ilarion voroncov-daSkovi ruseTis imperators moaxsenebda: egzarqos inokentis didi damsaxurebaa, rom saqarTveloSi avtokefalia `realuridan wminda Teoriul sakiTxad iqca~-o. magram ruseTis xelisuflebis es imedebi, ar gamarTlda. 1915-1916 wlebSi saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis moTxovna kvlav aqtualuri gaxda. kvlav imarTeba debatebi, peterburgSi igzavneba sajaro moTxovnebi, da manifestaciebic ki imarTeba. sapasuxod, ruseTis xelisufleba radikalur zomebs mimarTavs. 1916 wlis 25 Tebervals ruseTis wminda sinodis ober-prokurori gadaWriT acxadebs, rom amieridan, mTeli ruseTi daiyofa samitropolito olqebado. anu faqtiurad, ZalaSi Sedioda i. vostorgovis SemuSavebuli proeqti. am `reformis~ arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saqarTvelos saegzarqoso, rogorc calke erTeuli, saerTod uqmdeboda. am proeqts didi saprotesto talRa mohyva, ris gamoc xelisuflebam mis ganxorcielebaze uari Tqva. maSin, ruseTis xelisuflebam isev Zvel meTods mimarTa da kvlav afxazeTis sakiTxiT daiwyo spekulireba. 1916 w. martSi sinodis komisiam moiwona proeqti soxumis eparqiisagan `araqarTuli samrevloebis~ gamoyofis Sesaxeb. es eparqiebi SeuerTdebodnen ruseTis teritoriaze Seqmnil `Savi zRvis eparqias~. savsebiT aSkara iyo, rom proeqtis mizani mxolod erTi ram iyo: soxumis eparqiis didi nawilis CamoSoreba saqarTvelos saegzarqososagan da amgvarad saqarTvelosagan. am gegmas ganaxorcielebdnen kidec, magram zustad erTi wlis Tavze, 1917 w. 25 Tebervals ruseTSi revolucia moxda. axalma droebiTma mTavrobam 3 marts gamoacxada sindisisa da sarwmunoebis Tavisufleba. gamoica aseve, dekreti erTa TviTgamorkvevis Sesaxeb. Seqmnili situaciiT kargad isargebla saqarTvelos samRvdeloebam. marTalia, episkoposi kirioni kvlav gadasaxlebaSia, magram iqidanac amxnevebs Tanamoazreebs. 1913 wels, kirions mouxsnes nikonis mkvlelobis organizaciaSi Tanamonawileobis braldeba da tambovidan xersonSi gadasvlis neba darTes. pirveli, rac kirionma Tavis TanamebrZolebs Seaxsena, avtokefaliisTvis daucxromeli brZola iyo. i. CijavaZes is mkacrad afrTxilebda: `avtokefalias nu mouyrueT yuri! magisTana sakiTxi ucbad ara swydeba, xelsayreli garemoebiT unda visargebloT!~ es `xelsayreli garemoeba~ 1917 wels, Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg dadga. SekiTxvebi: ra TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda avtokefaliisTvis brZola XX s. dasawyisSi? vin iyvnen avtokefaliisTvis mebrZoli samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi? ra pozicia ekavaT saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisTvis brZolaSi sazogadoebis cnobil warmomadgenlebs? ra taqtikur Tu arsebiT gansxvavebas xedavT e.w. `mRdelTa jgufis~ proeqtsa da sxva avtokefalistTa mier SemuSavebul proeqtebs Soris? rodis gaxda SesaZlebeli avtokefaliisTvis daufaravi brZola? sad da rodis ixileboda saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi? ra daupirispira ruseTis sinodma da saero xelisuflebam avtokefalistTa moTxovnebs? romelma naSromebma moaxdines didi gavlena saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisTvis brZolaSi? vin iyvnen maTi avtorebi? 135

dokumenti I. fragmenti i. gogebaSvilis statiidan (1886 w.) `...mTavrobam ganizraxa gandevna da aRmofxvra qarTulisa am qarTuli provinciebidan (igulisxmeba samegrelo da svaneTi), am azriT, sruliad amoSala es ena samegrelosa da svaneTis saero skolis programidan. gaauqma aq misi swavlebac sruliad da savsebiT, Tumca yvela wodeba aqaur mkvidrTa, xmamaRla acxadebda protests aseTi Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg. es kidev araferi, amave mTavrobam daiwyo gafacicebiT Tvalyuris devneba, rom qarTuli wignebi ar CavardnodaT xelSi arc megrelebs da arc svanebs~. dokumenti II. nawyveti n. durnovos naSromidan `qarTuli eklesiis bedi~ (1907). `rusifikatori egzarqosebi sastikad Cagravdnen iveriis eklesias, romelic ufro sulmoTqmuli iyo Turqebisa da sparselebis dros, vidre qarTvelebis moZule rusi mRvdelmTavrebis xelSi~.

4. saqarTvelos eklesia avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdgom wlebSi (1917-1921)

1917 wlis ruseTSi momxdari Tebervlis revoluciis Semdgom, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis pirobebi Seiqmna, magram qveynis damoukideblobas, eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenam daaswro. 1917 12(25) marts, kviras, mcxeTaSi aTasobiT adamianma moiyara Tavi. sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZarSi, `Jamiswirva18~ episkoposma leonidem Seasrula (gavixsenoT, rom episkoposi kirioni, kvlav gadasaxlebaSia, aseve gadasaxlebulni iyvnen arqimandriti ambrosi (xelaia) da episkoposi daviT (kaWaxiZe). episkoposi petre (konWoSvili), ki 1909 w. gardaicvala). wirvas eswrebodnen agreTve episkoposebi antoni (giorgaZe), pirosi (oqropiriZe) da giorgi (aladaSvili), romelsac avtokefaliis mimarT meryevi pozicia ekava. sveticxovelSi Tavi moiyara uamravma samRvdelo pirma, aseve inteligenciam, samxedroebma da ucxoelma stumrebma. `Jamiswirvis~ dasrulebis Semdeg: episkoposma leonidem, warmosTqva sityva, romelSic ganacxada, rom amieridan, saqarTvelos eklesia axal cxovrebas iwyebda. leonidem sazeimod auwya damswre sazogadoebas, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia aRdgenilad cxaddeboda. Semdeg, gadaixades paraklisi ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis damxobis gamo. moixsenes saqarTvelos bolo mefeebi (erekle II da giorgi XII) da patriarqebi. aseve `mravalJamieri~ ugalobes samSoblodan Sors myof saqarTvelos samRvdeloebas. waikiTxes agreTve, oqmi, romelSic naTqvami iyo: a) amieridan grZeldeba saqarTvelos eklesiis Sewyvetili avtokefalia b) kaTalikosis arCevamde, eklesiis meTauroba evaleba guria-odiSis episkopos leonides g) saqarTvelos eklesiis samarTavad iqmneba aRmasrulebeli komiteti, romelSic Sedian rogorc sasuliero, ise saero pirebi. daadgines, rom es gadawyvetileba gaegzavnaT ruseTis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare mixeil roZiankosTan (1859-1924), ministrTa komitetis Tavmjdomare giorgi lvovisTvis (1861-1925) da sinodis axlad daniSnuli ober-prokuroris vladimer lvovisTvis. igive gadawyvetileba, TbilisSi gadaegzavna kavkasiis komisariats19. 13 marts episkoposma leonidem saqarTvelos ukanasknel egzarqos platons (roJdenstvenski, egzarqosad saqarTveloSi iyo 1915-1917 ww. gardaicvala niu-iorkSi 1934 w.) moaxsena, rom igi saqarTvelos saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad gadayenebulia dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan. aseve, mas ecnoba, rom CamoerTva yvela ufleba riTac egzarqosebi sargeblobdnen. yofil egzarqoss winadadeba mieca saqarTvelos eklesiis droebiTi aRmasrulebeli komitetisTvis gadaeca yvela ufleba da finansebi. amave dros, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb yvela marTlmadidebels ecnoba: 1) SeewyvitaT yovelgvari urTierToba naegzarqosal platonTan da mis kancelariasTan 2) Txovnebi, moxsenebebi da sxva saxis werilebi, gaegzavnaT kaTalikosis mosaydre episkopos leonidesTvis. amasTanave mimowera, amieridan, qarTul enaze iwarmoebda.

18 19

`Jamiswirva~ _ saerTo msaxureba (berZn. `liturgia~) umTavresi RvTismsaxureba marTlmadidebelTa eklesiaSi. kavkasiis komisariati _ am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba revoluciuri organo, e.w. amierkavkasiis muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa deputatTa sabWos samxareo centri n. Jordanias meTaurobiT. am centris paralelurad, arsebobda ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mier Seqmnili organo _ `amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti~ (ozakomi~).

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1917 w. 13 marts episkoposma leonidem platon roJdenstvenskis gadasca oficialuri werilobiTi gancxadeba, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom igi gadayenebulia egzarqosis Tanamdebobidan. am gadawyvetilebas platoni da ruseTis sinodi mtrulad Sexvdnen. episkoposma kirionma vitebskidan, sadac imJamad imyofeboda, gamogzavna misaloci depeSa: `gilocavT avtokefalias! xundebi aexsna Cvens sruliad iveriis eklesias...!~ aseve misaloci depeSa gamogzavna arqimandritma ambrosim, romelic imJamad staraia-rusaSi imyofeboda. adgilobrivma rusma samRvdeloebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias, faqtobrivad omi gamoucxada. rusma samRvdeloebam 1917 w. 27 marts kreba moiwvia. krebaze daadgines, rom ruseTis sinodisTvis eTxovaT daearsebina amierkavkasiis saegzarqoso, romelic yvela marTlmadidebels gaaerTianebda (qarTvelebis garda). amave wlis maisSi, TbilisSi Seikriba kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi rusi erovnebis marTlmadidebelTa kreba. krebam erTxmad miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sekrebilni saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalias ar cnobdnen. kidev meti, kreba qarTvelebs amxelda rogorc `separatistebs~ da ruseTis xelisuflebas sTxovda mieRo saTanado zomebi. amave periodSi (marti-aprili) rusuli samRvdeloebis meTaurobiT, Seiqmna `amierkavkasiis erovnuli sabWo~, romelic 1917-1921 ww. gaafTrebiT ibrZoda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg. ruseTis Sovinisturi Zalebis aSkara waqezebiT, 1917 w. 24-27 maiss afxazeTSi moiwvies saeklesio kreba, romelmac `damoukidebeli~ afxazeTis eklesiis Seqmna gamoacxada. am eklesiis meTauris rezidencia soxumSi unda yofiliyo. (Tumca sinamdvileSi, soxumis eparqias 1919 wlamde, ise rogorc adre, rusi episkoposi sergi marTavda). sapasuxod, afxazeTis samRvdeloebis 350 warmomadgeneli Seikriba 1919 wlis 7 oqtombers da daadgina rom, afxazeTis teritoriaze aRdgenilad cxaddeba saqarTvelos kaTolikosis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi `soxum-afxazeTis eparqia~. ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam 1917 w. 17 marts ganixila saqarTvelos eklesiis damoukideblobis sakiTxi da mas mxolod erovnuli avtonomiis ufleba mianiWa. 1917 w. 14 ivliss, ruseTis saeklesio sinodma Tavis mxriv, miiRo dadgenileba: `droebiTi wesebi kavkasiaSi, rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mowyobisaTvis~. am dadgenilebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos samRvdeloebis protestis miuxedavad, TbilisSi daarsda rusuli samitropolito kaTedra. rogorc araerTxel aRiniSna, es gadawyvetileba msoflio saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebebs ewinaaRmdegeboda (magaliTad, nikeis I msoflio saeklesio krebis VIII kanons, romlis Tanaxmadac, erT qalaqSi ori episkoposis moRvaweoba dauSvebelia). mwvave saeklesio sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad, petrogradidan20 moavlines saeklesio kanonikis kargi mcodne, profesori vl. beneSeviCi. man Cqara gamoavlina Tavisi damokidebuleba saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis mimarT. aRmoCnda, rom v. beneSeviCi mTlianad rusul samRvdeloebas TanaugrZnobda. 1917 w. 28 marts saqarTvelos samRvdeloebma droebiTi mTavrobis dadgenileba gaaprotesta. protests safuZvlad edo msoflio saeklesio krebebis dadgenilebani. 1917 w. 25 ivliss ruseTis sinodis axalma da ukanasknelma ober-prokurorma anton kartaSevma (1875-1960) da droebiTi mTavrobis axalma Tavmjomarem al. kerenskim21 kvlav miiRes dadgenileba saqarTvelos eklesiis `uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~. am dadgenilebaSi ufro Sefarulad iyo gadmocemuli saqarTvelos eklesiis uflebebis mxolod erovnul safuZvelze cnoba. iq naTqvami iyo agreTve rom, afxazeTisa da amierkavkasiis osebis mrevlebs, ufleba eZleodaT survilis SemTxvevaSi, Sesuliyvnen saqarTvelos eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi. mTavari mainc is iyo, rom saqarTvelos eklesiis teritoriul avtokefalias ruseTi ar cnobda; piriqiT, ruseTis saero da sasuliero wreebi dabejiTebiT moiTxovdnen saqarTveloSi Seqmniliyo rusuli samitropolito kaTedra, centriT TbilisSi. amis sapirispirod,
20 21

pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg s/peterburgs Seucvales saxeli da mas rusul yaidaze `petrogradi~ uwodes. aleqsandre kerenski (1881-1970), ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris posti ekava 8(21) ivlisidan _ bolSevikebis mier droebiTi mTavrobis damxobamde 1917 w. 25 oqtombers (7 noembers). moaxerxa ucxoeTSi gaqceva. gardaicvala niu-iorkSi, dakrZalulia londonSi.

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episkoposma leonidem 1917 w. 15 agvistos, sionis taZarSi gamoacxada, rom amieridan aRdgenilad unda CaTvliliyo Tbileli mitropolitis kaTedra. man ganacxada rom: `Tavdadgmul iqna uZvelesi saydari Tbilel mitropolitTai, romeli erTi saukune ganicdida qvrivobasa~. iqve gamocxadda, rom Tbilel mitropolitad ayvanilia kaTalikos-patriarqis mosaydre leonide. 23 agvistos leonidem daikava egzarqosebis rezidencia. 1917 w. 28 oqtombers (10 noembers) sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebam miiRo gadawyvetileba ruseTis patriarqis Tanamdebobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb. patriarqad airCies moskovis mitropoliti tixoni (belavini, 1865-1925). samwuxarod, sruliad ruseTis saeklesio krebamac da axalma patriarqmac saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis mimarT negatiuri da arakeTilganwyobili pozicia daikaves. patriarqi tixoni kidev ufro Sors wavida. man saqarTvelos eklesia daadanaSaula marTlmadideblobisagan CamoSorebaSi da is `madlSewyvetilad~ gamoacxada. aseTi urTulesi gziT midioda saqarTvelo da misi eklesia damoukideblobisaken. iseve rogorc adre, istoriis rTul qartexilebSi, axlac, saqarTvelo sruliad marto aRmoCnda uamravi sirTulis winaSe. amas daerTo Sida dapirispirebebi. am viTarebaSi, gadawyda avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg moewviaT saqarTvelos eklesiis pirveli kreba. kreba gaixsna 8 seqtembers sionis taZarSi da gagrZelda 17 seqtembramde. poetma ioseb griSaSvilma, am dRes miuZRvna SesaniSnavi leqsi, romlis erTi taepi ase JRers: `elvarebs zezi ambionze, oqronemsuli da sakmeveli ise dahqris nazad da mwvelad, TiTqos mlocvelebs gviwvevs pirjvris gamomsaxvelad, TiTqos asxivda kelaptrebad, winaparT suli~. (`8 seqtemberi~, 1917 w.). krebas ramdenime aseuli delegati daeswro. krebam mravali sakiTxi ganixila: 1) eklesiis organizacia 2) kodifikacia da saeklesio samarTali 3) RvTismsaxurebisa da samRvdeloebis sakiTxi 4) saeklesio skolebis momavali. ramdenime sxva sakiTxTan erTad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo bolo sakiTxi: kaTalikos-patriarqis arCevnebi. unda aerCiaT agreTve ramdenime saepiskoposos meTauri, sakaTalikoso sabWos 8 wevri da sasamarTlos 6 wevri. kreba didxans gagrZelda. krebis mimdinareobisas waikiTxes misaloci depeSebi. maT Soris iyo n. durnovos molocva. durnovo aRniSnavda, rom 40 weli eloda am did da RirSesaniSnav dRes. igi agreTve werda: `arc erT xalxs, rac ginda didi iyos igi, ara aqvs ufleba Seaxos xeli saqarTvelos istoriul miwa-wyals, rogorc arc erT eklesias ufleba ara aqvs, Tavisi sakurTxeveli aagos saqarTvelos eklesiis farglebSi~. am sityvebSi nikoloz durnovom mniSvnelovani azri Caaqsova. cxadia, rom misaloc depeSaSi igi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ruseTis saxelmwifosa da eklesiis agresias gulisxmobda. amitom iyo, rom emigraciaSi mcxovrebma cnobilma qarTvelma politikurma moRvawem mixako wereTelma (18761960), ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis politikas saqarTvelos damoukideblobisa da eklesiis avtokefaliis mimarT aseTi ganaCeni gamoutana: `iq (ruseTSi) TviTmpyrobelobis nacvlad, demokratia dajda taxtze, xolo pirveli Jamidan misi batonobisa, cxad iqmna, rom igi ruseTis mier damonebulebs Tavisuflebas ar mianiWebda: saqarTvelosaTvis eklesiis avtokefaliac ar gaimeta man, rais momxre winaT, TviT `memarjvene~ rusi durnovoc ki iyo~. rogorc iTqva, krebis dRis wesrigidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani da pasuxsagebi kaTalikos-patriarqis arCevnebi iyo. krebis bolo dRes, 17 seqtembers, asze meti wlis wyvetilobis Semdeg, pirvelad airCies saqarTvelos eklesiis mwyemsmTavari. 448 delegats arCevani unda gaekeTebina or kandidats: episkoposebs: leonidesa da kirions Soris es ukanaskneli, sul cota xnis win dabrunda saqarTveloSi da krebis pirvel nawils ar daswrebia. 12 xmis upiratesobiT, gaimarjva kirionma, 1 oqtombers igi sazeimod aRasaydres sveticxovlis taZarSi, `kirion II-is~ saxeliT. samwuxarod, gaugebrobebma, saqarTvelos axlad aRdgenil eklesiaSi, swrafad iCina Tavi. SeuZlebelia, saqarTvelos eklesiis TviTmwyemsobis asze meti wlis wyvetilobas daRi ar daemCnia eklesiis yofisa da istoriis yvela sferosTvis. uTuod Secdoma iyo isic, rom kaTolikosis arCevisTanave, ar gauqmda Tbilisis mitropolitis kaTedra da eparqia, romelic, swored ruseTis sinodis da droebiTi mTavrobis antiqarTuli qmedebebis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna. kaTolikosis 138

arCevnebis Semdeg, mitropoliti leonide, Tbilisis sionSi wiravda da sxva mRvdelmsaxurebas eweoda, kaTolikospatriarqi kirioni ki, anCisxatSi. aseTi arajansaRi situacia morwmuneebsa da samRvdeloebaSi bevr gaugebrobas qmnida. 1918 w. 26 maiss, saqarTvelom eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg, didi xnis nanatri damoukideblobac gamocxadda. am RirSesaniSnav moments gulwrfelad miesalma kaTolikos-patriarqi kirion II da sakaTalikoso sabWo. eklesiasa da demokratiuli saqarTvelos social-demokratiul xelmZRvanelobas Soris ar iyo idealuri urTierTobani, magram xSirad, es urTierToba zedmetadaa dramatizirebuli. kirion II da sakaTalikoso sabWo aqtiurad exmaurebodnen qveyanaSi mimdinare yvela movlenas. iqneboda es gamwvavebuli viTareba saingiloSi (istoriul hereTSi), TurqeTTan dadebuli sazavo xelSekruleba, soWis raionSi qarTuli soflis plastunkis akleba general denikinis mier, Tu Tbilisis universitetis daarseba 1918 w. 26 ianvars. aRsaydrebis Semdeg, kaTolikos-patriarqma kirionma izruna ucxoeTis saeklesio wreebTan urTierTobis mogvarebaze. man Tbili, megobruli epistoleebi gaugzavna konstantinepolis patriarqs, romis paps, yovelTa somexTa kaTalikoss. samwuxarod, umravles SemTxvevaSi am mimarTvebs saTanado gamoxmaureba ar moyolia. msoflio axlac ruseTs Sescqeroda, mis reaqcias eloda. samwuxarod, mravaltanjuli kaTolikos kirion II-s mRvdelmTavroba Zalian xanmokle aRmoCnda. 1918 w. 26 ivniss RamiT, martyofis monasterSi, didi tragedia datrialda. monasterSi dasasveneblad da samuSaod gamgzavrebuli (kaTolikosma Tan wignebi da xelnawerebi waiRo), kirion II, dilis 6 saaTze mokluli ipoves. gavrcelda mkvlelobis mravali, urTierTgamomricxavi versia, magram gamoZiebam veraferi daadgina. es tragedia dRemde burusiTaa moculi. kirion II-is Semdeg, saqarTvelos eklesiis marTva mitropolitma leonidem gaagrZela. 23 noembers sakaTolikoso sabWos sxdomaze, didi dava gamoiwvia, im sakiTxma, SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara, mitropolit leonides saeklesio krebis mowvevis gareSe emarTa saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc axal kaTolikos-patriarqs. daZabuli saSinao da sagareo viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, marTlac, mitropoliti leonide saqarTvelos eklesiis meTaurad aRasaydres saeklesio krebis mowvevis gareSe, 1919 w. 23 Tebervals. sruliad saqarTvelos meore saeklesio kreba mxolod 1920 wlis 27 ivniss sionSi Seikriba. krebam 7 agvistomde imuSava. Sekrebebi gaimarTa sasuliero seminariis SenobaSi da qaSveTis taZarSi. krebam daadgina, rom gauqmebuliyo Tbilisis kaTedra da kaTolikos-patriarqis wodebas mimateboda `mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposis~ tituli. gaizarda kaTolikosis uflebebi. gadaxalisda sakaTalikoso sabWos Semadgenloba. adgilebze, gauqmda saeparqio sabWoebi. am RonisZiebebma samRvdeloebaSi araerTgvarovani reaqcia gamoiwvia. 1919 w. 5 maiss kaTolikosma weriliT mimarTa demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomares noe Jordanias da protesti gamoxata mTavrobis rigi RonisZiebebis gamo. igi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda, kerZod, saeklesio mamulebis eklesiisTvis CamorTmevis gamo. aseve, kaTolikosi ar eTanxmeboda gadawyvetilebas, sasuliero saswavleblebi ganaTlebis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi gadasuliyvnen. igi werda: `diaxac, nu Seeguebian urTierTs eklesia da socialistebi (anu demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba; avtorebi) da droze daSordnen erTmaneTs, magram gaSorebaSiac saWiroa samarTlianoba~. 1919 w. oqtomberSi kaTolikos-patriarqma imogzaura afxazeTSi, sadac, ruseTis waqezebiT, araqarTveli mrevli (berZnebi, rusebi) saqarTvelos eklesiis morCilebaze uars acxadebda. kaTolikoss Tan axldnen: Wyondideli mitropoliti ambrosi (xelaia), sakaTalikoso sabWos wevri kalistrate (cincaZe). 1919 w. 22 oqtombers soxumSi Seikriba eparqiis kreba, romelzedac yvela saWirboroto sakiTxi ganixiles. 1919 w. 5 agvistos kaTolikosma werilobiTi pasuxi gasca ruseTis axlad aRsaydrebul patriarq tixonis mier jer kidev 1918 wels wamoyenebul braldebebs. kerZod, tixoni saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas ukanonod

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miiCnevda da qarTuli samRvdeloebisgan daSvebuli SecdomisaTvis bodiSis moxdas moiTxovda. amasTanave, ruseTis patriarqi acxadebda, rom wyvetda evqaristul22 kavSirs saqarTvelos eklesiasTan. 1920 w. 21 Tebervals, demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam gaauqma `kavkasiis sinodaluri kantora~. am aqtis ZaliT saqarTveloSi sabolood Sewyda rusuli eklesiis iurisdiqcia. am dros ki, ruseTSi bolSevikebma saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gziT (1917 w. 25 oqtomberi Zv. st.), mTeli Zalauflebis uzurpacia23 moaxdines. gadatrialebis Semdgom wlebSi, bolSevikebs saqarTvelosTvis ar ecalaT, radgan e.w. `TeTr moZraobas~ ebrZodnen ruseTis SigniT. ibrZodnen agreTve damoukidebeli poloneTis winaaRmdeg. 1921 w. TebervalSi, ruseTis bolSevikurma reJimma saqarTvelosTvis `moicala~. 11-12 Tebervals mteri ramdenime mimarTulebiT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi. am aSkara intervencias, misTvis Cveuli utifrobiT, sabWoTa ruseTi `mSromeli xalxis daxmarebisTvis, gawvdil xels~ uwodebda. mZime viTarebaSi Cavardnil saqarTvelos mosaxleobas da samwysos kaTolikosma mimarTa da mouwoda: 1) yvela eklesiaSi gadaixadon paraklisi mtrisgan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis 2) eklesiebis winamZRvrebma samwyos ganumarton omis mniSvneloba 3) samrevlo sabWoebma gamoyon Sewirulobebi omis saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis 4) miRebul iqnas zomebi taZrebis ganZeulobis da siwmindeebis dasacavad 5) omis saWiroebisaTvis nebayoflobiT Seikribos Sewirulobani 6) saeklesio krebulebma izrunon omSi gawveulTa ojaxebze. kaTalikosi 24 Tebervlamde quTaisSi imyofeboda. saqarTvelos mTavrobis emigraciaSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg, igi TbilisSi dabrunda. upatronod darCenil dedaqalaqSi kaTolikos-patriarqi leonide gaurkveveli infeqciiT daavadda da 11 ivliss gardaicvala. emigraciaSi, demokratiuli saqarTvelos mTavrobam Tan waiRo uZvirfasesi saeklesio da sxva saxis ganZi. am Seufasebeli simdidris mcvelad, mTavrobam didi mamuliSvili eqvTime TayaiSvili daniSna. mravali urTulesi Tavgadasavalis Semdeg da e. TayaiSvilis Tavdadebis wyalobiT, ganZi 1945 wels dabrunda saqarTveloSi. am sarisko nabijis gamarTleba SesaZlebelia, radgan sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi, masobrivad nadgurdeboda saeklesio nivTebi. xdeboda Zvirfasi saeklesio WurWleulis gadadnoba da a.S. amitom gamoricxuli ar aris, ganZi rom saqarTveloSi darCeniliyo, mas didi danaklisi ganecada. meore mxriv, eris aseTi fasdaudebeli simdidris ucxoeTSi gadatana mraval saSiSroebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da veravin iqneboda imis garanti, rom is xeluxlebeli darCeboda. sabednierod, am SemTxvevaSi, yvelaferi kargad damTavrda da qarTveli xalxis saeklesio da saero unikaluri simdidre qveyanaSi sruli moculobiT da dauzianebeli dabrunda.

SekiTxvebi da davalebebi: 1. ra pirobebSi moxda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgena? 2. daasaxeleT avtokefaliis aRdgenis TariRi da aRwereT avtokefaliis aRdgenis viTareba. 3. CamoTvaleT punqtebi, romelic motanilia, im dokumentSi, romelic miRebuli iyo sveticxovelSi avtokefaliis aRdgenis Semdeg. 4. rogor miiRo ruseTis saero da saeklesio xelisuflebam saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis faqti? 5. Tqveni azriT, ram gamoiwvia rusuli samRvdeloebis gaRizianeba. 6. gavixsenoT is argumentebi, romlebic saqarTvelos eklesias uflebas aZlevda aRdgenilad gamoecxadebina TviTmwyemsoba (avtokefalia). 7. rodis Catarda sruliad saqarTvelos pirveli saeklesio yriloba? ra sakiTxebi ganixila man da vin aRasaydres kaTolikos-patriarqad 100 wlis wyvetilobis Semdeg? 8. gamarTlebuli iyo Tu ara, kaTolikos-patriarqis aRsaydrebis Semdeg, Tbilisis eparqiis xeluxleblad datoveba. 9. ra RonisZiebebs mimarTavda am periodSi ruseTi saqarTvelos eklesiis da saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, moiyvaneT magaliTebi. 10. daasaxeleT saqarTvelos meore kaTolikos-patriarqi. aRwereT misi moRvaweobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.

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evqaristia _ (berZn. `madloba~) saeklesio saidumlo, romlis qarTuli Sesatyvisia `ziareba~. am SemTxvevaSi, niSnavs eklesiaTa sarwmunoebriv kavSirs. 23 uzurpacia _ (laT. usurpatio daufleba), xelisuflebis ukanonod xelSi Cagdeba; niSnavs agreTve, sxvisi uflebebis miTvisebas.

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 5. saqarTvelos eklesia sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi (1921-1990)

1921 wlis Tebervlis Semdeg, rodesac sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelos okupacia ganaxorciela, qarTveli xalxis da eklesiis mdgomareoba ukiduresad damZimda. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis droidan antireligiurma istoriam arnaxuli masStabi miiRo. swored am umZimes periods emTxveva kaTolikos-patriarqad ambrosi xelaias aRsaydreba. 1921 wlis 1-5 seqtembers gelaTis taZarSi Sedga saqarTvelos eklesiis mesame saeklesio kreba. krebam kaTolikosad airCia cxum-afxazeTis mitropoliti ambrosi, romelic 14 oqtombers ayvanili iqna sakaTolikoso taxtze sveticxovelSi. 1921 wlis 15 aprils, bolSevikebma da saqarTvelos axalma mmarTvelma `revoluciurma komitetma~ gamosca dadgenileba: `saxelmwifosgan eklesiis da eklesiisgan skolis gamoyofis Sesaxeb~. amave dros saeklesio sakuTreba `saxalxo sakuTrebad~ gamocxadda. am dadgenilebam xeli gauxsna yvela avantiurists dausjelad eZarcva eklesiamonastrebi. paralelurad daiwyo samRvdeloebis darbeva-awiokeba da eklesiebis daxurva. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvelive wlebSi saqarTvelos CamoaWres misi istoriuli regionebi: lore, saingilo (istoriuli hereTis dasavleTi nawili), tao-klarjeTi da istoriuli mesxeTis samxreT dasavleT nawili, soWis olqi da a.S. TviT saqarTveloSi Seiqmna avtonomiuri respublikebi da erTi olqi. daiwyo agreTve qarTuli enis Seviwroveba da saxelmwifo dawesebulebidan misi sistematuri gamodevna. am saSineli antiqarTuli procesebis SesaCereblad kaTolikos-patriarqma ambrosim 1922 w. 7 Tebervals genuis saerTaSoriso konferencias mowodebiT mimarTa. misi mxridan, es nabiji didi gabedulebis maCvenebeli iyo, radgan bolSevikuri `saxalxo mTavroba~ yovel daumorCileblobas an ukontrolo qmedebas arnaxuli sisastikiT sjida. aRSfoTebuli kaTalikosi msoflio Tanamegobrobas ganumartavda rom ruseTma arc XIX saukuneSi Seasrula mis mier aRebuli valdebulebani da 1921 wels ki: `man dasZra saqarTvelos sazRvrebisaken saokupacio armia da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals usworo brZolaSi, sisxlisgan daclil patara saqarTvelos xelmeored daadga kiserze iseTi mZime da samarcxvino monobis uReli, romlis msgavsi, mas ar ganucdia Tavis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi~. kaTalikosi evropis da msoflios gasagonad acxadebda: `ers arTmeven mama-papaTa sisxliT da ZvelebiT gapoxierebul miwawyals, romelsac ucxoeTidan SemoxiznulT urigeben... ers ugmoben da arTmeven mSobliur enas, mas uzRudaven wmidaTa-wmidas, sarwmunoebriv grZnobas da sindisis Tavisuflebis droSis qveS, nebas ar aZleven Tavisuflad daikmayofilos religiuri moTxovnileba~. mowodebis bolos, kaTalikosi or mTavar sakiTxs ayenebda: `1) dauyovnebliv gayvanil iqnes saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan ruseTis saokupacio jari da uzrunvelyofil iqnes misi miwawyali ucxoelTa TareSisagan... 2) saSualeba mieces qarTvel ers TviTon, sxvaTa Zaldautanebliv da ukarnaxoT moawyos Tavisi cxovreba ise, rogorc es mas unda; SeimuSaos iseTi formebi social-politikuri cxovrebisa, rogorc mis fsiqikas, suliskveTebas, zne-Cveulebas da erovnul kulturas Seesabameba~. am mimarTvas, kaTalikosis da sakaTalikoso sabWos wevrebis mimarT represiebi moyva. amasTan erTad, sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo sasuliero wreebSi aqtiuri muSaoba, eklesiis daqsaqsvisa da misi demoralizaciisaTvis. ruseTis eklesiaSi am dros gaCnda e.w. eklesiis reformatorTa jgufi anu `cocxali eklesia~, romelic eklesiaSi radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovda. am jgufs, mxari aSkarad dauWira xelisuflebamac. maT momxreebi yavdaT saqarTvelos eklesiaSic. 1923 w. 12 ianvars kaTolikosi ambrosi sabWoTa xelisuflebam daapatimra. masTan erTad daakaves kalistrate cincaZe, ioseb mirianaSvili, mogvianebiT markoz tyemalaZe, mitropoliti nazar leJava, arqimandriti pavle jafariZe da a.S. am movlenamde erTi dRiT adre, gaiTvaliswina ra, mosalodneli safrTxe, kaTolikosma Seqmna eklesiis droebiTi mmarTveloba, urbneli episkopos qristefore cicqiSvilis meTaurobi. mmarTvelobaSi Sevidnen: episkoposi daviT kaWaxiZe, mRvdlebi simon WeliZe, nestor yubaneiSvili, saero pirebi parmen goTua, ipolite varTagava, ivane ratiSvili. 141

isargebla ra kaTalikosis patimrobiT, xelisuflebam didi zewolis Semdeg, Tavis mxares gadaiyvana adre Tavdadebuli avtokefalisti episkoposi daviT kaWaxiZe, aseve qristefore cicqiSvili da sxvebi. xelisuflebis aSkara miTiTebiT, 1923 w. 2-5 seqtembers daviT kaWaxiZem quTaisSi moiwvia e.w. `kreba~, romelzedac mcirericxovanma samRvdeloebam miiRo Semdegi saxis dadgenileba: `dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli sabWoTa xelisufleba aris erTaderTi kanonieri xelisufleba da qarTveli xalxis interesebis damcveli... vacxadebT sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis gamosvlas Semcdarad da arakanonierad. saWirod migvaCnia igi gadayenebul iqnes kaTolikos-patriarqis Tanamdebobidan~. Tumca am jgufma, kaTalikosis Zalismierad gadayeneba ver gabeda da daadgina, rom es procedura Txovnis safuZvelze momxdariyo. patimrobaSi myofma kaTolikosma am utifar SeTavazebas uariT upasuxa.

qarTuli politikuri Zalebi da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxi qarTvel erSi yovelTvis cocxlobda saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi, rac saqarTvelos xels uwyobda gamosuliyo damoukideblobis mebairaxtred kavkasiaSi. pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad, daimsxvra ruseTisa da osmaleTis imperiebi. 1917 wlis 7 noembers peterburgSi bolSevikebma saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyves. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba daemxo. bolSevikurma partiam vladimer ulianovis (leninis) meTaurobiT Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo. bolSevikebma ruseTi sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamoacxades. saqarTvelos Seeqmna xelsayreli politikuri situacia ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis mier xelyofili saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. qarTveli xalxi saukuneebis manZilze ibrZoda TavisuflebisaTvis. saerTaSoriso tribunalze saqarTvelos problema, pirvelad daisva 1907 wels, rodesac haagis samSvidobo konferenciaze varlam CerqeziSvilma da giorgi gvazavam waradgines qarTvelebis mier aTasobiT xelmowerili peticia da moiTxoves qveynis saerTaSoriso uflebis aRdgena. politikuri partiebis Camoyalibeba. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze social-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlilebebis kvaldakval, saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareoba ufro mravalferovani gaxda. warmoiSva axali politikuri Zalebi, politikuri jgufebi, partiebi, mimdinareobebi. axladwarmoqmnil politikur ZalTa Soris sakmaod Zlieri iyo social-demokratia, romlis samoqmedo programas marqsizmi warmoadgenda. social-demokratebis msoflmxedvelobam, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. isini Tvlidnen, rom saqarTvelos, somxeTs da azerbaijans unda SeeqmnaT amierkavkasiis avtonomia, romelic ruseTis saxelmwifoSi calke avtonomiur erTeulad Sevidoda. socialist-federalistebi ruseTTan damokidebulebaSi radikaluri politikuri kursis winaaRmdegni iyvnen da cdilobdnen partiis samoqmedo gegma samxedro-politikuri situaciis mixedviT SeemuSavebinaT. qarTvel politikosTa erTi jgufi, petre surgulaZis meTaurobiT, aqtiurad eweoda erovnuldemokratiuli moZraobis propagandas. jgufSi Sediodnen: mixeil wereTeli, giorgi gvazava, giorgi dekanoziSvili, leo kereseliZe, giorgi maCabeli da sxvebi. petre surgulaZis TaosnobiT, 1908 wels am jgufma gamosca Jurnali eri, romelmac energiuli brZola gaaCaRa qarTveli xalxis erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebisaTvis. ruseTis carizmis kavkasiuri administracia yvela saSualebas iyenebda saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis dasaTrgunad. bevri qarTveli politikosi iZulebuli xdeboda daetovebina samSoblo da antirusuli saqmianoba dasavleT evropaSi ganegrZo. damoukideblobis komiteti. 1913 wels JenevaSi Camoyalibda erovnul-demokratiuli organizacia _Tavisufali saqarTvelo, romlis aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen: petre surgulaZe, varlam CerqeziSvili, mixeil wereTeli, giorgi maCabeli, leo kereseliZe, geronti qiqoZe da sxvebi. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg, am organizaciis safuZvelze Camoyalibda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli komiteti, romelic Jenevidan berlinSi gadavida da mWidro 142

kontaqti daamyara germaniis sagareo saqmeTa saministrosTan. progermanuli organizaciis qarTvel politikosebs miaCndaT, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena SeuZlebeli iqneboda pirvel msoflio omSi ruseTis damarcxebis gareSe. swored, amitom daukavSirdnen isini ruseTis mTavar mowinaaRmdeges germanias, romlis interesebSi Sedioda ruseTis Sinagani daSla, imperiis ganapira regionebSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibeba da germaniis gavlenis sferoSi maTi moqceva. damoukideblobis komitetma aqtiuri saqmianoba gaaCaRa. igi eweoda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideis propagandas, kavSirs amyarebda dasavleT evropis gavlenian saxelmwifo moRvaweebTan, cdilobda ucxoeTsa da saqarTveloSi moqmed erovnul ZalTa koordinacias, saerTo moqmedebis gegmis SemuSavebas, romlis ganxorcielebis imedsac ZiriTadad germaniaze amyarebda. berlinSi moqmedma saqarTvelos damoukideblobis erovnuli komitetis wevrebma germaniis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan saTanado xelSekruleba gaaformes, romlis erT-erTi muxlis Tanaxmad, Tu germania omSi gaimarjvebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenaSi, saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis dacvaSi daexmareboda. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis wevrebi konstantinepolisaken gaemgzavrnen, raTa osmaleTis mTavrobasTan molaparakeba gaemarTaT. osmaleTma im periodSi ruseTs omi gamoucxada da germaniis mokavSire gaxda. konstantinepolSi damoukideblobis komitetis wevrebs g. maCabeli da m. wereTeli SeuerTdnen, xolo mogvianebiT l. kereseliZe, m. qarcivaZe, z. abaSiZe, S. vardiZe. am jgufma konstantinepolSi myofi germaniis elCis da gavleniani mahmadiani qarTvelebis meSveobiT osmaleTis mTavrobasTan kavSiri daamyara. mxareTa sakmaod xangrZlivi molaparakebis Sedegad, gaformda ori SeTanxmeba: 1) kavkasiis neitralizaciis da misi momavali politikuri organizaciis Sesaxeb, 2) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobisa da axali saxelmwifo sazRvrebis monaxazis Sesaxeb, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom osmaleTis mTavroba scnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas mis istoriul-realuri teritoriis farglebSi. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT, osmaleTi winaaRmdegobas gauwevda da SesaZleblobis farglebSi xels Seuwyobda ruseTis jarisagan gawmendil teritoriebze saqarTvelos droebiTi mTavrobis Seqmnas. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTi maSinve scnobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos da miiRebda mis sruluflebian warmomadgenels. xelSekrulebiT, ganisazRvra saqarTvelos jaris struqtura, osmaleTis armiasTan misi urTierTobis forma. marTalia, qarTuli legionebis meTaurTa daniSvna saqarTvelos mTavrobis kompetenciad cxaddeboda, magram osmaleTis mTavrobisaTvis sasurveli iyo qarTul SeiaraRebul Zalebs saTaveSi Cadgomoda maTdami loialurad ganwyobili piri, romelic samxedro operaciebs osmaleTis armiis generalur StabTan SeTanxmebiT ganaxorcielebda. Tavis mxriv, osmaleTis mTavroba pirobas debda sakuTar teritoriaze daubrkoleblad gaetarebina germaniidan qarTuli legionisaTvis gamogzavnili samxedro teqnika. xelSekrulebis me-9 muxlis Tanaxmad, I msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi osmaleTi saqarTvelos rkinigziT isargeblebda. qarTuli mxaris moTxovniT, imave me-9 muxlSi Caiwera, rom omis damTavrebis Semdeg, osmaleTis mTavroba Tavis jars saqarTvelos teritoriidan dauyovnebliv gaiyvanda. bunebrivia, germania da osmaleTi TavianTi gavlenis sferoTa gafarToebisaTvis iRwvodnen. emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebi ki, maTi am miswrafebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis gamoyenebas cdilobdnen. arc samSobloSi darCenili qarTveli moRvaweebi iyvnen gulxeldakrefilni. sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebma garkveul SeTanxmebas miaRwies da 1914 wlis oqtomberSi, Camoayalibes saidumlo organizacia_qarTuli erovnuli komiteti, romelic faqtiurad interpartiuli gaerTianeba iyo. saqarTveloSi moqmed da ucxoeTSi arsebul organizaciaTa saqmianobis koordinacia, warmatebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani piroba iyo. am mizniT germaniis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT, 1915 wels evropidan saqarTveloSi Camovida qarTuli erovnuli komitetis wevri_ giorgi maCabeli. TaTbiri quTaisSi, vasil falavandiSvilis binaze gaimarTa. masSi sxvadasxva partiebis warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen: noe Jordania, evgeni gegeWkori, samson fircxalava, grigol rcxilaZe, Salva amirejibi, revaz gabaSvili. giorgi maCabelma maT germaniisa da osmaleTis mTavrobebTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebebi gaacno da sTxova TavianTi pozicia gamoexataT. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom social-demokratebis umravlesoba proantantur orientaciaze idga. germaniasTan kavSiris damyarebas mxars uWerdnen, mxolod n. ramiSvili, n. xomeriki, evg. gegeWkori. cnobilia, Tu ra uTxra saqarTveloSi Camosul giorgi maCabels noe Jordaniam: dabrundiT germaniaSi, Tqvenma komitetma iq imoqmedos im xaziT da im programiT, romelic Tqven gaqvT, Cven ki aq vimuSavebT, vnaxoT ra iqneba. rac Seexeba social-federalistebs, maT jer kidev garkveviT ar hqondaT Camoyalibebuli TavianTi Tvalsazrisi. erovnul-demokratebma erTsulovnad dauWires mxari germaniis da misi mokavSireebis samxedro blokTan TanamSromlobas. maTi iniciativiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis Tbilisis filiali Seiqmna, romelsac saTaveSi spiridon kedia, daviT vaCnaZe da revaz gabaSvili Caudgnen. 143

germaniis mTavroba qarTvelTa antirusul moZraobas yovelnairad uwyobda xels. qarTvel moxaliseTa razmebis Camoyalibebis da antirusuli ajanyebis organizebisaTvis, man 2 milioni marka gamoyo. germaniis mTavrobis mizani iyo, qarTvelTa ajanyebiT damatebiTi siZneleebi Seeqmna ruseTisaTvis da saqarTvelo wina aziaSi Tavisi gavlenis sferoebis gafarToebisaTvis gamoeyenebina. rac Seexeba ruseTis mdgomareobas kavkasiis frontze, igi sakmaod garTulebuli iyo. 1914 wlis 20 oqtombers ruseTma osmaleTTan omi daiwyo. kavkasiis frontis jarebis mTavarsardlad grafi voroncov-daSkovi dainiSna, xolo faqtiuri sardali generali iudeniCi iyo. 1914 wlis dekemberSi, osmaleTis armia enver faSas meTaurobiT ruseTis armiis winaaRmdeg Setevaze gadavida. saomari moqmedebis dawyebis pirvel kvireebSi, osmalTa jarma kavkasiis frontze did warmatebas miaRwia. isini baTum-yarsis olqebis teritoriaze sakmaod Rrmad SemoiWrnen. SeSinebulma kavkasiis rusulma administraciam evakuacia daiwyo. frontidan gamoqceulma mefis nacvlis moadgilem miSlevskim qarTvel xalxs da Tavadaznaurobas mosTxova sakuTari xeliT daengriaT gzebi, xidebi, saxlebi, gaenadgurebinaT baRvenaxebi da yanebi, raTa gamarjvebul mters, mxolod, carieli miwa daxvedroda. generali utifrad acxadebda, Tbilissa da sxva qalaqebs Cven TviTon avafeTqebT, ise davangrevT rom Turqebis TavSesafrad qva qvaze ar darCes. samwuxarod, zogierTma renegatma qarTvelma miSlevskis mxari dauWira. qarTvelTa erovnulma moRvawem kote afxazma, es ambavi gaacno TavadaznaurTa sakrebulos, raTa rusebisaTvis raime pasuxi gaecaT. am krebis suraTs agviwers revaz gabaSvili Tavis mogonebebSi. saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komitetis saqmianobam male azri dakarga, radgan mcire azia-kavkasiis frontze osmaleTis warmateba droebiTi aRmoCnda. ruseTis jarebi Setevaze gadavidnen, daamarcxes osmalTa armia, maT mier okupirebuli baTumis olqis teritoriebi gaaTavisufles da arzrum-trapizonis mimarTulebiT daiZrnen. Seqmnil situaciaSi komitetis mier wamoyenebulma antirusuli ajanyebis ideam, azri dakarga, Sesabamisad Semcirada germania-osmaleTze orientaciis momxreTa ricxvic. saqarTvelos erovnulma partiebma sruli damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis gegma droebiT uaryves, saqarTvelos avtonomiuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis idea ruseTSi mosalodnel politikur cvlilebebs daukavSires da xelsayrel moments elodebodnen. social-federalistebis lideris, samson fircxalavas gadmocemiT, qarTveli politikosebi, romlebic ar iziarebdnen germanul orientacias, fiqrobdnen, rom inglis-safrangeTis koaliciis SemTxvevaSic mosalodneli iqneboda ruseTis dacema, rac SemdegSi gamarTlda kidec. qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebi, marto germanelebs rodi Txovdnen daxmarebas. 1915 wels saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komitetma ganaTlebul kacobriobisadmi mimarTva gamoaqveyna, riTac dasavleTis samyaros qarTvelTa vinaoba, misi mravalsaukunovani istoria gaacno. mimarTvaSi aRniSnuli iyo, Tu rogor daarRvia ruseTma 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtati, daipyro saqarTvelo da mospo misi saxelmwifoebrioba, gaauqma qarTuli eklesiis avtokefalia. miznis misaRwevad, qarTveli politikosebi, aseve, ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros tribunis gamoyenebasac cdilobdnen. 1916 wlis 7 Tebervals, spiridon kediam Ria werili gaugzavna saTaTbiros deputatebs_karlo CxeiZesa da akaki Cxenkels. werilSi igi moiTxovda qarTvel deputatebs qarTuli erovnuli droSa xelSi aeRoT da qarTveli xalxis erovnul uflebaTa dasacavad ebrZolaT. 1916 wlis ivnisSi, ruseTis saxelmwifo saTaTbiros tribunidan, akaki Cxenkelma ruseTis imperiis Cagruli erebis Selaxuli uflebebis aRdgena moiTxova. qarTveli politikosebi msoflio sazogadoebisadmi TavianT mimarTvaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen: qarTveli eris warmomadgenelni TavianT sazogado krebaze 1914 wlis 12 maiss, acnobeben yvela ganaTlebul erebs qarTveli eris wamebas. SekavSirebulni ruseTTan xelSekrulebiT, romelsac xels aweren rusTa imperatori da qarTvelTa mefe, saqarTvelo gaxda msxverpli rusis jaris veraguli Semosevisa; misi eklesiebi wabilwes da gaZarcves, misi simdidre daitaces da ruseTs gaagzavnes, rusis mTavroba, romelmac autaneli gadasaxadebiT, Zarcva-glejiT da taciaobiT ise gaaRataka da dasca qarTveli eri, rom is miiyvana im ukidures wertilamde, roca ajanyeba uwmindesi movaleobaa: ruseTi agvirgvinebs dRes am Tavis politikas, damonebisa da garusebis proeqtiT, romlis mizania: 20. 000 qarTvel glexTa eqspropriacia, sruli mospoba 30-ze meti soflisa da maT adgilebze samxedro aRlumis gamarTva. 1916 wlis 17 ivniss, parizis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mTavari komitetis iniciativiT, lozanaSi erebis warmomadgenelTa konferencia Catarda. erT-erTi momxsenebeli iyo mixeil wereTeli. erTa III kongresze, Tavis gamosvlaSi man mimoixila ruseTis mier saqarTvelos mimarT Cadenili danaSaulebani-vaxtang meeqvsidan dawyebuli saqarTveloSi ruseTis batonobis bolo dRemde. moxseneba dasabuTebuli iyo TviT rusuli wyaroebiT. man araTu kongresze datova didi STabeWdileba, aramed TviT ruseTis warmomadgenlebsac ena Caugdo. ruseTis 144

delegaciis erT-erTi wevri misi gamosvlis Sesaxeb werda: lozanis kongresze qarTvelma mixeil wereTelma ruseTi da yoveli rusuli ise udierad moixsenia, rom Cemma rusulma yurma ver aitana amis mosmena da kreba davtoveo. qarTuli komitetis muSaoba 1917 wlamde gagrZelda. Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg, carizmi daemxo, Seiqmna petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebi, romelTa xelSic realuri Zalaufleba aRmoCnda. sabWoebis aRmaskomis pirveli Tavmjdomare karlo CxeiZe iyo, xolo rus menSevikTa meore aRiarebuli lideri irakli (kaki) wereTeli droebiTi mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.

giorgi gvazava (1869-1941 ww)

mixeil (mixako) wereTeli (1878-1965ww)

danarTi mixeil wereTlis moxsenebidan qarTveli eris uflebani, romelic waikiTxa erTa III kongresze q. lozanaSi (1916 w. 17 ivnisi) Cven Zlier bevri tanjva gamogvivlia da amitomac ar gviyvars swored bevri laparaki, magram exla, rodesac Cveni Tvalis win xdeba mTels qveyanaze didi politikuri cvlileba, Cvenc migvaCnia saWirod avimaRloT xma da davicvaT Cveni kanonieri uflebani. kidev erTxel gvinda vscadoT vamcnoT mTel kacobriobas veragoba da Ralati, romliTac rusis mTavrobam qarTveli eri monobis uRelSi Seaba. rusis mTavrobam erT saukuneze metia, rac qarTvel ers ahxada yovelive ufleba da awama igi, winaaRmdeg yovelive simarTlisa da samarTlianobisa... rusis imperatorebma da maTma mTavrobam daarRvies is xelSekrulebani, romelnic maT saqarTvelosTan hqondaT dadebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis wesTa Tanaxmad. maT maTive danapirebi fexqveS gaTeles, uRalates imperatoris sityvas mospes ra is garantiebic ki, romelnic maT aRuTqves qarTvel ers TavianT manifestebSi... miviRebT ra mxedvelobaSi yvela CvenSi momxdar cvlilebebs 1783 wlis xelSekrulebis Semdeg, Cven moviTxovT status qvo ante 1783 w. (e. i. im mdgomareobas, romelic oyo CvenSi 1783 wlis winaT_damoukidebloba). Tu ruseTi ar scnobs aRadginos savsebiT 1783 wlis xelSekruleba, Cven SevecdebiT davayenoT Cveni sakiTxi momaval zavis konferenciaze da vimedovnebT, rom ganaTlebuli kacobrioba xmas aRimaRlebs Cveni eris dasacvelad da dagvexmareba davibrunoT Cveni darRveuli kanonieri uflebani.

ruseTi da amierkavkasiis saxelmwifo (ozakomi) gza saqarTvelos damoukideblobisken. ruseTma saqarTveloSi 117 weli ibatona. am xnis manZilze qarTvel xalxs damoukideblobisaTvis brZola ar Seuwyvetia. iseve. rogorc yvela imperiam, mefis ruseTmac Tavisi Zalebi amowura. saxelmwifos SigniT gaCenili winaaRmdegobebi 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciaSi gadaizarda. revoluciam romanovTa 300 wliani dinastia sabolood daasamara. ruseTs kavkasiisaTvis aRar ecala. dakarguli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad saqarTvelos xelsayreli dro daudga. revoluciis meore dResve, ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba Seiqmna jer lvovis, Semdeg kerenskis meTaurobiT. Cagruli erebis sakiTxma, verc droebiTi mTavrobis programaSi hpova adgili. ruseTis axali mTavroba dapyrobili qveynebis damoukideblobis winaaRmdegi iyo. didi gaWirvebiT damoukidebloba mxolod poloneTs mieniWa, garkveuli privilegiebi fineTs. sabolood erovnuli sakiTxi damfuZnebel krebas unda gadaewyvita. 145

droebiTma mTavrobam garkveuli SezRudvebi moxsna, rac Tavis droze eris erovnul-kulturul ganviTarebas xels uSlida. saqarTveloSi swavleba maSinve qarTul enaze gadavida. ruseTis axali xelmZRvaneloba amzadebda niadags, raTa TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli erebi xelidan ar gaeSva da ama Tu im formiT isev ruseTTan daekavSirebina. monarqiis damxobis Semdeg, ruseTSi orxelisuflebianoba damyarda. samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebas droebiTi mTavroba flobda, realur xelisuflebas kideputatTa sabWoebi. orxelisuflebianoba amierkavkasiaSi, aseve, saqarTveloSic damyarda. revoluciis gamarjvebis Semdeg, Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos aRmaskomi (Tavmjdomare noe Jordania) Seiqmna. 1917 wlis martSi TbilisSi ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis mier daniSnuli samxareo xelisuflebis organo-amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komiteti (ozakomi muSaobas Seudga). ozakomis Tavmjdomare ruseTis konstituciur-demokratiuli partiis wevri v. xarlamovi iyo. masSi amierkavkasiis mxridan or-ori warmomadgeneli Sedioda. ozakomis qarTveli wevrebi socialist-federalisti kita abaSiZe da social-demokrati akaki Cxenkeli iyvnen. ozakomma saqarTveloSi faqtiurad mefisnacvlis mmarTveloba Secvala, Tumca mas araviTari gavlena ar hqonia. damfuZnebeli krebisaTvis arCevnebi daiwyo, romelic amierkavkasiaSic Catarda. politikuri situacia saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTel amierkavkasiaSi, 1917 wlis 25 oqtombers, petrogradSi bolSevikebis mier ganxorcielebulma kontrrevoluciurma gadatrialebam Zirfesvianad Secvala. ruseTis droebiTi mTavroba daemxo, bolSevikebma Zalaufleba xelSi aiRes. kerenski qalis kabaSi gadacmuli gaiqca. asparezze mefis generlebi gamovidnen da ruseTSi samoqalaqo omi daiwyo, rac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisTvis xelayrel pirobebs qmnida. ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis damxobis Semdeg, mis mier daniSnulma amierkavkasiis samxareo xelisuflebis organom_ozakomma moqmedeba Sewyvita. 1917 wlis aprilis damdegs, TbilisSi Seiqmna erovnuli xelisuflebis Canasaxi_saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo (Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli). interpartiuli sabWo saqarTveloSi arsebul politikur partiaTa da mimdinareobaTa (social-demokratebi, erovnul-demokratebi, social-federalistebi, social-demokratiuli jgufi alioni) nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos erovnulma interpartiulma sabWom erovnuli moZraobis koordinatoris funqcia Tavis Tavze aiRo da erovnul moZraobas saTaveSi Caudga. ruseTisagan saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi gamoyofisa da damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi, erovnul interpartiul sabWoSi, ar dasmula. saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli partiis wevrebi Tavs ruseTis demokratiis nawilad miiCnevdnen da Tvlidnen, rom amierkavkasiis qveynebis beds ruseTis damfuZnebeli kreba gadawyvetda. yvelaze radikaluri moTxovna qarTvelma erovnul-demokratebma wamoayenes. maTi azriT, Tu ruseTi federaciul saxelmwifod gadaiqceoda, saqarTvelos farTo erovnuli avtonomia unda miniWeboda, xolo Tu ruseTSi unitaruli respublika iarsebebda, maSin saqarTvelos georgievskis traqtatiT (1783 w.) miniWebuli uflebebi unda aRedgina. social-demokratiuli partiis wevri noe Jordania bolos mixvda, rom sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba ilia WavWavaZis principis mixedviT viTardeboda. es wuTi n. Jordanias maSin daudga, rodesac saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxada da n. Jordania saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis Tavmjdomare, noe ramiSvilis Semdeg TviTon gaxda. ilia WavWavaZe ers STaagonebda, rom erToba saWiro iyo ara marto brZolis dros, aramed gamarjvebis Semdegac. rusuli elementebi kavkasiaSi da jaris xelmZRvaneloba, romlebic kerenskis pozicias icavdnen, SiSma moicva, raTa kavkasia ruseTs ar Camocileboda. rogorc wiTeli, ise TeTri ruseTi erTnairad ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. qarTveli politikosebisaTvis savsebiT cxadi gaxda, rom sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi xelisuflebis axali organos daniSvnas da Tavisi iurisdiqciis gavrcelebas Seecdeboda. saqarTvelos erovnulma interpartiulma sabWom, aseve, saqarTvelos arc erTma politikuri partiis wevrma, garda bolSevikebisa, sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba ar cno. qarTveli politikosebis iniciativiT, amierkavkasiis politikurma Zalebma sabWoTa ruseTisagan gamijvnis gadawyvetileba miiRes. 1917 wlis 15 noemberidan TbilisSi samxareo xelisuflebis organom_amierkavkasiis komisariatma (Tavmjdomare evgeni gegeWkori) daiwyo funqcionireba. amierkavkasiis komisariats ruseTSi kanonieri xelisuflebis (droebiTi mTavrobis) aRdgenamde, samxareo xelisuflebis organos funqcia unda Seesrulebina, rac imas niSnavda, rom amierkavkasia sabWoTa ruseTTan kavSirs wyvetda. es kavSiri aRdgeboda, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTSi sabWoTa reJimi daemxoboda da Zalauflebas droebiTi mTavroba daibrunebda.

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saqarTvelos erovnulma interpartiulma sabWom, jer kidev ruseTSi droebiTi mTavrobis damxobamde da bolSevikebis xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilobis mowvevisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo. yrilobas erovnuli moZraobis amocanebi unda ganesazRvra da samoqmedo gegma daesaxa. saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yriloba, TbilisSi, 1917 wlis 19 noembers gaixsna. yrilobam miiRo dadgenileba, romlis mixedviT, ruseTSi demokratiuli wyobilebis damyarebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelo ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi avtonomiuri erTeulis saxiT rCeboda. yrilobaze aRiniSna, rom Tu ruseTSi demokratiuli wyobilebis aRdgena daigvianebda, maSin saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebas moiwvevdnen, romelic didi xnis nanatr damoukideblobas gamoacxadebda. 1917 wlis 22 noembers, yrilobam Tavisi aRmasrulebeli organo_saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo airCia. sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, 1918 wlis 8 oqtombridan, erovnul sabWos ewoda parlamenti. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomared noe Jordania, xolo moadgileebad giorgi lasxiSvili, grigol veSapeli, vladimer gobeCia da akaki Cxenkeli airCies. amrigad, erovnuli yriloba, romelmac airCia erovnuli sabWo, saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis Canasaxs warmoadgenda, man saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mtkice safuZveli Seamzada. saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobis gadawyvetilebam, sabWoTa ruseTTan yovelgvari kavSiris gawyvetis Sesaxeb, ruseTSi didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. 1918 wlis ianvarSi, saqarTvelos mimarT sabWoTa ruseTis agresiulma politikam, konkretuli gamoxatuleba hpova. bolSevikebma, kavkasiis frontidan moxsnili samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT, saqarTvelos okupacia da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba scades. axladSeqmnilma qarTulma jarma da qarTulma gvardiam Tbilisisaken momavali ruseTis jarebi sastikad daamarcxa. amierkavkasiis seimi. 1918 wlis 6 ianvars bolSevikebma ruseTis damfuZnebeli kreba garekes. bolSevikuri diqtaturis revanSis pirobebSi, amierkavkasiis komisariatma axali politikuri kursi SeimuSava da 1918 wlis 10 Tebervals amierkavkasiis seimi (parlamenti) moiwvia, romlis Tavmjdomared arCeuli iqna qarTveli social-demokrati nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe. seimma amierkavkasiis komisariatis nacvlad airCia amierkavkasiis mTavroba, romelSic saqarTvelos warmoadgendnen: 1) evgeni gegeWkori_ mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da samxedro ministri; 2) noe ramiSvili_ Sinagan saqmeTa ministri; 3) akaki Cxenkeli_sagareo saqmeTa ministri; 4) noe xomeriki_miwaTmoqmedebis ministri; 5) vladimer gobeCia_sazRvao ministri. mTavrobis wevrTa sxva portfelebi somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris gadanawilda. yvelaze meti deputati (32) saqarTvelos social-demokratiul partias hyavda. azerbaijaneli musavatelebi_ 30, xolo somexi daSnakebi 27 deputatiT iyvnen warmodgenilni. rogorc ki ruseTisagan damoukidebloba igrZnes, axladarCeuli amierkavkasiis seimi da mTavroba osmaleTTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyebas Seudga. seimma delegaciisaTvis saTanado instruqciebi SeimuSava da 1918 wlis 1 marts Semdegi ZiriTadi muxlebi daadgina: 1) sazavo xelSekrulebas safuZvlad unda dasdeboda ruseT-osmaleTis 1914 wlis omis winadroindeli sazRvrebi, 2) delegacias unda moeTxova aRmosavleT anatoliisaTvis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, kerZod, osmaleTis somxeTis avtonomia osmaleTis imperiis farglebSi. TbilisSi mimdinare ambebis paralelurad, brest-litovskSi ruseTsa da centralur saxelmwifoebs (germania, osmaleTi, bulgareTi, avstria-ungreTi) Soris sazavo molaparakeba Sedga, sadac ruseTis mTavrobam amierkavkasiis warmomadgenlis miwveva saWirod ar scno da mis daukiTxavad brest-litovskis separatuli xelSekrulebis IV muxlis ZaliT, osmaleTs yarsi, ardagani da baTumi dauTmo. am olqebis TviTmmarTveloba osmaleTTan SeTanxmebiT unda momxdariyo. 1918 wlis 2 marts karaxani iuwyeboda, rom ruseTs yarsis, ardaganis da baTumis mxareebi TviTgamorkvevis uflebiT CamoeWra. TbilisSi amaze pasuxi ar daayovnes, imave dRes, evgeni gegeWkorma da karlo CxeiZem brest-litovskis zavis gamo protesti ganacxades, igi uaryves da TavianTi protesti yvela saxelmwifos Seatyobines. trapizonis sazavi konferencia. amierkavkasiis seimma, 1918 wlis 11 marts, brest-litovskis zavis irgvliv imsjela da osmaleTis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi erTxmad uaryo. ori dRis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 13 marts, trapizonis sazavo konferencia gaixsna, sadac warmodgenili iyo rogorc osmaleTi, ise amierkavkasia. amierkavkasiis respublikas jer kidev ar hqonda damoukidebloba gamocxadebuli, Tumca faqtiurad is damoukidebeli iyo. osmaleTis interesebSi Sedioda, bolSevikuri ruseTis mier xelmowerili brest-litovskis zavi amierkavkasiis respublikasac daedasturebina. amierkavkasiis sazavo delegacia, akaki Cxenkelis meTaurobiT, trapizonSi, osmalebTan mosalaparakeblad da brestlitovskis zavis pirobebis gamosarkvevad gaemgzavra. trapizonis sazavo konferenciaze, osmaleTis delegaciis 147

meTaurma rauf beim yars-ardagan-baTumidan amierkavkasiis dauyovnebliv gasvla moiTxova. imavdroulad, osmaleTis agentebma muslimanur razmebTan erTad, 1918 wlis 19 marts, ardagani xelT igdes. 1918 wlis 25 marts, TbilisSi amierkavkasiis seimis prezidiumis, mTavrobis da fraqciaTa warmomadgenlebis gaerTianebuli sxdoma Sedga, romlis dadgenilebaSic mkafiod iyo aRniSnuli 1914 wlis sazRvrebis dacvis aucilebloba, rac aseve seimis sxdomazec dadasturda. amave dros, akaki Cxenkels mieca sruli rwmuneba osmaleTTan sazavo molaparakeba ewarmoebina. Seqmnil mZime pirobebSi, amierkavkasiis delegacia iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia da 1918 wlis 5 aprils osmaleTis delegacias sazRvris axali xazi SesTavaza, romlis mixedviTac osmaleTis xelSi olTisis mxare, ardaganis olqis samxreTi nawili, yarsis olqis samxreT-dasavleTi nawili da yaRizmanis dasavleTi nawili gadadioda. osmaleTma uari ganacxada aRniSnul pirobaze. 1918 wlis 7 aprils, rauf-beim akaki Cxenkels ultimatumi wauyena, raTa 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi pasuxi gaeca Rebulobda Tu ara igi brest-litovskis zavs. imave dRes, ak. Cxenkelma evg. gegeWkors TxovniT mimarTa, raTa seimis sxdomaze daesva sakiTxi SeZlebda Tu ara amierkavkasiis respublika iaraRiT baTumi, ardagani da yarsi daecva. amierkavkasis mTavroba osmaleTma faqtis winaSe daayena, roca jariT amierkavkasiis sazRvrebSi SemoiWra. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom brest-litovskis zavamde, osmaleTs araviTari teritoriuli pretenziebi ar wamouyenebia. ufro metic, maTi moqmedebidan Canda, rom is amierkavkasiis damoukideblobas mxars uWerda da masTan keTilmezoblur urTierTobas miesalmeboda. pirveli msoflio omis dros, osmaleTs es idea germaniasTan erTad, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetTan gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT, hqonda miRebuli. imis gamo, rom saqarTvelom ver moaxerxa brest-litovskSi Tavisi oficialuri warmomadgeneli gaegzavna, germania uZluri aRmoCnda osmaleTisaTvis winaaRmdegoba gaewia, romelic pretenzias mTel samuslimano saqarTveloze acxadebda. berlinSi myofi giorgi maCabeli, rogorc saqarTvelos warmomadgeneli, brest-litovskis kongresze ar iqna daSvebuli. mas Semdeg, rac osmaleTma 48 saaTiani ultimatumi wauyena amierkavkasiis delegacias da yarsis, ardaganis da baTumis dauyovneliv dacla moiTxova, osmaleTis mxardaWeris imedma azri dakarga. 1918 wlis 8 aprils, osmalo jariskacebma brZaneba miiRes, raTa amierkavkasiis sazRvrebis SigniT jarebi win waewiaT. osmalTa jarebi ukve ozurgeTSi iyvnen. valodia goguaZis da misi javSnosani matareblis daxmarebiT, qarTuli razmebis gmiruli brZolis Sedegad, mtris Seteva SeCerebuli iqna. 1918 wlis 13 aprils, amierkavkasiis saolqo delegatebis sxdomaze, noe Jordanias, irakli wereTelis da evgeni gegeWkoris wardginebiT, vladimer (valodia) goguaZes revoluciis pirveli gmiris wodeba mianiWes. valodia goguaZis javSnosani matarebeli SiSis zars scemda damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mtrebs. man natanebamde mosul osmalTa jarebs musri gaavlo. amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli respublika. osmaleTTan diplomatiuri molaparakeba grZeldeboda. 1918 wlis 10 aprils, ak. Cxenkeli osmaleTis delegacias atyobinebda, rom amierkavkasiis delegacia brest-litovskis xelSekrulebas cnobda. sazavo delegaciis wevri somxebi _ xatisovi da kaCaznuni, trapizonidan amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomares evgeni gegeWkors atyobinebdnen, rom Seqmnil pirobebSi brest-litovskis xelSekrulebis miReba, erTaderTi gamosavali da naklebi ubedureba iqneboda. 1918 wlis 12 aprils ak. Cxenkelma evg. gegeWkors TxovniT mimarTa, raTa osmaleTis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedeba SeeCerebina. imave dRes, osmaleTis mTavarsardalma ultimatumi wauyena baTumis komendats da baTumis dauyovnebliv dacla mosTxova. osmaleTis delegaciam trapizonSi Casul akaki Cxenkels ruseTis mTavrobis mier naboZebi yars-ardagan-baTumis saswrafod dacla da osmaleTisaTvis gadacema mosTxova. aseT umZimes situaciaSi, 1918 wlis 13 aprils, TbilisSi amierkavkasiis mTavrobis, seimis prezidiumis da seimis fraqciaTa warmomadgenlebis gaerTianebuli kreba Sedga. krebam, trapizonidan sazavo delegaciis gamowvevis Sesaxeb irakli wereTlis rezolucia, erTxmad miiRo. omis gagrZeleba faqtiurad SeuZlebeli iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, 1918 wlis 22 aprils, amierkavkasiis mTavrobam amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba gamoacxada. seimma xmebis didi umravlesobiT amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis da demokratiul-federaciul respublikad misi gamocxadebis deklaracia miiRo. garkveuli cvlileba moxda mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi. ak. Cxenkelma daikava mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisa da sagareo saqmeTa ministris postebi. Sinagan saqmeTa ministri gaxda n. ramiSvili, finansTa- a. xatisovi, iusticiis- f. xoiski, samxedro- gr. giorgaZe, miwaTmoqmedebis- n. xomeriki, saxalxo ganaTlebis- n. usumbekovi, Sromisa- a. aerzinkiani, sasursaTo saqmeTa ministri- a. saakiani. 23 aprils n. ramiSvilma yvela administraciul dawesebulebas amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis 148

gamocxadeba auwya da gaugzavna Sesabamisi debulebebi. mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba osmaleTTan sazavo molaparakebis dawyebaze. damoukidebeli amierkavkasiis respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem akaki Cxenkelma osmaleTis jarebis meTaurs vexib faSas samxedro moqmedebis dauyovnebliv SeCereba moTxova, rac osmalebma imave dRes Seasrules, Tumca maleve daarRvies, radgan osmaleTis jari yarsSi Sevida da aleqsandropolisaken miiwevda. ak. Cxenkelma osmalTa aseTi saqcielis gamo protesti gamoTqva, Tumca osmaleTis mTavrobam mis protests yuradRebas ar miaqcia. mogvianebiT, vexib faSam Setyobineba gamogzavna, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom osmaleTis mTavrobam amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba aRiara da sazavo molaparakeba baTumSi dainiSna. amierkavkasiis delegacia darwmunebuli iyo, rom osmaleTTan xelSekrulebas safuZvlad brestis zavis pirobebi daedeboda, Tumca samxedro warmatebebiT gaTamamebulma osmalebma, gacilebiT meti teritoriebi moiTxoves. maT sazavo xelSekrulebis proeqti warmoadgines, romlis ZaliTac, amierkavkasias baTum-yarsis olqebi, erevnis guberniis mesamedi, axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebi unda daeTmo. sruli kontrolis damyarebamde amierkavkasiis rkinigza osmaleTis gavlenis qveS unda moqceuliyo. bunebrivia, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mmarTvel partiaTa liderebi, osmaleTis am moTxovnebs ver miiRebdnen. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos xelmZRvanelebi cdilobdnen osmaleTis mokavSire _ germaniis delegaciis daxmarebiT, osmalebi aeZulebinaT am moTxovnebze uari eTqvaT. somxebi imeds inglisze amyarebdnen, azerbaijanis politikur partiebs ki maT qveyanaze osmaleTis proteqtoratis damyareba mizanSewonilad miaCndaT. qarTvel politikosebs Seqmnili politikuri situacia kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli. 1918 wlis 11 maiss, osmaleTis mier okupirebul baTumSi osmaleTisa da amierkavkasiis delegaciaTa sazavo konferencia gaixsna. pirvelive sxdomaze gamoirkva, rom osmaleTi ar kmayofildeboda mxolod brest-litovskis zavis safuZvelze yars-ardagan-baTumis dakavebiT da trapizonis molaparakebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, osmaleTis warmatebuli operaciebis Sedegad, damatebiT dakavebuli miwa-wylis: axalqalaqis, axalcixis, aleqsandropolis, eCmiaZinis da sumarlis mazrebis gadacemasac moiTxovda. osmaleTis delegaciis xelmZRvaneli halil-bei amierkavkasiis mTavrobas, amasTanave, rkinigzasac sTxovda osmaleTis jarebis sparseTis mimarTulebiT gadasayvanad. politikur situacias isic arTulebda, rom sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa komisari g. CiCerini germaniis mTavrobasTan, amierkavkasiis mTavrobis arsebobis gamo, protests acxadebda. ruseTi baTumis sazavo konferenciaSi monawileobas moiTxovda. g. CiCerini xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom baTumis konferenciaSi monawileobis survili, ar niSnavda ruseTis mxridan, amierkavkasiis mTavrobis cnobas. 1918 wlis 17 maiss, amierkavkasiis delegaciam baTumis konferenciaze myof osmaleTis delegacias ganmeorebiT Seaxsena, rom sazavo xelSekruleba brest-litovskis zavis farglebSi gaeformebinaT. osmaleTis jari kvlav agrZelebda Setevas. 1918 wlis 18 maiss, daikvaves aleqsandropoli da julfisaken gza moiTxoves, ultimatumis aRsrulebis vada erTi saaTiT ganisazRvra. Seqmnil mZime situaciaSi, ak. Cxenkelma acnoba xalil-beis, rom igi ar iyo winaaRmdegi osmalebs jarebi sparseTisaken gaeyvanaT, magram mosaxleobis dasacavad damatebiT garantiebs iTxovda. amierkavkasiis saqmeebSi sabWoTa ruseTis Carevis gamo, 1918 wlis 19 maiss, ak. Cxenkelma germaniis imperiis delegaciis meTaurs, general-maior fon losovs specialur mimarTva gaugzavna, romliTac man CiCerinis nota ukuagdo. im droisaTvis, germania ukve aqtiurad Caeria amierkavkasiasa da osmaleTs Soris davis mowesrigebaSi. 1918 wlis 19 maiss, fon losovma werilobiT mimarTa amierkavvkasiis delegacias daTavisi mokavSiris_osmaleTis winaSe Suamdgomloba aRuTqva. amierkavkasiis delegaciam germaniis winadadeba sixaruliT miiRo. maSin rodesac, amierkavkasiis delegacia diplomatiiT iyo dakavebuli, osmaleTis jarebi winsvlas ganagrZobdnen. amierkavkasiis delegaciis cnobiT, isini loresaken, aseve Tbilisis dasakaveblad miiwevdnen. 1918 wlis 25 maiss, Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobam xalxs acnoba, rom osmalTa jarebi moiwevdnen qalaqisaken da maT Tbilisis dacvisaken mouwoda. aseT rTul politikur situaciaSi, sabWoTa ruseTi kvlav uxeSad Caeria amierkavkasiis Sinaur politikaSi. 1918 wlis 19 maiss, ruseTi specialuri depeSiT protests acxadebda imis gamo, rom TiTqos amierkavkasiis mTavroba, sabWoTa ruseTis erTgul afxazeTs zRvisaken gzas uWrda. germaniis delegaciis meTauri, fon losovi ruseTs Seaxsenebda, rom soxumidan da baqodan ruseTi TviTon emuqreboda amierkavkasiis teritorias da ruseTis xelisuflebas TavSekavebisaken mouwodebda. soxumSi bolSevikuri ajanyeba moewyo, romelic

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qarTuli ZalebiT iqna CaxSobili. CiCerinma sazavo molaparakebaSi monawileoba moskovTan axlos an romelime sxva qalaqSi kvlav moiTxova, Tumca misTvis pasuxis gasacemad aRaravis ecala. 1918 wlis 24 maiss, osmaleTis delegaciis Tavmjdomarem xalil-beim fon-losovis winadadeba sazavo molaparakebaSi Suamdgomlobis Sesaxeb uaryo. 25 maiss fon-losovma am Suamdgomlobaze Tavad uari ganacxada, radgan xedavda, rom amierkavkasiis respublika daSlis gzas daadga. 1918 wlis 25 maiss, germaniis delegaciam baTumi datova, radgan osmaleTTan seriozuli konfliqti ar surda. osmaleTi mas aRmosavleTSi inglisis winaaRmdeg mebrZol mTavar Zalad miaCnda. aseT umZimes politikur situaciaSi, ak. Cxenkelma nota osmaleTis delegacias kidev erTxel gaugzavna da maT zavis pirobebis dacvisaken mouwoda. osmaleTis delegaciam ak. Cxenkelis winadadeba uaryo. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. Seqmnil politikur situaciaSi erTaderTi gamosavali iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. jer kidev, 1918 wlis 22 maiss, amierkavkasiis mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem da sagareo saqmeTa ministrma akaki Cxenkelma, baTumidan grifiT sruliad saidumlo TbilisSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da aRmasrulebeli komitetis prezidiums vrceli werili gaugzavna, romelSic Seqmnil politikur situacias dawvrilebiT ganixilavda da gamosavals, mxolod, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebaSi xedavda. ak. Cxenkeli paralelurad molaparakebas awarmoebda baTumis konferenciaze myof germaniis politikur wreebTan. 1918 wlis 23 maiss, baTumSi, Seikriba qarTvel politikosTa sxdoma, romelsac eswrebodnen: z. avaliSvili, a. Cxenkeli, n. nikolaZe, n. Jordania da p. surgulaZe. sxdomaze gamoirkva, rom zurab avaliSvils mzad hqonda saqarTvelod damoukideblobis proeqti. maSin rodesac, qarTveli politikosebi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis aucileblobaze msjelobdnen, osmaleTis mTavrobam amierkavkasiis xelmZRvanelobas axali ultimatumi wauyena da 72 saaTis ganmavlobaSi axalcixis, axalqalaqis, aleqsandropolis, eCmiaZin-surmalis mazrebis osmaleTisaTvis gadacema, aseve amierkavkasiis rkinigzebze osmalTa jarebis gatareba mosTxova. aRniSnuli moTxovnebis gamo, baTumis sazavo molaparakebaze situacia mniSvnelovnad daiZaba. amasTanave, TviT amierkavkasiis delegatebs Soris ar iyo erTsulovneba. Aazerbaijanis mxridan, osmaluri orientaciis kursma sabolood safuZveli gamoacala amierkavkasiis mTlianobas, romlis Sedegadac, amierkavkasiis respublika, rogorc saxelmwifo ganwiruli aRmoCnda. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, diliT, amierkavkasiis seimis sxdoma moiwvies, sadac amierkavkasiis respublikis arsebobis sakiTxi daisva. seimze sabolood gamoirkva, rom amierkavkasiis xalxTa TanamSromlobis gagrZelebas azri ekargeboda. azerbaijanelebi mxars uWerdnen osmalebs, riTac damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi simwife ver gamoiCines. osmaleTi sakuTar politikas sarwmunoebasa da eTnikur faqtorebze ar amyarebda, mas mxolod iyenebda. ase gamoiyena azerbaijanic, xolo momavalSi, roca osmaleTs dasWirda rusebs advilad gadauloca. seimis ukanasknel sxdomaze, amierkavkasiis mTavrobis wevrTa moxsenebebis mosmenis Semdeg, sityviT cnobili social-demokrati, irakli wereTeli gamovida. amierkavkasiis seimma, yvela xmiT oris winaaRmdeg, rezolucia miiRo, romlis ZaliTac amierkavkasiis respublikis daSla daadastura, rac masSi Semavali respublikebis orientaciis sxvadasxvaobam da saerTo kavkasiuri politikis uqonlobam ganapiroba. imave 26 maiss, 4 saaTsa da 50 wuTze, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis yofil rezidenciaSi, golovinis (dRevandeli rusTavelis) gamzirze, imave darbazSi, sadac amierkavkasiis bolo sxdoma gaimarTa, saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos sxdoma gaixsna, sadac saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxadda. erovnul sabWos saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti noe Jordaniam gaacno. axladSeqmnili damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos erovnuli sabWo warmoadgenda, romlis Tavmjdomare karlo CxeiZe gaxda. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRes erovnulma sabWom koaliciuri mTavroba daamtkica. mTavrobis Tavmjdomared arCeuli iqna noe ramiSvili, romelic imavdroulad Sinagan saqmeTa ministric iyo. sagareo saqmeTa ministrad akaki Cxenkeli dainiSna. mTavrobis Semadgenloba aseTi iyo: grigol giorgaZe samxedro ministri, giorgi Juruli finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri, giorgi lasxiSvili ganaTlebis ministri, noe xomeriki miwaTmoqmedebis da Sromis ministri, Salva mesxiSvili iusticiis ministri, ivane lorTqifaniZe gzaTa ministri. 1918 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania, xolo sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni gegeWkori gaxda. 1918 wlis 4 ivniss, baTumSi, damoukidebel saqarTvelosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris zavisa da megobrobis xelSekruleba daido, romlis ZaliT osmaleTma miiRo mTeli samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo (samusulmano 150

saqarTvelo), mTeli mesxeTi awyurisa da abasTumnis gamoklebiT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mxridan xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres saqarTvelos mTavrobis pirvelma Tavmjdomarem n. ramiSvilma, g. gvazavam, g. rcxilaZem da generalma i. odiSeliZem. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, azerbaijanis sagareo orientaciis kursi Seicvala da pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg, igi ufro didi britaneTisaken ixreboda, romelic Tavis mxriv, dainteresebuli iyo baqos navTobiT da Tvlida, rom es simdidreebi mas amierkavkasiis ruseTisagan CamocilebaSi daexmareboda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetaSi ruseTSi momxdarma politikurma gadatrialebam da osmaleTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebam, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. germaniis aqtiurobam kavkasiis politikaSi da saqarTvelosadmi misma mxardaWeram, saqarTvelo osmaleTis agresiisagan ixsna, amasTanave qarTvel politikosebs SesaZlebloba misca saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba daeCqarebinaT. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas giorgi gvazavam istoriis samarTali uwoda. 1918 wlis 8 oqtombers erovnul sabWos saqarTvelos parlamenti ewoda. 1919 wlis wlis TebervalSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos_damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi Catarda. parlamenti daTxovnili iqna. damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi upiratesoba social-demokratebma moipoves. 130 mandatidan 109 moipoves. social-federalistebma da erovnul-demokratebma 8-8 mandati miiRes. damfuZnebeli krebis pirveli sxdoma 1919 wlis 12 marts gaixsna. Tavmjdomared karlo CxeiZe airCies. krebam daadastura 1918 wlis 26 maiss erovnuli sabWos mier damtkicebuli saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti. damfuZnebelma krebam 1919 wlis 21 marts saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikia axali mTavroba daamtkica noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT. ivane javaxiSvilis konsultaciiT, iakob nikolaZem da ioseb Sarlemanma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis droSa da gerbi Seqmnes. 1918 wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samferovani droSa damtkicda. saxelmwifo gerbze gamosaxuli iyo TeTri giorgi Svidi mnaTobiT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis himnis_ dideba avtori kote focxveraSvili iyo. 1919 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos mTavrobam sakuTari fuladi niSnis _bonis gamoSveba daiwyo. 1918 wlis 3 seqtembers Tbilisis universiteti saxelmwifo universitetad gamocxadda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba, 1921 wlis 26 maiss, ar iyo SemTxveviTi movlena, rogorc amas sabWoTa istoriografia warmoaCenda. damoukideblobis aRdgenas win uZRoda mTeli rigi mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi, rac qarTveli politikosebis didi ZalisxmeviT ganxorcielda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgeniT, qarTveli xalxis xangrZlivi brZola damoukideblobisaTvis warmatebiT dasrulda. saqarTvelom kvlav moipova ufleba Tavad ganego sakuTari samSoblo da msoflios suverenul saxelmwifoTa gverdiT damdgariyo.

ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907ww)

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ilia WavWavaZe werda: warmatebisaTvis, keTildReobisaTvis saWiroa, rom yovelni erobisani erTad, erTgvarad iyvnen midrekilni da miwevnilni. TviT warmatebac, ganviTarebac maSin aris WeSmariti da nayofieri, roca yvelani erTgvarad da erTi saxiT swvdebian saerTo sikeTes, erTgvarad da erTi saxiT gaWirvebis uRels ewvian da Tanasworad inawileben uflebasa da movaleobas. roca es ar aris maSin erTis amaRleba, erTis keTildReoba_meoris damdablebaze, meoris gaRaribebaze aris xolme xSirad damokidebuli. uTanasworoba erTmaneTs Soris, ujra-ujra dayofis Sedegia.
giorgi gvazava werda: qveynis istoria aris qveynis sasamarTlo. Cadenil usamarTlobas da Zalmomreobas xSirad mosdevs istoriis samarTali da damsaxurebuli sasjeli... didi omis dros daingra uZleveli ruseTis imperia da aRsdga patara saqarTvelo.

droebiTi mTavroba_ 1917 wlis 16 marts petrogradSi Seiqmna, ruseTis imperiis damxobis da nikoloz II-is gadadgomis Semdeg. droebiT mTavrobas qveynisaTvis damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde unda exelmZRvanela da moemzadebina arCevnebis Catareba.

danarTi 1
giorgo gvazavas werili vin gasca saqarTvelos miwa-wyali (pasuxad zurab avaliSvils), romelic man emigraciaSi yofnis periodSi gamoaqveyna gazeTSi damoukidebeli saqarTvelo (#142, 1938 wlis ianvari) Cven gamovacxadeT damoukidebloba 26 maiss. 4 ivniss ki Cven win idga baTumSi SemoWrili osmaleTis jari. TavisTavad cxadia, erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo ver moawyobda sakmaris jarsa da samxedro masalas, rom SeeCerebina osmaleTis laSqari. ruseTi damarcxebuli iyo; brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT man dauTmo osmaleTs baTumis, artaanis da yarsis olqebi. dRidan am xelSekrulebis dadebisa CvenTvis cxadi iyo, rom osmaleTi wamovidoda am provinciebis dasaWerad da did gansacdelSi Cavardeboda mTeli saqarTvelo. amitom Cven maSinve daviwyeT saWiro diplomatiuri muSaoba. erTad erTi Zala, romelsac SeeZlo maSin raime daxmarebis aRmoCena, iyo germania. Cven droze SevecadeT da gavitaneT germaniaSi is azri, rom ar iqneboda didi saxeli germaniisaTvis, Tu is nebas miscemda Tavis mokavSire osmaleTs, musulmanur qveyanas daeWira saqarTvelo, qristianuli qveyana... xelis mowera osmaleTis zavze CvenTvis iyo mxolod drois mogeba. ratifikacia ar momxdara da TviT osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxda daecala samusulmano saqarTvelo.

danarTi 2
irakli wereTlis sityva amierkavkasiis seimis bolo sxdomaze 1918 wlis 26 maiss Cven mudam vibrZodiT erTa solidaroba-TanxmobisaTvis; erToba iyo ideali, magram Seiqmna iseTi mdgomareoba, rom Cveni survilis winaaRmdeg unda ganvacxadoT, roca didi xniT swydeba sxva da sxva erTa bedi, roca mteri ukve SemoiWra Cvens mxareSi da win moiwevs, erToba, solidaroba aRar aris. qarTveli xalxi darCa marto; mas moswyvites somxis xalxi (TiTqmis mTeli somxeTi TurqeTma daikava); misgan am wuTSi wavida musulmanuri mosaxleoba; da is garemoeba, rom arsebobs fiqtiurad amierkavkasiis delegacia, qarTvel ers arTmevs SesaZleblobas Tundac im ZalebiT, romelic mas gaaCnia, Sehqmnas saxelmwifoebrivi organizacia, romelsac SeeZleba Tavisi interesebis dacva. icode (qarTvelo xalxo! Tu gsurs daicva Seni interesebi, gadairCino Tavi, Sen unda Sehqmna Seni saxelmwifo organizmi da Seni oficialuri warmomadgenloba...

irakli (kaki) wereTeli

akaki Cxenkeli (1874-1959 ww)

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danarTi 3
akaki Cxenkelis werili saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos prezidiums TbilisSi. baTumi 1918 wlis 23 maisi me vfiqrob Tqven ukve gamoacxadeT damoukidebloba. Tu ara, maSin me ar mesmis Tqveni taqtika. erTaderTi gamosavali mxolod esaa, sxva gza daxSulia. arc es gza gvixsnis yoveli xifaTisagan, radgan Cven gvCvevia dagvianeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi me kiidev mwams, rom pasuxismgebloba istoriisa da eris winaSe Tavisas iqms. saqarTvelos mTavrobis pirveli nabiji Semdegi unda iyos: man unda Txovos germanias mfarveloba Tavis damoukideblobis dasacavad, dadgenileba amis Sesaxeb unda gadaeces graf Sulenburgs _yvela es xdeba saidumlod. Sulenburgs miecema aqedan instruqcia, romlis ZaliT, is am Tqvens Suamdgomlobas gadascems Tavis mTavrobas. SeiZleba pasuxis mosvlamdis ukve ikisros germaniis imperiis warmomadgenlis roli. am SemTxvevaSi is gamoiyvans Tavis patara razms tyveebisagan Semdgars da miegebeba momxdom Turqebs da ganucxadebs, rom saqarTvelo ukve germaniis mfarvelobis qveS imyofeba, aqedan Turqebs ara aqvT ufleba misi teritoria gadmolaxos. mTavroba miiRebs meore dadgenilebasac, rom is andobs Tavis warmomadgenels baTumSi, wauyenos germaniis warmomadgenels saidumlo xelSekruleba, rogorc mfarvelobaze, ise am mfarvelobis iuridiul formaze, agreTve sxva xelSekrulebanic droebiTi xasiaTisaa. yvela es saidumlod rCeba, ra Tqma unda ... aucileblad saWiroa myisve SematyobinoT damoukideblobis gamocxadeba ara marto telegramiT, aramed werilobiTac kanonierad Semowmebuli qarTul enaze, agreTve damoukideblobis aqtis teqsti. saWiroa, agreTve, Cem Tanamdebobaze calke mowmoba qarTul enaze. beWedi gaakeTeT axlave. arc presaSi, arc parlamentSi cudad ar moixsenioT germania, osmaleTi, arc mezobeli erebi. es Tavi da Tavi pirobaa. didad mosalodnelia, rom osmaleTi moisurvebs maSinve saqarTvelosTan zavis Sekvras, amitom misi gaRizianeba Seuwynarebelia. piriqiT, gadaWriT unda iTqvas, rom Cven gvsurs kargi ganwyobileba gvqondes mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. SifriT gadmoveci general kvinitaZes Tqvenda gadmosacemaT, Tu ra gmarTebT gaakeToT samxedro Tadarigis mxriT. omi amierkavkasiis saxeliT momakvdinebelia CvenTvis. mters SeiZleba winaaRmdegoba gaewios mxolod damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxeliT. Turqebs albaT gadawyvetili aqvT mTeli amierkavkasia aiRon, Cven ueWvelad winaaRmdegoba unda gavuwioT, ramdenic Zala Segvwevs. dRes mxolod Tbilisis sakiTxia, saWiroa is ar CavugdoT maT xelSi. Zlier azviadeben ueWvelad Turqebis Semosevas. jerjerobiT marto bandebia albaT. unda miiRoT zoma: gzebi gaafuWoT, SeutioT, kargi strategiuli punqtebi daikavoT. rusebis jars arasgziT ar daendoT, CamoarTviT exlave iaraRi da Tqven moixmareT. mTel xalxs saqarTvelos SuagulSi_ara ganapira adgilebSi moiTxoveT iaraRi jarisaTvis. Tu miiRebT zomebs, TbilisSic bevr iaraRs aRmoaCenT kerZo pirebTan. bevri Tavis nebiTac moitans. gamoacxadeT saqveynod, roca darwmundeT, rom Turqebi faqtiurad moiweven, rom samSoblo gansacdelSia. xalxi ueWvelad SeinZreva, is Tavis vals gadaixdis. yvela es udrood arasgziT ar unda moxdes, vinaidan gvaqvs kidev imedi vifiqroT, rom Turqebi zavs moiTxoven CvenTan, rac CvenTvis usaWiroesi ramaa, maSasadame, damoukidebloba erT-erTi saSualebaa zavisaTvis. Turqebis qceva iseTia, vaiTu gagviZneldes TqvenTan mimowera, amitom vwer yvela amas. kidev vimeoreb yoymani am wuTSi danaSaulia, Cven gvixsnis mxolod gambedaoba, siswrafe, mtkice nabijebi. yvela isini, vinc am wuTSi daZravs enas ruseTis orientaciis Sesaxeb, SesaboWia. am mimarTulebis gazeTebi yvela unda daixuros. bolSevizmi samSoblos Ralatia_ esaa erT-erTi Tqveni lozungi. panika Seuwynarebelia, saWiroa Sromis ganawileba. laparaki da rezoluciebi damRupvelia. gamoiCeneT namdvili saxelmwifoebrivi sulis simSvide, Cveni eri gamWriaxia, Seignebs da daemorCileba samSoblos mxsnel mTavrobas. visurveb SeasruloT, valdebuleba qveynis winaSe. Cven gavuSviT yvela vadebi, eric ar movamzadeT am momentisaTvis, magram imedi mainc ar unda davkargoT.

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli kreba

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saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politika saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas 1918 wlis 26 maiss mxars uWerda germaniis imperia. 1918 wlis noemberSi pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg, germaniis jarma saqarTvelo datova. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers msoflio omSi damarcxebul osmaleTTan inglisma mudrosis droebiT zavs moawera xeli, romlis ZaliT osmaleTis dapyrobil teritoriebs inglisis jari daiWerda. inglisis jari baTumSi 1918 wlis dekembridan 1920 wlis ivlisamde imyofeboda. ingliselebi antiqarTuli ganwyobilebiT gamoirCeodnen da somxeTis mTavrobas mfarvelobdnen. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis umniSvnelovanes problemas saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopoveba warmoadgenda. am TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba hqonda parizis sazavo konferencias, romelic 1919 wlis 18 ianvars gaixsna versalSi, swored iq, sadac 1871 wlis 18 ianvars germaniis imperia gamocxadda. konferenciis gaxsnisas safrangeTis prezidentma raimond puankarem ganacxada: usamarTlod Sobilma germaniam Tavisi arseboba samarcxvinod daasrula. parizis sazavo konferenciam pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebi Seajama. omSi gamarjvebulma antantis qveynebma, romelTa Soris wamyvan rols inglisi asrulebda, aSkarad antiqarTuli pozicia daikaves. parizis sazavo konferenciaze wargzavnili saqarTvelos delegacia (k. CxeiZe, i. wereTeli, z. avaliSvili, d. RambaSiZe da sxv.) yovel Rones xmarobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis mopovebisaTvis. 1919 wlis 14 marts delegaciam versalis konferencias gadasca memorandumi, romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo saqarTvelos mTavrobis Suamdgomloba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis cnobis Sesaxeb. memorandums xels awerda saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis Tavmjdomare karlo CxeiZe, romelic imave dros parizis samSvidobo konferenciaze saqarTvelos delegaciis xelmZRvaneli iyo. delegacia evropaSi 1919 wlis martidan 1920 wlis dekembramde imyofeboda. 1920 wlis 20 ianvars mokavSireTa umaRlesma sabWom (inglisi, safrangeTi, italia) de faqto icno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika. sayovelTao mSvidobis miRwevisa da saxelmwifoTa Soris dialogis miRwevis mizniT, 1919 wels Seiqmna erTa liga, rogorc versalis sazavo xelSekrulebis sistemis nawili. misi damfuZnebeli 44 qveyana iyo. erTa ligis wevrebs Soris ar iyo ori didi saxelmwifo aSS da ruseTi. 1920 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos demokratiulma respublikam erTa ligaSi gawevrianebaze uari miiRo. miuxedavad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis politikuri institutebis stabilurobisa, sabWoTa ruseTi da dasavleTis qveynebi Tavs ikavebdnen qveynis damoukideblobis iuridiuli aRiarebisagan. isini saqarTvelos sakiTxs ruseTTan urTierTobis konteqstSi ganixilavdnen da Tavs aridebdnen masTan politikuri situaciis gafuWebas. erTaderTi gamonaklisi iyo argentina, romelmac 1919 wlis 13 seqtembers aRiara saqarTvelos iuridiuli damoukidebloba. mdgomareoba Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac TviT ruseTma 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT aRiara Dde iure saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. amis Semdeg, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRiarebuli iqna Semdegi qveynebis mier: 1920 wlis 24 seqtembers_germania; 1921 wlis 27 ianvars_belgia, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi, italia, iaponia, 1921 wlis 28 ianvari_poloneTi; 1921 wlis 17 Tebervali_avstria; 1921 wlis 18 Tebervali_rumineTi; 1921 wlis 23 Tebervali_luqsemburgi; 1921 wlis 14 aprili_meqsika. miuxedavad saerTaSoriso aRiarebisa saqarTvelom Zlieri mokavSire ver moipova.

danarTi
germaniaSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis elCis vladimer axmetelaSvilis werili akaki Cxenkels. berlini. 27 oqtomberi, 1919 weli didad pativcemulo akaki, amJamad gvsurs metad sayuradRebo kiTxvaze mogelaparakoT da Tqvenidan da parizis delegaciisagan Sesaferi instruqciebi da rCeva miviRoT. ukeTu qveviT wamoyenebuli sakiTxis ase Tu ise gadaWra Tqvensa da parizis delegaciis kompetencias ar Seadgens, am SemTxvevaSi umorCilesad gTxovdiT, Cveni survili da winadadeba saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis gemcnoT da iqidan migveRo sabolovo pasuxi. saqme SemdegSia: saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRiarebis saqme, rogorc mogexsenebaT_Zalian gviandeba. TiTqmis weliwadnaxevaria, rac Cveni qveyana damoukidebel cxovrebas awarmoebs, saxelmwifoebriv marTva-gamgeobas, SedarebiT sxva patara, axlad warmoSobil saxelmwifoebTan sanimuSod awesrigebs. miuxedavad amisa, dRemdis ar gamoCnda omSi Cabmuli Tu neitraluri saxelmwifo, rasakvirvelia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT argentinas, romelmac formalurad icno Cveni damoukidebloba. es garemoeba yvelas afiqrebs, amasTan metad aRonebs kidec. TviT germaniis social-demokratiuli partiis cnobil moRvaweebsac ki aocebT. mag. karl kaucki gakvirvebulia, rom dRemdis germaniasac ki ar ucvnivarT (saubaria de iure cnobaze, radgan saqarTvelos damoukidebloba de faqto germaniam 1918 wlis 28 maisis xelSekrulebiT aRiara-l. s.). am kiTxvaze saubari kauckisTan am ramodenime dRis winaT mqonda. man sxvaTaSoris mkiTxa: nuTu germanias mainc ar ucvnia Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tu ar ucvnia ratom ar acnobinebTo. mokled vupasuxe: antantaze adre germaniis mier cnoba CvenTvis didad sazaralo iqneba meTqi! manac lakoniurad miTxra: ara mgoniao!

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am saubris mere es azri TavSi Camijda. bevri vifiqreT, bevric vimsjeleT aqaur qarTvelebTan da saelCos wevrebTan da mravali sabuTebis ZaliT mivediT im daskvnamde, rom germaniis mier Cveni damoukideblobis cnoba antantaze adre_vinaidan isini Zalian agvianeben da arc icis kacma rodis iqneba_CvenTvis sazaralo da saxifaTo ar iqneba. Cveni Sexeduleba Semdeg mosazrebazea damyarebuli: germaniis xalxma da mTavrobam sazRvargareT politikaSi sxvanairi gezi aiRo, aRmosavleTisaken eZebs mokavSires da aseT mokavSires ruseTSi xedavs. amas dRes aRar malaven, damfuZnebel krebazedac laparakoben. sagareo saqmeTa ministrma miulerma aSkarad ganacxada, rom igi mzadaa ruseTs_TviT bolSevikursac ki SeuTanxmdes, magram dRes Tu amas ar vSvrebiT imitom, rom ruseTis teritoriaze erTi mtkice mTavroba ar arsebobso. eWvs gareSea, germania axlo momavalSi ruseTis mTavrobas, iqneba es denikinisa Tu memarcxeneebisa, SeuTanxmdeba. SeTanxmeba ki, rogorc vfiqrobT, umTavresad ruseTis gaerTianebis niadagze moxdeba. germania ekonomikurad dainteresebulia massa da ruseTs Soris zRude ar iyos amarTuli. baltiisa da poloneTis damoukideblobac ki ar moswonT. unda pirdapir gadabmuli iyos ruseTTan. politikurad xom mTlianad dainteresebulia ruseTi mTliani iyos. germania dRes iseT mdgomareobaSia, rom oRond ki gamovides aseTi jojoxeTuri mdgomareobidan da eSmakis bebiasac ki SeuTanxmdeba. ase rom, momaval Tavis mokavSires ruseTs, Tundac denikinisas, ar Seedaveba imaze, Tundac igi Zvel teritoriaSi gaerTiandes. xazgasmulad vimeoreb: germania ruseTs ukavSirdeba, masTan SeTanxmebulad moqmedebas iwyebs da vidre es SeTanxmeba faqtad ar gadaqceula, vidre germaniis mTavrobisa da xalxis simpatia Cvensken ari da Cvendami TanagrZnoba ar ganelebula_unda visargebloT aseTi ganwyobilebiT, aseTi situaciiT da vaRiarebinoT Cveni damoukidebloba. SemdegSi, rogorc ginda mdgomareoba Seiqnas, germania amas ukan veRar waiRebs; erTxel gadadgmul nabijs veRar dagmobs. piriqiT, iZulebuli iqneba daicvas igi, yovel SemTxveveSi ki sityviT mainc. garda amisa_TviT ruseTi, vimeoreb, Tundac denikinisa, germanias mudam angariSs gauwevs. ugermaniod, germaniis dauxmarebliv mas ar SeuZlian Tavis ekonomiuri mdgomareobis gamosworeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi ruseTisaTvis germaniis mier gadadgmuli nabiji Zalian damafiqrebeli iqneba. ruseTis aRdgena Zalian maSinebs, es ki ocneba ar aris, vinaidan mas mxars uWers germania. meore mosazreba: germaniis mier Cveni damoukideblobis aRiareba, evropis, gansakuTrebiT ki germanul saxelmwifoebze gavlenas moaxdens. skandinaviis saxelmwifoebi: holandia, dania, aseve avstria da TviT Sveicariac ki ase Tu ise unda gamoexmauron germaniis aseT gadadgmul nabijs. main is ar momkvdara, rom mis mier Cven aRiarebas ase yrud Sexvdnen, rogorc Sexvdnen argentinas. argentina moSorebulia evropas, amasTan arc ise didi da Zlieri saxelmwifoa, rogorc germania. miTumetes, rom germania Zlier mokavSireTa ZebnaSia da adre Tu gvian mizans miaRwevs. amis gamo, germanias axla aSkarad Tu farulad yvelani angariSs uweven, TviT mowinaaRmdege saxelmwifoebidanac ki, rogoric aris italia da zogierTi wvrili saxelmwifoebi. mesame: germaniis mier Cveni damoukideblobis aRiareba Cvens xalxs sulierad gaamxnevebs, damoukideblobis dacvis unars gaaZlierebs da bolos Cveni bedi Cvenve unda gamovWedoT, Cvenma xalxma Tavisi goniT da RoniT unda daicvas. goneba da Zala gauaTkecdeba, roca gaigebs, rom misi damoukidebeli cxovrebis momxrea udidesi germania. Cveni xalxi mainc didi warmodgenisaa germaniaze da misi titanuri Zala mudam ewameba. aseT aRfrTovanebul xalxs ki SeuZlian ukanaskneli sisxlis wveTamde daicvas Tavisi saxelmwifoebrioba. ruseTis safrTxisa ise aRar SeeSindeba, miTumetes ecodineba, rom misi mokavSire germania saqarTvelos damoukideblobis momxrea da igi ukve aRiara. meoTxe: antantam kargad icis, rom germaniam ruseTisaken piri qna da mis sabolovo mokavSireobas eZebs. isic kargad icis, rom germania bolos da bolos winaaRmdegi ar iqneba, ukeTu ruseTi finlandia-poloneTsac ki SemoierTebs da Zvel sazRvrebSi aRdgeba. aseTia antantis germaniis aRmosavleTis politikaze Sexeduleba, ruseT-germaniis dakavSireba mas Zalian aSinebs da Tu germania dRes Cven damoukideblobas aRiarebs, es antantis TvalSi erTgvari uxerxuli da uvargisi tonis Setana iqneba germaniasa da ruseTs Soris dakavSirebis harmoniaSi. antantis politikisaTvis es dasamSvidebeli iqneba. rac Seexeba ingliss, es Tqven ufro ukeT iciT, Cveni damoukideblobis aRiareba, Tundac germaniidan, ar ewyineba Tu misi ekonomiuri interesebi moiTxoven, rom ruseTi amierkavkasiaSi aRar batonobdes, rom mis sparseT-indoeTis mxareebs safrTxe moakldes, maSin, neta ar vici, raT unda ewyinos ingliss? germaniis mier gadadgmuli nabiji SeuZlian inglisma safrangeTis winaaRmdeg gamoiyenos da ukanasknelic daiyolios Cvens aRiarebis saqmeSi. da bolos Tqven da parizis delegacia ukeTesad gaigebT, Tu rogor STabeWdilebas moaxdens antantaze germaniis mier aseTi nabijis gadadgma. Cven Cvens mosazrebebs sqematurad vwerT, maTi dasabuTeba ufro vrclad da safuZvlianad SeiZleba. Cven mxolod Cveni mosazrebis mTavar azrs giziarebT. imedia jerovan yuradRebas miaqcevT da Tavis dros Sesafer azrsa da saxelmZRvanelo instruqciebs mogawvdiT, rasakvirvelia Tu Tqven da parizis delegacia gaiziarebda Cvens Sexedulebas. rac Seexeba am sakiTxis praqtikulad ganxorcielebas, Cven sul sxva gziT vimuSavebT. amas TviT germanelebs, maT sazogado moRvaweebs da politikosebs wamovayenebinebT ar unda vifiqroT, TiTqos es saqme jibeSi gvqondes, TiTqos germaniis mTavrobasa da xalxs Sexedulebis meti ara undodes da umalve icnoben Cven damoukideblobas. TuU gadavwyvetT, rom germaniis mier Cveni aRiareba politikurad saziano ar iqneba, maSin unda SevudgeT aq muSaobas, farulad. viwro wreebSi muSaobas, rom germaniis mTavroba movaled gavxadoT male wamoayenon Cveni damoukideblobis sakiTxi da igi dadebiTad gadasWran. saqmis dagvianeba ar varga, unda Tavis dros movaswroT, rom SemdegSi ufro ar gagviZneldes saqme. veliT dawvrilebiT pasuxebs.

brZola saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena-SenarCunebisTvis

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brZolebi gagris, soWis da tuafsesaTvis. dRevandeli soWi-tuafses raioni uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos CrdilodasavleTi nawilis _afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. kavkasiaSi ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis bolos aq Savi zRvis gubernia Seiqmna (centriT q. novorosiiski) sami olqiT (soWi, tuafse, novorosiiski). guberniis samxedro-administraciuli sazRvari mdinare mzimTaze* gadioda. 1904 wlis 25 Tebervals ruseTis mTavrobam es sazRvari kidev ufro samxreTiT gadmoswia. uSualod soWis olqs SeuerTda soxumis olqis (afxazeTis) nawili qalaq gagris klimaturi sadguris mimdebare teritoriebiT, sul 150.000 desetina miwa. ase iyo 1917 wlamde. Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg, kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi, romelSic Savi zRvis guberniac Sedioda, marTva-gamgebloba ozakomma aiRo xelSi. aRniSnul organoSi qarTvel politikur liderebs didi gavlena hqondaT. swored, maT damsaxurebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena. 1917 wl;is 30 oqtombers amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli komitetis sxdomam akaki Cxenkelis TavmjdomareobiT 1904 wlis dadgenileba gaauqma da gagris raioni kvlav sixumis olqs_afxazeTs daubruna. 1918 wels afxazeTSi datrialebulma procesebma soWis olqSi qarTuli armiis da gvardiis nawilebis Sesvla ganapirobes. 1918 wlis martSi gudauTis mazraSi afxazma bolSevikebma efrem eSbam, nestor lakobam da sxvebma adgilobrivi glexobis nawili (afxazebi, somxebi, rusebi) amierkavkasiis seimis winaaRmdeg aajanyes da sabWoTa xelisufleba gamoacxades, aseve revkomi Camoayalibes. ajanyebulebma sababad miwis reformis, maTi azriT, arasworad gatareba gamoiyenes. namdvili mizezi ki sabWoTa ruseTTan SeerTeba iyo. glexTa razmebma 1918 wlis 26 marts soxumi daikaves. 8 maiss soxumis muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis sabWom ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb, specialuri dadgenileba miiRo. isini uaxloes miznad amierkavkasiis komisariatis damxobas miiCnevdnen. bolSevikur lozungebs_miwa glexebs!, samurzayanos (galis mazris) glexobis nawilic wamoego, ris gamoc situacia kidev ufro daiZaba. amierkavkasiis seimma soxumis olqSi wesrigis aRdgenis gadawyvetileba miiRo. gadawyvetileba afxazTa saxalxo sabWos TxovniT miiRes. im sabWosi, romlis wevrTa nawili al. ServaSiZe, t. marSania da sxvebi separatistuli ideebiT iyvnvnen Sepyrobilni, magram roca gauWirdaT imedis Tvali Tbiliss miapyres. amierkavkasiis seimma afxazeTSi wesrigis aRdgena valiko juRels daavala. gvardiis nawilebi soxumisaken daiZrnen. 1918 wlis 16 maiss amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis samxedro Zalebi kodors miadgnen. juRelma da polkovnikma koniaSvilma bolSevikebs ultimatumi wauyenes da saRamos 5 saaTamde iaraRis dayra mosTxoves. afxazma bolSevikebma moTxovnas saartilerio cecxliT upasuxes. qarTvelma gvardielebma mZafri brZolis Semdeg kodoris xidi daikaves da mteri ukuaqcies. v. juReli depeSiT atyobinebda Tbiliss, rom xelSi Caigdes mtris 10 zarbazani, 7 tyviamfrqvevi da mravali tyve. 17 maiss gvardielebma soxumi daikaves, aseve gudauTasTan bolSevikTa samxedro gemi daakaves. swrafi Setevis Sedegad, gvardiam axali aToni da gudauTac daikava. afxazma bolSevikebma daxmarebisaTvis soWis da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sabWoTa xelisuflebis organoebs mimarTes da kargad SeiaraRebuli 2000 kaciani Sevseba miiRes. im droisaTvis qarTuli gvardiis ZiriTadi nawili duSeTis mazraSi iyo gadasrolili ajanyebis Casaqrobad. gudauTaSi mxolod 150 kaciani razmi idga. 18 ivniss bolSevikebma maT yoveli mxridan alya Semoartyes da srola autexes. ori dRis brZolebis Semdeg, gvardielebi iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan daexiaT, nawili tyved Cavarda. 20 ivniss gvardiam axali aTonic datova. soxumsac saSiSroeba Seeqmna, risTvisac saWiro gaxda radikaluri zomebis miReba. 1918 wlis 18 ivniss general g. mazniaSvils Seatyobines, rom igi afxazeTis general-gubernatorad da Savi zRvispireTis jarebis sardlad dainiSna. Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi saqarTvelos regularuli saarmio nawilebi gudauTisaken gaigzavna. 19 ivniss mazniaSvili soxumSi Cavida. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos xelmZRvanelebma mas 300 cxenosani afxazi meomari miaSveles erTiani mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. am faqtiT naTlad Cans, rom afxazebi da qarTvelebi saerTo mters erTad ebrZodnen, rac aqarwylebs afxazuri separatistuli istoriografiis sruliad absurdul mtkicebulebas, rom TiTqos qarTvelebma afxazeTis okupacia moaxdines. kargad organizebuli operaciis Sedegad, 1918 wlis 22 ivniss gudauTa da 28 ivniss gagra gaTavisuflda. qarTulma gvardiam mdinare mexadiri* gadalaxa, Sevida pilenkovoSi (igive ganTiadi) da fsou-soWis olqis sazRvars miadga. cxare brZolebis Sedegad, 29 ivniss gaaTavisufles qalaqi adleri, sadac bolSevikebma 400 mebrZoli dakarges. miuxedavad imisa, rom osmalTa desantis gadmosxmis gamo, qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis zurgSi, saomari mdgomareoba garTulda, amas soWis mimarTulebiT brZolebze raime mniSvnelovani zegavlena ar mouxdenia _ qarTulma SenaerTebma 6 ivliss saolqo centri soWi daikaves, xolo 26 ivliss saRamos, 12 saaTiani mZime brZolebis Semdeg, bolSevikebi qalaq tuafsedanac gandevnes. rodesac, Tbilisidan mosuli brZanebis Tanaxmad, mazniaSvilma qalaqi beloreCenski daikava, iq saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis warmomadgenlebs TeTrgvardieli generlebis mixeil aleqseevisa da anton denikinis 156

warmogzavnilebi gamoecxadnen da qarTul armias ukan daxeva mosTxoves. marTalia, generali anton denikini bolSevikebis dauZinebeli mteri iyo, magram misi devizi_ erTiani da ganuyofeli monarqistuli ruseTi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobasac did saSiSroebas uqadda. denikini Savi zRvis guberniis soWis olqs, agreTve gagris raions, wminda rusul teritoriebad miiCnevda. 1918 wlis seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi soWis olqSi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis davalebiT, sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni gegeWkori gaemgzavra, raTa yubanis mTavrobasTan sazRvrebis mowesrigebisa da saqonlis gacvla-gamocvlis Taobaze molaparakeba gaemarTa. mas davalebuli hqonda, rom saqarTvelos unda moeTxova maqsimum tuafses olqi, xolo soWisa da gagris raionebi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda daeTmo. soWSi Casvlisas evgeni gegeWkori, general mazniaSvilTan da gizo anjafariZesTan erTad, soWis olqis mcxovreblebs da politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebs Sexvda. maTTan saubrisas gamoirkva, rom olqis mcxovrebTa sulieri ganwyobileba, aseve simpaTia saqarTvelos mxareze iyo. aseTi ganwyobis mizezi iyo general aleqseevis moqmedeba, romelic erTnairi sisatikiT epyroboda rogorc bolSevikebs, aseve menSevikebs. 1918 wlis 18 seqtembers soWSi gamarTul politikur partiaTa sabWos sxdomis rezoluciaSi naTqvami iyo, rom: saqrTvelo, yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze, erTaderTi saxelmwifoa, sadac daculia demokratiis principebi da radgan soWis olqs emuqreba denikinis samxedro diqtatura, sabWo gamoTqvams survils, raTa saqarTvelos mTavrobam dauyovnebliv, specialuri dekretiT gaaformos soWis olqis droebiTi mierTeba. msgavsi rezoluciebi 20 seqtembers qalaq soWis mosaxleobis saerTo krebaze, xolo ufro mogvianebiT, 1 dekembers, soWis glexobis saolqo yrilobazec miiRes. qarTulma mxarem TeTrgvardielebTan molaparakebis gadawyvetileba miiRo. 1918 wlis 25 seqtembers Catarda TaTbiri, romelsac saqarTvelos mxridan eswrebodnen e. gegeWkori da g. mazniaSvili, xolo rusi TeTrgvardielebis mxridan aleqseevi, denikini, lukomski da sxvebi. TaTbirze gegeWkorma ganacxada, rom Savi zRvispireTis dakavebisas saqarTvelos amocana bolSevikebTan brZola iyo, xolo saqarTvelos mTavrobis mizans sakuTari sazRvrebis yvela mtruli Zalebisaga dacva warmoadgenda. man aseve ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas ar gaaCnda raime dapyrobiTi miznebi da mas, mxolod qarTuli mosaxleobis interesebis dacva hqonda miznad. denikinma soWis olqis dacla moiTxova, radgan iq qarTvelebze meti rusebi cxovrobeno da agreTve, gagris olqisac, sadac ruseTis mTavrobam uamravi fuli daxarja mis keTilmosawyobado. aRniSnuli gancxadebiT denikinma da aleqseevma soWis olqis mosaxleobis saqarTvelosTan droebiT SeerTebis survils ignororeba gaukeTes. molaparakeba uSedegod damTavrda. ukmayofilo TeTrgvardielebma yubanis mTavrobas kategoriulad aukrZales saqarTvelosTan vaWroba, navTobisa da sursaTis eqsporti manamde, sanam qarTuli jarebisagan soWis olqi mTlianad ar iqneboda gawmendili. 1918 wlis bolos saqarTveloSi myofi germaniis jari qveynidan gavida da maTi adgili, antantis umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, ingliselebma daikaves. denikins antanta sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi did daxmarebas uwevda. denikini imedovnebda, rom inglisi mas mxars dauWerda soWis olqis xelSi Casagdebad. TeTrgvardielebma jarebis Tavmoyra sadgur lazarevskaias da loos Soris qarTuli samxedro Zalebis poziciebTan daiwyes. denikinis aqtiuroba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisaTvis SeumCneveli ar darCenila. qarTuli diplomatia mZime amocanis winaSe dadga. maT rogorme sakuTar simarTleSi unda daerwmunebinaT didi britaneTis samxedro misia da mtris Semosevis safrTxe Tavidan aecilebinaT. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mimarTa inglisis xelisuflebas, rom soWis olqis sadavo teritoria droebiT saqarTvelos unda daekavebina. ingliselebi daTanxmdnen, rom soWis olqi droebiT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi darCeniliyo da administraciac qarTuli darCeniliyo, xolo olqis mikuTvnebis sakiTxs sabolood parizis samSvidobo konferencia gadawyvetda. rac Seexeboda safrTxes denikinis jarisagan, ingliselebma maTTan misuli saqarTvelos mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi sabaxtariSvili da generali gedevaniSvili daamSvides, rom TeTrgvardielTa armiisagan safrTxe mosalodneli ar iyo. denikinma yurad ar iRo inglisis sardlobis gafrTxileba da 1919 wlis 29 ianvars, polkovnik efremovis meSveobiT, ultimatumi wauyena loo-golovkis raionSi dislocirebul qarTul saguSago razms, raTa iaraRi daeyara da soWidan ukan daexia. koniaSvilma da saqarTvelos mTavrobis rwmunebulma muxran xoWolavam es faqti saqarTvelos mTavrobas acnobes. Tavis mxriv, evgeni gegeWkorma inglisis misias sTxova, raTa gaefrTxilebinaT efremovi ar waweuliyo win 157

sanam telegrafi maT brZanebas soWamde miitanda. qalaqSi saSineli tragedia datrialda. TeTrgvardielebma qarTvelTa mcirericxovan garnizons alya Semoartyes. nawili gaanadgures, xolo nawili tyved Caigdes xelSi. sxvadasxva cnobebiT, moxaliseTa armias soWis aRebaSi didi daxmareba gauwia adgilobrivma somexma mosaxleobam, romlebic borCalos mazraSi damarcxebis gamo antiqarTulad iyvnen ganwyobilni. soWis olqSi daiwyo represiebi, qarTvelebis dapatimrebebi da maTi Zarcva. momxdaris gamo, 1919 wlis 9 Tebervals saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam TbilisSi akreditebul saxelmwifoTa diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs oficialuri nota gaugzavna, romelSic Txovda maT TeTrgvardiel moxaliseTa SemaZrwunebeli moqmedebebi aRekveTaT. denikinis armiam daikava adleri, vesioloe, pilenkovo, gagra da SeCerda mdinire bzifTan, e.i. maT 1904 wlis sazRvari aRadgines. 1919 wlis 8 Tebervals, saqarTvelos mTavrobis meTaurma noe Jordaniam soWis ambebis Sesaxeb informacia miawoda saqarTvelos parlaments. man ganacxada: ... gagris olqi aris saqarTvelos WiSkari da gagris WiSkari Cven migvaCnia strategiul sazRvrad. gveubnebian_bzifis wyalia Tqveni sazRvario, magram es ase araa. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos sazRvari gagris WiSkari iyo da Cven mas ver davTmobT. dapyrobil teritoriebze denikinis armiam saSineli terori gaaCaRa. gansakuTrebiT devnidnen qarTvelebs. gaupatiureba, mkvleloba, Zarcva yoveldRiur movlenad iqca. am faqtebis Sesaxeb, soWis qarTuli erovnuli sabWos Tavmjdomarem mixeil xoferiam gagraSi inglisis warmomadgenlebs raime zomebis miRebis moTxovniT specialuri komisiis aqtebic ki gadasca, magram amiT araferi ar Secvlila. miuxedavad ingliselTa mosalodneli ukmayofilebisa, 1919 wlis 16 aprils qarTuli regularuli armiis da gvardiis nawilebs miecaT brZaneba gadaelaxaT mdinare bzifi. dRis 2 saaTze qarTvelebma TeTrgvardieli moxaliseebi gandevnes otradnoedan, kolxidadan da gagra daikaves. 18 aprils qarTulma nawilebma mdinare mexadiric ukan moitoves. 17 aprils, am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, evgeni gegeWkorma damfuZnebel krebaze gaakeTa informacia da aRniSna, rom ingliselTa dapirebidan ukve ori Tve gavida, xolo soWis sakiTxi kvlav Riad rCeboda. saqarTvelos mTavroba soWis olqis beds parizis konferenciaze gadasawyvet sakiTxad miiCnevda. manamde ki qarTul SenaerTebs is poziciebi unda daekavebina, romelsac saqarTvelos mTavroba saWirod miiCnevda. amasobaSi ingliselebi operatiulad amoqmednen. saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis gamogzavnil notaSi isini miuTiTebdnen, rom mzad iyvnen gaevloT sademarkacio xazi mdinare bzifTan, risTvisac qarTul SenaerTebs ukan unda daexiaT da Tu saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavroba amas ar Seasrulebda, momavalSi isini denikinis armiis SeCerebas veRar SeZlebdnen. garda amisa, momavalSi britaneTis mTavrobis keTilganwyoba saqarTvelosadmi uaryofiTad Seicvleboda. ingliseli generali biCi saqarTvelos mTavrobis meTaurs noe Jordanias arwmunebda, rom gagris raionis upirobo datovebiT, saqarTvelo ekonomikurad da gansakuTrebiT politikurad moigebda, ramdenadac saqarTvelos respublikis prestiJi civilizebuli msoflios TvalSi amaRldeboda. aRniSnuli daTmobiT saqarTvelos mTavroba xels Seuwyobda bolSevikebTan brZolis warmatebas, radgan moxaliseTa armias bolSevizmTan warmatebul brZolaSi daexmareboda. inglisis warmomadgenelTa farul muqaraSi denikinisadmi garkveuli mxardaWera mosCanda. saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmeboda ingliselTa moTxovnas, magram moiTxovda mktice garantiebs, rom moxaliseebi ar gadmolaxavdnen mdinare mexadirs, xolo bzifidan mexadiramde Seqmnil neitralur zonas ingliselebi daikavebdnen. 1919 wlis 25 maiss, denikinis warmomadgenelma brigsma e. gegeWkorTan Sexvedrisas pretenzia mTel soxumis olqze gamoacxada, rac afxazi separatistebis damsaxureba iyo. isini ekaterinodarSi iyvnen TavSefarebulni da denikins afxazeTis samxreT ruseTTan SeerTeba sTxoves. gegeWkorma brigss uari ganucxada da kvlav gaimeora saqarTvelos Tvalsazrisi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. amave sakiTxze evgeni gegeWkorma britaneTis premier-ministrs loid jorjs depeSa gaugzavna sadac werda: ... Cemi mTavroba yovelTvis momxre iyo da aris davis mSvidobiani gadawyvetisa, amitom man britaneTis sardlobas acnoba Tavisi survili, rom mzad aris, Tavisi jari gamoiyvanos mdinare bzifisaken ... magram saqarTvelos mTavrobas surs realuri garantiebi misi sazRvrebis xelSeuxeblobisaTvis, radgan amis mware gamocdileba gvaqvs, roca denikini miuxedavad britaneTis darwmunebisa, mainc dagvesxa Tavs... parizis sazavo konferenciaze saqarTvelos delegaciam 1919 wlis martSi waradgina moTxovnebi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac soWis olqSi sazRvari unda gavlebuliyo tuafsedan 14 km-iT samxreTiT, mdinare makofsze. aRniSnul sakiTxze saqarTvelos delegacias aravin gamoxmaurebia.

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amrigad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mexadir-bzifss Soris kidev erTi neitraluri zona Seiqmna, romlis administracia marTalia saqarTvelos eqvemdebareboda, Tumca es mainc saqarTvelos mTavrobis iurisdiqciis SezRudvas niSnavda. 1920 wlis Teberval-aprilSi wiTelma bolSevikurma armiam Crdilo kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia: gaanadgura moxaliseTa armia da soWi-adleri daikava. bolSevikebis mowinave nawilebi mdinare fsousTan gamoCdnen. inglisi ki aRar iyo dainteresebuli am raionis bediT. 1920 wlis 7 maiss sabWoTa ruseTsa da demokratiul respublikas Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvari sadavo teritoriaze mdinare fsouze axaxCasa da aganeTis mTebze gadioda. maisis Sua ricxvebSi saqarTvelo-ruseTis samxedro warmomadgenlebi SeTanxmdnen, rom mdinare mexadirsa da fsous Soris teritoria demarkaciul zonad gamoecxadebinaT, sanam specialuri komisiis mier sazRvari dazustdeboda. yovelive amas, mxolod, formaluri xasiaTi hqonda. 1920 wlis 16 noembers mTavrobis sxdomam daadgina: gagra da biWvinTa mdinare riafSamde gamoiyos gudauTis mazridan da daarsdes gagra-biWvinTa-fsous samxedro raioni, romelic pirdapir daeqvemdebareba mTavrobas. am raionSi dainiSnos saqarTvelos mTavrobis sagangebo komisari, gauqmebul iqnas mdinare fsous da mexadirs Soris neitraluri zona. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba ecnoba ruseTis saelCos TbilisSi, rusebi daeTanxmnen mas. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba soWis olqSi Sesvlas istoriuli teritoriis dabrunebad ganixilavda, rac aseve, afxazeTis usafrTxoebis garanti iyo. amrigad, 1918 wlis ivlisidan 1919 wlis Tebervlamde saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba marTalia, soWis olqs akontrolebda, magram umZimesi samxedro politikuri viTarebis gamo, misi SenarCuneba ver moaxerxa. mogvianebiT, 1920 wlis aprilSi, soWis olqi ruseTis wiTelma armiam daikava. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, mdinare mexadirsa da fsous Soris arsebuli pilenkovos raionis kuTvnilebis gamo, erTmaneTs rusi da afxazi komunistebi daupirispirdnen. istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, dRevandeli gagris raionis sofel ganTiadis adgilze uZvelesi dasaxleba wandrifSi arsebobda. SavizRvispireTSi ganmtkicebis Semdeg, rusebma iq Seqmnil dasaxlebul punqts, 1867 wels, Savi zRvis okrugis ufrosis, general pilenkos pativsacemad, pilenkovo uwodes. sofelSi VII_VIII saukunis qristianuli taZaric arsebobda. 1921 wlis TebervalSi, sabWoTa ruseTis IX wiTelma armiam fsou gadmolaxa, saqarTveloSi SemoiWra da soxumi daikava. soWis saolqo xelisuflebis da rsfsr samxreT-aRmosavleTis samxareo aRmaskomis xelmZRvanelebma Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebles da pilenkovos Temis soflebis soWis olqTan mierTeba daadgines, sadac rusuli administracia Seqmnes. 1924 wlis 31 oqtombers ssrk cak-is prezidiumma pilenkovos raioni afxazeTis ssr-s miakuTvna. 1943 wlis 12 ivniss, afxazeTis saolqo komitetis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos kompartiis ceka-m miiRo dadgenileba, romlis Tanaxmad, pilenkovos saxeli gadaerqva da ganTiadi ewoda. mzimTa*_mdinare ruseTSi krasnodaris mxareSi. ubixur enaze gaafrTebuls niSnavs. saTave kavkasionis qedze aqvs. Sav zRvas q. adlerTan erTvis. md. mzimTaze krasnaia-polianis hesi da wyalsacavia agebuli. bzifi* istoriuli saxelwodeba kapoetiswyali. mdinare dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTis teritoriaze. saTave kavkasionis mTavari wyalgamyofi qedis samxreT kalTaze aqvs. biWvinTis koncxTan mdinare Sav zRvas erTvis. mexadiri*_mdinare gagris raionSi zRvis donidan 965 m. saTave gagris qedis samxreT-dasavleT kalTaze aqvs. Sav zRvas daba
ganTiadTan erTvis.

fsou*_mdinare afxazeTSi, saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvarze. saTaves mTa agefsTadan iRebs da Sav zRvaSi Caedineba. tuafse* qalaqi ruseTSi. krasnodaris mxaris tuafses raionis administraciuli centri. qalaqi Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobs.

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giorgi mazniaSvili (1871-1937 ww)

danarTi 1
nawyveti evgeni gegeWkoris interviudan: soWidan me depeSa gavugzavne yubanis mTavrobas, raTa ecnobebinaT CemTvis molaparakebis dro da adgili. Zlier gamikvirda, radgan pasuxi Cems depeSaze miviRe ara yubanis mTavrobisagan, aramed aleqseevis (igulisxmeba TeTrgvardieli generali mixeil aleqseevi) Stabidan. igi ityobineboda, rom yubanSi mas uWiravs uzenaesi Zalaufleba da yovelgvari molaparakeba masTan unda gaimarTos. roca ekaterinodarSi (krasnodarSi) Cavedi, vinaxule yubanis Tavmjdomare biCi. masTan saubriT davrwmundi, rom faqtobrivad Zalaufleba aleqseevs ekuTvnoda. massa da moxaliseebs Soris didi uTanxmoeba arsebobda.

saxalxo gvardielebi. manqanaSi ukana mxares marjvnidan zis valiko juReli. foto gadaRebulia soWidan soxumSi gamgzavrebis dros. soWi, 1918-1920 ww.

danarTi 2
soWis glexobis saolqo yrilobis 1918 wlis 1 dekemberi.s rezoluciidan: moismina ra saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis moxseneba politikur momentze soWis olqis saqarTvelos respublikasTan droebiTi SeerTebis mizezebisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb, agreTve adgilobrivi kulturul _ sameurneo cxovrebis mowyobis Sesaxeb samTavrobo miTiTebebze, soWis saolqo yrilobam Tavis 1 dekembris (ax. st. ) sxdomaze daadgina: 1. rCeba ra soWis olqi kvlav ruseTTan SeerTebis momxre, rogorc ki masSi damyardeba mtkice erTiani demokratiuli xelisufleba, Seqmnili WeSmariti saxalxo mmarTvelobis da federaciul sawyisebze calkeul mxareTa gaerTianebis principiT, yriloba Tvlis, rom olqis saqarTvelosTan

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droebiTi SeerTeba damyarebulia soWis socialisturi partiebisa da sxva demokratiuli organizaciebis rezoluciaze, warmoadgens aqts, romelic pasuxobs mSromeli xalxis interesebs, icavs maT reaqciis mTeli saSinelebisagan. 2. imyofeba ra saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis kanonebis mfarvelobis qveS, mSromel mosaxleobas aqvs saSualeba Tavisuflad ganaxorcielos Tavisi samomavlo miswrafebani adgilobrivi sasoflo-sameurneo cxovrebis mowyobisaken, aqvs saSualeba respublikis kanonebis mixedviT SemoiRos demokratiuli eroba da awarmoos mSromelTaTvis samarTlianad miwis gadacema, Tanaxmad sruliad ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebuli debulebebisa; 3. yriloba avalebs prezidiums gaugzavnos misasalmebeli depeSa saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas. yubanis samxareo radis mimarT yrilobam daadgina: yriloba miesalmeba yubanis radis demokratiul wamowyebas da gamoTqvams imeds, rom SeZlebs Tavis garSemo gaaerTianos demokratiis farTo wreebi da daamyaros mWidro kavSiri mezobel demokratiul mTavrobebTan, kerZod saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobasTan.

mixeil vasilis Ze aleqseevi (1857-1918 ww)

anton ivanes Ze denikini (1872-1947 ww)

mixeil vasilis ze aleqseevi _ daamTavra genStabis akademia. I msoflio omSi umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis Stabis ufrosi iyo. 1918 wlis noemberSi donis rostovSi daarsa e. w. aleqseevis organizacia, romlis safuZvelzec Seiqmna denikinis moxaliseTa armia. anton ivanes Ze denikini _ general-leitenanti. daamTavra genStabis akademia. I msoflio omSi dasavleT frontis sardali iyo. 1918 wlis dasawyisSi moxaliseTa armia Camoayaliba. 1920 wlis ianvridan ruseTis umaRlesi mmarTvelia, 1920 wlis aprilidan emigraciaSi wavida. gardaicvala 1947 wels, amerikaSi.

1920 wlis 7 maisis ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekruleba

1920 wlis 7 maiss, moskovSi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da ruseTis socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikas Soris daido xelSekruleba, romelzec saqarTvelos mxriv, damfuZnebeli krebis wevrma gr. urataZem, xolo ruseTis mxriv sagareo saqmeTa komisris moadgilem, l. karaxanma moaweres xeli. im periodSi ruseTs omi hqonda poloneTTan, ramac aiZula lenini saqarTvelos dapyrobis gegma droebiT SeeCerebina. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mTavrobas sxva gamosavali aRar hqonda, isev bolSevikebTan unda daewyo molaparakeba, amas urCevda inglisis mTavrobac. n. Jordania saidumlod, erTi piris saSualebiT moskovSi molaparakebas awarmoebda. es pirovneba iyo grigol urataZe. n. Jordanias azriT: despani unda yofiliyo leninis da misi Stabis nacnobi, social-demokrati, partiis yrilobaze namyofi. aseTad man gr. urataZe miiCnia. rasakvirvelia, rusebma mas win daudes xelSekrulebis winaswar gamzadebuli teqsti, razedac bolSevikebi saerTod xels awerinebdnen patara erebs. saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba preambulisa da 16 muxlisagan Sedgeba. xelSekrulebaze xelmoweris dResve g. urataZem da l. karaxanma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebiT saidumlo damatebas, romelic ori muxlisagan Sedgeba, xolo 1920 wlis 12 maiss, xelmowerili iqna kidev erTi dokumenti samSvidobo xelSekrulebis damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, romelic preambulisa da sami muxlisagan Sedgeboda. orive dokumenti 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis ganuyofel 161

nawilad iqna gamocxadebuli. amrigad, 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba orive damatebasTan erTad 21 muxlisagan Sedgeba. samive dokuments g. urataZem da l. karaxanma xeli cal-calke moaweres. xelSekrulebis ZaliT, ruseTi upirobod cnobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas, xels iRebda mis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevaze, uars ambobda winandel uflebebze saqarTvelos teritoriis da xalxis mimarT. xelSekrulebis IV muxliT, sabWoTa ruseTi saqarTvelos udavo, ganuyofel nawilad aRiarebda adre kavkasiis samefisnacvloSi Semaval Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis yvela mazras, aseve baTumis, soxumis da zaqaTalis olqebs. suverenitetis damadasturebeli am muxlebis gverdiT, xelSekruleba Seicavda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis Semlaxvel punqtebsac, rogoricaa kavkasiis uReltexilis neitralizeba, komunisturi partiisaTvis legaluri moRvaweobis uflebis miniWeba, sxva saxelmwifoebTan Tavisufali urTierTobis SezRudva, rac SemdegSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisaTvis sabediswero gamodga. xelSekrulebis V muxliT, saqarTvelo valdebulebas iRebda Tavisi teritoria ucxo Zalebisagan gaewminda. swored, im dros baTumi ingliselebs ekavaT, romlebic evropis umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebiT imyofebodnen iq. cxadia, saqarTveloSi inglisis jaris yofnisas, saqarTveloze Tavdasxma bolSevikebisaTvis ase ioli ver iqneboda. ruseTs, swored, baTumi ainteresebda, sadac inglisis jari idga. bolSevikebs surdaT ingliselebi iqedan qarTvelebis xeliT moecilebinaT, rasac miaRwies kidec. xelSekrulebis aRniSnul muxlze xelismoweriT saqarTvelo sakuTari surviliT ambobda uars dasavleTis yovelgvar daxmarebaze. garda amisa, xelSekrulebis muxlebi erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi modioda. II muxlSi naTqvami iyo, rom ruseTi ar Caereoda saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi, Tumca imave xelSekrulebis X muxliT aSkarad ereoda mis Sinaur saqmeebSi, rodesac saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisagan cixeebSi myofi qarTveli komunistebis gaTavisuflebas iTxovda. marTlac, saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1920 wels cixeebidan 900 komunisti gaaTavisufla. komunisturi partiis legalizebiTa da misTvis sruli Tavisuflebis miniWebiT, rasac moskovSi gaformebuli dokumenti iTvaliswinebda, saqarTveloSi gaZlierda antisaxelmwifoebrivi Zala, romelic demokratiuli respublikis damxobisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis aSkara propagandas eweoda. 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri urTierToba damyarda. gaicvala elCebi. rsfsr sruluflebian warmomadgenlad saqarTveloSi cnobili bolSeviki s. kirovi dainiSna (mogvianebiT misi adgili e. Seinmanma daikava), xolo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam, moskovSi elCad g. maxaraZe miavlina. 1920 wlis noemberSi TbilisSi savaWro-satranzito SeTanxmeba daido. ruseTma da saqarTvelom erTmaneTs Tavisufali tranzitis ufleba mianiWes. isaxeboda ori qveynis TanamSromlobis konturebi sxva sferoSic. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTma mainc saqarTvelos dapyrobis gza airCia. marTalia xelSekrulebiT ruseTi cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, magram saqarTvelos dapyrobis safrTxe ruseTis mTavrobis dRis wesrigidan ar moxsnila. azerbaijanis dakavebisa da ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, loid jorjma inglisis jarebi baTumidan gaiyvana. 1920 wlis ivlisSi, inglisis xelisuflebam baTumi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas gadasca. saqarTvelos mimarT bolSevikuri ruseTis safrTxe naTeli gaxda, ris gamoc antantis umaRlesma sabWom 1921 wlis 27 ianvars saqarTvelos iuridiuli damoukidebloba scno. miuxedavad amisa, didi britaneTi da safrangeTi saqarTvelos problemas bolSevikuri ruseTis saSinao saqmed miiCnevdnen da xeli SeuSales saqarTvelos erTa ligaSi miRebas. saqarTvelo momwyvdeuli aRmoCnda osmaleTsa da ruseTs Soris. saqarTvelos caze Rrubeli TandaTan iSleboda, rac qveynis damoukideblobis dakargvas moaswavebda, risTvisac saukuneebis manZilze ibrZoda qarTveli xalxi. 1920 wlis 7 maisis ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, unda momxdariyo samxedro da sazRvao-samxedro nawilebis dauyovnebliv ganiaraReba, rac rasakvirvelia, metad saxifaTo iyo ruseTTan moaxloebuli omis pirobebSi. xelSekruleba xel-fexs uxsnida ruseTs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg morigi agresiis gansaxorcieleblad. Sedegebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, aRniSnuli xelSekruleba momakvdinebeli aRmoCnda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisaTvis.

1921 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da misi Sedegebi

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ruseTi sruli gamarjvebuli gamovida samoqalaqo omidan, daamarcxeba TeTri generlebi da Zalebi moikriba ruseTis imperiaSi adre Semavali qveynebis dasabruneblad. rusi politikosebi aqtiurad adevnebdnen Tvals amierkavkasiis qveynebis saerTaSoriso mdgomareobas. 1920 wlis 28 aprils ruseTis jarma azerbaijani daikava, rasac win uswrebda ruseT-osmaleTis garigeba. imperiis dacemisa da sruli daSlis muqaris qveS myofi osmaleTi, mustafa qemal faSas meTaurobiT, ruseTSi xedavda Tavis momaval dasayrdens, rac ruseTis interesebSic Sedioda. amierkavkasiis damoukidebeli qveynebi, romelTac mokavSireebi mfarvelobdnen, or imperias- ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris aRmoCndnen moqceulni, Tu adre sulTnis faSebi dainteresebulni iyvnen amierkavkasiis damoukideblobiT, mustafa qemalisaTvis es, mxolod, dabrkolebas warmoadgenda, ris gamoc amierkavkasiis qveynebi da maT Soris saqarTveloc advilad gawira. ufro metic, osmalebma TavianT kavSirSi azerbaijanic Caabes, rasacAazerbaijanis damoukideblobac Seewira da saqarTvelo da somxeTic mtrebis saTareSod iqca. saqme is aris, rom 1920 wlis 15 aprils osmaleTis XV armiis ufrosma kiazim yara beqir faSam da azerbaijanis Tavdacvis ministrma Sixlinskim arzrumSi xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas. SeTanxmebis V muxliT azerbaijani valdebulebas iRebda osmalebs bolSevikur ruseTTan daaxloebaSi daxmareboda da saWiroebis dros azerbaijanic am kavSirs SuerTdeboda. faqtia, rom rusma bolSevikebma, azerbaijaneli xalxis Tavganwiruli brZolis miuxedavad, mainc umniSvnelo winaaRmdegobis fasad daikaves baqo. saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis samxedro kavSiri realurad ar amoqmedebula. mas Semdeg, rac 28 aprils bolSevikebma baqo daikaves, saqarTvelos mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem noe Jordaniam saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis sxdomaze gamosvlisas aRniSna: Tu bolSevikebi azerbaijans daesxnen, Cven movale varT mas davexmaroT, ara marto imitom, rom masTan samxedro kavSiri gvaqvs, aramed imitomac, rom amas Cveni sakuTari interesebi moiTxoven, xolo Tu azerbaijani gareSe Zalas Sexvda ubrZolvelad, Cven ar gvaqvs ufleba SevebrZoloT mas, vinc azerbaijanma miiRo. baqos dacema pirdapir cudi niSani iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis. saqarTvelos mTavrobas gacnobierebuli hqonda, rom ruseTis mier azerbaijanis dapyroba winamorbedi gaxdeboda Tbilis-baTumis dacemisa da cdilobda garkveuli zomebi mieRo. yvela frontze gamarjvebuli bolSevikebi, ukan ar ixevdnen, cdilobdnen win wawevas da baqosaTvis baTumis dakavSirebas. daikaves Tu ara azerbaijani, imave dRidan rusebi saqarTvelos mimarT kidev ufro met agresiulobas iCendnen. bolSevikebi yovel dapyrobas maTTvis xelsayrel pirobas urCevdnen. Tumca samxedro TvalsazrisiT, isini maSin arc ise Zlierni iyvnen. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba, grZnobda ra mosalodnel safrTxes, Seudga TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas. 1921 wlis 11 noembers, daarsda Tavdacvis sabWo, noe Jordanias xelmZRvanelobiT. mTavrobam miiRo zomebi qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis asamaRleblad. am mizniT, damfuZnebel krebas gadaeca dekretis proeqti TavdacvisaTvis, damatebiT, 300 mln. maneTis gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT. qarTveli generlebis mtkicebiT, bolSevikebTan omis mogeba SeiZleboda 50-60 aTasi kaciT. azerbaijanis dakavebis Semdeg, ruseTi saqarTvelos gasabWoebasac Seecada, Tumca imjerad uSedegod. 1920 wlis 1-2 maiss, bolSevikebs, TbilisSi, demokratiuli mTavrobis damxobis mcdeloba hqondaT. 2 maiss ruseTis jari saqarTvelos sazRvarze gadmovida wiTeli xididan. imavdroulad bolSevikebis jgufi TbilisSi qarTul samxedro skolas daesxa Tavs, Tumca qarTvelma iunkrebma Seteva moigeries da aiZules bolSevikebis jari ukan daexiaT. ruseTis samxedro operaciebi saqarTveloSi 5 maisamde gagrZelda. mas ruseTisaTvis dazverviTi xasiaTi hqonda, amitom am operaciebis dros didi raodenobiT jariskacebs ar agzavnida. bolSevikebi aseTi gziT cdilobdnen amoecnoT ara marto saqarTvelos samxedro momzadeba, aramed evropis reaqciac ruseTis moqmedebebze. ruseTis wiTel armiasAazerbaijani (1920 wlis 28 aprili) da somxeTi (1920 wlis 2 dekemberi) dapyrobili hqonda. jeri saqarTveloze idga. ruseTis agresiuli politika evropelTaTvis SeumCneveli ar darCenila. 1920 wlis dekemberSi inglisis mTavrobam lord kerzonis meSveobiT specialuri nota gaugzavna ruseTs, sadac ekiTxeboda, xom ar apirebda r saqarTvelos dapyrobas. ruseTis komisris giorgi CiCerinis pasuxis gamo, 1920 wlis 3 dekembers, gazeT deili herald-Si gamoqveynda Semdegi cnoba: CiCerinis mier lord kerzonisadmi gagzavnili iyo nota baTumis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. nota protests acxadebs winaaRmdeg imis mtkicebisa, TiTqos baTumi da saqarTvelo imyofeba ruseTis safrTxis qveS. es ar aris marTali. erTaderTi safrTxe, romelic saqarTvelos emuqreba, es aris safrTxe antantisa. ruseTma icno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, antantam ki ara. ruseTis mTeli politika mimarTulia patara erebis TviTgamorkvevis sasargeblod, 163

araviTar moTxovnas saqarTvelos mimarT adgili ar hqonia, garda imisa, rom baTumi ar iyos dakavebuli mtris Zalebis mier. sabWoTa ruseTs ar miuRia da arc miiRebs samtro moqmedebas saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg... ruseTis xelisuflebis amgvari gancxadeba moaxlovebuli omis win mzolod cinizmi iyo, radgan rodesac inglisSi ruseTis es cnoba gamoqveynda (1920 wlis 3 dekemberi), swored imave dRes iwereboda saqarTvelos dapyrobis pirveli gegma ruseTis XI armiis meTauris hekeris mier. qarTvel samxedroebs xelSi CauvardaT hekeris moxseneba saqarTvelos okupaciis Sesaxeb, romelic 1920 wlis 18 dekembers iyo dawerili. moxsenebidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sesaxeb pirveli moxseneba mas 3 dekembers warudgenia ruseTis samxedro sabWosTvis. TariRebis aseTi Tanxvedra mowmobs, Tu rogor TamaSobda ruseTi saqarTvelos bediT. 1920 wlis 18 dekembris moxsenebaSi hekeri werda: rogorc me ukve vauwye mimdinare wlis 3 dekembers XI armiis samxedro revoluciur sabWos, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebi SesaZlebelia mxolod im aucilebeli pirobiT, Tu megobrul neitralobas daicaven kiazim yara beqiris jarebi, radgan Tu am operaciebisaTvis daniSnuli iqneba XI armiis garda mTeli IX armia da kavaleriis ori armia, mainc Cven sardlobas ar eyoleba sakmarisi Zalebi, rom osmalebs win gadaeRobon imedianad. hekeri xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom sanam ruseT-osmaleTis urTierToba ar mogvardeboda, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebis dawyeba saxifaTo iqneboda. Semdgomma movlenebma aCvenes, rom saqarTvelos xarjze ruseTma osmaleTisgan neitralobac moipova da megobrobac. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupaciis sakiTxi, marTalia, ufro adre daigegma, Tumca oficialurad, 1921 wlis 26 ianvris rkp (b) ck-is plenumze gadawyda, sadac mowonebuli iqna saqarTvelos saqmeebSi samxedro Carevis gegmis proeqti, romlis avtoric v. i. lenini iyo. 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals, RamiT, bolSevikebis jarebi Tavs daesxnen saqarTvelos sanapiro sadarajoebs da regularul nawilebs, romlebic qveynis mTavarsardal general i. odiSeliZis meTaurobiT xeobebSi imyofebodnen. dadga sabediswero dReebi. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis SekiTxvaze saqarTveloSi ruseTis oficialuri warmomadgenelma aron Seinmanma upasuxa, rom saqarTveloSi ruseTis wiTeli armiis Semosvlaze araferi icoda. es ambavi man somxebs gadaabrala. Tavis mxriv, gasabWoebuli somxeTis warmomadgenelma Saverdovma saqarTvelos mTavrobas ganucxada, rom aRniSnuli Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb informacia sruliad ucnobi iyo somxeTisaTvis. sinamdvileSi faqtebma daamtkices, rom somxeTis warmomadgeneli marTali iyo, aseve araferi icodnen am Tavdasxmaze, TviT qarTvelma komunistebmac. pirveli SetakebisTanave qarTvelebma mravali tyve Caigdes xelSi, romelTagan TiTqmis yvela rusi erovnebisa iyo. 14 Tebervals, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam gadaayena generali i. odiSeliZe da mTavarsardlad daniSna giorgi kvinitaZe. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT al. CxeiZe gadmogvcems: `saqarTvelos mier warmoebul yvela omSi gen. kvinitaZe iRebda sardlobas mxolod maSin, rodesac sxvebis mier yvelaferi gafuWebuli iyo; amis miuxedavad, man ar icoda, Tu ra aris damarcxeba (somxeTis omi, cxinvalis ajanyebis Caqroba da axalcixis operaciebi, 1920 wlis omi bolSevikebTan da bolos 1921 wlis omi). eWvs gareSea, momavali istorikosi general kvinitaZes daxatavs gamarjvebul sardlad~. generali g. kvinitaZe sxvadasxva dros iyo saqarTvelos samxedro ministris TanaSemwe da saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardali. man didi dro da energia moaxmara Tbilisis erTaderT qarTul samxedro skolas, rogorc misma ufrosma da damaarsebelma. igi TavgamodebiT zrunavda sanimuSo qarTveli iunkrebis aRsazrdelad, mSobliur enaze maTTvis saxelmZRvaneloebis Sesaqmnelad, maTSi maRali zneobrivi da sulieri Tvisebebis Casanergad. miuxedavad amisa, g. kvinitaZes, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobasTan da mmarTvel social-demokratiul partiasTan, bolomde seriozuli uTanxmoeba hqonda. rodesac ruseTis me-11 wiTeli armia Tbiliss mouaxlovda, frontis marjvena frTas kojris misadgomebTan gen. andronikaSvili icavda. mis gankargulebaSi iyo regularuli jaris 4 polki, gvardiis 4 aTaseuli, Sesabamisi raodenobis artileria da iunkerTa skolis kursantTagan saxeldaxelod Seqmnili razmi. centralur ubanze ganlagebul jarebs meTaurobda gen. g. mazniaSvili, romelsac soRanluRis da misi mimdebare poziciebis dasacavad gamouyves 3 polki, sasazRvro aTaseuli, tyviamfrqvevelTa aseuli da ori saartilerio divizioni. marcxena frTaze idga gen. jijixia qveiTi jaris sami aTaseuliTa da cxenosanTa eskadroniT. saqarTvelos generalur Stabs xelSi Cauvarda sabWoTa ruseTis XI armiis saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis gegma. am gegmis mixedviT, XI armiis nawilebi Tavs daesxmodnen saqarTvelos 6 mxridan: 1) Crdilo-dasavleTidan gagrasoxumis mimarTulebiT, 2) CrdiloeTidan mamisonis uReltexiliT, 3) vladikavkazidan darialis xeobiT, 4) 164

aRmosavleTidan kaxeTis mimarTulebiT, 5) samxreT-dasavleTidan borCalos mimarTulebiT, 6) samxreTidan axalcixe-ardaganis mimarTulebiT. ruseTma saqarTvelos dasapyrobad didi raodenobiT SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gadmoisrola. saqarTvelos erovnuli gvardia moumzadebeli aRmoCnda aseTi mZime SetevisaTvis. 1921 wlis 16 Tebervlis dilas, damfrTxali samTavrobo gvardia ukan gamoiqca, jer sadgur sandarze da Semdeg TbilisSi. meore saarmio brigada ganadgurebuli iqna bolSevikebis mier xeobebSi da amgvarad, fronti morRveuli da sruliad gawmendili iyo maT mier. mdgomareoba imdenad rTuli iyo, rusebis erT cxenosan brigadas energiuli devna, rom ganexorcielebina, imave dResve SeZlebda TbilisSi Semosvlas. sabednierod, mterma arc ki icoda gvardiis gamoqcevis Sesaxeb da ori dRe idga Tavis poziciebze. yvela gamocdili meomrisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom brZola ukve wagebuli iyo, Tumca general kvinitaZis mTavarsardlad daniSvnam, jariskacebs axali suli STabera. maT gansakuTrebuli rwmena hqondaT am adamianis mimarT, radgan mas yovelTvis Tan axlda gamarjeba, maT Soris, rusul jarSic. Seqmnil situaciaSi, daisva Tbilisis mosaxleobis evakuaciis sakiTxic. swored, am mZime situaciaSi, 18 Tebervals, erovnuli gvardiis jarebma gaimarjves da maT qalaqSi Semoiyvanes 15 aTasi tyve-bolSeviki. aseT umZimes situaciaSi miRweuli gamarjveba udaod axali mTavarsardlis, general kvinitaZis damsaxureba iyo. swored, am adamianis unarisa da misdami ndobis Sedegi iyo is Zalisxmeva, romelic qarTvelma jariskacebma gamoiCines 1921 wlis Tebervlis brZolebSi. 1921 wlis 17 Tebervals, dilis 5 saaTze, samxedro skolis xelmZRvanelobam miiRo specialuri brZaneba: `samxedro skola saCqarod gamovides tabaxmelas poziciebze~. samxedro skolis iunkrebi, meTaurebTan erTad, gamovidnen skolis ezodan da rusTavelis gamzirisaken gaemarTnen. rusTavelis gamzirze Sekrebili sazogadoeba maT ovaciebiTa da vaSas SeZaxilebiT amxnevebda. iunkrebis gverdiT TavganwirviT ibrZodnen frontze moxalised wasuli studentebi. axladSeqmnili Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi pirvelebi gamoexmaurnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mowodebas da imTaviTve Cadgnen samSoblos damcvelTa rigebSi. 1921 wlis 16 Tebervals, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitets ewvivnen mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi _ grigol lorTqifaniZe da grigol rcxilaZe. studentebTan Sexvedra saswavleblis erT-erT did auditoriaSi daiwyo, Tumca daswrebis msurvelTa raodenoba sul ufro izrdeboda, ris gamoc, miuxedavad Tebervlis susxiani amindisa, Sexvedris monawileebma universitetis ezoSi gadainacvles. pirveli sityviT axalgazrdebs grigol lorTqifaniZem mimarTa da maT wmindaTa wminda movaleobis _ samSoblos dacvisaken mouwoda. yvelaze didi gavlena studentebze universitetis reqtoris ivane javaxiSvilis gamosvlam moaxdina. man Semdegi sityviT mimarTa iq Sekrebil axalgazrdebs: `Svilebo! Cemi movaleobaa Tqven wignisa da kalmisaken mogiwodoT, magram eris cxovrebaSi aris iseTi momentebi, roca saWiroa yvelaferi ganze gadasdo da iaraRiT xelSi mters miegebo. da ai, mec Tqven dRes iaraRisken mogiwodebT~. ruseTis wiTel armias medgar winaaRmegobas uwevdnen axalgazrda iunkrebi. samxedro skolas nabrZanebi hqonda, daekavebina Zveli dangreuli sangrebi, kojridan tabaxmelas gavliT, rac Seadgenda 8 versis siganis fronts. aRniSnuli teritoria savse iyo auarebeli xevebiT da xramebiT, romelic dafaruli iyo tyiT da buCqnariT, yovelive es qmnida mZime pirobebs, magram aucilebeli iyo jariskacebs rogorme daefaraT gaSiSvlebuli Tbilisi da gaemagrebinaT frontis xazi. samxedro skolis iunkrebis marcxena frTasa da general mazniaSvilis razms Soris didi Sualedis gamo, 18 Tebervals, diliT generalma aleqsandre CxeiZem iunkrebis pirveli da meore mwyobri ufro marcxniv gadaswia. samxedro skolis organizaciis wesdebis Sesabamisad, 17 Tebervals mTavarsardlis brZanebiT, aleqsandre CxeiZe dainiSna skolis ufrosad, generali andronikaSvili ki dainiSna mTeli frontis ufrosad, romelic kojramde grZeldeboda. mZime klimaturi pirobebis gamo, sangrebSi mdgomi nawilebi dRe-RameSi orjer icvleboda. iunkrebis ori mwyobri ki yovelTvis maSvelSi iyo, axalgazrda jariskacebis gasamagreblad. 18 Tebervals, saRamos, iunkerTa poziciebze gasamxneveblad mividnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania, aseve samxedro ministri da mTavarsardali. 20 Tebervals, dilis 8 saaTze, movida cnoba sofel vaSlovanisa da kumisis win mtris qveiTi jaris gamoCenis Sesaxeb. mterma farTo frontiT Seutia iunkerTa sangrebs. gansakuTrebiT, SesamCnevi iyo mtris erTi nawilis 165

moZraoba vaSlovanidan Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT kojorze; iunkerTa sangrebis pirdapir ki aqtiurad utevda sabrZolo mwyobrSi gaSlili mtris qveiTi jari. maiorma baxutaSvilma cecxli gauxsna mtris winmomaval nawilebs, ramac areuloba Seitana maTSi. 22 Tebervals noe Jordaniam kidev erTxel mimarTa lenins da trockis saomari moqmedebebis SeCerebis TxovniT, Tumca pasuxi ar miuRia. brZola uTanasworo iyo. noe Jordanias jer kidev 16 Tebervals gadauwyvetia Tbilisis datoveba, rasac damfuZnebeli kreba da qarTveli mxedroba ar daeTanxma. ukandaxevis brZanebam generali aleqsandre CxeiZe mZime situaciaSi Caayena. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT igi werda: `napoleonoba ar iyo saWiro imis gamosarkvevad, rom: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu me brZanebas avasrulebdi, im saRamosve Tbilisi bolSevikebis mier iqneboda dakavebuli da Cveni jarebis didi nawili gzagadaWrili aRmoCndeboda. daviwyebdi Tu ara Cemi nawilebis brZolidan gamoyvanas da mtris frTuli da zurgis cecxlis qveS ukan daxevas, darwmunebuli unda vyofiliyavi imaSi, rom mama daviTis mTaze marto iunkrebs miviyvandi; danarCeni yvelaferi erTmaneTSi aireoda da Tbilisisaken Tavqve daeSveboda... Cveni ubnis datovebis Semdeg, bolSevikebi swrafad daikavebdnen mas. vinaidan am dros daJinebiT mohqondaT Cvenze ieriSebi; aSkaraa, maT icodnen kojorSi gamarjvebis Sesaxeb da Cveni ubnis dakavebiTac undodaT Tbilisis bedi gadaewyvitaT. aleqsandre CxeiZe urTules mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda: erTis mxriv, is movale iyo aResrulebina mTavarsardlis brZaneba, meores mxriv, kargad icoda, rom ukandaxeva Tbilisis dakargvas niSnavda. generalma brZolis gagrZeleba arCia da ubrZana maior baxutaSvils, moebrunebina savele zarbaznebi ukan da gaexsna cecxli, xolo kapitan qarumiZes daavala Camoegorebina samTo zarbaznebi zemodan da daeyenebina botanikur baRsa da sofel tabaxmelas Sua, Tavad ki general andronikaSvilTan wavida, raTa is gadaerwmunebina, ar daexiaT ukan. mas kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli Seqmnili situacia, magram iunkrebis sabrZolo suliskveTebaze, mxolod imaze fiqrobda, rom eris winaSe es pirtitvela biWebi pirnaTelni yofiliyvnen. al. CxeiZis razmi Setevaze gadavida. me-10 aTaseulidan gamoyofili naxevari gundi wavida marjvniv, iunkrebi _ marcxniv. adgili, saidanac naxevari gundi ieriSze unda gadasuliyo, dafaruli iyo borcvebiT, iunkrebi ki utevdnen sufTa TovliT dafenil Ria adgilze. jariskacebi arc erTxel ar dawolilan, ise gaiares cecxlis qveS. es moraluri dartyma bolSevikebisaTvis cecxlze Zlieri iyo. isini medgrad ekveTnen mters da 100-120 nabijze cecxli gaxsnes. iunkrebis marjvena frTaze, general andronikaSvilis sardlobiT ibrZoda meoTxe qveiTi jaris polki, meoTxe gvardiis aTaseuli Sesabamisi artileriiT da cxenosanTa nawilebiT. raki jaris nawilebi ukve adgilze iyvnen, al. CxeiZem TxovniT mimarTa gen. andronikaSvils, Tundac erTi RamiT, saSualeba miecaT samxedro skolis iunkrebisaTvis daesvenaT. generali daeTanxma mas. al. CxeiZis ubani Caibara polk. gegelaSvilma. iunkrebi sofel SindisSi iqnen gadayvanilni dasvenebis mizniT. 20 Tebervals, diliT, al. CxeiZe iRebs axal brZanebas: saswrafod waeyvana iunkrebi #2 da #3 sangrebze misaSveleblad, sadac Camdgari iyo gvardia da me-3 aTaseuli. bolSevikebma mTeli TavianTi Zalebi tabaxmelaze gadmoisroles, vinaidan isini miiCnevdnen, rom tabaxmela iyo mTavari poziciis gasaRebi. mTavarsardalma gen. kvinitaZem artileriiT gaaZliera Tavisi Zalebi. centralur ubanze ganlagebul jarebs generali mazniaSvili meTaurobda, romelsac soRanluRis da misi mimdebare poziciebis dasacavad 3 polki, sasazRvro aTaseuli da 2 saartilerio divizioni gamouyves. marcxena frTaze idga generali jijixia qveiTi jaris sami aTaseuliTa da cxenosanTa eskadrioniT. Tbilisis damcvelma qarTulma nawilebma didi winaaRmdegoba gauwies mtris mravalricxovan Zalebs. generalma mazniaSvilma mowinaaRmdegis ukugdeba SeZlo. marcxena frTaze ganlagebulma qarTulma Zalebma general jijixias sardlobiT ki dakisrebuli amocana ver Seasrula, saSualeba misca ruseTis jars avWala-mcxeTis mimarTulebiT gaWriliyo, riTac Tbilisis damcvel qarTul nawilebs zurgidan Seeqmna didi safrTxe. qarTveli meomrebis moraluri suliskveTeba imdenad maRali iyo, rom maT kidev SeeZloT omis warmatebiT gagrZeleba da ruseTis XI wiTeli armiis ganadgureba, magram ruseTis jars sul ufro meti axali SenaerTebi ematebodnen, Tbilisis damcveli qarTuli jaris rezervi ki iwureboda. n. Jordaniam Tavdacvis sabWos sxdoma moiwvia. gen. kvinitaZem alyaSemortymuli da saqarTvelos sxva nawilebisagan mowyvetili Tbilisidan jari gaiyvana, raTa isini mcxeTis xelsayrel poziciebze gaemagrebina. samxedro specialistTa erTma nawilma mTavarsardlis winadadeba Tbilisis daclasTan dakavSirebiT miuReblad CaTvala da brZolis gagrZeleba moiTxova. msgavsi ganwyobileba iyo oficrebis, jariskacebisa da ubralo xalxis did nawilSi. Tumca, rogorc Cans, mTavrobis Tavmjdomarem da ministrebis umravlesobam, brZolis gagrZeleba amao msxverplis gaRebad CaTvales da mTavarsardlis brZanebiT qarTulma jarma Tbilisi datova, ramac qarTvel meomrebSi mterze gamarjvebis rwmena mniSvnelovnad Searyia. 166

1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa ruseTis jarebi TbilisSi Semovidnen da dedaqalaqis Tavze wiTeli droSa aafriales. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma ver moaswres mcxeTis poziciebze gamagreba da ukan daxeva ganagrZes. brZolebi gaimarTa goris midamoebSi, suramis qedze, zemo imereTis viwro xeobebSi. 1921 wlis 12 martis dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, bolSevikebma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas TanamSromloba SesTavazes. maT warmomadgenlebs revoluciuri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvandnen, Tu social-demokratebi da sxva politikuri partiebi oficialurad aRiarebdnen sabWoTa xelisuflebas, razec saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mtkice uari miiRes. noe Jordanias saqarTveloSi darCena da komunistebTan TanamSromloba uSualod sergo qavTaraZem SesTavaza. erovnuli mTavroba, mxolod baTumis sakiTxze daelaparaka bolSevikebs, im motiviT, rom igi osmaleTis jars ar daekavebina. ruseTs mxars uWerda osmaleTi, romelmac 22 Tebervals ultimatumi wauyena saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas daecala artaanis da arTvinis olqebi. saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavroba umZimes situaciaSi aRmoCnda, radgan mas ar SeeZlo erTi da imave dros or frontze brZola. igi iZulebuli gaxda gamoeyvana Tavisi jari aRniSnuli qalaqebidan, Tumca am faqtiT sakiTxs mogvarebulad ar miiCnevda da mas Semdgomi molaparakebebis sagnad Tvlida. artaanis da arTvinis dakavebis Semdeg, osmaleTis mTavrobam saqarTvelos erovnul mTavrobas ganucxada, rom osmaleTisaTvis meti sadavo teritoria aRar arsebobda da osmaleTis jarebi qarTvelebs bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmarebodnen. sinamdvileSi es osmalebis morigi xriki iyo, radgan maTi jarebi baTumis dakavebas da mis xelSi Cagdebas ganagrZobdnen. cxadi gaxda, rom osmaleTis mTavrobas pretenziebi hqonda ara marto artaanis da arTvinis olqze, aramed axalqalaqisa da axalcixis mazrebzec da mTel baTumis olqze baTumiTurT. qarTulma jarma TandaTan ukan daixia da Tavi baTumSi moiyara, sadac mdgomareoba kidev ufro garTulTa. aSkara gaxda, rom qemalisturi osmaleTisa da sabWoTa ruseTis mizani saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mospoba iyo. saqarTvelos erovnulma mTavrobam, 1921 wlis 18 marts, q. quTaisSi gamarTul molaparakebaze bolSevikebis jars saSualeba misca osmaleTis Semosevisagan daecva baTumi, raTa igi xelSi ar Cavardnoda osmalebs. ruseTsaqarTvelos gaerTianebulma Zalebma osmalebi baTumidan gandevnes. n. Jordanias mTavrobam sruli undobloba gamoucxada rus okupantebs, saqarTvelos teritoria datova da 18 marts emigraciaSi gaemgzavra, raTa iqedan gaegrZelebina brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. ruseT-saqarTvelos uTanasworo omis Sedegebi metad mZime aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis. sabWoTa ruseTma daarRvia 1920 wlis 7 maisis samSvidobo SeTanxmeba, ganaxorciela pirdapiri agresia SeiaraRebuli intervenciis formiT, moaxdina saqarTvelos faqtobrivi aneqsia da ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoeba, rasac mohyva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gauqmeba. saTave daedo qveynis daSla-danawevrebas. 1921 wlis ruseT-osmaleTis xelSekrulebiT ruseTma osmaleTs dauTmo qarTuli teritoriebi: SavSeTi, imerxevi, ardagani da sxva raionebi_12.115 kv. km teritoria. mogvianebiT, Sereuli komisiebis gadawyvetilebiT, romlTa Tavmjdomarec ruseTis warmomadgeneli iyo saqarTvelos CamoaWres da mezobel respublikebs_somxeTs da azerbaijans gadasces borCalos mazris nawili (3812 kv. km) da zaqaTalis olqi (3564 kv.km). 1921 wels saqarTvelom TiTqmis 20.000 kv. km teritoria dakarga. qarTveli xalxi ver egueboda Tavisuflebis dakargvas, istoriuli teritoriebis saqarTvelosgan Camocilebas da agrZelebda brZolas komunisturi reJimis damxobisa da damoukidebeli demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRdgenisaTvis, rogorc samSobloSi, ise emigraciaSi.

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edvard erio (1872-1957 ww)

lord kerzoni (1859-1925 ww) (Curzonvan Kedleston)

danarTi 1
edvard erio ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobasTan dakavSirebiT 1920 da 1921 wlebSi sabWoTa mTavrobam daamtkica, rom is arafriT Camouvardeba germaniis militarizms. ukanasknel dRemde moskovi arwmunebs Tbiliss, rom mas araviTari agresiuli ganzraxva ara aqvs. Semdeg is omis gamoucxadeblad Tavs esxmis mis sazRvrebs. Seteva warmoebs yvela SesaZlebeli gzebiT. Tbilisi, romelic simagres ar warmoadgens, ori kviris ganmavlobaSi igeriebs mters. saqarTvelos mTavroba iZulebulia daixios baTumisaken, sadac mas xvdeba Turqebi, romlebic samxreT provinciebs Semoesien. is ar nebdeba arc Turqebs, arc rusebs da miemgzavreba evropaSi. safrangeTi aZlevs mas dRes TavSesafars (gazeTi: Tavisufali saqarTvelo, #18, gv: 19, 15 marti, 1922 w).

danarTi 2
saerTaSoriso samarTlis profesori luis le furi saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso uflebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 1783 wlis 24 ivlisamde saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso iuridiuli mdgomareoba araviTar siZneles ar ganicdida. saqarvelos saxelmwifo iyo sruliad suverenuli saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi. saqarTvelo iyo sruli saerTaSoriso obieqti. 1783 w. saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba aris or Tanasworuflebian suverenul saxelmwofoTa Soris dadebuli saerTaSoriso xasiaTis SeTanxmeba. am xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelo ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS moxvda. 1795 wels ruseTma ar aRmouCina daxmareba saqarTvelos da ar daicva sparselebis Semosevisgan. saerTaSoriso uflebaSi udavod miRebulia, rom rodesac xelSekrulebis damdebTagani erTi mxare ar Seasrulebs mis mier miRebul valdebulebebs, meore mxares sruli ufleba aqvs xelSekruleba darRveulad CaTvalos. ruseTi ar dakmayofilda mis mier miRebul valdebulebaTa SeusruleblobiT; man Zaladoba moaxdina saqarTveloze da 1801 wels sagangebo manifestiT gaauqma saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis mier moxdenili saqarTvelos aneqsia, arc erT ucxo saxelmwifos ar ucvnia. piriqiT, am aneqsiis gamo, protesti ganacxada: inglisma, safrangeTma, osmaleTma, sparseTma. saqarTvelos sakiTxi aRZrul iqna parizis 1856 wlis kongresze. sabWoTa ruseTma kvlav daarRvia 1920 wlis xelSekruleba da 1921 wels samxedro ZaliT saqarTvelo daipyro. safrangeTSi saqarTvelo warmodgenilia parizSi legaciis saxiT. aqedan cxadia, rom safrangeTs arasdros ucvnia, saqarTvelos okupacia sabWoebis mier. inglissa da safrangeTis mier sabWoTa ruseTis cnobis teqstSi Setanilia saTanado rezervi, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, arcerT msoflio konferenciaze, sabWoTa ruseTis delegati ar iqna cnobili da miRebuli saqarTvelos warmomadgenlad. saqarTvelos sakiTxis obieqturi ganxilvis Semdeg avtori daaskvnis, rom saqarTvelo uflebis sferoSi aris damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. es damoukidebloba orjer iqmna ruseTis mier ZaliT gauqmebuli, es Zaladoba dagmobilia da gasamarTlebulia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso uflebis mier. avtori ase amTavrebs Tavis Sromas:

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saqarTvelo yovelTvis mTliani SebrZolebia CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis TavdamsxmelT, da Tu is gaagrZelebs mTlianad brZolas saqmiT da ara mxolod sityviT, misi momavali iqneba iseTi, rogoric yofila yoveli eris, romelsac ubrZolia Tavisi damoukideblobisaTvis. SeuZlebelia qarTveli eris mier warmoebuli brZola adre Tu gvian gamarjvebiT ar dagvirgvindes. sasurvelia, rom am ukanaskel saukuneebSi ganvTavisuflebul erTa ricxvs kidev erTi eris, saqarTvelos saxelic miematos.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi. 1924 wlis ajanyeba sabWoTa ruseTis saokupacio reJimma qarTveli eris nebisyofa ver gatexa. bolSevikur represiebs qarTveli xalxi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobiT daupirispirda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis wevrebma emigraciidan ganagrZes brZola saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. ucxoeTSi myofi qarTvelebi yovelmxriv cdilobdnen gaebaTilebinaT moskovis mTavrobis mier gavrcelebuli Wori, TiTqos saqarTveloSi TviT qarTvelebi (menSevikebi da bolSevikebi) aujanydnen erTmaneTs, ruseTis wiTeli armia ki saqarTvelos revkomis wevrTa uSualo Txovnis Semdeg Semovida saqarTveloSi, xolo ruseTis mxridan araviTar okupacias adgili ar hqonia. saqarTvelos revkomi, 1921 wlis 16 Tebervals, bolSevikebis ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna da mimarTuli iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg, xolo ruseTis wiTeli armia saqarTveloSi 1921 wlis 11 Tebervals SemoiWra, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis gegma ki ufro didi xniT adre daiwera. aqedan aSkaraa, rom ruseTis armia saqarTveloSi aravis mouwvevia. es mxolod ruseTis xelisufalTa morigi cinizmi iyo. saqarTvelos revkomma gasabWoebis dResve 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos droebiTi sagangebo-sagamomZiebli komisiis (Ceka) Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romlis Tavmjdomared cnobili bolSeviki giorgi ivanes Ze elisabedaSvili dainiSna. revkomis brZanebiT sagangebo-sagamomZieblo komisias politikuri daZabulobis Sesusteba, aseve yvelaze saSiSi kontrrevoluciuri Zalebis, banditizmis, sabotaJis, spekulaciis winaaRmdeg brZola daekisra. saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolas sxvadasxva politikuri partiebi (socialdemokratebi, erovnul-demokratebi, socialist-federalitebi, socialist-revolucionerebi da social-demokratiuli partiidan gamoyofili mimdinareoba _sxivelebi) Caudgnen saTaveSi. sabolood 1922 wlis seqtembris sxdomaze, romelic nariyaliZis binaSi mimdinareobda, interpartiuli organizacia_saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti (damkomi) Seiqmna. sxdomas eswrebodnen: varden wulukiZe, kote afxazi, rostom musxeliSvili, ioseb gedevaniSvili, nariyaliZe da aleqsandre andronikaSvili. masSi Semavali sxvadasxva politikuri partiebis gamo, mas zogjer paritetuli komitetis saxeliTac moixsenieben. komiteti uSualo kavSirSi iyo emigraciaSi myof saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis wevrebTan. saqarTvelos yofili demokratiuli respublikis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania komitetis wevrebs uSualo miTiTebebs parizidan aZlevda. 1922-1924 wlebSi damoukideblobis komiteti aqtiur iatakqveSa brZolas warmarTavda sabWoTa okupaciisa da bolSevikuri reJimis winaaRmdeg. antisabWoTa partiebis am blokma sakuTar Tavze aiRo saqarTveloSi saerTo saxalxo ajanyebis organizeba. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis Tavmjdomareebi iyvnen: gogita faRava, SemdegSi nikoloz qarcivaZe, bolos konstantine andronikaSvili. damoukideblobis komitetTan imave 1922 wels, Seiqmna samxedro centri, romelsac ruseTis saokupacio xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisaTvis uSualo xelmZRvaneloba unda gaewia. samxedro centri-s pirvel Tavmjdomared generali kote afxazi (ilia WavWavaZis diswuli) airCies. centris muSaobaSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen: gogita faRava, varden wulukiZe, rostom musxeliSvili, giorgi ximSiaSvili, aleqsandre andronikaSvili, aleqsandre maWavariani, simon bagration-muxraneli, iason kereseliZe, simon WiabriSvili, ivane quTaTelaZe, nikoloz zandukeli da sxvebi. pirvel etapze samxedro centris daniSnuleba iyo saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi msgavsi patar-patara centrebis Seqmna, romelic erTiani samxedro centrisagan gakontroldeboda. samxedro centrma male mTeli saqarTvelo moicva. centris yvelaze didi filiali baTumSi mdebareobda, romelsac generali giorgi mazniaSvili xelmZRvanelobda. aRniSnul centrs saerTo saxalxo ajanyebis organizeba unda gaewia. xSir SemTxvevaSi erTianobis miRweva ver xerxdeboda. centrs surda mezobel azerbaijansa da somxeTTan kavSiris damyareba, Tumca es ver moxerxda. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis mizniT, emigraciaSi moqmedi saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis warmomadgenlebic gaerTiandnen. qarTvelma emigrantebma: karlo CxeiZem, grigol veSapelma, revaz gabaSvilma da sxvebma, ucxoeTidan, aqtiuri muSaoba gaaCaRes. 169

svaneTis ajanyeba. 1921 wlis zafxulis bolos, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, pirvelma ajanyebam ifeTqa svaneTSi. mas boris pirveli meTaurobda da mimarTuli iyo komunisturi reJimis winaaRmdeg. mTeli svaneTi iaraRiT xelSi gamovida sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. amboxebam sawyis etapze garkveul warmatebas miaRwia. ajanyebis CasaxSobad gagzavnili qarTuli sabWoTa sajariso nawilebi ajanyebulTa mxareze gadavida. ajanyebis CaxSobaSi uSualod ruseTis jari monawileobda. ajanyebulma qarTvelebma rusi jariskacebi Seipyres da ganaiaraRes. imavdroulad ajanydnen Crdilo kavkasielebic. sabWoTa mTavrobam damatebiTi jari gagzavna, romelic mZime artileriiT iyo SeiaraRebuli. qarTvelebi gmirulad ibrZodnen da rusebs mniSvnelovani zarali miayenes. svaneTis ajanyeba sabolood mainc CaaxSes. bolSevikebma aqac maTTvis Cveul xrikebs mimarTes: piroba dades, rom svaneTidan jars gaiyvandnen, Tavdapirvelad es Seasrules, roca mixvdnen, rom adgilobrivi qarTvelebi sxvanairad ar danebdebodnen, SemdegSi damatebiTi jari Seiyvanes da ajanyebas bolo mouRes. im dros, rodesac svaneTi ajanyebis cecxlSi iyo gaxveuli sabWoTa ruseTis warmomadgeneli genuis konferenciaze g. CiCerini, evropis saxelmwifoebs arwmunebda, TiTqos saqarTveloSi sruli siwynare sufevda. emigraciaSi myofi saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic oficialurad ar dauSves genuis konferenciaze, kulisebidan muSaobdnen TavianTi erovnuli interesebis dasacavad, xolo genuis konferenciaze (1922 w.) saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqis ambrosis (xelaia) mier gagzavnilma memorandumma farda axada ruseTis sabWoTa mTavrobis sicrues.

brZaneba saqarTvelos droebiTi sagangebo-sagamomZiebli komisiis (Ceka) Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

xevsureTis ajanyeba. qaquca ColoyaSvili, romelic ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros baTumSi iyofeboda ar gahyva gems emigraciaSi da TbilisSi dabrunda. sami Tvis manZilze igi im sakavalerio legionSi iricxeboda, romelsac saqarTvelos okupaciamde meTaurobda. 1922 wlis damlevs qaquca saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitets daukavSirda. kerZod, general konstantine afxazs, iason javaxiSvils, nikoloz qarcivaZes da sxvebs. 1922 wlis TebervalSi, kaxeTSi, alvanis tyeSi, qaquca ColoyaSvilis pirveli eqvsi TanamebrZoli Seikriba, isini istoriaSi Seficulebis saxeliT Sevidnen. SemdegSi SeficulTa rigebs SeuerTdnen: aleqsandre sulxaniSvili, lelo Ciqovani, svimon ColoyaSvili, aleqsandre kargareTeli, dimitri WinWarauli, aleqsandre cxvedaZe, mixeil laSqaraSvili, aleqsi feiqriSvili da sxvebi. 1922 wels xevsureTSi qaquca ColoyaSvilisa da kote afxazis meTaurobiT ajanyeba daiwyo. ajanyeba winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmiT mimdinareobda. 1922 wlis 12 marts ColoyaSvili Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad qiziyidan tyeSi gaiWra da partizanul brZolas Seudga. xevsureTSi razmis wevrebma erTmaneTs Sehfices, rom ibrZolebdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. q. ColoyaSvilTan kavSirSi iyo mTeli qarTveli mxedroba, maT Soris bolSevikebis jarSi myofi qarTveli meomrebic. ajanyebulebTan, aseve, dakavSirebuli iyo amierkavkasiis wiTeli qarTuli diviziis Stabis ufrosi polkovniki rostom musxeliSvili. misi gegmis Tanaxmad, rusuli jari mTebSi unda moemwyvdiaT da Semdeg gaenadgurebinaT. gadawyda, pirvel rigSi Tbilisi daekavebinaT da iqedan rusis jari ganedevnaT, xolo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kaxeTidan daixmardnen saWiro Zalebs.

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miuxedavad kargad SemuSavebuli samxedro gegmisa, gadamwyvet brZolaSi qaqucas razmma ver SeZlo rusul jarTan gamklaveba. partizanebi alyaSi moeqcnen. razmma ver SeZlo rusul jarTan gamklaveba. xevsureTis ajanyeba damarcxda. sabWoTa xelisufleba qaqucas partizanuli razmebis wevrebisa da ajanyebul xevsurTa mimarT daundobeli da sastiki sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas Seudga. sergo orjonikiZis iniciativiT xevsureTis siRrmeSi msxvili samxedro SenaerTebi Seigzavna, romelTac ajanyebis umokles xanSi CaxSoba da xevsurTa dasja daevala. s. orjonikiZe bolSevikebis ideuri mowinaaRmdegeebisa da saSiSi klasobrivi mtrebis likvidacias isaxavda miznad. qaquca ColoyaSvilis winaaRmdeg brZola xelisufalTa marcxiT damTavrda. alyaSi moqceuli ColoyaSvili gauCinarda. aRmaskomis Tavmjdomarem s. surgulaZem, romelic uSualod xelmZRvanelobda operacias, ver Seasrula saxkomsabWos sagangebo davaleba, romlis mixedviTac mas xevsureTisaken mimavali q. ColoyaSvilis razmisTvis gza unda gadaeketa, ris gamoc igi droebiT Tanamdebobidanac ki gadaayenes. s. surgulaZem qaqucas razmisaTvis gzis gaxsnis mizezad, fSavis miliciis ufrosis, levan razikaSvilis (vaJa fSavelas vaJi) mier brZanebis Seusrulebloba da Ralati daasaxela. saqarTvelos Sinsaxkomis moadgilisa da miliciis sammarTvelos ufrosis, ioviZis mier saqarTvelos Ceka-sadmi 1922 wlis 8 noembers gagzavnil saidumlo werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom TianeTis mazris aRmaskomis Tavmjdomaris sityvieri gancxadebis Tanaxmad, maRaroskaris miliciis ufross l. razikaSvils kavSiri hqonda bandit q. ColoyaSvilTan, ris gamoc sruli umoqmedoba da TanagrZnobac ki gamoiCina mis mimarT. es gaxda imis sababi, rom l. razikaSvili daepatimrebinaT. yvela sabraldebo masala saqCekaCi gadaigzavna. 1922 wlis 30 seqtembers levan razikaSvili TianeTis miliciaSi daibares, sadac igi Tavisi fexiT gamocxadda, saidanac, rogorc braldebuli aRar gauSves. igi daapatimres. mas bralad banditizmSi monawileoba da samsaxuris TviTneburi mitoveba wauyenes, risTvisac sasjellis umaRlesi zoma_daxvreta miusajes. ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana cota gaWianurda, im mizezis gamo, rom l. razikaSvilisagan rac SeiZleba meti informacia surdaT mieRoT q. ColoyaSvilze. cnobilia, rom levan razikaSvili da qaquca erTad swavlobdnen Tbilisis keTilSobilTa gimnaziaSi. 1915 wels qaquca vaJa FfSavelas dakrZalvasac daeswro. mwerlebma da sazogado moRvaweebma: k. mayaSvilma, p. iaSvilma, a. abaSelma, S. dadianma da p. ingoroyvam sergo orjonikiZes vaJa fSavelas Svilis Sewyaleba sTxoves. orjonikiZis pasuxi aseTi iyo: vaJas Svili ki ara, TviT vaJa rom iyos cocxali, imasac davxvretdio. ganaCeni 1923 wlis 16 Tebervals aRasrules. l. razikaSvili maSin 35 wlis iyo. emigraciuli presis furclebze sergo orjonikiZis msgavs qarTvelebs, rafiel ivanicki (ingilo) ase axasiaTebs: ...bolSevikurma sinamdvilem qarTvelis ori naTlad gamokveTili saxe mogvca da es ZvelTaganve tipiuria Cveni qveynisaTvis mtris Semosevis dros: qarTveli, saerTo ubedurebas rom mTelis arsebiT ganicdis da, mudam mSfoTvare saerTo saqmisaTvis, Tavdadebis saocar nimuSebs iZleva! dRevandeli saqarTvelo aseT ganwirulTa martirologiaa umetesad... meore tipi: mliqvneli, mabezRari, mtris winaSe mucelze mxoxavi, kliauzniki, xolo sulmokle da metiCara ukeTes SemTxvevaSi! savalalod, aseTebsac iTvlis haraqaT gamoclili qveyana... xevsureTis ajanyebebis damarcxebam, qarTveli xalxi mainc ver gatexa. am gamocdilebis niadagze axali ajanebisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo. sagangebo komiteti, e. w. Ceka didxans eZebda ajanyebis xelmZRvanelebs. erovnul-demokratiuli partiis studentTa komitetis wevrma kote misabiSvilma samxedro centris mTeli Semadgenloba gasca. 1923 wlis TebervalSi daapatimres samxedro centris 16 wevri: 1. generali kote afxazi; 2. generali aleqsandre andronikaSvili; 3. generali varden wulukiZe; 4. polkovniki rostom musxeliSvili; 5. polkovniki elizbar gulisaSvili; 6. polkovniki aleqsandre maWavariani; 7. polkovniki giorgi ximSiaSvili; 8. rotmistri levan klimiaSvili; 9. rotmistri simon bagration-muxraneli; 10. kapitani dimitri Crdileli; 11. kapitani ivane yarangoziSvili; 12. kapitani farnaoz yaralaSvili; 13. iason kereseliZe (general leo kereseliZis umcrosi Zma); 14. simon WiabriSvili; 15. ivane quTaTelaZe; 16. nikoloz zandukeli. ruseTis bolSevikurma xelisuflebam, yovelgvari gasamarTlebis gareSe, samxedro Stabis wevrebs sasjelis umaRlesi zoma_ daxvretis ganaCeni gamoutana. ganaCenis Sinaarsi aseTi iyo: sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis, saqarTveloSi bandituri moZraobis mowyobisa da masSi monawileobis miRebis, aseve, muSur-glexuri saxelmwifos Ralatis gamo, amierkavkasiis sagangebo komisiis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis sagangebo komisia adgens: SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis organizebaSi monawile pirebs, miesajos daxvreta da ganaCeni sisruleSi moyvanil iqnas 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. specialuri komisiis SemadgenlobaSi, romelmac aRniSnuli ganaCeni gamoitana, Sediodnen: pankratovi (erovnebiT rusi), aSukini (erovnebiT rusi), petrosiani (erovnebiT somexi), zonovi (erovnebiT rusi), maxnovski (erovnebiT rusi), mogilevski (erovnebiT ebraeli), aseve qarTvelebi: epifane kvantaliani, oragveliZe, Salva eliava, lavrenti beria da lominaZe.

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dadga sisxliani wuTebi amierkavkasiis Ceka-Si. msxerplTagan ramdenime iseMmZimed iyo avad, rom Ceka-s administracias isini saavadmyofoSi hyavda gadayvanili. rodesac avadmyofi e. gulisaSvili, ganaCenis sisruleSi mosayvanad, saavadmyofodan Ceka-Si mihyavdaT, erT-erTma Cekistma cinikurad hkiTxa: xom ici sad da risTvis migamgzavrebeno. sikvdilmisjilma amayad upasuxa: vici, mivdivar imisTvis, rom saqarTvelosTvis movkvde. yvela sikvdilmisjili sastikad awames. erT-erTma maTganma i. quTaTelaZem wamebas ver gauZlo da Wkuaze Seirya. amas jalaTebisTvis xeli ar SeuSlia. Wkuaze SeSlili kaci dasaklavi xariviT gaaTries saavadmyofodan ganaCenis sisruleSi mosayvanad. niko zandukeli mZimed iyo avad, mas 41 gradusi sicxe hqonda da ugrZnoblad iyo, roca sakaciT waiRes Ceka-Si. sikvdilmisjilni or-ori gahyavdaT saknidan da gansakuTrebul oTaxSi uyridnen Tavs. sasikvdilo ganaCenis wakiTxvisas polkovnikma giorgi ximSiaSvilma jalaTebs uTxra: Cven viciT risTvisac gvklavT, Tqvenc kargad iciT, rom banditebi ara varT. male dadgeba dro da TeTri giorgi mrisxaned mogTxovT pasuxs, gaumarjos saqarTvelos! amis Semdeg jalaTebs gaWaRaravebulma, rainduli garegnobisa da sulis generalma varden wulukiZem mimarTa: sikvdiliT ver SegvaSinebT. Cveni sikvdili saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis Tavdebia. igi gaasalkldevebs eris simtkices, erTi aTad gaamravlebs mebrZolT. generlis aseT gmirul TavdaWeras mTel ruseTSi cnobil jalaTze TviT pankratovzec mouxdenia STabeWdileba da misTvis ukiTxavs: Tqven marTla gmirulad kvdebiT, gindaT gadavce rame Tqvenianebs? qarTvel generals siamayiT upasuxia: gadaeciT, rom Cven davixoceT, viT qarTvel patriotebs Sehferis. general kote afxazs, romelic gmirulad Sexvda sikvdils, daxvetis win uTqvams: me vkvdebi sixaruliT, radgan Rirsi gavxdi saqarTvelos samsxverploze zvarakad mitanisa. Cemi sikvdili gamarjvebas moutans saqarTvelos. polkovnik a. maWavarians jalaTebisTvis ganucxadebia: Cven ar gipirebdiT Sebralebas da arc Tqvengan miviRebT lmobierebas. es Cveni Seuracyofa iqneboda. mSvid da mudam auRelvebel general aleqsandre andronikaSvils mtrisTvis Semdegi sityvebi uTqvams: iqneb qarTvelebi yvela aseTebi ggoniaT? (miuTiTa Ceka-s wevr epifane kvantalianze), mravali aTasi Cvenze ukeTesebi, zrdian TavianT gulSi Tqvendami sikvdils. dimitri Crdilels jalaTebisTvis uTqvams: ruseTSi daiviwyes ideisaTvis Tavganwirulad sikvdili. wadiT da uTxariT maT Tu rogor ibrZvian qarTvelebi samSoblosaTvis! rodesac jalaTebi ukanaskneli operaciis sisruleSi moyvanas Seudgnen da msxverplT xel-fexis Sekvra dauwyes, generali v. wulukiZe maT gauZalianda da uTxra: jalaTebo, nu mikravT xelebs, kargad iciT, rom monebi ara varT... yvela maTgani, xel-fex Sekruli or sabargo manqanaze dahyares da sasaklaosken gaaqanes. avtomobilebs orive mxridan SeiaraRebuli kavaleria mihyveboda, romelTac win msubuqi avtomobiliT pankratovi miuZRoda. gzaSi k. afxazma da d. Crdilelma moaxerxes xelebi gaexsnaT g. ximSiaSvilisTvis. igi kiserSi swvda erT-erT komendants da revolveri gamoglija, Semdeg avtomobilidan gadaxtoma moaxerxa, Tumca mas bedma umtyuna, gadaxtomis dros revolveri dauvarda, mas cxenosnebi daedevnen da fexebSi daWres. amis Semdeg orma jalaTma_amirovma da abazovma, qarTveli gmiri tyviebiT dacxriles, waiyvanes da pirveli Caagdes winaswar gamzadebul ormoSi. daxvretaSi piradi monawileoba miiRo pankratovma. ase daxvrites 1923 wlis 19 maiss, TbilisSi, vakis parkis teritoriaze, Teqvsmeti qarTveli gmiri. qarTveli patriotebis daxvretis SemaZrwunebelma ambavma, eri glovis ZaZebSi gaaxvia. am Semzaravma ambavma kidev ufro gaaZliera qarTveli eris Seurigebeli brZola damoukideblobisaTvis.

generali varden wulukiZe

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danarTi 1
noe Jordanias werili saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitets TbilisSi. parizi. 9 aprili, 1923 weli moqalaqeno, amaswineT Cven gamogigzavneT gamosaqveyneblad mowodeba qarTvel ers, xelmowerili damfuZnebeli krebis prezidiumisa da partiaTa warmomadgenlebis mier. axla saWirod vcnobT damoukideblobis komitets warmougzavnoT ganmartebiTi baraTi, gavacnoT mas mokled Cven mier ucxoeTSi ganvlili gza da momavlis perspeqtivebi. mTavrobis muSaoba ucxoeTSi dRidan misi saqarTvelodan wamosvlisa warmoebda ori mimarTulebiT: erTis mxriT Cven veweodiT agitacias da propagandas saqarTvelos sasargeblod sazogadoebis farTe masaSi-muSaTa klasSi, demokratiaSi, partiebSi, yovel wresa da yvela mxareSi, sadac ki xma da fexi migviwvdeboda. am mizniT Cven viyenebdiT, rogorc Cven oficialur saelCoebs, ise aq myof damfuZnebel krebas da mis prezidiumis wevrebs. ar yofila iseTi TvalsaCino yriloba, partiuli Tu saxelmwifoebrivi, sadac Cveni warmomadgeneli ar misuliyos da iq saqarTvelos interesebi ar daecvas. garda piradi agitaciisa, Cven farTed viyenebdiT beWdviT sityvas, broSurebs, mowodebas. presis saSualebiT mivmarTavdiT evropas. am miznis ukeT misaRwevad Cven davaarseT gansakuTrebuli sainformacio dawesebuleba stambolSi, romSi, JenevaSi, parizSi, londonSi, berlinSi, sadac saqarTvelodan mosuli cnobebi da Cveni mimarTvani igzavneboda, iTargmneboda da presas ecnoboda. ucxoelTa Soris Cven am muSaobaSi gansakuTrebiT gvexmareboda da gvismenda muSaTa sindikatebi da socialisturi partiebi orive-londonisa da venis internacionalisa. es Cveni ori wlis muSaoba, SegviZlia Tamamad vsTqvaT, dagvirgvinda metad nayofierad, Tu winaT saqarTvelos saxeli kanti-kuntad, aqaiq qondaT gagonili, xolo warmodgena masze sruliad zerele, axla ar moiZebneba arc erTi sazogadoebrivi wre, arc erTi organo, arc erTi kerZo Tu saxelmwifo dawesebuleba da organizacia, romelmac ar icodes vin aris qarTveli eri, ra surs da ra uWirs mas. arc erTi patara eri, arc erTi politikuri kiTxva ar iwvevs evropaSi amJamad iseT saerTo TanagrZnobas, iseT udao gamoxmaurebas, rogorsac iwvevs qarTveli eri da saqarTvelos sakiTxi. evropis demokratia am erT kiTxvaSi savsebiT SeerTebulia, aq dava da uTanxmoeba ar aris partiaTa da klasTa Soris. Cven winaaRmdeg muSaobs mxolod erTaderTi partia_komunistebisa, romelic moskovis xarjze daarsda da moskovis imediT suldgmulobs. es moskovis agentebi, es maTi mojamagireni, rasakvirvelia icaven maT da Cven gvebrZvian. magram unda iTqvas isic, rom sazogado azri imdenad Rrma da farTea Cvens sasargeblod, rom es moskovis agentebi Zalauneburad mas angariSs uweven da saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg aSkarad, pirdapir ver gamodian. maTi organoebi isev moskovelebs (trockis da sxv.) alaparakeben Cvens winaaRmdeg, TviTon ki duman. magran vinaidan es partiebi axla aqeT yvelgan suls Rafaven, maT yovelnairi moraluri Zalaufleba dakarges da aRaravin arafers ujerebs, cxadia maT vnebis motana ar SeuZliaT da saerTo simpatias Cvens mimarT veRar Searyeven. maTi wirva gamowirulia. evropis sazogadoeba Seurigda ruseTSi bolSevikebis batonobas, amaze aq aravin daobs. rogorc xalxi iseTi mTavroba_amboben aq. magram is ar Seurigdeba saqarTvelos okupacias am mTavrobis mier. aq ar iTqmis rogorc xalxi, ise mTavrobao, vinaidan qarTvelma xalxma Seqmna demokratiuli mTavroba, xolo bolSevikuri ki garedan, rusis xalxidan Semotanili mTavrobaa. ai amitom saqarTvelos sakiTxi muSaTa internacionalma wamoayena erT-erT pirobad bolSevikebis internacionalTan mosaTanxmeblad. is gadaiqca principialur sakiTxad da exeba eris TviTgamorkvevis ZiriTad debulebas. Cveni mizania am xanaT es miRweuli Sedegi SevinarCunoT, gavamagroT, gavaRrmaoT da miT evropis sazogado azrSi samudamod davisadguroT da rom Cven swored am mxriT mivdivarT, dagvanaxa evropis ukanasknelma gamoZaxilma saqarTveloSi datrialebul saSinel terorze. guriis aklebam, asobiT udanaSaulo xalxis daxvretam gamoiwvia aq saerTo aRSfoTeba da protesti. mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris telegramam meore internacionalis mimarT da mowodebam ganaTlebul kacobriobas moiara yvela qveynis presa. gansakuTrebiT farTo gamoxmaureba movipoveT inglisSi. aseTia mokled Cveni muSaobis msvleloba sazogadoebriv sferoSi. meore mxare Cveni muSaobisa Seicavs diplomatiur sferos. es muSaoba ise advili ar gamodga, rogorc pirveli. msoflio omis mier gamowveuli aoxreba da zarali imdenad didia yvela did saxelmwifoebSi, rom mis gamosworebas da anazRaurebas undeba saxelmwifos mTeli Zal-Rone. arcerTi mTavroba Tavis qveynis gareT ar ixedeba, yvela Tavis winandel saqmes mistiris. xarjis Semokleba, saxelmwifos yairaToba_ai saiTken aris miqceuli TviToeulis yuradReba. gansakuTrebiT daCrdila yvela sakiTxi safrangeT-germaniis ganxeTqilebam. ruris okupacia daepatrona diplomatiis yuradRebas. am saerTo diplomatiur atmosferoSi amuSavda loid jorjis politika moskovis sasargeblod. man gadawyvita moskovis da misi aqtebis dadastureba ara marto inglisis, aramed evropis mierac da Tavs idva kana-genuas konferenciis mowveva (aRsaniSnavia, rom loid jorjis mTavari mrCeveli fr. f. uazi gamodga moskovis agenti, romelic axla mis samsaxurSi Sevida). misi xmaurobis da gavlenis wyalobiT bolSevikur ruseTs saarSiyoT Semoadga mTeli evropa, is modaSi Semovida, saerTaSoriso diplomatiis sagnad gadaiqca. aseT CvenTvis arasasargeblo pirobebSi mTavar miznad davisaxeT erTi sakiTxi_Cveni internacionaluri statusis dacva, e. i. Cveni damoukideblobis iuridiuli cnobis SerCena da maSasadame brZola yvela iseT nabijebTan, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda okupaciis dasustebisken. loid jorjis planebis (gegmebis-l.s.) CafuSva iqneboda amave dros Cveni gamarjveba. vinaidan loid jorjis mTavroba Cven ar gvcnobilobda da arc gvikarebda, Cven daveyrdeniT safrangeTis mTavrobas, romelic Tavidanve Cvens mxareze idga da gvicavda. SarSan gamoqveynebul loid jorjis-klemansos miwer-moweridan aSkara gaxda, rom versalis zavidan ori azri ebrZoda erTimeores ruseTis Sesaxeb. loid jorji yofila momxre didi ruseTis da masTan morigebiT yvela kiTxvebis gadawyvetis. es tradiciuli politikaa inglisis liberalizmisa. klemanso ki piriqiT, did ruseTs aRar scnobs drois SesaferisaT da amitom mfarvelobas ruseTidan gamoyofili saxelmwifoebisa scnobda mizanSewonilad. safrangeTma ruseTis sazRvarze moipova axali erTguli mokavSire_poloneTi da ruminia, romelTa interesi ar eTanxmeba didi

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ruseTis interesebs da maSasadame, am or mopirdapireTa Soris erT-erTi unda gaewira. ai, es pro-polonuri da antididruseTuli mimarTuleba darCa dRevandlamde safrangeTis politikaT da amitom Cvenc aq vpoveT bina da mfarveloba. Cvens sakiTxSi inglisis premiers daupirispirda safrangeTis premieri rogorc kanSi, ise genuaSi da orive alagas daamarcxa is. ruseTis warmomadgeneli ar iqna cnobili saqarTvelos warmomadgenlad. ase Tu ise, saSiSroeba Tavidan aviSoreT imave safrangeTis wyalobiT lozanis konferenciaze, xolo TviT konferenciis msvlelobaSi inglisis warmomadgeneli-lordi kerzoni savsebiT Cvens mxareze gadmovida da Cveni iuridiuli status qvo dacul iqmna. loid jorjis dacemam inglisSi Seqmna Cveni sasargeblo diplomatiuri atmosfero da is amJamaT TandaTan Cvensken ixreba. amnairaT, diplomatiur sferoSi Cven SevinarCuneT is, rac gvqonda. saqarTvelo cnobilia dResac damoukideblad yvela saxelmwifoebis mier, vinc ki wineT gvicno, garda erTaderTi germaniisa. magram dRevandeli evropis koncertSi germaniis xma metad dablad fasobs da misi magaliTi aravisaTvis saxarbielo da misabaZavi ar aris. germaniam pirvelad icno Cveni damoukidebloba, manve dagmo pirvelad, Tumca misi mesveurebi axlac amboben, rom maT icvnes bolSevikuri saqarTvelo da ara okupacis. CvenTvis ki es orive erTi da igivea. aseTia Cveni muSaoba dRemde. rogoria Cveni perspeqtivebi? am mxriT sayuradReboa sami garemoeba: loid jorjis kabinetis dacema inglisSi, osmaleT-evropis mosalodneli morigeba da moskovis prestiJis sabolood dacema evropaSi. samive es faqtori amuSavda lozanaSi. aq moskovi daamarcxa inglisma osmaleTis daxmarebiT. Savi zRvis sakiTxSi, rac niSnavs amierkavkasiis sakiTxs, aq gamoaSkaravda sajarod inglis-osmaleTis saerTo Sexedulebebi. moskovis cda Savi zRva gadaaqcios ruseTis daxurul tbad, rogorc es iyo carizmis dros Seejaxa inglisosmaleTis saerTo iteresebs da damarcxda, lozanidan daiwyo moskovis gariyva diplomatiaSi, xolo sazogadoebidan xom karga xania gariyulia. inglis-osmaleTis daaxloeba dRes faqtia. lozanis meore konferenciaze dRes davac ki aRar aris maT Soris. maTi urTierTobis kiTxvebi gadaWrilia. maT Soris zavi faqtiurad Camovardnilia. lozanaSi ixsneba amJamad mxolod osmaleT-safrangeTs Soris arsebuli ekonomikuri kvanZi. es umTavresad osmaleT-safrangeTis konferenciaa. amnairad, osmaleT-inglisis morigeba moxda ruseTis winaaRmdeg da mis xarjze. orive saxelmwifo SeerTda imaSi, rom Savi zRva da iqedan momavali gzebi aRmosavleTSi_ruseTis monopolia ar unda iyos. aq maTac aqvT interesebi. inglisi am gzisken ufro da ufro ixreba. amiT aixsneba damokidebuleba ruseTisagan. osmaleTis arSiyoba carieli sityvebia, bolSevikebis mosatyueblad droebiT, sanam saboloo zavze xeli ar mouweriaT. sainteresoa ara es sityvebi, aramed saqme, xolo saqmes ki angora anti-moskovurs awarmoebs. Cven dRevandlamde diplomatiur sferoSi veyrdnobodiT safrangeTs, rogorc zeviT vsTqviT. axla Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom axlo momavalSi mTeli muSaoba ara marto diplomatiuri, aramed realur-praqtikulic daeyrdnoba agreTve inglis-osmaleTis SeerTebul kombinacias. es ar niSnavs imas, rom safrangeTi da misi mokavSireni: poloneTi, ruminia ukve gamovarda Cveni perspeqtivebidan, ara, es rCeba da mis gverdiT dgeba es meore, axlad Seqmnili politikuri kombinacia, romelic pirdapir, uSualod gadabmulia Cveni qveynis mdgomareobasTan. moqalaqeno, eris Tavisufleba naCqarvi, mosagebi saqme ar aris; is bejiTi, xangrZlivi Sromis da brZolis nayofia. veraviTari sagareo Zala ver uSvelis ers, Tu mas ar surs Tavisufleba, Tu mas ar ZaluZs misTvis brZola. Sors ar aris is dro, roca sagareo kombinacia (sagareo kombinaciaSi vgulisxmob agreTve moskovis mTavrobis Signidan dacemas) gvetyvis: gaaqnie xeli da Cvenc SegeweviTo da Tu maSin xeli ver gavaqnieT, Tu Cveni mxneoba da sulieri Zala gatexili aRmoCnda_saqarTvelo monobidan ver gamova da evropac sabuTianad gvetyvis_ar yofilxarT Rirsi Tavisuflebiso! sulieri gautexeloba da organizaciuli momzadeba_ai, ra gvWiria Cven ai, ra mogvcems saboloo gamarjvebas.

noe Jordania (1868-1953 ww)

danarTi 2

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emigraciaSi myofi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Sifri, romliTac isini axerxebdnen mimoweras saqarTveloSi myofi damoukideblobis komitetis wevrebTan. saqarTvelo _ beqir, Tbilisi _ ferid, BaTumi _ sabri, bolSeviki _ emin bei, menSeviki _ xilbi, socil-demokrati _ jezmi, nacional-demokrati _ faxredin, stamba _ erbos manqana, proklamacia _ farTali, aralegaluri gamocema _ tyavi, teroristuli aqti _ xvadagi, matarebelze Tavdasxma _ Tevzi, fuli _ TuTuni, gaficva _ anteba, manifestacia _ fexi stkiva, areuloba _ gakotreba, kavSiri _ zia efendi, stamboli _ xusein, moskovi _ salaxedini, petrogradi _ surTabei, parizi _ xafiz, londoni _ dursuni, ajanyeba _ zRva, vaso wulaZe _ jambakuri, arsen wulaZe _ sergo, kowia sulaqveliZe _ mustafa, dimitri gabunia _ gogi, simon mdivani _ oliko, mixeil sayvareliZe _ gurgeni, talaat bei _ aramkomi.

1924 wlis ajanyeba

1924 wlis ajanyeba masiur xasiaTs atarebda. ajanyebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalebi glexebi da muSebi iyvnen. masSi yofili Tavadaznaurebi da samRvdeloebac monawileobdnen, rogorc qarTvelebi da ara rogorc romelime wodebis warmomadgenlebi. Tavisuflebismoyvare qarTveli eri ver egueboda bolSevikuri mTavrobis monopoliur mdgomareobas, yovelgvari Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, terors, erovnuli sulis devnas da erT-erT gamosavals ajanyebis gziT saokupacio xelisuflebis damxobaSi xedavda. ajanyeba 1924 wlis 29 agvistosaTvis daigegma, magram gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, WiaTuraSi ajanyeba 28 agvistos daiwyo, ramac mniSvnelovnad aria SeTqmulTa gegmebi da xelisuflebas ajanyebis CaxSoba gauadvila. erTi kviriT adre, damoukideblobis komitetisa da amboxebulTa generaluri Stabis warmomadgenlebi istoriul adgilas_Sio-mRvimis monasterSi Seikribnen, sadac adre, mniSvnelovani brZolis win, qarTveli mefeebi loculobdnen da maRali samRvdeloebis kurTxevas iRebdnen. ajanyebas damoukideblobis komiteti xelmZRvanelobda. ajanyebis praqtikuli momzadeba daevala damoukideblobis komitetTan arsebul centralur samxedro komisias, romlis wevrebi iyvnen: konstantine andronikaSvili, iason javaxiSvili, giorgi (gogita) faRava, vaso nodia, giorgi winamZRvriSvili, solomon zaldastaniSvili. komisiis mier Sedgenili gegmiT, ajanyeba yovel qalaqsa da mazraSi erTdroulad unda dawyebuliyo. adgilebze xelisuflebis aRebis Semdeg daiwyeboda saerTo Seteva Tbilisze. yvelaze mniSvnelovani roli qaquca ColoyaSvilis razms eniWeboda. ajanyebis mTavarsardlad generali spiridon WiWinaZe dainiSna. emigrantul mTavrobasTan SesaTanxmeblad komitetma sazRvargareT vaso nodia miavlina. 1924 wlis maisSi v. nodiasTan erTad farulad Camovidnen emigrantuli mTavrobis warmomadgenlebi: valiko juReli, noe xomeriki, vlasa mgelaZe. 29 agvistos ColoyaSvilis mcirericxovanma razmma manglisi aiRo, Tumca iq ganlagebul samxedro yazarmebze Tavdasxma uSedegod dasrulda. ColoyaSvili Tavisi razmiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gadavida da duSeTi aiRo, romelic male datova, radgan daxmareba ver miiRo. 3 seqtembers qaqucas razmma svimonianT xevTan daamarcxa wiTeli armia. 4 seqtembers SiomRvimis tyeSi daapatimres damoukideblobis komitetis wevrebi: kote andronikaSvili da iason javaxiSvili. maT ajanyebis damarcxebis Sesaxeb oficialurad acnobes qarTvel xalxs. miuxedavad amisa q. ColoyaSvili brZolas agrZelebda da 6 seqtembers, kaxeTSi xev-grZelasTan kvlav daamarcxa wiTeli armiis nawilebi. didi qalaqebis garda, komunistebis winaaRmdegoba mosalodnelze susti aRmoCnda. ajanyebulebma gafantuli wiTeli armiis da Cekas Zalebs mniSvnelovani winaaRmdegoba gauwies. brZolis pirvel dReebSi, qarTuli qalaqebisa da soflebis naxevarze meti ajanyebulTa xelSi gadavida. sabWoTa wiTeli droSebis nacvlad yvelgan erovnuli samferovani droSebi afrialda, eklesiebSi, romlebic komunistebis ngrevas gadaurCa, kvlav wirva-locva gaimarTa da zarebi daireka. ajanyebulebma bolSevikebi daapatimres, Tumca maTi sikvdiliT dasja ikrZaleboda, radgan maT SemdgomSi saqarTvelos respublikis kanonebis mixedviT unda egoT pasuxi. raionebSi upiratesoba ajanyebulebma moipoves, magram did qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT TbilisSi situacia Zalian garTulda. WiaTuraSi ajanyebis dawyebiT daeWvebulma, amierkavkasiis maSindelma xelmZRvanelma mogilevskim, qalaqis yvela strategiuli pozicia gaaZliera. amis gamo ColoyaSvilis razmma ver SeZlo dacvis garRveva da didi danakargebiT mouxda ukan daxeva. mogilevski mogvianebiT daiRupa. axalgazrda qarTvelma mfrinavma saRiraZem, romelic mogilevskis TviTmfrinavs marTavda, ganzrax moaxdina avaria, ris Sedegadac yvela, maT Soris saRiraZec, daiRupa. brZolis dawyebisTanave TbilisSi samxedro mdgomareoba gamocxadda da bolSevikebma masobrivi dapatimrebebi daiwyes. cixeebi qarTvelebiT gaivso. 31 agvistos sabWoTa armia kontrSetevaze gadavida. saqarTveloSi bolSevikebs, savaraudod Semdegi Zalebi hyavdaT: 5 qveiTi polki, 2 175

cxenosani brigada, 1 saartilerio brigada, 2 tyviamfrqvevelTa polki, Cekas 6 batalioni da mesazRvreTa 2 batalioni_daaxloebiT 54 000kaci. wiTel armias ruseTis imperiis generaluri Stabis yofili polkovniki, generali pugaCovi xelmZRvanelobda. ajanyebis dRes saqarTvelosken Semdegi damatebiTi Zalebi wamovida: 1 qveiTi divizia azerbaijanidan, 1 qveiTi divizia somxeTidan, 2 polki Savi zRvis sanapirodan, 3 polki saqarTvelos samxedro gzidan darialis uReltexilis gavliT, 3 razmi mamisonis uReltexilis gavliT, aseve 56 000 jariskaci, romlis saerTo jami 110 000 mebrZoli iyo. baTumis da foTis navsadgurebs, aseve Savi zRvis flotis nawilebi moadga. Cekam miagno ajanyebis mesveurTa kvals da g. winamZRvriSvili, n. xomeriki, g. faRava, g. jinoria daapatimra. 1924 wlis 6 agvistos bolSevikebma ucxoeTidan Camosuli valiko juRelic aiyvanes da aiZules igi damoukideblobis komitetisTvis winadadeba mieca ajanyebis SeCerebaze. komitetma ar moismina juRelis rCeva da masTan kavSiri gawyvita. bolSevikebma ajanyebis dawyebamde daapatimres generali yaralaSvili, romelic guriis ajanyebulTa meTaurad iyo daniSnuli, aseve generali furcelaZe, romelic baTumis samxedro nawilis meTauri iyo. bolSevikebis mxridan aseTma terorma, mniSvnelovnad Seasusta gamarjvebis imedebi. komunistebma ajanyeba sisxlSi CaaxSes. ganukiTxavad xvretdnen sruliad udanaSaulo adamianebs, romelTac ajanyebasTan aranairi kavSiri ar hqondaT. xvretdnen manamade datusaRebul pirebsac. bolSevikebma gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCines sadgur yvirilasTan, sadac vagonebSi daxvrites WiaTuridan Camoyvanili mravali adamiani, romelTa sisxli RelesaviT moedineboda. umkacresi represiebi ganxorcielda senakisa da zugdidis mazrebSi. senakSi 500-ze meti kaci daxvrites. ajanyebulebi guriasa da samegreloSic damarcxdnen. svaneTSi Tavmoyrilma ajanyebulebma amaod scades quTaisis aReba. qaquca ColoyaSvilma duSeTi ki daikava, magram winsvla veRar SeZlo. fSav xevsureTisa da Semdeg kaxeTis ajanyeba ver moaxerxa. Tbilisze ieriSis mitana, mxolod mis gankargulebaSi myofi ZalebiT ver gabeda. is iZulebuli gaxda Tavis SeficulebTan erTad sazRvargareT gaqceuliyo. 1924 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 8-10 aTasi adamiani iqna daxvretili patara saqarTveloSi. ajanyebis mTavari xelmZRvanelebi Seipyres da erTi wlis Tavze, 1925 wels, saokupacio xelisuflebam sasamarTlo procesi moawyo. konstantine andronikaSvili, iason javaxiSvils, nikoloz qarcivaZes da sxvebs, ruseTSi xangrZlivi vadiT patimroba da gadasaxleba miesajaT. 1924 wlis ajanyeba warmoadgenda 1921 wlidan dawyebuli erovnuli moZraobis kanonzomier Sedegs. ajanyebam, romelsac mravali qarTveli gmiris sicocxle Seewira, naTlad aCvena, rom qarTveli xalxi ver egueboda saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis dakargvas da brZoliT apirebda Tavisuflebis mopovebas. ajanyebis sisxlSi CaxSobis Semdeg erovnulma moZraobam farTo frontiT emigraciaSi gadainacvla, sadac iqaur antisabWoTa moZraobebs zurgs umagrebdnen ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg, saqarTvelodan gadaxvewili politikuri moRvaweebi. parizSi 1924 wels organizacia TeTri giorgi Seqmna, romlis mizani aqtiuri kontrrevoluciuri moZraoba da antisabWoTa agitacia iyo.

qaquca ColoyaSvili

Seficulebi

danarTi 1
varlam CerqeziSvilis werili genuis konferenciaze myof ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministr g. CiCerins (mxcovani qarTveli revolucioneris, v. CerqeziSvilis mimarTvis teqsti 1922 wels daibeWda frangulenovan gazeTSi Peuple -xalxi). risTvis Seasia ruseTma es jari saqarTvelos, rogorc dapyrobil qveyanas da meTodurad anadgurebs mis simdidreT orTqmavlebisagan da tramvais vagonTagan dawyebuli, ukanasknel qinZisTavamde? risTvis iqna es nadavli gagzavnili ruseTSi aseTi cinikuri warweriT: wiTel

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ruseTs, saCuqrad wiTeli saqarTvelosgan? risTvis SemoiRo dauyovnebliv am jarma Ceka_es Sedevri sabWoTa reJimisa da misi saSualebiT mospo sityvis, presis, krebis da yvela sxva Tavisuflebani, romelnic evropis demokratiam mxolod saukuneTa xangrZlivi brZoliT moipova? risTvis SemoaTrieT CvenSi am jarTan erTad, rogorc Tqveni komisrebi reaqcionerebi, rogorc brexniCevi, potapovi, evreevi da sxvani, romelnic mefis dros, SavrazmelTa TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, xolo exla sistematiurad anadgureben saqarTvelos erovnul da demokratiul dawesebulebebs. rodesac Tqveni jari saqarTveloSi Semovida, ruseTma ganacxada, rom rogorc ki sabWoebs airCevdnen, igi dauyovnebliv ukanve iqneba gawveuli. ruseTis jarebi aramc Tu ar wavidnen, 14 Tvis okupaciis Semdeg, isini kidev ufro medgrad aviwroeben qarTvel xalxs. saqarTvelo ganicdis umZimes periods politikuri Seviwroebisa da ekonomikuri ganadgurebis, romlis msgavsi monRolTa Semosevis drosac ar ganucdia da kidev erTxel gekiTxebiT! risTvis? misTvis, rom _ganacxada moskovma, rusebi miwveuli iqnen TviT saqarTvelos mier! me im dros vimyofebodi saqarTveloSi rogorc revolucioneri, romelic ruseTisa da imperializmisagan tanjul erTa TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZoda da qarTveli erisagan ar msmenia survili ucxo jaris mowvevis, mTavrobis damxobis da axali wyobilebis damyarebisa ruseTis xiStebis saSualebiT... es barbarosuli Semoseva saqarTveloSi, misi ekonomikuri ganadgurebiT, politikuri SeviwroebiT da komunisturi wyobilebis iZulebiT damyarebiT, Sav da saSinel furclad darCeba bolSevikebis istoriis analebSi_ es aris Tqveni gadamwyveti nabiji militarizmisa da imperializmis gzaze... rasac Tqven eZebT genuaSi ruseTisaTvis, nu waarTmevT sxva erebs: gaiyvaneT Tqveni jarebi saqarTvelodan da aRudgineT qarTvel xalxs ufleba icxovros da imuSaos Tavisuflebisa da mSvidobianobis pirobebSi.

danarTi 2
erTa ligis XV-e yrilobaze (1924 wlis 11 seqtemberi) safrangeTis warmomadgenlis pol bonkuris mier warmoTqmuli sityvidan 1924 wlis ajanyebasTan dakavSirebiT. Cven aq yvelani vgrZnobT, Tu ramdenad amaRelvebelia da erTgvarad paradoqsuli, rom maSin roca Cven SevkrebilvarT aq, raTa dalagebiT vimsjeloT mSvidobianobis interesebsa da mis saukeTeso saSualebebze_qveynierebis erT kuTxeSi omia, sisxli iRvreba da imdens xocva-Jletas aqvs adgili, rom didi tkivilis da mwuxarebis xma xelaxla wvdeba cas...

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis damyareba

sabWoeTis nacionalur-Sovinisturi politika da nacional-uklonizmi. saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis ZaliT damxobis Semdeg, sabWoTa ruseTma qarTveli bolSevikebis aqtiuri mxardaWeriT, qveyanaSi qarTveli xalxisaTvis miuRebeli poltikuri reJimi daamyara. 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, saqarTvelo damoukidebel sabWoTa socialistur respublikad gamocxadda, formalurad qarTuli mTavrobiT saTaveSi. sabWoTa saqarTvelo, rogorc iuridiuli statusis mqone qveyana, saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTis centraluri komitetis kontrolis meSveobiT gadioda. 1921 wlis 20 maiss saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetis gankargulebiT gamoica dekreti #36, romlis ZaliT gauqmebulad gamocxadda saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis samferovani erovnuli droSa da mis nacvlad komunisturi wiTeli droSa SemoiRes. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciisa da ZaldatanebiT gasabWoebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos teritoriaze sami avtonomiuri erTeuli Camoyalibda: afxazeTis ssr, aWaris assr da e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. sabWoTa saokupacio reJimis pirvel wels saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis umaRles organos revoluciuri komiteti (revkomi) warmoadgenda, romelic kavkasiis biuros mier iyo Seqmnili da ara qarTveli xalxis mier arCeuli. 1921 wlis 8 marts saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis revoluciuri komitetis mier gamoica brZaneba #9, saxalxo komisarTa sabWos droebiTi Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb, romelsac xels awerdnen saqarTvelos ssr revoluciuri komitetis Tavmjdomare filipe maxaraZe da revoluciuri komitetis mdivani S. gabriCiZe. saqarTvelos socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis revoluciuri komitetis 1921 wlis 6 martis dadgenilebiT, damtkicebuli iqna saqarTvelos respublikis saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Semdegi droebiTi Semadgenloba: 1) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare da miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo komisari-filipe maxaraZe (igi saqarTveloSi 1921 wlis 6 marts dabrunda, manamade saqarTvelos revkomis Tavmjdomaris movaleobas mamia oraxelaSvili asrulebda); 2) saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile da sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari mamia oraxelaSvili (igi Tavdapirvelad, aseve ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatsac xelmZRvanelobda); 3) samxedro-sazRvao saqmeTa da sagareo vaWrobis 177

(droebiTi) saxalxo komisari_Salva eliava; 4) Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari_besarion kvirkvelia; 5) Sromis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxalxo komisari-lado dumbaZe; 6) muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis (saxelmwifo kontrolis) saxalxo komisari- giorgi elisabedaSvili; 7) iusticiis da finansTa saxalxo komisari-amaiak nazaretiani; 8) janmrTelobis saxalxo komisari_ kuCaiZe (mis moadgiled eqimi kikaleiSvili); 9) ganaTlebis saxalxo komisari-al. svaniZe (saqarTveloSi misi aryofnis gamo, movaleobis aRsruleba daevala amxanag oraxelaSvils). 10) saxalxo meurneobis sabWos Tavmjdomaris movaleobis droebiTi aRmsrulebeli-ad. duntau. sabWoTa saqarTvelo iuridiulad TiTqos inarCunebda damoukideblobis statuss, realurad ki ruseTze, mis mTavrobasa da komunistur partiaze iyo damokidebuli. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebiT saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi wyobileba Seicvala. demokratiuli saxelmwifos nacvlad, ruseTSi sabWour Targze gamoWrili proletariatis diqtatura damyarda. suverenuli parlamenturi respublikis nacvlad sabWoTa respublika Seiqmna. saqarTveloSi mZime sazogadoebriv-politikuri viTareba iyo. politikuri partiebis umravlesoba ver egueboda ruseTis saokupacio reJims, ar urigdeboda Seqmnil mdgomareobas, bolSevikuri represiebis miuxedavad, far-xmals ar yrida da sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis axal formebs eZebda. rusis jari saqarTveloSi SemosvlisTanave faqtobrivad qveynis erTpirovnuli baton-patroni gaxda. jari moralurad aramtkice, damSeuli da Caucmeli iyo. es ki xelsayrel niadags qmnida borotmoqmedebisa da maradiorobisaTvis. rusuli reJimis pirobebiT Sewuxebuli qarTveli xalxi mTel pasuxismgeblobas, rusul jarTan erTad, qarTvel bolSevikebsac akisrebda. sabWoTa istoriografiis mier saqarTveloSi sabWoTa jaris Semzaravi qmedebebi aTeuli wlis manZilze gayalbebulad iyo warmodgenili. zogierTi sabWouri periodis istorikosis gadmocemiT, qarTveli xalxi wiTelarmielebs, TiTqos pur-mariliT da xonCaze dalagebuli sursaT-sanovagiT xvdeboda rac, bunebrivia, realobas ar Seesabameba. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom zogierTi qarTveli bolSeviki garkveul zomebs mimarTavda, raTa TbilisSi wiTeli armiis Semosvlisas qalaqi sabrZoli operaciebis asparezad ar gadaqceuliyo. Salva eliava, romelic ruseTis XI armias saqarTvelos dasapyrobad TviTon mouZRoda, armiis nawilebis TbilisSi Semosvlamde acnobebda sergo orjonikiZes: ...Jordanias sajarod ganucxadebia, rom wiTel jars Tbilisis TiToeuli quCis bZoliT aReba mouxdebao. es garemoeba Zalze maRelvebs. vSiSob, radgan es niSnavs qalaqis ganadgurebas. bunebrivia, Salva eliava, iseve rogorc sxva qarTveli bolSevikebi dainteresebulni iyvnen saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebas, rac SeiZleba naklebi msxverpli da ngreva mohyoloda. wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis pirvel dReebSi saqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobis (revkomis) yvelaze gavleniani moRvaweebi mamia oraxelaSvili da Salva eliava iyvnen. oficialurad isini suverenuli sabWoTa saqarTvelos moskovis mier xeldasmuli liderebi iyvnen, Tumca wiTeli armiis xelmZRvanel organoTa saqmianobaSi uSualod ver ereodnen. armiis xelmZRvaneloba ki piriqiT, TviTonve ereodnen suverenuli saqarTvelos revkomis saqmeebSi; amis gamo revkomis avtoriteti mniSvnelovnad Seilaxa, rac qarTvel inteligenciasTan maT urTierTobas arTulebda. 1921 wlis 2 marts v. i. lenins pirdapiri satelefono saubrisas m. oraxelaSvilma da S. eliavam acnobes, rom saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad aucilebeli iyo armiis organoebis sruli Caurevloba. es faqti naTlad mowmobs, rom ruseTis wiTeli armiis xelmZRvaneloba pativs ar scemda sabWoTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs. ruseTis sabWoTa saokupacio reJimi mis mier xeldasmul qarTvel komunistebsac ki arafrad agdebda, ufro metic sakuTar gegmebSi ar axedebda. qarTveli bolSevikis filipe maxaraZis mier, 1921 wlis 8 dekembers, dawerili moxsenebiTi baraTidan, romelic man rkp (b) centralur komitets gadsca (im dros filipe maxaraZe ssr revkomis Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes da moskovSi gaiwvies) naTeli xdeba, rom wiTeli armiis SemosvlasTan dakavSirebiT, TviT qarTveli komunistebic ar iyvnen saqmis kursSi. igi wers: 1921 wlis damdegs, e. i. saqarTvelos gasabWoebis momentSi, aq Cveni partiuli organizaciebis mdgomareoba uaRresad savalalo iyo... da moxda ise, rom roca wiTeli jarebis Seteva daiwyo, am Setevis miznebsa da ganzraxvaze saqarTveloSi arc erTma ujredma ki ara, partiis arc erTma wevrmac sruliad araferi icoda... amrigad, gamovida Semdegi: jer erTi, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi wiTeli jarebis Sesvlam da sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxadebam garedan dapyrobis xasiaTi miiRo, radgan am qveyanaSi am dros ajanyebis dawyeba arc ufiqria vinmes, meore, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxadebis dros adgilebze arc iseTi partiuli ujredebi aRmoCnda da arc iseTi partiis calkeuli wevrebi, romelTac unari eqnebodaT moewyoT xelisufleba da cxadia, am saqmisaTvis metwilad xeli unda moekidaT saeWvo an pirdapir danaSaulebriv elementebs. ai, sad aris Cveni pirveli codva, ai sad aris fesvi borotebisa. aqedan daiwyo yvela Cveni marcxi Tu sanaxevrod marcxi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mSeneblobis saqmeSi. SeiZleboda Tu ara anazdad mogveRo bolo yvela am Secdomisa da defeqtisaTvis da swori gezi agveRo... es SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, radgan ramodenime organo gaCnda: erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos centraluri komiteti da revoluciuri komiteti, romlebic mxolod nominalurad iyvnen am qveynis xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi; meore 178

mxriv, rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuro da sruliad ruseTis centraluri profsabWo da XI armiis revoluciuri samxedro sabWo, romlebic faqtobrivad namdvilad xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi iyvnen. es ukanaskneli organoebi umeteswilad saqarTvelos centraluri komitetisa da revoluciuri komitetisaTvis Seutyobineblad, uapelaciod wyvetdnen yvela umniSvnelovanes politikur sakiTxs, romlebic uSualod saqarTvelos exeboda. filipe maxaraZe adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi 1921 wlis TebervalSi araviTari ajanyeba ar yofila, wiTeli armiis nawilebis Semosvlis Sesaxeb ki, arc erTma saqarTveloSi momuSave komunistma araferi icoda. filipe maxaraZe aRiarebs, rom saqarTveloSi wiTeli jaris Semosvlam da sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxadebam garedan dapyrobis xasiaTi miiRo, amasTan ruseTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuro da XI armiis xelmZRvaneloba saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitetsa da saqarTvelos revkoms faqtiurad arafers ekiTxeboda. swored, aseTi suverenuli saxelmwifo Camoyalibda saqarTveloSi 1921 wels, aseTi urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo organoebsa da dampyrobeli wiTeli armiis organoebs Soris, rasac zogierTi bolSeviki-lideric ar malavda. f. maxaraZe fiqrobda, rom rusebs saqarTvelos mxolod gasabWoeba ainteresebdaT da saqarTvelo Tavis damoukideblobas SeinarCunebda. qarTveli eris mier rusuli kolonialuri reJimiT aRSfoTebis gamo, is SiSiTa da mokrZalebiT miuTiTebda moskovis xelisufalT, rom taqtikuri mosazrebiT, droebiT mainc, xalxis mosaCveneblad, SevunaxoT saqarTvelos erTgvari damoukidebloba da mere roca xalxs SeviCvevT, advili iqneba Cveni eris gaTqvefa rusebSio. ra moutanes rusebma saqarTvelos? osmaleTTan garigebis safuZvelze rusebma osmaleTs gadasces saqarTvelos da somxeTis miwebi, jer 1921 wlis ruseT-osmaleTis xelSekrulebiT, Semdeg 1921 wlis 13 oqtombris yarsis xelSekrulebiT amierkavkasiis respublikebTan, riTac osmaleTis sakuTrebad icnes yarsis, ardaganis da arTvinis olqebi mTlianad, xolo nawilobriv baTumis olqic. ruseTma mxolod ramdenime Tve SeinarCuna saqarTvelos fiqtiuri damoukidebloba. imave 1921 wels, ruseTis komunisturi partiis brZanebiT gaauqmes is da somxeT-azerbaijanTan erTad federaciis saxiT SeuerTes ruseTis, ukrainis da Turqestanis respublikebs. arc es aqti momxdara qarTveli komunistebis TanxmobiT, radgan qarTvel komunistebs surdaT, rom saqarTvelo calke Sesuliyo kavSirSi da ara amierkavkasiis federaciis saxiT. ruseTis kompartiam gamogzavna proeqti. saqarTvelos kom. partiis 5 wevri iyo misi winaaRmdegi, mxolod erTi momxre. saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT komitetis sxdomaze damswreTagan 19 winaaRmdegi iyo da 6 momxre, rac imas niSnavda, rom saqarTvelos cekam ar miiRo ruseTis proeqti. sakiTxis gamosarkvevad, maT ruseTSi TavianTi warmomadgeneli budu mdivani gagzavnes. moskovis xelisuflebam ar gaiTvaliwina qarTveli komunistebis azri. 16 oqtombers stalinma Semdegi depeSa gaugzavna sergo orjonikiZes: amxanag orjonikiZes! gruzcekas winadadeba, Sesaxeb gaerTianebis udroobisa da damoukideblobis atributebis SenarCunebisa, erTxmad ukuagdo cekam (ruseTis partiis). dainaxa ra plenumis erTsulovneba, saqarTvelos cekas warmomadgeneli mdivani iZulebuli gaxda ukan waeRo gruzcekas winadadeba. plenarulma sxdomam ucvlelad miiRo komisiis wevrebis: stalinis, orkonikiZis, miasnikovis da molotovis winadadeba, Sesaxeb amierkavkasiis federaciis datovebisa da misi rsfsr-is, ukrainis da belorusiis gaerTianeba socialistur respublikaTa kavSirSi. stalinis amgvari brZanebis Semdeg qarTvelma komunistebma pirdapir lenins mimarTes. manac ubrZana cekas dadgenilebas damorCilebodnen. saqme ganxiluli iqna saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis plenarul sxdomaze. ruseTis xelisuflebis winadadebisa da brZanebis yvela mowinaaRmdege Tanamdebobebidan gadadgnen. saqarTvelos aneqsiis momxreebma meore dResve axali komiteti Seadgines da yvela mowinaaRmdege ruseTSi gadaasaxles, riTac saqarTvelos xelaxali aneqsia ganaxorcieles. qarTveli komunistebis (b. mdivani, f. maxaraZe, s. qavTaraZe, m. okujava, k. cincaZe, b. kvirkvelia da sxv.) winaaRmdegoba, maTi SedarebiT erovnuli poziciis gamo, bolSevizmis erovnuli politikisagan gadaxrad (uklon) Sefasda da isini nacionaluklonistebad monaTles. bolSevikuri partiis erovnuli politikis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis sakiTxebSi, qarTvel komunistTa aRniSnuli jgufi mkveTrad daupirispirda rkp (b) amierkavkasiis samxareo komitets (s. orjonikiZe, a. miasnikovi, s. kirovi, m. oraxelaSvili, S. eliava da sxv.).

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vlasa mgelaZe (1868-1943 ww.)

danarTi
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis cnobili politikuri moRvawis vlasa mgelaZis mogoneba saqarTveloSi wiTeli armiis Semosvlis Sesaxeb. mtris mier dapyrobili Tbilisi naRvlianad gamoiyureboda. ruseTis jaris Semosvlas dedaqalaqi samariseburi siCumiT Sexvda, qarTveli xalxi quCebidan gaqra, saxlebSi Caiketa. Teatrebi, sinema, gasarTobi adgilebi ucxoelebiT gaivso. qalaqSi vigindarebi urcxvad iRriWebodnen, qarTveli bolSevikebi nacnob qarTvelebs daZmarebulni exvewebodnen quCebSi gamodiT, Tqven xels aravin gaxlebT. TeatrSi iareT, rusis jars daenaxveTo. qarTveloba bolSevikebs zizRiT uyurebda, maT erideboda... ruseTidan SemoWrili damSeuli jarebi saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi dabanakda, kerZo binebze da ojaxebSi moTavsda. mraval saukuneobiT mowyobili ojaxebi ganadgurda, siwminde da zneoba Seiryvna... yovelgvari avejeuloba da ojaxis samkaulebi avtomobilebiT Tbilisis sadgurze dRian-Ramianad gaqondaT, vagonebSi agrovebdnen, ruseTSi gzavnidnen. oTaxebidan gamoqondaT roialebi, romelTac Tvalcremliani dedebi kuTxeSi mikunWulebi SeSinebuli gascqerodnen. jari Seesia samxedro sawyobebs, iqidan farajebi, fexsacmelebi gamoitanes, TavianT dafleTil farajebs, daglejil fexsacmelebs quCaSi xalxis win ixdidnen, iqve yridnen, axliT imosebodnen. ojaxebSi moTavsebuli jariskacebi SeSis magier buxrebs magidebiT, kamod-yuTebiT anTebdnen. evgeni gegeWkoris bina aeoxrebinaT, _burJuaziul, kontrrevolucioneri ministris ariso. zog binaze kedlebidan suraTebi CamoeRoT, CuqurTmiani xis movarayebuli CarCoebi daewvaT, xolo noe Jordanias suraTi CarCodan amoeRoT, maRla Werze lursmniT mieWedaT, _kargi wveriani, kargi saxis, diadi ariso,_CarCo ki daewvaT. naZaladevis muSebs xelisuflebam winadadeba misca: sololakSi burJuaziis binaze gadasaxldiTo, mara arc erTi ojaxi amaze ar daTanxmda... saavadmyofodan da kerZo samkurnalodan gaqondaT yovelgvari xelsawyoebi_saqirurgo danebi, wamlebi, TeTreuli da daRonebuli eqimebis win uwesrigod yridnen sabargo avtomobilebSi, Tbilisis sadgurze miaqrolebdnen da ruseTSi gzavnidnen. Tbilisis mdidar saafTiaqo saxelmwifo sawyobebidan miqondaT yuTebSi Cawyobili wamlebi, yovelgvari aparatebi, saeqimo xelsawyoebi, skipidari, spirti, bamba, marla, qinaqina... qinaqinis, Tu sxva wamleulis gadamalvisaTvis iWerdnen da CekaSi amwyvdevdnen. Cveni Rirseuli mweral-moRvaweni dRian-Ramiana muzeum-wignsacavebs da universitets icavdnen, Rirseuli samRvdeloeba margalitebiT Semkul xatebis karibWes yaraulobdnen, rom istoriuli, erovnuli Zeglebi_Zvirfasi ganZi Semoseul barbarosebisagan gadaerCinaT... gaZarcves da ruseTSi gazides Tbilisis samxedro arsenali, rkinigzis saxelosno, misi saucxovo saxarato dazgebi, sagangebo matareblebi, orTqmavlebi da sabargo vagonebi ruseTSi waiRes... ar gadarCa gauqurdavi arc erTi qarxana... yovelgvari sanovage, xileuloba, yveli, Tevzeuloba, saufliswulo mamulebis ganTqmuli sardafebi da kaxuri Rvino boWkebiT da boTlebiT gazides, Tbilisis sadgurze gaitanes, ramdenime aseul vagonSi Caawyves, dabeWdes, zed daaweres: Tbilisis proletariatisagan ruseTis proletariats da mis belads lenins saCuqrado.

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sergo orjonikiZe

filipe maxaraZe

ivane (mamia) oraxelaSvili

amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis Seqmna (1922 wlis 13 dekemberi) sabWoTa ruseTis politikurma liderebma (vladimer lenini, ioseb stalini, lev trocki, lev kamenevi, grigori zinivievi da sxva) yofili ruseTis imperiis sivrceSi axali, sabWoTa imperiis Seqmna ganizraxes. sabWoTa imperiis Seqmna Tavidan 1918 wlis gazafxulze dawyebulma samoqalaqo omma da sabWoTa ruseTis teritoriis nawilis ucxo qveynebis okupaciam Seaferxa. sisxliani samoqalaqo omi (1918-1920 ww) ruseTSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. bolSevikur xelisuflebas xel-fexi gaexsna damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis ZaldatanebiT SesaerTeblad. 1921 wlis martisTvis sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro-saokupacio reJimi ukve damyarebuli iyo yofili ruseTis imperiis vrcel teritoriaze: ukrainaSi, belorusiaSi, azerbaijanSi, somxeTSi, saqarTveloSi. im periodSi sabWoTa ruseTisagan Tavis daRweva moaxerxes erT dros ruseTis imperiis mier dapyrobilma qveynebma: poloneTis aRmosavleTma nawilma, fineTma, litvam, latviam da estoneTma. sabWoTa ruseTs garkveuli winaaRmdegobebi hqonda dasaZlevi cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi. cxadi iyo, rom am regionebze batonobaSi ruseTs veRaravin Seecileboda. 1921 wlis TebervalmartSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobis Semdeg, sabWoTa respublikebis samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmnis procesSi Semdegi qveynebi monawileobdnen: 1. ruseTis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublika, 2. ukrainis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika (moldaveTiTurT), 3. belorusiis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, 4. azerbaijanis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, 5. somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, 6. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika. yvela es respublika iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT damoukidebel, suverenul qveyanas warmoadgenda. leninis avadmyofobis gamo, sabWoTa respublikebis erT samokavSireo saxelmwifod gaerTianebas ideur da organizaciul xelmZRvanelobas ioseb stalini uwevda. man Tavdapirvelad respublikebis gaerTianebis aseTi proeqti wamoayena: yvela sabWoTa respublika sabWoTa ruseTSi unda Sesuliyo avtonomiuri respublikis uflebiT, rac imas niSnavda, rom ukraina, belorusia, Aazerbaijani, somxeTi da saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebriv suverenitets kargavdnen, rac maT realurad ara, magram iuridiulad jer kidev gaaCndaT. ioseb stalinis am proeqts didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda respublikebSi da proeqtis avtormac ukan daixia. amis Semdeg proeqtma aseTi saxe miiRo: sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebi nebayoflobiT da savsebiT Tanaswor safuZvelze qmnidnen samokavSireo saxelmwifos_sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirs. amasTan erTad, samokavSireo saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebuli yvela respublika inarCunebda saxelmwifoebriv suverenitetsa da samokavSireo saxelmwifodan gasvlis uflebas. im respublikaTa Soris, romelTac samokavSireo saxelmwifo unda SeeqmnaT, moskovisaTvis yvelaze naklebad saSiSi belorusia iyo. aq TiTqmis ar arsebobda antirusuli da antisabWoTa ganwyobileba. sawinaaRmdego suraTi iyo ukrainaSi, Tumca qveyanaSi eTnikuri rusebis simravle antirusul ganwyobilebas aneitralebda. situaciis ganmuxtvas xels uwyobda isic, rom 1921 wlis martidan rigis sazavo xelSekrulebis ZaliT dasavleT ukraina, ukrainis sabWoTa socialistur respublikas aRar ekuTvnoda, radgan igi poloneTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi iyo. moskovisaTvis sagangaSo viTareba iyo amierkavkasiaSi. saqarTveloSi, azerbaijansa da somxeTSi antirusul da antisabWoTa erovnul ZalTa siZliere, aseve Zlieri politikuri emigracia samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmnas seriozulad 181

uSlida xels. azerbaijanis damoukidebelma saxelmwifom arasruli ori weli iarseba (1919 wlis maisi_1920 wlis aprili), somxeTis saxelmwifom or welze meti (1918 wlis maisi_1920 wlis noemberi), saqarTvelos saxelmwifom _arasruli sami weli (1918 wlis maisi _1921 wlis Tebervali). moskovis gegmis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da somxeTs samokavSireo saxelmwifoSi Sesvlamde iuridiuladac unda daekargaT saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti. am veraguli gegmis xorcSesxmis yvelaze moxerxebul saSualebad moskovma saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis amierkavkasiis federaciul respublikaSi gaerTianeba miiCnia. es imas niSnavda, rom axal samokavSireo saxelmwifos daaarsebdnen: ruseTis federacia, ukraina, belorusia da amierkavkasiis federacia. saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmnis momentisaTvis, iuridiulad aRar arsebobdnen. amirkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis Seqmnas didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda saqarTveloSi. qarTveli bolSevikebis nawili, romlebic mxars uWerdnen samokavSireo saxelmwifos Seqmnas, federaciis winaaRmdeg gamovida. SedarebiT naklebi winaaRmdegoba iyo azebaijanSi. somxeTSi moskovis gegmas winaaRmdegoba TiTqmis ar Sexvedria. amierkavkasiis federaciuli respublikis SeqmnisaTvis Semdegi ori movlena iyo mniSvnelovani: 1. 1921 wlis 12 marts dadebuli amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis samokavSireo xelSekruleba, 2. 1921 wlis 13 dekembers amierkavkasiis sabWoebis I yrilobis mier miRebuli dadgenileba amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis 12 marts, baqoSi, xelmowerili amierkavkasiis sabWoTa sicialisturi respublikis samokavSireo xelSekruleba, moskovis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, sergo orjonikiZis xelmZRvanelobiT iqna SemuSavebuli. xelSekruleba preambulisa da 13 muxlisagan Sedgeba. preambulaSi aRniSnulia: 1. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika, Aazerbaijanis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika da somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika warmoadgenen damoukidebel suverenul saxelmwifoebs; 2. saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi samokavSireo xelSekrulebas debdnen samxedro, politikuri da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis mizniT. xelSekrulebis pirvel muxlSi aRniSnulia, rom amierkavkasiis respublikebis kavSiris xelisuflebis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo iyo saqarTvelos, azerbaijanisa da somxeTis mier Tanaswori odenobiT arCeul warmomadgenelTa sruluflebiani konferencia. meore muxlis Tanaxmad, amierkavkasiis respublikebis kavSiris umaRles aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas warmoadgenda samokavSireo sabWo, romelsac niSnavda umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo_sruluflebiani konferencia. mesame muxli gansazRvravda samokavSireo kompetencias. meTormete muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom samokavSireo sabWo Tavisi muSaobis Sesaxeb angariSs sruluflebian konferencias abarebda, romelsac ufleba hqonda SeeCerebina samokavSireo sabWos nebismieri dokumenti aseve umaRlesi ekonomikuri sabWos dadgenilebebi. mecamete muxlis Tanaxmad, amierkavkasiis respublikaTa kavSiri ruseTis federaciasTan urTierTobas samokavSireo xelSekrulebis safuZvelze amyarebda. amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialistur respublikebs Soris 1921 wlis 12 marts dadebuli samokavSireo xelSekruleba warmoadgenda amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis wina pirobas. 1921 wlis 10 dekembers baqoSi gaixsna amierkavkasiis sabWoebis I yriloba, romelsac 582 delegati eswreboda. yrilobis muSaobas, moskovidan miRebuli miTiTebebis Tanaxmad, sergo orjonikiZe warmarTavda. yrilobaze daisva sakiTxi amierkavkasiis respublikebis gaerTianebis formis srulyofis Sesaxeb. aseT formad miCneul iqna amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis Seqmna. es gadawyvetileba 1921 wlis 13 dekembers amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis konstituciis miRebiT dakanonda. amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis gerbi aseTi iyo: gerbis zeda nawilze gamosaxuli iyo mTagrexilis fonze amomavali mze da erTmaneTze gadajvaredinebuli oqrosferi namgali da uro, romlis qveS moTavsebuli iyo xuTqimiani wiTeli varskvlavi. gerbis qveda nawilze, mTagrexilis Ziras, gamosaxuli iyo: marjvniv_navTobis WaburRilis koSki, marjvniv mbolavi fabrika, centrSi_vazi, bamba, brinji, simindis taro da puris TavTavi. gerbs gars ertya wiTeli lenti, romelzec marcxnidan marjvniv somxur, rusul, qarTul da Turqul enebze oqrosferi asoebiT ewera asfsr. lentis qveda nawilze, oqrosfer fonze, iyo warwera: proletarebo, yvela qveynisa, SeerTdiT!

182

amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli respublikis droSas warmoadgenda wiTeli (alisferi) qsovili, romlis marcxena zeda kuTxeSi naxevarwris formiT ikiTxeboda rusuli asoebi: , xolo mis qvemoT, marcxena kuTxeSi moTavsebuli iyo oqrosferi xuTqimiani varskvlavi. amierkavkasiis federaciis himni konstituciiT gansazRvruli ar yofila. konstituciis 47-e muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom amierkavkasiis federaciis yvela centraluri dawesebulebis rezidencia iqneboda TbilisSi, xolo sityva dedaqalaqi konstituciaSi naxsenebi ar yofila. amierkavkasiis socialisturma federaciulma sabWoTa respublikam amierkavkasiis samive qveyana ssr kavSirSi calk-calke Sevida. 1936 wlamde iarseba. SemdegSi

amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis droSa

amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikis gerbi

saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnebi

saxeli gvari filipe maxaraZe besarion lominaZe lavrenti qarTveliSvili levan RoRoberiZe samson mamulia lavrenti beria petre aRniaSvili 183

Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada 26.02.1921-1922 02.1922-03.1923 03.1923-10.1926 10.1926-11.1930 11.1930-30.10.1931 14.11.1931-18.10.1932 18.10.1932-15.01.1934

lavrenti beria kandid Carkviani akaki mgelaZe aleqsandre mircxulava vasil mJavanaZe eduard SevardnaZe jumber patiaSvili givi gumbariZe avTandil margiani jemal miqelaZe

15.01.1934-31.08.1938 31.08.1938-02.04.1952 02.04.1952-14.04.1953 14.04.1953-09.1953 04.09.1953-28.09.1972 28.09.1972-06.06.1985 06.06.1985-14.04.1989 14.04.1989-07.12.1990 07.12.1990-19.02.1991 19.02.1991-1991

sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris Seqmna (1922 wlis 30 dekemberi)

amierkavkasiis federaciuli sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SeqmniT (1922 wlis 13 dekemberi) gadailaxa is bolo dabrkoleba, romelic xels uSlida sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris (ssrk) Seqmnas. ruseTis socialistur federaciul sabWoTa respublikaSi, ukrainis sabWoTa socialistur respublikasa da belorusiis sabWoTa socialistur respublikaSi samokavSireo saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad ukve yvelaferi mzad iyo. amierkavkasiis sabWoebis I-ma yrilobam ara marto amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublika Seqmna, aramed 1922 wlis 13 dekembers, miiRo rezolucia sabWoebis I sruliad sakavSiro yrilobis mowvevis Sesaxeb. am yrilobaze, moskovis gegmis Tanaxmad, unda Seqmniliyo axali samokavSireo saxelmwifo, sabWoTa imperia_sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri. moskovSi Cqarobdnen. Cqarobda axali, sabWoTa imperiis upirvelesi ideologi da dasaxuli ideis realizebisaTvis mebrZoli ioseb stalini. 1922 wlis 26 dekembers ioseb stalini moxsenebiT gamovida sabWoebis sruliad ruseTis X yrilobaze. moxseneba_sabWoTa respublikebis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb_arc ise vrceli iyo. stalinma yrilobas mis mier dawerili rezoluciis proeqti warudgina, romelic Semdegi 7 muxlisagan Sedgeboda: 1. cnobil iqnas droulad ruseTis socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis, amierkavkasiis socialisturi federaciuli sabWoTa respublikisa da belorusiis socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis gaerTianeba sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirad. 2. gaerTianebas safuZvlad daedos respublikebis nebayoflobisa da Tanasworuflebianobis principi, Tanac TviToeul maTgans SerCes respublikis kavSiridan Tavisufali gasvlis ufleba. 3. daevalos rsfs respublikis delegacias SeimuSaos ukrainis, amierkavkasiis respublikebisa da belorusiis delegaciebTan erTad proeqti deklaraciisa respublikebis kavSiris daarsebis Sesaxeb im garemoebaTa aRniSvniT, romlebiTac nakarnaxevia respublikebis gaerTianeba erT sakavSiro saxelmwifod. 4. daevalos delegacis SeimuSaos respublikebis kavSirSi rsfs respublikebis Sesvlis pirobebi, amasTan daekisros mas sakavSiro xelSekrulebis ganxilvis dros daicvas Semdegi debulebebi: a)saTanado sakavSiro sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli organoebis Seqmna; b)samxedro-sazRvao, gzaTa, sagareo saqmeTa, sagareo vaWrobisa da fosta-telegrafis komisariatebis SeerTeba. g) xelSekrulebis damdebi respublikebis finansTa, sursaTis, saxalxo meurneobis, Sromisa, muSaTa da glexTa inspeqciis komisariatebis daqvemdebareba respublikebis kavSiris saTanado komisariatebis direqtivebisadmi; d)xelSekrulebis damdebi respublikebis xalxTa nacionaluri ganviTarebis interesebis sruli uzrunvelyofa; 5. xelSekrulebis proeqti, vidre igi respublikebis kavSiris pirvel yrilobaze iqneboda Setanili, waredginos mosawoneblad sruliad ruseTis centralur aRmasrulebel komitets misi prezidiumis saxiT. 6. 184

uflebamosil iqnas delegacia sruliad ruseTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier gaerTianebis pirobebis mowonebis safuZvelze, dados rsfs respublikis xelSekruleba ukrainis, amierkavkasiisa da belorusiis socialistur sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris daarsebis Sesaxeb. 7. xelSekruleba waredginos dasamtkiceblad respublikebis kavSiris I yrilobas. sabWoebis sruliad ruseTis X yrilobam miiRo ioseb stalinis rezoluciis proeqti sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

sabWoTa avtonomiebi da dakarguli qarTuli teritoriebi sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis da ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos teritoriaze sami avtonomiuri erTeuli Camoyalibda: afxazeTis assr, aWaris assr da egreT wodebuli samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. afxazeTi yovelTvis saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. qarTvelTa da afxazTa urTierTobaSi uaryofiT rols asrulebda, rogorc mefis, aseve denikinis da sabWoTa ruseTi. gareSe Zalebi afxazTa eTnoss afxazeTis saqarTvelodan Camocilebis sababad iyenebdnen. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi sabWoTa ruseTma, viTomda afzaxi glexebis dacvis mizniT, afxazeTSi 2000 kaciani saokupacio jari Seiyvana. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis da general giorgi mazniaSvilis mcdelobiT, isini maleve gamoaZeves Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelodan. imave wels igive sababiT, afxazeTSi osmalebma 800 kaciani desanti gadasxes, Tumca general mazniaSvilis da polkovnik Tuxarelis aqtiuri ZalisxmeviT okupantebi damarcxdnen da afxazeTi datoves. 1919 wlis Teberval-martSi e. w. TeTri ruseTis moxaliseTa armia general denikinis sardlobiT afxazeTSi SeiWra da gagris olqi daikava. mogvianebiT denikinis armia TviT sabWoTa jaris mier iqna damarcxebuli. sabWoTa ruseTs da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris 1920 wlis 7 maiss dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, gagra kvlav saqarTvelos farglebSi Sevida. miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebis ZaliT ruseTma aRiara saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, sazRvrebiT mdinare fsousa da somxeTs Soris: Tbilisis, quTaisisa da baTumis yvela mazra da okrugi, aseve zaqaTalisa da soxumis okrugebi, ruseTis xelisufleba mainc yvelafers akeTebda qveynis dasanawevreblad. sabWoTa ruseTis elCis s. kirovis miTiTebiT, soxumSi sagangebo komisia moqmedebda (v. ivanovi, v. sverdlovi, b. volxovski). komisias ruseTis saelCosaTvis cnobebis miwodeba evaleboda, isini mWidro kavSirSi iyvnen gagris frontze ganlagebul sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro nawilebTan. jaSuSuri saqmianobisaTvis sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam maT 20 milioni maneTi gamouyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom aRkveTa rusebis mier afxazeTSi organizebuli bolSevikTa SeiaraRebuli gamosvla, isini kvlav axali ZalebiT gamodiodnen. s. orjonikiZe da s. kirovi ruseTis kompartiis ceka-s jer kidev 1920 wlis 2 ianvars, arwmunebdnen saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis aucileblobaSi. maTi azriT, saWiro ar iyo saqarTveloze uSualo Tavdasxma, aramed unda daewyoT damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego moZraoba afxazeTSi, aWaraSi, borCalos mazraSi. imave wlis 25 ianvars, TbilisSi sabWoTa ruseTis saelCos samxedro ataSe p. sitini moskovs acnobebda, rom afxazeTSi warmatebiT midioda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg muSaoba, sadac Seqmnili iyo aqtiuri bolSevikuri koleqtivi, soxumis garnizonSi ki revoluciuri komiteti moqmedebda. aRniSnuli faqti naTlad mowmobs, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gamosvlebi gareSe Zalebis mier iyo inspirirebuli. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals, sabWoTa ruseTis wiTelma armiam daipyro saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da yovelgvari saerTaSoriso normebis darRveviT, saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze politikuri avtonomiuri erTeulebi Seqmna, romelsac dRemde marjved iyenebs, raTa saqarTvelo ruseTis gavlenis sferoSi iZulebiT daabrunos. obieqturad Tu vimsjelebT, rom ara mesame Zala ruseTis saxiT, qarTvelebi da afxazebi erTmaneTSi saerTo enas iolad ipovidnen. 1918 wlis 26 maiss, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtze afxazma moRvaweebma varlam ServaSiZem da arzayan (dimitri) emuxvarmac moaweres xeli. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciam, romelic 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miiRes, afxazeTs adgilobriv saqmeebSi avtonomiuri mmarTveloba mianiWa, Tumca rusuli agresiis gamo, konstitucia ver amoqmedda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam, 1920 wlis aprilSi saerTaSoriso 185

arenaze seriozuli nabiji gadadga qarTvel da afxaz muhajirTa samSobloSi dasabruneblad, rasac xeli saqarTvelos gasabWoebam SeuSala. sabWoTa ruseTi erTnairad ebrZoda erovnul poziciaze myof, rogorc qarTvel, aseve afxaz patriotebs. arzayan (dimitri) emuxvari (1880 -1939 ww.), romelic afxazeTis momavals erTiani saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi xedavda sastikad idevneboda afxazi separatistebis da sabWoTa mTavrobis mier. igi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobasTan erTad emigraciaSi gaemgzavra da jer stambolSi, Semdeg praRaSi cxovrobda. saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi aqtiuri Cabmis mizniT, igi parizSi gadavida, sadac 1939 wlis 24 marts gardaicvala. a. emuxvari afxazeTis avtonomiuri erovnuli mTavrobis pirveli Tavmjdomare da saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis wevri iyo. man sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro okupaciis Semdeg, saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis wevrebTan erTad erTgulad gaiziara emigraciis mware xvedri da samSoblos mowyvetili afxazeTis sworupovari Svili parizTan axlos levilis qarTul sasaflaoze saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis noe Jordanias gverdiT ganisvenebs. mis saflavs aseTi qarTuli warwera amSvenebs: ise rogorc ganuyofelia saqarTvelo da afxazeTi erTmaneTisagan, aseve ganuyofelia erTmaneTisagan Tavisufali saqarTvelos da afxazeTis pirvel erovnul mTavrobaTa Tavmjdomareebis bedi! sabWoTa ruseTs afxazeTSi yovelTvis eguleboda garkveuli Zalebi, romlebsac damoukidebeli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moxerxebulad iyenebda. 1921 wlis 4 marts, gagris mxridan Semosulma ruseTis IX armiis nawilebma soxumi daikaves. 1921 wlis 6 marts afxazeTis droebiTma revkomma arseboba Sewyvita da Zalaufleba kavkasiis biuros mier Seqmnil saokupacio organos _revkoms gadasca, romelSic Sediodnen: e. eSba (Tavmjdomare), n. lakoba, n. aqirTava. 1921 wlis martSi dasrulda saqarTvelos, aseve afxazeTis sruli okupacia. qarTul-afxazur urTierTobebSi axali etapa daiwyo. 1921 wlis 28 marts, q. baTumSi rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kp (b) centraluri komitetis da afxazeTis revkomis warmomadgenelTa TaTbiri gaimarTa. TaTbiris muSaobaSi monawileobdnen: ruseTis komunisturi partiis (rkp) kavkasiis biuros saxeliT, s. orjonikiZe, samxedro-sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisari S. eliava, s. qavTaraZe, baTumis olqis revoluciuri komitetis Tavmjdomare da saqarTvelos kompartiis ceka-s wevri m. toroSeliZe, afxazeTis revkomis Tavmjdomare e. eSba, afxazeTis revkomis wevri n. lakoba. TaTbirma daadgina: afxazeTis sabWoebis yrilobamde sabWoTa afxazeTis rsfsr-sTan Tu saqarTvelos ssr-sTan federaciis sakiTxi rCeba RiadD da afxazeTi socialistur respublikad cxaddeba. amrigad, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis nebis gauTvaliswineblad afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmna gamocxadda. sabWoTa imperiis pirvel pirs v. lenins afxaz bolSevikebTan regionis statusis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT uSualo Sexeba ar hqonia. afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli yvela problema Tbilisis kavbiuros sxdomebze an s. orjonikiZesa da ruseTis erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisars_i. stalins Soris sityvieri SeTanxmebiT wydeboda. jer kidev saqarTvelos okupaciamde erTi dRiT adre 1921 wlis 10 Tebervals, ioseb stalini, imisaTvis rom gaemarTlebina saqarTveloSi SemoWra, werda, rom saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi iCagrebodnen afxazebi, osebi, somxebi. TiTqos saqarTvelo mezoblebis, kerZod, somxeTisa da osmaleTis xarjze afarToebda sakuTar teritoriebs da saWiro iyo am xalxis dacva. stalinis ideebs saqarTveloSi realurad atarebda qarTveli bolSeviki sergo orjonikiZe. afxazi separatistebi da maTi wamqezebeli garkveuli Zalebi afxazeTis damoukidebeli sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SeqmniT ar kmayofildebodnen da cdilobdnen afxazeTi saqarTvelosagan saerTod moewyvitaT, rac saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas didi safrTxis qveS ayenebda. ruseTis yofilma samxedro ataSem saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi p. sitinma, romelmac Tavisi jaSuSuri saqmianoba sabWoTa saqarTveloSic gaagrZela, 1921 wlis 22 aprils, moskovs saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolis gegma warudgina, romelic iTvaliswinebda ruseTis jarebis ganlagebas upiratesad osmaleTis sazRvarTan, samegrelos avtonomizacias, rusuli mosaxleobis mxardaWeras da gaaqtiurebas, amierkavkasiis rkinigzis ruseTisaTvis gadacemas, aseve ruseTis federaciis sazRvris mdinare bzifamde gadatanas, afxazeTSi plebiscitis* Catarebas da ruseTTan mis mierTebas. 1921 wlis 21 maiss, afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika TviT sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobam icno, ise rom saqarTvelos revkoms afxazeTis statusis sakiTxi saerTod ar ganuxilavs. sabWoTa afxazeTis xelmZRvanelebi e. eSba da n. lakoba xSirad usvamdnen xazs, rom afxazeTis damoukidebloba droebiT gamocxadda, radgan afxazeTi realurad damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli ar yofila. regionis mmarTveli partiuli da saxelmwifo struqturebis, maTi piradi Semadgenlobis damtkiceba qarTveli bolSevikebis xelmZRvanelobiT, uSualod TbilisSi moqmedi kavbiuros gadawyvetilebiT xdeboda. 186

ruseTis rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiurom 1921 wlis 5 ivliss miiRo dadgenileba, romliTac partiul organizaciebs mouwoda, gaewiaT muSaoba im mimarTulebiT, rom afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis formiT saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi Sesuliyo. 1921 wlis 16 noembers ruseTis kp centraluri komitetis kavbiuros prezidiumma miiRo dadgenileba, romliTac mizanSeuwonlad CaiTvala afxazeTis damoukidebloba da gadawyda afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Sesvla saqarTvelos federaciis SemadgenlobaSi. 1921 wlis 16 dekembers saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikasa da afxazeTis sabWoTa socialistur respublikas Soris daido samxedro, politikuri da finansur-ekonomikuri xelSekruleba, riTac afxazeTs saxelSekrulebo respublikis saxelwodeba daumkvidrda da Sevida saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi. es faqti respublikaTa sabWoebis yrilobebma daadastures. saqarTvelos ssr pirvel konstituciaSi, romelic saqarTvelos sabWoebis pirvelma yrilobam miiRo 1922 wlis 2 marts aRniSnuli iyo, rom saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikaSi Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis safuZvelze Sevidnen: aWaris avtonomiuri socialisturi sabWoTa respublika, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da afxazeTis socialisturi sabWoTa respublika, romelic saqarTvelos socialistur sabWoTa respublikas _am respublikaTa Soris dadebul, gansakuTrebul sakavSiro xelSekrulebis safuZvelze ukavSirdeboda. afxazeTi savsebiT damokidebuli iyo saqarTveloze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sabWoTa ruseTis mier iyo okupirebuli. afxazeTis biujeti saqarTvelos biujetis nawils warmoadgenda. 1921 wlis 28 noembers daweril proeqtSi, amierkavkasiis respublikebis_azerbaijanis, saqarTvelos da somxeTis federaciis Sesaxeb v. lenini, afxazeTs damoukidebel sabWoTa socialistur respublikad ar ixseniebda. afxazeTi avtonomiur respublikad iyo moxseniebuli ssr kavSiris 1924 wlis konstituciaSic, sadac garkveviT iyo aRniSnuli: avtonomiuri respublikebi aWara da afxazeTi da avtonomiuri olqebi samxreT oseTi, mTiani yarabaxi da naxiWevani erovnebaTa sabWoSi TiTo warmomadgenels agzavnian. afxazeTs realurad iseTive statusi hqonda, rogorc avtonomiur olqebs. 1930 wlis 17 aprils afxazeTis cak-is III sesiam afxazeTsaqarTvelos Soris saxelSekrulebo urTierTobis gadasinjvis sakiTxi ganixila. 1921 wlis 16 dekembris xelSekruleba winaaRmdegobaSi modioda saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis konstituciebTan. sesiam konstituciidan amoiRo saxelwodeba saxelSekrulebo respublika da igi avtonomiuri respublika-iT Secvala. 1931 wlis 11 Tebervals es cvlileba afxazeTis sabWoebis VI yrilobam daamtkica. 1931 wlis 14 Tebervals saqarTvelos sabWoebis VI yrilobam moismina saqarTvelos cak-is mdivnis s. Todrias moxseneba saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb. man daadastura afxazeTis sabWoebis VI yrilobis gadawyvetileba, romlis ZaliT afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT Sedioda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 1921 wlis 16 dekembris xelSekruleba Zaladakargulad gamocxadda. 1931 wlis konstitucia srul SesabamisobaSi iqna moyvanili ssr kavSiris 1924 wlis konstituciasTan, sadac afxazeTi avtonomiuri respublikis statusiT iyo dafiqsirebuli. afxazeTis saqarTvelosagan gamoyofis idea oficialurad pirvelad XX saukunis 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi dafiqsirda, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles xelmZRvanelobaSi afxazeTisa da soWis olqis kurortebis gaerTianebis da mis bazaze moskovisadmi uSualo daqvemdebarebiT erTiani SavizRvispira sakurorto olqis Seqmnis proeqti muSavdeboda. sakurorto respublikis Seqmnis imperiuli idea pirvelad sakavSiro kp (b) ck-s mdivanma mixeil andros Ze suslovma (1902-1982ww.) 1945 wels gaaJRera. sakurorto olqis Seqmnis idea seriozuli riskis qveS ayenebda saqarTvelosagan ZirZveli kuTxis CamoSorebas. aRniSnuli proeqti ar ganxorcielebula. 1938-1953 wlebSi berias politikuri klanis mier afxazeTSi gatarebuli politika, kerZod, XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, dasavleT saqarTvelos miwisZvriT dazaralebuli raionebidan usaxlkarod darCenili mosaxleobis organizebuli Casaxleba afxazeTSi, iyo ara afxazeTis gaqarTvelebis mizanmimarTuli aqcia, aramed saxelmwifo doneze gatarebuli RonisZieba, romelmac uzrunvelyo regionis mkvidri mosaxleobis_qarTvelebis da afxazebis erovnul-kulturuli ganviTareba. sabWoTa kavSiris umaRles saxelisuflebo eSelonebSi etapobrivad mzaddeboda sxvadasxva kuTxis saqarTvelosagan Camocilebis gegma. mixeil suslovi 1961 wels erT-erT saidumlo moxsenebaSi werda: komunisturi partia ruseTis weboa da sanam es webo Tavis Zalas, Tavis Tvisebas ar dakargavs, manamade unda avamuSaoT ruseTis gadarCenis gegma, romelic sxvadasxva respublikebSi sxvadasxva iqneba. Soreul aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb generlebs unda mivceT cxovrebis normaluri saSualeba. maT Camosasaxleblad gvWirdeba Savi zRvis sasazRvro teritoria, sadac, rogorc mogexsenebaT, qarTvelebi cxovroben. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qarTvelebi Cvengan Zlier gansxvavdebian, adre Tu gvian, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs daayeneben da Tavisuflebas moiTxoven. maTTan brZola unda daviwyoT afxazeTidan. afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos, svaneTs, aWarasa da sxva 187

kuTxeebs unda mivceT damoukidebloba. maTSi cal-calke unda gavaRvivoT kuTxur-erovnuli grZnoba. dasavleT saqarTvelo unda davupirispiroT aRmosavleTs, amis Semdeg maT Soris momrigeblis funqcia unda SevasruloT. paralelurad qarTvelebi mecnierulad unda davarwmunoT, rom isini sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosaxlebulni, sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi arian, rac maTi saqarTvelos teritoriidan sabolood gaZevebis saSualebas mogvcems (Jurnali mebrZoli saqarTvelo, 26 maisi, 2003 w.) mixeil suslovi, rogorc komunisturi partiis ideologi, ruxi kardinalis saxeliT iyo cnobili, mas sabWoTa kavSiris pobedonoscevs SemTxveviT ar uwodebdnen. konstantine petres Ze pobedonoscevi (1827-1907 ww.) ruseTis saxelmwifo moRvawe, mecnieri, mwerali, mTargmneli da eklesiis istorikosi iyo. 1880-1905 wlebSi mas ruseTis uwmindesi sinodis ober-prokuroris Tanamdeboba ekava. aRniSnul Tanamdebobaze yofnisas man Tavi gamoiCina, rogorc qarTvelTmoZulem, rac naTlad Cans saqarTvelos egzarxosisadmi miweril saidumlo oficialur werilSi, sadac is aRniSnavs: saWiroa qarTveli eris gancalkeveba da saqarTvelos erTianobis darRveva, amitom saqarTvelos provinciebSi: samegrelosa, svaneTsa da afxazeTSi qarTuli enis saxsenebeli unda gawydes... qarTvelTa sazogadoebaSi Zlieria qarTuli enis gavrcelebis survili, Semdegi garemoeba aSkarad gvimtkicebs qarTvelT (iverielT) toms ekuTvnian qarTlelebi, imerlebi, megrelebi da svanebi. qarTvelebisa da imerlebis ena Zlier miagavs erTmaneTs, xolo or ukanasknel enas araviTari msgavseba ara aqvT amaTTan. ase rom svans da megrels arc erTmaneTisa eyurebaT ra, ar eyurebaT arc imerulisa da arc qarTulisa. megruli da svanuri ena qarTul enas ufro daSorebulia, vidre polonuri da Cexuri rusuls... qarTuli enis gavrcelebis survili iseTi Zlieria, rom afxazebSic ki, romelTac qarTvelebTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT ra, aramc Tu wirva-locva qarTulia, samrevlo da marTlmadideblobis aRmdgeneli sazogadoebis skolaSiac ki afxazebis Svilebs qarTul enas aswavlian. mxolod am ukanasknel droSi soxumis axlad ganwesebul episkoposisagan (rusia) miviReT cnoba, locvebs afxazurad gadavaTargmnineb da skolebSi rusuli enis swavlebas yuradRebas mivaqcevo... (gazeTi saqarTvelo, #2, gv: 13, 15 maisi, 1903). aRsaniSnavia, rom k. pobedonoscevs ruseTis oficialur wreebze didi gavlena hqonda, amitom misi azri ama Tu im sakiTxze oficialuri ruseTis mosazrebad iTvleboda, radgan mTavrobisa da gavleniani rusi Cinovnikebis azri erTmaneTs xSirad emTxveoda.

konstantine petres Ze pobedonoscevi (1827-1907 ww)

mixeil andrias Ze suslovi (1902-1982 ww)

*plebisciti_laT. plebiscitum, plebs-mdabio xalxi da scitum-gadawyvetileba, saxalxo kenWisyris erT-erTi saxe. iyeneben saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ama Tu im teritoriis saxelmwifosadmi kuTvnilebis gadasawyvetad mosaxleobis neba-survilis safuZvelze.

danarTi
nawyveti grigol lorTqifaniZis wignidan: fiqrebi saqarTveloze (dawerilia suzdalis cixeSi) ...afxazeTis respublika ruseTs sWiria rogorc saqarTveloSi Semosavali WiSkari da sakolonizacio politikisaTvis dasayrdeni placdarmi. aseTsave politikursa da strategiuls rols akisrebs moskovis imperializmi egreT wodebul samxreT oseTs. namdvili oseTi kavkasionis qeds gadaRmaa kasris xeobis iqeT, magram iq ruseTma sruliadac ar dianaxa saWiroT Seeqmna wminda osuri saxelmwifoebrivi organizmi, Crdilo oseTisa an sxva ram amgvari saxelwodebiT; iq osebi, inguSebi da sxvebi erT avtonomiur mTis respublikaSi dastova, xolo saqarTveloSi, sadac

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osoba warmoadgens xiznebsa da kolonistebs, maTTvis oTxi mazridan (goris, duSeTis, Sorapnisa da raWis) xelovnuraT gamosWra osuri avtonomia mraval wminda qarTuli soflebis Sig CarTviT. es zomac mimarTuli iyo, rasakvirvelia, iqiTken, rom osur-qarTuli Suri gaeRvivebia da saqarTveloSi CrdiloeTidan Semosavali WiSkari moskovis xelSi yofiliyo savsebiT da am miznisaTvis ase warmoidgineT, imdenaT awames da aWaxrakes avtonomiuri oseTis sazRvari, rom mis farglebSi mamisonis gadasavalic ki moaqcies raWis mxridan.

arzayan (dimitri) emuxvari (1880-1939 ww.)

aWara saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili da qarTuli eTnosis uZvelesi keraa, romelic istoriulad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebasa da ganmtkicebaSi. aWaraSi osmaleTisa da ruseTis monacvleobiTma batonobam, maTma antiqarTulma saqmianobam, avtonomiis Seqmnis ideas moumzada safuZveli. avtonomiis Seqmnis idea aWaraSi pirveli msoflio omis dros momwifda, rasac erovnuli da religiuri faqtorebi edo safuZvlad. osmaleTma 1918 wels scada aWaris xelmeored mitaceba. aWaris avtonomiis sakiTxi realurad saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis arsebobis dros dadga. avtonomiis ideas TavgamodebiT icavdnen ruseTidan gamoqceuli da aWaraSi TavSefarebuli rusi Cinovnikebi, romlebic rusuli erovnuli sabWos, e. w. mmarTvelTa sabWos meTauris_p. maslovis garSemo iyvnen Semokrebilni. igi baTumSi myofi inglisis saokupacio xelisuflebis mier iyo xeldasmuli. aWaris avtonomiis momxreTa mizani saqarTvelos daSla-danawevreba iyo. 1919 wlis dekemberSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis parlamentma (damfuZnebeli kreba) miiRo rezolucia, romliTac samahmadiano saqarTvelos, kerZod aWaras avtonomias hpirdeboda, cxadia mas Semdeg, rac is saqarTvelos daubrundeboda. aRniSnuli faqti saqarTvelos erovnulma mTavrobam, 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciiT daadastura, Tumca ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, realurad ver ganxorcielda. istoriul mesxeTSi erTmaneTs gadaejaWva qarTuli, somxuri, inglisuri, osmaluri da rusuli interesebi. 1920 wlis 4 ivliss, inglisis jarma baTumi datova, romelic 1918 wlis dekembridan imyofeboda baTumis olqSi osmaleTTan dadebuli mudrosis droebiTi zavis (1918 wlis 30 oqtomberi) Tanaxmad. inglisma baTumi mis kanonier mepatrones_ saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas gadasca. 1920 wlis dasasruls saqarTvelo iyo patroni mTeli mesxeTis, romelic Zvelad ruseTis imperiis farglebSi Sedioda. 1921 wlis damdegs qristianuli da mahmadianuri saqarTvelo ukve gaerTianebuli iyo. osmaleTis farglebSi kvlav rCeboda lazistani. 1920 wlis 7 maisis saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekrulebiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis teritoriad iTvleboda aqamde sadavo teritoriebi: saingilo (zaqaTala), borCalo, baTumis olqi, xolo RiadD da gaurkvevlad rCeboda mxolod yarsis olqis ori qarTuli nawilis: ardaganisa da olTisis sakiTxi. aRniSnuli qarTuli teritoriebi mefis ruseTis mTavrobam 1876-1877 wlebis omiT SemoerTebis Semdeg, xelovnurad miakera yarsis olqs, ris gamoc masze somxeTi acxadebda pretenzias. saqarTvelos erovnul mTavrobas uSualod somxeTTan unda gaerkvia aRniSnuli sakiTxi.

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1920 wlis 2 ivnisis notiT ruseTis mTavrobam faqtiurad icno qemalis mTavroba da aRiara osmaluri erovnuli paqti, romelic 1920 wlis 28 ianvars miiRo osmaleTis parlamentma. aRniSnuli paqtis principis mixedviT, osmalur miwa-wylad iTvleboda adgili, romelic muslimanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. am principiT osmalebi pretenzias acxadebdnen baTum-yars-ardaganze, sadac mosaxleoba eTnikurad qarTuli iyo, Tumca sarwmunoebiT mahmadiani. osmaluri paqtis aRiarebiT ruseTi orWoful pozicias ikavebda, radgan igi aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeboda 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebas, romliTac mxolod ardagan-olTisi ar Sedioda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT ruseTma aRiara, rom baTumis olqi saqarTvelos teritoriad cxaddeboda. ruseTis xelisuflebis ormagi politika, swored, saqarTvelos teritoriebis danawevrebas isaxavda miznad. ruseTma, erT mxriv, saqarTvelosTan xelSekrulebas moawra xeli, riTac qveynis teritoriul mTlianobas aRiarebda, xolo meore mxriv, saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis zurgs ukan molaparakebas marTavda osmaleTis warmomadgenlebTan.

yarsis xelSekruleba (1921 wlis 13 oqtomberi) saqarTvelo-osmaleTis axali saxelmwifo sazRvari 1921 wlis 16 marts q. moskovSi dadebuli xelSekrulebiT dadginda. am dros saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba jer kidev baTumSi iyo da emigraciaSi wasasvlelad emzadeboda. xelSekrulebiT ganisazRvra Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvari osmaleTTan. sabWoTa ruseTma uari Tqva arTvin-artaanis da yarsis olqebze, istoriulad qarTul da somxur miwebze, romlebic 1878 wlis berlinas kongresis gadawyvetilebiT osmaleTs CamoerTva da ruseTs gadaeca. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis damdegs ruseTi iZulebuli gaxda yarsi da ardagani daubrunos osmaleTs, baTums ki ar Tmobda. ruseTi jer kidev ingliselebis gziT cdilobda baTumis xelSi Cagdebas, magram 1920 wlis ivlisSi inglismaBbaTumi mis kanonier mepatrones saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikis mTavrobas Caabara. baTumis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT, ruseTi farul garigebaSi Sevida osmaleTTan, mas finansur da samxedro daxmarebas uwevda. 1920 wlis seqtemberSi rsfsr mTavrobam osmalebis warmomadgenels erzerumSi 200,6 kg oqros zodebi gadasca. 1921 wlis 14 Tebervals, rodesac sabWoTa ruseTs ukve dawyebuli hqonda omi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dasapyrobad, ruseTma osmaleTSi zRviT 3733 SaSxana da 5 milionze meti vazna gagzavna. 1921 wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT sabWoTa mTavrobam oficialurad cno osmaleTis damoukidebloba, uari Tqva am qveynis mimarT mefis ruseTis yvela gansakuTrebul privilegiaze da dautova mas vrceli teritoria, romelic ruseTis imperiaSi Sedioda. mxareebi aseve SeTanxmdnen, rom sabWoTa ruseTi osmaleTs saCuqrad 10 milion maneTs (oqroTi) gadascemda, amasTanave daexmareboda saomari saWurveliT. 1921 wlis 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia sabWoTa ruseTma 1921 wlis 20 ivliss moaxdina, xolo osmaleTma_1921 wlis 31 ivliss. saratifikacio sigelebis gacvla q. yarsSi 1921 wlis 22 seqtembers Sedga. ruseTosmaleTis moskovis xelSekrulebiT baTumis olqi ruseTs rCeboda. baTumis olqis mcxovrebTaTvis ruseTs unda mieca administraciuli da ara politikuri avtonomia. osmaleTs baTumis portSi Tavisufali tranzitis ufleba unda hqonoda. qarTul jars general giorgi mazniaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT brZola mouxda baTumis osmalebisagan gasaTavisufleblad. baTumi saqarTvelom SeinarCuna. amaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula molaparakebam, romelic 1921 wlis 17-18 marts q. quTaisSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos ssr revkomis warmomadgenlebs Soris gaimarTa. Seiqmna dokumenti, romelsac xels saqarTvelos revkomis rwmunebuli mamia oraxelaSvili da saqarTvelos demoktariuli respublikis mTavrobis rwmunebuli grigol lorTqifaniZe awerdnen. molaparakeba mimdinareobda sabWoTa ruseTis warmomadgenlis Aabel enuqiZis TavmjdomareobiT. masSi, aseve, sabWoTa ruseTis meore warmomadgeneli aleqsandre svanaZe monawileobda. mxareebi miiRes Semdegi gadawyvetileba: 1. dauyovnebliv SeCerebuliyo saomari moqmedebebi. 2. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba tovebda saqarTvelos teritoriis im nawils, romelic mas eWira da saSualebas aZlevda revoluciuri komitetis gankargulebaSi myof jarebs, Sesuliyo baTumis olqSi mis dasakaveblad da dasacavad gareSe mtris Semosevisagan. 3. revkomis gankargulebaSi myofi jarebi unda Sesuliyvnen baTumis olqSi, rogorc demokratiuli mTavrobisa da misi mxedrobisadmi megobrulad ganwyobili Zala. 4. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis administracia rCeboda rkinigzis liandagze sajavaxodan vidre baTumamde. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba, romelic ukve baTumSi imyofeboda da sazRvargareT gasaxiznad emzadeboda, specialurad cariel vagonebs gaagzavnida, raTa rkinigzebiT baTumSi wiTeli armiis nawilebis Seyvana daCqarebuliyo. BbaTumi Turqi askerebisagan unda gaTavisuflebuliyo. quTaisis molaparakebis saqmis kursSi, cxadia v. i. leninic iyo. 1921 wlis 11 aprils, profkavSirTa sruliad ruseTis centraluri 190

sabWos komunisturi fraqciis sxdomaze sityviT gamosvlisas man aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavroba xelSeuxeblobis garantiis sanacvlod, saqarTvelos erT meeqvsed nawils uTmoben bolSevikebs, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevs wiTel armias winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad daikavon teritoria sajavaxodan baTumamde. 1921 wlis 16 martis xeSekrulebis XVI muxliT, moskovis xelSekrulebis ratifikacia unda momxdariyo yarsSi. lenin-stalinis sabWoTa xelisuflebam ikisra valdebuleba daerwmunebina gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis xelisufalni ruseT-osmaleTis xelSekrulebas mierTebodnen. 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers, yarsSi daido xelSekruleba, romelic faqtiurad ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris moskovSi miRweuli strategiuli garigebis gamovlinebas da am SeTanxmebis gagrZelebas, mis uSualo ratifikacias warmoadgenda. yarsis xelSekruleba iyo uSualo Sedegi 1921 wlis TebervalSi sabWoTa jarebis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiisa. yarsis xelSekrulebaze xelismomwerTagan arc erTi ar iyo Tavisi qveynis kanonieri xelisufleba, amitom maT dokumentze xelis moweris araviTari ufleba ar hqondaT. saqarTvelos, somxeTis da Aazerbaijanis mTavrobebs warmoadgenda ruseTis saokupacio administracia, xolo osmaleTis mxridan, yarsis xelSekrulebas xeli moawera osmaleTis sasulTnos SigniT politikuri moZraobis warmomadgenelma erT-erTma organizaciam. saqarTvelos mxridan yarsis xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres samxedro da sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma Salva eliavam, sagareo saqmeTa da finansTa saxalxo komisarma aleqsandre svaniZem, xolo sabWoTa ruseTis mxridan_iakob ganeckim, romelic maSin sabWoTa ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevri iyo. osmaleTis maridan xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres kiazim yara beqir-faSam (osmaleTis did erovnul yrilobaze andrianopolis deputati da AaRmosavleTis frontis sardali), veli beim (osmaleTis didi erovnuli yrilobis borduris deputati), muxTar beim (sazogado samuSaoTa ministris yofili moadgile), memxud SevqeT beim (osmaleTis sruluflebiani warmomadgeneli azerbaijanSi). somxeTis socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis mTavrobis mxridan- askanaz mravianma (sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisari) da poRos makincianma (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari). azerbaijanis socialisturi sabWoTa respublikis muSaTa inspeqciis saxalxo komisarma behbuT Saxtaxtinskim. yarsis xelSekrulebis saratifikacio sigelebis gacvla 1922 wlis 11 seqtembers, erevanSi Sedga. moskov-yarsis xelSekrulebiT kavkasiam dakarga yars-ardagan-arTvini, rac 24.000 kvadratul kilometrs Seadgenda, uSualod saqarTvelom dakarga ardagan-olTisi da baTumis olqis samxreTi nawili (maWaxela, borCxa da makriali), teritoriuli sivrciT-13 046 kvadratuli kilometri, qarTuli sisxliTa da ofliT gapoxierebuli miwa-wyali da qarTuli saxelmwifos istoriuli akvani. yarsis xelSekrulebam saTave daudo saqarTvelos daqucmacebas, ris Semdegac qveynis teritoria 91, 1 aTasi kvadratuli kilometridan (es cifri cnobili iqna erTa ligis mier 1918 wels) 69, 7 aTas kv. kilometramde Semcirda. xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelom, rogorc moraluri, aseve aunazRaurebeli zarali miiRo. aWaris avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublika Seiqmna 1921 wlis 16 ivlisis dekretiT, romelmac aWaris teritoriaze xelisuflebis umaRles organod aWaris mejlisi gamoacxada, romelic aWaris assr sabWoebis pirveli yrilobis mowvevamde rCeboda xelisuflebis umaRles organod. aWaraSi avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis daweseba winaswar iyo gadawyvetili ruseTis sfs respublikisa da osmaleTis 1921 wlis 16 martis xelSekrulebiT. 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos damoukideblobis da noe Jordanias xelisuflebis samarTalmemkvidreobis aRdgenis Semdeg, bunebrivia, yarsis SeTanxmeba arakanonieri iyo. zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebas arc daudasturebia da arc uaryvia yarsisa da moskovis xelSekrulebebi, vinaidan mas ar dascalda msgavsi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ganxilva. 1992 wlis 30 ivliss SevardnaZis xelisuflebam daadastura yarsis xelSekruleba. istoria ganmeorda. ajeradac xelSekrulebas xeli arakanonierma xelisuflebam, 1991-1992 wlebis putCis samarTalmemkvidre_e. SevardnaZem moawera xeli.

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grigil lorTqifaniZe (1881-1937 ww)

danarTi
grigol lorTqifaniZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola okupaciis winaaRmdeg, misive wignidan fiqrebi saqarTveloze ...quTaisis ruseT-saqarTvelos konferenciaze 1921 wlis martSi moxda SeTanxmeba samxedro moqmedebis im droulaT Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelom icno, rom omi imJamad wagebuli iyo. magram gadaWriT uari ganacxada yovelgvar politikur kapitulaciaze, an kompromisze. saqarTvelos delegaciam kategoriulad uaryo gamarjvebuli ruseTis winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom raime politikuri SeTanxmeba momxdariyo saqarTveloSi axali mTavrobis Seqmnis saqmeSi, rom saqarTvelos nacionalur mTavrobas da saokupacio mmarTvelobas ama Tu im wesiT Seedgina axali xelisufleba. saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba, rasakvirvelia, verc ki Sevidoda dampyroblis mzakvrul winadadebis garCevaSi, romelic arsebiTad Seuracxmyofelic iyo qarTveli erisaTvis mis mier nawarmoeb samamuliSvilo omis Semdeg. verag dampyrobels undoda, rom erovnuli mTavroba suverenul saqarTveloisa am saarako da wminda omis Semdeg, nawilobrivad droebiT aeyvana Tavis saokupacio samsaxurSi, amiT warsuli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi brZola binZur burusSi gaexvia, ruseT-saqarTvelos omisaTvis xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis, anu samoqalaqo omis elferi mieca. amrigad, warsuli TavdacviTi omi uazroT gamoeyvana da qarTveli eris sulSi did xnobiT aRreva da gaxrwna Seetana; xolo praqtikulad ki, sul male, saokupacio samsaxurSi ayvanil nacionalur mTavrobis namsxvrevebs rusul muJikur armias Ceqmis CiflaxiT gaagdebda is imperialisturi tirania, romelmac TviT qarTveli komunistebic ki ver moiTmina saqarTvelos xelisuflebis maxloblaT...

e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis Seqmna

1922 wlis 20 aprils #2 dekretiT Seiqmna e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi sabWoTa saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. am faqtma mniSvnelovani dapirispireba gamoiwvia adgilobriv mcxovreblebs Soris, romelTa umetesoba mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba iyo. termini ,,samxreT oseTi sruliad arabunebrivia istoriuli TvalsazrisiT da Sesabamisad miuRebelia, radgan aRniSnuli terminis qveS moiazreba osebiT dasaxlebuli saqarTvelos istoriuli Sida qarTlis teritoria. saxelwodeba savsebiT usamarTlod, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis gverdis avliT ewoda qarTul miwa-wyals, romelic CrdiloeTidan gadmosulma osebma TandaTanobiT daikaves. osebis saqarTvelos teritoriaze Camosaxlebis faqts adasturebs araerTi qarTveli da ucxoeli avtori. 1921 wlis 11 maisis sxdomaze, romelsac uZRveboda revkom-is Tav-re qavTaraZe, e. w. samxreT oseTis revkoms 300 milioni maneTi gamoeyo transportis SesaZenad, aseve dadgenili iqna sasursaTo saxalxo komisris winadadeba erTi vagoni marilisa da ori vagoni simindis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. imave sxdomaze winadadeba mieca samxedro da sazRvao saxalxo komisars, raTa oseTis samxedro erTeulis mowyobis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazreba waredgina. 192

1921 wlis seqtemberSi, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier, Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac cxinvalis regionSi adgilze unda Seeswavla viTareba, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebeli iyo avtonomiuri olqis Seqmna aRniSnul teritoriaze. komisias uSualod saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari besarion melqisedekis Ze kvirkvelia (1885-1937 ww.) xelmZRvanelobda. mas umaRlesi ganaTleba hqonda miRebuli peterburgis universitetSi da profesiiT iuristi iyo. moxsenebiTi baraTi daiwera im periodSi, rodesac e. w. ,,samxreT oseTis revkomi da partkomi e. w. ,,samxreT oseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Seqmnis sakiTxs ayenebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom besarion kvirkveliam, Tavis moxsenebiT baraTSi, uaryofiTi pozicia daikava e. w. ,,samxreT oseTis, rogorc calke avtonomiuri erTeulis Seqmnis sakiTxSi. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma, sakiTxis siRrmiseuli Seswavlis Semdeg, SeuZleblad miiCnia araTu e. w. ,,samxreT oseTis ss respublikis, an avtonomiuri respublikis, aramed avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnac ki. 1921 wlis 27 seqtembers, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, besarion kvirkvelias davalebiT, moxsenebiTi baraTi- e. w. ,,samxreT oseTis calke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofis Sesaxeb, gansaxilvelad saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis revoluciuri komitetis saqmeTa mmarTvels gaugzavna, TxovniT, raTa igi revkomis sxdomaze gansaxilvelad gaetanaT, sadac besarion kvirkvelias daskvna uaryofili iqna, piradad is CamoaqveiTes samxedro-sazRvao komisris Tanamdebobaze, raTa CamoecilebinaT am procesebisagan. erT-erTi saarqivo dokumentis Tanaxmad, igi 1922 wels saqarTvelodanac gaasaxles, xolo mogvianebiT 1937 wlis represiebis dros b. kvirkvelia daxvrites. e. w. samxreT oseTisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxma sabWoTa mTavroba Tavidanve rTuli amocanis winaSe daayena, rac obieqturi mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli. gasarkvevi iyo romel teritoriaze da ra saxis avtonomia unda mieniWebinaT osebisaTvis, is xom osebiT dasaxlebuli ZirZveli qarTuli miwa iyo. rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets da revoluciur komitets, Tavdapirvelad gauWirdaT e. w. samxreT oseTis revoluciuri komitetisa da partiuli komitetis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba. sabWoTa mTavrobis gadawyvetilebam e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi cxinvalis mosalodneli gadacemis Sesaxeb, qarTuli mosaxleobis samarTliani guliswyroma gamoiwvia. cxinvalis raionis da axlomaxlo mdebare qarTuli soflebis mcxovrebni kvlav goris mazris SemadgenlobaSi iTxovdnen darCenas. miuxedavad qarTvelebis aRSfoTebisa, 1921 wlis 8 dekembers, Sereulma komisiam gamoitana dadgenileba e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb. komisiaSi sazRvrebis dadgenis dros principuli xasiaTis winaaRmdegobebs adgili ar hqonia. mxolod zogierTi qarTuli soflis e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres komisiis wevrebma_Sotma da elerdovma, Tumca komisiis umravlesobam maTi azri ar gaiziara. radgan ukve arsebobda saqarTvelos kp (b) ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembris dadgenileba, e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb centriT cxinvalSi, komisiam SesaZleblad scno gaevlo sasazRvro xazi e. w. samxreT oseTs da goris mazras Soris cxinvalis da sof. ergeTis zeviT, ris gamoc e. w. samxreT oseTis SemadgenlobaSi, cxinvalis garda moeqca qarTuli soflebi: dgvirisi, TamaraSeni, aCabeTi, qurTa, kexvi, qemerTa, zarcemi, skveri, xeiTi. miuxedavad aseTi seriozuli darRvevebisa, dadgenileba e. w. samxreT oseTis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, komisiis yvela wevris mier iqna xelmowerili. amis Semdeg, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis ck-is 1921 wlis 17 noembris dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, Sereulma komisiam yvela es masala imave wlis 11 dekembers gadaugzavna partiis centralur komitets. marTalia, sakiTxi e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb centriT q. cxinvalSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gadawyvetili faqti iyo, Tumca cxinvalisa da momijnave qarTuli soflebis e. w. samxreT oseTisaTvis gadacemas bunebrivia mosaxleobis ara erTi protesti mohyva. sabWoTa mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda angariSi gaewia mosaxleobis moTxovnebisaTvis. 1921 wlis 20 dekembers, saqarTvelos revkomma, moismina ra e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis gamomrkvevi Sereuli komisiis moxseneba goris mazraSi Seqmnili viTarebis Taobaze, miiRo Semdegi dadgenileba: 1. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri mxaris administraciul centrad CaiTvalos q. cxinvali, avtonomiuri xelisuflebis im teritoriaze gavrcelebiT, sadac osebi arian dasaxlebuli, garda Casavlis sazogadoebisa da kobis raionisa, romelTagan pirveli unda darCes raWis mazraSi, xolo meore duSeTis mazraSi. 2. miendos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats avtonomiuri oseTis sazRvrebis dawvrilebiT gamokvleva sazRvrebis gamomrkvev arsebul komisiasTan erTad. 3. im dromde, sanam cxinvalis raionis qarTuli mosaxleobis sulieri mdgomareoba Seicvleba q. cxinvalis raionis avtonomiuri oseTis

193

teritoriad miCnevis sasargeblod, q. cxinvalSi da mis irgvliv arsebul qarTul soflebSi, Zalaufleba datovebul iqnas saraiono revkomis xelSi, romelic Sedis goris mazraSi. 1922 wlis 25 aprils e. w. samxreT oseTis partkomma ganixila sakiTxi avtonomiuri samxreT oseTis deklaraciis Sesaxeb da moiwona saqarTvelos ssr centraluri xelisuflebis politika qveynis SigniT erovnuli mSvidobianobis ganmtkicebisaken. realurad sakiTxis gadawyveta jer kidev Sors iyo, radgan dekretis meore muxli fardas xdida yovelgvar sicrues, roca ararsebul, xelovnurad gamogonil samxreT oseTis SemadgenlobaSi aTavsebda teritorias, romelic TiTqos, aseve gamogonil, bunebaSi ar arsebul samxreT oseTis xalxs eWira. sinamdvileSi, es iyo wminda qarTuli teritoria, istoriuli Sida qarTli, masze drodadro Camosuli da iq dasaxlebuli osebiT. 1922 wels, rodesac Seiqmna e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri respublika da dedaqalaqad cxinvali uboZes, rac uprecendento SemTxvevaa kacobriobis istoriaSi, cxinvalSi mTis soflebidan Camosuli mxolod 613 osi cxovrobda. ufro metic, avtonomiuri olqi ise Seiqmna, rom sazRvrebis sakiTxi sabolood garkveuli ar yofila, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom sakiTxis gadawyveta sabWoTa saqarTvelos xelisuflebasTan garigebiT wydeboda, romelsac faqtiurad sabWoTa ruseTi karnaxobda misTvis sasurvel gegmas. sruliad saqarTvelos cak-ma Sereuli komisia gamoyo, romelmac didi muSaoba Caatara e. w. samxreT oseTisaTvis sadavo teritoriebis sakiTxis mosawesrigeblad. komisiam muSaoba mxolod 1922 wlis seqtemberSi daamTavra. 1922 wlis 29 seqtembers mowveuli iqna e. w. samxreT oseTis partiis saolqo komitetis prezidiumis sxdoma, sadac moismines Sereuli komisiis wevris s. gagloevis moxseneba: samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis ganmsazRvreli komisiis mier muSaobis damTavrebisa da olqis administraciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa saqarTvelos mesveurebma, yovelgvari samarTlebrivi normebis gverdis avliT, Seqmnes e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da mis SemadgenlobaSi sruliad ukanonod Seiyvanes 40 qarTuli sofeli da erTi qalaqi, sadac 20. 000-mde qarTveli cxovrobda, xolo osebis raodenoba 1.100 suls Seadgenda. saqarTvelos ssr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis specialurma komisiam (Tavmjdomare gr. gvelesiani, wevrebi: d. kariWaSvili, s. giorgaZe) Seadgina im qarTuli soflebis sia da sofelTa erovnuli Semadgenloba, romlebic saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sabWos 1922 wlis 20 aprilis dekretiT (#2) e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs gadaeca. es iyo Semdegi qarTuli soflebi: 1. TamaraSenis sazogadoebis 12 qarTuli sofeli (qarTul soflebad komisiis wevrebi miiCnevdnen iseT soflebs, sadac osebi 50%-ze naklebi iyo): zemo aCabeTi, qvemo aCabeTi, TamaraSeni, patara Zarwemi, didi Zarwemi, sabawminda, qemerti, xeiTi, dgvrisa, qurTa, kexvi, sveri, sadac sul 4650 suli cxovrobda, aqedan 4119 qarTveli, 525 osi, 6 sxva erovnebis. 2. cxinvalis sazogadoebis: qalaqi cxinvali ( sadac sul 3832 suli iyo, aqedan qarTveli 1185, osi- 0, sxva erovneba2697), sofeli gujabauri (sul 226 kaci, aqedan qarTveli 186, osi- 40, sxva erovneba- 0). 3. wunaris sazogadoebis: sofeli nuli (sul 437 suli, aqedan 413 qarTveli, 24 osi, sxva erovneba- 0). 4. dirbis sazogadoebis: sofeli ZvelTi (sul 344 suli, aqedan qarTveli 324, osi- 10, sxva erovneba- 10). 5. avnevis sazogadoebis 11 sofeli: xundis ubani, Sindara, TiRva, ZaleTi, zemo oqona, qvemo oqona, nedlaTi, sufnisi, nabakevi, jvrisisi, bzisxevi (sul 1860 suli, 1526 qarTveli, 334- osi, sxva erovneba- 0). 6. mereTis sazogadoebis 6 sofeli: snekvi, zardianT-kari, qsuisi, Warebi, kubiTi, disevi (sul 1655 suli, aqedan qarTveli- 1536, osi-119, sxva erovneba- 0). 7. orTevis sazogadoebis: sofeli vanaTi (sul 480 suli, aqedan 432 qarTveli, osi- 48, sxva erovneba- 0) 8. boloTis sazogadoebis 7 sofeli: awvrisxevi (sul 299 mcxovrebidan yvela qarTveli), sacxeneTi (sul 289 suli da yvela qarTveli), xaSura (sul 135 suli da yvela qarTveli), sadurianTkari (sul 22 suli, yvela qarTveli, beloTi (sul 220 sulidan yvela qarTveli), zemo avnevi (sul 287 suli, yvela qarTveli), qvemo avnevi (sul 127 suli, yvela qarTveli) [9, 88-89-90].

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e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, rogorc TviT saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis specialuri komisiis wevrebis mier Sedgenili aRweridanac Cans, Tavi rom davaneboT im qarTul miwa-wyals, sadac is xelovnurad Seakowiwes, mravali qarTuli soflis xelovnuri gaerTianebiT Seiqmna. dekretis gamocemas, bunebrivia, adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleobis ukmayofileba mohyva, ris gamoc saqarTvelos ssr centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti iZulebuli gaxda sul male Seetana zogierTi cvlileba 1922 wlis 20 aprilis dekretSi. 25 aprils miRebuli iqna specialuri dadgenileba, romliTac qarTul soflebSi administracia da milicia qarTuli rCeboda, xolo kobis raioni administraciulad duSeTis mazras miaweres. aRniSnulma Sesworebam, daZabuloba adgilobriv qarTvelebsa da os mosaxleobas Soris ver ganmuxta. 1922 wlis aprilSi saqarTveloSi, e. w. samxreT oseTis ukanono avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnam, kidev ufro gaamwvava politikuri situacia. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri uaryofiTad Sexvda olqis Seqmnas, radgan eTnikuri gansxvevebuloba da saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze osebis kompaqturi dasaxleba, maTTvis politikuri avtonomiis miniWebis araviTar safuZvels ar qmnida, radgan teritoria, sadac osebi saxloben saqarTvelos ar daupyria da arc am erovnul umciresobaTa samSoblosaTvis waurTmevia. es miwa-wyali istoriulad saqarTvelos ekuTvnoda da droTa ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli politikuri movlenebis Semdeg, osebma daikaves, rodesac iq Casaxldnen. e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi Seiqmna arakanonierad, xelovnurad, vinaidan Sida qarTlSi (samaCablo, safalavando, qsnis saerisTavo) osebiT dasaxlebul teritorias avtonomiuri olqi daarqves, rac yovlad dauSvebeli iyo. saxelwodeba samxreT oseTi, rogorc geografiuli adgilis aRmniSvneli termini xelovnuria, Tumca es termini pirobiTad adrec gamoiyeneboda, xolo rac Seexeba e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomias, igi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde ar arsebobda. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis konstituciiT, romelic 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals iqna miRebuli, avtonomiuri mmarTveloba mxolod afxazeTis, aWaris da zaqaTalisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. e. w. samxreT oseTis politikur avtonomiaze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis mier miRebul konstituciaSi saerTod araferia naxsenebi, rac sruliad kanonzomieri iyo. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom roca e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi xelovnurad Seqmnes da masSi qarTuli soflebi ZaliT Seiyvanes, osTa namdvil samSobloSi- Crdilo oseTSi araviTari avtonomia ar arsebobda, igi mogvianebiT 1924 wels Seiqmna ruseTis sfs respublikaSi avtonomiuri olqis saxiT, xolo 1936 wels avtonomiuri respublikis statusi mieniWa. e. w. samxreT oseTisaTvis avtonomiis miniWebis sakiTxi, realurad sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg daisva. 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, roca saqarTvelos ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoeba xdeboda, saqarTvelodan Crdilo kavkasiaSi 1920 wels gadasuli osTa SeiaraRebuli razmebi dabrundnen da wiTeli armiis nawilebTan erTad aqtiurad ibrZodnen saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg. osebis mier TviTneburad xdeboda sazRvrebis dadgena sruliad ukanonod Seqmnili olqisaTvis. 1922 wlis 2 ivliss, qalaq cxinvalSi, samxareo partiuli komitetis da e. w. samxreT oseTis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis gaerTianebul sxdomaze, romelsac Tavmjdomareobda k. jatievi, n. gasievi (mdivani), miiRes dadgenileba, romlis ZaliTac administraciuli urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi gaiyo 3 kantonad: 1) javis, centriT javaSi, 2) cxinvalis, centriT- cxinvalSi da 3) qsnis centriT-axalgorSi. Tavis mxriv, cxinvalis kantonSi Sedioda: a) wunaris, b) yornisis, g) okonis, d) cxinvalis, e) orTevis, v) beloTis, z) andoreTis raionebi. qsnis kantonSi _ a) lexuris, b) axalgoris, g) monastris raionebi. saboloo jamSi olqi sam kantonad da 14 raionad iyofoda. dadgenilebis mixedviT, mmarTvelobis organoebi unda yofiliyo: olqis centrSi e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis centraluri aRmasrulebeli komiteti, sam kantonSi muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis sakontrolo aRmasrulebeli komitetebi, raionebSi _raionebis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi. javaSi, cxinvalSi da axalgorSi raiaRmaskomis funqciebi sakontrolo aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelSi gadadioda. 1922 wlis 20 ivliss sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, erTiani wesrigis da uflebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvris mizniT, vidre detalurad damuSavdeboda mwvave sakiTxi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, qarTvelebiTa da osebiT dasaxlebul raionebSi droebiTi dadgenileba miiRo, romelic Tanaxmad saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis plenumis, politbiuros da org biuros 1922 wlis 26 agvistos dadgenilebisa, savaldebulo iyo samxreT oseTis revkomisaTvis im dromde, vidre osTa sakiTxi sabolood ar gadawydeboda saTanado xelisuflebis mier. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, e. w. samxreT oseTis 195

administraciuli erTeuli Svid yofil soflis sazogadoebas Seicavda goris mazraSi: 1. orTevis 2. beloTis, 3. yemuleTis, 4. yornisis, 5. rokis, 6. javis, 7. wunarisis. aRniSnuli erTeulebis administraciul centrad gamocxadda sofeli java. sakiTxi orTevis, beloTis da wunaris sazogadoebebidan cxra wminda qarTuli soflis gamoyofis Sesaxeb, goris samazro revkomis daskvnis Tanaxmad, sazRvrebis gamomrkvevi komisiis muSaobis damTavrebamde Riad iqna datovebuli. saubari iyo Semdeg qarTul soflebze: vanaTi, beloTi, awyuris xevi, sacxeneTi, xaSura, xadurianT kari, dvani, zemo avnevi da qvemo avnevi- cxinvalis raionSi iqna datovebuli. dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, osTa problemebis irgvliv muSaobas, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis administraciul erTeulTa ganyofileba da masTan daarsebuli specialuri mudmivi komisia xelmZRvanelobda. saqmis axlo gacnobam ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi daarwmuna, rom 1917 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris Sedegad Sekrebili cnobebi maT ver gamoadgebodaT saxelmZRvanelod, vinaidan aRweras Tavidanve uamravi nakli gaaCnda, radgan 1917 wlis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis Tvalsazris, mravali cvlileba ganxorcielda. kerZod, 1920 wlis ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg, osebis gansakuTrebiT didi nawili TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan aiyara. zogi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavida, zogic sxva adgilebSi gaixizna. saqarTvelos administraciul erTeulTa ganyofileba statistikur aRricxvas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. centraluri statistikuri sammarTvelos mier, Zveli aRweris mixedviT, Sedgenili iqna detaluri nusxa osi mosaxleobis raodenobis Sesaxeb mTel saqarTveloSi, romelSic naCvenebi iyo yoveli soflis mcxovrebTa raodenoba, dadgenili iqna procentulad, rogorc qarTveli, ise osi mosaxleoba. aucilebeli gaxda aseve, osi mosaxleobis axali statistikuri aRwera yvela im mazrebSi, sadac isini cxovrobdnen. amasTanave, miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba siebSi ar SeetanaT osi mosaxleobis is nawili, romelTac mxolod odesme hyavdaT osi STamomavlobis winaprebi, realurad ki savsebiT gaqarTvelebulni iyvnen, rogorc eniT, sarwmunoebiT, zne-CveulebiT, kulturiT da sxva tradiciebiT. garda amisa, isini sruliad arafriT ar gansxvavdebodnen qarTvelebisagan, romelTan erTadac iyvnen Wirsa da lxinSi da rac mTavaria yvela sferoSi qarTul saxelmwifoebriv-politikur da sazogadoebriv-kulturul orientacias iziarebdnen. isini TavianT Tavs TviTonve qarTvelebad aRiarebdnen, rodesac maT winaSe erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi idga. administraciuli ganyofileba jer kidev muSaobis procesSi iyo, rodesac cxinvalidan Casulma osTa delegaciam sabWoTa saqarTvelos mTavrobis winaSe kidev erTxel daayena sakiTxi samxreT oseTis olqisaTvis avtonomiuri uflebis miniWebaze da administraciuli sazRvris dawesebaze. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, osebma, aseve, SuamdgomlobiT mimarTes saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centralur komitets da ruseTis komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis kavkasiis biuros (kavbiuro). Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis specialuri komisiis daskvnaSi detalurad iyo aRwerili Sida qarTlSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba. #2 dekretiT goris mazris mravali qarTuli sofeli Tu raioni unda miezomaT xelovnurad Seqmnili avtonomiuri olqisTvis, rasac adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis samarTliani aRSfoTeba mohyva. Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos revoluciurma komitetma, aseve komunisturma partiam TavianT dadgenilebaSi (kom partiis plenumis dadgenileba #39, 1921 wlis 12 dekembris da saq. rev komitetis 1921 wlis 20 dekembris #94) q. cxinvali e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis administraciul centrad aRiares, magram es aRiareba pirobiTi iyo da ara kategoriuli: zemoTaRniSnul dadgenilebebSi Setanil iqna erTi sagulisxmo muxli, saxeldobr mesame muxli, sadac naTqvami iyo: im dromde, sanam cxinvalis raionis qarTveli mosaxleobis sulieri ganwyobileba Seicvleba avtonomiuri oseTis teritoriad miCnevis sasargeblod, qalaq cxinvalsa da mis irgvliv arsebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis soflebSi Zalaufleba darCes saraiono revkoms, romelic Sedis goris mazraSi (1804 wels cxinvalSi osebis 12 komli cxovrobda, 1900w.-0, xolo 1922 w.-623 osi). mTavrobis am gadawyvetilebidan naTeli iyo, rom cxinvalis raioni im dromde vidre raionis qarTuli mosaxleoba ar moisurvebda SeerTeboda e.w samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs, unda daqvemdebareboda goris mazris xelisuflebas. maSasadame, qalaq cxinvalis e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis centrad aRiareba, mxolod mas Semdeg moxdeboda, roca adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba realurad am olqSi Sesvlis survils gamoTqvamda. saqarTvelos kompartiis centralurma komitetma gamoricxa e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriidan Casavlis sazogadoeba da kobis raioni, romelTagan pirveli isev raWis mazris, xolo meore duSeTis mazris farglebSi iqna datovebuli 1923 wlis martSi saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma miiRo dadgenileba goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad dayofis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRniSnulia: Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, ganixila ra goris mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenili nusxa mazris administraciul erTeulebad (Temebad) dayofisa da miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi: a) rom nusxaSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod is Temebi, romelnic goris mazris farglebSia datovebuli Sedegad samxreT oseTisaTvis avtonomiuri olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb gamocemuli dekreti #2-isa; b) rom nusxaSi CamoTvlil TemTa Soris moxsenebulia agreTve borjomis Temi, miuxedavad sruliad 196

saqarTvelos centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis meore sesiis mier warsul wels miRebuli dadgenilebisa, romliTac borjomis raioni calke administraciul erTeuladaa gamocxadebuli; g) rom sofeli rexa (Tbilisis mazra) nusxiT Setanili ar aris goris mazris farglebSi, winaaRmdeg Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis mier 1922 wlis 20 noembers miRebuli dadgenilebisa, romliTac sofeli rexa gamoricxul iqmna Tbilisis mazridan da miwerili goris mazraze da sofeli gujabauri (cxinvalis maxloblad) naCvenebi ar aris goris mazris farglebSi, rac ar eTanxmeba #2-iT gamocemuli dekretis teqsts samxreT oseTis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romlis meore muxli ambobs, rom samxreTiT sazRvari gaivlis dvani-gujabauris gzis paralelurad Crdilo-dasavleTis mxriT, miiRo ra mxedvelobaSi yvela es mosazreba daadgina: 1) goris mazris aRmasrulebeli komitetis mier warmodgenili nusxa mazris administraciul erTeulad dayofisa damtkicdes masSi Semdeg SesworebaTa SetaniT: a)nacvlad borjomis Temisa nusxaSi Setanili iqmnas borjomis raioni da maSasadame TemTa ricxvi Semcirdes erTiT e. i. mazra unda Seicavdes ara 17-s, aramed 16 Tems da 1 raions, b) sofeli rexa mieweros goris mazris atenis Tems da g) sofeli gujabauri Setanili iqnas goris mazris farglebSi da 2) piri am dadgenilebisa gaegzavnos yvela saxalxo komisariats, goris mazris aRmasrulebel komitets, amave mazris miliciis ufross, gadasaxadTa sammarTvelos da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis samilicio, saerTo sainstruqtoro-sainformacio, safinanso da momaragebis ganyofilebebs, agreTve Jurnal moambes (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis yovelkvireuli organo) redaqcias. dadgenilebas goris mazris administraciul erTeulebad dayofis Sesaxeb xels awerdnen: sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari a. gegeWkori, saqmeTa mmarTveli d. Ciqovani da administraciuli gadanawilebis sakiTxTa Sesaxeb konsultanti gr. gvelesiani. bolSevikebma marto Sida qarTli rodi ikmares. raWisa da imereTis teritoriaze mdebare osebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi sabWouri administraciuli dayofiT, e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi _javis raionSi iqna Seyvanili. mdinare yvirilas zemowelisa da misi Senakadebis monakveTi raWis qedidan vidre sofel perevamde_es sisxlxorceuli imeruli teritoria Suaze gaxliCes da or raions, e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqs (javas) da imereTis, saCxeris raionebs miakuTvnes. sofeli perevi orad iyo gaxleCili. mdinare Reburas marcxena napirze mdebare nawili, sadac sul sami osuri ojaxi cxovrobda, e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Sedioda, meore napirze mdebare ubani, didi perevis saxelwodebiT, mxolod qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli, saCxeris raions miekuTvneboda. ori sofeli perevi, sinamdvileSi erTi soflis xelovnurad gamijnuli ori nawili iyo. kudaroSi mimavali samanqane gzis mouwesrigeblobis gamo, iqauri mosaxleoba_qarTveli da osi, SemovliT, saCxeris gavliT unda wasuliyo javaSi. mosaxleobam araerTxel dasva maTi saCxeris raionisaTvis mikuTvnebis sakiTxi, Tumca amaod. amis ganxorcieleba mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebis gauqmebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTma XXI saukuneSic moaxerxa da rogorc Sida qarTlis, aseve sofel perevis okupaciac moaxdina. amrigad, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg, goris mazris farglebSi faqtiurad savsebiT ukanonod daarsda e.w. samxreT oseTis calke administraciuli erTeuli ise, rom aRniSnuli erTeulis sazRvrebi realurad dadgenili ar yofila.

danarTi 1
saarqivo dokumentebi, romlebic asaxaven, rogorc qarTveli, ise osi mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas ukanonod Seqmnili e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gamo. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi araerTi saCivris werili Sevida, saidanac naTlad Canda, rom osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba ufro da ufro mwvavdeboda ZirZveli qarTuli soflebis e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqze xelovnurad miweris gamo. ukmayofilebis mizezi ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo: ekonomikuri mizezebiT, zne-CveulebaTa sxvadasxvaobis, enis ucodinrobis, xelisuflebis SecvliT gamowveuli mimosvlis garTulebiT, kulturuli sxvaobiT da sxva mizezebiT. qarTveli mosaxleoba kvlav goris mazris xelisuflebis qveS darCenas daJinebiT moiTxovda. e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Seqmnis Sesaxeb dekreti #2-is gamoqveynebamde 1921 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi, rodesac gavrcelda xmebi, rom cxinvalis raioni qalaqiTurT e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis xelisuflebas unda gadascemoda, oci qarTuli sofeli: 1. kexvi, 2. qvemo aCabeTi, 3. zemo aCabeTi, 4. arbo, 5. dici, 6. kordi, 7. qvemo niqozi, 8. avnevi, 9. Zarwemi, 10. dvgrisi, 11. nuli, 12. zemo xviTi, 13. qvemo xviTi, 14. zemo niqozi, 15. yelqceuli, 16. qemerta, 17. qurTa, 18. TamaraSeni, 19. vanaTi, 20. cxinvali win aRudga am usamarTlo gadawyvetilebas da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatisagan kategoriulad moiTxova Zvel administraciul anu goris mazris farglebSi darCena. am faqts gamoexmaura TviT cxinvalis revkomi, romelic zedmiwevniT flobda informacias raionSi arsebuli daZabuli situaciis Sesaxeb da saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats mouwodebda droebiT SeeCerebina am sakiTxis saboloo gadawyveta, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sisxlisRvra gardauvali iqneboda. Tavis mxriv, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma 1921 wlis noemberSi saqarTvelos revkoms warudgina Suamdgomloba, romliTac kategoriulad moiTxovda e.w. samxreT oseTisaTvis administraciuli erTeulis

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Seqmnis sakiTxis revkomis msjelobidan droebiT moxsnas, vidre ar mowesrigdeboda urTierToba qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris. 1922 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos Sinsaxkoms gadaeca qalaq cxinvalis qarTvelTa, somexTa da ebraelTa erToblivi dadgenileba, romliTac isini moiTxovdnen cxinvalisa da misi raionis Tavis bunebriv istoriul sazRvrebSi darCenas. msgavsi moTxovniT gamovidnen, aseve, sofel nedleTis, xundisubnis, Sindaris, TiRvis, alabaris, sacxeneTis, zemo da qvemo oqonis mcxovrebni. aRniSnuli soflebi gomis raions ekuTvnoda, romelic yovelTvis udavo qarTul raionad iTvleboda da qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. dekretis mixedviT, e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebSi moyva soflebi TiRva, oqona, sunisi, nabakevi, tyisubani, Sindarisi, nedlaTi, alibari, axalSeni da xundisubani. am soflebis mcxovrebTa saCivarSi naTqvami iyo: samxreT oseTis sazRvris gavlebis dros movyeviT mis farglebSi, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT did uxerxulobas: 1. cxinvalSi siaruli ar gvexerxeba, ZvelTagan Cveulni varT gomSi, suramSi da gorSi siaruls, romelTa bazriTac vsargeblobdiT mudam da sadac saRdeba yoveli Cveni nawarmi; 2. cxinvalis mxris gzebi imdenad Zneli sasiaruloa, rom yovlad autanelia CvenTvis da Cveni saqonlisaTvis; 3. dawesebulebebSi siarulis dros, Cveni saqmeebisa gamo, migvaqvs imave dros gasasyidlad yoveli Cveni nawarmi da amiT vimatebdiT samuSao dReebs... davadgineT: vinaidan samxreT oseTis olqze miwera gamoiwvevs Cvens daRupvas, kategoriulad moviTxovT, raTa Cveni soflebi darCes goris mazris farglebSi da mieweros maxlobel sacixuris Tems. Tavis mxriv, sofel Warebis mcxovrebni 1922 wlis 23 agvistos dadgenilebiT moiTxovdnen: Warebi gadadis osebis, saxeldobr, cxinvalis aRmaskomze, romelic daSorebulia Cvengan 30 versiT, Camodis mdinare patara liaxvi, romelmac modideba icis pirveli Tebervlidan seqtembris gasvlamde, ase, rom am mizeziT kaci ver gadis ... garda amisa Cven qarTvelebi varT da ar viciT osuri ena ... am mosazrebaTa gamo, gvinda ara osebis, aramed tyviavis raionis aRmaskomze viyoT miwerilni, romelic CvenTan axloa. tyviavis Temis sofel disevis da kulbiTis mosaxleoba 1922 wlis 21 agvistos ganaCeniT acxadebda: samxreT oseTze Cveni miwera arc istoriulad, arc geografiulad, arc eTnografiulad da arc ekonomikurad mizanSewonilad da samarTlianad ar migvaCnia, amitom imedi gvaqvs, rom mTavroba Cven qarTvelebs gvartomobiT, ucxo tomis xelSi ar gadagvcems, romelTanac Cven ar gvakavSirebs rogorc zemoxsenebuli garemoebani, ise arc ena da arc zne-Cveulebani. raWis mazris aRmasrulebeli komiteti, 1922 wlis 20 agvistos, saqarTvelos Sinsaxkoms atyobinebda: raWis mazris qarTveli glexobis sabuTebiT SeZenili uZravi qoneba, saxnavi, saZovari miwebi da tyeebi mohyva samxreT oseTis olqSi da dRes TiTqmis sadavo xdeba es maTi sakuTreba, radgan am adgilebs osebi TavianT sakuTrebad miiCneven ... glexobisaTvis tyiT sargebloba im mxriTac uxerxuli xdeba, rom nebarTvis asaRebad isini cxinvalSi unda wavidnen, romelic 70 versis manZilzea... aRmasrulebeli komiteti Txoulobs: SeCerebul iqnas oseTis farglebSi Setana im tyeebisa, romlebic qarTveli glexebis sakuTrebas Seadgenen, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, konfliqti osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris mosalodnelia. aseve samarTliani pretenziebiT gamovida raWis mazris wedisis Temis sof. wedisis, qvedis da iras mcxovrebTa warmomadgenlebi, romlebic 1922 wlis 6 seqtembers saq. centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetisadmi gagzavnil gancxadebaSi werdnen: osebis sazRvrebSi moxvda zemo raWis TiTqmis yvela satyeo agarakebi, saTibebi da saxnavi yanebi, romelTa Soris ufro sayuradReboa wedisis Temis satyeo agaraki, saxnavi da saTibi adgilebi, rac zemoaRniSnuli soflebis sakuTrebas Seadgens, exla ki oseTis gankargulebaSi gadavida. unda movaxsenoT centralur aRmaskoms, rom Tu is ar miaqcevs yuradRebas aseTs mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, iZulebuli gavxdebiT yvelam Tavebi davixocoT da Cveni ojaxebi wyalSi CavyaroT, magram Cven imedi gvaqvs, Cvens agaraks, saTibebs, saxnav miwebs isev Cven dagvibrunebT.... 1922 wlis 5 ivniss sof. ZvileTis mcxovreblebma aseTi TxovniT mimarTes Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats: sof. ZvileTi aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da samxreTiT garsSemortymulia qarTuli soflebiT da es soflebi da TviT ZvileTi ekuTvnian zemo qarTls. winaT dirbis sazogadoebaze viyaviT miwerilni, anu Semdeg dirbis Temze, axla migvaweres samxreT oseTis olqze. Cven pitalo qarTvelebi varT, osuri ena sruliad ar viciT; dirbis sasamarTlo Cvengan sam verszea, xolo Tu samxreT oseTis farglebSi davrCiT, maSin wunarSi 15 versze mogvixdeba siaruli. amasTanave, sof. dvanis mdinare frone didia da CvenTvis Zalian Znelia iq siaruli, amitom gTxovT migvaweroT isev dirbis Temze, goris mazraze. qsnis Temis warmomadgenlebi 1922 wlis 21 oqtombris saCivarSi aRniSnavdnen: gamogvecxada ra, rom qsnis Temi gadadis samxreT oseTze, Cven es yovlad SeuZleblad migvaCnia: a) cxinvali daSorebulia Cvens Temze 50 versiT metze da am siSoreze siaruli saCivrebisa Tu sxvadasxva saqmisa gamo SeuZlebelia, radgan moiTxovs muSa kacisagan mocdenas, wasvla-wamosvlaSi ara nakleb 3-4 dRisa, rac damRupveli iqneba Cveni meurneobisaTvis; zamTarSi xom SeuZlebeli iqneba iq siaruli, maSin rodesac duSeTi Cvengan 18 versis manZilzea... rac unda gagviWirdes Cven cxinvalSi ver vivliT da bevri usamarTloba da Cveni gaWirveba darCeba mTavrobas gaugebari. Zlier mniSvnelovania isic, rom Cven mezobel soflebTan, romlebic mdebareoben duSeTisaken, gvaqvs axlo damokidebuleba mamulis da sxva saqmeebisa gamo da amaTTan saqmis mosagvareblad unda viaroT duSeTSi da isini ki Tu Cvenze saCivari eqnebaT, - cxinvalSi. amnairad, sul agveweweba saqme, amitom vTxovT mTavrobas migvaweros isev duSeTs da agvacdinos mravali gaWirveba da usiamovneba. amgvarad, goris mazris qarTveli mosaxleoba daJinebiT, kategoriulad erTsa da imaves iTxovs, ar daumorCilon isini osTa xelisuflebas. igives kategoriulad iTxovda raWis da duSeTis mosaxleoba. Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saxelze mravali iseTi gancxadebac iyo Sesuli, romliTac sxvadasxva raionebSi mcxovrebi TviT osebic ki e. w. samxreT oseTis revkomisagan CamoSorebas da qarTvelebTan erTad cxovrebis survils gamoTqvamdnen. isini Tvlidnen, rom qarTvelebTan araferi hqondaT gasayofi. 1922 wlis 12 marts sof. xurvaleTis mcxovreblebma aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavnes Sinsaxkoms: Cven qvemo Walis raionis soflebis: 1)zemo baRebis, 2)qvemo baRebis, 3) gudianT karis, 4) saRoreTis, 5) CanaanT karis, 6) metesmanis da 7) RvduleTis warmomadgenlebma davadgineT: radganac arwevis me-3 raionis aRmaskomi ZaliT moiTxovs am soflebis mcxovrebTagan maTTan SeerTebas administraciulad da axdens Cvens mimarT sxvadasxva gankargulebebs, Cven ki maTTan kavSiri ar gvsurs, ugzavnis dadgenilebas umaRles mTavrobas, raTa man winadadeba misces me-3 raionis sof. arwevis aRmaskoms (osuri aRmaskomia), rom igi Camogvexsnas, radgan Cveni Rrma survilia veqvemdebarebodeT qvemo Walis raionis aRmaskoms (qarTuli aRmaskomia), rogorc es mTavrobisagan aris dawesebuli. dadgenilebas xels awerda zemoT dasaxelebuli soflebis 14 warmomadgeneli. maT xelmoweras adasturebda qvemo Walis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare sakuTari xelis moweriT da beWdis dasmiT. dadgenilebas amasTanave erTvoda Semdegi Sinaarsis damateba: 1922 wlis 13 marti, qvemoWala. Cven, xurvaleTis Temis sof. winagaris mcxovrebTa warmomadgenelni, xubuluri da biCanaSvili (osebia), Cveni soflis mcxovrebTa davalebiT, vacxadebT survils zemoxsenebul dadgenilebaSi aRniSnul soflebTan erTad SevuerTdeT qvemo Walis raions, rogorc vyofilvarT mamapapurad, radgan ase ufro axlo da moxerxebulia CvenTvis. adgilobriv mcxovrebTa xelmowerebs adasturebda qvemo Walis aRmaskomis Tavmjdomare. dokumentidan, romelic, aseve, asaxulia Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moxsenebaSi, naTlad Cans, rom rva soflis osuri mosaxleoba daJinebiT moiTxovda, raTa qarTvelebisgan ar gamoeTiSaT da qvemo Walis xelisuflebis qveS daetovebinaT, radgan es rva sofeli ekuTvnoda iseT udavo wminda qarTul teritorias, rogoric iyo xurvaleTis Temi. am rva sofelze Zalauflebis gavrcelebaze, 1922 wlis 20 aprilis #2 dekretis gamocxadebis Semdeg, pretenzias acxadebda

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arwevis CrdiloeTiT mdebare soflis aRmaskomi, sadac ukanonod Seqmnili e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis mmarTveloba vrceldeboda.

danarTi 2
Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris besarion kvirkvelias daskvna e. w. samxreT oseTis administraciul erTeulad gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT samxreT oseTis calke administraciul erTeulad gamoyofa samazro erTeulis uflebebiT geografiuli da ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT, sakiTxis detalurad Seswavlis Semdeg, Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats SeuZleblad miaCnia. ,,samxreT oseTi, rogorc mTliani geografiuli erTeuli ar arsebobs. aris mxolod osebiT dasaxlebuli calke raionebi, romelTac urTierTSoris araviTari damokidebuleba ara aqvT- arc geografiulad da arc ekonomikurad. TiToeuli am raionTagani warmoadgens ganuyofel organul nawils sxva da sxva geografiul da sameurneo provinciebisa. es raionebi erTi meorisagan daSorebulni arian gadauvali xeobiT da amasTanave TiToeul maTgans aqvs sruliad Tavisufali gamosavali mxolod barSi. igini erTi meores mowyvetilni arian wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime TviT da TviToeuli maTgani ekonomikurad damokidebulia im velTan, romelTanac dakavSirebulia geografiulad. saqarTveloSi osebi mosaxleoben Semdeg raionebSi: 1) goris mazraSi-didi liaxvis xeobaSi sofel kexvamdis, xolo am soflidan dawyebuli samxreTiT marto qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli soflebia, sadac osebis ricxvi mcxovrebTa 15%-s ar aRemateba. 2) patara liaxvis xeobaSi, sofel vanaTamdis, vanaTs zeviTac CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs ramdenime qarTuli sofeli: beloTi, ori xowura, sacxene, awrisxevi da sxva. 3) mdinare frones saTaveze yornisis da wunaris raionebSi, sadac osTa mosaxleoba mcxovrebTa 88%-s ar aRemateba. 4) duSeTis mazraSi- mdinare aragvis da qsnis saTaveze. 5) raWis mazraSi mdinare jejoris saTaveze. TiToeul am raions erTimeorisagan hyofs gardauvali mTebi da maTi dakavSireba geografiul-topografiuli mizezebiT SeuZlebelia: 1) daviwyoT raWis mazridan. am mazraSi osebi mosaxleoben Casavlis raionebSi, romelic Tavisi aRmosavleTis sazRvriT ekvris goris mazras. am adgilSi, goris mazra raWis mazridan gayofilia gardauvali mTebiT, romelTa simaRle aRwevs 9000 futamde (1 futi udris 30,48 santimetrs- l.s.), yvelaze dabali maTgan am adgilSi simaRliT 6440 futia. maSasadame, misi dakavSireba geografiulad goris mazris osobasTan SeuZlebelia, radgan erTimeores mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi sruliad mowyvetilni arian da kavSiri maT Soris SeuZlebelia. ekonomikurad Casavlis raions saerTo araferi aqvs goris mazris osobasTan erTis mxriv, imave geografiuli pirobebis gamo da meores mxriv, ekonomikuri da administraciuli centri mTeli raWis mazrisa oni, imdenad axloa maTgan (sul 10-7 versia), rom sxva centrTan ekonomikuri kavSiris daWera am raionis mcxovrebTaTvis sasurvelic ar iqneba. amgvarad, Casavlis raionis miwebeba goris mazris osobasTan iqneba sruliad xelovnuri, bunebis da ekonomikuri urTierTobis sawinaaRmdego kavSiri. 2) amave mosazrebiT SeuZlebelia davukavSiroT goris mazris oseTs duSeTis mazrisa. am raions yofs Tovliani mTebi, romelTa simaRle 11 333 futamde adis da arsad 7 5000 futze dabla ar aris da es mTebi wlis ganmavlobaSi 7-8 Tve sruliad gadauvalia. amave bunebriv-geografiuli mizezebis gamo, araviTari sameurneo kavSiri am or raions Soris ar arsebobs. kobis raioni, e. i. duSeTis mazris zemoTaRniSnuli Crdilo-dasavleTis seqtori, sadac osebis mosaxleoba 60%-s ar aRemateba, dakavSirebulia ekonomikurad duSeTTan samxedro gziT, romelic 30-40 versiT daSorebulia am raions. goris mazris osobasTan kavSirisaTvis kobis raionis osoba iZulebuli iqneba iaros weliwadSi rva Tve mainc duSeTze-mcxeTaze-gorze-cxinvalze da Semdeg oseTSi, risTvisac daaxloebiT 150 versis gavla dasWirdebaT. am raionis erTad erTi gamosavali mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi aris mxolod samxedro gza, romelic mas, rogorc geografiulad, ise ekonomikurad akavSirebs mxolod duSeTTan. maSasadame, am raionis miwebebac goris mazrasTan bunebis da ekonomikis sawinaaRmdego iqneba. 3) darCa goris mazris is nawilebi, sadac osebi mosaxleoben, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT am mazraSi osebi mosaxleoben didi da patara liaxvis da frones saTavis xeobaSi. upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom am samTave raionSi mcxovrebTa ricxvi imdenad mcirea (sul 32.000 suli), rom maTi calke mazraT gamoyofa SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi es sami raioni ekonomikurad da topografiulad dakavSirebulic rom iyvnen, mainc calke samazro aparatis Seqmnas samazro masStabiT sameurneo muSaobis warmoebas ver SesZleben; magram garda amisa, am sami raionis dakavSireba adgilobrivi pirobebis gamo SeuZlebelia. yornis-wunaris raioni, e. i. fronis saTave, am mdinaris xeobiT dakavSirebulia qarTlis velTan da didi liaxvis xeobisagan yofs rusTav-zarikojaxis qedi, romlis simaRle 6 230_5 684 futze dabla ar aris da warmoadgens bunebriv sazRvars mTasa da vels Soris. gzebis sruli uqonlobis da bunebrivi sazRvris ararsebobis gamo, rusTav-zarikojaxis qedi meurneobis mxriv, yornis-wunaris raions akavSirebs qarTlis velTan-tirifonasTan da saerTo mas araferi aqvs liaxvis xeobis osobasTan. am raionis erT-erTi gamosavali aris, mxolod TiRva-oqona-fca-gomi da araviTar SemTxvevaSi liaxvis xeobis osobasTan mas kavSiri ara aqvs. amis gamo, yornis-wunaris raionis dakavSireba didi liaxvis seqtorTan SeuZlebelia da ewinaaRmdegeba mis bunebriv-ekonomiur denas velisaken, romelTanac is dakavSirebulia kargi gzebiT da romlis ganuyrel nawils Seadgens orTografiulad da hidrografiulad. rac Seexeba didi da patara liaxvis xeobebs, aqac igive geografiuli pirobebi SeuZlebels xdis am ori raionis dakavSirebas. aqac mTeli xeobis sigrZeze gadaWimulia mTebis grexili, romelTa simaRle 11000-6000 futze dabla ar aris da zamTris TveebSi gadauvali simaRleebi arian. amasTanave TviToeul maTgans aqvs sakuTari gamosavali velisaken da ekonomikurad dakavSirebulni arian im velTan, romliskenac geografiulad gasavali aqvT da romlis ekonomikurad ganuyrel nawilebs warmoadgenen TiToeuli am xeobaTagani. aseTia adgilobrivi topografiuli da sameurneo pirobebi, romelnic SeuZleblad xdian qarTlis da raWis osuri mosaxleobidan erTi mazris gamokveTas, radgan osebis mier dasaxlebuli raionebi moklebulni arian geografiul mTlianobas da Seadgenen geografiulad da ekonomikurad sruliad sxvadasxva provinciebis nawilebs. aseTi CamonaWrebidan xelovnurad Semdgari administraciuli erTeulis Seqmna ganuxorcieleblad unda CaiTvalos topografiuli pirobebis gamo da sruliad ewinaaRmdegeba am raionebis sameurneo mdgomareobas. am pirobebis gamo, Cven vfiqrobT, rom qarTlis da raWis osuri mosaxleobis administraciuli marTva-gamgeoba unda moewyos ise, rogorc es Seefereba TviT oseTis adgilobriv pirobebs. zemoT naTqvamidan cxadia, rom xelovnuri gamokveTa samazro erTeulis oseTisaTvis goris, duSeTis da raWis mazrebidan SeuZlebelia; maSasadame, osebis mosaxleoba TviToeuli am mazrisa unda darCes im mazraSi, romelSic aqamde iyo. amasTanave, TiToeul am raionSi garda wvrili administraciuli erTeulisa_Temisa, unda Seiqmnas saraiono erTeuli. aseTebi iqmneba Casavlis-raWis mazraSi, kobisa-duSeTis mazraSi, yornis-wunarisa, didi liaxvis xeobisa da patara liaxvis xeobisa-goris mazraSi. amave dros, TviToeuli am mazris revkomSi osur mosaxleobas eyoleba warmomadgeneli, romelic daicavs osTa interesebs mTeli mazris masStabSi. am ukanasknels, e. i. osuri mosaxleobis warmomadgenels samazro revkomSi ufleba unda mieces revkomis dadgenileba, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba

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osuri mosaxleobis interesebs, gaasaCivros saqarTvelos revkomSi, romelic sadavo sakiTxis Sesaxeb gamoitans saboloo gadawyvetilebas. amgvarad, sakiTxis gadawyvetas gvikarnaxebs osuri mosaxleobis geografiuli pirobebi da maTi ekonomikuri interesebi. moxsenebiT baraTs xels aweren Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari besarion kvirkvelia da Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqmeTa mmarTveli v. xaxanaSvili.

saqarTvelos teritoriuli danakargebi sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi

sazRvrebis sakiTxi saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikaSi. saqarTvelos teritoriis danawileba qarTul miwawyalze avtonomiuri erTeulebis SeqmniT rodi dasrulda. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, qarTuli miwebis sagrZnobi nawili gasxvisebuli iqna ucxo Zalis mier ise, rom saqarTvelos mkvidrTaTvis araferi ukiTxavT. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Tavdacvis ministri grigol lorTqifaniZe, romelic saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg emigraciaSi ar wasula da Tvals adevnebda bolSevikebis qmedebebs, gadmogvcems rom ruseTi saqarTveloSi SemosvlisTanave Seudga mis daSla-danawevrebas: osmaleTs mieca samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili _SavSeTi, eruSeTi, artaani, focxovi. qarTuli miwis didi nawili rusebma somxeTs da azerbaijansac mouWres. somxeTs mieca neitraluri zona alaverdis madniTa da qarxnebiT, xolo azerbaijans siRnaRisa da Tbilisis mazrebis nawilebi yaraias velis aRmosavleT nawilisa da DdaviT garejis raioniT. ruseTma TviTonac miiWra da miizoma saqarTvelos teritoria Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi, kerZod, gagris olqis dasavleTi nawili civi wylidan mdinare fsoumde da TiTonve daarRvia 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT dadgenili sazRvrebi. is mxare, romelic bolSevikebma osmalebs gadasces saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTiT 12. 115 kvadratul kilometrs moicavda 164 000 mcxovrebiT. aqedan arTvinis olqi moicavda 3 339 kv km-s, mosaxleoba_ 61000; focxovis Temi-588 kv. km, mosaxleoba_15000; artaanis olqi_5137, mosaxleoba_56000; olTisis olqi_3051, mosaxleoba_32000. bolSevikebis mier aRmosavleTiT da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gaCuqebuli miwebi, kerZod borCalos mazris nawili 3812 kv. km-s, xolo zaqaTalis (saingilo) olqi 3564 kv. km-s Seadgenda. amgvarad, ruseTma osmaleTis, azerbaijanis da somxeTis sasargeblod, saqarTvelos teritorias 19. 491 kvadratuli kolomerti CamoaWra. gasabWoebis Semdeg, amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris sazRvris gamijvna teritoriuli principis uxeSi darRveviT xdeboda, rac maT Soris kamaTs iwvevda. amierkavkasiis respublikaTa teritoriuli sakiTxebis mogvarebis mizniT, rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros 1921 wlis 2 maisis plenumma specialuri komisia Seqmna, romlis sxdomebi q. TbilisSi gaimarTa. komisiis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen s. m. kirovi (Tavmjdomare), svaniZe, Todria (saqarTvelos mxridan), huseinovi, gajinski, rasul-zade,Oomar faiki (azerbaijanis ssr warmomadgenlebi), bekzadiani (somxeTis ssr warmomadgeneli). sxdomebze gamoikveTa somxeTis warmomadgenelTa pretenziebi axalqalaqis mazrasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca saqarTvelos delegaciam uaryo maTi es moTxovnebi, radgan axalqalaqis mazra qarTuli miwa-wylis nawili iyo da kanonierad Sedioda saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi. 25 ivnisis sxdomaze lores neitraluri zonis sakiTxic wamoiWra, Tumca SeTanxmebas ver miaRwies. amierkavkasiis respublikebs Soris sasazRvro komisiis sxdoma 1921 wlis 26 ivniss gaimarTa. komisias amjerad g. k. orjonikiZe, m. d. oraxelaSvili da S. z. eliava daeswrnen. SeTanxmebas verc aq miaRwies. 1921 wlis 7 ivliss, rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiurom i. b. stalinis monawileobiT saqarTvelos da somxeTis Sida sazRvrebis sakiTxi ganixila. kavbiuros sxdomas saqarTvelos da somxeTis sabWoTa respublikebis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisrebi a. svanaZe da a. mraviani eswrebodnen. kavbiurom daadgina, rom lores yofili neitraluri zona somxeTis ss respublikas SeerTeboda. rac Seexeba axalqalaqis da xramis raionebis somxeTisaTvis gadacemas, es sakiTxi gansaxilvelad saqarTvelos kompartiis centralur komitets gadaeca, romlis daskvna SemdgomSi isev kavbiuros unda ganexila. lores neitraluri zonis, axalqalaqis da xramis raionebis somxeTisaTvis gadacemis sakiTxze kavbiuros dadgenilebis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komitetis axlad Seqmnilma politbiurom (arsebobda 1921 wlis ivlisagvistoSi) imsjela. sxdomas eswrebodnen f. maxaraZe, b. mdivani, m. oraxelaSvili. dRis wesridSi idga:Aa) neitraluri zonis sakiTxi; b)axalqalaqis da xramis raionebis sakiTxi. rkp (b) ck-is kavbiuros dadgenilebiT sabWoTa somxeTisaTvis lores neitraluri zonis gadacemas mxari dauWires f. maxaraZem, m. oraxelaSvilma, b. mdivanma. politbiurom somxeTis moTxovna axalqalaqis raionis somxeTisaTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb ar daakmayofila, garkveuli politikuri mosazrebisa da imis safuZvelze, rom axalqalaqis raioni ekonomikurad TbilisTan iyo dakavSirebuli. saqarTvelos kp ck-is 1921 wlis 3 agvistos sxdomaze, romelsac ck-is wevrebi oraxelaSvili, okujava, nazaretiani, maxaraZe, mdivani, cincaZe, eliava, qavTaraZe, kandelaki, mariam oraxelaSvili, figatneri da RoRoberiZe 200

eswrebodnen, ganxiluli iqna sakiTxi lores neitraluri zonis Sesaxeb. lores neitraluri zonis somxeTisaTvis gadacemas xma misca centraluri komitetis 5 wevrma, winaaRmdegi iyo 4. amrigad, lores neitraluri zonis sakiTxSi saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti zemdgomi partiuli organos-kavbiuros gadawyvetilebas daemorCila da lores neitraluri zona somxebs darCaT. zaqaTalis (istoriuli hereTi, saingilo) SemoerTebisaTvis brZola saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam daiwyo, rasac warmateba ar mohyolia. istoriuli hereTisaTvis brZola saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdegac warumateblad damTavrda. 1921 wlis damdegamde saqarTvelos kompartiis centraluri komiteti da respublikis mTavroba imedovnebdnen, rom lores neitraluri zona da zaqaTalis olqi saqarTvelos gadaecemoda. 1921 wlis 5 ivliss saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis delegaciaTa konferenciaze gairkva, rom zaqaTala azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda, rac oficialurad unda daedasturebinaT. winaswar SeTanxmebas saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis revkomebis Tavmjdomareebma filipe maxaraZem da nariman narimanovma moaweres xeli. 1921 wlis 15 noembers saqarTvelos da azerbaijanis ss respublikebis saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Taobaze SeTanxmebas saqarTvelos ss revkomis Tavmjdomarem budu mdivanma da Aazerbaijanis ssr centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomarem muxtar gajievma moaweres xeli. ufro adre, 1921 wlis 6 noembers, budu mdivnisa da aleqsandre miasnikovis mier xelmowerili iqna dokumenti, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos da somxeTis ss respublikebis sazRvari dadginda. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebiT dadasturebuli iqna rkp (bB) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros gadawyvetileba somxeTis ssr SemadgenlobaSi lores yofili neitraluri zonis, xolo azerbaijanis ssr SemadgenlobaSi zaqaTalis datovebis Sesaxeb. garkveuli teritoriuli cvlilebebi saqarTveloSi Semdegac xdeboda. magaliTad pilenkovo (ganTiadi), ermolovkaTi (leseliZe) 1929 wels saqarTvelos gadaeca.

ruseT-safrangeTis Tavdausxmelobis paqti (1932 w) da qarTuli emigracia

sabWoTa ruseTis xelisufleba aqtiurad ebrZoda qarTveli emigrantebis yovelgvar mcdelobas daecvaT saqarTvelos interesebi ucxoeTSi, radgan ruseTi saqarTvelos Tavis koloniad Tvlida. gasabWoebuli saqarTvelos marTva misTvis gacilebiT ioli iyo. komunisturi mmarTveli elita gansakuTrebiT sazRvargareT myofi qarTuli emigrantebis moqmedebiT iyo damfrTxali da cdilobda maqsimalurad SeezRuda maTi Tavdadebuli brZola saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebis dasacavad. ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis dReebSi safrangeTis xelisufleba da xalxi TanagrZnobiT Sexvda qarTveli xalxis ubedurebas. qarTveli emigrantebis ZalisxmeviT, 1922 wels, safrangeTis senatis sagareo saqmeTa komisiam saqarTvelos sakiTxis Sesaxeb specialuri rezolucia miiRo, romlSic Cawerili iyo: 1. amierkavkasiis evakuacia unda iqnes molaparakebis dawyebis pirvel da mTavar pirobad safrangeTsa da mis mokavSireTa Soris erTis mxriv da sabWoTa ruseTsa da angoras Soris meores mxriv. 2. rodesac mowveuli iqneba konferencia axlo aRmosavleTis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, iq aucileblad unda iqnas ganxiluli saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis problemac. 3. konferenciaze unda iqnas mowveuli sabWoTa ruseTis da angoris warmomadgenlebTan Tanaswori uflebiT, evropis mier kanonier mTavrobad cnobili Jordanias mTavrobis warmomadgeneli. aseTive Sinaarsis rezolucia miiRo deputatTa palatis sagareo saqmeTa komisiamac. orive rezolucia gadaeca mTavrobis Tavmjdomares raimond puankares. mogvianebiT, rus xelisufalTa zewoliT, safrangeTma sakuTari politika saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mimar Secvala. ufro metic, erT dros qarTuli interesebis damcvelma edvard eriom, 1932 wlis 29 noembers, safrangeTis mTavrobis saxeliT ruseTTan Tavdausxmelobis paqts moawera xeli. aRniSnul xelSekrulebas didi gamoxmaureba mohyva qarTveli emigrantebis mxridan, romlebic, 1921 wels ruseTis jarebis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, iZulebiT wavidnen emigraciaSi, raTa ucxoeTidan gaegrZelebinaT brZola dakarguli damoukideblobis aRsadgenad. rusuli istoriografiis SefasebiT, ruseTsa da safrangeTs Soris xelSekrulebis dadeba Cveulebriv politikur movlenad aris miCneuli, rac TiTqos ruseT-germaniis daaxloebis SiSiT iyo gamowveuli. jer kidev 1922 wlis 16 aprils sabWoTa ruseTsa da germanias Soris xelmowerili iqna rapalos xelSekrul;eba, riTac or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri urTierToba aRdga.

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obieqturi Sefaseba ruseT-safrangeTis xelSekrulebas qarTvelma emigrantebma misces. saqme imaSi iyo, rom safrangeTsa da ruseTs Soris geografiuli mdebareoba faqtiurad gamoricxavda erTmaneTisadmi agresias. paqti pirdapir miniSnebas akeTebda parizSi myof qarTul emigraciaze. xelSekrulebis IV muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo: orive mxare valdebulebas iRebs: ar Seqmnas, ar gauwios mfarveloba da daxmareba SeiaraRebiT, fuliT da Tavis teritoriaze yofnis nebac ar misces samxedro organizaciebs, romlebic iTviseben meore mxaris mTeli teritoriis an nawilis mTavrobis an warmomadgenlobis saxels. paqti pirdapir miniSnebas akeTebda saqarTveloze, romlis erovnuli mTavroba safrangeTSi imyofeboda, xolo parizSi, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvidan 11 wlis Semdeg, jer kidev oficialurad arsebobda saqarTvelos saelCo, legaciis saxeliT, romelic safrangeTsa da evropas saqarTvelos damoukideblobas Seaxsenebda. rusma bolSevikebma, swored, qarTuli legacia amoiRes mizanSi da 1932 wlis ruseTsafrangeTis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze mis gauqmebas miaRwies. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis yofilma sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni gegeWkorma ruseT-safrangeTis paqti mkacrad gaakritika. misi azriT, safrangeTze adre poloneTma moawera xeli moskovTan Tavdausxmelobis paqts. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTs arc ki Seunelebia im mniSvnelovani samxedro gegmebis ganxorcieleba, romelsac igi awarmoebda poloneTis sazRvarze. piriqiT, ruseTi am mxareSi aZlierebda strategiul rkinigzas, qmnida sasursaTo da samxedro SeiaraRebis bazas da sazRvarze mdgom jaris nawilebs aZlierebda. ruseTi ormagi standartebis politikas atarebda: erTis mxriv, xels awerda xelSekrulebas, meores mxriv, aZlierebda SeiaraRebul Zalebs momavali agresiisaTvis, rac rus xelisufalTa nacadi meTodi iyo. ruseT-safrangeTis Tavdausxmelobis paqtis xelmosawerad momzadeba 2-3 wliT manZilze mimdinareobda. safrangeTis sazogadoeba TanaugrZnobda qarTvel emigrantebs da SeuZleblad miiCnevda xelSekrulebis IV muxlis aRsrulebas. 1932 wlis 7 ianvars safrangeTis radikal-socialistebis gavlenian gazeT depeS de tuluz-Si gazeTis erTerTma redaqtorma b. maieram gaakritika xelSekrulebis IV muxli, romlis sisruleSi moyvana misi azriT, qarTvelebs meored gadaaqcevda ltolvilebad, vinaidan qarTuli legaciis gauqmeba maTi ssrk-is saelCosaTvis gadacemas niSnavda, rac safrangeTis mTavrobas ar unda daeSva. 1924 wlis oqtomberSi safrangeTis mier ruseTis cnobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos legacia parizSi mainc agrZelebda muSaobas. 1932 wlis paqtma legaciis arseboba saSiSroebis winaSe daayena. aRniSnuli paqti safrangeTis deputatTa palatis sxdomazec ganixiles, sadac frangma komunistma Jak doriom aRniSna, rom saqarTvelos saelCos parizSi arseboba SeuTavsebeli iqneboda ruseTis mimarT keTilganwyobasTan, miT umetes rom qarTveli elCi aRaravis warmoadgenda garda sakuTari Tavisa. reseT-safrangeTis paqts germanuli presac gamoexmaura. germanuli gazeTebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, rom paqti aSkarad germaniis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da evropis da erTa ligis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. germanulma gazeTebma mravali werili gamoaqveynes, romelTa Sinaarsi da saTauri aseTi frazebiT iyo gamoxatuli: frangul-rusuli marwuxi, safrangeTi moskovis mklavebSi, germaniis winaaRmdeg, erTa ligis ideis gakotreba, antantis aRdgena da sxva. 1932 wlis ruseT-safrangeTis paqtiT yvelaze metad saqarTvelo dazaralda. 1933 wlis ivlisSi qarTuli legacia, romelic parizSi saqarTvelos pirveli demokratuli respublikis arsebobis ukanasknel Zafs warmoadgenda, gauqmda. safrangeTSi qarTulma legaciam 12 weli da 5 Tve iarseba. 1921 wlidan moyolebuli, rodesac 25 Tebervals demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis elCma ak. Cxenkelma rwmunebis sigeli gadasca safrangeTis mTavrobis meTaurs milierans, sabWoTa ruseTi aTasnair xerxs mimarTavda, raTa moexsnaT samferovani droSa erT naWer teritoriaze, parizSi, patara saqarTvelod rom iwodeboda.roca jer kidev 1925 wlis pirvel ianvars, roca diplomatiuri korpusi warudga safrangeTis prezidents elises sasaxleSi, momlocvelTa Soris iyvnen, erTis mxriT, sabWoTa elCi, meores mxriT, saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis elCi, ramac moskovis mier daniSnuli elCis krasini SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia da Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba moiTxova. krasini rakovskim Secvala da es ukanaskneli ki dovgalevskim, paralelurad midioda brZola qarTuli legaciis gasauqmeblad. sabWoTa ruseTis xelmZRvanelebi safrangeTTan dadebul xelSekrulebas, rusuli politikis gamarjvebad miiCnevdnen, rac Semdeg ssrk-is erTa ligaSi miRebiT dagvirgvinda. ruseTis erTa ligaSi miRebamde, jer kidev, 1924 wlis maisSi, erTa ligis damxmare sazogadoebam inglisSi saerTaSoriso kongresi moiwvia, romelsac qarTveli emigrantebic eswrebodnen.Kkongresze saqarTvelos sakiTxi daisva, ramac didi kamaTi gamoiwvia. miuxedavad amisa, miRebuli iqna saqarTvelos sasargeblo rezolucia. erTa liga movale iyo daecva mis mier miRebuli dadgenilebebi. ruseTi saerTaSoriso asparezze poziciebis ganmtkicebas Zveli mokavSireebis_ safrangeTis da inglisis meSveobiT cdilobda. 202

saerTaSoriso samarTlis cnobili specialisti luis le furi, romelmac saqarTvelos uflebriv sakiTxs mniSvnelovani Sroma miuZRvna werda: ruseTma daarRvia 1920 wlis xelSekruleba da 1921 wels saqarTvelo samxedro ZaliT daipyro. safrangeTSi saqarTvelo warmodgenilia parizSi legaciis saxiT. Aaqedan cxadia, rom safrangeTs arasodes ucvnia sabWoebis mier saqarTvelos okupacia. inglisisa da safrangeTis mier sabWoTa ruseTis cnobis teqstSi Setanilia saTanado rezervi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. arc erT msoflio konferenciaze, sabWoTa ruseTis delegati ar iqneba cnobili da miRebuli saqarTvelos warmomadgenlad. 1932 wlis Tavdausxmelobis paqti ruseTs erTa ligaSi Sesvlis garantias aZlevda. realurad arc inglisi iyo ruseTis erTa ligaSi miRebis winaaRmdegi, Tu ruseTi raime pirobebs ar wamoayenebda. ruseTma icoda ra yovelive es, Tavi Seikava yovelgvari pirobebis wamoyenebaze. 1934 wlis 18 seqtembers sabWoTa kavSiri miRebuli iqna erTa ligaSi, romelsac leninma, rodesac is Seiqmna (1919-1920 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT), banditebis sakrebulo uwoda. erTa ligis paqtis XX muxliT, ligaSi Semavali axali wevri movale iyo Tavi gaeTavisuflebina nakisr valdebulebaTa darRvevisagan. aseTi iyo ruseTis mier 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis darRveva. erTa ligam jer kidev 1922-1924 wlebSi miRebuli rezoluciebiT ivaldebula daecva saqarTvelos sakiTxi. Pprofesori le furi ruseT-safrangeTis paqtis dadebis Sesaxeb werda, rom rodesac erTa ligaSi ruseTis miRebis sakiTxi daismeba: maSin Zneli iqneba erTa ligisaTvis, saqarTvelos sasargeblod miRebuli amdeni rezoluciebis Semdeg, gverdi auaros mis damoukideblobas da ar wamoayenos amis cnoba ruseTis mier, rogorc piroba ruseTis ligaSi miRebisa. miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrs da safrangeTis akademiis wevrs l. bartus, erTa ligaSi miRebis dros ruseTisaTvis aRniSnuli piroba ar wamouyenebia. ruseTis erTa ligaSi miRebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen Cexoslovakiis, portugaliis, Sveicariis da sxvaTa warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac daasabuTes, rom ruseTis erTa ligaSi miReba ewinaaRmdegeboda erTa ligis ZiriTad principebs. saerTaSoriso presam mkacrad gaakritika ssrk-is erTa ligaSi miRebis faqti. Jurnal de Jeneva-s 1934 wlis 14 aprilis nomerSi Sveicarieli p. brike werda: moskovi TvalTmaqcobs, rom saqarTvelos da sxva xalxTa sakiTxi warmodgenili iyos, rogorc misi Sinauri sakiTxi, romlisac Jenevas araferi ekiTxeba. es Tvalsazrisi mTlad miuRebelia. erTa ligas ara erTxel uzrunia saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze. gadaTqvams is dRes amas? aq aris sasicocxlo kiTxva: erTa liga Seqmnilia imisTvis, rom emsaxuros egoistur interesebs, Tu uzrunvelhyos samarTlianoba? Seswiravs is Tavis mizans arsebobisa da mTavar movaleobas politikur angariSebs? Tu man uarhyo paqtis ganxorcieleba, daangria samarTlianobis universaloba, erTa liga TviTonve daarRvevs SeTanxmebas. cnobilma frangma Jurnalistma da gazeT le Jur-is redaqtorma leon belbim gaakritika safrangeTis politika ruseTTan mimarTebaSi da mas saqarTvelos sakiTxis ugulvebelyofaSi dasdo brali. igi werda: didi qveynebisa da saWiroa iTqvas safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, rasakvirvelia, Sveicariaa marTali, rodesac is icavs erTa ligis principebs, romelTac hqondaT pretenzia saerTaSoriso urTierToba daemyarebinaT samarTlianobasa da pativiscemaze. yvelaferi es iyo sazogadoebrivi azri. realurad moxda is, rom wamyvani saxelmwifoebis xelSewyobiT, ssrk mainc miiRes erTa ligaSi, ris gamoc saqarTvelos sakiTxi didi xniT moixsna saerTaSoriso politikis dRis wesrigidan.

danarTi
evgeni gegeWkori ruseT-safrangeTis 1932 wlis Tavdausxmelobis paqtis Sesaxeb. Cven, qarTvelebma, moskovTan xelSekrulebis fasi kargad viciT. gana 1920 wels Cven ar gvqonda sabWoebTan aseTive Tavdausxmelobis paqti? mere riTi gaTavda es eqsperimenti moskovTan xelSekrulebis dadebisa? gaugonari, cinikuri TavdasxmiT saqarTveloze. es avazakoba moxda mTeli qveynis Tvalwin; samwuxarod Cven ver vxedavT, rom aqedan Sesaferi daskvnebi visme sxvas, garda TviT qarTveli xalxisa, gaekeTebinos. davaneboT amas Tavi. nu mivudgebiT sakiTxs qarTuli fsiqologiiT da qarTuli mware gamocdilebiT. sruliad obieqturad rom ganvsajoT, msgavsi paqtebis saSualebiT SeuZlebelia germania-sabWoTa ruseTis TanamSromlobis aramc Tu mospoba, odnavac Sesustebac ki... mokled rom vTqvaT, safrangeTi icavs versalis status qvos, germania da moskovi mas ebrZvian da Tu asea, rogor SeiZleba diplomatiuri oinebiT germania-ruseTis, interesTa solidarobiT CaqviTkirebuli, TanamSromloba safrangeT-moskovis daaxlovebiT Seicvalos? unda sruliad aSkarad iTqvas, rom aseT daaxlovebas ara aqvs araviTari baza da amgvari cda Tavidanve damarcxebulia.

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montres konferencia da qarTuli emigracia (1936 w)

ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis MmTavroba emigraciaSi gaixizna, saidanac aqtiurad ibrZoda saqarTvelos Selaxuli uflebebis aRsadgenad. qarTveli diplomatebi, romelTac oficialuri ufleba CamorTmeuli hqondaT, araoficialurad, kulisebidan Zal-Rones ar iSurebdnen, raTa saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso uflebrivi mdgomareoba aRdgenili yofiliyo, amasTanave cdilobdnen ar daeSvaT saerTaSoriso konferenciebze ruseTis ZalisxmeviT saqarTvelosTvis saziano rezoluciebis miReba. 1936 wlis 20 ivliss, Sveicariis qalaq montreSi gaixsna saerTaSoriso konferencia, sadac Savi zRvis sruteebis zonaSi TurqeTis sruli suverenitetis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, miRebuli iqna specialuri dadgenileba. konferenciaze, xeli moewera axal _montres konvencias, romlis ZaliTac sruteebis saerTaSoriso komisia gauqmda, aRdga TurqeTis sruli suvereniteti aRniSnul zonaze. yvela qveynis savaWro gemebs ufleba eZleoda sruteebis Tavisufali gavlisa, rogorc mSvidobian, aseve omis drosac. mSvidobian dros yvela SavizRvispira saxelmwifos SeeZlo Tavisuflad gaetarebina Tavisi gemebi sruteebSi. konferenciaze kamaTi gaimarTa araSavizRvispira saxelmwifoebis samxedro gemebis, sruteebSi gatarebis uflebis garSemo. araSavizRvispira saxelmwifoTa uflebebi mkveTrad SeizRuda. mSvidobian dros maT SeeZloT SeeyvanaT Sav zRvaSi mxolod msubuqi wyalzeviTa gemebi, sami kviris vadiT. amasTan araSavizRvispira yvela saxelmwifos gemebis saerTo tonaJis moculoba mkveTrad iqna gansazRvruli. omis dros, TurqeTis neitralitetis SemTxvevaSi, sruteebi daxuruli unda yofiliyo meomari saxelmwifoebis samxedro gemebisaTvis, xolo saomar moqmedebebSi TurqeTis Cabmis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifoebs ufleba eZleoda emoqmedaT sruteebis zonaSi sakuTari Sexedulebis mixedviT. montreSi xeli moewera sruteebis axal konvencias, romelmac faqtiurad Secvala 1923 wels miRebuli lozanis konvencia, rac saqarTvelos emigraciuli mTavrobis azriT, montres konvenciis kanonierebas saeWvos xdida, radgan italias lozanis konvenciisagan gansxvavebiT, aramc Tu xeli ar mouweria maszed, aramed italiis delegacia arc ki daswrebia konferencias. italiis ganze dgoma ganapiroba eTiopiis krizisma, 1935 wlis 3 oqtombers, italiis 500 000-iani armia SeiWra eTiopiaSi, ris gamoc didi xnis megobrebi italia da inglisi erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen. miuxedavad amisa, italias mainc dautoves adgili montres konvenciaSi, ise rogorc ruseTs 1923 wels, lozanis konvenciaSi, rac saerTaSoriso normebis darRveva iyo, radgan italiam ara Tu xeli ar moawera montres konvencias, aramed saerTod ar miuRia monawileoba konferenciis muSaobaSi. saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, mxolod is xelSekruleba iTvleba gauqmebulad, an kidev mis magier dadebuli xelSekruleba kanonierad, romelzedac xeli moawera yvela monawilem uklebliv, rogorc erT, ise meore SemTxvevaSi. emigraciaSi myofi qarTveli politikosebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis gaxSirebuli darRvevis faqtebs, saerTaSoriso uflebis dacvaSi, erTa ligis sisusted miiCnevdnen. saqarTvelos yofilma elCma, akaki Cxenkelma specialuri weriliT mimarTa montres konferenciis Tavmjdomares stanlei bross, romelSic ganmartavda, rom saqarTvelos ufleba hqonda monawileoba mieRo konferenciis muSaobaSi, rogorc Savi zRvis monapire saxelmwifos, rac Tavis droze 1923 wels daafiqsira lozanis konferenciam da mas mxari dauWira TurqeTis delegaciam ismeT faSas winadadebiT. maSin ruseTi Seecada saqarTvelo da ukraina protokolidan moexsna. emigraciuli mTavrobis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, lozanis konferenciam, sruteebis konvenciis XII muxlSi saqarTvelos dautova adgili. aRniSnul muxlSi saubari iyo saerTaSoriso komisiaze, romelsac evaleboda Tvalyuris devneba sruteebis sakiTxSi axali wesebis Sesrulebaze. imave muxlis III abzacSi, romelsac metsaxelad qarTvelebis abzacs uwodebdnen, aRniSnuli iyo, rom Savi zRvis mosazRvre saxelmwifoebs_ saqarTvelos da ukrainas, romelTac oficialurad monawileoba ar miuRiaT lozanis konferenciis muSaobaSi, ufleba hqondaT sakuTari warmomadgeneli gaegzavnaT sruteebis sakiTxis Semswavlel saerTaSoriso komisiaSi. saqarTvelosadmi saerTaSoriso interesi TandaTan Sesustda. saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba kidev ufro garTulda, mas Semdeg rac 1932 wlis 29 noembers, ssrk-sa da safrangeTs Soris daido Tavdausxmelobis paqti, rasac avtomaturad mohyva parizSi qarTuli legaciis gauqmeba. saqarTvelos delegacias ufleba ar misces daswreboda montres 204

konferencias, sadac warmodgenili iyvnen sruteebis konvenciis SeTanxmebaze xelismomweri qveynebi. TurqeTis delegaciis ganmartebiT, saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo konferenciaze warmomadgenlis gagzavna, radgan misi teritoria dakavebuli iyo sabWoTa jarebis mier. emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebi, romlebic uZlurni aRmoCndnen sakuTari warmomadgenlis saSualebiT daecvaT saqarTvelos interesebi montres konferenciaze, imeds ar kargavdnen, rom sruteebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, saqarTvelos ufleba, rogorc Savi zRvis monapire saxelmwifosi, daculi iqneboda, radgan aqamde mas es ufleba lozanis konvenciam SeunarCuna. maSinac ruseTis warmomadgeneli CiCerini Seecada sruteebi daeketa yvela saxelmwifos samxedro gemebisaTvis, garda TurqeTis gemebisa, Tumca es maSin ver ganaxorciela. ruseTs surda Savi zRvis gamocxadeba monapire saxelmwifoebis daketil zRvad, rac gamoiwvevda ruseTis gabatonebas danarCen monapire saxelmwifoebze. inglisis warmomadgenelma lord kerzonma ruseTis swrafva ase daaxasiaTa: rac ufro axlos vecnobiT ruseTis programas, miT ufro naTeli xdeba, rom mas erTi mizani aqvs_gadaaqcios Savi zRva ruseTis tbad da am tbis gamosavalis mcvelad iyolios TurqeTi. montres konferenciaze ruseTma, saqarTvelos interesebis xarjze, Tavis mizans garkveulwilad miaRwia. akaki Cxenkeli montres konferenciis Tavmjdomares stanlei bross, Tavis werilSi ganumartavda: montres konferenciaze ssr kavSiris warmomadgenlis moqmedeba sul sxvanairia, vidre iyo misi warmomadgelnisa lozanaSi. erTi _is ubrundeba ruseTis imperiis suliskveTebas, rom moipovos Tavisi samxedro gemebisaTvis Tavisufali mimosvla sruteebSi da amave dros aRukveTos es Tavisufali mimosvla sxva ara monapire saxelmwifoebis samxedro gemebs. meore _is ar moiTxovs ukve Tavisi mokavSireebis saqarTvelos da ukrainis daSvebas konferenciaze da arc maT moxseniebas protokolSi, rac moaswavebs saimperio ruseTis dadginebas ssr kavSiris adgilze. akaki Cxenkelis mier, ruseTis imperiuli politikis Sefaseba dResac ZalaSi rCeba, radgan ruseTi dResac igive meTodebiT agrZelebs brZolas. 1936 wlis montres konferenciaze miRebuli xelSekruleba dResac moqmedebaSia. bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi TurqeTis teritoriul wylebSi mdebareobs, Tumca maTze TurqeTis respublikis suvereniteti montres konvenciiT dadgenili pirobebiT ganisazRvreba. aRniSnul konvencias zogierTi qveyana SesaZloa umniSvnelo xelSekrulebad aRiqvamda, Tumca dRevandel periodSi, saerTaSoriso politikaSi ruseTTan Seqmnili daZabulobis fonze, montres konvenciam aqtualuri xasiaTi SeiZina. aRniSnuli konvencia xelmowerili da ratificirebuli iqna TurqeTis, safrangeTis, sabWoTa kavSiris, bulgareTis, saberZneTis, rumineTis, germaniis, iugoslaviis da iaponiis mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS ar iyo mierTebuli aRniSnul konvenciaze, istoriulad is yovelTvis eTanxmeboda mis debulebebs. konvencia daido 20 wlis vadiT. 28-e muxlis Tanaxmad, konvenciis gasauqmeblad saWiroa erT-erTi xelmomweri qveynis ganacxadi, romelic mxolod ori wlis Semdeg dakmayofildeba. miuxedavad ramdenime istoriuli epizodisa, msgavs precedents, dRemde, konvenciaze xelismoweridan 74 wlis gasvlis Semdegac, ar hqonia adgili. ufro metic TurqeTSi montres konvencias ganixilaven, rogorc wyalobas maTi qveynisTvis da igi miaCniaT qveynis erovnuli interesebis saimedo damcvelad. Turqebi ewinaaRmdegebian nebismier saerTaSoriso debatebs aRniSnuli konvenciis reviziis Sesaxeb. Turquli sruteebis ori sanaosno mimarTuleba erTmaneTs xmeleTiT garSemortymuli, marmarilos zRviT ukavSirdeba. amJamad maTi gamtarunarianoba wliurad 50. 000 gems Seadgens. montres konvencia, saqarTvelosTvis kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTTan omis dros. 1936 wels miRebulma montres konvenciam, mniSvnelovnad daZaba ankaras urTierTobebi vaSingtonTan, romelsac TurqeTis sruteebis gavliT, saqarTvelos dasaxmareblad ori masiuri samxedro gemiT, humanitaruli tvirTis gagzavna surda. tvirTis saerTo tonaJi 140 000 tonas Seadgenda. montres konvenciis 29-e muxlis mixedviT ki, Tu qveyana Savi zRvis saxelmwifo ar aris, misi samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebis saerTo tonaJi 45 000 tonas ar unda aRematebodes. Tavdapirvelad TurqeTma, aRniSnuli konvenciis apelirebiT uari uTxra aSS-s gemebis gatarebaze. sabolood vaSingtoni iZulebuli gaxda, sami SedarebiT mcire tonaJis samxedro xomaldi gaegzavna. aRniSnuli incidenti cxadyofs, rom miuxedavad TurqeTisa da aSS-s aliansisa, maTi strategiuli interesebi erTmaneTTan yovelTvis SesabamisobaSi ver modis. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi ar malavda ukmayofilebas amerikuli samxedro gemebis gatarebis gamo da TurqeTis mTavrobas konvenciis debulebebis darRvevaSi debda brals. rusuli mxaris mtkicebiT, humanitaruli misiis Sesruleba samoqalaqo xomaldebiTac iyo SesaZlebeli da samxedro xomaldebis gamoyeneba araviTar aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda. Sav zRvaSi nato-s sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis: espaneTis, germaniis da poloneTis samxedro gemebis gamoCenasTan erTad, TurqeTis miukerZoeblobis mimarT ruseTis undoblobam kidev ufro mZafri xasiaTi miiRo. Turqi analitikosebi, TurqeTis politikuri elitisagan montres konvenciiT dadgenili pirobebis zedmiwevniT Sesrulebas moiTxovdnen, raTa garkveulwilad Tavidan aecilebinaT konvenciis sakiTxSi ankaraze vaSingtonis zewola. arsebobs agreTve imis albaTobac, rom montres konvenciis reviziis moTxovna TviT 205

SavizRvispira qveynebisagan wamovides, radgan aRniSnul qveynebs, romlebic aqtiurad axorcieleben prodasavlur da ruseTisagan CamoSorebis politikas, montres konferenciaze miRebuli pirobebi SesaZloa sakuTari usafrTxoebis mTavar barierad eqceT. vaSingtonsa da moskovs Soris mzardi daZabulobis Sedegad, TurqeTis mmarTveli wreebi rTuli dilemis winaSe aRmoCndnen. arsebuli kavkasiuri krizisis fonze, TurqeTs bewvis xidze gavla uwevs. erTis mxriv, TurqeTi cdilobs, ar mowydes Tavis dasavleTel mokavSireebs, meores mxriv, igi cdilobs SeinarCunos savaWro da energetikuli partniori ruseTis saxiT. Sav zRvaze, TurqeTis nacionaluri strategiuli interesebi, miuxedavad misi natos wevrobisa (TurqeTi nato-s wevria 1952 wlis 18 Tebervlidan), ruseTisas emTxveva, Tumca maT gansxvavebuli miznebi aqvT. TurqeTs aqamde warmatebiT gamosdioda daebloka aSS-is SeTavazeba, Caetarebina natos manevrebi Sav zRvaze, imis SiSiT, rom dasavleTis amgvar monawileobas SesaZloa 1936 wlis montres konvenciis reviziis mcdelobamde mieyvana saqme da eWvqveS daeyenebina TurqeTis mier strategiulad mniSvnelovan sruteebze_ bosforsa da dardanelze kontroli. saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis dros, TviT ruseTis Savi zRvis floti aqtiurad monawileobda saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg agresiaSi. kerZod, didi sadesanto xomaldebiT maT oCamCireSi gadmosxes mravalricxovani desanti, xolo saraketo kreiseri moskovi frTosani raketebiT bombavda kodoris xeobas, igive safrTxis qveS aRmoCndeboda zugdidi, Tu qarTuli SenaerTebi afxazebTan erTad rus medesanteebs ubrZolvelad ar gaatarebdnen senakis bazisaken, am bazis gasaZarcvad. erTaderTi SavizRvispira qveyana, romelic sabWoTa blokSi ar Sedioda TurqeTi iyo. Sav zRvaSi sxva saxelmwifoTa gemebis Semosvla, rogorc aRvniSneT, garkveulwilad SezRudulia montres 1936 wlis xelSekrulebiT, romelic aregulirebs mSvidobianobis periodSi bosforis srutiT zRvaSi Semosuli gemebis dasaSveb raodenobasa da zRvrul wyalwvas. montres konvenciis mixedviT, TurqeTs ara aqvs ufleba bosforis sruteSi gaataros imdeni samxedro gemi, romelTa jamuri wyalwva aRemateba 45 000 tonas, rac arc Tu ise didi cifria samxedro gemebisaTvis_ erTi amerikuli aviamzidic ki gadafaravs am limits. imave montres konvenciiT, ucxo qveynis samxedro gemebs ufleba aqvT, Sav zRvaSi imyofebodnen mxolod 21 dRis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg ki bosforis srutiT unda datovon zRva. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maTi iq yofna, Savi zRvis sruteTa Sesaxeb, montres saerTaSoriso konvenciis darRvevad CaiTvleba da ruseTs mianiWebs uflebas, saerTaSoriso samarTlis ignorirebaSi daadanaSaulos ara mxolod nato, aramed TurqeTic. moskovSi TurqeTis premier ministr erdoRanis vizitisas, kremlma ankaras metismetad mZime ultimatumi wauyena, raTa ar SemoeSva Sav zRvaSi natos gemebi im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maTi saerTo wyalwva da maTi iq yofnis vada montres konvencias ar arRvevda, anu bosforis sruteSi maTi yofna kanonieri iqneboda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi TurqeTs mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebiT da urTierTobis gafuWebiT daemuqra. Tavdapirvelad TurqeTma uari uTxra aSS-s gemebis gatarebaze, bolos iZulebuli gaxda daTanxmebuliyo, romlis Semdeg amerikuli gemebi makfoli da dalasi baTumis napirebs moadgnen, pasuxad ganrisxebulma ruseTma Turq biznesmenebs sazRvari Cauketa da bunebrivi airis SewyvetiTac daemuqra. Tavis mxriv, TurqeTmac Caketa sazRvari rusuli produqciisaTvis, ris Sedegadac ekonomikuri omi or regionalur did saxelmwifoebs Soris axal stadiaSi Sevida. 3000 km moqmedebis radiusis mqone tomahavkis frTosani raketebiT SeiaraRebuli amerikuli xomaldi makfoli baTumidan sevastopolSi Sevida ukrainis xelisuflebis miwveviT, ramac ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi bevrad ufro didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, vidre saqarTvelos teritoriul wylebSi misma yofnam. amJamad, Sav zRvaSi imyofeba natos 10 samxedro xomaldi. maT Sorisaa amerikuli makfoli, espanuri admiral xuan de borboni, polonuri general zpulaski, germanuli liubeki, agreTve eqvsi SedarebiT patara samxedro gemi. aRniSnuli sazRvao dajgufeba, natos ganmartebiT regionSi imyofeba bulgareTisa da rumineTis napirebTan, jer kidev adre dagegmil manevrebSi monawileobis misaRebad. ruseTis Savi zRvis flotis yofilma sardalma, admiralma igor kasatonovma ganacxada, rom amJamad Sav zRvaSi flotis SenarCunebisaTvis, natos erTaderTi saSualeba aqvs, man unda cvalos es gemebi yovel 21 dReSi, iseTnairad, rom jamSi maTi saerTo wyalwva 45 000 tonas arasodes aRematebodes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, es gamoiwvevs montres konferenciaze miRebuli xelSekrulebis darRvevas. amrigad, emigraciaSi moRvawe qarTveli politikosebis mcdelobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelo uZluri aRmoCnda, jer kidev 1936 wels, daecva Tavisi uflebebi sruteebis konvenciaSi, rasac aqtiurad SeuSales xeli ruseTma da TurqeTma.

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ruseTis imperialisturi xelisuflebis mier organizebuli sisxliani represiebi. qarTuli aristokratiis, inteligenciis, samRvdeloebisa da mosaxleobis sxva fenebis masobrivi ganadgureba da gadasaxleba ruseTSi. politikurma represiebma, romelic saqarTveloSi 1921 wlidan daiwyo, 30-ian wlebSi piks miaRwia. sabWoTa kavSirSi ganxorcielebuli represiebi miznad isaxavda politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCunebas. 30-iani wlebis represiebis masStaburoba da sisastike Semdegi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli: 1. mosaxleobis did nawils, romlebsac revoluciis idealebisadmi rwmena hqondaT, imedi gaucruvdaT. realurad maT Tvalwin Zalmomreobaze damyarebuli saxelmwifo sistema Camoyalibda, romelic demokratiis da humanizmis principebs fexqveS Telavda. 2. ioseb stalinis politikur kurss, mmarTveli komunisturi partiis umaRles xelisuflebaSic mowinaaRmdegeebi gamouCndnen. 3. inteligencia, romelic arasodes Serigebia sabWoTa wyobilebas, Sinagan protests 30-ian wlebSic inarCunebda. maTTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri reJimi miuRebeli iyo. cxadia, es komunisturi partiis diqtaturas safrTxes uqmnida. politikuri sistemis gadarCenis da Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, ioseb stalinma da misma Tanamoazreebma represiebis mowyoba gadawyvites. sabWoTa kavSirSi ganxorcielebuli masobrivi represiebi, istoriaSi didi wmendis, anu stalinuri represiebis saxeliT aris Sesuli. represiebis dasawyisi, 1934 wlis 1 dekembers, s. kirovis saidumloebiT mocul mkvlelobas ukavSirdeba. savaraudod, misi mkvleloba, represiebis gaZlierebis mizniT, gangeb iyo mowyobili. saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis okupaciis Semdeg, pirveli organizacia, romelic bolSevikebma Seqmnes sagangebo komisia (Ceka) iyo. Ceka-s pirveli gamomZiebeli lavrenti beria gaxda, romelic 1924 wlis ajanyebis sisxlian operacias xemZRvanelobda. stalinis erTgulebis gamo, igi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo policiuri sammarTvelos ufrosad daniSnes da wiTeli droSis ordeniTac daajildoves. lavrenti beria erTdroulad oTxi_sabWoTa, azerbaijanis, TurqeTis da inglisis dazvervis TanamSromeli iyo, ris gamoc mogvianebiT mas saerTaSoriso imperializmis agenti uwodes. saqarTveloSi politikur represiebs saTaveSi, swored, lavrenti beria edga. stalinis brZanebiT politikur represiebs sagangebo komiteti (Ceka) axorcielebda. 30-ian wlebSi Ceka-s wevrTa raodenoba TiTqmis wiTeli armiis jariskacTa raodenobas utoldeboda. Ceka sabWoTa moqalaqeebs samSoblos RalatSi, sabotaJSi, jaSuSobaSi da aTasgvar sxva gamogonil danaSaulSi sdebda brals. moqalaqeebs pirdapir daxvretas an gulagSi gadasaxlebas usjidnen. maTze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad, cnobili adamianebis sasamarTlo procesebi Riad ewyoboda. 1937 wlis represiebis msxverpli gaxdnen qarTuli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi: mixeil javaxiSvili, tician tabiZe, valerian gafrindaSvili, vaxtang kotetiSvili, evgeni miqelaZe, sandro axmeteli, nikoloz Sengelia, petre ocxeli, grigol wereTeli, paolo iaSvili da sxvebi. qarTuli kulturisa da mecnierebis mravali gamoCenili moRvawe gadasaxlebuli iqna. ivane javaxiSvili universitetidan gaaZeves. grigol robaqiZe sazRvargareT gaiqca. 1937 weli saqarTvelos istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc didi tragediis weli. 1937 wlis represiebs qarTvel mweralTagan pirveli paolo iaSvili emsxverpla. man erTi nabijiT daaswro sabediswero ganaCens, romlis ZaliTac, rogorc xalxisa da qveynis mtrad Seracxuli unda daexvritaT. bralmdeblebad misi Zveli megobrebi da Tanamoazreni iqcnen. 1937 wlis 22 ivliss, rodesac mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumis sxdomaze paolo iaSvilisaTvis ganaCeni unda gamoetanaT, man mweralTa kavSiris sasaxlis SenobaSi, sakuTari sanadiro TofiT, sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. es gasrola iyo protestis xma mTel ruseTis imperiaSi, risTvisac is micvalebulic ar daindes da gaasamarTles. misi, rogorc represirebuli mwerlis saxelis xsenebac ki aikrZala. p. iaSvili didubis mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSia dakrZaluli. rodesac mweralTa kavSiris sxdomam paolo iaSvilis saqcieli antisabWoTa provokaciad Seracxa, mixeil javaxiSvili erTaderTio adamiani iyo, romelmac poetis gambedaobas mxari dauWira. oTx dReSi, 1937 wlis 26 ivliss, mweralTa kavSiris prezidiumma kenWis yriT gadawyvita: mixeil javaxiSvili, jaSuSi da diversanti, gandevnil iqnes mweralTa kavSiridan da fizikurad ganadgurdes. misi megobrebi da kolegebi, maT Soris cixeSi myofnic, aiZules m. javaxiSvili eRiarebinaT, rogorc kontrrevolucioneri teroristi. damswreTagan protestis niSnad, mweralTa kavSiris sxdoma, mxolod, geronti qiqoZem datova. aleqsandre axmeteli Tavisufali azrovnebisaTvis idevneboda. lavrenti berias uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT, misi damuSaveba aTi weli grZeldeboda. misTvis gansakuTrebiT tragikuli aRmoCnda 1930 wels miRweuli warmatebebi moskovis TeatrSi. grigol robaqiZis lamaras warmodgenis Semdeg, romlis reJisoric sandro axmeterli iyo, ioseb stalins saeWvo azrebi gauCnda mis mimarT, radgan speqtakli erovnul suliskveTebas gamoxatavda. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebis moTxovnis miuxedavad, s. axmetelma emigraciaSi myofi grigol robaqiZis piesa repertuaridan ar moxsna, rac TeatrSi nacionaluri sulis mkafio gamoxatulebad miiCnies. 1930 wels, berias uSualo brZanebis safuZvelze, rusTavelis Teatri sazRvargareT gastrolebze ar gauSves. l. beriam isargebla im dapirispirebiT, romelic rusTavelis Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanelsa da Teatris wamyvan msaxiobebs_akaki xoravasa da akaki vasaZes Soris arsebobda. yvelaferi imiT damTavrda, rom a. axmetelma akaki vasaZe daaqveiTa, xolo akaki xorava Teatridan 207

saerTod gaaZeva. a. axmetelma l. berias uSualo brZaneba ar Seasrula da xorava da vasaZe Zvel Tanamdebobebze ar aRadgina. imave wels, a. axmeteli rusTavelis Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvanelis Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufles. igi samuSaod moskovSi, mwvane TeatrSi gadavida. samSoblodan gandevnili reJisori moskovis Teatralurma sazogadoebam didi sixaruliT miiRo, magram igi sasjels mainc ver gadaurCa. 1936 wlis 19 noembers a. axmeteli moskovSi daapatimres, Semdeg TbilisSi gadmoiyvanes. misi dapatimrebis Sesaxeb dadgenileba 1936 wlis 5 dekembers gamoitanes. 1937 wlis 28 ivniss a. axmetels sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 58-e muxliT sasjelis umaRlesi zoma_daxvreta, xolo mis meuRles Tamar wulukiZe-axmetelisas 10 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusajes. sasamarTlo procesze aleqsandre axmetelis meuRlem Tamar wulukiZem mTlianad uaryo gamoZiebis msvlelobisas micemuli winaswari Cvenebebi da ganacxada, rom Tavs damnaSaved grZnobs, oRond TviTon ar icis raSi. saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom axmetelis saqmeSi akaki vasaZes mTavari mowmis statusi hqonda. swored, misi dakiTxvis safuZvelze moxda ZiriTadi braldebebis formulireba da SemdgomSi wayeneba. a. vasaZem, axmetelTan erTad, uSualo kontrrevoluciur saqmianobaSi amxila da sabraldebo Cveneba misca bevri cnobili pirovnebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris aRmoCndnen: paolo iaSvili, konstantine gamsaxurdia, Salva dadiani, sandro SanSiaSvili; msaxiobebi: xorava, saRaraZe, jafariZe, imdroindeli politikuri moRvaweebi: b. mdivani, m. oraxelaSvili, l. RoRoberiZe, p. orjonikiZe, lidia gasviani, aseve mxatvari dito SevardnaZe da sxvebi. sandro axmeteli 1937 wlis 29 ivniss daxvrites. 1956 wlis 11 Tebervals sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sasamarTlos samxedro kolegiam a. axmetelis da misi meuRlis reabilitacia moaxdina. represirebulTa gasamarTleba lavrenti berias pirad kontrolze yavda ayvanili. misi uSualo miTiTebiT aTasobiT qarTuli ojaxi daoblda da gaubedurda. mixeil javaxiSvils lavrenti beriam metexis taZris dangrevis gaprotesteba ar apatia. taZari gadarCa, magram Tavad mixeil javaxiSvili, rogorc xalxis mteri, jaSuSi da diversanti, jer mweralTa kavSiridan garicxes, Semdeg sicocxles gamoasalmes. lavrenti berias kiserze aris aTobiT SeTiTxnili saqme, romelsac qarTuli inteligenciis didi nawili Seewira. mas braldebebi winaswar hqonda gamzadebuli. yvela im adamians, romlis gzidan CamoSorebac surda, kontrrevoluciur saqmianobaSi, anda teroristuli aqtis momzadebaSi adanaSaulebda. mizans male aRwevda, msjavrdebulTagan sasurvel aRiarebiT Cvenebebs iRebda da aTeulobiT adamians sicocxles asalmebda. lavrenti berias saxels uamravi adamianis piradi tragedia ukavSirdeba. erTerTi mis mezoblad mcxovrebi vladimer jiqia iyo, romelic mxolod im mizeziT daaxvretina, rom misi meuRle moswonda, aseve gausworda vladimeris megobars grigol eliavas, romelzec eWvi hqonda, rom megobris coli moswonda da gzidan Camoicila. mogvianebiT giorgi eliava daxvrites. 1937 wels gamoCenili qarTveli generali giorgi mazniaSvili (1871-1937 ww), Tavis ufros vaJTan, vanosTan erTad daapatimres da yovelgvari gasamarTlebis gareSe daxvrites. STamomavlobam misi saflavis adgilsamyofelic ar icis. 1937 wels daapatimres saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis Tavdacvis ministri grigol lorTqifaniZe (1881-1937 ww). 1921 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis dros, igi molaparakebas awarmoebda revkomTan. 1937 wels grigol lorTqifaniZe Cekas jurRmulebSi gardaicvala. 1937 weli da qarTveli komunistebi. politikuri represiebi mTeli sisastikiT Seexo TviT qarTvel bolSevikebs, xelmZRvanel partiul, aseve, sameurneo muSakebs. qarTvel komunistebSi ruseTis sabWoTa xelisuflebam eWvi 1922 wels Seitana, roca ssrk-s konstituciis SemuSavebisas, isini sakavSiro konstituciis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. maTi azriT, saqarTvelo da sxva erovnuli sabWoTa respublikebi erTmaneTs SeTanxmebis safuZvelze unda dakavSirebodnen, radgan dagegmili konstitucia sakavSiro respublikebis centralizacias da maTTvis uflebebis warTmevas niSnavda. isini nacional-uklonistebad moinaTles. saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis momZlavrebam, romelic koleqtivizacias daukavSirda, 1937-1938 wlebSi kremli ise SeaSfoTa, rom masobriv represiebs mimarTa, romlis drosac saqarTvelo ara marto inteligenciisagan, aramed komunisturi partiis im wevrebisganac gawmindes, vinc koleqtivizaciaSi da kremlis mier aqtiurad warmarTul garusebis politikaSi safrTxe dainaxes. Sinsaxkomis mier Catarebul wmendas verc erTi samTavrobo departamenti, komunisturi partiis wevri, verc erTi sxva organizacia ver gadaurCa. yvelaferi, rac qarTvelebs TavianT warsuls, dakargul Tavisuflebas, damoukideblobas gaaxsenebda, erovnuli gadaxrad Sefasda da farTomasStabiani sikvdiliT dasjis, deportaciis safuZveli gaxda. piradi angariSsworebis mizniT, lavrenti beriam ceka-s yofili mdivani Tengiz JRenti kontrrevoluciur saqmianobaSi daadanaSaula da mis diskreditacias plenumis sxdomebze regularulad axdenda. T. JRenti amis gamo, araerTxel dakiTxes, bolos man Tavi moikla. TviTmkvlelobamde ojaxs Semdegi Sinaarsis werili dautova: es Svidi Tve me ise mZiravdnen, rom meti aRar SemiZlia, Tavs viklav ara danaSaulis gamo, aramed veRar vuZleb amden damcirebas! l.

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berias brZanebiT T. JRentis meuRle da Svilebic daapatimres. kargi dRe arc imaT daadgaT, vinc gabeda da JRentis ojaxis wevrebs ubralod miusamZimra. stalini arc yofil Tanamoazreebs indobda. 1936 wels man giorgi (sergo) orjonikiZis (1886-1937 ww) erTguleba eWvqveS daayena. stalinma aRmoaCina, rom orjonikiZe mis gavlenas iyenebda nkvd-s gamoZiebis qveS myofi zogierTi pirovnebis dacvisaTvis. amasTan gavrcelda xmebi, TiTqos 1937 wlis plenumze, orjonikiZe sakuTar gamosvlaSi, stalinis dagmobas apirebda. orjonikiZes sityviT gamosvla ar dascalda, plenumamde cota xniT adre igi mkvdari ipoves. misi gardacvaleba TviTmkvlelobad iqna Seracxuli. xruSovis memuarebis mixedviT, orjonikiZes anastas miqoianisaTvis TviTmkvlelobamde erTi dRiT adre, gaumxelia, rom mas ukve aRar SeeZlo imis atana, rac komunistur partiaSi xdeboda. g. orjonikiZe moskovSi, wiTel moedanze, kremlis kedelTanaa dakrZaluli. 1936 wels yofili komunisti budu mdivani (1877-1937 ww) daapatimres. budus aiZulebdnen xeli moewera dokumentze, romlis mixedviT unda eRiarebina, rom stalinis mokvla surda da xalxis mteri iyo. budu mdivans arc is apaties, rom 1922 wels bolSevikuri partiis erovnuli politikis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis sakiTxebSi sxvebTan erTad (f. maxaraZe, s, qavTaraZe, m. okujava, k. cincaZe da sxv.) mkveTrad daupirispirda rkp (b) centraluri komitetis kavbiuros, xolo Semdeg rkp (b) amierkavkasiis samxareo komitets, rac sabWoTa saqarTvelos suverenitetis SezRudviT iyo gamowveuli. araadamianuri wamebis miuxedavad, misgan aRiarebiTi Cveneba ver miiRes da gadawyvites Suri mis ojaxze eZiaT, raTa igi am gziT mainc gaetexaT. b. mdivans cudi urTierToba hqonda l. beriasTan, ris gamoc i. stalins xSirad eubneboda unda wavide, beriasTan muSaoba ar SemiZliao. igi beriaze kompromatebs agrovebda, magram beriam daaswro da daapatimra. aseve, daapatimres misi meuRle cucunia da Svilebi: giorgi, ivane, daviTi, arCili, meri. budu mdivans sul 6 Svili hyavda, aqedan erTi, Salva, romelic mfrinavi iyo 1933 wels, sacdeli frenis dros tragikulad daiRupa da ase gadaurCa 1937 wlis represiebs. Sinsaxkomis cixeSi col-Svils budus Tvalwin awamebdnen. 4 Svili Tvalwin dauxvrites. igive bedi ewia mis erTaderT qaliSvils-meris, romelic msaxiob pier kobaxiZis meuRle iyo. igi mxolod 18 wlis iyo da erTaderTi Svilis gadarCenis mizniT, qmars gaeyara, raTa Svils mama mainc hyoloda. amiT pieri dapatimrebas gadaurCa. meri ki gadasaxlebaSi daxvrites. bolos budu mdivani da misi meuRlec sicocxles gamoasalmes. daxvretilTagan erT-erTi vaJi arCil mdivani (1911-1937 ww) gamoCenili qarTveli fexburTeli iyo da 1931-1935 wlebSi uZlieresTa aTeulSi Sedioda. igi, 26 wlis asakSi, 1937 wlis 13 seqtembers daxvrites. gazeT krasni sport-Si aseTi cnoba daibeWda: gauvnebelyofilia xalxis mteri, mavnebeli arCil mdivani. budu mdivnis mTeli ojaxi amowyvites. misi Stodan mxolod sami patara SviliSvili gadarCa. 2001 wlis 1 ivliss, TbilisSi, Zmebi zubalaSvilebis quCa #41-is budu mdivnis sacxovrebel saxlze arCil mdivanis memorialuri dafa gaixsna. ojaxis tragedia, romelic rusulma bolSevikurma reJimma Seiwira amiT ar damTavrebula. budus Zma simon mdivani (1876-1937 ww), romelic emigraciaSi, parizSi cxovrobda, Zmis ojaxis tragediis gagebisas gulis SeteviT gardaicvala. igi levilis qarTul sasaflaoze ganisvenebs. simon mdivani social-demokrati da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mniSvnelovani politikuri figura iyo. Zmebi erTmaneTs 1922 wlis aprilSi genuis konferenciaze Sexvdnen_budu mdivani, rogorc sabWoTa mTavrobis warmomadgeneli, simon mdivani, rogorc saqarTvelos erovnuli mTavrobis interesebis damcveli. Zmebs erTmaneTisaTvis xma ar gauciaT. sabWoTa reJimma arc erTi daindo da arc meore. aseTi mware iyo imperiuli politika, romelmac uamravi ojaxi Seiwira. 1937 wels daxvrites revkomis wevri, Sinsaxkomis yofili Tavmjdomare besarion kvirkvelia. Tanamdebobaze yofnis dros, e. w. samxreT oseTis calke olqis saxiT gamoyofa, man sruliad SeuZleblad miiCnia da savsebiT obieqturad daasabuTa, rom igi istoriuli Sida qarTlis teritoria iyo. 1931 wels stalinis rekomendaciiT, l. beria saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis mdivani iyo. imave wels igi sakavSiro kompartiis amierkavkasiis komitetis pirvel mdivnad airCies. l. beria saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis federaciis politikuri lideri gaxda. misi dawinaurebiT gansakuTrebiT aRSfoTebuli darCnen: filipe maxaraZe, mixa kaxiani, samson mamulia, lavrenti qarTveliSvili, mamia oraxelaSvili. ivane (mamia) oraxelaSvili 1921 wlidan saqarTvelos revkoms xelmZRvanelobda, martidan ki saqarTvelos kp-s centraluri komitetis mdivani da saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris TanaSemwe iyo. 1931 wels, moskovSi, amierkavkasiis samxareo komitetis meore mdivnis kandidatad l. berias dasaxelebis dros man Semdegi fraza warmoTqva: Cven ar SegviZlia aseTi siurprizi gavukeToT partorganizaciebs. es sityvebi mas Zvirad daujda. 1932 wlidan dapatimrebamde igi iyo marqsis-engelsis da leninis institutis direqtoris moadgile. 1937 wlis aprilSi oraxelaSvili astraxanSi gagzavnes, sadac 26 ivniss daiWires da TbilisSi Camoiyvanes. zogierTi wyaros cnobiT, igi dakiTxvis dros mokla qobulovma, sxva versiiT, igi daxvrites. pirdapir sakanSi daxvrites misi meuRlec, 209

mariam miqelaZe, qaliSvili qeTevan oraxelaSvili ki gadaasaxles, saidanac 1955 wels dabrunda da reabilitirebuli iqna. mamia oraxelaSvilis qaliSvili qeTevani evgeni miqelaZis meuRle iyo, ris gamoc evgeni daapatimres, dakiTxvis dros sastikad awames da daxvreta miusajes. 1937 wels igi sruliad axalgazrda, mxolod, 34 wlis iyo, roca daxvrites. 1937 wlis represiebs mravali sasuliero piri emsxverpla. 1921 wlidan dawyebuli saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis devna 30-ian wlebSic didi intensivobiT gagrZelda. mRvdlebs RvTismsaxureba aukrZales. 1936 wlis 18 aprils amierkavkasiis sabWoTa socialisturi federaciuli respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis uSiSroebis sammarTvelos cageris raionuli ganyofilebis operrwmunebulma Wabukianma mRvdel pavle samuelis Ze daSnianis saqmeze dadgenileba gamoitana. pavle daSniani Tavis droze berad aRikveca, xolo Semdeg arqimandritis xarisxSi pimenis saxeliT iqna ayvanili. igi 1872 wels cageris raionis sofel CxutelSi daibada. mas bralad wauyenes: 1. antisabWoTa ganwyobileba; 2. mosaxleobis provocireba sabWoTa wyobilebis winaaRmdeg; 3. sabWoTa wyobilebis damxobis Taobaze xmebis gavrceleba; 4. kontrrevoluciuri religiuri Cveulebebis propaganda; 5. 1936 wels masobrivi naTlobebis Catareba; 6. kolmeurneobebis, rogorc ararentabeluri meurneobebis, likvidaciisaken mowodeba. pavle daSnians umTavres braldebad faruli mRvdelmsaxureba (bavSvebis monaTvla) wauyenes. sabWoTa kanonmdeblobiT mRvdelmsaxureba, maT Soris naTloba, akrZaluli ar iyo. amis dasturad quTaTel-gaenaTeli mitripolitis simeonisagan pavle daSnians sagangebo dokumenti_mandati hqonda micemuli. 1937 wlis 10 oqtombers, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis cageris raionuli ganyofilebis operrwmunebulma Wabukianma antisabWoTa elementisa da kolmeurneobis winaaRmdeg ganwyobili pavle daSnianis saqme Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis sameuls gadasca gansaxilvelad. Wabukianis daskvnas saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis cageris raionuli ganyofilebis ufrosi yuraSvilic daeTanxma. daSnianis saqme sameulma, 1937 wlis 27 noembers, ganixila da arqimandrit pimens daxvretis ganaCeni gamoutana. 1937 wlis politikurma represiebma aunazRaurebeli danaklisi miayena saqarTvelos, qarTul eklesias, kulturas, mecnierebas. sazogadoebaSi SiSi da undobloba damkvidrda.

paolo iaSvili (1894-1937 ww)

mixeil javaxiSvili (1880-1937 ww)

mixeil sabas Ze javaxiSvili (namdvili gvari adamaSvili)_1880-1937 ww, XX saukunis erT-erTi udidesi qarTveli mwerali, TvalsaCino sazogado da politikuri moRvawe. 1921-1924 wlebis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri. igi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis wevri iyo da 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebis momzadebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda, ris gamoc sxva braldebebTan erTad, stalinis periodis didi wmendis msxverpli gaxda.

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aleqsandre axmeteli (1886-1937 ww)

evgeni miqelaZe (1903-1937ww)

bogdan qobulovi (1904-1953 ww)

kavkasiuri sameuli-marcxnidan a. miqoiani, i. stalini, g. orjonikiZe

bogdan qobulovi, erovnebiT somexi, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis pirveli rangis komisari, general-polkovniki da lavrenti berias marjvena xeli iyo. 1937 wlis 19 martidan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sammarTvelos IV ganyofilebis ufrosis moadgiled dainiSna. 1938 wlis seqtembridan ssrk-s Sinsaxkomis pirveli sammarTvelos saidumlo politikuri ganyofilebis ufrosi. 1938 wlis dekembridan ki ssrk-s Sinsaxkomis sagamoZiebo nawilis ufrosi. 1939 wlis 4 seqtembridan ssrk-s Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komitetis mTavari ekonomikuri sammarTvelos ufrosi. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1953 wlis 12 martidan, ssrk-s Sinagan saqmeTa ministris pirvel moadgiled dainiSna. dakiTxvisas igi TviTon awamebda da klavda patimrebs. 1953 wlis ivnisSi ssrk-s umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze b. qobulovi daapatimres, gaasamarTles da sasjelis umaRlesi zoma_daxvreta miusajes, rac 1953 wlis 23 dekembers sisruleSi iqna moyvanili.

lavrenti beria (1899-1953 ww) lavrenti beria 1899 wlis 17 marts, Tbilisis guberniis, soxumis olqis sofel merxeulSi daibada. 1920-1921 wlebSi baqos politeqnikur institutSi swavlobda. saxelmwifo uSiSroebis samsaxurSi muSaoba 1921 wlidan daiwyo. 1938 wlidan ssrk Sinsaxkomis mTavari saxalxo komisris pirveli moadgile iyo. 1938 wlis dekembridan 1946 wlamde, aseve 1953 wlis marti-ivnisis periodSi ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa da uSiSroebis ministri (generaluri saxalxo komisari) da imavdroulad ssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirveli moadgile. miniWebuli hqonda sabWoTa kavSiris marSlis wodeba. oficialuri versiiT, igi samSoblos Ralatsa da xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT SeTqmulebis organizebaSi

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daadanaSaules, ris safuZvelzec sasjelis umaRlesi zoma _daxvreta Seufardes. ganaCeni sisruleSi sabWoTa kavSiris marSal, general p. f. batickis mier, 1953 wlis 23 dekembers, iqna moyvanili. misi saflavi dRemde ucnobia.http://www.google.ge/imgres?imgurl=http://tava.ucoz.com/_nw/3/60140.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tava.ucoz.co

m/news/4-05&h=420&w=312&sz=11&tbnid=EbMiOIe7MxuGKM:&tbnh=125&tbnw=93&prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25E1%2583%2 59A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%25 83%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%2B%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598% 25E1%2583%2590&hl=ka&usg=__a4PSXvUSPLRRGElsKA0om60M32w=&sa=X&ei=xWVLTLHpOYKQOIm_zZYD&ved=0 CCAQ9QEwAw

aleqsandre solJenicini (1918-2008 ww)

aleqsandre solJenicini (1918-2008 ww) _rusi mwerali, publicisti da sabWoTa disidenti. solJenicinma saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas pirvelad acnoba gulagis da sabWoTa tyveTa banakebSi arsebuli mkacri reJimis Sesaxeb. Tavisufali azrisTvis igi cimbirSi gadaadaxles. 1967 wels solJenicini mweralTa kavSiridan garicxes. 1970 wels mas nobelis premia mieniWa literaturis dargSi. arqipelagi gulagi, romelic Semdeg misi yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebi gaxda, pirvelad 1973 wels parizSi gamoqveynda. 20-iani wlebis Semdeg, es iyo pirveli, sabWoTa literaturuli nawarmoebi politikur Temaze. 1974 wels igi daapatimres da sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeoba CamoarTves. is maleve deportirebuli iqna dasavleT germaniaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, solJenicins aRudgines ruseTis moqalaqeoba. igi 2008 wlis 3 agvistos gulis mwvave ukmarisobiT gardaicvala.

danarTi 1
aleqsandre solJenicinis mier amerikis profkavSirebis winaSe warmoTqmuli sityvidan sabWoTa kavSiris politikur represiebTan dakavSirebiT: revoluciamdel ruseTSi sikvdiliT isjeboda daaxloebiT 17 kaci weliwadSi. exla movusminoT Cekas angariSs, romelsac abarebs mTavrobas Tavisi revoluciuri muSaobis Sesaxeb 1918-1919 wlebSi (v. i. leninis mmarTvelobis wlebSi). isini bodiSoben, rom gasamarTlebis gareSe yovelTviurad mxolod aTasze met kacs xvretdnen. saangariSo moxsenebis saxiT es wigni Cekam gamosca 1920 wels da inaxeboda arqivSi. Ceka-s am wigniT Tavisi erTgulebis gamoCena ainteresebda mTavrobis winaSe. magram ra Zvirfas masalas awvdis igi momaval istorias Tavisi mxecobis Sesaxeb, amaze albaT arc dafiqrebula. ra Tqma unda, TveSi aTasi kacis mospoba gaugonari barbarosobaa, magram Tu aviRebT stalinuri teroris mZvinvare wlebs (1937-1938 ww), es cifri ukve iseT dones aRwevs, rom msoflio istoriaSi Znelia ipovo mSvidobiani xalxis Jletis sxva amgvari magaliTi. aRniSnul or weliwadSi daxvretilTa raodenoba rom gavyoT Tveebze, miviRebT 40-aTasze met daxvretil kacs yovel TveSi! amasTan dakavSirebiT me gagaxsenebT, rom Sua saukuneebis, yvelasaTvis cnobili inkvizicia, simkacris wlebSi aTamde kacs spobda TveSi. aba daukvirdiT, ramdenad gauswres win komunistebma inkvizitorebs mSvidobiani xalxis xocva-JletaSi. maSasadame, Tu inkvizicia TveSi spobda 10-mde kacs, komunistebma igi 1000-mde gazardes, xolo Semdeg TveSi 40-aTass gadaaWarbes. amasTan, inkvizicia sikvdiliT sjida mxolod im pirebs, vinc ebrZoda saxelmwifoSi gabatonebul kaTolikur sarwmunoebas. komunistebi ki, leninur-stalinuri tiraniis wlebSi, adamianebs iWerdnen, xvretdnen, anda cimbirSi asaxlebdnen marto imisaTvis, rom igi iyo naTavadari an mRvdeli, xolo xSirad uwignur glexsac ar indobdnen SimSilis grZnobis gamomJRavnebisaTvisac ki.

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danarTi 2
gulagi (rus. _ - , ) SromagasworebiTi banakebis, koloniebisa da msjavrdebis adgilTa mTavari sammarTvelo _ sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, Sinsaxkom-is (rus. ) qvedanayofi, romelic 1934-1960 wlebSi Sroma-gasworebiTi banakTa sistemis xelmZRvanelobas axorcielebda da sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri represiebis sistemis umniSvnelovanes organos warmoadgenda. gulagSi patimrebi gausaZlis pirobebSi iZulebiT sxvadasxva fizikur samuSaos asrulebdnen. gulagis msjavrdebulebis mieraa aSenebuli 1930-50-iani wlebis mTeli rigi msxvili samrewvelo da satransporto obieqtebi: arxebi (stalinis saxelobis TeTri zRva_baltiis arxi, moskovis saaxelobis arxi, leninis saxelobis volga_donis arxi) hesebi (volgis, Jigulis, ugliCis, ribinskis, kuibiSevis, niJnetulomskis, ust_kamenskis, cimlianskis da sxva) metalurgiuli warmoebebi (norilskisa da niJnetagilskis metalurgiuli kombinatebi da sxva) sabWoTa birTvuli programis obieqtebi rkinigzebi (transpolaruli magistrali, kolis naxevarkunZulis rkinigzis xazebi, gvirabebi saxalinze, yaraganda_mointi_balxaSis sarkinigzo xazi, peCoris magistrali, cimbiris magistralis meore xazebi, taiSet_lenis xazi (baikal_amuris magistralis dasawyisi da sxva) avtostradebi (moskovi_minski, magadani_susumani_ust-neri) gulagis dawesebulebebis mier dafuZnda da Sendeboda sabWoTa qalaqebi: komsomolsk-na-amure, magadani, dudinka, vorkuta, uxta, inta, peCora, molotovski, dubna, naxodka. msjavrdebulTa Sroma gamoiyeneboda, agreTve, soflis meurneobaSi, mompovebel dargebsa da xe-tyis damamzadebel warmoebebSi. zogierTi monacemis mixedviT, gulagze erTiani nacionaluri produqtis sami procenti modioda. sxvadasxva dros gulagis xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen:

f. i. eihmansi (1930 wlis aprili-ivnisi) l. i. kogani (1932 wlis ivnisamde) m. d. bermani (1937 wlis 16 agvistomde) i. i. plineri (1938 wlis 16 noembramde) g. v. filaretovi (1939 wlis 18 Tebervlamde) v. v. CerniSovi (1941 wlis 26 Tebervlamde) v. g. nasedkini (1947 wlis 2 seqtembramde) g. p. dobrinini (1951 wlis 31 ianvramde) i. i. dolgixi (1954 wlis 5 oqtombramde) s. e. egorovi (1956 wlis 4 aprilamde) p. n. bakini (1958 wlis 6 maisamde) m. n. xolodkovi (1960 wlis 13 ivnisamde) gulagis pirveli xelmZRvanelebi: fiodor eihmansi, lazar kogani, matvei bermani, izrail plineri, sxva cnobil CekistebTan erTad, 1937-1938 wlebSi didi wmendis periodSi daapatimres da maleve daxvrites.

gulagSi gamwesebul msjavrdebulTa erovnuli Semadgenloba aseTi iyo: 1939 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis

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rusebi _ 830 491 (63,05%) ukrainelebi _ 181 905 (13,81%) belorusebi _ 44 785 (3,4%) TaTrebi _ 24 894 (1,89%) uzbekebi _ 24 499 (1,86%) ebraelebi _ 19 758 (1,5%) germanelebi _ 18 572 (1,41) yazaxebi _ 17 123 (1,3%) polonelebi _ 16 860 (1,28%) qarTvelebi _ 11 723 (0,89%) somxebi _ 11 064 (0,84%) Turqmenebi _ 9 352 (0,71%) sxva erovnebebi _ 8,06%

1951 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis rusebi _ 1 405 511 (55,59 %) ukrainelebi _ 506 221 (20,02 %) belorusebi _ 96 471 (3,82 %) TaTrebi _ 56 928 (2,25 %) litvelebi _ 43 016 (1,7 %) uzbekebi _ 30029 (1,19 %) ebraelebi _ 25 425 (1,01 %) germanelebi _ 32 269 (1,28 %) yazaxebi _ 25 906 (1,03 %) polonelebi _ 23 527 (0,93 %) qarTvelebi _ 23 583 (0,93 %) somxebi _ 26 764 (1,06 %) latvielebi _ 28 520 (1,13 %) estonelebi _ 24 618 (0,97 %) azerbaijanelebi _ 23 704 (0,94 %) moldavelebi _ 22 725 (0,9 %) sxva erovnebebi _ daaxloebiT 5%

gulagis msjavrdebulis kvebis norma (gramobiT _ 1 adamianze dRis ganmavlobaSi): puri _ 700 (800 mZime SromiT dakavebulTaTvis) puris fqvili _ 10 sxvadasxva burRuleuli _ 110 makaroni da vermiSeli _ 10 xorci _ 20 Tevzi _ 60 cximebi _ 13 kartofili da bostneuli _ 650 Saqari _ 17 marili _ 20 Cais fxvnili _ 2 tomati _ 10 wiwaka _ 0,1 dafnis foToli _ 0,1

kiTxvebi:
1. ra aris politikuri terori wmenda? 2. romeli organoebi anxorcielebdnen politikur represiebs?

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3. ra aris gulagi da mosaxleobis romeli kategoria xvdeboda iq? 4. risTvis iyenebdnen gulagis patimarTa Sromas? 5. ramdeni procentiT gaizarda gulagis qarTvel msjavrdebulTa raodenoba 1939 wlidan 1951 wlamde?

http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:Searchtool80%25.png saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XX saukunis 50-80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelo sabWoTa sistemis krizisis periodSi. sabWoTa sistemis krizisi, romelic aSkarad gamovlinda XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi da 60-iani wlebis damdegs, nikita xruSCovis moRvaweobis periodSi, sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri cxovrebis saTaveSi leonid breJnevis yofnis dros (XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis Suaxanebi -80-iani wlebis damdegi) kidev ufro gaRrmavda da yovlismomcveli gaxda. marTalia, sabWoTa politikuri sistema garegnulad Zlierad gamoiyureboda, Tumca qveynis ekonomika sul ufro Canagdeboda, mosaxleobis cxovrebis done ganuwyvetliv ecemoda. aseT viTarebaSi didi saxsrebi samxedro mSeneblobas xmardeboda, rac mZime tvirTad awva isedac daqveiTebis gzaze damdgar sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikas. am periodSi saqarTvelos ekonomikac daqveiTebas ganicdida. ekonomikis krizisma fasebis zrda gamoiwvia, ramac mosaxleobis cxovrebis done mniSvnelovnad gaauaresa. sabWoTa sistemis krizisis gaRrmavebasTan erTad saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraoba sul ufro Zlierdeboda. im periodSi ruseTSi sazogadoebis demokratizaciis da adamianis uflebebis dacvisTvis brZola daiwyo. es brZola gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac 1975 wels helsinkSi xelmowerili iqna saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, romelic adamianis uflebis dacvasac iTvaliswinebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom helsinkis xelSekrulebas sabWoTa kavSirmac moawera xeli, adamianis uflebebi kvlav uxeSad irRveoda. adamianis ufleba saqarTveloSic fexqveS iTeleboda. miuxedavad komunisturi reJimisa da gansxvavebuli azris sastiki devnisa, qarTvel xalxSi, studentobaSi erovnuli Tavisuflebis suliskveTeba kvlav cocxlobda. farulad arsebobdnen organizaciebi, romelTa Semadgenloba Tavidan, marTalia, didi ar iyo, Tumca isini sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg aralegalur saqmianobas mainc eweodnen. jer kidev 1954 wels saqarTvelos axalgazrduli iatakqveSa organizacia gorgasliani Seiqmna. swored, aqedan daiwyo saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis axali etapi. am pirvel, magram metad mniSvnelovan nabijs sqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis xangrZlivi da rTuli gza mohyva, rasac SemdgomSi liderebis dapatimreba, 1978 wels qarTuli enisaTvis brZola, 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragedia, erovnul moZraobaSi ganxeTqileba 1990 wlis 28 oqtombris pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebi da bolos saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena mohyva. organizacia gorgasliani-s wevrebi sabWoTa imperiis sawinaaRmdego, erovnuli Sinaarsis proklamaciebs avrcelebdnen. organizacia gansakuTrebiT 1956 wels gaaqtiurda. imave wels zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da gorgasliani-s ramdenime warmomadgeneli sabWoTa uSiSroebis meTaurebma daapatimres. qarTveli patriotebis aRSfoTeba 1956 wels ungreTSi antisabWoTa gamosvlebis sisxlSi CaxSobam gamoiwvia, rodesac 1956 wlis 4 noembers, sabWoTa kavSirma 3 000 tanki budapeStSi Seiyvana da ungreTis okupacia moaxdina. ajanyebis erT-erTi organizatori, ungreTis yofili premier-ministri, imre nadi, 1958 wlis 17 ivniss, daxvrites. amiT sabWoTa kavSirma aSkarad ganucxada dasavleTs, rom aRmosavleT evropaSi komunisturi reJimis xelyofas ar dauSvebda. 1956 wels skolis moswavleebis erTma jgufma, romelsac zviad gamsaxurdia da merab kostava meTaurobdnen, Tbilisis quCebSi ungreTSi momxdari ambebis protestis niSnad, proklamacia gamoakres, romelic SemdgomSi qarTuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis deklaraciad gadaiqca. 1961-1964 wlebSi TbilisSi moqmedebda samSoblos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli kavSiri. organizacia erTbaSad ar Camoyalibebula. misi Seqmnis idea, saTaves 1956 wlis martis cnobili movlenebidan iRebda da mimarTuli iyo ruseTis imperiuli reJimis, moskovis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. maSin qarTveli xalxis didi nawilisaTvis, axalgazrdebisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom arsebuli imperiuli reJimis dacva-ganmtkicebisaTvis ki ar unda ebrZolaT, aramed TviT am reJimSi unda daenaxaT borotebis mTavari Zala, rac erovnuli Tavisuflebis daTrgunvaSi gamoixateboda. organizaciis wevrebma miznad daisaxes ruseTis imperiis klanWebidan, ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed mTeli kavkasiis gaTavisufleba. organizaciis pirveli wevrebi iyvnen politeqnikuri institutis studentebi: igor patariZe, rostom beJaniSvili, enver geldiaSvili, adilar gugulaSvili, leri nozaZe, ia maRlakeliZe, sasoflo-sameurneo 215

institutes studenti daviT kapanaZe, muSa-mosamsaxure givi natriaSvili da sxvebi. 1963 wlis 6 noembers, Tbilisis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis akademiur TeatrSi, oqtombris revoluciis 46-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili speqtaklis msvlelobisas, organizaciis wevrebma Teatris zeda sarTulidan gadmoyares furclebi warweriT: gaiRviZeT!, rasac speqtaklis CaSla mohyva, Tumca saidumlo organizaciis wevrebi ver ipoves. isini konspiraciulad moqmedebdnen. nebismieri aqciis Catarebis Taobaze, mxolod, misma monawilem icoda. aqciis Cavardnis SemTxvevaSi, sxva wevri veraviTar informacias ver gascemda sxva aqciebze, radgan maT Sesaxeb araferi icoda. kavSirSi misaRebi piri sagangebo viTarebaSi debda fics, romlis Sinaarsi aseTi iyo: me mwams, rom yoveli adamianis wmindaTawminda movaleobaa uyvardes samSoblo da ibrZodes misi keTildReobisaTvis, me sakuTari TvaliT vxedav, rom dRevandeli ruseTis borkilebi ufro mZimea Cveni qveynisaTvis, vidre is odesme yofila. amis Segneba me mavaldebulebs vibrZolo am borkilebisagan samSoblos ganTavisuflebisaTvis; me mtkiced mwams, rom Cveni brZola samarTliani brZolaa usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg da amitomac Cven gavimarjvebT. mogvianebiT organizacias saqarTvelos Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli kavSiri ewoda, romelmac uSualo miznad da upirveles amocanad saqarTvelos ruseTisagan gaTavisufleba da demokratiuli respublikis Seqmna daisaxa. organizaciis wevrebs, sruliad kavkasiis respublikebis Seqmnis pirvandel ideaze uari ar uTqvamT. isini varaudobdnen, rom somxeTSi, azerbaijanSi da sxvagan antibolSevikur saqmianobas saTaveSi analogiuri organizaciebi Caudgebodnen da drodadro maTi brZolis koordinacia moxdeboda. 1964 wels antiqarTulad ganwyobili xruSovis xelisuflebidan CamoSorebis, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris generalur mdivnad leonid breJnevis mosvlis Semdeg, kerZod, 1965 wlidan organizaciam TandaTan Sewyvita Tavisi saqmianoba, radgan saqarTveloSi procesebi SedarebiT liberalizaciisaken gadaixara. garda amisa, didi iyo organizaciis saqmianobis gamJRavnebis riskic. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT 1974 wlidan gaaqtiurda, rodesac adamianis uflebaTa damcavi pirveli organizacia adamianis uflebaTa sainiciativo jgufi Seiqmna. swored, am jgufis bazaze 1976 wels, adamianis uflebaTa pirveli legaluri, helsinkis 1975 wlis SeTanxmebis xelSemwyobi organizacia, saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufi dafuZnda, mogvianebiT 1989 wels jgufs saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSiri ewoda. mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa mTavrobam, 1975 wlis 1 agvistos, xeli moawera helsinkis SeTanxmebas, adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebi sabWoTa kavSirSi, represiebi da mrwamsis gamo dapatimrebebi kidev ufro gaZlierda. 70-iani wlebis miwuruli da 80-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari, gamoirCeoda sabWoTa xelisuflebis antihelsinkuri moqmedebebiT. sindisis patimrebs Tumca ar xvretdnen, rogorc stalinis dros, magram rigrigobiT yvelas patimrobis axal vadebs umatebdnen. ssrk-is saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti, moqmedebda ra miliciis saxeliT, mravalgvar provokacias mimarTavda. igi apatimrebda, xolo Semdeg SeTiTxnili braldebiT, sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveTa banakebSi agzavnida sindisis patimrebs viTomda xulignobis, qurdobis gamo. ase ugulvebelhyofdnen sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianis uflebaTa damcveli organoebi Tavissave xelmoweril kanonebs. sityvisa da saqmis amgvari gaTiSva gamoiwvia sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli zogierTi ideisa da kanonis Seusabamobam adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis punqtebis SinaarsTan da helsinkis deklaraciasTan. sabWoTa kavSiri e. w. rkinis fardiT gaemijna danarCen msoflios da maqsimalurad SezRuda informaciis gavrcelebis, aseve gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba sazRvargareT. amgvari Seuwynareblobis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo rsfsr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 70, 190, 188, 227, 142 muxlebi, romlebic ara mxolod krZalavdnen, aramed sjidnen kidec moqalaqeebs, religiuri an sxva saxis propagandisaTvis, romelic marqsizm-leninizmisa da socialisturi ideologiisaTvis Seusabamo aRmoCndeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, sabWoTa kavSirSi adamianis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli helsinkis xelSekrulebis principebi sastikad irRveoda. aRmosavleT evropis da ssr kavSiris moqalaqeebisTvis helsinkis xelSekrulebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda, radgan igi adamianis uflebaTa gaumjobesebis imeds iZleoda. Tavis mxriv, evropuli helsinkis organizaciebi akontrolebdnen helsinkis xelSekrulebaTa dacvas TavianT qveynebSi. aseTi iyo amerikis samarTaldacviTi organizacia, Helsinki Watch (helsinkis guSagi), romelsac amerikeli qalbatoni jeri laiberi xelmZRvanelobda. igi, rogorc helsinkis organizaciaTa saerTaSoriso federaciis wevri, akontrolebda helsinkis SeTanxmebebs, ara marto sakuTar teritoriaze, aramed im qveynebSic, romlebmac helsinkis daskvniT aqts moaweres xeli. radgan adamianis uflebebi ufro metad sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi irRveoda, amitom aRniSnuli organizacia Tavis saqmianobas am mimarTulebiT warmarTavda. aRsaniSnavia, rom ssr kavSirSi pirveli helsinkis jgufi iuri orlovma Camoayaliba. 1974 wels saqarTveloSi aseve Camoyalibda adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sainiciativo jgufi, romelSic Sevidnen: zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava, Teimuraz janeliZe, nikoloz samxaraZe, givi maRularia da sxvebi. jgufi miznad isaxavda saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis gamovlenas da mxilebas, informaciis gavrcelebas maT Sesaxeb, sindisis patimrebis dacvas, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dacvas suk-is 216

zewolisagan, kulturis ZeglTa dacvas, sxvadasxva uflebrivi dokumentebis, agreTve literaturis TviTgamocemas da akrZaluli wignebis popularizacias. mas Semdeg, rac sabWoTa kavSirma xeli moawera helsinkis SeTanxmebas, saqarTveloSi gaCnda imedi, rom adamianis uflebaTa dacva saerTaSoriso samarTliT sabolood iqneboda garantirebuli, qveynis Sinagani kanonmdebloba bolosdabolos Tanxvdeboda ssrk-is saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs, romelic xelmowerili da ratificirebuli iyo helsinkSi. miznad daisaxes ra helsinkis procesis warmatebuli ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, moskoveli uflebis damcvelni ssrk-Si helsinkis SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyob jgufSi gaerTiandnen. qarTveli uflebis damcvelebi TanamSromlobdnen da mWidro urTierTobaSi imyofebodnen helsinkis jgufis damaarsebel i. orlovTan, agreTve jgufis wevrTan a. ginzburgTan da sxvebTan. moskovis helsinkis jgufis kvaldakval, z. gamsaxurdias iniciativiT, saqarTveloSi helsinkis SeTanxmebis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobi jgufi Camoyalibda. jgufis mizans warmoadgenda saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sainiciativo jgufis saqmianobis gagrZeleba, rasac daemata jgufis mier helsinkis TaTbiris daskvniTi aqtis Seswavla da Tvalyuris devneba, Tu rogor xorcieldeboda saqarTveloSi xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi punqtebi. helsinkis qarTul jgufSi Sevidnen: z. gamsaxurdia, m. kostava, T. janeliZe, v. rcxilaZe, b. beJuaSvili, ir. kenWoSvili. saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufSi agreTve miiRes Tbiliseli otkaznikebi g. da i. goldSteinebi. pirveli dokumenti, romelic helsinkis qarTulma jgufma 1976 wels gamosca, qarTveli patriotis v. Jvanias dacvas isaxavda miznad. saqarTvelos suverenitetis mimarT ruseTis ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis protestis gamo, mas daxvreta miusajes. helsinkis qarTuli jgufis wevrTa mcdelobis miuxedavad, v. Jvania mainc daxvrites. moskovis helsinkis jgufs, imave periodSi gadaeca z. gamsaxurdias dokumenturi wigni ,,Sss da suki, romelic dasavleTSi gamoica saTauriT: ,,wamebaTa Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi. 1976 wels saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufma gamosca sainformacio Jurnali: ,,saqarTvelos moambe, romlis redaqtoric z. gamsaxurdia iyo. Jurnali aSuqebda helsinkis jgufis winaSe wamoWril problemebs adamianis uflebaTa da erovnuli kulturis dacvis sferoSi, imave periodSi gamodioda aseve Jurnali ,,oqros sawmisi. Jurnal ,,saqarTvelos moambis mizans, Jurnalis pirvel gverdze ganTavsebuli statia Semdegnairad asabuTebda: ,,sabWoTa totalitaruli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xelisuflebis arasasurveli informaciis malva administraciul-politikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. Jurnalis gamosvlas miesalmnen cnobili rusi disidentebi: nobelis premiis laureati, akad. a. saxarovi, aseve mwerali, publicisti da istorikosi a. amalriki. a. saxarovis gancxadebiT Jurnalis gamosvla uaRresad drouli iyo, vinaidan saqarTveloSi arsebuli realuri situaciis Sesaxeb, namdvili informaciis miReba mniSvnelovani iyo msoflio masStabiT. zemoxsenebuli Jurnalebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, saqarTvels sabWoTa presaSi daiwyo uprecedento kompania helsinkis jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg, rasac mohyva z. gamsaxurdias garicxva saqarTvelos ssr mweralTa kavSiris rigebidan, xolo mogvianebiT 1977 wlis 7 aprils, z. gamsaxurdias da m. kostavas dapatimreba. Sinagan saqmeTa saministros saarqivo sammarTveloSi daculia sisxlis samarTlis saqme #131, romelic 55 tomisagan Sedgeba da dasaTaurebulia Semdegnairad; brali edeba zviad konstantines Ze gamsaxurdias da merab ivanes Ze kostavas danaSaulSi, saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis &71, pirveli muxliT. maT winaaRmdeg saqme 1977 wlis 7 aprils aRiZra, xolo ganaCeni antisabWoTa agitaciisaTvis 1978 wlis 19 maiss gamoitanes. gamoZiebis saqmidan Cans, rom zviad gamsaxurdia, merab kostava da viqtor rcxilaZe, dajgufebis yvelaze cnobili wevrebi iyvnen. maTi mizani iyo qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo enis SenarCuneba, simarTlis garkveva 1921 wels saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSirTan SeerTebis Taobaze, sabWoTa simboloebis qarTuli erovnuli simboloebiT Canacvleba, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiis aRdgena erovnuli TviTSegnebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. sabWoTa sistemis krizisis maCvenebeli iyo moskovis miTiTebiT sabWoTa saqarTvelos 1977 wlis konstituciaSi im muxlis amoReba, romelic 1936 wlis konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT qarTul enas saxelmwifo enis statuss aniWebda. 1978 wlis 14 aprils, rodesac saqarTvelos umaRles sabWos unda daemtkicebina axali konstitucia, qarTuli enis uflebis Selaxvis gamo, TbilisSi, rusTavelis prospeqtze, grandiozuli saprotesto demonstracia gaimarTa. saprotesto demonstraciis organizebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrules Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, aseve sxva umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebma. qarTuli enisaTvis saxelmwifo enis statusis miniWebis moTxovniT sazogadoebis darazmvaSi didi wvlili Seitana kritikosma da publicistma akaki baqraZem. demonstraciaSi mosaxleobis yvela fena monawileobda. xelisuflebam Tbilisis quCebSi armia da samxedro teqnika gamoiyvana. mzaddeboda didi sisxlisRvra. tragediis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli gaxda saqarTvelos maSindeli politikuri lideris eduard SevardnaZis mier moskovis centraluri xelisuflebis avtoritetebTan molaparakebiT, romlis DSedegad miRebuli iqna nebarTva axal konstituciaSi qarTuli enis yofili statusi SeenarCunebinaT. am movlenebis aRsaniSnavad 1990 wlidan, 14 aprili saqarTveloSi dedaenis dRed aRiniSneba. sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri mTavrobis mxridan am uCveulo daTmobam, TbilisSi emociebi daacxro, Tumca afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi daZabuloba gamoiwvia, sadac afxaz 217

komunistTa elitam es nabiji qarTuli nacionalizmis winaSe daTmobad Seafasa da moiTxova afxazeTis avtonomiis saqarTvelodan ruseTis federaciis daqvemdebarebaSi gadatana. es moTxovna uaryofili iqna, Tumca ramdenime politikuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri daTmoba mainc gakeTda. 1978 wlis aprilis ambebma qarTveli xalxi daarwmuna, rom saWiro iyo moqmedeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeboda. saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas did stimuls aZlevda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi (poloneTi, Cexoslovakia da sxva) sabWoTa politikuri reJimis krizisi da erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba, aseve TviT sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebis erovnuli moZraoba.

danarTi
1956 wlis proklamaciis teqsti qarTvelebo! xom ar dagaviwydaT 9 martis sisxliani Rame? xom ar dagaviwydaT sisxliani ocdaoTxi da ocdaCvidmeti, qarTveli xalxis darbevisa da gaJletis wlebi? rodemdis unda gvqondes qedi moxrili mtarvali komunistebis maxvilqveS? Cvens winaprebs sisxli aravisTvis SeurCeniaT da arc Cven unda SevircxvinoT Tavi. dRes, rodesac mTeli Segnebuli kacobrioba aRSfoTebulia moskovis saSineli borotmoqmedebiT, Cveni eris yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi dgeba, droa, SeverTdeT erTi droSis qveS Cveni samSoblos dampyroblis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mimoixedeT irgvliv, msoflio boboqrobs. gankiTxvis dRe mzaddeba kremleli jalaTebisaTvis. TbilisSi, poznanSi, budapeStSi maT mier daRvrili udanaSaulo mosaxleobis sisxli samarTals iTxovs. maTi aRsasruli moaxlovebulia. qarTvelebo! sxva aravinaa Cveni mSveleli, Cveni sakuTari Tavis garda. brZoliT unda mivaRwioT Tavisuflebas! Zmuri salami gmir ungrel xalxs! dae, yvela damonebuli erisaTvis magaliTad iqces ungrelTa gmiroba! xelebi Sors ungreTisagan! Zirs Cveni xalxis sisxlSi xelebgasvrili okupantebi da maTi samxedro xrova! Zirs moRalate qarTveli komunistebi! gaumarjos Tavisufal da damoukidebel saqarTvelos! romeli moRalatec amas Camoxsnis, sikvdili elis!

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena

sabWoTa sistemis krizisi. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi qarTul erovnul moZraobasa da sabWoTa disidentur moZraobas Soris aSkarad gamoxatuli ideologiuri winaaRmdegoba gamoikveTa, romelic TandaTan gaRrmavda. e. w. perestroikis wlebSi sabWoTa disidenturi moZraobis umTavresi mizani sabWoTa kavSiris mxolod Selamazeba iyo da ara imperiis mier dapyrobil xalxTa gaTavisufleba (magaliTad: saxarovis e. w. axali sabWoTa konstitucia), qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba calsaxad saqarTvelos sruli damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis ibrZoda. aRniSnuli periodis winaaRmdegobebi aisaxa sajaro diskusiaSi: jer demokratia, Tu jer damoukidebloba. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mtrebi amtkicebdnen, rom ar ivargebs damoukideblobis miRweva manamade, sanam ar iqneba miRweuli mTeli sabWoTa sistemis demokratiulad gardaqmna. qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis liderebi savsebiT marTebulad amtkicebdnen, rom damoukideblobis gareSe veraviTari demokratia ver iarsebebs. qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis warmomadgenelTa gansakuTrebuli aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia rusi disidentebis lideris a. saxarovis cinizmiT aRsavse lozungma: saqarTvelo mcire imperiaa. aRniSnuli lozungi arsebiTad pirdapiri mowodeba iyo afxazi da osi separatistebisaTvis, raTa saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg daewyoT aqtiuri moqmedebebi. swored, es lozungi gaxda sabWoTa (rusul) disidentur moZraobasa da saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas Soris saboloo ganxeTqilebis mizezi. erovnuli moZraobis qarTvelma liderebma, sabWoTa kavSirSi, axali proerovnulad ganwyobili Zalebis Zebna daiwyo, rac SemdegSi a. solJenicinis mxardaWeraSi gamoixata, Tumca mogvianebiT, misi pozicia saxarovis naazrevis identuri gaxda. aRniSnuli ganxeTqileba gaxda imis mizezi, rom sabWoTa disidenturma wreebma z. gamsaxurdias da m. kostavas winaaRmdeg brZola daiwyes. saqarTveloSi maT devnas qarTul erovnul moZraobaSi sabWoTa specsamsaxurebis mier Canergili saeWvo Zalebi axorcielebdnen. sabWoTa kavSiris krizisis periodSic ki ar Secvlila moskovis didmpyrobeluri politika ararusi eris mimarT. erovnul moZraobas sabWoTa xelisufleba represiebiT upirispirdeboda. uamravi qarTveli patrioti cixeebsa da gadasaxlebaSi itanjeboda. 1985 wels sabWoTa kavSiris 218

politikur xelmZRvanelobaSi cvlileba moxda. xelisuflebis saTaveSi mixeil gorbaCovi movida. axalma xelmZRvanelma aRiara, rom sabWoTa kavSiri Rrma krizisis stadiaSi imyofeboda. aRiarebuli iqna isic, rom qveynis politikuri sistema arademokratiuli, diqtatoruli iyo. mixeil gorbaCovis iniciativiT qveyanaSi gardaqmnebi daiwyo, romlis mizans politikuri sistemis demokratizacia da ekonomikis gajansaReba warmoadgenda. sul male cxadi gaxda, rom sabWoTa politikuri sistemis Zireuli gardaqmna da ekonomikis fexze dayeneba SeuZlebeli iyo. mixeil gorbaCovis mcdeloba sabWoTa kavSirSi erovnuli urTierTobis gardaqmnisa da masSi Semaval respublikebs Soris axali xelSekrulebis dadebisa amao gamodga. Sedegi ver gamoiRo verc amerikis SeerTebul StatebTan da sxva did qveynebTan TanamSromlobis axali formebis Ziebam. yovelive es cxadad mianiSnebda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri Rrma krizisSi imyofeboda.

erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi.

sabWoTa kavSirSi politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, saqarTveloSi sul ufro Zlierdeboda erovnuli moZraoba. erovnuli moZraobis aRiarebul liderebTan zviad gamsaxurdiasTan da merab kostavasTan erTad moZraobaSi aqtiurad Caebnen axalgazrdebic. saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSiris paralelurad Seiqmna axali organizaciebi: ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos respublikuri partia, saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partia, saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis partia, saqarTvelos saxalxo fronti, rusTavelis sazogadoeba, saqarTvelos mwvaneTa partia da sxvebi. erovnuli moZraobis umTavres Zalas Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi warmoadgendnen. studentebma presklubi Seqmnes, romlis muSaobas daTo turaSvili, fiqria CixraZe, Tedo isakaZe da sxvebi warmarTavdnen. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba saqarTvelos did qalaqebSi: quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSic igrZnoboda. erovnuli moZraobis aRmavloba kavkasiis sauReltexilo rkinigzis mSeneblobis dawyebam, aseve daviTgarejidan sabWoTa jarebis sawvrTneli poligonis sxvagan gadatanis moTxovnam gamoiwvia. antisabWoTa mitingebi da demonstraciebi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda 1988 wlidan da mimarTuli iyo sabWoTa reJimis winaaRmdeg. mitingis monawileebi sabWoTa imperiidan saqarTvelos gamosvlas moiTxovdnen. 1988 wlis noembridan TbilisSi faqtiurad yoveldRe imarTeboda mitingebi da demonstraciebi. mitingis monawileni ruseT-saqarTvelos 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis aRdgenas, ruseTis mier saqarTveloSi demokratiuli respublikis dapyrobas da saqarTvelos ZaliT gasabWoebis aRiarebas, saqarTvelodan sabWoTa armiis gayvanas da natos jarebis Semoyvanas moiTxovdnen. mosaxleobis yvela fenaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis idea sul ufro popularuli xdeboda. 1989 wlis gazafxulze situacia saqarTveloSi Zalze daiZaba. am periodSi ruseTis waqezebiT Zalze gaaqtiurdnen afxazi da osi separatistebi. afxazma separatistebma 1989 wlis martSi sofel lixnSi gamarTul mravalaTasian Tavyrilobaze saqarTvelodan afxazeTis gamoyofisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTebis gadawyvetileba miiRes. Sida qarTlSi Zlierdeboda rusebis mier waqezebuli osi separatistebis moZraoba, romelTac e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan gamoyvana da ruseTTan SeerTeba surdaT. afxazi da osi separatistebis usamarTlo, provokaciulma moTxovnebma qarTveli mosaxleobis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. TbilisSi saprotesto mitingebi da demonstraciebi daiwyo. axalgazrdebis jgufma rusTavelis prospeqtze, mTavrobis sasaxlis win SimSiloba daiwyo. 4 aprilidan iqve mimdinareobda mitingebi. sabWoTa kavSiris politikuri xelmZRvaneloba SeaSfoTa saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobam, romelmac sul ufro gamokveTili antisabWoTa xasiaTi miiRo. TbilisSi mimdinare movlenebs SeeZlo gavlena moexdina sxva respublikebze, sadac aseve Zlierdeboda erovnuli moZraoba. moskovSi miiRes gadawyvetileba TbilisSi mitingebis ZaliT aRkveTis Sesaxeb.

1989 wlis 9 aprili.

1989 wlis 9 aprils rusulma imperiam kidev erTi sisxliani furceli Cawera saqarTvelos istoriis analebSi. borotebis imperiam am dRes kidev erTxel daanaxa mTel msoflios namdvili saxe. ismis kiTxva SeiZleboda Tu ara 9 aprilis 219

tragediis Tavidan acileba? Semdgomma politikurma procesebma aCvena, rom sabWoTa imperia iseT Rrma krizisSi imyofeboda, rom misi daSla gardauvali iyo. 1989 wlis 9aprils, TbilisSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebi moZraobis winaaRmdeg SeiaraRebuli samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba sabWoTa kavSirSi pirveli iyo, xolo Semdgom azerbaijansa da litvaSi ganmeorda, sadac erovnuli Zalebi aqtiurad ibrZodnen damoukideblobisaTvis. 1990 wlis 20 ianvars baqoSi mSvidobiani mitingis darbevisas mZime tankebiT gaisrisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRiT mokluli iqna 107 adamiani. rac Seexeba belorusias, TurqmeneTs, estoneTs, latvias maT damoukidebloba usisxlod miiRes. uzbekebma sakuTari damoukideblobis Sesaxeb satelevizio programa vremia-s gadmocemidan gaiges. 1989 wlis 4 aprils, TbilisSi ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebis iniciativiT, mTavrobis sasaxlis win permanentuli mitingi daiwyo afxazeTis avtonomiis gauqmebis moTxovniT. 6 aprilidan TbilisSi ssr kavSiris Tavdacvis ministris pirveli moadgile, armiis generali koCetovi imyofeboda. amdenad, sakavSiro saministrom yvelaferi icoda imis Taobaze, rac TbilisSi mzaddeboda. koCetovi TbilisSi yofnisas aRniSnul sakiTxze gamarTul yvela sxdomis, Tu TaTbiris muSaobaSi monawileobda. saqarTvelodan Sifrogramebs ck-s mdivani Cebrikovi iRebda. arsebobs generaluri Stabis ufrosis, armiis general m. moiseevis mier 7 aprils xelmowerili brZaneba, TbilisSi damatebiTi sajariso nawilebis Sesaxeb. jarebis Semoyvana TbilisSi gacilebiT adre daiwyo, vidre j. patiaSvilis oficialuri Sifrograma gaigzavneboda moskovSi, rac 7 aprils saRamos 21 saaTze moxda. e. ligaCovis TavmjdomareobiT politbiuros sxdoma ki 7 aprils diliT Sedga da ramdenime saaTSi gaica brZaneba regularuli da Sinagan saqmeTa jarebis nawilebis TbilisSi gadmosrolis Sesaxeb. amdenad, sakavSiro deputatTa yrilobaze a. lukianovis informacia, TiTqos jarebi TbilisSi j. patiaSvilis TxovniT iqna Seyvanili, sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. miuxedavad amisa, es faqti saqarTvelos xelmZRvanel pirTa pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs, bunebrivia ar xsnis. sisxliani 9 aprilis momzadebaSi didi wvlili Seitanes aqciamde cota xniT adre TbilisSi Camosulma skkp ck-is pasuxismgebel pirTa jgufma. maT Soris iyvnen: selivanovi, lobko, baklanovi, buianovi, mixailovi da sxvebi. maTTan erTad imyofebodnen centraluri presis, samxedroebis, Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, prokuraturis TanamSromlebi. isini saqarTvelos kompartiis ck-is meore mdivnis b. nikolskis garSemo iyvnen Semokrebilni. mravali magaliTia imisa, Tu ra praqtikul zemoqmedebas axdendnen isini saqarTvelos respublikis xelmZRvanelobaze, kerZod, TviT pirvel mdivanzec. sagulisxmoa, rom 9 aprils dezinformaciuli depeSa moskovSi selivanovma, nikolskim da lobkom Seadgines. gaocebas iwvevs SeiaraRebuli Zalebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros qvedanayofebis CamonaTvali, romlebic mSvidobiani mitingis darbevaSi monawileobdnen. eseni iyvnen: motomsrolelebi, qveiTebi, sahaero desanti, Sinagani jarebi, sagangebo daniSnulebis qvedanayofebi, tankebi, javSnosani manqanebi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT cecxlmsrolel, qimiur iaraRsa da mesangreTa xelbarebze. gorkidan gadmoisroles samxedro kutsantebi, baqodan_ZerJinskis saxelobis diviziis meomrebi, amave nawilebis meTaurebi Camofrindnen moskovidan, qvedanayofebi Camoiyvanes voroneJidan, permidan da es yvelaferi yovelgvari dokumentaciis gareSe ganxorcielda. mitingis darbevis gadawyvetileba 1989 wlis 9 aprils, dilis 4 saaTze ganxorcielda. operacias general-polkovniki i. rodionovi xelmZRvanelobda. mis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo yvela saxeobis sajariso formireba amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis jarebis sardlis moadgilis i. kuznecovis da Sinagani jarebis operatiuli sammarTvelos ufrosis i. efimovis meTaurobiT. saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs S. gorgoZes da mis daqvemdebarebul saqarTvelos milicias faqtobrivad undobloba gamoucxades da igi Tavad iqca sajariso nawilebis darbevis obieqtad. darbevis win mitingze sruli simSvide sufevda. adamianebi xelSi anTebuli saTlebiT idgnen da loculobdnen. darbevis Sedegad 19 adamiani daiRupa, maT Soris 16 qali iyo, maTgan ori arasrulwlovani. aTasobiT adamiani moiwamla. 9 aprils saqarTvelos damoukideblobas kidev erTxel esroles.

danarTi 1

nawyveti giorgi Wanturias sasamarTloze warmosaTqmeli sityvidan, romelic man 1989 wlis 4 maiss orTaWalis cixeSi dawera. me Tavis dacvas ar vapireb, amitomac uari vTqvi advokatze. Cven Tavdasacavi araferi gvWirs. 206\3 muxli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisa, iseve, rogorc mravali sxva muxli, aris antidemokratiuli, amitom am muxliT adamianis gasamarTleba, miT umetes 9 aprilis tragediis Semdgom, scdeba yovelgvar moralur farglebs. Cven iseve ar dagvirRvevia wesrigi, rogorc ar daucviaT es wesrigi orpirnalesi niCbebiTa da qimiuri iaraRiT aRWurvil samxedro mkvlelebs. Cven marTalni varT RvTisa da eris winaSe; Cveni qmedeba aramcTu swori, aramed aucilebelicaa Cveni xalxisaTvis... im opoziciuri partiis saxeliT, romlis wevric me pativi maqvs viyo, 9 aprils daRupul adamianTa saxeliT, yvela qarTveli patriotis

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saxeliT, me brals vdeb xelisuflebas, sabWoTa armias, sakavSiro Sinagan saqmeTa saministros, sakavSiro presasa da televizias ZaladobaSi, mSvidobiani mosaxleobis organizebul daxocvaSi, qimiuri SxamiT patriotebis dawamvlaSi, dezinformaciis gavrcelebaSi, cinizmSi... saboloo jamSi ki qarTveli eris, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaaRmdeg warmoebul uperspeqtivo, samarcxvino da sastik omSi... CemTvis mTavaria, saqme gavakeTo, vemsaxuro Cems ers, Cems samSoblos_me ki am saqmes cixeSi yofniTac vakeTeb. am saqmisaTvis Rirs cxovreba, Rirs brZola!

danarTi 2
nawyveti zviad gamsaxurdias werilidan: cxra aprilidan cxra aprilamde. 1990 wlis 27 marti. erTi weli gavida im dRidan, romelmac SeZra qarTveli eri da mTeli civilizebuli msoflio. cxra aprilis genocidi uprecedento movlenaa msoflio istoriaSi. igi gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa TviT sabWoTa jalaTebis praqtikaSi, TviT maTi sisastikisa da araadamianobisaganac moulodneli. mSvidobian moSimSileTa masobrivi daxocva ar CaudeniaT arc leninel, arc stalinel, arc hitlerel, arc polpotel jalaTebs_igi perestroikis jalaTebma Caidines. me, rogorc 4-9 aprilis demonstraciebisa da mitingebis erT-erTi mTavari organizatori da uSualo monawile, vacxadeb: jalaTebisaTvis ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi aTobiT adamianis mkvleloba, aTasobiT adamianis dasaxiCreba da gaziT mowamvla. axla isini cdiloben moklan simarTle, gaayalbon saqmis arsi, magram amaoa maTi cdebi, vinaidan Seqspiris Tqmisa ar iyos, avni saqmeni miwis wiaRSic mimalulni ver darCebian. isini amaod cdiloben, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovniT gamarTuli 4-9 aprilis aqcia antiafxazur eTnokonfliqtur aqciad monaTlon, amaod cdiloben, agreTve, damtkicebas imisas, TiTqos aqcia iyo agresiuli da ara mSvidobiani, TiTqos Cven xalxs vesxmodiT Tavs, vcdilobdiT xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas, hitlerul lozungebs gaviZaxodiT da sxva. adgilobrivTa garda, aqciis TviTmxilvelia mravali ucxoeli, arsebobs mravali fotosuraTi da videofiri, magram veravin ver aRbeWda Cveni faSizmi da agresiuloba, sabWoTa jalaTebma ki TavianTi simxeciTa da sadizmiT Sors gauswres faSizms. Cveni faSizmis damadasturebeli sabuTi namdvilad ar arsebobs. xolo rac Seexeba damsjel razmebs, erT-erTi maTganisaTvis warTmeul xelketze marTlac aRmoCnda amoWrili faSisturi svastika, rac aravis gahkvirvebia. pamiatis wevrma maTma oficrebma namdvilad Seqmnes TbilisSi araqarTvelTa faSisturi organizacia edelvaisi (daxedeT saxels), romelic dResac moqmedebs. aqciis dasawyisSi, suki, rogorc Cans, Sors ixedeboda, amitom man SemogvTavaza ramdenime provokatori cru disidenti, romelTac surdaT aqciis warmarTva mxolod afxazeTTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebiT, sadac kremlma winaswar marTlac Zalze gaamwvava erovnebaTSorisi SuRli. amiT surdaT Cveni provocireba mxolod lokalur lozungebze da aqciebze. samedicino institutis ezoSi gamarTul mitingze mavanni da mavanni cdilobdnen aqciis warmarTvas arasasurveli gziT da winaaRmdegni iyvnen damoukideblobis lozungis wamoyenebisa. Cven ki, wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoebis, helsinkis jgufisa da erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis wevrebi, am aqciis ZiriTadi organizatorebi, damoukideblobis moTxovnas vayenebdiT uwinares yovlisa, yovelive amaSi Cven mxars gviWerda agreTve erovnul-demokratiuli partia, romelmac televiziis SenobasTan daiwyo aqcia igive moTxovniT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ilias da akakis ZeglTan, rusTavelis prospeqtze moxda dava da kamaTi Cvensa da provokatorebs Soris. am kamaTSi simarTle Cvens mxares iyo, magram am simarTlis gansamtkiceblad me mainc gadavwyvite saerTo-saxalxo ganxilvis sagnad gveqcia Cveni gegmebi. am mizniT me waviyvane kolona universitetidan dinamos stadionze da fexburTis matCis mayureblebs movuwode, gadmoenacvlaT rusTavelis prospeqtze, mTavrobis saxlTan, sadac unda gadawyvetiliyo Cveni aqciis bedi. daaxloebiT 40 aTasiani masa daiZra rusTavelis prospeqtisaken. am grandiozul msvlelobas gzaSi SemouerTda mravali adamiani, rusTavelis prospeqtze mozRvavda daaxloebiT 100 aTasi kaci da gaZlierda mitingi. amasobaSi mTavrobis saxlTan SimSiloba damoukideblobis moTxovniT ukve gamoacxada ramdenime aTeulma adamianma_Cveni sazogadoebis da partiis wevrebma. es ricxvi ganuwyvetliv izrdeboda, gaegzavna koleqtiuri depeSa jorj buSs, saqarTvelos damoukideblobis moTxovnisaTvis mxardasaWerad. Cvenma gegmam gaimarjva: aqcia warimarTa erTaderTi moTxovniT da es iyo damoukideblobis moTxovna, rac ganamtkica i. wereTlisa da i. baTiaSvilis quTaisidan Camosvlam, romelnic wina dReebSi iq atarebdnen mitings... 8 aprilamde mTavrobis saxlSi da mis ezoSi didZali milicia iyo. 8 aprils naSuadRevs daiwyes miliciis gayvana manqanebiT, rac cudad gveniSna. mTavrobis saxlis gaswvriv darCa mxolod ramdenime aTeuli milicieli (romlebic, rogorc SemdgomSi gavigeT, ganiaraRebulni yofilan winaswar). amasobaSi organos nacnobma muSakebma mamcnes, rom cxvariWamiaSi Semosulia Sinagani jarebis didi nawilebi, romelnic uTuod daarbeven demonstracias, Tanac dasZines, rom maT aqvT nebarTva aTasamde adamianis mokvlisa. me imJamad ar virwmune es yovelive da morig SantaJad CavTvale. RamiT, daaxloebiT 3 saaTze, mitingze movida ilia meore da mouwoda momitingeebs daSliliyvnen, razedac maT uari ganacxades. am dros me mTxoves xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma Sevsuliyavi mTavrobis saxlis TaRebqveS, sadac qalaqis miliciis ufrosma r. gvencaZem mamcno: jari da samxedro teqnika mosulia ukve moedanze da Tu 15 wuTSi ar daSli mitings, tragedia moxdebao. me mivuge, rom mitingis daSla mxolod Cemze ar aris damokidebuli, saWiroa TaTbiri, rasac albaT erTi an ori saaTi mainc dasWirdeba-meTqi. moviTxove dro dilamde, magram isini mainc Tavisas gaiZaxodnen, axlave daSale, sul ramdenime wuTi dagrCao. garda amisa, me vuTxari maT: Tu gorbaCovi amas Caidens, igi sabolood aifeTqebs-meTqi Tavis avtoritets msoflios TvalSi. Cemi uaris Semdeg erT-erTi Tanamdebobis piri damemuqra: icode, saxls agifeTqeben colSvilianad da Senc gaganadgurebeno. gamovedi Tu ara isev mitingze, gaisma xmebi, jari modiso da Tvali movkari javSantransportiorebis pirvel kolonas, romelsac ukan farebiani da xelketebiani razmebi mosdevdnen. Seiqmna CoCqoli, areuloba, xalxma derefani gaakeTa da javSantransportiorebma gamoiares. xolo razmebi umowyalod daerien momitingeebs xelketebiT, xelbarebiT da gazis balonebiT. aSkara iyo, rom maT demonstraciis daSla ki ar hqondaT miznad dasaxuli, aramed misi dasja da alyaSi moqceva. Semdeg CemTvis naTeli gaxda mizani am alyisa: isini xalxs erekebodnen mTavrobis saxlis TaRebisaken, vinaidan surdaT, SeeqmnaT iluzia, TiTqos xalxi Secvivda mTavrobis saxlSi da misi aReba moindoma SturmiT. amis Semdeg ki ufro kanonzomieri iqneboda xalxis erTiani amoJleta. am mizans maT ver miaRwies, vinaidan mTavrobis saxlis kibisTavze qarTuli milicia idga da xalxs uqmnida kordons pirvel saSualo skolisaken, ilias da akakis Zeglisaken. pirveli dartymis Semdeg, xalxi moawyda tribunas, Cven centrSi aRmovCndiT. gaisma xmebi: moSimSileebo, dasxediT, mjdomareebs ar Segexebiano. mivxvdi, rom es uazro mowodeba iyo, vinaidan gamxecebuli jalaTebisaTvis, piriqiT, ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo mjdomare moSimSileTa gadajejgva. maSinve daviwye yvirili, ar dasxdeT, adeqiT, derefani gaakeTeT da moSimSileebi gaiyvaneT-maTqi. xalxis da miliciis daxmarebiT, marTlac gavakeTeT derefani da mravali moSimSile gaviyvaneT, sanam iseT rkalSi ar mogvaqcies samxedroebma, rom veravin ver iZvroda

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adgilidan. amasobaSi gaZlierda jariskacebis mier gazis SuSxunebis srola da balonebis sxureba, erT-erTi SuSxuna Cems axlos gaskda, ar damaviwydeba saSineli suni...TandaTan vigrZeni, rom gonebas vkargav da TiTqos davkarge kidec. CemTvis ucnobma axalgazrdebma Turme amasobaSi gzis gakafviT xeliT gamomiyvanes. me TandaTan movedi cnobaze da filarmoniasTan SevuerTdi xalxs. iq movida merab kostava, romelic agreTve gadaerCina xalxs... daaxloebiT 7-8 saaTze davbrundi Sin. dilis 7-8 saaTze uSiSroebis komitetisa da miliciis TanamSromlebi ukiTxavad SemoiWrnen Cems ezoSi, aaoxres mamaCemis, Cemi disa da dedaCemis saflavebi, amoyares saflavis jvrebi, Semdeg moadgnen saxls da daiwyes karis Semomtvreva, surdaT SeeqmnaT iluzia, rom me ar vnebdebodi milicias. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen n. lavrentaSvili da b. cincaZe. me mSvidad gamovedi da wavyevi... CemTan erTad daapatimres merab kostava, giorgi Wanturia, irakli wereTeli ki daapatimres mogvianebiT... 19 maiss, 40 dRis patimrobis Semdeg, xalxis moTxovniT da sayovelTao gaficvis SiSiT gagvaTavisufles...

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena (1991 wlis 9 aprili)

1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragikulma movlenam gardamtexi roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi. 9 aprilis tragedia iyo is mijna, roca z. gamsaxurdias da m. kostavas TaosnobiT mTeli qarTveli eri ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg gamovida. saqarTvelos komunistur xelisuflebas sabolood gautyda saxeli. jumber patiaSvilis gadadgomis Semdeg saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis posti givi gumbariZem daikava. saqarTvelos axalma xelisuflebam imTaviTve dakarga marTvis sadaveebi. erovnuli moZraobis saTaveSi radikaluri politikuri Zalebi moeqcnen. swored, isini marTavdnen politikur procesebs. xelisufleba TiTqmis morCilad asrulebda erovnuli moZraobis moTxovnebs. saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, orxelisuflebianoba damyarda. radikalurma politikurma partiebma Seqmnes erovnuli xsnis komiteti. masSi gaerTiandnen: Hhelsinkis kavSiri (Tavmjdomare zviad gamsaxurdia); erovnul-demokratiuli partia (giorgi Wanturia); saxalxo fronti (nodar naTaZe); erovnuli damoukideblobis partia (irakli wereTeli); ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba, tradicionalistTa kavSiri (akaki asaTiani) da sxv. erovnuli xsnis komitetis umTavresi mizani iyo saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gamoyvana da damoukideblobis mopoveba, rac etapobrivad unda ganxorcielebuliyo. etapobrivi brZola iTvaliswinebda sabWoTa xelisuflebis struqturebis TandaTanobiT gauqmebas, brZolis saSualebad saprotesto mSvidobiani moZraoba (gaficvebi, mitingebi, SimSiloba) iqna miCneuli. erovnuli xsnis komitetis iniciativiT 1989 wlis oqtomberSi, TbilisSi, sportis sasaxlesTan, qarTveli axalgazrdebis mjdomare aqcia mimdinareobda. isini uars acxadebdnen sabWoTa armiaSi samsaxurze. xelovnebis muzeumTan, afxazeTidan Camosuli qarTvelebi mjdomare gaficvis gziT regionSi arsebuli problemebis mogvarebas moiTxovdnen. 1989 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi erovnuli xsnis komitetis warmomadgenlebi ramdenjerme Sexvdnen saqarTvelos xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs, Semdegi moTxovnebiT: sazRvargareTis qveynebis politikur organizaciebTan urTierToba; saerTaSoriso forumebze daswrebis ufleba; im wvevamdelebis dausjeloba, romlebic uars ambobdnen sabWoTa armiaSi samsaxurze; soxumSi 1989 wlis ivlisSi momxdari sisxliani Setakebis moTaveebis dasja; afxazeTis ramdenime raionSi sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagani jarebis nacvlad qarTuli miliciis Seyvana; e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxelwodebis Secvla cxinvalis olqiT; rokis gvirabis gauqmeba; gardabnis, marneulis, dmanisis raionebsa da foniWalaSi ukanonod mitacebuli miwebis dabruneba kanonier mflobelTaTvis; kolmeurneobebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis daSla da maT mier mikuTvnebuli miwebis glexobis xelSi gadacema; saeTero dro televiziaSi, radioSi, alternatiuli adgili respublikis centralur gazeTebSi da a.S. opoziciurma politikurma partiebma saerTo-saxalxo referendumis mowyobis idea wamoayenes. qarTvel ers unda gamoexata Tavisi damokidebuleba 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aneqsiis faqtisa da saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis ideisadmi. opoziciuri politikuri partiebis zegavleniT, 1990 wlis martSi, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo specialuri dadgenileba, romelSic 1921 wlis TebervalSi, saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg sabWoTa ruseTis samxedro moqmedeba Sefasebuli iyo, rogorc qveynis okupacia da faqtobrivi aneqsia. erovnuli moZraobis zegavleniT, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo gadawyvetileba 1990 wlis martSi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos arCevnebis Catarebis Sesaxeb. arCevnebis mimarT politikurma partiebma araerTgvarovani pozicia daikaves. mas Semdeg, rac 1988 wlidan erovnulma moZraobam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo, saprotesto aqciebs politikuri partiebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. eseni iyvnen, erTis mxriv, helsinkis kavSiri da misi aRiarebuli meTaurebi zviad gamsaxurdia da merab kostava, meores mxriv_erovnul-demokratiuli (giorgi Wanturia) da erovnuli 222

damoukideblobis (irakli wereTeli) partiebi, ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoeba (zurab WavWavaZe) da sxva. am viTarebaSi gadamwvet rols asrulebda merab kostavas pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romelic yovelTvis axerxebda erovnuli moZraobis or banaks Soris SeTanxmebas da kompromisis miRwevas. 1989 wlis oqtomberSi avtokatastrofaSi merab kostavas daRupvas erovnul moZraobaSi ganxeTqileba mohyva. erovnuli moZraobis saTaveSi ori Taobis politikuri moRvaweebi aRmoCndnen. maT Soris Tavidanve iyo winaaRmdegoba, magram epizoduri dapirispirebis miuxedavad, 1990 wlis gazafxulamde isini mainc axerxebdnen mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas. politikuri organizaciebis Camoyalibeba qarTuli sazogadoebis zomierma liberalurma Zalebmac scades, rasac xelisuflebac uWerda mxars. 1989 wlis martSi rusTavelis saxelobis sazogadoeba Seiqmna, romelSic mwerlebi, mecnierebi da sazogado moRvaweebi gaerTiandnen. sazogadoebis pirvel Tavmjdomared cnobili sazogado moRvawe akaki baqraZe airCies. rusTavelis sazogadoebas Tavidanve kulturul-saganmanaTleblo xasiaTis miznebi hqonda. misi programa qveynis politikuri cxovrebis evoluciuri ganviTarebis gzas iTvaliswinebda, xolo sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare akaki baqraZe cdilobda erovnuli moZraobisaTvis ideologiuri safuZveli Seeqmna. mosaxleobaSi ufro popularobiT sargeblobda meore zomieri mimarTulebis mqone organizaciis _saxalxo frontis saqmianoba. saxalxo fronts hqonda pretenzia gaeerTianebina erovnuli moZraoba, magram es misia verc man Seasrula. organizacias male Camoscildnen memarjvene Tu memarcxene jgufebi, xolo TviT saxalxo fronti rigiT politikur organizaciad Camoyalibda. zomieri mimarTulebis Zlieri politikuri partiis ar arseboba qarTuli politikuri speqtris seriozuli nakli iyo. emociurad ganwyobili qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis ufro mimzidveli aRmoCnda radikaluri politikuri mimdinareoba. 1990 wlis 13-15 marts radikaluri Zalebis iniciativiT TbilisSi, filarmoniis did darbazSi, erovnuli moZraobis sagangebo konferencia_ erovnuli forumi Catarda. masSi erovnuli moZraobis yvela ZiriTadi Zala monawileobda. forumma boikoti gamoucxada 1990 wlis 25 martis arCevnebs da saerTod ukanonod scno sabWoTa sistema. erovnulma forumma maqsimalurad Seurigebeli pozicia daikava arsebuli xelisuflebis mimarT. 1990 wlis aprilSi gamoqveynda forumis mimarTva qarTveli erisa da msoflio sazogadoebriobisadmi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom yvela is politikuri partia, romelic Tavis moqmedebas Seuxamebda sabWour konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobas, ver CaiTvleboda opoziciad. arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTavar saSualebad erovnuli daumorCilebloba iqna miCneuli. erovnuli moZraoba, romelsac mxolod erTi mizani_saqarTvelos sruli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba_hqonda, formalurad da faqtobrivad 1990 wlis gazafxulamde erTiani iyo, Tumca mis or dajgufebas Soris winaaRmdegoba Semdgom erTianobas ukve SeuZlebels xdida. erovnuli moZraobis radikaluri axalgazrduli frTa maqsimalurad upirispirdeboda sabWoTa sistemas, mis saxelmwifoebriv struqturebs. maTi azriT, erovnul moZraobas unda mieRwia saqarTvelos koloniuri mdgomareobis aRiarebisaTvis da daumorCielblobis gziT ebrZola dekolonizaciisaTvis, rogorc es moxda azia-afrikis rig qveynebSi. erovnul moZraobaSi radikalizmis erT-erTi ideologi giorgi Wanturia miiCnevda, rom sabWouri struqturebis gamoyenebis politikam baltiispireTis qveynebis erovnuli moZraoba TiTqmis gamouval CixSi moaqcia. misi azriT, aucilebeli iyo erovnuli moZraobis ara sabWour, Zvel struqturebze morgeba da programa- minimumis ganxorcieleba, aramed axali demokratiuli struqturebis Seqmna programa-maqsimumis ganxorcielebisaTvis. axali demokratiuli struqtura unda yofiliyo erovnuli kongresi, romelic boikots gamoucxadebda yovelgvar sabWoTa struqturasa da mis mier organizebul arCevnebs. ufro realistur poziciaze aRmoCndnen ufrosi Taobis radikalebi. maTi azriT, dekolonizaciis afrikul-aziuri praqtika miuRebeli iyo saqarTvelosaTvis. saqarTvelo, formalur-iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali socialisturi saxelmwifo iyo. konstituciurad saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikas sabWoTa kavSiridan gasvlis ufleba hqonda. Tundac es formaluri ufleba saqarTvelos SesaZleblobas aZlevda samarTlebrivi gziT ebrZola damoukideblobisaTvis. 1990 wlis 25 martis arCevnebis CaSlis Semdeg, helsinkis kavSiri da misi mxardamWeri Zalebi erovnuli forumidan gavidnen da maisis bolos Camoayalibes axali politikuri bloki saxelwodebiT mrgvali magida. masSi Svidi damoukidebeli partia da politikuri organizacia gaerTianda: 1. saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSiri; 2. sruliad saqarTvelos wminda ilia marTlis sazogadoeba; 3. sruliad saqarTvelos merab kostavas sazogadoeba; 4. qarTvel tradicionalistTa kavSiri; 5. saqarTvelos erovnuli fronti; 6. saqarTvelos erovnul-liberaluri kavSiri; 7. saqarTvelos erovnul-qristianuli partia. bloki mrgvali magida_Tavisufali saqrTvelo xelisuflebis saTaveSi 1992 wlamde, samoqalaqo omamde, iyo, xolo 1993 wels zviad gamsaxurdias gardacvalebis Semdeg daiSala. erovnul forumSi 223

darCenilma Zalebma erovnuli yriloba moiwvies da erovnuli kongresis arCeva gadawyvites. amrigad, radikaluri erovnuli Zalebi or dapirispirebul banakad gaiTiSa. erovnul moZraobaSi hegemonobisaTvis Seurigebeli brZola daiwyo. 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers gaimarTa saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi. es iyo 1919 wlis Semdeg pirveli Tavisufali arCevnebi, romelic mravalpartiuli sistemis pirobebSi Catarda. arCevnebSi damajerebeli gamarjveba moipova erovnuli moZraobis yvelaze Zlierma frTam, saarCevno blokma mrgvali magida-Tavisufali saqarTvelo, romelmac saparlamento adgilebis umravlesoba_62% miiRo. saqarTveloSi faqtobrivad xaverdovani revolucia ganxorcielda. erTpartiulma komunisturma diqtaturam saqarTveloSi arsebobis samocdaaTwliani istoria daasrula. qveynis saTaveSi erovnuli xelisufleba aRmoCnda, romelic ukompromisod moiTxovda saqarTvelos srul saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas da sabWoTa kavSirisagan srul gamoyofas. 1991 wlis 31 marts erovnulma xelisuflebam referendumi Caatara. mosaxleobas unda gamoexata sakuTari neba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxze da amiT daedasturebina ara mxolod xelisuflebis, aramed mosaxleobis saerTo nebac. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 97%-ma mxari dauWira qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenas 1921 wlis 26 maisis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze. referendumis safuZvelze, 1991 wlis 9 aprils uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba aRdgenilad gamoacxada da zviad gamsaxurdia respublikis prezidentad airCia, rac 26 maiss Catarebulma saprezidento arCevnebma daadastura. saprezidento arCevnebma kidev erTxel cxadyo, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili zviad gamsaxurdias saxelTan akavSirebda erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis ganmtkicebis saukunovan ideas.

danarTi 1
uars vambobT dampyroblis armiaSi samsaxurze (saqarTvelos erovnuli damoukideblobis partiis samxedro saqmeTa komisiis wevris koba lursmanaSvilis werili) saqarTveloSi dReisaTvis erT-erT rTul problemad jaris sakiTxi rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos umaRlesma sesiam miiRo dadgenileba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, 11 oqtombers dawyebuli samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxurisadmi dakavSirebuli saprotesto aqcia kvlav grZeldeba. bevrs ainteresebs, ra aris mizezi imisa, rom wvevamdelebi gaficvebs agrZeleben. mizezi mravalia, magram aqedan umTavresi da upirvelesi TviT wvevamdelebis mier wamoyenebul lozungebSi Cans: 1. mogiwodebT, uari ganacxadoT saokupacio jarTan yovelgvar TanamSromlobaze! 2. saokupacio jarebma dastovon saqarTvelos teritoria! 3. uars vambobT dampyroblis armiaSi samsaxurze! aris Tu ara samarTliani es lozungebi? daviwyoT pirveliT. jer unda ganvsajoT, aris Tu ara es armia okupantebis. amisaTvis pasuxis gasacemad ramdenime wliT ukan mogviwevs daxeva. upirveles yovlisa, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sabWoTa armia masStaburad gadidebuli da teqnikurad gardaqmnili wiTeli armiis pirvandeli analogiaa SeniRbuli saxiT. is, rom mis mier 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals aRebul iqna Tbilisi cecxliTa da maxviliT, aRaravis aeWvebs. saqarTvelos aneqsia uzenaesi sabWos sesiam cno. e. i. arsebulma xelisuflebam aRiara, rom IX da XI armiebis Semosvla saqarTveloSi qarTveli eris nebis sawinaaRmdego Zaladoba iyo. damoukidebeli, demokratiuli saxelmwifos dapyroba, dedaqalaqis misadgomebTan sisxlis gubeebis dayeneba, kanonieri mTavrobis emigraciaSi gastumreba_saerTaSoriso samarTlis mkacrad dacvis da gaTvaliswinebis uprecedento SemTxvevaa. XI armiam 1922 wlidan axleburad SeiniRba Tavi da sabWoTa armiis saxeliT imdroindel erovnulganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas Tavs risxva daatexa. 1922 wlis, 1924 wlis ajanyebebis, 1956 wlis 9 martis da 1989 wlis 9 aprilis (aRar vlaparakob saqarTvelos gareT datrialebul umsgavso xocva-Jletaze) sayovelTao gamosvlebis sisxlSi CaxSoba kidev ramdenime magaliTia saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis pativiscemisa. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruliad logikuri iqneba davaskvnaT, rom armia, romelic eris Tavisuflebas Trgunavs, sisxlSi axSobs nebismier gamovlinebas erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobisa_dampyroblis anu okupantis armiaa. radgan armia okupantisaa, xasiaTiT igi okupaciuria. okupaciuri armiis mizani ki is aris, rom SeunarCunos dampyrobels dapyrobili teritoria. am SemTxvevaSi dampyroblad, anu okupantad gvevlineba e. w. ssr kavSiris qurqSi gaxveuli ruseTis modernizebuli imperia. pirveli lozungidan gamomdinare, lozungi meore_saokupacio jarebma dastovon saqarTvelos teritoria_dampyroblis mimarT lmobierad JRers. okupantebi unda gaeTrion saqarTvelodan ise, rogorc manamde arsebuli yvela dampyrobeli wasula kudamoZuebuli. mesame lozungi logikurad gamomdinareobs zemoaRniSnuli ori lozungidan. Tu armia okupaciuria, Tu man unda dastovos Cveni teritoria, aseT SemTxvevaSi miuReblad migvaCnia am armiaSi samsaxuri. imsaxuro dampyroblis armiaSi niSnavs ibrZolo Seni eris interesebis winaaRmdeg, rac arc meti, arc naklebi_Ralatis tolfasia. amas arc moraluri da arc zneobrivi gamarTleba ar moeZebneba. biWebi, romlebic dampyroblis armiaSi samsaxurze uars amboben, paralelurad ibrZvian saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis. es yvela qarTvelis mizani da miswrafeba unda iyos, amitom mTeli eri maT mxarSi unda amoudges. arsebuli xelisuflebisagan sawarmoo-dawesebulebebma, institutebma, universitetma moiTxova garantia, rom gaficulebi ar iqnebian dasjilni. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelimes daekisreba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba, daiwyeba masobrivi politikuri aqciebi da gamosvlebi. axla vnaxoT, arsebobs Tu ara realuri safrTxe gaficulTa gasamarTlebisa. daviwyoT imiT, rom saqarTvelos arsebuli sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 81-e muxlis Tanaxmad, piri, romelic Tavs aaridebs samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxurs, isjeba Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT 1-dan 3 wlamde. magram aqve minda aRvniSno Semdegi, rom mas Semdeg, rac uzenaesi sabWos sesiam aRiara 25 Tebervali aneqsiad da saqarTvelo cno dapyrobilad, aucilebelia eri moqmedebdes, e. i. mas mieniWos dapyrobili saxelmwifos uflebebi, xolo mis moqalaqes dapyrobili qveynis warmomadgenlis uflebebi. amitom Cven, rogorc dapyrobilebs, Tavsmoxveuli konstituciiT da sxva

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sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, anu im kanonebiT ar unda gvasamarTlebdnen, romlis referendumi arasodes mowyobila, romelnic eris mier cnobili da aRiarebuli araa. iqedan gamomdinare, rom samarTali CvenTan usamarTlod gamoxatavs korumpirebuli xelisuflebis interesebs, Cveni gasamarTleba, ufro sworad, Cveni diskreditebuli sayovelTao adamianuri uflebis dacva aucilebelia moxdes saerTaSoriso samarTlis doneze. ai, ra aris aRniSnuli 1949 wlis 12 agvistos okupirebuli qveynebis mimarT xelmowerili Jenevis konvenciis 51-e muxlis III punqtSi: maokupirebel saxelmwifos ar aqvs ufleba aiZulos mfarvelobaSi myofi pirebi, rom maT imsaxuron mis SeiaraRebul an damxmare ZalebSi. agreTve ikrZaleba yovelgvari agitacia-propaganda dampyroblis armiaSi samsaxuris sasargeblod. aqedan gamomdinare, komisariatebis warmomadgenlebs ara aqvT ufleba, wvevamdelebi, romlebic uars ganacxadeben okupantis armiaSi samsaxurze, gadascen prokuraturas gasasamarTleblad. maT agitaciapropagandis uflebac ki ara aqvT. dasasrul minda aRvniSno, rom demokratiuli minimumi, romelic mTavrobam SemogvTavaza, Cven ver dagvakmayofilebs. Tavs ar movityuebT da nebismieri sacduneblad SemoTavazebuli sityva miuRebeli iqneba. gveyo, rac igmina qarTvelma jariskama dampyroblis armiaSi, sakmarisia am wlis ganmavlobaSi Camosvenebuli 70-ze meti cxedari (ramdeni manmade Camoasvenes?) qarTvelis Rirseba velikorusuli SovinizmiT mowamluli rusi oficris Ceqmis qveS aRar unda gaiTelos. amisTvis saWiro da aucilebelia qarTvelma wvevamdelebma sabolood ganacxadon uari dampyroblis armiaSi samsaxurze da SeuerTdnen im gaficulebs, romelTa ricxvma TbilisSi 600-s gadaaWarba, xolo mTel saqarTveloSi_1200-s. brZola unda iyos ukompromiso, yoveldRiur moTxovnilebad gadaqceuli. okupantTa armiaSi wasvlamde saWiroa yvela Cafiqrdes, argebs Tu ara misi moqmedeba ers. daskvna ki erTia_an eris interesebi unda gawiro, gadaabijo mas da okupants emsaxuro, anda vaJkacurad daicva erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis principebi da dasTmo misTvis yovelive ise, rogorc Tavisi cxovrebis magaliTiT gviCvena Seurigebeli brZolis, vaJkacobisa da saTnoebis gansaxierebam, erovnulma gmirma merab kostavam, romelmac sikvdilis win dagvibara: an sikvdili, an gamarjveba!. RmerTi iyos Cveni mfarveli.

danarTi 2
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti. Tbilisi, mTavrobis sasaxle, 1991 wlis 9 aprili, 12 saaTi da 30 wuTi. saqarTvelos saxelmwofoebrioba, romelic saukuneTa siRrmeSi iRebs saTaves, qarTvelma erma XIX saukuneSi dakarga ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiisa da saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebis Sedegad. qarTveli xalxi arasodes Sehguebia Tavisuflebis dakargvas. 1918 wlis 26 maiss damoukideblobis aqtis gamocxadebiT aRsdga saqarTvelos gauqmebuli saxelmwifoebrioba. Seiqmna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika mravalpartiulobis safuZvelze arCeuli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebiTa da konstituciiT. 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma uxeSad daarRvia 1920 wlis 7 maisis samSvidobo xelSekruleba da SeiaraRebuli agresiis gziT moaxdina Tavis mierve cnobili saqarTvelos saxelmwifos okupacia, rasac SemdgomSi mohyva misi faqtiuri aneqsia. saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi nebayofilobiT ar Sesula, xolo misi saxelmwifoebrioba dResac arsebobs, damoukideblobis aqti da konstitucia dResac iuridiuli Zalis mqonea, vinaidan demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas kapitulaciaze xeli ar mouweria da ganagrZobda moRvaweobas emigraciaSi. sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos iZulebiTi yofnis mTeli periodi aRiniSna sisxliani teroriTa da represiebiT, risi ukanaskneli gamovlineba iyo 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragedia. faruli omi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg dResac grZeldeba. misi mizania daabrkolos saqarTvelos swrafva damoukideblobisa da demokratiisaken. 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers mravalpartiuli, demokratiuli gziT arCeuli saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo, eyrdnoba ra 1991 wlis 31 martis referendumiT gamoxatul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTsulovan nebas, adgens da saqveynod acxadebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas saqarTvelos damoukideblobis 1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze. saqarTvelos suverenuli teritoria erTiani da ganuyofelia. mis teritoriaze uzenaesia mxolod saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia da xelisufleba. yoveli moqmedeba, mimarTuli saqarTvelos respublikis xelisuflebis uzenaesobis SezRudvis an teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevisaken, CaiTvleba suverenuli saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad da agresiad, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevad. saerTaSoriso samarTlis primati saqarTvelos respublikis kanonebis mimarT da misi normebis pirdapiri moqmedeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxaddeba saqarTvelos respublikis erT-erT ZiriTad konstituciur principad. saqarTvelos respublika, iswrafvis ra daikavos Rirseuli adgili msoflios saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi, aRiarebs da Tanabrad uzrunvelyofs saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebul adamianis, erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi jgufebis yvela ZiriTad uflebasa da Tavisuflebas, rogorc amas moiTxovs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, saerTaSoriso paqtebi da konvenciebi. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo acxadebs, rom mtkiced daicavs sxva saxelmwifoebTan politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli TanamSromlobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs. saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena srulad Seesabameba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebas, helsinkisa da venis aqtebs, romlebic aRiareben da ganamtkiceben yvela xalxis uflebas damoukideblad ganagos Tavisi qveynis politikuri bedi.

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saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo imedovnebs, rom saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba ar darCeba gulgrili qarTveli xalxis kanonieri da samarTliani nabijisadmi da aRiarebs saqarTvelos aRorZinebul saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas, rac saqarTvelos uSiSroebis erTerTi yvelaze mtkice garantia iqneba.

1991 wlis 8 dekembris beloveJis SeTanxmeba da sabWoTa kavSiris daSla sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivnis mixeil gorbaCovis mier ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad, civi omi dasrulda. amasTanave, sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis hegemoniac damTavrda da sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala. 1990 wels mixeil gorbaCovs mSvidobis dargSi nobelis premia mieniWa. igi sabWoTa kavSiris pirveli da ukanaskneli prezidenti iyo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, ruseTis (rsfsr) pirveli prezidenti boris elcini (1931-2007 ww) gaxda. igi qveyanas 1991-1999 wlebSi marTavda. b. elcinma ruseTSi demokratiis safuZvlebis mSeneblobaSi didi roli Seasrula, ris gamoc ruseTSi mas xSirad akritikebdnen. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers, ruseTis federaciis, belorusiis da ukrainis saxelmwifo meTaurTa mier, xeli moewera dokuments damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am dokumentiT sabWoTa kavSirma arseboba Sewyvita. SeTanxmebas xeli moewera beloveJSi (belorusia) mokavSire respublikis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebisa da mTavrobis meTaurTa mier: boris elcini da genadi burbulisi (rsfsr), stanislav SuSkeviCi da viaCeslav kebiCi (belorusia), leonid kravCuki da vitold fokini (ukraina). dokumentis preambulaSi aRniSnulia: sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqti da geopolitikuri realoba, wyvets Tavis arsebobas. SeTanxmebis I muxlSi naTqvamia: USeTanxmebis mxareebi qmnian damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas (dsT). 1991 wlis 12 dekembers rsfsr-s umaRlesma sabWom moaxdina beloveJis SeTanxmebisa da masTan erTad xelmowerili dokumentebis ratifikacia. imavdroulad moxda 1922 wlis samokavSireo xelSekrulebis baTilad cnoba. xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis winaaRmdeg gamovida ruseTis uzenaesi sabWos 7 deputati: sergei baburini, nikoloz pavlovi, vladimer isakovi, ilia konstantinovi, s. a. polozkovi, v. a. balala, p. a. lisovi. samokavSireo xelSekrulebis gauqmebis winaaRmdeg xma misca samma deputatma: vladimer isakovma, sergei baburinma da l. lisovma; Tavi Seikava cxra deputatma: v. a. graCovma, nikoloz pavlovma, sergei reSulskim, z. n. oikinam, k. k. rupelma, v. a. Suikovma, v. i. sanaevma, ivane SaSviaSvilma, a. n. lugovoim. SemdgomSi, 1922 wlis samokavSireo xelSekrulebis gauqmeba antikonstituciur aqtad iqna miCneuli. xelSekrulebis gauqmeba, zogierTi rusi politikosis azriT, rsfsr konstituciis, imdroindeli kanonmdeblobisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis uxeS darRvevas warmoadgenda. XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis damlevs, ssrk-is mmarTvelobis Sesustebam Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo. am periodSi saqarTveloSi erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebelma moZraobam axali ZaliT ifeTqa. sabWoTa xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego sajaro saprotesto gamosvlebi gaaqtiurda. aman saqarTvelos komunisturi xelmZRvanelobisa da centraluri sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxridan represiuli zewola gamoiwvia. zewola, rogorc mSvidobiani mitingebis darbeviT, ise samoqalaqo da eTnikuri dapirispirebis xelSewyobiT gamoixata. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis procesi Seuqcevadi gaxda. 1989 wels litvam, latviam da estoneTma, xolo 1990 wels moldaveTma da saqarTvelom damoukidebloba gamoacxades. rsfsr konstituciis IV muxlis ZaliT, ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze 1977 wlis sabWoTa kavSiris konstitucia 1993 wlis dekembramde moqmedebda, Tumca mokavSire respublika rsfsr ufro adre gaxda damoukidebeli saxelmwifo _ ruseTis federacia. 1921 wlis 21 dekembers miiRes alma-atis deklaracia, romliTac ssr kavSiris memkvidre e. w. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT) gaxda. mis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelo da baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebi ar Sevidnen. alma-ataSi ruseTis imperia axali, dsT-s saxeliT gaformda, sadac belorusias, ruseTis federaciasa da ukrainasTan erTad, dsT-s miznebisa da principebis Sesaxeb deklaracias moaweres xeli. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa 226

Tanamegobrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas SeurTdnen: 1991 wlis 21 dekembers _ azerbaijani, somxeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, moldaveTi, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi. saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam dsT-Si qveynis gawevrianebaze uari ganacxada. swored, 1991 wlis dekembris miwuruls, ruseTis imperiuli Zalebis xelSewyobiT, saqarTveloSi politikuri situacia daiZaba. ruseTis xelisuflebis gaTvla saqarTvelos umZimes mdgomareobaSi Cayenebasa da sng-Si misi ZaliT gawevrianebaSi mdgomareobda. saqarTvelo dsT-s zviad gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis damxobis da SevardnaZis reJimis periodSi _ 1993 wlis dekemberSi SeuerTda. saqarTvelom dsT-s Seqmnis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ratifikacia 1993 wlis 3 dekembers moaxdina, xolo dsT-s wesdebis ratificireba _ 1994 wlis 19 aprils. 1995 wlis 16 Tebervlis ruseTis federaluri sabWosadmi gagzavnil mimarTvaSi b. elcini aRiarebda, rom: gamoyofili teritoriebis mosaxleobis nawilis dakargva saxelmwifosaTvis iseTive zaralia, rogorc, magaliTad, adamianisaTvis xelebis dakargva. amave mizezis gamo, saxelmwifo teritoriebis gamoyofisaken mimarTuli nebismieri qmedeba unda CaiTvalos danaSaulad mTeli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. 1996 wlis 15 marts ruseTis federaciis saxelmwifo dumam miiRo dadgenileba: sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebis sakiTxze 1991 wlis 17 martis referendumis Sedegebis ruseTis fedaraciis _ruseTisaTvis iuridiuli Zalis Taobaze, romlis 3-e punqtSi naTqvamia: dadasturdes, rom 1991 wlis 8 dekembris, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Sesaxeb, ruseTis federaciis prezidentis b. n. elcinisa da rsfsr saxelmwifo mdivnis g. e. burbulisis mier xelmoweril SeTanxmebas, romelic ar iqna damtkicebuli rsfsr xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos _rsfsr saxalxo deputataTa yrilobis mier, ar gaaCnia iuridiuli Zala im nawilSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis Sewyvetis sakiTxs Seexeba. 2005 wels ruseTis prezidentma vladimer putinma sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas saukunis udidesi geopolitikuri katastrofa uwoda. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg rusuli agresiis Semdeg, 2008 wlis 12 agvistos saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSvilma gaakeTa gancxadeba saqarTvelos dsT-dan gamosvlis Sesaxeb. 2008 lis 14 agvistos saqarTvelos parlamentma erTxmad (117 xmiT) miiRo gadawyvetileba dsT-dan saqarTvelos gamosvlis proceduris dawyebis Sesaxeb. dsT-s wesdebis Tanaxmad (I ganyofilebis muxli-IX) Tanamegobrobidan gasvlis msurveli qveyana valdebulia ganacxadi amis Sesaxeb 12 TviT adre gaakeTos. 2009 wlis 18 agvistodan saqarTvelo dsT-s wevri oficialurad aRar aris.

dsT-s droSa danarTi 1

sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali qveynebis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadeba.

respublika estoneTis ssr latviis ssr litvis ssr saqarTvelos ssr ruseTis ssr moldoveTis ssr ukrainis ssr belorusiis ssr TurqmeneTis ssr

suverenitetis gamocxadeba 1988 wlis 16 noemberi 1989 wlis 28 ivlisi 1989 wlis 18 aprili 1990 wlis 26 maisi 1990 wlis 12 ivnisi 1990 wlis 23 ivnisi 1990 wlis 16 ivlisi 1990 wlis 27 ivlisi 1990 wlis 22 agvisto

damoukideblobis gamocxadebadamoukidebloba de-iure 19991 wlis 20 agvisto 1991 wlis 6 seqtemberi 1991 wlis 21 agvisto 1991 wlis 6 seqtemberi 1990 wlis 11 marti 1991 wlis 6 seqtemberi 1991 wlis 9 aprili 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi _ 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 27 agvisto 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 24 agvisto 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi _ 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 27 oqtomberi 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi

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somxeTis ssr tajikeTis ssr yirgizeTis ssr yazaxeTis ssr uzbekeTis ssr azerbaijanis ssr

1990 wlis 24 agvisto 1990 wlis 24 agvisto 1990 wlis 15 dekemberi 1990 wlis 25 oqtomberi 1990 wlis 23 ivnisi 1991 wlis 18 oqtomberi

1991 wlis 23 seqtemberi 1991 wlis 9 seqtemberi 1991 wlis 31 agvisto 1991 wlis 16 dekemberi 1991 wlis 31 agvisto 1991 wlis 30 agvisto

1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi 1991 wlis 26 dekemberi

danarTi 2
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgilis noe burWulaZis gancxadeba: 1991 wlis 21 dekembers alma-ataSi Sedga Sexvedra... saqarTvelos respublikas warmovadgendiT me da guram absnaZe. Cven viyaviT erTaderTi respublika, romelic ar Sevida dsT-Si. roca vnaxeT is dokumentebi, Tu ras warmoadgenda es axali dsT Cven xeli ar movawereT. roca gamovemgzavreT alma-atidan 21-Si saRamos, elcinma araorazrovnad gangvicxada, rom igi dilis 8 saaTamde elodeboda prezident zviad gamsaxurdias satelefono zars da mis Tanxmobas sng-Si gawevrianebis Taobaze: _winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqven geqnebaT problemebi. es ar iyo SemTxveviTi gancxadeba, es iyo miniSneba. marTlac, 22 dekembers dilis 8 saaTze daiwyo mTavrobis saxlis dabombva. (ra xdeboda TbilisSi, Tb. 1992 w).

dsT_damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba ( _ )_ yofili mokavSire respublikebis saxelmwifoTaSoriso gaerTianeba (xelSekruleba damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb).

saqarTvelos kursi dasavleTis samxedro da politikur organizaciebisaken

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo aqtiurad TanamSromlobs saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan. 1992 wlis 31 ivliss saqarTvelo gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias SeuerTda da misi 179-e wevri gaxda. 1992 wels, evrokavSirma saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifod scno. saqarTvelos briuselSi, evrokavSirSi, Tavisi warmomadgeneli hyavs. 1995 wlidan TbilisSi funqcionireba daiwyo diplomatiurma misiam, romelsac ewodeba evrokomisiis warmomadgenloba saqarTveloSi. 2006 wlis noembridan warmomadgenlobas xelmZRvanelobs elCi per eklundi. 1999 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo gawevrianda evropis sabWoSi. 1996 wlis 22 aprils, luqsemburgSi xeli moewera SeTanxmebas evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, romelic 1999 wlis 1 ivliss Sevida ZalaSi da evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobebis samarTlebriv safuZvels warmoadgens. partniorobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, SeTanxmeba uzrunvelyofs evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris farTomasStabian TanamSromlobas iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa politikuri dialogi, vaWroba, investiciebi, ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da kulturuli TanamSromloba. SeTanxmebis mizania evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris mWidro urTierTobis damyareba, romelic efuZneba maT Soris arsebul istoriul kavSirebs, evropul faseulobebs da iTvaliswinebs saTanado struqturebis Camoyalibebas evropasTan saqarTvelos kidev ufro mWidro integraciis mizniT. aRniSnuli SeTanxmebiT, Seicvala evrogaerTianebasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris, 1989 wels xelmowerili SeTanxmeba_vaWrobis, komerciuli da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. evrokavSiri miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos damoukideblobis, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis mxardaWeriT, es qveyana Tavis wvlils Seitans evropaSi mSvidobisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. 2001 wlis TebervalSi, zogadi sakiTxebis sabWos Sekrebaze, evrokavSirma, daadastura survili Seasrulos ufro aqtiuri politikuri roli amierkavkasiis regionSi, raTa ufro Rrmad Seiswavlos regionSi konfliqtebis Tavidan acilebisa da misi mogvarebisaken mimarTuli sakiTxebi da monawileoba miiRos konfliqtis Semdgomi reabilitaciis saqmeSi. 228

evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTos) misia saqarTveloSi 1992 wlis 6 noembers daarsda. organizaciis mizans warmoadgens konfliqtis mogvarebis procesis da mSvidobiani molaparakebis warmarTvisaTvis xelis Sewyoba. 2004 wlis 14 ivniss, saqarTvelo, somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan erTad, cnobil iqna evropis samezoblo politikis wevrad. 2006 wlis 14 noembers, xeli moewera evropis samezoblo politikis samoqmedo gegmas saqarTvelosaTvis. sabWoTa periodSi afxazurma da osurma separatizmma, ruseTis xelSewyobiT organizebuli xasiaTi SeiZina. 1985 wlidan dawyebulma perestroikam, qarTvel xalxs damoukideblobis gamocxadebis saSualeba misca. 1991 wlis 9 aprils, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom, 1918 wlis 26 maisis saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze, miiRo deklaracia saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, rasac Sedegad mohyva saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg rusuli agresiis gaZliereba. ruseTis mier waqezebuli afxazi da osi separatistebi, SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi aRmoCndnen damoukidebel saqarTvelosTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom konfliqti saqarTvelosTvis savalalo SedegebiT damTavrda, qarTulma mxarem konfliqtis mowesrigebis prioritetul saSualebad, misi daregulirebis politikursamarTlebrivi gza airCia. qarTvel xalxs, faqtiurad mouwyves genocidi da gandevnes sakuTari miwa-wylidan. saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg dResac aqtiurad moqmedebs, rogorc ruseTis politikuri da samxedro Zalebi, aseve mZlavri rusuli propagandistuli manqana. afxazeTis konfliqtis Semdeg, 1994 wlis 14 maiss, moskovSi xelmowerili SeTanxmebis Semdeg, romelic cecxlis Sewyvetas da Zalebis daSoriSorebas iTvaliswinebda, konfliqtis daregulirebaSi erTvebian saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. 1994 wlidan, saqarTveloSi arsebuli konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyvetis mizniT, molaparakebebSi aqtiurad CaerTo evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis misia, organizaciis mier budapeStis samitze (1994 wlis dekemberi) miRebuli iqna deklaracia, romlis mixedviTac, evropis saxelmwifoebma gamoxates SeSfoTeba eTnikuri wmendis, sacxovrebeli adgilebidan mosaxleobis masobriv gamoZevebisa da udanaSaulo samoqalaqo pirTa masobrivi daRupvis gamo. ruseTi cdilobda daekninebina saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli konfliqtebis daregulirebis saqmeSi, ramac Tavis mxriv, gamoiwvia konfliqtis didi xniT gayinva da ufro metic, ruseTi konfliqtis xelSemwyobad da mis erT-erT mxared warmoCinda. rusuli agresiis Sedegad, konfliqtis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis nacvlad, saqarTvelos teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili, 2008 wlis agvistodan, ruseTis mieraa okupirebuli. ruseTi kidev ufro Sors wavida da yovelgvari saerTaSoriso normebis darRveviT, separatistuli regionebis damoukidebloba aRiara, riTac saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis, politikuri wreebis samarTliani aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. Tavis mxriv, evroparlamentma, konfliqtis daregulirebis mizniT, ara erTi rezolucia miiRo. 2001 wlis 18 ianvars, evroparlamentis mier miRebuli rezolucia exeba devnilTa dabrunebis problemas. rezoluciaSi aRniSnulia, rom afxazeTi da samxreT oseTi de-faqto aRmoCndnen saqarTvelos iurusdiqciis gareT. evrokomisiis dokumentiT pirvelad aris dafiqsirebuli ruseTis agresia saqarTvelos mimarT, aseve eWvqveSaa dayenebuli konfliqtis zonaSi ruseTis miukerZoebloba Suamavlis funqciis ganxorcielebis dros. ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos mimarT savizo reJimis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT, rezoluciaSi miTiTebulia, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mimarT moqmedi savizo reJimidan separatistuli regionebis_cxinvalisa da afxazeTis gamoyofa saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis da suverenitetis xelyofad aRiqmeba. 2001 wlis 14-19 seqtembers q. buqarestSi evrokavSiris warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT gamarTul mxareebis sruluflebian delegaciaTa me-VI Sexvedraze, evrokavSiris xelmZRvanelobam sakuTari patronaJis qveS aiyvana Sereuli sakontrolo komisia da sakuTar Tavze aiRo misi sxdomebis dafinanseba. saqarTvelo evropis uSiSroebis da TanamSromlobis TaTbiris (euTT) wevria 1992 wlis 24 martidan. 1992 wlis 8 ivliss, saqarTvelos mTavrobam xeli moawera evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis sabWos helsinkis daskvniT aqts, xolo 1994 wlis 21 ianvars, parizis qartias. 1975 wlis helsinkis saboloo aqtiT gansazRvruli iyo sabWos wevrebis TanamSromlobis sami ZiriTadi sfero: 1) politikuri da samxedro, 2) ekonomikuri da ekologiuri, 3) adamianis uflebebis dacva. helsinkSi ganisazRvra, aseve euTT-is wevri qveynebisaTvis moqmedebis 10 principi: 1) uzenaesi Tanasworoba, suverenuli uflebebis dacva, 2) muqarisa da Zalis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqma, 3) sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba, 4) saxelmwifoTa teritoriuli mTlianoba, 5) sadavo sakiTxebis mSvidobiani mowesrigeba, 6) saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevloba, 7) adamianis fundamentaluri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis, maT Soris azrovnebis, sindisis, 229

rwmenis pativiscema, 8) adamianTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Tanasworoba, 9) saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromloba, 10) saerTaSoriso normebiT gaTvaliswinebuli movaleobebis keTilsindisierad Sesruleba. evropis uSiSroebisa da da TanamSromlobis organizacia mimarTulia regionebSi konfliqturi situaciebis warmoqmnis aRmosafxvrelad, aseve krizisuli situaciebis daregulirebisa da konfliqtebis Sedegebis likvidaciisaken. euTo araerTxel gaxda kritikis obieqti ruseTisa da zogierTi sxva qveynis mxridan. isini organizaciis xelmZRvanelobas bralad sdeben mikerZoebul damokidebulebas yofili sabWoTa qveynis zogierTi saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis gamo, romelic maTi azriT, zogjer am qveynebis ideologiur momzadebamdec midis. isini aseve Tvlian, rom euTo finansurad uwyobs xels aRniSnul qveynebs da amzadebs maT saarCevno kampanias, riTac Cveulebriv mouwodebs am qveynebs feradi revoluciebisaken. organizaciis mxridan aseTi poziciebis dakaveba, maTi azriT, euTo-s SigniT dialogis warmoebas mniSvnelovnad aferxebs. 2007 wlis 10 Tebervals, miunxenSi gamarTuli uSiSroebis konferenciaze, ruseTis prezidentma vladimer putinma, romelic monawileobda mis muSaobaSi aSkarad gaakritika evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis saqmianoba. man Tqva: ,,cdiloben gaauferulon euTos saqmianoba, warmoaCenen ra mis moRvaweobas, rogorc iaraRs qveynebis erTi jgufis xelSi vinmes sazianod. aseTia amocana romlisTvisac iRwvis euTo-s biurokratiuli aparati, romelsac absoluturad aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs euTo-s damaarsebel qveynebTan, vinaidan isini swored, amisken mouwodeben arasamTavrobo organizaviebs, romlebic formalurad TiTqos damoukidebelni arian, realurad ki organizaciisagan finansdebian da maSasadame, maTi mxridan kontroldebian kidec. 2008 wlis 5 ivniss, berlinSi gamosvlisas ruseTis amJamindelma prezidentma dimitri medvedevma, euTo-s wevr saxelmwifoebs SesTavaza helsinkis xelSekrulebis ganmtkiceba evropuli uSiSroebis sakiTxebze. medvedevs mxedvelobaSi hqonda 1973 wlis helsinkis xelSekruleba, romelic kategoriulad uaryofda daZabulobis Setanas dasavleT evropisa da komunisturi blokis saxelmwifoebis urTierTobaSi. rodesac 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTveloSi momxdar movlenebTan dakavSirebiT akeTebda euTo-s wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi mimarTvas, ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma sergei lavrovma ganacxada, rom evropaSi arsebuli uSiSroebis sistema ver iqneba, axlaxan momxdari movlenebis Semdeg, usafrTxoebis garanti. 2008 wlis 27 seqtembers, gaero-s generaluri asambleis sxdomaze gamosvlisas sergei lavrovma moiTxova evro-atlantikur zonaSi uSiSroebis aRdgena helsinkis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. evropis uSiSroebis TaTbirma, jer kidev 1994 wlis 6 dekembers, budapeStSi miiRo rezolucia, romliTac mxari dauWira saqarTvelos suverenitets da teritoriul mTlianobas saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier cnobil sazRvrebSi. monawile saxelmwifoebma Rrma SeSfoTeba gamoTqves eTnikuri wmendis, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelTa TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan masobrivi gandevnis da udanaSaulo moqalaqeTa didi raodenobiT daRupvis gamo. 1996 wlis 3 dekembers evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) umaRlesi donis lisabonis deklaraciaSi pirdapir aris dagmobili eTnikuri wmenda afxazeTSi, rasac Sedegad qarTveli mosaxleobis masobrivi ganadgureba mohyva. 1998 wlis 1 dekembers, osloSi, euTo-s ministrTa sabWos VII Sexvedraze miRebuli iqna specialuri gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos sakiTxze. ministrebma TxovniT mimarTes euTos moqmed Tavmjdomares gaero-s generalur mdivanTan erTad euTo-s CarCoebSi CaetarebinaT Sesabamisi konsultaciebi galis raionSi euTos biuros Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis Sesaswavlad. ministrebma mxari dauWires konfliqtis zonebisa da raionebis aRdgenis da ltolvilTa dabrunebis mniSvnelobas konfliqtis mowesrigebis procesis winsvlis saqmeSi. evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis umaRlesi donis stambolis Sexvedraze, 1999 wlis 19 noembers miRebul deklaraciaSi xazgasmuli iyo cxinvalis regionisa da afxazeTis konfliqtebis mSvidobiani gziT gadaWris aucilebloba, aRniSnuli regionebis saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi politikuri statusis gansazRvra. stambulSi euTos qveynebis meTaurTa samitze aseve miRweuli iqna ruseT-saqarTvelos SeTanxmeba saqarTvelodan vazianisa da gudauTis samxedro bazebis 2001 wlis ivlisamde gayvanisa da sxva bazebis Sesaxeb molaparakebis dawyebis Taobaze. saqarTveloSi euTos misiis gaaqtiurebis mizniT, 2001 wlis 23 Tebervals, venaSi, euTos saparlamento asambleis mudmivma komitetma miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, euTo-s saparlamento asambleis specialuri komitetis daarsebis Taobaze. afxazeTis regionSi komitets unda emuSava saerTaSoriso institutebTan, kerZod, saqarTveloSi euTo-s da gaero-s misiebTan mWidro kavSirSi, gayinuli konfliqtis saswrafo gadawyvetisaTvis. 2005 wlis 5 ivliss, vaSingtonSi, euTo-s specialuri rezoluciT, euTos saparlamento asambleis afxazeTis sakiTxTa specialur komitets daevala: a) gaaaqtiuros Tavisi Zalisxmeva mxreTa Casabmelad realur dialogSi, romelic midis arsebiTi progresisaken konfliqtis mowesrigebis iseT sakvanZo sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa politikuri statusi, usafrTxoebis

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yovlismomcveli garantiebi, ltolvilTa da qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebul pirTa upirobo dabruneba Rirsebis pativiscemis pirobebSi, agreTve ekonomikuri sakiTxebi. b) daamyaros dialogi sakanonmdeblo organoebis, dawesebulebebis, politikuri partiebis, Temebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebTan da waaxalisos gacvla-gamocvla maT Soris. g) regularulad Cavides xolme am regionSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcios situaciis Sefasebas araorganizebuli wesiT dabrunebul ltolvilebTan da qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebul pirebTan dakavSirebiT. d) xeli Seuwyos euTo-s konkretuli saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis ganxorcielebas am regionSi; kerZod, galis raionSi. e) SeimuSaos da daamtkicos 2005-2006 wlebis moqmedebis gegma, romelic unda moicavdes afxazeTis (saqarTvelo) specialuri komitetis konkretul RonisZiebebs, mimarTuls konfliqtis mowesrigebis xelSesawyobad. v) regularulad moaxsenos mudmivmoqmed komitets (biuros, plenarul sesias) Tavis saqmianobaze, moqmedebis gegmis SesrulebaSi miRweul progresze da afxazeTSi (saqarTvelo), mimdinare movlenebze, agreTve, warudginos Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi euTos saparlamento asambleas. saqarTveloSi moqmedi euTos misia, yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa Tavidan aecilebina konfliqtis Semdgomi eskalacia. astanaSi, 2008 wlis 3 ivliss, euTos saparlamento asambleis meCvidmete yovelwliur sesiaze, gamoiTqva SeSfoTeba saqarTveloSi usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis gamo. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, ruseTma xeli SeuSala organizaciis saqmianobis gagrZelebas. saqarTveloSi moqmedma euTo-s misiam moRvaweoba 2009 wlis ivnisSi Sewyvita.

gaeros droSa

(gaero)- (United Nations Organization, UNO, SemoklebiT _Uniteds Nations, UN) _sayovelTao mSvidobis uzrunvelyofisa da saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis saerTaSoriso organizacia. Seiqmna 1945 wlis 26 ivniss, roca sanfranciskos konferenciaze 50 saxelmwifom xeli moawera mis wesdebas. wesdeba ZalaSi Sevida 1945 wlis 24 oqtombers. es dRe yovelwliurad aRiniSneba msoflioSi, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis dRe. gaeros Stab-bina mdebareobs niu-iorkSi. amJamad gaeros wevria 192 saxelmwifo. garda amisa, damkvirveblis stasusiT sargebloben vatikani da palestinis ganTavisuflebis organizacia .

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gaeros Stab-bina niu-iorkSi

gaeros mTavari organoebi

generaluri asamblea_ gaeros mTavari saTaTbiro organo, sadac gaeros yvela wevri saxelmwifoa warmodgenili. ToToeul maTgans xmis micemis Tanabari ufleba aqvs (1 xma). uSiSroebis sabWo_ gaeros mudmivmoqmedi organo. gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisad uSiSroebis sabWos mTavari pasuxismgebloba aqvs dakisrebuli saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebaze. ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo_ gaeros organo, romelic uflebamosilia Caataros gamokvlevebi da Seadginos angariSebi saerTaSoriso sakiTxebze ekonomikis, socialur urTierTobaTa, kulturis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis, adamianTa uflebebis, ekologiis da sxva sferoebSi. sameurveo sabWo_ gaeros organo, romlis mizania koloniebisa da damokidebuli teritoriebis ganviTarebaze zrunva maT damoukideblobamde. saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo _gaeros mTavari sasamarTlo organo. Seiqmna 1945 wels. misi mizania saxelmwifoTa Soris davebis gadawyveta maTi TanxmobiT da iZleva konsultaciebs da daskvnebs samarTlebriv sakiTxebze. samdivno_ gaeros organo, romlis wevrebi axorcieleben organizaciis yoveldRiur saqmianobas da mis proeqtebs. samdivnos xelmZRvanelobs gaeros mTavari administraciuli Tanamdebobis piri-generaluri mdivani.

CrdiloeT atlantikis xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato)_ ingl. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); frang. Organization du traite de lAtlantique Nord (OTAN) _ samxedro kavSiri, romelic Seiqmna 1949 wlis 4 aprils vaSingtonSi. organizaciis damfuZneblad iTvlebian aSS, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, kanada, italia, portugalia, norvegia, dania, islandia. aliansis umTavres mizans ssr kavSiridan momavali samxedro safrTxis erTiani ZalebiT mogerieba warmoadgens. 1952 wels aliansSi saberZneTi da TurqeTi miiRes. 1991 wels ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg, nato praqtikulad ufunqcio samxedro-politikur gaerTianebad iqca.

evrokavSiri (evropis kavSiri, evropis gaerTianeba, European Union) 27 evropuli qveynis politikurekonomikuri gaerTianebaa, romelsac aqvs erTiani savaWro sivrce, saerTo sazRvrebi da erTiani valuta. evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebia : avstria, belgia, bulgareTi, germania, dania, didi britaneTi, espaneTi, estoneTi, irlandia, italia, kviprosi, latvia, litva, luqsemburgi, malta, poloneTi, portugalia, rumineTi, saberZneTi, safrangeTi, slovakeTi, slovenia, ungreTi, fineTi, SvedeTi, CexeTi da holandia. evrokavSiris ZiriTadi institutebia : 1) evroparlamenti (European Parliament). evroparlamentis prezidentia hans-gert poeteringi, 2) evrokavSiris sabWo anu evrokavSiris ministrTa sabWo (Council of the European Union, Council of Ministers), evrokavSiris sabWos Tavmjdomare qveyana yovel 6 TveSi erTxel icvleba, 3) evrokomisia (Eropean Commission). eevrokomisiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 19 evrokomisari, romelic sxvadasxva dargs xelmZRvanelobs. evrokomisiis warmomadgenloba saqarTveloSi 1995 wlidan funqcionirebs. evrokavSiris Stabbina mdebareobs belgiis dedaqalaq briuselSi.

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evrokavSiris droSa

evropis sabWo (Council of Europe)_ politikuri mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciaa, romelic 1949 wels daarsda. misi Stabbina mdebareobs safrangeTis qalaq strasburgSi. evropis sabWos institutebia : 1) ministrTa komiteti (Committee of Ministers), 2) saparlamento asamblea (Parliamentary Assembly), 3) evropis sabWos adgilobriv da regionul xelisuflebaTa kongresi (Concil of Europe Congress of Local and Regional Authorities). evropis sabWos samive organoSi saqarTvelos Tavisi warmomadgenloba hyavs. evropis samezoblo politika_ evrokavSiris axali iniciativaa, romelic gulisxmobs evrokavSiris TanamSromlobas misi gafarToebis Sedegad SeZenil axal mezoblebTan. samezoblo politikis wevri saxelmwifoebi arian: azerbaijani, alJiri, belarusi, egvipte, iordania, israeli, libani, libia, maroko, moldova, palestinis teritoriebi, saqarTvelo, siria, somxeTi, tunisi, ukraina. evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo)_ msoflioSi erT-erTi umsxvilesi regionaluri organizaciaa, romelic usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiTaa dakavebuli. euTo CrdiloeT amerikis, evropisa da centraluri aziis 56 qveyanas aerTianebs. Tavdapirvelad evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbiri 1973 wlis 1 ivliss daarsda, xolo organizaciad Camoyalibda 1995 wlis ianvrSi. evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbiri mowveul iqna sabWoTa kavSirisa da evropis socialisturi qveynebis iniciativiT, rogorc 33 evropuli qveynis, amerikisa da kanadis warmomadgenlebis mudmivmoqmedi saerTaSoriso forumi, evropaSi samxedro dapirispirebis Semcirebisa da misi usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebisaTvis aucilebeli zomebis Camoyalibebis mizniT. euTo-s Stab-bina mdebareobs venaSi (avstria).

danarTi
evropis uSiSroebis da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) winadadebebi samxreT oseTis konstituciuri statusis Sesaxeb (gazeTi # 6, 6 aprili 1995 weli; saq.-Si euTos misiis arqivi, saitze: www.rrc.ge) I. es warmoadgens misiis winadadebaTa saboloo proeqts samxreT oseTis statusis Sesaxeb, romelic efuZneba Tbilissa da cxinvalSi Cvens Catarebul saubrebze gamoTqmul azrebs, agreTve Cvens daskvnebs. misia madlobas uxdis yvela politikur moRvawes, iurists, sxva pirs, romlebTanac mouxda urTierToba Tbilissa da cxinvalSi, maTi winadadebebis, wvlilisa da kritikuli SeniSvnebisaTvis. Tbilissa da cxinvalSi mis mier Catarebuli ganxilvebis Semdeg misia ayenebs winadadebas, SemoRebul iqnes samxreT oseTis axali konstituciuri statusi, dafuZnebuli konfliqtis monawile orive mxaris SeTanxmebaze, romelic Sesanaxad gadaecema venaSi euTos samdivnos. igi realizebuli iqneba saqarTvelos konstituciaSi an erT-erT mis konstituciur aqtiT (miuxedavad imisa, rogori iqneba saqarTvelos teritoriuli dayofis saerTo struqtura) damtkicebis gziT. samxreT oseTi iqneba saqarTvelos Semadgeneli nawili, romelsac, amasTan, aqvs TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba. xelisuflebis centralur organoebsa da samxreT oseTs Soris uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba unda efuZnebodes Semdeg sam princips: _ saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis SenarCuneba; _ maqsimalurad farTo avtonomia samxreT oseTisaTvis; _ urTierTndobis ganmtkiceba. am statusis SemoReba damokidebuli ar unda iyos mTliani saqarTvelos konstituciis SemuSavebaze, is unda eTavsebodes teritoriuli dayofis nebismier struqturas, romelsac airCevs saqarTvelo: rogorc unitaruls, _ SeTanxmebiT, rom qveynis mxolod calkeul nawilebs eqnebaT

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gansakuTrebuli statusi, _ ise wmindad federaciuls. Tu miRebuli iqneba bolo varianti, maSin winadadeba statusis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gaxdes xelisuflebis centralur organoebsa da regionebs Soris uflebamosilebaTa ganawilebis magaliTi, magram am SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleboda samxreT oseTs hqonoda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi (asimetriuli federalizmi). misia ayenebs winadadebas, mkafiod aRiniSnos kompetenciis sami sfero, romelic moicavs xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo Stoebs: centraluri organoebis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia, samxreT oseTis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia da Sereuli kompetencia. centraluri organoebis gansakuTrebul kompetencias unda miekuTvnebodes moqalaqeobis, saxelmwifo simbolikisa da saxelmwifo himnis (samxreT osuris gamoklebiT), sagareo kavSirebis, Tavdacvis (aucileblad gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes mdgomareoba, romelic mxedvelobaSi miiRebs samxreT oseTis usafrTxoebis interesebs) da fulad-sakredito politikis sakiTxebi (saWiroa, aRiniSnos, rom samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebi unda monawileobdnen centraluri organoebis kompetenciebTan dakavSirebuli kanonebis miRebaSi). samxreT oseTis gansakuTrebul kompetencias unda miekuTvnebodes konstituciis farglebSi SeTanxmebuli misi Sidapolitikuri mowyobis (samxreT oseTis konstitucia, administraciuli struqturebi, organoebi, biujeti), saxelwodebisa da simbolikis (gamoiyeneba saerTo saxelmwifo simbolikis paralelurad), kulturis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da vaWrobis sakiTxebi. sakiTxebis umravlesoba mikuTvnebuli iqneba Sereuli kompetenciis sferosaTvis: _ ena (saerTo saxelmwifo oficialuri enis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba TbilisSi miiReba, samxreT oseTs SeuZlia SemoiRos damatebiTi oficialuri ena); _ finansebi (erTiani sagadasaxado sistema ganyofilebiT samxreT oseTSi, romelic akrefs rogorc saerTo saxelmwifo, ise samxreT osur gadasaxadebs); _ ekonomika (sabazo saerTo saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo normebi da saerTo ekonomikuri maCveneblebi wesdeba mTeli qveynisaTvis, magram ufro dabal doneze gaTvaliswinebulia ekonomikuri TviTmmarTveloba, romlis farglebSi iReben gadawyvetilebebs samxreT osuri xelisufleba da adgilobrivi organoebi). _ sasazRvro da sabaJo organoebi (saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi uwyebis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia samxreT osuri qveganyofilebis Seqmna); _ policia (regularuli samxre Tosuri arasamxedro policiuri Zalebi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi arian inarCuneben marTlwesrigs arsebuli saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi sisxlis samarTlis policiis paralelurad. osebic da qarTvelebic, romlebic

_ sasamarTlo organoebi (sasamarTlo sistemis samxreT osur qveganyofilebas xelmZRvanelobs samxreT oseTis uzenaesi sasamarTlo, magram eqvemdebareba saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos an mis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, Tuki aseTi Seiqmneba); _ ganaTleba da janmrTelobis dacva. Tbilissa da samxreT oseTs Soris uflebamosilebaTa ganawilebis momavali sistema, misiis SemoTavazebiT, unda aigos Sekavebisa da wonasworobis principiT, iseTebiT, rogoric aris, magaliTad, urTierTqmedeba zogierT sakvanZo postze Tanamdebobis pirTa daniSvnisas da gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba, rac exeba samxedro sferos. ramdenadac momavalSi zogierTi an yvela amgvari garantia zedmeti SeiZleba gaxdes, misia ayenebs winadadebas, dadgenil vadebSi gadaixedos SeTanxmeba statusis Sesaxeb. samxreT oseTisaTvis konstituciuri statusis SemuSaveba yvela sakiTxs ver gadawyvets. amis damatebiT aucilebelia garantia, rom samxreT oseTi Sesabamisad iqneba warmodgenili qarTul parlamentSi da zogierT sxva sakvanZo organoSi (iseTebSi, rogoricaa umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTloebi da rigi saministroebi) TbilisSi. saWiroa, mTel qveyanaSi saerTo da Zalian farTo konstituciuri garantiis farglebSi uzrunvelyofili iqnes eTnikuri da enobrivi umciresobebis, maT Soris, osebis, dacva TviT saqarTveloSi da qarTvelebisa _ samxreT oseTSi. Sesabamisi garantiebi saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTis momaval konstituciebSi dafiqsirebuli unda iyos. garda amisa, misias aqvs winadadeba, rom eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebis Sesaxeb konstituciuri debulebebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad Seiqmnas erovnuli sabWo saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT. I I. 1. sazRvrebis urRvevoba samxreT osuri konfliqti erT-erTia mTlianad kavkasiaSi da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi warmoqmnil konfliqtTagan. mas miaqvs adamianebis sicocxle, didia materialuri zarali, arRvevs qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris saukunovani megobrobis kavSirebs, Zirs uTxris saqarTvelos mTlianobas, aCerebs mis ekonomikur ganviTarebas da qmnis arastabilurobas aziisa da evropis Sesayar am sakvanZo raionSi. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba sisxlxorceulad aris dainteresebuli imiT, rom mowesrigdes yvela konfliqti kavkasiaSi da amiT damyardes stabiluroba evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi. evropaSi yvelgan dRevandeli sazRvrebi mravalwliani kamaTisa da omebis Sedegia. evropis bevr nawilSi gamefebuli stabiluroba aixsneba imiT, rom Cvens droSi teritoriuli cvlilebebi evropelebisaTvis saerTaSoriso politikis pirveli rigis problemas aRar warmoadgens. sazRvrebisadmi, rogorc aseTisadmi, amaRlebuli interesi Secvala transsasazRvro saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaaqtiurebis Zalisxmevam. sazRvrebis urRvevoba aris euTos erT-erTi fuZemdebluri principi. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaSi (da es mtkicdeba saerTaSoriso praqtikiTac), rom saRi azris TvalsazrisiT, eris an eTnikuri jgufis TviTgamorkvevis uflebam Tanamedrove

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evropaSi ar unda miiRos sagareo mimarTuleba an ukiduresi formebi, anu ar unda izraxavdes saxelmwifoTaSorisi sazRvrebis ZaliT calmxrivad Secvlas. misiis wevrebTan saubarSi samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebi xSirad laparakoben TviTgamorkvevis TavianT uflebaze, saidanac askvnian, rom aqvT ufleba, Seqmnan damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, an gaerTiandnen Crdilo oseTTan ruseTis federaciis farglebSi. Crdilo da samxreT oseTis gaerTianeba dasaSvebi iqneboda, laparaki rom iyos or damoukidebel saxelmwifoze da saqme mxolod maT sakuTar sazRvrebs exebodes. magram ramdenadac isini Sedian Sesabamisad ruseTis federaciisa da saqarTvelos respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, maTi damoukideblobis yovelgvari gamocxadeba an maTi gaerTianebis yovelgvari mcdeloba am or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvris sakiTxsac Seexeba, amitom aseTi gadawyvetileba Zalas SeiZens mxolod am ukanasknelTa TanxmobiT. sazRvrebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis interesebisTvis saqarTveloc da ruseTic (rogorc CrdiloeT oseTic) daJinebiT moiTxoven arsebuli sazRvrebis SenarCunebas. samxreT oseTSi bevri adamiani uarzea, aRiaros es faqtebi. maT SeeqmnaT STabeWdileba, rom saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba ratomRac valdebulia, aRiaros samxreT oseTis gancxadeba sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmnis Sesaxeb. misia yovelnairad cdilobda samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebisTvis aexsna amgvari imedebis usafuZvloba: saerTaSoriso aRiarebis ufleba ar arsebobs. Tumca, gasagebia samxreT oseTis survili, daicvas Tavisi interesebi, mas mainc ar Seefereba ver afasebdes sazRvrebis stabilurobiT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis kanonieri dainteresebas. evropis istoriaSi yofila SemTxvevebi, roca osebze gacilebiT Zlieri erebi cdilobdnen mezoblebisaTvis, maTi survilis winaaRmdeg, Tavs moexviaT Tavisi neba, magram es yovelTvis warumateblad mTavrdeboda. misia Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da samxreTs Soris sakvanZo wertilSi mdebare am mxaris momavali erTian, Tavisufal da demokratiul saqarTvelosTan aris dakavSirebuli, da rom is unda gaxdes nawili Ria sazRvrebis mqone regionisa, sadac adamianebi mezobel qveynebTan da xalxebTan mxardamxar mSvidobianad cxovroben.

2. TviTgamorkvevis ufleba Tu sazRvrebis Secvla SeuZlebelia, saerTaSoriso samarTali samxreT oseTis mcxovrebTaTvis iTvaliswinebs TviTgamorkvevis uflebis ganxorcielebis sxva, saSinao (Sinagan) meTods. samxreT osuri konfliqtis orive mxaresTan weliwadnaxevris molaparakebebis Semdeg misia mivida erTmniSvnelovan daskvnamde, rom erTiani saqarTvelos farglebSi xangrZlivi politikuri Serigebis winapiroba samxreT oseTisTvis aris konstituciuri statusis SemuSaveba, romelic daefuZneba imas, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes osuri mosaxleobis Sinagan TviTgamorkevevis ufleba, misTvis arsebiTi uflebebisa da mtkice garantiebis miniWebiT. a) saqarTveloSi bevri daiwyebs mtkicebas, rom samxreT oseTs ar aqvs aseTi Sinagani TviTgamorkvevis ufleba mTeli rigi mizezebisa gamo: _ isini acxadeben, rom samxreT oseTi (qarTvelebi mas xSirad samaCablosac eZaxian) mdebareobs istoriulad saqarTvelos kuTvnil teritoriaze da, maSasadame, Sida qarTlis olqis nawilia. garda amisa, samxreT oseTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba Seicvala ukanasknel xanebSi osebis midinebis gamo, rac, XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, waxalisebuli iyo ruseTisa da Semdeg sabWoTa xelisuflebisagan. osebis namdvil samSoblod isini CrdiloeT oseTs miiCneven. _ garda amisa, qarTvelebi amtkiceben, rom qarTveli osebis umravlesoba ara samxreT oseTSi, aramed saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi cxovrobs. aqedan keTdeba daskvna, rom gaumarTlebeli iqneboda samxreT oseTisTvis iseTi reJimis SemoReba, romelic gansxvavebulia osebiT dasaxlebuli sxva teritoriebisagan. _ bevri qarTveli SiSobs, rom sxva umciresobebsac (upirveles yovlisa, somxebs da azerbaijanlebs), romlebic kompaqturad cxovroben saqarTveloSi, SeuZliaT moiTxovon maTTvis Sesabamisi teritoriuli statusis miniWeba, Tu amas miaRwevs samxreT oseTi. _ isini, vinc 1990 wels xma misca sabWoTa reJimis mier 1922 wels samxreT oseTisaTvis dawesebuli gansakuTrebuli uflebebis gauqmebas, am aqcias ganixlavdnen saqarTvelos desovetizaciis saerTo procesis konteqstSi. _ zogierT qarTvels samxreT oseTisTvis calke teritoriis statusis miniWeba misi gamoyofis pirvel nabijad miaCnia. _ saqarTveloSi savsebiT samarTlianad miuTiTeben imaze, rom samxreT oseTSi darCenili qarTvelebi gaxdnen devnis obieqti osebis mxridan. isini ayeneben sakiTxs Sesaxeb imisa, rogor iqneba uzrunvelyofili samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebis sococxle, qoneba da uflebebi. b) pirveli mosazreba, saxeldobr, rac istoriuli TvalsazrisiT samxreT oseTis arsebobis kanonierebas exeba, naklebad damajerebelia. qarTveli istorikosebi aRiareben, rom iranulenovanma alanebma (romelebic qarTul wyaroebSi ovsebad an osebad moixseniebian) Crdilo kavkasiidan gadmosaxleba daiwyes ukve XIV saukunidan, Tumca, simarTlea isic, rom maTi modineba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda XIX da XX saukuneebSi. is, rom osebi samxreT oseTSi cxovrobdnen mravali Taobis manZilze da qarTvelebis Tanabrad aqvT iq momavalSi cxovrebis ufleba, faqtia. evropis sxva nawilebSi cnobilia masobrivi gadasaxlebis SemTxvevebi, romlebsac adgili hqondaT ufro gviandel istoriul vadaSi. miuxedavad amisa, arc erTi gonieri adamiani ar ayenebs eWvqveS maT Sedegebs. qarTvelebma TavisTvis unda gadawyviton, surT Tu ara, iyvnen am

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evropis nawili. saqarTveloSi gatarebuli weliwadnaxevris Semdeg umravlesoba swored amisken miiswrafvis.

misia mivida mtkice daskvnamde, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi

amtkiceben agreTve, rom samxreT oseTs ar unda mieniWos gansakuTrebuli konstituciuri statusi, ramdenadac qarTveli osebis umravlesoba mis sazRvrebs gareT cxovrobs da radganac somxurma da azerbaijanulma umciresobamac SeiZleba wamoayenos igive moTxovnebi, rac samxreT oseTma. ar SeiZleba uaryofa, rom 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, samxreT oseTSi cxovrobda mxolod 65 000 osi, maSin, roca 100 000 osi cxovrobda saqarTvelos danarCen raionebSi. sworia isic, rom saqarTveloSi aris somxebiTa da azerbaijanlebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli raionebic, magram samxreT oseTs, rogorc afxazeTsa da aWaras, hqonda calke statusi, romelsac ar flobdnen umciresobebiT dasaxlebuli sxva raionebi. iq, sadac aseTi statusi ukve hqondaT, misi gauqmeba Znelia. saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi masStabiT sxva umciresobebis uflebebi SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes konstituciis farglebSi. misia ar iziarebs im saSiSroebasac, rom teritoriuli statusis SeZena gamoyofisken pirveli nabijis tolfasia. piriqiT, samxreT oseTisTvis calke teritoriis statusis CamorTmevam 1990 wels gaaZliera iq separatistuli tendenciebi. teritoriuli statusis aRdgenisaTvis Semdegi winaaRmdegoba daarRvevs saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis imedebs. am SemTxvevaSi aseTi teritoriuli statusi aris ara separatizmis stimuli, aramed erTianobis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. misia mTeli seriozulobiT usvams xazs yvela umciresobis uflebebis dacvis aucileblobas. samxreT oseTis qarTveli mosaxleoba, udavod, warmoadgens umciresobas umciresobis SigniT. nebismieri statusiT misi uflebebis garantiebi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos. kanonis uzenaesobisa da demokratiis principebisadmi samxreT oseTis erTgulebis sazomi gaxdeba misi moqmedeba, daicvas yvela mcxovrebis ufleba, damoukideblad maTi eTnikuri warmomavlobisa. g) yovelgvari momavali konstituciuri statusis SemuSavebisas unda gaTvaliswinebul iqnes movlenebi, romelTac adgili hqondaT 1991-1992 wlebis SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros. misiis mier miRebuli yvela cnoba miuTiTebs imas, rom orive mxaris zogierTma elementma maSin ukiduresi sisastike gamoamJRavna. aman gamoiwvia Rrma aRSfoTeba da warmoqmna undoblobis viTareba rogorc osebs, ise samxreT oseTis qarTvelebs Soris. im tanjvis gaTvaliswinebiT, risi gadatanac mouxdaT rogorc erTi, ise meore mxaris adamianebs samxreT oseTSi, SesaZlo gadawyvetileba rac SeiZleba metad balansirebuli unda iyos. qarTvelebi da osebi mTlianobaSi sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvamen SeiaraRebul konfliqts. Zalian bevri im qarTvelebs Soris, romlebic konfliqtSi monawileobdnen, miiCnevdnen, rom dadga dro, Seicvalos samxreT oseTis demografiuli Semadgenloba da Seswordes istoria. saartilerio cecxlis cxinvalisaTvis daSena, osebis gandevnisa da ganadgurebisaken mimarTuli politikis usastikesi gamovlineba da kulminacia iyo. TbilisSi bevri, imaT Sorisac ki, romlebic gamoxataven mzadyofnas kompromisisTvis, srulad ver afaseben im travmas, romelic cxinvalis alyam datova osebis cnobierebaSi. mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi cxinvalsa da mis midamoebSi mcxovrebi osebi pirispir idgnen maTi arsebobisaTvis gardauvali safrTxis winaSe. amitom qarTul mxares mouxdeba saqmiT uCvenos osebs, rom maT aqvT momavali saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. I I I.1. uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba misia ayenebs winadadebas, rom konfliqtis mxareebma dadon SeTanxmeba samxreT oseTis statusis Sesaxeb, romelic aRiarebuli iqneboda saerTaSoriso konferenciis mier da Sesanaxad gadaecemoda euTos samdivnos venaSi, es SeTanxmeba unda iTvaliswinebdes TviTmmarTvelobas am teritoriaze saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi: is eqvemdebareba realizacias (misi realizacia SesaZlebelia) saqarTvelos konstituciiT an erT-erTi konstituciuri aqtiT damtkicebis gziT, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneba Sesabamisi garantiebi. am winadadebis Tanaxmad, samxreT oseTs eqneba sakuTari sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo organoebi. samxreT oseTis mcxovreblebi monawileobas miiReben ara mxolod saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebSi, aramed airCeven Tavis, samxreT osur parlamentsac. sakanonmdeblo, sasamarTlo da administraciuli funqciebi maTTan damokidebulebaSi (maT mimarT) ganawildeba samxreT oseTsa da saerTo saxelmwifoebriv organoebs Soris. uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba saWiroebs SeTanxmebas sam, nawilobriv erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego amocanas Soris: _ aucilebelia Seiqmnas erTiani ekonomikuri, socialuri da samarTlebrivi sivrce. _ uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maqsimalurad farTo TviTmmarTveloba samxreT oseTisaTvis. _ urTierTndobis ganmtkiceba arsebuli ganxeTqilebisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis sawinaaRmdegod. iTvaliswinebs ra evropis sxva nawilebSi mignebul gadawyvetilebebs da mxedvelobaSi iRebs ra saqarTveloSi, samxreT oseTis CaTvliT, Seqmnil situacias, misia ayenebs winadadebas mkafiod aRiniSnos kompetenciis sami sfero, romelic moicavs xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo Stoebs: centraluri organoebis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia, samxreT oseTis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia da Sereuli kompetencia. b) centraluri organoebis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia I. moqalaqeoba erTiani (e. i saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba) unda iyos.

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I I. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo simbolikisa da himnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs saqarTvelos parlamenti. qveynis mTel teritoriaze saxelmwifo simbolikis gamoyenebisa da saxelmwifo himnis Sesrulebis sakiTxebs centraluri organoebi gadawyveten. I I I. sagareo saqmeTa warmoeba centraluri xelisuflebis gansakuTrebul kompetencias unda miekuTvnebodes. sazRvargareTis qveynebis saelCoebi, rogorc winaT, mxolod dedaqalaqSi iqneba ganTavsebuli, cxinvalSi ki SeiZleba gaixsnas sakonsulo warmomadgenlobebi, romlebic saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrosTan iqnebian akreditebulni. mTlianobaSi mxolod saqarTvelos eqneba ufleba, daamyaros diplomatiuri da sakonsulo urTierTobebi sxva saxelmwifoebTan. samxreT oseTs, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi arsebul sxva warmonaqmnebs, ufleba eqneba ganaviTaros saerTaSoriso kontaqtebi im sferoebSi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian diplomatiur an sakonsulo urTierTobebs, saxeldobr, ekonomikisa da kulturis sferoebSi. mas (iseve, rogorc Sveicariis kantonebs da germaniis miwebs) eqneba ufleba, dados saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi mis kompetencias mikuTvnebul yvela sakiTxze saxelmwifo konstituciis dacviTa da centralur organoebTan SeTanxmebiT. amgvarad, mas eqneba SesaZlebloba, ganaviTaros kavSirebi Crdilo oseTTan da sxva teritoriul warmonaqmnebTan. gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba ufleba, gaixsnas samxreT osuri biuro vladikavkazSi da Crdilo osuri biuro cxinvalSi. IV. Tavdacvis sakiTxebi centraluri mTavrobis kompetencias miekuTvneba. saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia erTze metis armiis yolis ufleba misces Tavs. amasTan dakavSirebiT samxreT oseTSi mouxdebaT, gadawyviton ndobis problema, ramdenadac man uari unda Tqvas sakuTar SeiaraRebul formirebebze, amitom SeiZleboda gaTvaliswinebuli yofiliyo ndobis ganmtkicebisken mimarTuli Semdegi debulebebi: _ samxreT oseTi gamocxaddes dacul, demilitarizebul zonad, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, gardamavali periodiT mainc. yvela samxreT osuri SeiaraRebuli formireba unda daiSalos. samxreT oseTSi ganTavsebuli ar unda iyos saqarTvelos armiis aranairi qvedanayofi. samxreT oseTis mcxovreblebze ar gavrceldeba sayovelTao samxedro valdebuleba (Tumca, TiToeul maTgans unarCundeba ufleba, nebayoflobiT Sevides armiaSi). samxreT oseTis samxedro usafrTxoeba uzrunvelyoifili iqneba mSvidobismyofi ZalebiT ormxrivi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze da saerTaSoriso kontrolis qveS. _ imis mixedviT, rogor wava osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris Serigebis procesi, ufro gviandel etapze aucilebeli iqneba ganxilul iqnes mSvidobismyofeli Zalebis gayvanis sakiTxi. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebul iqnes ori varianti: _ samxreT oseTs SeuZlia darCes demilitarizebul zonad. samxreT oseTis arc erTi mcxovrebi ar daeqvemdebareboda gawvevas qarTul armiaSi. _ rogorc saqarTvelos armiis Semadgeneli nawili, SeiZleboda mxolod samxreT oseTis mcxovrebTagan Camoyalibebuliyo axali qvedanayofebi. isini ganlagdebodnen samxreT oseTSi, magram iqnebodnen saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi sardlobis struqturaSi. am qvedanayofebis meTaurebs daniSnavda saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministri samxreT oseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis an parlamentis TanxmobiT. samxreT oseTis teritoriaze sxva qvedanayofebis mudmivad ganlageba moxdeboda mxolod samxreT oseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis an parlamentis TanxmobiT. samxreT oseTSi nebismieri samxedro swavlebis gamarTvisaTvis samxreT oseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebTan winaswari SeTanxmeba iqneboda saWiro. V. saqarTvelos fulad-sakredito politikas xelisuflebis saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi organoebi gansazRvraven. isini gadawyveten sakiTxs, rogori savaluto erTeuli unda gamoiyenebodes qveyanaSi. fulad emisias mxolod saqarTvelos centraluri banki axorcielebs. es banki, romelic damoukidebeli unda iyos, finansuri stabilurobis sadarajoze unda idges. ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, romelic ar miekuTvneba fulad-sakredito sferos, Sereuli kompetenciis sferoSi iqneba ganxiluli (ixileT III ganyofilebis I punqtis c qvepunqti. b) samxreT oseTis gansakuTrebuli kompetencia I. momavali SeTanxmebis debulebebisa da qarTuli konstituciis farglebSi samxreT oseTma unda miiRos gansakuTrebuli ufleba, daadginos, rogori iqneba misi politikuri organoebi da struqturebi. am farglebSi mas aseve unda hqondes ufleba, miiRos Tavisi sakuTari konstitucia, romliTac gadawydeba samxreT osuri sazogadoebis politikur, ekonomikur da samarTlebriv struqturebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. samxreT oseTSi miRebuli konstitucia, kanonebi da dadgenilebebi ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos konstitucias, Tu saqarTvelos konstitucia Seicavs Sesabamis debulebebs regionuli politikisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis Taobaze. samxreT oseTis xelisuflebam unda daicvas da ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos kanonebi, romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegeba SeTanxmebas TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb. mTavroba rogorc TbilisSi, ise cxinvalSi, valdebulia, pativi sces erTimeoris saxelmwifoebriv aqtebs. I I. samxreT oseTs unda hqondes ufleba, Tavad gansazRvros Tavisi saxelwodeba da simbolika (Tumca, misia urCevda, gaemarTaT konsultaciebi TbilisTan am mgrZnobiare sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT). saerTo saxelmwifo simbolikis paralelurad samxreT osuris gamoyenebis wesi ganisazRvreba samxreT oseTis xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad. I I I. kulturis sakiTxebi, ueWvelia, ganekuTvneba samxreT oseTis kompetencias. g) Sereuli kompetencia

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I. oficialuri saerTo saxelmwifo enis an enebis arCeva centraluri xelisuflebis prerogativa iqneba. samxreT oseTs miecema ufleba, airCios nebismieri sxva oficialuri ena saerTo saxelmwifo enis damatebiT Tavis teritoriaze gamosayeneblad. I I. realur TviTmmarTvelobaze laparaki SeiZleba mxolod maSin, roca is biujetis uflebamosilebazea dayrdnobili, amitom samxreT oseTs unda hqondes sakuTari biujeti, romelsac SeimuSaveben misi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebi da miiRebs misi parlamenti. sakiTxi ismeba ase: ra wyaroebidan formirdeba es biujeti da ragvarad Seitans samxreT oseTi Tavis wvlils saerTo saxelmwifo biujetSi. principSi, arsebobs sami SesaZlo modeli: _ gadasaxadebs krefs mxolod centraluri xelisufleba. Sesabamisad, samxreT oseTis biujetis formireba xdeba mxolod saerTo saxelmwifo biujetidan pirdapiri gadaricxvis xarjze. SesaZlebeli upiratesobebi: ekonomiuroba, saxelmwifo finansuri sistemebis integraciis maRali xarisxi. SesaZlebeli nakli: undobloba samxreT oseTis mxridan da misi Zlieri damokidebuleba centrze. _ gadasaxadebs krefen mxolod samxreT oseTis finansuri oragnoebi. es saSualebas miscems samxreT oseTs, damoukideblad Seqmnas Tavisi biujeti, rac SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc upiratesoba. samxreT oseTis biujetSi Semosavlebis raodenobaze damokidebulebiT amas Tan unda axldes gadaricxvebi Tbilisis biujetidan, an, piriqiT, gadaricxvebi centralur biujetSi. SesaZlebeli nakli: centris Zlieri damokidebuleba da undobloba misi mxridan. _ erTiani saerTo saxelmwifo sagadasaxado uwyeba ganyofilebiT samxreT oseTSi, romlis xelmZRvanelis daniSvnac SeeZleboda saqarTvelos finansTa ministrs samxreT oseTis aRmasarulebeli organoebis an misi parlamentis TanxmobiT. am ganyofilebas SeeZleboda aekrifa rogorc saerTo saxelmwifo, ise samxreT oseTis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi. _ sxvadasxva gadasaxadebi aikrifeba Sesabamisad centraluri da samxreT osuri finansuri organoebis mier. upiratesoba: rogorc centralur xelisuflebas, ise samxreT oseTs SeeZlebaT, damoukideblad Seadginon Camoayalibon TavianTi biujeti, garedan Careva umniSvneloa. nakli: didi danaxarjebi, uzarmazari aparati, zomagadasuli dabegvris albaToba. misias miaCnia, rom metnaklebad perspeqtiuli aris bolo modeli, ramdenadac igi uzrunvelyofs rogorc saerTo saxelmwifo sagadasaxado sistemas, ise samxreT oseTis sagadasaxado avtonomias, magram zedmeti gadasaxadebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiro iqneba Sesabamisi garantiebis gaTvaliswineba. I I I. geografiuli da demografiuli faqtorebis gamo saqarTvelo erTian ekonomikur da socialur sivrces unda warmoadgendes, rac ar gamoricxavs gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri zonebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. amitom saqarTvelos parlamentis gansakuTrebul kompetencias uda miekuTvnos iseTi kanonebis Seqmna, romlebic gansazRvraven sazogadoebis cxovrebis socialur-ekonomikur safuZvlebs. qveyanas erTiani samoqalaqo, samewarmeo da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsebi unda hqondes. danarCen sferoebSi centralur xelisuflebas unda rCebodes sakmao sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli berketebi imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos saerTo erovnuli interesebi (kerZod, garemos dacvis sferoSi, mrewvelobis, transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, energetikis da socialuri seqtoris ganviTareba). samxreT oseTis parlamentis kompetenciSi Sevidoda sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba regionuli mniSvnelobis ekonomikur sakiTxebze, iseTebze, rogoricaa bunebrivi resursebis aTviseba, adgilobrivi mrewveloba da transporti, uZravi qoneba, turizmis ganviTareba da a. S. centraluri xelisuflebis organoebi pirdapir ar unda marTavdes samxreT oseTis ekonomikas. ama Tu im saerTo farglebSi samxreT oseTs principSi unda hqondes, rac SeiZleba meti damoukidebloba Tavisi ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmoebaSi. mas unda hqondes saerTaSoriso, savaWro da sxva saxis ekonomikur TanamSromlobaSi uSualod monawileobis ufleba. es ufleba mTeli saqarTvelos kerZo seqtors unda hqondes. IV. nebismieri sasazRvro reJimi, rac Seexeba sazRvars CrdiloeT oseTTan, SemuSavebuli unda iqnes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelos aqvs kanonieri miswrafeba gaakontrolos Tavisi sagareo sazRvrebi da samxreT oseTi kanonierad iswrafvis ganaviTaros tradiciulad mWidro kavSirebi CrdiloeT oseTTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT misia ayenebs winadadebas, saqarTvelos sasazRvro da sabaJo uwyebebis SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmnas samxreT osuri qvedanayofebi. maTi personali unda Seikribos samxreT oseTis mcxovrebTagan misi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Tanaxmad. maT xelmZRvanelebs daniSnaven Tbilisis Sesabamisi saministroebis meTaurebi samxreT osuri xelisuflebis TanxmobiT. savsebiT cxadia, rom ar unda iyos araviTari SezRudva (magaliTad, sasazRvro policiis arseboba, sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi da a. S) samxreT oseTsa da sakuTriv saqarTvelos Soris mgzavrobaze an saqarTvelos mxridan raime winaaRmdegoba CrdiloeT osTsa da samxreT oseTs Soris mgzavrobasa da vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiT. V. urTierTndobis ganmtkicebis interesebisaTvis, samxreT oseTSi regularuli policiis Zalebi samxreT osur safuZvelze unda Camoyalibdes. policiis samxreT osuri sammarTvelo unda Sedgebodes adgilobrivi qvedanayofebisagan, romlebic dakompleqtebulia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Tanaxmad. samxreT oseTis policiis ufross, daniSnavs samxreT osuri xelisufleba saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministris TanxmobiT. damnaSaveobasTan ufro efeqtianad brZolis mizniT, sisxlis samarTlis samZebro sistema saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTisa unda iyos. samxreT oseTis sisxlis samarTlis samZebro sammarTvelos ufrosis daniSvna SeeZleba saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs, samxreT oseTis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis an parlamentis TanxmobiT.

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VI. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT, erTianobis upiratesoba ganxiluli unda iyos samxreT oseTis TviTmmarTvelobis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobasTan SeTanxmebiT. erTiani samarTlebrivi sivrcis arseboba, ase vTqvaT, sasamarTlo sistemis erTgvarovan agebas gulisxmobs. meore mxriv, samxreT osuri kanonebis gamoyeneba, principSi, samxreT osuri sasamarTloebiT unda ganxorcieldes. momavali samxreT osuri konstituciis ganmarteba da dacvis uzrunvelyofa samxreT oseTis umaRlesi sasamarTlos saqme unda iyos. saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos (an momavalSi Seqmnil nebismier sakonstitucio sasamarTlos) unda mieniWos saWiro uflebamosileba, rom uzrunvelyos misi (samxreTosuri konstituciis) Sesabamisoba saqarTvelos konstituciur normebTan. misias Semoaqvs winadadeba, amgvar sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebebis mosamzadeblad Seiqmnas Sereuli palata (samxreT oseTis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT). mosamarTleebis daniSvnisas, SesaZloa, mizanSewonili yofiliyo saerTaSoriso monawileobis gaTvaliswineba. misia sTavazobs, saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis farglebSi gamoiyos samxreT osuri qveganyofileba, romlis saTaveSic samxreT oseTis uzenaesi sasamarTlo iqneboda. samxreT oseTis uzenaesi sasamarTlo dakavebuli iqneboda samxreT osuri kanonebis gamoyenebiT da Seasrulebda saapelacio sasamarTlos funqcias saerTo saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis sferos mikuTvnebul saqmeebze. am sasamarTlos erTi palata iqneboda, rogorc umaRlesi instancia samxreT oseTis konstituciis ganmartebis sakiTxebSi. yvela sxva sakiTxze sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, daeqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi (da/an momaval sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi). samxreT oseTis umaRles sasamarTlos daqvemdebarebuli sasamarTlos struqtura iqneboda iseTive, rogorc saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi. samxreT oseTis mosaxleobis uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, maTi sakvanZo rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, samxreT oseTis umaRlesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs daniSnavda saqarTvelos iusticiis ministri, samxreT oseTis xelisuflebis TanxmobiT. qvemdgomi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebi samxreT oseTSi dainiSnebodnen samxreT osuri xelisuflebis mier saqarTvelos iusticiis ministris TanxmobiT. V I I. misiis Tavdapirveli idea _ osuri da sxva skolebi daqvemdebarebodnen samxreT osuri xelisuflebis organoebs, qarTuli ki _ Tbilisis ganaTlebis saministros _sayovelTao kritikas waawyda. misia Rebulobs im SedarebiT damajerebel arguments, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas stimuli ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi TanamSromlobisaTvis mxareTa Casabmelad. amasTan dakavSirebiT, marTlac, umjobesia, saskolo ganaTlebis erTiani sistema Sereuli kompetenciis farglebSi, Tu igi SeZlebs uzrunvelyos swavlebis jerovani xarisxi yvela saWiro enaze. 2. daskvniTi komentarebi a) am dokumentis teqstSi samxreT oseTi yvelgan samxreT oseTad moixsnieba. aseTi dasaxeleba, rigi mizezebisa gamo, bevri qarTvelis uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevs, magram misia am saxels iyenebs imitom, rom ukve ramdenime Taobaa, rac sabWoTa kavSirsa da mTel msoflioSi am teritorias samxreT oseTs uwodeben. misia mivida daskvnamde, rom dasaxelebis (saxelwodebis) sakiTxi iqneba erT-erTi yvelaze mwvave momavali molaparakebebis dros, amitom daJinebiT Semoaqvs winadadeba, uari Tqvan am sakiTxis saswrafo ganxilvaze da CarTon igi momaval saerTo kompromisul gadawyvetilebebSi. misia sTavazobs qarTul mxares, dautovos saboloo arCevani samxreT oseTis mcxovreblebs, amasTanave urCevs am ukanasknelT, qarTvelebTan erTad gamarTon saguldagulo konsultaciebi am sakiTxze. konsensusis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, misia isurvebda (survili eqneboda) moeyvana erTi saintereso winadadeba, romelic qarTuli mxaris erTma warmomadgenelma gaakeTa alto adije/ziudtirolis saxelwodebasTan dakavSirebuli praqtikis Suqze (dakavSirebuli praqtikidan gamomdinare) _ mieces sxvadasxva dasaxeleba qarTul da osur enebze. b) kidev erT ganxeTqilebis vaSlad, rasac bevri qarTveli da osi, rogorc yvelafris mixedviT Cans, metismetad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, aris sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, momavalSi unda erqvas Tu ara samxreT oseTs respublika an raime sxva (saxelmwifo, regioni, mxare, miwa da a. S.). am terminebs TiTqmis yvela winandeburad, maTi tradiciuli, sabWouri gagebiT aRiqvams. sabWoTa droSi samxreT oseTs hqonda avtonomiuri olqis administraciuli statusi saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, maSin, roca afxazeTsa da aWaras avtonomiuri respublikis politikuri statusi hqondaT miniWebuli. saqarTvelos mier sabWoTa kavSirisagan damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pasuxad samxreT oseTma gamoacxada saqarTvelosgan damoukidebloba dairqva saxelwodeba respublika. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam ar aRiara samxreT oseTis saxelmwifoebrivi pretenziebi. ismeba sakiTxi imisa, SeZlebs Tu ara samxreT oseTi momavalSic uwodos TavisTavs respublika im dros, roca, amasTanave, aris teritoriuli erTeuli saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi. misiis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs uflebamosilebaTa jerovan da samarTlian gadanawilebas saxelmwifo xelisuflebis centralur organoebsa da samxreT oseTis xelisuflebas Soris. Tuki samxreT oseTis momavali statusi Seqmnis safuZvels mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvis, mis oficialur saxelwodebaze boboqari debatebis gagrZeleba misias Zalis unayofo xarjvad miaCnia. amave dros, igi angariSs aZlevs TavisTavs, rom, rogorc cxinvalsa da TbilisSi mis mier Catarebulma saubrebma aCvena, samwuxarod, orive mxares aqvs midrekileba, swored amaze gaamaxvilon yuradReba. orive mxaris warmomadgenlebi Tanxmdebian, rom zogierT teritoriul erTeuls saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi momavalSi SeiZleba erqvas respublika. miuxedavad amisa, Tumca, bevri politikosi TbilisSi mzadaa, mianiWos es statusi afxazeTsa da aWaras, saeWvoa, rom romelime maTganisagan mosalodneli iyos aseTive damyoloba samxreT oseTis mimarT. samxreT oseTis xelmZRvanelebi, Tavis mxriv, samxreT oseTisaTvis saxelwodeba respublikis SenarCunebas yovelgvari momavali kompromisis aucilebel pirobad miiCneven. misiis azriT, es sakiTxi meorexarisxovania da uSvebs, rom momavalSi samxreT oseTs SeeZlo hqonoda nebismieri saxelwodeba. mas surs, mouwodos qarTul mxares gamoavlinos am sakiTxSi didsulovneba, Tu samxreT oseTi daTanxmdeba, isev Sevides saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi.

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g) zogierTi qarTveli Tanamosaubre winadadebas ayenebda, gadaisinjos samxreT oseTis sazRvrebi (romlebic unda aRviqvaT ara formalurad iuridiuli, aramed wmindad geografiuli azriT) saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan. isini avlenen mzadyofnas, miscen samxreT oseTs konstituciuri statusi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, magram mainc ar isurvebdnen mis sazRvrebSi datovon upiratesad qarTvelebiT dasaxlebuli raionebi. es winadadeba ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos sxva warmomadgenelTa midgomas, romlis Tanaxmadac ar SeiZleba saqarTvelos momavali teritoriuli dayofa eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT iyos agebuli. am Sexedulebas misiac iziarebs. is ewinaaRmdegba yovelgvar miswrafebas, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos samxreT oseTis axlandeli sazRvrebi, romlebic ar Secvlila Svid aTeulze meti wlis manZilze, Tu Tavad samxreT oseTi ar daTanxmdeba maT gadasinjvas. sazRvrebis calmxrivad Secvla samxreT oseTsa da saqarTvelos danarCen kuTxeebs Soris, misiis azriT, ewinaaRmdegeba sazRvrebis urRvevobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul princips. 1992 wlis 30-31 ianvars praRaSi gamarTuli euTos sabWos monawileebma, iugoslaviis krizisTan dakavSirebiT mouwodes mxareebs, pativi ecaT yvela sazRvris _ iqneboda es Sida Tu gare _ urRvevobis principisaTvis, romlebic SeiZleba Seicvalos mxolod mSvidobiani gziT saerTo TanxmobiT. d) ar aris saWiroeba iTqvas, rom sazRvari samxreT oseTsa da saqarTvelos danarCen teritorias Soris Sida sazRvaria, da, Sesabamisad, misi arseboba aSkara sagrZnobi ar iqneba. qarTul-samxreT osur sazRvars ruseT-CrdiloeT oseTTan, rogorc saxelmwifoTaSoriso sazRvars, eqneba saerTaSoriso sazRvrisaTvis Cveulebrivi sasazRvro reJimi. misiam ukve gamoTqva Tavisi Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom saWiroa gakeTdes yvelaferi SesaZlebeli imisaTvis, rom es sazRvari iyos rac SeiZleba metad gamtari samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTis mcxovreblebisaTvis. misia xelmZRvanelobs am mizniT da Semoitana winadadeba qarTuli mxaris momavali sasazRvro da sabaJo administraciis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, misia ayenebs winadadebas, Seiqmnas organizaciuli farglebi regionuli TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisaTvis. magaliTebi, msgavsi alpur-adriatikuli TanamSromlobisa (romelic aerTianebs Sveicariis, germaniis, avstriisa da italiis, agreTve yofili iugoslaviis zogierT nawils), miuTiTeben, rom SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas ekonomikis, infrastruqturisa da garemos problemebis gadawyvetaze orientirebuli TanamSromlobis kavkasiuri meqanizmi. aseT meqanizms, romelic aris regionuli, magram amasTan savaldebulo araa saxelmwifoTaSoriso TanamSromlobis organo iyos, SeeZlo moecva samxreTi da CrdiloeTi oseTi rig dainteresebul sxva teritoriul warmonaqmnebTan erTad kavkasiaSi. e) zemoT gadmocemuli winadadebebi exeba centralur xelisuflebasa da samxreT oseTs Soris uflebamosilebaTa ganawilebas, masSi ar ganixileba TbilisSi samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlobis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos parlamenti, mTavroba da uzenaesi sasamarTlo (iseve, rogorc momavalSi Seqmnili nebismieri sakonstitucio sasamarTlo) miiReben mTeli qveynisTvis, samxreT oseTis CaTvliT, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs. Sesabamisad, saWiroa uzrunvelyofil iqnes, rom samxreT oseTi centrSi saTanadod iyos warmodgenili. misia ayenebs winadadebas, saqarTvelos konstituciiT ganmtkicdes, rom samxreT oseTi (da sxva regionebi) saTanadod iyos warmodgenili saqarTvelos parlamentSi, uzenaes sasamarTloSi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebSi (sagareo saqmeTa, Tavdacvis, uSiSroebis da a. S. saministroebSi), agreTve centralur bankSi. v) samxreT oseTisTvis konstituciuri statusis miniWeba TavisTavad jer kidev ver wyvets umciresobebis dacvis sakiTxs saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. garda amisa, samxreT oseTSi amasTan dakavSirebulia araosi mosaxleobis, kerZod, qarTvelebis uflebebis dacva. saWiro iqneba uzrunvelyofil iqnes rogorc qarTvelebis efeqtiani dacva samxreT oseTSi samxreT osuri xelisuflebis mxriv TviTnebobis yovelgvari gamovlinebisagan, ise sakuTriv saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis dacva SesaZlebeli diskriminaciisagan. misiam warmoadgina zemoTmoyvanili winadadebebi policiis, sasamarTlo organoebis, ganaTlebis sistemebisa da a. S. organizaciis sakiTxebze. aseTi praqtikuli winadadebebis dayenebis garda, igi dabejiTebiT mouwodebs, rom saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTis momaval konstituciebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnes eTnikuri jgufebis uflebaTa dacvis garantiebi. am garantiebiT uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes maTi uflebebi iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba, ena, Sekrebebis Tavisufleba, saTanado warmomadgenloba saxelmwifo organoebsa da dawesebulebebSi da a. S. isini yvela eTnikur umciresobaze unda vrceldebodes, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi samxreT oseTis farglebs gareT mcxovreb osebze da samxreT oseTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze. uzrunvelyofili unda iyos am garantiebis realizaciis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba yvela sasamarTloSi. ukanaskneli instancia unda iyos saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo (romlis farglebSic unda Seiqmnas eTnikuri jgufebis dacvis palata), an momavali sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. misias Semoaqvs winadadeba, daarsdes eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebis dacvis erovnuli sabWo. igi unda Sedgebodes xelmZRvaneli organosagan _ saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri jgufis (qarTvelebisa da osebis CaTvliT) daniSnuli politikuri warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT _ da sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis personalisgan dakompleqtebuli samdivnosagan. sabWos amocana iqneboda eTnikuri jgufebis dacvis sferoSi standartebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifo organoebis mier maTi dacvis kontroli. mas aseve miecemoda sakanonmdeblo iniacitivis uflebac. sabWos eqneboda saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi (an mis sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi, Tuki aseTi Seiqmneba), aseve samxreT oseTis uzenaes sasamarTloSi pirdapiri mimarTvis ufleba. z) misia miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos momavali konstituciis SemuSavebisas misi winadadebebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc unitaruli saxelmwifos _ roca teritoriuli statusi aqvs mxolod ramdenime warmonaqmns (asimetriuli federalizmi), _ ise qveynis mTeli teritoriis federaluri mowyobis variantSi.

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2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omi da ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriebis axali aneqsia-okupacia

omis winapirobebi. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Zalisxmevas mSvidobiani gziT gadaeWraT saqarTveloSi arsebuli teritoriuli konfliqtebi, 2008 wels qarTul miwa-wyalze kvlav sisxlismRvreli omi mohyva. Tu 90-ian wlebSi ruseTi axerxebda SeniRbulad emoqmeda da konfliqti qarTul-osur, qarTul-afxazur saxels atarebda, 2008 wels aSkarad gamoikveTa, rom saqarTvelos pirispir ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zala idga, mxolod erTi surviliT_kvlav daeCoqebina saqarTvelo da sakuTar koloniad gadaeqcia igi. erTmorwmune ruseTis uRelqveS yofna qarTvelma xalxma sakuTar Tavze ukve gamoscada da am uRlidan gaTavisuflebas uamravi qarTveli patrioti Seewira da ewireba dResac. ruseTi ar Ralatobs sakuTar imperiul politikas da igive agresiuli meTodebiT cdilobs qarTveli xalxis damorCilebas. dRes kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas romelma mxarem gaisrola pirvelad 2008 wlis agvistoSi. es albaT sainteresoa omis istoriiT dainteresebuli samxedro specialistebisaTvis, Tumca qarTveli xalxisaTvis, romelmac sakuTar Tavze gamoscada rusuli TviTmfrinavebis araprognozirebadi ieriSebi, am kiTxvaze pasuxi naTelia. ruseTis mizani am omSi kavkasiaSi gabatonebis survili iyo, xolo qarTveli xalxi sakuTar miwa-wyals icavda. qarTvel xalxs rus xalxTan, iseve rogorc osebTan da afxazebTan mravalsaukunovani da mravalmxrivi kulturuli kavSirebi, saerTo tradiciebi da naTesauri urTierTobebi akavSirebs. 2008 wlis agvistos omi, romelSic ruseTi, TiTqos sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis mizniT CaerTo, ruseTis mxridan agresiul da imperialistur xasiaTs atarebda. miuxedavad rus politikosTa SeniRbuli qmedebebisa, dRes aSkaraa, rom aRniSnuli konfliqtebi aris ara mxolod dapirispireba or sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufs Soris, aramed es aris ruseTis imperiuli omi Sav zRvaze da kavkasiaSi hegemonobisaTvis. am miznis misaRwevad ruseTis xelisufleba XXI-e saukuneSic igive meTodebiT ibrZvis da aranair angariSs ar uwevs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis azrs. omis dros gansakuTrebiT dazaraldnen uSualod konfliqtis zonaSi mcxovrebi, rogorc qarTveli, ise rusi, osi, afxazi da sxva erovnebis moqalaqeebi, romlebic erTmaneTis gverdiT dResac megobrulad cxovroben saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa Tu sofelSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi sakuTari politikuri ideologiis wyalobiT aTeuli wlebis manZilze nabij-nabij ayalbebda saqarTvelos istorias, yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom araviTari e. w. samxreT oseTi ar arsebobs. aRniSnuli terminis damkvidrebas ruseTma ori saukune moandoma. nel-nela, motyuebiT SeaCvia qarTvelis yuri, raTa sabolood es ZirZveli qarTuli mxare_istoriuli Sida qarTli, sakuTari politikuri ambiciebisaTvis moxerxebulad gamoeyenebina. aRniSnul termins gauTviTcnobiereblad iyenebdnen qarTveli politikosebi saqarTvelos pirveli demokratiuli respublikis periodSic, romlis damxobisaTvis brZolac ruseTis maSindelma xelisuflebam, zustad igive meTodebiT_ regionebSi situaciis areviT daiwyo da 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelos dapyrobiT daasrula. meTodi nacnobia, icvleba mxolod samxedro teqnika, romelic ruseTs saSualebas aZlevs kidev ufro metad daaCoqos qarTveli xalxi, rac SeiZleba meti axali teritoria Caigdos xelSi, amoSalos qarTvelis mexsierebidan, rom odesRac es teritoria saqarTvelos kuTvnileba iyo da aiZulos qveyana kvlav ruseTis koloniad iqces. ismeba kiTxva ra moxdeboda, rom 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis jari TbilisSi Semosuliyo? am kiTxvaze pasuxi Cven ukve istoriidan viciT_igive rac 1921 wlis TebervalSi moxda, romlis amsaxvel dokumentur masalas saxelmZRvanelos wina TavebSi darTuli dokumenturi masalebidan gavecaniT. SeiZleba sakuTari interesebis damcveli rusi istorikosi Semogvedavos, is xom burJuaziuli, menSevikuri mTavroba iyo, romelic eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebs sastikad uswordeboda da amitomac gaaZeves saqarTvelodan. ruseTis xelisuflebas arc erTi erovnuli qarTuli mTavroba ar moswons. uaxlesi istoriis gakveTilebidan kargad gvaxsovs, Tu rogor gauswordnen saqarTvelos pirvel prezidents zviad gamsaxurdias, romelmac saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideisaTvis brZola jer kidev mowafeobis periodSi daiwyo da damoukidebeli saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentobiT daamTavra. qarTvelma xalxma igi damsaxurebulad airCia am sapatio postze, magram ruseTma, romelsac saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gansakuTrebiT afrTxobs, yvelaferi gaakeTa erovnuli Zalebis qveynis mmarTvelobidan Camosacileblad, rac SemdegSi Zalian Zvirad daujda qarTvel xalxs, romelmac sakuTar Tavze gamoscada gareSe Zalebis mier inspirirebuli samoqalaqo omiT da qarTuli istoriuli teritoriebis dakargviT gamowveuli tkivili. ruseTis xelisuflebas arc dRevandeli saqarTvelos liderebi mosdis TvalSi da ar moewoneba momavalSi arc erTi

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politikuri Zala, vinc mtkiced daicavs qveynis damoukideblobis kurss. ruseTi gadaeCvia daelaparakos saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebel saxelmwifos da dRemde sakuTar koloniad Tvlis mas. 2008 wlis agvistos omi cxinvalis regionSi, qarTul miwa-wyalze qarTul jarebsa da rusi samxedroebiT zurggamagrebul os separatistTa Soris konfliqtiT daiwyo. cxinvali uZvelesi qarTuli qalaqi 1922 wlis aprilSi, sabWoTa xelisuflebam ukanonod gamoacxada e. w. samxreT oseTis administraciul centrad. cxinvalSi maSin, mxolod, 613 osi cxovrobda. avtonomiuri olqis ukanonobas araerTi istoriuli dokumenti amtkicebs, maT Sorisaa TviT sabWoTa ruseTis mier xeldasmuli sabWoTa saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisris, saqarTvelos revkomis wevris besarion kvirkvelias daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom Sida qarTli, romlis mosaxleba qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli arc geografiulad da arc topografiulad raime saxis avtonomiuri warmonaqmnis Seqmnis aranair safuZvels ar iZleoda. mogvianebiT, b. kvirkvelias amgvari daskvnis gakeTeba sabWoTa ideebidan gadaxrad CauTvales da 1937 wels daxvrites. dRes separatistul regionebSi istorias damaxinjebulad aswavlian, cdiloben waSalon aRniSnul regionebSi qarTuli kvali, ucvlian ra adgilobriv geografiul punqtebs saxelwodebebs da maT afxazuri an osuri enis JReradobis saxelebiT cvlian, zustad ise, rogorc sabWoTa ruseTi aswleulebis manZilze ayalbebda saqarTvelos istorias. istoria SeiZleba droebiT gaayalbo, garkveul ideologias dauqvemdebaro, sacavSi Caketo an gaanadguro realuri istoriis amasaxveli dokumentebi, Tumca es droebiTia. istoriis masStaburi gayalbeba verc bizantiis imperatorebma SeZles, romlebic TavianTi karis istorikosebs sakuTar survilze morgebul istorias ukveTavdnen. istoriuli mexsierebis amoZirkva SeuZlebelia, radgan osebis saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebis faqts araerTi qarTveli Tu ucxoeli avtori adasturebs. ruseTis zurggamagrebuli osi separatistebi ki dResac daJinebiT amtkiceben, rom isini saqarTveloSi TiTqos paleoliTis xanidan cxovroben. istoriuli WeSmaritebis namdvili gasaRebi TviT istoriaSi devs, romelsac sinamdvilis maZiebeli adamiani aucileblad ipovis da fardas axdis yovelgvar sicrues. sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier xelovnurad Sekowiwebuli e. w. samxreT oseTi, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika, ise rogorc sxva danarCeni regionebi saqarTvelos bunebrivi miwawyalia. 1922 wlis aprilSi, rodesac sabWoTa xelisuflebam e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebis gamijvna, mis mier miRebuli dokumentis mixedviT realurad daiwyo, amas rogorc qarTveli, ise adgilobrivi osi mosaxleobis samarTliani guliswyroma mohyva. aRniSnuli faqtis amsaxvel dokumentebs Tqven saxelmZRvanelos wina TavSi gaecaniT. is, rom e. w. samxreT oseTi ZirZveli qarTuli teritoriaa amaSi istoriisaTvis saeWvo araferia. ra saxelwodebiTac ar unda moinaTlos momavalSi es miwa-wyali, is aucileblad mis namdvil mepatrones_qarTvel xalxs unda daubrundes, sadac miuxedavad ucxo Zalis CareviT erTmaneTisadmi miyenebuli didi tkivilisa, qarTvelebi da osebi erTad icxovreben. sxva alternativa arc qarTvelebisaTvis, aseve osebisa da afxazebisaTvis ar arsebobs. es iqneba istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgena, romelic yovelgvari iaraRis JRarunis gareSe unda gadawydes. qarTvelebis da osebis, iseve rogorc qarTvelebis da afxazebis dapirispirebiT, maTi daRvrili sisxliT yovelTvis xeirobs mesame Zala, romelic konfliqtebis wyalobiT sakuTari imperiis sazRvrebs kidev ufro afarTovebs. 2008 wlis 15 ivlisidan 2 agvistos CaTvliT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan, ruseTis jarebis farTomasStabiani wvrTnebi kavkasia-2008 mimdinareobda. samxedro wvrTnebSi 8000 jariskaci da 700 samxedro erTeuli monawileobda. maT Soris iyo saaviacio-sadesanto qvedanayofi, sahaero Zalebis qvedanayofi, sahaero Tavdacvis nawilebi, Savi zRvisa da kaspiis zRvis floti, federaluri usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, Sinagani jarebi, fskovisa da novorosiiskis saaviacio-sadesanto qvedanayofebi. ruseTis Tavdacvis saministros saxmeleTo jarebis sardlis TanaSemwe igor konaSenkovis gancxadebiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mimdinare wvrTnebi gegmiuri iyo. igi mTian regionSi teroristebis aRmoCena-ganadgurebas da saqarTvelosTan saxelmwifo sazRvris gamagrebas iTvaliswinebda. samxedro wvrTnebis gegmiuroba rusma samxedro eqspertma pavel felgenhauermac daadastura, Tumca misma masStabebma eqspertis samarTliani SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. ruseTis armiis jariskacebs Semdegi mowodebis proklamacias urigebdnen: jariskaco, icnobde Sens SesaZlo mters. masSi qarTuli jaris Semadgenloba da aRWurviloba iyo CamoTvlili, rogorc maTi mTavari samizne. wvrTnebis dasrulebis Semdeg, rusuli jaris umetesi nawili saqarTvelo-ruseTis sazRvris cxinvalis regionis uSualo siaxloves ganlada. samxedro wvrTnebi Ria da agresiuli provokacia iyo, romlis miRma ruseTis imperiuli miznebi imaleboda. rusuli jaris saqarTvelos sazRvarTan ganlageba faqtiurad saqarTvelosTan omis mzadebis bolo etapi iyo. saomari moqmedebebis dinamika. 90-iani wlebis omis Semdeg, eTnikuri wmendis gamo, e. w. samxreT oseTis mosaxleobis umravlesobas, mxolod eTnikuri osebi Seadgendnen. mosaxleobis 90%-s rusuli pasportebi hqondaT, rac rusuli mxaris mtkicebiT sakmarisi sababi iyo, sakuTari moqalaqeebis dacvis mizniT, cxinvalis regionSi ruseTis 242

intervenciisaTvis. 2008 wlis 1 agvistodan gvian intensiuri srolebi daiwyo saqarTvelos Tavdacvis qvedanayofebsa da e. w. samxreT oseTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs Soris, romlis Sedegad daiRupa 6 da daiWra 21 adamiani. orive mxare erTmaneTs adanaSaulebda srolis dawyebaSi. 3 agvistos ruseTis mTavrobam saSualeba misca e. w. samxreT oseTis mosaxleobas ruseTSi gaxiznuliyo. imave dRes cxinvali ltolvilebiT datvirTulma 20 avtobusma datova. 4 agvistos ruseTis 58-e armiis V batalioni rokis gvirabis siaxloves iqna dislocirebuli. konfliqtis zonaSi ismoda srolebi. saqarTvelos prezidentma satelevizio gamosvlaSi ganacxada: konfliqtis zonaSi amJamad snaiperuli omi mimdinareobs soflis mcxovrebTa winaaRmdeg da am momentSi intensiuri srolebi modis artileriidan, tankebidan da xelsatyorcni artileriuli sistemebidan, romlebic konfliqtis zonaSi aralegalurad iqna Semotanili. prezidentma mxareebs molaparakebisaken mouwoda. ZalaSi datova piroba e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiaze, aseve, sayovelTao aministia gamoacxada separatistebisaTvis, xolo saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas mouwoda, raTa mxareTa Soris molaparakebisaTvis Suamdgomloba gaewia. cecxlis ormxriv Sewyvetaze prezidentis winadadebis Semdeg, qarTul soflebze Tavdasxmebma ufro mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. sofeli avnevi TiTqmis sruliad ganadgurda, daibomba TamaraSeni da frisi. artileriis intensiuri cecxlis qveS moeqca e. w. samxreT oseTis droebiTi administraciis Senoba_s. qurTas policiis sadguri. mSvidobiani mosaxleoba soflebidan gaixizna. 7 agvistos, saRamos osebi sofel avnevis aRebas zeimobdnen. 7 agvistos saRamos 11:30 saaTze qarTulma mxarem sapasuxo samxedro operacia daiwyo, romlis mizani samSvidobo jarebis sardal yuraSvilis gancxadebiT, regionSi konstituciuri wesrigis damyareba iyo. amis Semdeg, qarulma mxarem sapasuxo cecxli gaxsna. euTos damkvirvebelTa gancxadebiT Wurvebi cxinvalze yoveli 1520 wamis intervaliT ecemoda. qarTvelebi 27 naRmsatyorcnsa da 152 mm kalibris tyviamfrqvevebs iyenebdnen. eduard kokoiTis gancxadebiT, misi Zalebi qarTvelebs cxinvalis misadgomebTan ebrZodnen. qarTuli dazvervis cnobiT da ramodenime rusul wyaroze dayrdnobiT, sanam qarTuli mxare ieriSs daiwyebda, 58-e rusuli armia e. w. samxreT oseTis teritoriaze rokis gvirabiT Semovida. gaeros usafrTxoebis sabWom saswrafo Sexvedra gamarTa niuiorkSi da seriozuli SeSfoTeba gamoxata konfliqtis eskalaciis gamo. 8 agvistos, diliT, ruseTis premier-ministrma vladimer putinma, romelic pekinis olimpiuri TamaSebis gaxsnaze imyofeboda ganacxada, rom ruseTi am qmedebebs upasuxod ar datovebda. Tavis mxriv, ruseTis prezidentma medvedevma saswrafo Sexvedra gamarTa mTavrobis wevrebTan, konfliqtis Sesaxeb ruseTis SesaZlo gegmis SesamuSaveblad. naxevar saaTSi sami rusuli TviTmfrinavi su-24 saqarTvelos sahaero sivrceSi SemoiWra da qarelis policiis sadgurTan ori bombi Camoagdo, Tumca mas msxverpli ar mohyolia. ruseTis warmomadgenlebma es faqti uaryves, Tumca faqtebi britanulma gazeTma deili telegrafma daadastura. saqarTvelos mTavarsardlis brZanebiT mobilizebuli iqna qarTuli jarebi ruseTis farTomasStabiani samxedro agresiisagan TavdacvisaTvis, qarTulma mxarem ruseTs qarTuli soflebis dabombvis Sewyvetisaken mouwoda. qarTuli mxaris cnobiT, maT samsaaTiani cecxlis Sewyveta gamoacxades cxinvalidan mSvidobiani moqalaqeebis uvneblad gasasvlelad, Tumca es gancxadeba uaryo ruseTis jarebis warmomadgenelma cxinvalSi marat kulaxmetovma. ruseTis 58-e armiis kolonam cxinvalisaken moZraoba daiwyo, regionSi rusuli Zalebis misaSveleblad. qarTuli mediis cnobiT, rusuli kolona 150 tankisgan, javSantransportiorisagan, TviTmavali haubicebis da sxva aRWurvilobisagan Sedgeboda. rusuli mediis gancxadebiT, qarTuli Zalebi cxinvalidan ukan ixevdnen da rusuli su-24 da su-27 TviTmfrinavebi cxinvalis sahaero sivrces sruliad akontrolebdnen. kulaxmetovis gancxadebiT, mZime artileriis gamo, cxinvali TiTqmis sruliad dangreuli iyo. rusuli TviTmfrinavebi intensiurad bombavdnen saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebs. 8 agvistos, rusulma bombdamSenebma ieriSi miitanes q. foTze, kerZod foTis portze. ruseTis 58-e armiis kuTvnili operatiul-taqtikuri saraketo kompleqs e. w. toCka-u-Ti, romelic oCamCireSi iyo ganTavsebuli ori raketa iqna gaSvebuli, romelic foTis centris mimdebare teritoriaze Camovarda. senakis samxedro bazaze rusuli bombebis Sedegad 13 qarTveli jariskaci daiRupa da aTze meti daiWra. 8 agvistos daibomba kodoris xeoba, sadac ruseTma faqtiurad meore fronti gaxsna. aSS-is saelCom saqarTvelodan sakuTari TanamSromlebis evakuacia moaxdina, aseve yvela amerikis moqalaqes qveynis datovebisaken mouwoda. 10 agvistos qarTulma jarma cxinvali datova. rusuli armia Setevas kvlav agrZelebda, maT gori daikaves. paralelurad grZeldeboda qarTuli teritoriebis dabombva. ibombeboda infrastruqtura. ruseTma CeCneTidan specbatalionebi vostoki da zapadi gadmosxa. grZeldeboda kodoris xeobis dabombva. afxazurma Zalebma soflebi aSara da CxalTa aiRes da kodoris xeobis did nawils akontrolebdnen. paralelurad grZeldeboda kiberSeteva qarTul vebsaitebze. 9 agvistosTvis TiTqmis yvela qarTuli interneti Ziebadi aRar iyo. ruseTis winaaRmdeg uTanasworo brZolaSi saqarTvelo damarcxda. 2008 wlis 12 agvistos evrokavSiris Tavmjdomare qveynis _safrangeTis prezident nikola sarkozis SuamdgomlobiT, mxareebma cecxlis Sewyvetas da omamdel poziciebze ruseTis jaris nawilebis dabrunebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas miaRwies. 15 agvistos qarTulma mxarem SeTanxmebas TbilisSi, xolo rusulma mxarem 16 agvistos 243

moskovSi moaweres xeli. ruseTis federaciis prezidentma dimitri medvedevma, cecxlis Sewyvetis brZaneba gasca, Tumca srolebi mainc gagrZelda. ruseTis jaris nawilebma konfliqturi regionebis gaswvriv e. w. buferuli zonebi Seqmnes. 2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTma e. w. samxreT oseTis da afxazeTis damoukidebloba scno. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam es gadawyvetileba aneqsiad da okupaciad Seafasa da ruseTi okupant qveynad oficialurad gamoacxada. saqarTvelos deokupaciis, teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenis da saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebisaTvis mSvidobiani brZola saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mxardaWeriT grZeldeba. 2008 wlis agvistos ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Sedegebi. omis Sedegebi metad mZime aRmoCnda qarTveli mosaxleobisaTvis, romelTagan nawili xelmeored iqca ltolvilad sakuTar miwa-wyalze. rusuli okupaciis Sedegad dakargul teritoriebze mdebare soflebis raodenobam 116 Seadgina. aqedan 20 sofeli Sida qarTlSi, frones, didi da patara liaxvis xeobebSi Sedioda. okupirebuli iqna, aseve axalgoris raionis 72 sofeli, aseve 23 sofeli zemo afxazeTSi. ruseTis jaris mier okupirebuli iqna, agreTve, saCxeris raionis sofeli perevi. okupirebul teritoriebze daRupuli adamianebis ricxvma 300 gadaaWarba. omis dros da omis Semdeg, rusuli agresiis Sedegad, Sida qarTlis masStabiT 106 mSvidobiani moqalaqe daiRupa. samegreloSi omis Sedegad daRupulTa ricxvi 22-mde aRwevda. rusuli agresiis Sedegad Sinagan saqmeTa saministros 19 policieli daiRupa, 4 ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad iTvleba. aqedan 10 policieli omSia daRupuli, 9 ki omis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmebisas. omis Sedegad daiRupa 157 samxedro piri, aqedan 9 rezervisti, 128 serJanti, 18 oficeri, erTi rigiTi da erTi samoqalaqo piri. ugzoukvlod dakargulia 13 adamiani, aqedan 5 oficeria, 8 serJanti. 2008 wlis agvistoSi devnilTa saerTo ricxvs 26 000mde adamiani daemata. 2009 wlis dekembris monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi 258 000-ze meti devnilia registrirebuli, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 6 %-s Seadgens. 2008 wlis agvistos omma kidev erTxel naTlad aCvena, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs mtrulad da separatistulad ganwyobili konfliqturi regionebi, rom arsebobs erTi strategiuli da taqtikuri mteri ruseTis saxiT.

danarTi 1
ruseTis aviagamanadgureblis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis dabombva (saitidan: www.mod.gov.ge). 8 agvisto, 2008 (1) 09:45 rusulma samxedro moieriSe TviTmfrinavma 3-5 Wurvi Camoagdo sofel SavSvebis mimdebare teritoriaze, romelic mdebareobs foTi-Tbilisis saavtomobilo magistralTan da saqarTvelos samxedro radarebidan 300-500 metris moSorebiT. (2) 10:30 rusulma -24 dabomba qarelis raionis sofeli variani, romelic Tbilisidan dasavleTiT 75 kilometrSia da mdebareobs konfliqtis zonis gareT. Sedegad 7 samoqalaqo piri daSavda (3) 10:57 eqvsi rusuli xomaldidan orma Camoyara sami Wurvi gorSi, romelTagan erTi Camovarda stadionTan axlos, meore - gorijvaris daRmarTze da mesame - saartilerio brigadis mimdebare teritoriaze. (4) 15:05 rusuli samxedro TviTmfrinavebi Semovidnen saqarTvelos sahaero sivrceSi goris samxreTiT mdebare TeZamis mimarTulebidan, Camoagdes ori Wurvi vazianis samxedro aeroportSi da gabrundnen ukan. (5)(6) 16.30 rusulma samxedro aviaciam dabomba marneulis da bolnisis samxedro bazebi, romlebic Tbilidan samxreTiT 20 da 30 kimoletrSia. ori TviTmfrinavi ganadgurda miwazeve. daingra Senoba-nagebobebic da aris msxverpli. (7) 17:00 marneulis samxedro saaviacio baza daibomba meored da aris msxverpli. (8) 17:35 konfliqtis zonis gareT, Tbilisidan 20 kilometris moSorebiT mdebare marneulis samxedro aerodromi mesamed daibomba, erTi adamiani daiRupa da 4 daiWra. samjeradi dabombvis Sedegad ganadgurda sami AN-2 tipis TviTmfrinavi da samxedro satransporto saSualebebi. (9) 18:45 5 rusuli aviagamanadgureblis mierDdaibomba goris saartilerio brigada 9 agvisto, 2008

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(10) 00:12 daibomba qalaq foTis porti, romelic mdebareobs Savi zRvis sanapiroze, Tbilisidan 260 kilometrSi dasavleTiT, CaiZira erTi hidrografiuli xomaldi. (11) 00:17 mnaTobi Wurvebi Camovarda senakis samxedro bazaze, romelic Tbilisidan dasavleTiT 213 kilometrSia da konfliqtis zonis gareTaa. 1 samxedro mosamsaxure da 5 rezervisti daiRupa. agreTve daibomba senakis rkinigzis sadguri, daRupulia rva adamiani. (12) 00:20 vazianis poligoni, romelic Tbilisis saerTaSoriso aeroportidan 2-3 kilometrSi mdebareobs, kvlav daibomba. dabombvis Semdeg ori Wurvi ar afeTqebula. (13) 01:00 meorejer daibomba saporto qalaqi foTi, romelic mdebareobs Savi zRvis sanapiroze, Tbilisidan 260 kilometrSi dasavleTiT, konfliqitis zonis gareT da sruliad samoqalaqo samiznes warmoadgens. (14) 01:20 gardabnis raionis sofeli gaCiani, romelic Tbilisis samxreTiT 20 kilometrSia da mdebareobs konfliqtis zonis gareT daibomba, magram navTobsadeni ar dazianebula (15) 10:00 quTaisidan ramodenime kilometriT daSorebuli kopitnaris aerodromi daibomba rusuli samxedro moieriSe TviTmfrinavebis mier. (16) 10:22 ruseTis sahaero Zalebi agrZeleben goris dabombvas, romelic Tbilisidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT 60 kilometrSia da konfliqtis zonasTan axlos mdebareobs. (17) 12:40 kvlav daibomba kopitnaris aerodromi. (18) 14:00 ruseTis sahaero Zalebi daesxnen Tavs zemo afxazeTis (kodoris xeoba) garkveul adgilebs, maT Soris sofel omariSaras aerodroms. (19) 16:35 daibomba oni. (20) 22:30 rusuli samxedro moieriSe TviTmfrinavebis mier daibomba CxalTa, zemo afxazeTis administraciuli centri. msxverpli ar aris. 10 agvisto, 2008 (21) 05:45 rusulma samxedro moieriSe TviTmfrinavebma daarRvies saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce daRestnis mxridan da sami bombi Tbilisis saaviacio qarxanaSi Camoagdes. (22) 07:40 rusuli samxedro moieriSe TviTmfrinavebis mier daibomba zugdidis raionis sofeli qurTa. (23) 08:45 aTma rusulma samxedro moieriSem Tavdasxma ganaxorciela zemo afxazeTze, erTi moieriSe TviTmfrinavi Camogdebuli iqna saqarTvelos samTavrobo jarebis mier. (24) 11:15 gorsa da qarels Soris mdebare sofeli SavSvebi daibomba rusuli aviaciis mier. (25) 15:00 rusulma TviTmfrinavebma dabombes sofeli knolevi qarelis raionSi. (26) 15:10 rusulma sajariso SenaerTebma da afxazma separatistebma ganaxorcieles Seteva zemo afxazeTze, regioni daibomba rusuli aviaciis mier. (27) 16:05 rusuli aviaciis mier daibomba gori. (28) 16:10 rusulma aviaciam dabomba dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli magistralis xidi. Sedegad xidze gaCnda xanZari da misi Caqrobis Semdeg saavtomobilo moZraoba aRdgenilia. (29) 19:05 ruseTis aviaciam Camoyara Wurvebi Tbilisis samoqalaqo aeroportSi. (30)19:10 saaviacio qarxana TbilaviamSeni kvlav gaxda rusuli aviagamanadgureblebis dabombvis obieqti. (31) 19:35 daibomba senaki (dasavleT saqarTvelo) ori aviagamanadgureblis mier. (32) 20:25 orma rusulma aviagamanadgurebelma dabomba kodoris xeoba (zemo afxazeTi). 11 agvisto, 2008 (33) 00:30 daibomba samoqalaqo mimosvlis saradaro sadguri goris dasavleTiT sofel SavSvebSi.

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(34) 00:31 rusulma aviagamanadgureblebma dabombes kodoris xeoba (zemo afxazeTi) (35) 03:05 rusulma TviTmfrinavebma dabombes baTumTan axlos mdebare soflebi SarabiZeebi, kapandiCi da maxo (saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvarTan). dazianda soflebis Semogareni da sasaflao, msxverpli ar aris. (36) 03:12 daibomba xelvaCaurSi mdebare samxedro bazis teritoriuli erTeuli (saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvarTan axlos). (37) 03:26 daibomba kodoris xeoba (zemo afxazeTi). (38) 04:30 saqarTvelos sahaero Zalebis mTavari sakontrolo centri daibomba. (39) 04:37 samoqalaqo saradaro sadguri, ganlagebuli Tbilisidan 5 kilometrSi sofel leninisSi, nawilobriv iqna dazianebuli rusuli aviagamanadgureblebis dabombvis Sedegad. (40) 05:00 rusuli aviagamanadgureblebiT daibomba qveynis aRmosavleTiTDdedofliswyaros raionSi mdebare Siraqis aerodromi. (41) 06:10 daibomba goris satanko batalioni. dazianda axlos mdebare sacxovrebeli korpusi. (42) 07:15 senakis aeroportis asafreni biliki da senakis samxedro baza daibomba ruseTis samxedro TviTmfrinavebis mier. 12 agvisto, 2008 (43) 09:30 - 10:55 rusulma moieriSe TviTmfrinavebma dabombes goris centraluri moedani da bazari.

danarTi

a) pavel felgenhaueri (rusuli novaia gazetas Jurnalisti da samxedro eqsperti) farTomasStabiani wvrTnebis_ kavkasia-2008-is Sesaxeb:

ruseTis jaris 2008 wlis 15 ivlisis

samxedro swavleba mTel regions moicavs, rac Zalian arasasiamovno da saxifaTo faqtia, radgan aseTi tipis wvrTna SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes omisaTvis mzadebad an am samzadisis SeniRbvis mcdelobad... vfiqrob, rom Zalian maRalia imis albaToba, rom sabrZolo moqmedebebis dawyebamde kvireebi darCa. SesaZloa, vcdebode, magram vimeoreb, omis dawyebis albaToba Zalian, Zalian maRalia!

b) pavel felgenhaueri ruseTis demokratiasTan dakavSirebiT:

ruseTi ar aris demokratiuli qveyana. marTalia arademokratiul qveynebSic mosaxleobis azrs garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, magram is gadamwyvet faqtors namdvilad ar warmoadgens. anu sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT rusi xalxi ar irCevs sakuTar liderebs da ar gansazRvravs qveynis politikas. amdenad sagareo politikis sferoSi signalebi ara Sida moxmarebisaTvis aris gankuTvnili, aramed qveynis gareT myofi auditoriisaTvis. xolo rac Seexeba mosaxleobas, mis msoflmxedvelobas marTvadi propagandistuli media anviTarebs... amJamindeli ruseTis parlamenti sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaes sabWos waagavs, anu is aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela brZanebas asrulebs.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis konfliqtis da saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaTvis qarTveli xalxis brZolis qronologia

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XVI-XVIII saukune ebSi iranisa da osmaleTis mudmivma agresiebma saqarTvelo aiZula mokavSire eZebna dasavleT evropasa da ruseTSi. 1483 weli- kaxeTis mefis aleqsandre pirvelis elCebis Casvla moskovis didi mTavris ivane III-is karze. 1561 weli- ruseTis jaris pirveli Semosvla saqarTveloSi (kaxeTis samefoSi). 1563 weli- ruseTis jarma datova saqarTvelo (kaxeTis samefo). 1587-1589 wlebi - pirveli oficialuri xelSekrulebis ("wigni ficisa" da "wyalobis sigeli") gaformeba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos (kaxeTis samefos) Soris. 1720-1722 wlebi -samxedro-politikuri kavSiris Seqmna ruseTis imperiasa (petre I) da qarTlis samefos (vaxtangVI) Soris. 1722 weli - ruseTis imperiis mier "samxedro-politikuri kavSiris" darRveva, petre pirvelis mier sparseTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobis Sewyveta. 1723 weli - osmaleTis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyroba ("osmalobis" damyareba) da ruseTis mier stambolis xelSekrulebiT (1724) qarTlis samefos aRiareba osmaleTis gavlenis sferod. 1732 weli- reStis (sparseTi) traqtatiT ruseTma- imperator ana ivanes asulis mTavrobam- aRmosavleT saqarTvelo aRiara sparseTis gavlenis sferod (paralelurad, igi aimedebda vaxtan VI-s, rom sparseTSi moawyobda erTobliv laSqrobas da daexmareboda qarTlis taxtis dabrunebaSi). 1736 weli- ruseTisgan motyuebuli vaxtan VI gardacvaleba astraxanSi. 1760-62 wlebi- qarTlis mefis - Teimuraz meoris - uSedego mcdeloba ruseTTan samxedro kavSiris aRdgenisa 1765 weli- paata batoniSvilis (vaxtang meeqvsis ukanoni Svilis) SeTqmuleba erekle meoris winaaRmdeg; SeTqmulebis damarcxeba. SeTqmulTa nawilis dasja nawilisa ki- peterburgSi gaqceva. 1768-1774 wlebi -ruseT-osmaleTis omi. ruseTma cru dapirebiT Tavis sasargeblod omSi Caaba qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebi (aimedebda axalcixis safaSos gaqumebasa da samcxe-javaxeTis SemoerTebas). 1774 wlis quCuk-kainarjis zaviT ekaterine meorem dasavleT saqarTvelo osmaleTis gavlenis sferod aRiara. 1770 weli- ruseTis saeqspedicio korpusis xelmZRvanelis- general totlebenis muxanaToba (osmaleTis jarTan brZolis win totlebenma uRalata qarTl- kaxeTis mefe erekles da Seeecada taxtidan mis Camogdebas). 1770-1779 wlebi - ruseTis saimperatoro karis mier SidaqarTuli dinastiuri konfliqtis (kax bagrationebsa da qarTlis bagrationTa muxranul Stos Soris) gamoyeneba qarTl-kaxeTis dasasusteblad da xelSi Casagdebad [ruseTSi myofi aleqsandre baqaris Zis, vaxtang meeqvsis SviliSvilis, e.w. legitimisturi moZraobis mxardaWera]. 1783 wlis 24 ivlisi- georgievskis cixe-simagreSi ruseTis imperiasa da qarTlkaxeTis samefos Soris "traqtatis" dadeba. 1785 weli- xunZaxis mmarTvel omar-xanis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aoxreba da ruseTis mxridan traqtatis pirveli darRveva (ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma daxmareba ar gauwies qarTul jars). 1790 weli- "iverielTa erTobis traqtatis"- qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis enobriv-eTnikuri, sarwmunoebrivkulturuli da samxedro-politikuri erTianobis dokumentis- gaformeba.

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1795 wlis 8-11 seqtemberi- ruseTis imperiis kavkasiis xazis sardlobis (generali i. gudoviCi) iribi TanxmobiT sparseTis mier (aRa-mahmad-xani) erekle meoris jaris ganadgureba da qarTlis aoxreba- saqarTvelos dasja georgievskis traqtatis gauqmebaze erekles mier uaris Tqmis gamo. 1799 weli- qarTl-kaxeTis samefo dinastiis dasustebis mizniT ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa (generali lazarevi, rezidenti kovalenski) mier batoniSvilebis dapirispirebis provocireba da taxtis memkvidred giorgi meTormetis vaJis daviTis-aRiareba. 1800 wlis 18 dekemberi- ruseTis imperator pavle pirvelis mier "georgievskis traqtatis" darRveva da imperatoris manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis Sesaxeb (gamoqveynda 1801 wlis 18 ianvars). 1801 wlis ianvari- daviT giorgis Zis mier ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT qarTl- kaxeTis samefos aRdgenis mosurne iulon erekles Zisa da "batoniSvilTa koaliciis" darbeva martyofSi. 1801 wlis ianvari- ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis droebiTi sammarTvelo kolegiis Seqmna (daviT giorgis Ze, generali lazarevi, rezidenti kovalenski). 1801 wlis 6 marti- ruseTis imperator pavle pirvelis brZaneba qarTl-kaxeTis gauqmebuli samefos nacvlad sageneralgubernatoros Seqmnisa da general- gubernatorad karl knoringis daniSvnis Sesaxeb. 1801 weli- georgievskis taqtatis darRveviTa da samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT ruseTis axali imperatorisaleqsandre pirvelis- mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba (12 seqtembris manifestebi 1802 wlis ivlisi- kaxeTis aristokratiis saprotesto Sekreba sof. qelmenCurSi: qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenisa da mefed iulon batoniSvilis damtkicebis moTxovna ("qelmenCuris manifesti"). 1802 wlis agvisto-seqtemberi- iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebisa da imereTis mefe solomon meoris mier rusuli mmarTvelobisgan qarTl-kaxeTis gaTavisuflebis mcdeloba. 1803 weli- qarTl-kaxeTis dedoflis- mariamis- mier general i. lazarevis mkvleloba. mariam dedofilis gadasaxleba ruseTSi. 1803-1810 wlebi - saqarTvelos teritoriis aneqsiis mizniT ruseTis imperiis mier e.w. "mfarvelobiTi" xelSekrulebebis gaformeba qarTul samefo- samTavroebTan: 1803-1804 wlebi - odiSis (samegrelos) samTavrosTan; 1804 weli- imereTis samefosTan (elaznauris traqtati); 1808-1810 wlebi -afxazeTis samTavrosTan; 1810 weli- guriis samTavrosTan. 1804 wlis maisi-oqtomberi- "mTiuleTis ajanyeba": pirveli farTomasStabiani samxedro dapirispireba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, romelic daiwyo qarTlis mTianeTSi. " mTiuleTis ajanyebis" mizani iyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgena (erT-erTi Setakebisas rusebma tyved Caigdes da ruseTSi gadaasaxles iulon batoniSvili). 1810 wlis maisi-seqtemberi- ruseTis imperiis mier imereTis samefos gauqmeba. solomon meoris brZola ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg- imereTis ajanyeba (ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg solomon meorem osmaleTs Seafara Tavi. emigraciaSi igi cdilobda safrangeTis, osmaleTisa da sparseTis daxmarebiT aRedgina imereTis samefo). 248

1811-1814 wlebi - ruseTis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba, da ruseTis sinodis saegzarqosos Seqmna. 1812 wlis ianvari-noemberi- kaxeTis ajanyeba: farTomasStabiani samxedro dapirispireba ruseTis imperiasTan aleqsandre batoniSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis mizniT (ajanyebis pirvel etapze Tebervali-martis dasawyisSi ajanyebulebma mefed gamoacxades grigol batoniSvili -erekle meoris SviliSvilis ioane batoniSvilis vaJi, romelic qarTl-kaxeTis did nawils akontrolebda; misi saxeli eklesiebSic moixsenieboda qarTlkaxeTis mefed. giorgi batoniSvilis datyvevebisa da ruseTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga aleqsandre batoniSvili). 1815 weli- solomon meoris- ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg ukompromiso mebrZoli qarTveli gvirgvinosnis- gardacvaleba trapizonSi. 1819-1820 wlebi -guria-imereTis ajanyeba: farTomasStabiani samxedro dapirispireba ruseTis imperiasTan solomon meoris SviliSvilis- ivane abaSiZis- xelmZRvanelobiT qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis mizniT. 1828-1829 wlebi -ruseT-TurqeTis omi. adrianopolis zaviT ruseTis imperiis mier samcxe-javaxeTis SemoerTeba Tbilisis guberniasTan da samcxe- javaxeTidan gandevnili qarTveli mahmadianebis nacvlad mTavarmarTebel i. paskeviCis mier osmaleTidan devnili somxebis Camosaxleba. 1829 weli- imperiis mier guriis samTavros gauqmeba. sofio gurielis gaqceva osmaleTSi 1832 weli- ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg qarTuli aristokratiis SearaRebuli ajanyebis mcdeloba konstituciuri monarqiis formiT erovnuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis mizniT (mefed ivaraudeboda aleqsandre batoniSvili). 1834 weli- ruseTi imperiis mier svaneTis samTavros daqvemdebareba. 1837 weli- rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba webeldaSi. 1840 weli- rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba samurzayanoSi. 1857 weli- samegrelos samTavros faqtobrivi gauqmeba (iuridiulad gaformda 1867 wlis 4 ianvari- mTavris ojaxis gadasaxleba ruseTSi. 1857-1859 wlebi - ruseTis mier dadeSqelianebis samTavro saxlis or Stos Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis gamoyeneba, ruseTis samxedro eqspedicia svaneTSi (p. uslaris meTaurobiT), konstantine dadeSqelianis daxvreta, svaneTis samTavros gauqmeba da rusuli saboqaulos Seqmna. 1864 weli- ruseTis imperiis mier afxazeTis samTavros gauqmeba da mTavar mixeil SarvaSiZis gadasaxleba ruseTSi. 1864 wlis 21 maisi- ruseT-kavkasiis omis dasrulebis manifestis gamocxadeba ruseTis imperatoris mier. 1866-1867 wlebi - afxazTa ajanyeba ruseTis imperiis winaaRmdeg da mTavrad giorgi mixeili Ze SarvaSiZis gamocxadeba. ajanyebis sisxlSi CaxSoba imperiis mier da afxazTa gadasaxleba TurqeTSi (muhajiroba). 1880 weli- imperator aleqsandre meoris mier afxazTa gamocxadeba "damnaSave xalxad". 1865-1917 wlebi - ruseTis imperiis enaTmecnierul-eTnologiuri diversiebi qarTvelTa erTiani erovnuli cnobierebisa da enobriv-eTnikuri erTianobis mosaSlelad.

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1918 wlis 26 maisi- saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mier damoukideblobis aqtis miReba. pirveli demokratiuli mTavrobis Camoyalibeba. 1918 wlis ivnisi- 1919 wlis Tebervali- gagris, soWisa da tuafsesaTvis brZola: saqarTvelos sajariso formirebebis brZola general a. denikinis moxaliseTa armiis winaaRmdeg afxazeTSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenaSenarCunebisaTvis. 1920 wlis april-maisi- sabWoTa ruseTis jarebis Semoteva saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg azerbaijanis teritoriidan. agresorebis damarcxeba da ukugdeba saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro Zalebis mier general g. kvinitaZis sardlobiT. 1920 wlis 7 maisi- saxelmwifoTaSorisi xelSekrulebis dadeba moskovSi sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas Soris. 1921 welis 11 Tebervali- 18 marti- ruseT-saqarTvelos omi: sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis muxanaTuri darRveva, saqarTvelos okupacia me-11 arm iis mier (general hekeris sardlobiT), ZaldatanebiTi gasabWoeba da faqtobrivi aneqsia. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervali- sabWoTa ruseTis jarebis (e.w. wiTeli armiis) TanxlebiT sabWoTa ruseTis saokupacio administraciis- saqarTvelos e.w. revkomi, rsdmp kavbiuro (s. orjonikiZis meTaurobiT)- Semosvla TbilisSi da sabWoTa xelisufebis gamocxadeba. 1921 wlis 16 marti - sabWoTa ruseTsa da qemalistur TurqeTs Soris moskovis xelSekrulebis gaformeba saqarTvelos kanonieri xelisuflebis (noe Jordanias mTavrobis) gverdis avliT. am xelSekrulebiT ruseTma osmaleTs gadasca saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriebi (eruSeTi, kola, artaani, tao, SavSeTi, livana, maWaxeli, lazeTis nawili) da daTanxmda aWaris avtonomiis Seqmnas; garda amisa, ruseTma aiRo valdebuleba, am xelSekrulebas daadasturebinebda amierkavkasiis respublikebis marionetul reJimebs. 1921 wlis 18 marti- saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisa da damfuZnebeli krebis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis datoveba da funqcionierebis gagrZeleba emigraciaSi. 1921 wlis 28 marti- ruseTis kp ck kavbiuros, saqarTvelos kp centraluri komitetisa da afxazeTis e.w. revkomis gaerTianebul TaTbirze baTumSi saqarTvelos (resp. afxazeTis) mosaxleobis nebis gauTvaliswineblad gamocxadda "afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis" Seqmna (s. orjonikiZe, g. eliava, m. toroSeliZe, e. eSba, n. lakoba). 1921 wlis 21 maisi - saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio administraciis-saqarTvelos e.w. revkomis- antiqarTuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi deklaracia e.w. "afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis" damoukideblobis Sesaxeb. 1921 wlis 13 oqtomberi- yarsis xelSekruleba qemalistur TurqeTsa da amierkavkasiis respublikebis marionetul bolSevikur reJimebs Soris, romelmac daadastura 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebebis pirobebi. 1921 wlis 16 noemberi- ruseTis kp centraluri komitetis kavbiuros prezidiumis dadgenileba. saokupacio administraciis am dadgenilebiT mizanSeuwonlad CaiTvala afxazeTis damoukidebloba da gadawyda afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Sesvla saqarTvelos federaciis SemadgenlobaSi (saqarTvelosa da da afxazeTis saokupacio reJimebs Soris samokavSireo xelSekruleba gaformda 1921 wlis 16 dekembers). 1921 wlis 17 noemberi- saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio administraciis- ruseTis kp centraluri komitetis kavbiuros prezidiumis- dadgenilebiT qalaqi cxinvali Sevida e.w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri mxaris SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi administraciuli centri. samxreT-oseTis avtonomiuri olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb dekreti gamoica 1922 wlis 20 aprils (am dros cxinvalSi mxolod ramdenime osi cxovrobda). 250

1921-1922 wlebi - saqarTvelos patriotuli Zalebis mier organizebuli ajanyebebi sabWoTa saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg (ajanyebebi svaneTsa da fSav-xevsureTSi). 1922 wlis 30 dekemberi- "sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris" Seqmna da okupirebuli saqarTvelos Seyvana mis SemadgenlobaSi (ruseTis sabWoTa imperiis saxeldeba e.w. "sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSirad"). 1922 weli- saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis- antisabWoTa- antisaokupacio moZraobisxelmZRvaneli struqturebis: paritetuli komitetis da samxedro centris Seqmna. 1923 wlis 19 maisi saqarTvelos "samxedro centris" wevrebisa da erovnuli moZraobis sxva mesveurebis (15 kaci, maT Soris generlebi: spiridon WavWavaZe, kote afxazi, varden wulukiZe da sxv.) daxvreta rusuli saokupacio jaris mier. 1924 weli- saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTo-saxalo ajanyeba ruseTis sabWoTa imperiis winaaRmdeg erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis mizniT 1924 wlis dekemberi- politikur emigraciaSi antiimperiuli brZolis erovnul- politikuri organizaciis: "TeTri giorgis" Seqmna (xelmZRvaneli: generali l. kereseliZe). 1926 wlis Semodgoma- TbilisSi "TeTri giorgis" konspiraciuli filialis Seqmna (xelmZRvaneli: evgeni RvalaZe; daxvrites 1937 wels). 1928 wlis aprili- TbilisSi "TeTri giorgis" meore konspiraciuli filialis Seqmna (xelmZRvaneli polkovniki aleqsandre WavWavaZe; daxvrites 1930 wels). 1937-1938 wlebi - imperiuli centris mier organizebuli sisxliani represiebi. qarTuli aristokratiis, inteligenciis, samRvdeloebisa da mosaxleobis sxva fenebis masovrivi gandagureba da gadasaxleba ruseTSi. 1941 weli- antisabWoTa erovnuli politukuri organizaciis" "samanis" Seqmna (xelmZRvaneli adam bobRiaSvili); jgufis wevrebi daxvrites 1942 wlis Semodgomaze. 1951 wlis 25 dekemberi- imperiuli centris mier 11 000-ze meti qarTvelis gadasaxleba Sua aziaSi. 1956 wlis 9 marti- sabWoTa imperiis damsjeli samxedro operacia TbilisSi- saprotesto manifestaciis daxvreta. 1956 wlis 10 marti- erovnuli patriotuli organizaciis- "siRnaRis axalgazrda gvardiis" Seqmna. 1956 wlis Semodgoma- antisabWoTa disidenturi organizaciis- "gorgaslianis" (z.gamsaxurdia, m.kostava...) Seqmna. 1957 weli - saqarTvelosgan afxazeTis gamoyofisa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul sabWoTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi misi Seyvanis mizniT imperiuli centris mier inspirirebuli antiqarTuli gamosvlebi afxazeTSi. 1961-1964 wlebi - erovnuli patriotuli organizaciis -" samSob los Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli kavSiris" Seqmna da saqmianoba. 1964 weli- afxazeTis Seyvanis mcdeloba rsfsr-s krasnodaris mxaris SemadgenlobaSi (n. xruSCovis gegma). 1967 weli - saqarTvelosgan afxazeTis gamoyofisa da ruseTis sabWoTa federaciul sabWoTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi misi Seyvanis mizniT imperiuli centris mier inspirirebuli morigi antiqarTuli gamosvlebi afxazeTSi. 251

1974-1976 wlebi - saqarTveloSi pirveli antisabWoTa adamianis uflebaTa damcveli organizaciis- "adamianis uflebaTa sainiciativo jgufis", SemdgomSi-"saqarTvelos helsinkis jgufis" Seqmna(198 9 wels jgufs ewoda "saqarTvelos helsinkis kavSiri"). 1978 wlis 14 aprili- farTomasStabiani politikuri manifestacia TbilisSi qarTuli enis, rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis, statusis dasacavad. 1985-1988 -wlebi - antiimperiuli, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavloba saqarTveloSi zviad gamsaxurdiasa da merab kostavas xelmZRvanelobiT. 1989 wlis 9 aprili- saqarTvelos mosaxleobis farTomasStabiani antiimperiuli (antisabWoTa) gamosvla TbilisSi: mitingebisa da SimSilobis aqcia mTavrobis sasaxlis win. kremlis (gorbaCovSevardnaZe-iazovis reJimis) sisxliani angariSsworeba: moSimSileTa da momitingeTa aqciis iaraRis ZaliT daSla (daiRupa mSvidobian moSimSileTa da momitingeTa erTi nawili; bevri momitinge moiwamla imperiis damsjeli razmis mier gamoyenebuli momwamlavi gaziT). 1989 wlis 10 noemberi- samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos sagangebo sesiis gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTis statusis amaRlebis Sesaxeb (am aralegitimuri gadawyvetilebiT avtonomiuri olqi "gardaiqmna" avtonomiur sabWoTa socialistur respublikad). 1989 wlis 16 noemberi - saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis dadgenileba "samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis statusis amaRlebis Sesaxeb" samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa sabWos sagangebo sesiis gadawyvetilebaTa gauqmebis Sesaxeb. 1990 wlis 9 marti- erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis zewoliT (xelmZRvaneli zviad gamsaxurdia) sabWoTa imperiis saokupacio administraciis- saqarTvelos sabWoTa respublikis umaRlesi sabWos mier 1921 wlis okupaciisa da aneqsiis faqtis aRiareba. saqarTvel os sabWoTa respublikis umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebiT ("saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suverenitetis dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb") samarTlebrivad iqna dadasturebuli 1921 wels saqarTvelos okupaciisa da aneqsiis faqti. Zaladakargulad CaiTvala sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos SeyvanasTan dakavSirebuli yvela iuridiuli aqti. 1990 wlis 20 ivnisi- saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis zewoliT imperiuli centris saokupacio administraciissaqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos- mier arasabWoTa, mravalpartiuli, demokratiuli arCevnebis daniSvna 28 oqtombers (erovnuli Zalebis zewoliTve arCevnebs ewoda "saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos arCevnebi, nacvlad "saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebisa). 1990 wlis 25 agvisto- deklaracia afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis saxelmwifo suverenitetis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi erovnul- ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRmavlobis sapasuxod, imperiuli centri cdilobs secesiuri moZraobebis gaZlierebas afxazeTsa da cxinvalis mxareSi; swored am mizniT kremlma afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis marionetuli xelisuflebis prorusul nawils calmxrivad gamoacxadebina "saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti" d a afxazeTis konstituciis uzenaesoba afxazeTis teritoriaze. 1990 wlis 26 agvisto - saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis dadgenileba afxazeTis assr umaRlesi sabWos 1990 wlis 25 agvistos gadawyvetilebis "baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned" gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. 1990 wlis 31 agvisto- soxumSi Seikriba afxazeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis umaRlesi sabWos proqarTuli nawili, romelmac legitimuri qvorumiT miiRo gadawyvetileba 1990 wlis 25 agvistos "deklaraciis" gauqmebis Sesaxeb. 1990 wlis 20 seqtemberi- samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa saolqo sabWos "gadawyvetileba avtonomiuri olqis sabWoTa demokratiul respublikad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb" da "deklaracia samxreT oseTis sabWoTa demokratiuli respublikis saxelmwifo suverenitetis Sesaxeb". 252

1990 wlis 21 seqtemberi- saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis dadgenileba- samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxalxo deputatTa saolqo sabWos 1990 wlis 20 seqtembris adawyvetilebebis "baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned" gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. 1990 wlis 28 oqtomberi- pirveli mravalpartiuli, arasabWoTa, demokratiuli arCevnebi saqarTveloSi. antiimperiuli, erovnuli da demokratiuli Zalebis (politikuri bloki: "mrgvali magida- Tavisufali saqarTvelo") mosvla saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi. 1990 wlis 14 noemberi- saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomared zviad gamsaxurdias arCeva. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb "gardamavali periodis gamocxadebis kanonis" miReba. 1990 wlis 9 dekemberi- saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis mizniT imperiuli centris mier e.w. samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis umaRlesi sabWos aralegitimuri "arCevnebis" Catareba. 1990 wlis 11 dekemberi- saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni "samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb". 1990 wlis 13 dekemberi- e.w. samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis umaRlesi sabWos gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTis teritoriaze ssr kavSiris konstituciis moqmedebis Sesaxeb (am aralegitimuri dadgenilebiT gamocxadda saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos kanonebisa da sxva normatiuli aqtebis moqmedebis SeCereba). 1991 wlis 7 ianvari- ssr kavSiris prezidentis m. gorbaCovis brZanebuleba saqarTvelos respublikaSi 1990 wlis dekemberSi miRebuli zogierTi sakanonmdeblo aqtis Sesaxeb (imperiulma centrma moiTxova "samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos kanonis gauqmeba). 1991 wlis 9 ianvari- saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos prezidiumis dadgenileba ssr kavSiris prezidentis 1991 wlis 7 ianvris brZanebulebis Sesaxeb (am dadgenilebiT arakanonierad iqna miCneuli m. gorbaCovis brZanebulebis moTxovnebi). 1991 wlis 20 Tebervali- ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos dadgenileba samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi arsebuli mdgomareobisa da regionSi viTarebis stabilizaciis Sesaxeb (am dadgenilebiT imperiuli centri Seecada sruli kontroli daemyarebina saqarTvelos am nawilze mainc). 1991 wlis 23 marti - yazbegis oqmi. ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublikis umaRlesi sabWos Tavmjdomare b. elcini da saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomare z. gamsaxurdia SeTanxmdnen yofili samxreT oseTis teritoriaze situaciis stabilizaciis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. 1991 welis 31 marti -sayovel Tao-saxalxo referendumi saqarTveloSi (31 marts, saqarTvelos erovnulma xelisuflebam Caatara referendumi kiTxviT: "Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, aRdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba1 9 1 8 wlis2 6 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis safuZvelze?". referendumSi monawileoba miiRo saqarTvelos respublikis amomrCevelTa9 0 - ma procentma romlis8 8 procentma xma misca saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas. 1991 wlis 1 aprili- ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos dadgenileba (pirveli punqtiT sabWoTa kavSiris prezidents eZleoda rekomendacia, Sinagani jarebis gamoyenebiT SemoeRo sagangebo mdgomareoba samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi). amomrCevelTa saerTo ricxvi- 3 657 477; referendumis monawileTa ricxvi - 3. 302. 572; sareferendumod gamotanili sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis"diax" momxreTa ricxvi - 3. 295. 493; sareferendumod gamotanili sakiTxis uaryofiTad gadawyvetis, "ara" momxreTa ricxvi - 17.400). afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi 253

amomrCevelTa saerTo ricxvi iyo 347. 175; referendumSi monawileoba miiRo 61, 27%-ma; kenWisyraSi - 61, 23%ma. sareferendumod gamotanili sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetas mxari dauWira kenWisyris monawileTa 97, 73%ma, rac Seadgens amomrCevelTa saerTo ricxvis59, 84% -s. uaryofiTad gadawyvetas - 1, 42%-ma, rac Seadgens amomrCevelTa saerTo ricxvis 0, 87%-s. gudauTis raionis adgilobrivma xelisuflebam referendumSi monawileobaze uari ganacxada. iq mxolod erTi saarCevno ubani gaixsna sof. axalsofelSi. tyvarCelSi adgilobrivma xelisuflebam ki maSin gamoTqva survili referendumis Catarebaze, rodesac saarCevno ubnebisa da komisiebis Seqmnis yvela vada amowuruli iyo. cxinvalis raionSi referendumi Catarda Svid sasoflo sakrebulos teritoriaze, sadac amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba11376 iyo. gaica10182 biuleteni, romelTagan ori baTilad iqna cnobili. sareferendumo kiTxvas dadebiTi pasuxi gasca10180 amomrCevelma.1991 wlis31 martis referendums boikoti gamoucxades"erovnul kongresSi" gaerTianebulma politikurma jgufebma, romelTac mogvianebiT samxedro-kriminalur gadatrialebaSi miiRes aqtiuri monawileoba. 1991 wlis 9 aprili - saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti 1991 wlis 9 aprili- amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis specialuri rezolucia ( 94) "saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisa da demokratiuli erovnuli xelisuflebis mxardaWeris Sesaxeb". 1991 wlis 14 aprili- saqarTvelos pirvel prezidentad zviad gamsaxurdias arCeva saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos mier. 1991 wlis 15 aprili- saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentis brZanebuleba imperiuli centraluri xelisuflebisadmi sayovelTao erovnuli da samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis Sesaxeb (1991 wlis 7 dekembramde, beloveJis SeTanxmebamde, iuridiulad arsebobs sabWoTa kavSiri). 1991 wlis aprilis meore naxevari- kremlis mier marTvadi Zalebis (a. abaSiZis kolaboracionistuli jgufis) mier destabilizaciis mcdeloba aWaraSi. saqarTvelos mezobeli imperiebis garigebiT 1921 wels ukanonod Seqmnili aWaris avtonomiis (saqarTveloSi qarTvelTa avtonomiis) gauqmebis progresuli procesis SeCereba. 1991 wlis 26 maisi- pluralistuli da demokratiuli saprezidento arCevnebi saqarTveloSi (didi upiratesobiT pirvelive turSi gaimarjva zviad gamsaxurdiam). 1991 wlis agvisto- moskovis putCi da samxedro gadatrialebis mcdeloba saqarTveloSi. 1991 wlis 2 seqtemberi- imperiuli centrisgan inspirirebuli provokacia TbilisSi: mcirericxovani provokaciuli mitingis darbeva g. lanCavas (SemdgomSi aqtiuri putCistis) daqvemdebarebuli policielebis mier. 1991 wlis 15 seqtemberi- saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos dadgenileba saqarTvelos teritoriaze dislocirebuli ssrk jarebisaTvis "saokupacio jarebis statusis" miniWebis Sesaxeb. 1991 wlis 29 seqtemberi- afxazeTis avtonomiuri resublikis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebi (e.w. eTnikuri kvotebis sistemiT). 65 deputatidan 28- eTnikuri afxazi, 26- enikuri qarTveli, 11- sxva eTnikur jgufTa warmomadgeneli (Sdr.: afxazebi mTeli mosaxleobis 17 %, qarTvelebi- 47,5 %; 25,5 %- sxvebi). 1991 wlis noemberi- ruseTis prezidentis- b. elcinis administraciaSi specialuri saidumlo komitetis Seqmna saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis koordinaciis mizniT (xelmZRvaneli: saxelmwifo mdivani g. burbulisi; wyarog. burbulisis 1996 wlis oficialuri aRiareba). 1991 wlis oqtomber-noemberi- imperiuli centris organizebiT saxelmwifo gadatrialebis morigi mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi. 1991 wlis 8 dekemberi- yofilma sabWoTa respublikebma (ruseTi, ukraina, belorusia) xeli moaweres ssrk-s daSlas (beloveJis SeTanxmeba). ruseTis imperiis aRdgenis Semdgom etapad ganixileboda yofili sabWoTa 254

respublikebis gaerTianeba da dsT-s Seqmna, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlaze saqarTvelom imTaviTve uari ganacxada. 1991 wlis 21 dekemberi- alma-aTis deklaracia. alma-aTaSi axali saxeliT gaformda ruseTis imperia: ssr kavSiris memkvidre gaxda e.w. damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba, romlis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sevidnen baltiispireTis saxelmwifoebi da saqarTvelo. 1991 wlis 22 dekemberi- 1992 wlis 6 ianvari- imperiuli centris mier organizebuli krinimaluri samxedro gadatrialebis pirveli etapi- ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebis (amierkavkasiis samxedro olqis, ZerJinskis diviziis 345-e sadesanto-moieriSe polkis, rostovis specnazis qvedanayofTa), renegati qarTvelebisa da qarTveli kriminalebis mier saqarTvelos xelisuflebis administraciuli Senobebisa da televiziis dakaveba. dedaqalaqidan saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis gandevna. ruseT-saqarTvelos omis axali etapis dasawyisi. 1991-2010 wlebi - saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTis imperiis mier ruseT- saqarTvelos omis afxazeTisa da cxinvalis epizodebis qarTul-afxazur da qarTul-osur eTnokonfliqtebad saxeldebis mcdeloba. 1992wlis 2 ianvari- saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio administraciis- aralegitimuri organos- "saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos" Seqmna. 1992 wlis 3 ianvari- saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos mier mravalaTasiani manifestaciebis sisxliani darbeva TbilisSi (didubis metrosTan da delisTan). 1992 wlis 29 ianvari- naxevarmilioniani manifestacia TbilisSi aralegitimuri "samxedro sabWos" winaaRmdeg da kanonieri xelisuflebis mxardasaWerad. 1992 wlis 2 Tebervali- saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos mier naxevarmilioniani manifestaciis sisxliani darbeva TbilisSi. 1992 wlis 21 Tebervali- saqarTvelos samxedro sabWos, samxedro sabWosTan arsebuli e.w. sakonsultacio sabWosa da "erovnuli kongresis" mier 1921 wlis saqarTvelos konstituciis aRdgenis gamocxadeba. 1992 wlis 7-10 marti- saqarTveloSi samxedro gadatrialebis erT-erTi organizatoris, antisaxelmwifoebrivi revanSistuli jgufis xelmZRvanelis - e. SevardnaZis moskovidan - saqarTveloSi Camosvla da "samxedro sabWos" gardaqmna "saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWod". 1992 wlis Teberval-ivlisi- saqarTveloSi ruseTis saokupacio administraciis -"saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos" damsjeli eqspediciebi dasavleT saqarTvelos im regionebSi, sadac funqcionirebas ganagrZobdnen saqarTvelos kanonieri xelisuflebis organoebi. 1992 wlis 24 ivnisi - "dagomisis SeTanxmeba" (e.SevardnaZem da b.elcinma dagomisSi xeli moaweres dokuments, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos saokupacio administraciam ruseTis federaciis samxedro SenaerTebs oficialurad misca "samSvidobo Zalebis statusi" cxinvalis regionSi). 1992 wlis 11 agvisto - samxreT kavkasiis rkinigzis dasavleT saqarTvelos monakveTze Seqmnili mZime viTarebis mogvarebis sababiT saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumis dadgenileba "rkinigzis transportze sagangebo wesebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb" (ruseTis imperiis realuri mizani iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonieri xelisuflebis sruli likvidacia da afxazeTis teritoriaze samxedro konfliqtis provocireba. saamisod man gamoiyena Tavisi saokupacio administraciis warmomadgenlebi- v. arZinbasa da e. SevardnaZis reJimebi).

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1992 wlis 14 agvisto- saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWos samxedro SenaerTebis gadaadgileba saqarTvelos teritoriis afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis monakveTSi afxazeTis xelmZRvanelobasTan SeTanxmebiT; e.w. afxazuri gvardiis mier cecxlis gaxsna da ruseT-saqarTvelo omis afxazeTis epizodis dasawyisi. 1992 wlis 3 seqtemberi- "moskovis Sexvedris Semajamebeli dokumenti". afxazeTis konfliqtis inspiratori qveynis iniciativiT moskovSi daido xelSekruleba, romelsac xeli moaweres b. elcinma da e.SevardnaZem. am xelSekrulebiT ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebs mieniWaT "Suamavlis roli" afxazeTis teritoriaze. miRebuli dokumentis safuZvelze Seiqmna "kontrolisa da inspeqciis komisia", romelsac unda ganexorcielebina ukanono SeiaraRebuli formirebebis ganiaraReba da daSla. dokumentiT aRiarebulia saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba da sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba. 1992 wlis 1-3 oqtomberi- gagris dacema. miuxedavad moskovSi miRweuli SeTanxmebisa, v.arZinbas administraciis SeiaraRebulma formirebam da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma qalaq gagraSi ganaxorcieles qarTulenovani mSvidobiani mosaxleobis eTnikuri wmenda da masobrivi daxvretebi, rasac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis iZulebiTi gandevna da maTi sacxovrebeli saxlebis ganadgureba mohyva(eTnikuri wmendisI etapi: gagra daaxloebiT 27 aTasi devnili, gudauTa- daaxloebiT8 aTasi devnili. sul daaxloebiT35 aTasi devnili). 1992 wlis noemberi - 1993 wlis maisi- v.arZinbas administraciis SeiaraRebulma formirebam da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma gagris aRebis Semdgom ganaxorcieles ramdenime uSedego Seteva qalaq soxumze (maT Soris yvelaze farTomasStabiani-1993 wlis5 ianvars da1993 wlis15-16 marts). 1993 wlis 14 maisi- moskovis SeTanxmeba. e.SevardnaZem da b.elcinma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas cecxlis ganuaxleblobis Sesaxeb (1993 wlis2 ivliss tamiSze, 5-6 ivliss gumisTasa da 7-9 ivliss Sroma-kamanze davdasxmiT v.arZinbas SeiaraRebulma formirebam da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma daarRvies es xelSekrulebac). 1993 wlis 27 ivlisi- ruseTis garantiebiT morigi "xelSekrulebis" dadeba qalaq soWSi "afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetisa da misi dacvis kontrolis meqanizmis Sesaxeb". am xelSekrulebiT "saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabWom" Tavisi SenaerTebi gamoiyvana afxazeTis teritoriidan da adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan Semdgar 23-e da 24-e brigadebs CamoarTva mZime teqnika (am xelSekrulebiT moxda saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi afxazeTis yofnis momxre afxazeTis mkvidrTa ganiaraReba). 1993 wlis ivlis-agvisto- gaero-s uSiSroebis sabWos rezoluciebi. saqarTveloze gaeros samxedro meTvalyureTa mandatis daweseba da afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi 88 samxedro damkvirveblis gamogzavna. 1993 wlis agvisto-dekemberi- dasavleT saqarTvelos raionebSi saqarTvelos devnili kanonieri xelisuflebis struqturebis (saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos, saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da 1991 wels arCeuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis) amoqmedeba, prezident zviad gamsaxurdias dabruneba. ruseT-saqarTvelos omi samegrelos teritoriaze. ruseTis Savi zRvis flotis sadesanto SenaerTebis mier (baltinis meTaurobiT) kanonieri xelisuflebis samxedro Zalebisa da kanonieri xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa gandevna (imperiuli centris mier organizebuli krinimaluri samxedro gadatrialebis meore etapi) da prezident zviad gamsaxurdias mkvleloba (saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sabWom da mTavrobam devnilobaSi gaagrZela funqcionireba). 1993 wlis 16-27 seqtemberi - soxumis dacema. v.arZinbas administraciis SeiaraRebulma formirebam da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma uxeSad daarRvies soWis1993 wlis27 ivliss SeTanxmeba afxazeTSi cecxlis Sewyvetisa da misi dacvis kontrolis meqanizmis Sesaxeb da 1993 wlis 16 seqtembers Seuties q.soxumis mSvidobian mosaxleobas. q.soxumis orkviriani Sturmis Sedegad v.arZinbas SeiaraRebulma formirebam da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma gandevnes daaxleobiT107 aTasi adgilobrivi mcxovrebi (eTnikuri wmendis IIetapi:q.soxumi -daaxloebiT 50 aTasi devnili, gulrifSis raioni- daaxloebiT35 aTasi devnili, q.soxumis raioni - 22 aTasi devnili). mSvidobian mosaxleobasTan erTad daxvrites afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos da soxumis meriis xelmZRvanelebi, sxva Tanamdebobis da samoqalaqo pirebi da maTi dacva. soxumis alyis gamo mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxda ugzoobisa da uamindobis pirobebSi Wuberis uReltexiliT fexiT gadasuliyo saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi. mosaxleobis nawili gzaSi daiRupa.

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1993 wlis 28-30 seqtemberi - v.arZinbas SeiaraRebuli formirebisa da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebis mier oCamCirisa da galis raionebis dapyroba. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis legitimuri xelisuflebis proqarTuli nawilis gadasvla saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi (soxumSi danerCinilma prorusulma nawilma- v. arZinbas dajgufebam- qvorumis ararsebibis gamo dakarga legitimuroba da iqca ruseTis nebis Semsrulebel saokupacio administraciad). 1993 wlis dekemberi - 1994 wlis marti- saqarTvelos saokupacio administraciis (e. SevardnaZis reJimis) mier miRebuli ukanono aqtebi ruseTis neoimperiaSi ("damoukidebel axelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi") saqarTvelos SeyvanasTan dakavSirebiT. 1994 wlis 14 maisi- moskovis SeTanxmeba cecxlis Sewyvetisa da ZalTa daSoriSorebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos teritoriaze (afxazeTsa da zugdidis raionSi) "samSvidobo Zalebis" statusiT ruseTis saokupacio jaris ganlageba. 1994-2003 wlebi - ruseTis mier saqarTvelos konfliqtur regionebSi garantirebuli mouwesrigeblobis da permanentuli eskalaciis strategiis ganxorcieleba. 1996 weli 2-3 dekemberi- lisabonis samiti. euTos umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze miiRes deklaracia, sadac gamoiTqva SeSfoTeba afxazeTSi qarTuli mosaxleobis mimarT ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmendis gamo. 1998 wlis 19-26 maisi- galis mosaxleobis genocidi da eTnowmenda. v. arZinbas administraciis SeiaraRebulma formirebam da ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma galis raionSi mudmivad mcxovrebi daaxloebiT50 000 qarTvelis mimarT ganaxorcieles farTomasStabiani samxedro aqcia. erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi galsa da galis raionSi gadawves 600-ze meti sacxovrebeli saxli. mosaxleobam droebiT Tavi Seafara galis raionis tyeebs, zugdidisa da walenjixis raionebis ganapira soflebs. 1999 wlis 17 noemberi- stambulis samiti. euTos am samitze gadawyda saqarTvelos teritoriidan rusuli bazebis nawilis (gudauTisa da vazianis rusuli samxedro bazebis) daSla da gayvana. 2002-2008 wlebi - ruseTis imperiis mier okupirebul teriroriebze (afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika, cxinvalis mxare) mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba (ukanono pasportizacia) saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sivrcis aneqsiis mizniT. 2003 wlis 23 noemberi- "vardebis revoluciT" SevardnaZis saokupacio reJimis Seicvla. xelisuflebaSi mosulma m. saakaSvilis xelisuflebam oficialurad uari Tqva prorusuli politikis gatarebaze da prodasavluri kursi airCia (ris gamoc 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTis imperia Seecada daesaja saqarTvelo). 2005 wlis 5 ianvari- saerTo-saxalxo plebisciti saqarTveloSi "natoSi" Sesvlis Taobaze. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 75 %-ma mxari dauWira saqarTvelos gawevrianebas "natoSi". 2006 wlis ivlisi - saqarTvelosa da ruseTis federaciis xelisuflebebis SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos teritoriidan ruseTis jarebis (axalqalaqisa da baTumis samxedro bazebis) daSlisa da gayvanis Sesaxeb araugvianes 2007 wlis dekembrisa. 2006 wlis 24 ivlisi- kodoris operacia. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ganaxorciela sapolicio operacia kodoris xeobis zeda nawilSi (dalis xeobaSi)- zemo afxazeTSi. zemo afxazeTSi ganTavsda afxazeTis legitimuri xelisuflebis saparlamento da administraciuli struqturebis nawili. aJaraSi aRdga gaero-s samxedro damkvirvebelTa punqti. 2008 wlis 16 aprili- ruseTis federaciis prezidentis v. putinis brZanebuleba afxazeTisa da "samxreT oseTis" respublikebTan pirdapiri urTierTobebis damyarebis Sesaxeb. 2008 wlis 31 maisi- saqarTvelos teritoriaze (afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi) ruseTis federaciis Tavdacvis saministros sarkingzo jarebis volgogradis 76-e polkis Semoyvana (samxedro teqnikis gadaadgilebisaTvis sarkinigzo platformebis reabilitaciis mizniT). 257

2008 wlis 15 ivlisi- 2 agvisto- CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan ruseTis jarebis farTomasStabiani wvrTnebi "kavkasia- 2008", rogorc saqarTvelosTan axali omis mzadebis bolo etapi. 2008 wlis 7-12 agvisto- ruseTis federaciis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg srulmasStabiani agresiis ganxorcieleba (sisxlismRvreli brZolebiT ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebma moaxdines saqarTvelos teritoriis mesamedis okupacia. 2008 wlis 26 agvisto- ruseTis federaciis prezidentis d. medvedevis dekretebi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis e.w. respublikebis damoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb (am dokumentebiT ruseTis imperiam saqarTvelos teritoriis 18,5 %is faqtobrivi aneqsia moaxdina). 2008 wlis 28 agvisto- saqarTvelos parlamentis mier saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi ruseTis samxedro SenaerTebisTvis saokupacio jaris statusis aRdgena da ruseTTan diplomatiuri kavSirebis gawyveta.

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