GiaoTrinhMang MMT

i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh Mng My Tnh V1.
Chng 1: Tng quan v mng my tnh

Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi hc nhng ni dung sau: Cc loi mng truyn d liu tn ti trc khi ca mng my tnh ra i. Cu trc tng qut ca mt mng my tnh. Hai ch truyn ti d liu c bn l Chuyn mch v Chuyn gi. Nhng li ch m mng my tnh mang li.
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc phi c c nhng kh nng sau: Phn bit c hai loi mng Chuyn mch v Chuyn gi; nh ngha c mng my tnh l g v trnh by c cu trc tng qut ca mt mng my tnh. Nu ln c nhng li ch m mng my tnh mang li.
Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005
i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh Mng My Tnh V1.0
1.1 Mng in bo
Mng in bo s dng h thng m Morse m ha thng tin cn truyn i. M Morse s dng hai tn hiu l tt v te (k hiu bng du chm () v du gch ngang (-)). Mi mt k t latin s c m ha bng mt chui tc/te ring bit, c di ngn khc nhau. truyn thng tin i, bn gi s ln lt m ha tng k t ca thng ip thnh m Morse, bn nhn sau s thc hin qu trnh gii m. Vn bn c truyn i c gi l mt thng ip (message) hay mt th tn (Telegram). Vo nm 1851 mng th tn u tin c s dng ni hai thnh ph London v Paris. Sau khng lu, h thng mng ny c m rng ton chu u. Cu trc ca mng gm c hai thnh phn l Trm in bo (Telegraph Station) v Trm chuyn in bo ( Telegraph Switching Station) c ni li vi nhau bng h thng dy truyn dn. Trm in bo l ni cho php truyn v nhn cc thng ip di dng cc m Morse, thng thng c th hin bng m thanh tt v te. truyn v nhn thng tin cn c mt in bo vin thc hin qu trnh m ha v gii m thng tin truyn/nhn. V khng th ni trc tip tt c cc trm in bo li vi nhau, ngi ta s dng cc Trm chuyn in bo cho php nhiu trm in bo s dng chung mt ng truyn truyn tin. Ti mi trm chuyn in bo c mt thao tc vin chu trch nhim nhn cc in bo gi n, xc nh ng i chuyn tip in bo v ni nhn. Nu ng truyn hng v ni nhn ang uc s dng truyn mt in bo khc, thao tc vin s lu li in bo ny sau truyn i khi ng truyn rnh. tng tc truyn tin, h thng Baudot thay th m Morse bng m nh phn 5 bits (c th m ha cho 32 k t). Cc trm in bo cng c thay th bng cc my tltp (teletype terminal) cho php xut / nhp thng tin dng k t. H thng s dng k thut bin iu (Modulation) v a hp (Multiplexing) truyn ti thng tin.
1.2 Mng in thoi

Mng in thoi cho php truyn thng tin di dng A m thanh bng cch s dng h thng truyn tn hiu tun t. Mng in thoi hot ng H1.1 Mng chuyn mch theo ch chuyn mch nh hng ni kt (circuit switching), tc thit lp ng ni kt tn hin gia hai bn giao tip trc M y ch khi thng tin c truyn i (connection oriented). (Host)
1.3 Mng hng u cui

y l m hnh ca cc h thng my tnh ln (Main Frame) vo nhng nm ca thp nin 1970. H thng gm mt my ch mnh (Host) c nng lc tnh ton cao c ni kt vi nhiu thit b u cui n n (Dumb terminal) ch lm nhim v xut nhp thng tin, giao tip vi ngi s dng.
Thit b u cui (Dumb Terminal)
Thi b u cui t b (Dumb Terminal) H1.2 Mng hng u cui
1.4 Mng my tnh

Mng my tnh l mng ca hai hay nhiu my tnh c ni li vi nhau bng mt ng truyn vt l theo mt kin trc no . Mng c th c kin trc n gin nh hnh di y:
H1.3 Mng cc b n gin
Hoc phc tp hn l h thng gm nhiu mng n gin ni li vi nhau nh hnh sau: Mt h thng mng tng qut c cu thnh t 3 thnh phn: ng bin mng ( Network Edge): Gm cc my tnh (Host) v cc chng trnh ng dng mng (Network Application) ng trc mng ( Network Core): Gm cc b chn ng (router) ng vi tr l mt mng trung tm ni kt cc mng li vi nhau. Mng truy cp, ng truyn vt l (Access Network , physical media): Gm cc ng truyn ti thng tin.
H1.4 Mng din rng phc tp
1.4.1 ng bin mng

Bao gm cc my tnh (Host) trn mng ni thc thi cc chng trnh ng dng mng (Network Application). i khi ngi ta cn gi chng l cc H thng cui (End Systems) vi ngha y chnh l ni xut pht ca thng tin di chuyn trn mng, cng nh l im dng ca thng tin. Qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai my tnh trn mng c th din ra theo hai m hnh: M hnh Khch hng / Ngi phc v (Client / server model) hay M hnh ngang hng (peer-to-peer model).
H1.5 ng bin mng
1.4.1.1 M hnh khch hng/ngi phc v (client/server):

Trong m hnh ny mt my tnh s ng vai tr l client v my tnh kia ng vai tr l server. My tnh client s gi cc yu cu (request) n my tnh server yu cu server thc hin cng vic g . Chng hn khi ngi dng duyt web trn mng Internet, trnh duyt web s gi yu cu n web server ngh web server gi v trang web tng ng. My tnh server khi nhn c mt yu cu t client gi n s phn tch yu cu hiu c client mun u g, thc hin ng yu cu ca client. Server s gi kt qu v cho client trong cc thng ip tr li (reply). V d, khi web server nhn c mt yu cu gi n t trnh duyt web, n s phn tch yu cu xc nh xem client cn nhn trang web no, sau m tp tin html tng ng trn a cng cc b ca n gi v trnh duyt web trong thng ip tr li. Mt s ng dng c xy dng theo m hnh client / server nh: www, mail, ftp,...
1.4.1.2 M hnh ngang cp (peer-to-peer):

Trong m hnh ny, mt my tnh va ng vai tr l client, va ng vai tr l server. Mt s ng dng thuc m hnh ny nh: Gnutella, KaZaA
1.4.2 ng trc mng

L h thng mng ca cc b chn ng (routers), lm nhim v chn ng v chuyn tip thng tin, m bo s trao i thng tin thng sut gia hai my tnh nm trn hai nhnh mng cch xa nhau. Cu hi t ra l lm sao thng tin c th c truyn i trn mng? Ngi ta c th s dng mt trong hai ch truyn ti thng tin l: Chuyn mch (circuit switching) v chuyn gi (packet switching).
H1.6 Mng ng trc
1.4.2.1 Chuyn mch (circuit switching)

Ch ny hot ng theo m hnh ca h thng in thoi. c th giao tip vi my B, my A phi thc hin mt cuc gi (call). Nu my B chp nhn cuc gi, mt knh o c thit lp dnh ring cho thng tin trao i gia A v B. Tt c cc ti nguyn c cp cho cuc gi ny nh bng thng ng truyn, kh nng ca cc b hon chuyn thng tin u c dnh ring cho cuc gi, khng chia s cho cc cuc gi khc, mc d c nhng khong ln thi gian hai bn giao tip im lng. Ti nguyn (bng thng) s c chia thnh nhiu nhng phn bng nhau v s gn cho cc cuc gi. Khi cuc gi s hu mt phn ti nguyn no , mc d khng s
H1.7 Mng chuyn mch
dng n n cng khng chia s ti nguyn ny cho cc cuc gi khc. Vic phn chia bng thng ca knh truyn thnh nhng phn c th c thc hin bng mt trong hai k thut: Phn chia theo tn s (FDMA-Frequency Division Multi Access) hay phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA- Time Division Multi Access).
1.4.2.2 Mng chuyn gi

A
statistical multiplexing Trong phng php ny, thng tin trao i gia hai my tnh (end systems) c phn thnh nhng 1.5 Mbs B gi tin (packet) c kch thc ti queue of packets a xc nh. 45 Mbs waiting for output Gi tin ca nhng ngi dng link khc nhau ( v d ca A v B) s chia s nhau bng thng ca knh D truyn. Mi gi tin s s dng E ton b bng thng ca knh H1.8 Mng chuyn gi truyn khi n c php. iu ny s dn n tnh trng lng thng tin cn truyn i vt qu kh nng p ng ca knh truyn. Trong trng hp ny, cc router s ng s theo gii thut lu v chuyn tip (store and forward), tc lu li cc gi tin cha gi i c vo hng i ch cho n khi knh truyn rnh s ln lt gi chng i.
10 Mbs Ethernet
1.4.2.3 So snh mng chuyn mch v mng chuyn gi

Chuyn gi cho php c nhiu ngi s dng mng hn: Gi s: Mt ng truyn 1 Mbit Mi ngi dng c cp 100Kbps khi truy N users cp active Thi gian active chim 10% tng thi gian. 1 Mbps link Khi : circuit-switching: cho php ti a 10 users H1.9 Chia s ng truyn trong packet switching: cho php 35 users, (xc sut mng chuyn gi c hn 10 active ng thi l nh hn 0.004) Chuyn gi: Thch hp cho lng lu thng d liu ln nh c ch chia s ti nguyn v khng cn thit lp cuc. Cn c c ch iu khin tt nghn v mt d liu. Khng h tr c c ch chuyn mch m bo tng bng thng c nh cho mt s ng dng v m thanh v hnh nh.
1.4.2.4 Mng truy cp

Cho php ni cc my tnh vo cc router ngoi bin. N c th l nhng loi mng sau: Mng truy cp t nh, v d nh s dng hnh thc modem dial qua ng in thoi hay ng ADSL. Mng cc b cho cc cng ty, x nghip. Mng khng dy.
H1.10 Mng truy cp
1.4.3 Cc li ch ca mng my tnh

1.4.3.1 Mng to kh nng dng chung ti nguyn cho cc ngi dng.
Vn l lm cho cc ti nguyn trn mng nh chng trnh, d liu v thit b, c bit l cc thit b t tin, c th sn dng cho mi ngi trn mng m khng cn quan tm n v tr thc ca ti nguyn v ngi dng. V mt thit b, cc thit b cht lng cao thng t tin, chng thng c dng chung cho nhiu ngi nhm gim chi ph v d bo qun. V mt chng trnh v d liu, khi c dng chung, mi thay i s sn dng cho mi thnh vin trn mng ngay lp tc. iu ny th hin rt r ti cc ni nh ngn hng, cc i l bn v my bay...
1.4.3.2 Mng cho php nng cao tin cy.

Khi s dng mng, c th thc hin mt chng trnh ti nhiu my tnh khc nhau, nhiu thit b c th dng chung. iu ny tng tin cy trong cng vic v khi c my tnh hoc thit b b hng, cng vic vn c th tip tc vi cc my tnh hoc thit b khc trn mng trong khi ch sa cha.
1.4.3.3 Mng gip cho cng vic t hiu sut cao hn.
Khi chng trnh v d liu dng chung trn mng, c th b qua mt s khu i chiu khng cn thit. Vic iu chnh chng trnh (nu c) cng tit kim thi gian hn do ch cn ci t li trn mt my. V mt t chc, vic sao chp d liu phng h tin li hn do c th giao cho ch mt ngi thay v mi ngi phi t sao chp phn ca mnh.
1.4.3.4 Tit kim chi ph.

Vic dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi cho php gim chi ph trang b tnh trn s ngi dng. V phn mm, nhiu nh sn xut phn mm cung cp c nhng n bn cho nhiu ngi dng, vi chi ph thp hn tnh trn mi ngi dng.
1.4.3.5 Tng cng tnh bo mt thng tin.

D liu c lu trn cc my phc v tp tin (file server) s c bo v tt hn so vi t ti cc my c nhn nh c ch bo mt ca cc h iu hnh mng.
1.4.3.6 Vic pht trin mng my tnh to ra nhiu ng dng mi

Mt s ng dng c nh hng quan trng n ton x hi: kh nng truy xut cc chng trnh v d liu t xa, kh nng thng tin lin lc d dng v hiu qu, to mi trng giao tip thun li gia nhng ngi dng khc nhau, kh nng tm kim thng tin nhanh chng trn phm vi ton th gii,...
Chng 2: Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh

Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi hc nhng vn sau: Cc thnh phn lin quan n phn cng ca mt mng my tnh S phn loi mng my tnh theo cc tiu ch khc nhau Kin trc phn mm ca mt mng my tnh, c bit l kin trc c th bc ca cc giao thc mng M hnh tham kho OSI
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc phi c c nhng kh nng sau: Phn bit c cc loi mng: mng qung b, mng chuyn mch, mng cc b, mng din rng, mng khng dy, lin mng, Bin lun c s cn thit ca tip cn phn lp kin trc mng trong vic thit k v xy dng cc h thng mng my Phn bit c cc khi nim quan trng trong kin trc phn mm mng nh dch v mng, giao din mng v giao thc mng Trnh by c ngha ca m hnh OSI, chc nng c bn mi tng trong m hnh
2.1 Phn cng mng my tnh

2.1.1 Phn loi mng my tnh theo k thut truyn tin
Da theo k thut truyn ti thng tin, ngi ta c th chia mng thnh hai loi l Mng qung b (Broadcast Network) v mng im ni im (Point to point Network)
2.1.1.1 Mng qung b

Trong h thng mng qung b ch tn ti mt knh truyn c chia s cho tt c cc my tnh. Khi mt my tnh gi tin, tt c cc my tnh cn li s nhn c tin . Ti mt thi im ch cho php mt my tnh c php s dng ng truyn.
2.1.1.2 Mng im ni im
Trong h thng mng ny, cc my tnh c ni li vi nhau thnh tng cp. Thng tin c gi i s c truyn trc tip t my gi n my nhn hoc c chuyn tip qua nhiu my trung gian trc khi n my tnh nhn.
2.1.2 Phn loi mng my tnh theo phm v a l

Trong cch phn loi ny ngi ta ch n i lng ng knh mng ch khong cch ca hai my tnh xa nht trong mng. Da vo i lng ny ngi ta c th phn mng thnh cc loi sau: ng knh mng 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km 1000 km 10000 km V tr ca cc my tnh Trong mt mt vung Trong 1 phng Trong 1 ta nh Trong mt khu vc Trong mt thnh ph Trong mt quc gia Trong m t chu lc C hnh tinh Loi mng Mng khu vc c nhn Mng cc b, gi tt l mng LAN (Local Area Network) Mng thnh ph, gi tt l mng MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) Mng din rng, gi tt l mng WAN (Wide Area Network)
2.1.2.1 Mng cc b
y l mng thuc loi mng qung b, s dng mt ng truyn c tc cao, bng thng rng, c hnh trng (topology) n gin nh mng hnh bus, mng hnh sao (Star topology), mng hnh vng (Ring topology).
2.1.2.1.1 Mng hnh bus

Tt c cc my tnh c ni li bng mt dy dn (Cp ng trc gy hoc ng trc bo). Khi mt trong s chng thc hin truyn tin, tn hiu s lan truyn n tt c cc my tnh cn li. Nu c hai my tnh truyn tin cng mt lc th s dn n tnh trng ng v trng thi li xy ra.
H2.1 Mng hnh Bus
2.1.2.1.2 Mng hnh sao

Cc my tnh c ni trc tip vo mt B tp trung ni kt, gi l Hub. D liu c chuyn qua Hub trc khi n cc my nhn. Hub c nhiu cng (port), mi cng cho php mt my tnh ni vo. Hub ng vai tr nh mt b khuych i (repeater). N khuych i tn hiu nhn c trc khi truyn li tn hiu trn cc cng cn li. H2.2 Mng u im ca mng hnh sao l d dng ci t, khng dng mng khi ni thm hnh sao vo hoc ly mt my tnh ra khi mng, cng nh d dng pht hin li. So vi mng hnh Bus, mng hnh sao c tn n nh cao hn. Tuy nhin n i hi nhiu dy dn hn so vi mng hnh bus. Ton mng s b ngng hot ng nu Hub b h. Chi ph u t mng hnh sao cao hn mng hnh Bus.
2.1.2.1.3 Mng hnh vng

Tn ti mt th bi (token: mt gi tin nh) ln lt truyn qua cc my tnh. Mt my tnh khi truyn tin phi tun th nguyn tc sau: Ch cho n khi token n n v n s ly token ra khi vng trn. Gi gi tin ca n i mt vng qua cc my tnh trn ng trn. Ch cho n khi gi tin quay v H2.3 Mng hnh vng a token tr li vng trn nt bn cnh nhn token
2.1.2.2 Mng th
Mng MAN c s dng ni tt c cc my tnh trong phm vi ton thnh ph. V d nh mng truyn hnh cp trong thnh ph.
2.1.2.3 Mng din rng

Mng LAN v mng MAN thng thng khng s dng cc thit b chuyn mch, iu hn ch trong vic m rng phm vi mng v s lng my tnh v khong cch. Chnh v th mng din rng c pht minh. Trong mt mng WAN, cc my tnh (hosts) c ni vo mt mng con (subnet) hay i khi cn gi l ng trc mng (Backbone), trong c cha cc b chn ng (routers) v cc ng truyn ti (transmission lines). Cc Routers thng thng c nhim v lu v chuyn tip cc gi tin m n nhn c theo nguyn l c bn sau: Cc gi tin n mt router s c lu vo trong mt hng ch, k n router s 9
H2.5 Mng din rng
H2.6 Lu v chuyn tip trong mng WAN
quyt nh ni gi tin cn phi n v sau s chuyn gi tin ln ng c chn.
2.1.3 Mng khng dy

Nu phn bit mang theo tiu ch hu tuyn hay v tuyn th ta c thm cc loi mng khng dy sau:
2.1.3.1 Ni kt h thng (System interconnection)

Mng ny nhm mc ch thay th h thng cp ni kt cc thit b cc b vo my tnh nh mn hnh, bn phm, chut, phone, loa ,....
Hnh 2.7 (a) Thit b khng dy, (b) Mng cc b khng dy
2.1.3.2 Mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LANs):

Tt c cc my tnh giao tip vi nhau thng qua mt trm c s (Base Station) c ni bng cp vo h thng mng.
2.1.3.3 Mng din rng khng dy (Wireless WANs):

Thng thng mng in thoi di ng s thuc dng ny. Vi cc cng ngh mi cho php bng thng mng c th t n 50 Mbps vi khong cch vi kilomet
H2.9 Mng din rng khng dy
Trong hnh (a ) cc my tnh s dng cng ngh mng v tuyn ni kt vi router. Ngc li trong hnh (b), cc my tnh c ni bng ng dy hu tuyn vi mt router, t router s dng k thut v tuyn lin lc vi cc router khc.
2.1.4 Lin mng (Internetwork)

Thng thng mt mng my tnh c th khng ng nht ( homogeneous), tc c s khc nhau v phn cng v phn mm gia cc my tnh. Trong thc t ta ch c th xy dng c cc mng ln bng cch lin ni kt (interconnecting) nhiu loi mng li vi nhau. Cng vic ny c gi l lin mng (Internetworking). V d: Ni kt mt tp cc mng LAN c kiu khc nhau nh dng Bus vi dng vng ca mt cng ty.
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Ni cc mng LAN li vi nhau nh vo mt mng din rng, lc mng WAN ng vai tr l mt Subnet. Ni cc mng WAN li vi nhau hnh thnh mng WAN ln hn. Lin mng ln nht hin nay l mng ton cu Internet.
2.2 Phn mm mng

y l thnh phn quan trng tht s lm cho mng my tnh vn hnh ch khng phi l phn cng. Phn mm mng c xy dng da trn nn tng ca 3 khi nim l giao thc (protocol), dch v (service) v giao din (interface). Giao thc (Protocol): M t cch thc hai thnh phn giao tip trao i thng tin vi nhau. Dch v (Services): M t nhng g m mt mng my tnh cung cp cho cc thnh phn mun giao tip vi n. Giao din (Interfaces): M t cch thc m mt khch hng c th s dng c cc dch v mng v cch thc cc dch v c th c truy cp n.
2.2.1 Cu trc th bc ca giao thc

Nn tng cho tt c cc phn mm lm cho mng my tnh hot ng chnh l khi nim kin trc th bc ca giao thc (protocol hierachies). N t chc cc dch v m mt mng my tnh cung cp thnh cc tng/lp (layers) Hai thnh phn b phn hai my tnh khc nhau, nhng cng cp, chng lun lun thng nht vi nhau v cch thc m chng s trao i thng tin. Qui tc trao i thng tin ny c m t trong mt giao thc (protocol). Mt h mng truyn ti d liu thng c thit k di dng phn tng. minh ha ngha ca n ta xem xt m hnh hot ng ca h thng gi nhn th tn th gii. Hai i tc A Paris v B Thnh ph Cn Th thng xuyn trao i th t vi nhau. V A khng th ni ting Vit v B khng th ni ting Php, trong khi c hai c th hiu ting Anh, cho nn n c chn l ngn ng trao i th t, vn bn gia A v B. C hai gi th t c quan ca h. Trong cng ty c b phn vn th lnh trch nhim tp hp v gi tt c cc th ca cng ty ra bu in. Tin trnh A gi cho B mt l th din ra nh sau: 1. A vit mt l th bng ting Php bng bt my ca anh ta. 2. A a l th cho th k, bit ting Anh thng dch l th ra ting Anh, sau b l th vo bao th vi a ch ngi nhn l a ch ca B. 3. Nhn vin ca b phn vn th chu trch nhim thu thp th ca cng ty gh qua vn phng ca A nhn th cn gi i. 4. B phn vn th thc hin vic phn loi th v dn tem ln cc l th bng mt my dn tem. 5. L th c gi n bu in Paris. 6. L th c t chuyn n trung tm phn loi Paris. 7. Nhng l th gi sang Vit Nam c chuyn n sn bay Paris bng tu in ngm. 8. L th gi sang Vit nam c chuyn n sn bay Tn Sn Nht (Thnh Ph H Ch Minh) bng my bay. 9. Th c t ch n trung tm phn loi th ca Thnh Ph H Ch Minh. 10. Th cho c quan ca B c chuyn v Bu in Cn Th bng t. 11. Th cho c quan ca B c chuyn n cng ty ca B bng t. 12. B phn vn th ca cng ty ca B tin hnh phn loi th.
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13. Th c pht vo mt gi nh n cc ngi nhn, trong trng hp ny c vn phng ca B. 14. Th k ca B m th ra v dch ni dung l th gi cho B sang ting Vit. 15. B c l th ca A gi cho anh ta. Ta c th tm tt li tin trnh trn bng mt m hnh phn tng vi cc nt ca mng th tn ny nh sau:
(1) (2)
(15) (14) (13) (12)
(3) (4)
(5)
(6)
(8) (9) (10) (7) H2.10 M hnh gi nhn th tn th gii
(11)
Trong m hnh trn,mi tng th da trn tng pha di. V d, cc phng tin ca giao thng ca tng nh t, tu ha, my bay (ca tng lin kt d liu) tng vn chuyn th cn h tng c s nh ng t, ng st, sn bay (ca tng vt l). i vi mi tng, cc chc nng c nh ngha l cc dch v cung cp cho tng pha trn n. Cc ng thng mu trong s xc nh cc dch v c cung cp bi cc tng khc nhau. Thm vo , cc chc nng ca tng tng tng ng vi cc lut c gi l cc giao thc (Protocols).
2.2.2 V d v cu trc th bc ca giao thc

Xem xt mt v d khc lin quan n h thng truyn tp tin t my tnh X sang my Y. Hai my ny c ni vi nhau bi mt dy cp tun t. Chng ta xem xt mt m hnh gm 3 tng: Ngi s dng mun truyn mt tp tin s thc hin mt li gi n tng A nh vo mt hm c nh ngha sn, send_file(fileName, destination). Trong fileName l tp tin cn truyn i, destination l i ch ca my tnh nhn tp tin. Tng A phn chia tp tin thnh nhiu thng ip v truyn tng thng ip nh lnh send_message(MessageNo, destination) do tng B cung cp. Tng B qun l vic gi cc thng ip, m nhim vic phn chia cc thng ip thnh nhiu n v truyn tin, gi l cc khung (frame); gi cc khung gia X v Y tun theo lut nh trc (protocol) nh tn sut gi, iu khin lung, ch bo nhn ca bn nhn, iu khin li.
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A : Tng ng dng
B : Tng qun l thng ip
C : Tng vt l
H2.11 ng dng 3 tng
Tng B giao cho tng C mt chui cc bit m chng s c truyn ln ng truyn vt l, khng quan tm g v ngha ca cc bit, n ni nhn. Thng tin c truyn trn mt knh truyn n gin hoc phc tp v c nh hng n ni nhn. Bn nhn thc hin ngc li tin trnh ca bn gi. C bn nhn v bn gi cng c s ln gi/nhn ging nhau.
Tp tin Khung
Tn hiu H2.12 n v truyn d liu qua cc tng
Ta cng ch rng, kch thc ca cc n v truyn tin trong tng tng l khc nhau. tng A n v l mt tp tin. Tng B, n v truyn tin l cc khung theo mt cu trc c nh ngha. Tng C, n v truyn tin l cc tn hin c truyn trn ng truyn vt l.
2.2.3 Dch v mng

Hu ht cc tng mng u cung cp mt hoc c hai kiu dch v: nh hng ni kt v Khng ni kt. Dch v nh hng ni kt (Connection-oriented): y l dch v vn hnh theo m hnh ca h thng in thoi. u tin bn gi phi thit lp mt ni kt, k n thc hin nhiu cuc trao i thng tin v cui cng th gii phng ni kt. Dch v khng ni kt (Connectionless): y l dch v vn hnh theo m hnh kiu th tn. D liu ca bn trc tin c t vo trong mt bao th trn c ghi r a ch ca ngi nhn v a ch ca ngi gi. Sau s gi c bao th v ni dung n ngi nhn. Mt s nhng dch v thng c cung cp mi tng mng cho c hai loi c ni kt v khng ni kt c lit k bng di y: Loi C ni kt Dch v Lung thng ip tin cy ( Reliable message stream) Lung byte tin cy ( Reliable byte stream) V d V d gi tun t cc trang ng nhp t xa
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Khng ni kt
Ni kt khng tin cy (Unreliable connection) Th tn khng tin cy (Unreliable datagram) Th tn c bo nhn (Acknowledged datagram) Yu cu - tr li (Request Reply)
m thanh s Mail theo kiu b Mail c ng k Truy vn c s d liu
Mi loi dch v c cung cp vi cht lng khc nhau. Cc loi dch v c ni kt thng m bo th t n ni ca thng tin nh th t chng c gi i, cng nh m bo d liu lun n ni. Hai iu ny thng khng c m bo trong cc dch v loi khng ni kt.
2.2.3.1 Cc php ton ca dch v

Mt dch v thng c m t bng mt tp hp cc hm c bn (primitives) hay i khi cn gi l cc tc v (operations) sn c cho cc khch hng s dng. Mt s cc hm c bn thng c cho mt dch v nh hng ni kt nh sau: Hm c bn LISTEN CONNECT RECIEVE SEND DISCONNECT Chc nng Nghn ch mt yu cu ni kt gi n Yu cu thit lp ni kt vi bn mun giao tip Nghn ch nhn cc thng ip gi n Gi thng ip sang bn kia Kt thc mt ni kt
Qu trnh trao i thng tin gia Client, ngi c nhu cu s dng dch v v server, ngi cung cp dch v c thc hin bng cch s dng cc hm c s trn c m t nh kch bn sau: Server LISTEN RECIEVE SEND DISCONNECT Client CONNECT SEND RECIEVE DISCONNECT
H2.13 M hnh dch v c ni kt
2.2.3.2 S khc bit gia dch v v giao thc

Giao thc v dch v l hai nn tng rt quan trng trong vic thit kt v xy dng mt h thng mng. Cn hiu r ngha v phn bit s khc bit gia chng. Dch v: l mt tp cc php ton m mt tng cung cp cho tng pha trn ca n gi s dng.
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Giao thc: l mt tp cc lut m t khun dng d liu, ngha ca cc gi tin v th t cc gi tin c s dng trong qu trnh giao tip. Ch : Cng mt service c th c thc hin bi cc protocol khc nhau; mi protocol c th c ci t theo mt cch thc khc nhau ( s dng cu trc d liu khc nhau, ngn ng lp trnh l khc nhau, vv...)
H2.14 Quan h gia dch v v giao thc
2.3 M hnh tham kho OSI

d dng cho vic ni kt v trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh vi nhau, vo nm 1983, t chc tiu chun th gii ISO pht trin mt m hnh cho php hai my tnh c th gi v nhn d liu cho nhau. M hnh ny da trn tip cn phn tng (lp), vi mi tng m nhim mt s cc chc nng c bn no . hai my tnh c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau cn c rt nhiu vn lin quan. V d nh cn c Card mng, dy cp mng, in th tn hiu trn cp mng, cch thc ng gi d liu, iu khin li ng truyn vv... Bng cch phn chia cc chc nng ny vo nhng tng ring bit nhau, vic vit cc phn mm thc hin chng tr nn d dng hn. M hnh OSI gip ng nht cc h thng my tnh khc bit nhau khi chng trao i thng tin. M hnh ny gm c 7 tng: Tng 7: Tng ng dng (Application Layer) y l tng trn cng, cung cp cc ng dng truy xut n cc dch v mng. N bao gm cc ng dng ca ngi dng, v d nh cc Web Browser (Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer ), cc Mail User Agent (Outlook Express, Netscape Messenger, ...) hay cc chng trnh lm server cung cp cc dch v mng nh cc Web Server (Netscape Enterprise, Internet Information Service, Apache, ...), Cc FTP Server, cc Mail server (Send mail, MDeamon). Ngi dng mng giao tip trc tip vi tng ny. Tng 6: Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer) Tng ny m bo cc my tnh c kiu nh dng d liu khc nhau vn c th trao i thng tin cho nhau. Thng thng cc my tnh s thng nht vi nhau v mt kiu nh dng d liu trung gian trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh. Mt d liu cn gi i s c tng trnh by chuyn sang nh dng trung gian trc khi n c truyn ln mng. Ngc li, khi nhn d liu t mng, tng trnh by s chuyn d liu sang nh dng ring ca n. Tng 5: Tng giao dch (Session Layer)
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Tng ny cho php cc ng dng thit lp, s dng v xa cc knh giao tip gia chng (c gi l giao dch). N cung cp c ch cho vic nhn bit tn v cc chc nng v bo mt thng tin khi truyn qua mng. Tng 4: Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) Tng ny m bo truyn ti d liu gia cc qu trnh. D liu gi i c m bo khng c li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt, trng lp. i vi cc gi tin c kch thc ln, tng ny s phn chia chng thnh cc phn nh trc khi gi i, cng nh tp hp li chng khi nhn c. Tng 3: Tng mng (Network Layer) Tng ny m bo cc gi tin d liu (Packet) c th truyn t my tnh ny n my tnh kia cho d khng c ng truyn vt l trc tip gia chng. N nhn nhim v tm ng i cho d liu n cc ch khc nhau trong mng. Tng 2: Tng lin kt d liu (Data-Link Layer) Tng ny m bo truyn ti cc khung d liu (Frame) gia hai my tnh c ng truyn vt l ni trc tip vi nhau. N ci t c ch pht hin v x l li d liu nhn. Tng 1: Tng vt k (Physical Layer) iu khin vic truyn ti tht s cc bit trn ng truyn vt l. N nh ngha cc tn hiu in, trng thi ng truyn, phng php m ha d liu, cc loi u ni c s dng. V nguyn tc, tng n ca mt h thng ch giao tip, trao i thng tin vi tng n ca h thng khc. Mi tng s c cc n v truyn d liu ring:

Tng vt l: bit Tng lin kt d liu: Khung (Frame) Tng Mng: Gi tin (Packet) Tng vn chuyn: on (Segment)
H2.15-X l d liu qua cc tng
Trong thc t, d liu c gi i t tng trn xung tng di cho n tng thp nht ca my tnh gi. , d liu s c truyn i trn ng truyn vt l. Mi khi d liu c truyn xung tng pha di th n b "gi" li trong n v d liu ca tng di. Ti bn nhn, d liu s c truyn ngc ln cc tng cao dn. Mi ln qua mt tng, n v d liu tng ng s c tho ra. n v d liu ca mi tng s c mt tiu (header) ring. OSI ch l m hnh tham kho, mi nh sn xut khi pht minh ra h thng mng ca mnh s thc hin cc chc nng tng tng theo nhng cch thc ring. Cc cch thc ny thng c m t di dng cc chun mng hay cc giao
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thc mng. Nh vy dn n trng hp cng mt chc nng nhng hai h thng mng khc nhau s khng tng tc c vi nhau. Hnh di s so snh kin trc ca cc h iu hnh mng thng dng vi m hnh OSI. thc hin cc chc nng tng 3 v tng 4 trong m hnh OSI, mi h thng mng s c cc protocol ring: UNIX: Tng 3 dng giao thc IP, tng 4 giao thc TCP/UDP Netware: Tng 3 dng giao thc IPX, tng 4 giao thc SPX Microsoft nh ngha giao thc NETBEUI thc hin chc nng ca c tng 3 v tng 4 Nu ch dng li y th cc my tnh UNIX, Netware v NT s khng trao i thng tin c vi nhau. Vi s ln mnh ca mng Internet, cc my tnh ci t cc h iu hnh khc nhau i hi phi giao tip c vi nhau, tc phi s dng chung mt giao thc. chnh l b giao thc TCP/IP, giao thc ca mng Internet.
H2.16 - Kin trc ca mt s h iu hnh mng thng dng
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Chng 3: Tng vt l
Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu nhng ni dung c bn sau: Gii thiu m hnh ca mt h thng truyn d liu n gin v cc vn c lin quan n trong mt h thng truyn d liu s dng my tnh Gii thiu cc phng php s ha thng tin Gii thiu v c im knh truyn, tnh nng k thut ca cc loi cp truyn d liu Gii thiu cc hnh thc m ha d liu s truyn ti trn ng truyn
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc phi c c nhng kh nng sau: Lit k c nhng vn c bn c lin quan n mt h thng truyn d liu M t c cc hnh thc s ha thng tin Phn bit v tnh ton c cc i lng lin quan n c tnh ca mt knh truyn nh: Bng thng, tn s bin iu, tc d liu, nhiu, dung lng v giao thng ca mt knh truyn M ha c d liu s nh vo cc tn hiu s v tun t theo cc k thut khc nhau.
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3.1 Gii thiu

V c bn, mt h thng mng truyn d liu n gin nht c m t nh sau:
H3.1 H thng truyn d liu n gin
Trong m hnh trn, d liu gm c vn bn, hnh nh, m thanh, phim nh cn c s ha di dng nh phn (bit 0, 1) d dng cho x l v truyn ti. Thit b truyn c ni vi thit b nhn bng mt ng truyn hu tuyn hoc v tuyn. Truyn tin l qu trnh thit b truyn gi i ln lt cc bit ca d liu ln knh truyn n lan truyn sang thit b nhn v nh th l d liu c truyn i. Cc thit b truyn v nhn l cc my tnh. cho h thng ny c th hot ng c th cc vn sau cn phi c xem xt: Cch thc m ha thng tin thnh d liu s. Cc loi knh truyn dn c th s dng truyn tin. S ni kt cc thit b truyn v nhn li vi nhau. Cch thc truyn ti cc bit t thit b truyn sang thit b nhn. H thng trn l h thng c bn nht cho cc h thng truyn d liu. N thc hin y cc chc nng m tng vt l trong m hnh OSI qui nh.
3.2 Vn s ha thng tin

Thng tin tn ti di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. x l, m c bit truyn ti thng tin ta cn phi m ha chng. Li ni : H thng : in thoi B m ha : micro B gii m : Loa Truyn ti : tn hiu tun t hay tn hiu s D liu tin hc : H thng : mng truyn tin. B m ha : B iu khin truyn thng. B gii m:B iu khin truyn thng Truyn ti : Tn hiu tun t hoc tn hiu s. nh tnh : H thng: fax B m ha : scanner B gii m : B thng dch tp tin Truyn ti : Tn hiu tun t hoc tn hiu s.
Truyn hnh : H thng : truyn qung b B m ha : camra B gii m : b thu TV + antenne Truyn ti : Tn hiu tun t hoc tn hiu s.
Trong thi i chng ta, thng tin thng c th hin di dng cc trang ti liu hn hp, nh cc trang web, m ng thi c th th hin vn bn, hnh nh tnh, hnh nh ng, phim nh,.... Thng tin thc t c th hin di dng a phng tin. Mi mt loi thng tin s hu
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h thng m ha ring, nhng kt qu th ging nhau: mt chui cc s 0 v 1. Vic truyn ti thng tin bao gm vic truyn ti cc bit ny. M hnh m ha nh sau:
H3.2 S s ha d liu
3.2.1 S ha vn bn
H thng m ha u tin lin quan n vn bn l h thng m Morse, c s dng rng ri trc khi c my tnh. y l mt b m nh phn s dng 2 k t chm (.) v gch (-) s ha vn bn (c th xem tng ng vi cc bit 0 v 1). Tuy nhin n c nhiu im bt li sau: Ngho nn: t cc k t c m ha; N s dng s phi hp ca cc du gch v du chm vi di khc nhau, iu ny khng c tin li c bit cho cc k t c tn sut xut hin ging nhau. Chnh v th n khng c dng s ha thng tin. Nu chng ta qui nh rng s bit dng m ha cho mt k t phi bng nhau th vi p bit ta c th m ha cho 2p k t. H thng m ha nh th c dng trong qu kh.
H3.3 M Morse
V d : 5 bit: dng trong h thng ATI (Alphabet Tlgraphique International) 7 bit : gi l m ASCII (American Standard Code for Informatics Interchange) c dng rng ri trong my tnh.
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H3.4 M ASCII chun
Bng m ny c c cc k t khng in c gi l cc k t iu khin c dng to ra cc tc v trn cc thit b tin hc hay dng iu khin thng tin truyn ti. Bng m 8 bits: c m ASCII m rng v m EBCDIC V my tnh lu thng tin di dng cc byte 8 bit nn khi s dng m ASCII 7 bt th bit c trng s ln nht (v tr th 7) lun c gi tr l 0. Chng ta c th s dng bit ny nh ngha cc k t c bit bng cch t n gi tr 1. V nh th chng ta c mt bng m ASCII m rng. Tuy nhin, iu ny s dn n vic tn ti nhiu bng m ASCII m rng khc nhau lm kh khn trong vic trao i thng tin trn phm vi ton th gii. M EBCDIC dng 8 bits m ha nh c th th hin c 256 k t. N c s dng trong cc my tnh IBM. Tuy nhin n khng thng dng nh m ASCII. M 16 bits : M Unicode M ny c pht trin gn y tha mn nhu cu trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi dng Web. N m ha hu ht tt c cc k t ca cc ngn ng trn th gii. N tng thch vi m ASCII 7 bits 127 k t u tin. Hin nay m Unicode bt u c s dng rng ri.
3.2.2 S ha hnh nh tnh

nh s tht s l mt nh c v nn t cc ng thng v mi ng thng c xy dng bng cc im. Mt nh theo chun VGA vi phn gii 640x480 c ngha l mt ma trn gm 480 ng ngang v mi ng gm 640 im nh (pixel).
nh gc
nh 1 phn gii
H3.5 M ha hnh nh tnh
nh s ha
Mt im nh c m ha ty thuc vo cht lng ca nh: nh en trng : s dng mt bit m ha mt im : gi tr 0 cho im nh mu en v 1 cho im nh mu trng. nh gm 256 mc xm: mi im c th hin bng mt byte (8 bits) ;
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nh mu: ngi ta chng minh rng mt mu l s phi hp ca ba mu c bn l (Red), xanh l (Green) v xanh dng (Blue). V th mt mu bt k c th c biu bin bi biu thc: x = aR + bG +cB Trong a, b, c l cc lng ca cc mu c bn. Thng thng mt nh p s c lng mu vi gi tr t 0 n 255. V nh th, mt nh mu thuc loi ny c th hin bng 3 ma trn tng ng cho 3 loi mu c bn. Mi phn t ca mng c gi tr ca 8 bits. Chnh v th cn c 24 bit m ha cho mt im nh mu. Kch thc ca cc nh mu l ng k, v th ngi ta cn c phng php m ha gim kch thc ca cc nh.
3.2.3 S ha m thanh v phim nh

D liu kiu m thanh v phim nh thuc kiu tn hiu tun t. Cc tn hiu tun t c s ha theo cch thc sau y:
Bin Tn hiu tun t
1 - Ly mu Tn hiu c ly mu: vi tn s f, ta o bin ca tn hiu, nh th ta c mt lot cc s o.

thi gian
H3.6 Ly mu
Bin
thi gian
H3.7 Lng ha
2 - Lng ha Ta xc nh mt thang o vi cc gi tr l ly tha ca 2 ( 2p ) v thc hin vic ly tng ng cc s o vo gi tr thanh o.
3- M ha Mi mt gi tr sau c m ha thnh cc gi tr nh phn v t vo trong cc tp tin. 011001100110111110101110110010......

H3.8 M ha
Dung lng tp tin nhn c ph thuc hon ton vo tn s ly mu f v s lng bit dng m ha gi tr thang o p ( chiu di m cho mi gi tr).
3.3 Cc loi knh truyn

3.3.1 Knh truyn hu tuyn
Cp thuc loi knh truyn hu tuyn c s dng ni my tnh v cc thnh phn mng li vi nhau. Hin nay c 3 loi cp c s dng ph bin l: Cp xon i (twisted pair), cp ng trc (coax) v cp quang (fiber optic). Vic chn la loi cp s dng cho mng ty thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: gi thnh, khong cch, s lng my tnh, tc yu cu, bng thng
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3.3.1.1
Cp xon i (Twisted Pair)
Cp xon i c hai loi: C v bc (Shielded Twisted Pair) v khng c v bc (Unshielded Twisted Pair). Cp xon i c v bc s dng mt v bc c bit qun xung quanh dy dn c tc dng chng nhiu. Cp xon i tr thnh loi cp mng c s dng nhiu nht hin nay. N h tr hu ht cc khong tc v cc cu hnh mng khc nhau v c h tr bi hu ht cc nh sn xut thit b mng.
H3.9 (a) Cp xon i khng c v bc (b) Cp xon i c v bc
Cc c tnh ca cp xon i l:

c s dng trong mng token ring (cp loi 4 tc 16MBps), chun mng Ethernet 10BaseT (Tc 10MBps), hay chun mng 100BaseT ( tc 100Mbps) Gi c chp nhn c. UTP thng c s dng bn trong cc ta nh v n t c kh nng chng nhiu hn so vi STP. Cp loi 2 c tc t n 1Mbps (cp in thoi) . Cp loi 3 c tc t n 10Mbps (Dng trong mng Ethernet 10BaseT) (Hnh a) Cp loi 5 c tc t n 100MBps (dng trong mng 10BaseT v 100BaseT) (Hnh b) Cp loi 5E v loi 6 c tc t n 1000 MBps (dng trong mng 1000 BaseT)
3.3.1.2
Cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable)
Cp ng trc l loi cp c chn la cho cc mng nh t ngi dng, gi thnh thp. C cp ng trc gy (thin coaxial cable) v cp ng trc bo (thick coaxial cable)
Cp ng trc gy, k hiu RG-58AU, c dng trong chun mng Ethernet 10Base2.
H3.10 Cp ng trc
H3.11 Cp ng trc gy
Cp ng trc bo, k hiu RG-11, c dng trong chun mng 10Base5 Cc loi u ni c s dng vi cp ng trc gy l u ni ch T (T connector), u ni BNC v thit b u cui (Terminator)
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H3.12 u ni ch T v BNC
3.3.1.3
Cp quang (Fiber Optic)
Cp quang truyn ti cc sng in t di dng nh sng. Thc t, s xut hin ca mt sng nh sng tng ng vi bit 1v s mt nh sng tng ng vi bit 0. Cc tn hiu in t c chuyn sang tn hiu nh sng bi b pht, sau cc tn hiu nh sng s c chuyn thnh cc sung in t bi b nhn. Ngun pht quang c th l cc n LED (Light Emitting Diode) c in, hay cc diod laser. B d nh sng c th l cc t bo quang in truyn thng hay cc t bo quang in dng khi.
H3.13 Cu trc cp quang
S lan truyn tn hiu c thc hin bi s phn x trn b mt. Thc t, tn ti 3 loi cp quang. Ch n: mt tia sng trn ng truyn ti Hai ch cn li gi l ch a: nhiu tia sng cng c truyn song song nhau Trong ch n, chit sut n2 > n1. Tia laser c bc sng t 5 n 8 micromtres c tp trung v mt hng. Cc si loi ny cho php tc bit cao nhng kh x l v phc tp trong cc thao tc ni kt.
Chit sut n2
Tia sng laser Chit sut n1 H3.14 Cp quang ch n - ch a khng thm thu - ch a thm thu
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Ch a khng thm thu Cc tia sng di chuyn bng cch phn x gia b mt ca 2 mi trng c chit sut khc nhau (n2>n1) v mt nhiu thi gian hn cc sng di chuyn so vi ch n. suy gim ng truyn t 30 dB/km i vi cc loi cp thy tinh v t 100 dB/km i vi loi cp bng cht do. Ch a b thm thu Chit sut tng dn t trung tm v v ca ng. V th s phn x trong trng hp ny th rt nh nhng. T cch y nhiu nm ngi ta c th thc hin a hp trn cng mt si quang nhiu thng tin bng cch dng cc sng c di khc nhau. K thut ny c gi l WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing).
3.3.2 Knh truyn v tuyn

Knh truyn v tuyn th tht s tin li cho tt c chng ta, c bit nhng a hnh m knh truyn hu tuyn khng th thc hin c hoc phi tn nhiu chi ph (rng rm, hi o, min ni). Knh truyn v tuyn truyn ti thng tin tc nh sng. Gi: c l tc nh sng, f l tn s ca tn hiu sng l di sng. Khi ta c c = f
H3.15 Phn b ph sng in t trn
Tn hiu c di sng cng ln th khong cch truyn cng xa m khng b suy gim, ngc li nhng tn hiu c tn s cng cao th c pht tn cng thp. Hnh H3.15 m t ph ca sng in t c dng cho truyn d liu. Khong tn s cng cao cng truyn ti c nhiu thng tin.
3.4 c im knh truyn

Phng tin thng c dng truyn ti d liu ( cc bits 0,1) t thit b truyn n thit b nhn trn mt knh truyn nhn vt l l cc tn hiu tun t hay tn hiu s.
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Cng Cng
Thi gian
Thi gian
H3.16 Tn hiu tun t : c biu din bng mt ln vt H3.17 Tn hiu s : c biu din bi mt ln vt l vi mt l thay i mt cch lin tc vi gi tr xc nh ring ri
3.4.1 Truyn ti tn hiu sng dng hnh sin

Sng dng hnh sin, khng kt thc hoc suy gim sau mt khong thi gian l dng tn hiu tun t n gin nht, d dng to ra c. Hn th n cn c bit c ch n bi yu t sau: bt k mt dng tn hiu no cng c th c biu din li bng cc sng hnh sin. Yu t ny c rt ra t mt nghin cu c th n cho php chng ta c th nh ngha mt vi c im ca knh truyn vt l. Xem xt mt knh truyn, gi s rng cc im ni kt l trc tip, khng c ngt qung, c hnh thnh t hai si kim loi. Mt on ca knh truyn c xem nh mt n 4 cc gm mt in tr R v mt t in C.
vin(t)
vout(t)
H3.18 M hnh knh truyn d liu vt l
Tn hiu hnh sin c p vo gia cc cc (gia 2 si dy) c tn theo biu thc: vin(t) = Vin sin wt Trong Vin : l hiu in th cc i; w : nhp ; f = w/2pi : l tn s; T = 2pi/w = 1/f : l chu k. Tn hiu u ra s l: vout(t) = Vout sin (wt + F) Vi : F : l tr pha. Mc in th ng ra ty thuc vo in th ng vo v c im vt l ca n bn cc. Cc lut trng in t chng minh rng trong trng hp n gin nht ta c: Vout/Vin = (1 + R2C2w2)-1/2 F = atan(-RC w)
Ta nhn thy rng in th ng ra Vout th yu hn in th ng vo Vin. Ta ni c mt s gim th v mt s lch pha F gia hiu in th ng vo v hiu in th ng ra. Nu ta chng 2 sng in th ng vo v in th ng ra trong mt s thi gian, ta c kt qu nh sau:
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Cng gim th
Tn hiu vo Tn hiu ra
Thi gian
H3.19 S tr pha v gim th ca tn hiu ng ra
suy gim trn knh truyn A ca tn hiu l mt t l v cng sut Pin/Pout ca tn hiu pht Pin v tn hiu nhn c Pout. Mi cng sut c tnh vi n v l watts. Ta biu din suy gim bng n v decibel: A(w) = 10 log10(Pin/Pout)
Hnh bn m t th biu din mi tng quan gia suy gim v tn s sng pht trn mt knh truyn no . Ta thy rng tn s ti u nht l f0 v nh th, nu chng ta mun suy gim l nh nht th chng ta s chn sng pht hnh sin c tn s cng gn f0 cng tt.
Tn s
H3.20 Tng quan gia tn s v suy gim ca tn hiu
3.4.2 Truyn tn hin bt k

L thuyt ton Fourrier chng minh rng bt k mt tn hin no cng c th xem nh c to thnh t mt tng ca mt s hu hn hoc v hn cc sng hnh sin. Khng i su vo chng minh ta c kt qu sau: Mt tn hiu bt k x(t) th c th phn tch thnh mt tp hp cc tn hiu dng sng hnh sin. Nu l tn hiu tun hon, th ta c th phn tch n thnh dng mt chui Fourier. Thut ng chui y mun ni n mt lot cc sng hnh sin c tn s khc nhau nh l cc bi s ca tn s ti u f0. Nu tn hiu khng l dng tun hon, th ta c th phn tch n di dng mt b Fourier ; vi cc sng hnh sin c tn s ri rc.
3.4.3 Bng thng ca mt knh truyn (Bandwidth)

Bi v mt tn hiu bt k c th c xem nh l mt s kt hp ca mt chui cc sng hnh sin, nn ta c th xem rng, s truyn ti mt tn hiu bt k tng ng vi vic truyn ti cc sng hnh sin thnh phn. V tn s ca chng l khc nhau, chng c th n ni vi suy gim l khc nhau, mt trong s chng c th khng cn nhn ra c. Nu ta nh ngha mt ngng cn nghe c A0, th tt c cc tn hiu hnh sin c tn s nh hn f1 c xem nh b mt. Tng t cc tn hiu c tn s ln hn f2 cng c xem l b mt. Nhng tn hin c th nhn ra c bn nghe l cc tn hiu c tn s nm gia f1 v f2. Khon tn s ny c gi l bng thng ca mt knh truyn.
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A(db) Bng thng W
f
H3.21 Bng thng ca knh truyn
Ni mt cc khc, vi mt tn hiu phc tp bt k, tn hiu ny s truyn ti c nu nh tn s ca cc sng hnh sin thnh phn ca n c tn s nm trong khong bng thng ca knh truyn. Chng ta cng nhn thy rng, bng thng cng ln th cng c nhiu tn hiu c truyn n ni. Chnh v th chng ta thng quan tm n cc knh truyn c bng thng rng.. V d : rng bng thng ca knh truyn in thoi l 3100 Hz v cc tn hiu m thanh c th nghe c nm khong tn s t 300 Hz n 3400 Hz.
3.4.4 Tn s bin iu v tc d liu (Baund rate and bit rate)

Mt thng ip th c hnh thnh t mt chui lin tip cc tn hiu s hay tun t. Mi tn hiu c di thi gian l t. Cc tn hiu ny c lan truyn trn knh truyn vi vn tc 108 m/s trong knh truyn cp quang hay 2.106 m/s trong knh kim loi. Chng ta thy rng tc lan truyn khng phi l yu t quyt nh. Yu t quyt nh chnh l nhp m ta t tn hiu ln knh truyn. Nhp ny c gi l tn s bin iu:
R = 1/t ( n v l bauds).
Nu thng ip dng nh phn, v mi tn hin chuyn ti n bit, khi ta c tc bit c tnh nh sau:
D = nR (n v l bits/s)
Gi tr ny th hin nhp m ta a cc bit ln ng truyn. V d : Cho h thng c R = 1200 bauds v D = 1200 bits/s. Ta suy ra mt tn hin c bn ch chuyn ti mt bit. Mt s v d v tn s bin iu v tc d liu: V d 1 : Truyn ti cc d liu s bng cc tn hiu tun t. Ta s dng hai kiu tn hiu tun t, mi loi c di sng D, sng th nht c tn s f1, sng th hai c tn s f2 (gp i tn s f1). C hai tn hiu u c th nhn c ng ra. Ta qui nh rng tn hiu th nht truyn bit 0 v tn hiu th hai truyn bit "1". Nhp c s dng a cc tn hiu ln ng truyn bng vi nhp truyn cc bit bi v mi tn hiu th truyn mt bit. S phn bit gia tn hiu 0 v 1 da trn s khc bit v tn s ca 2 tn hiu sin. S m ha ny c gi l bin iu tn s. V d 2 : Truyn d liu s bi cc tn hiu tun t. Trong trng hp ny ta s dng 4 loi tn hiu hnh sin lch pha nhau Pi/4. Mi loi tn hiu c th
Cng
Thi gian D
R = 1/
Cng
D=R
H3.22 Bin iu tn s Thi gian
R = 1/
D = 2R 28
vn chuyn 2 bits hoc 00, 01, 10 hay 11. Vi cch thc nh th, tc d liu s gp i tn s bin iu. S phn bit gia cc tn hiu trong trng hp ny d vo pha ca tn hiu. Ta gi l bin iu pha. V d 3 : Truyn ti cc d liu s bng cc tn Cng hiu s. Ta s dng 8 tn hiu s cng di nhng c bin khc nhau. Mi tn hiu truyn ti 3 bits bi chng c th i din cho 8 s kt hp khc nhau ca 3 bit. S phn bit gia cc tn hiu Thi gian trong trng hp ny da vo bin ca cc tn hiu. Ta gi l bin iu bin . c c mt tc truyn d liu cao R = 1/ D =3 R nht, ta tm cch ci thin tc bit. Bi v D = H3.24 Bin iu bin n R, ta c th tng tc bit bng cch tng mt trong cc yu t sau: o Hoc tng n (s bit truyn ti bi mt tn hiu), tuy nhin nhiu l mt ro cn quan trng. o Hoc R( tn s bin iu), tuy nhin chng ta cng khng th vt qua tn s bin iu cc i Rmax . Kt qu sau y c chng minh bi Nyquist (1928) xc nh mi rng buc gia tn s bin iu cc i v bng thng ca knh truyn W: Rmax = 2 W, Kt qu ny c tnh ton trn l thuyt, trong thc t th Rmax = 1,25 W
3.4.5 Nhiu v kh nng knh truyn

Nhiu bao gm cc tn hiu k sinh chng chng ln cc tn hiu c truyn ti v chng lm cho cc tn hiu ny b bin dng
Cng Tn hiu b Nhiu Thi gian Tn hiu truyn
H3.25 Nhiu trn knh truyn
Chng ta c th phn bit thnh 3 loi nhiu : Nhiu xc nh: ph thuc vo c tnh knh truyn Nhiu khng xc nh Nhiu trng t s chuyn ng ca cc in t Nhiu phin ti nht d nhin l loi nhiu khng xc nh. Chng c th lm thay i tn hiu vo nhng khong thi gian no lm cho bn nhn kh phn bit c l bit 0 hay bit 1. Chnh v th m cng sut ca tn hiu nn ln hn nhiu so vi cng sut ca nhiu. T l gia cng sut tn hiu v cng sut nhiu tnh theo n v dcibels c biu din nh sau : S/B = 10log10(PS(Watt)/PB(Watt)) Trong PS v PB l cng sut ca tn hiu v cng sut ca nhiu. nh l Shannon (1948) gii thch tm quan trng ca ty l S/B trong vic xc nh s bit ti a c th chuyn ch bi mt tn hiu nh sau:
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Kt hp vi nh l ca Nyquist, ta c th suy ra tc bit ti a ca mt knh truyn c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C c gi l kh nng ca knh truyn , xc nh tc bit ti a c th chp nhn c bi knh truyn . V d : Knh truyn in thoi c rng bng thng l W = 3100 Hz t l S/B = 20 dB. T ta tnh c kh nng ca knh truyn in thoi l : C = 20,6 Kbits/s .
3.4.6 Giao thng (Traffic)

Giao thng l mt khi nim lin quan n s s dng mt knh truyn tin. Giao thng cho php bit c mc s dng knh truyn t c th chn mt knh truyn ph hp vi mc s dng hin ti. nh gi giao thng, ta c th xem mt cuc truyn ti hay mt cuc giao tip l mt phin giao dch (session) vi di trung bnh l T ( n v l giy). Cho Nc l s lng phin giao dch trung bnh trn mt gi. Mt giao thng E c tnh theo biu thc sau : Ni cch khc, mt giao thng l i lng dng o mc s dng knh truyn trong mt giy. Thc t, khi phn tch k hn ta s thy rng trong mt phin giao dch s cha nhiu khong im lng (khng dng knh truyn), ta c th phn bit thnh 2 loi phin giao dch sau: Cc phin giao dch m thi gian s dng T c s dng ht. Cc phin giao dch m thi gian T c cha cc khong im lng. Trong trng hp th hai, mt giao thng th khng phn nh ng mc bn rn tht s ca knh truyn. Ta tch mt phin giao dch thnh nhiu giao dch (transaction) vi di trung bnh l p bit, cch khong nhau bi nhng khong im lng. Gi s Nt l s giao dch trung bnh trong mt phin giao dch.
Khong im lng Giao dch (gi tin c di trung bnh p)
E = T Nc / 3600
1 phin giao dch di T=Nt giao dch
Gi D l tc bit ca knh truyn, tc bit tht s d trong trng hp ny l:
v tn sut s dng knh truyn c nh ngha bi t s:
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V d : Trong mt tnh ton khoa hc t xa, ngi dng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm. Cho : p = 900 bits, Nt = 200, T = 2700 s, Nc = 0.8, D = 1200 b/s. Khi Mt giao thng trung bnh l E = 0.6 Tng sut s dng knh truyn = 0.05
3.5 M ha ng truyn (Line Coding)

Sau khi s ha thng tin, vn chng ta phi quan tm k tip l cch truyn ti cc bit 0 v 1. Ta c th s dng tn hiu s hoc tn hiu tun t truyn ti cc bit 0, 1. Cng vic ny cn c gi l m ha ng truyn (line coding).
3.5.1 M ha ng truyn bng tn hiu s

Trong phng php ny ta s dng mt tn hiu s cho bit 0 v mt tn hiu s khc cho bit 1. C nhiu cch thc thc hin iu ny. Mt s phng php m ha ph bin nh: M NRZ (Non Return to Zero), RZ (Return to Zero), lng cc (bipolar) NRZ v RZ: a) NRZ : in th mc 0 th hin bit 0 v in th khc khng V0 cho bit "1" b) RZ : Mi bit "1" c th hin bng mt chuyn i in th t V0 v 0. c) Lng cc NRZ : Cc bit "1" c m ha bng mt in th dng, sau n mt in th m v tip tc nh th. bipolar d) Lng cc RZ : Mi bit 1 c th hin bng mt chuyn i t in th khc khng v in th khng. Gi tr ca in th khc khng u tin l dng sau l m v tip tc chuyn i qua li nh th. M ha hai pha (biphase):
bipolar
Cc m loi ny c nh ngha so vi phng php m NRZ nh sau: a) M hai pha thng nht i khi cn gi l m Manchester: bit "0" c th hin bi mt chuyn i t tn hiu dng v tn hiu m v ngc li mt bit 1 c th hin bng mt chuyn i t tn hiu m v tn hiu dng.
D liu truyn Xung ng h M 2 pha thng nht
b) M hai pha khc bit : Nhy mt pha 0 th hin bit 0 v nhy mt pha Pi th hin bit "1".
M 2 pha khc bit
H3.26 M ha ng truyn bng tn hiu s
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3.5.2 M ha ng truyn bng tn hiu tun t

Thng thng ngi ta s dng mt sng mang hnh sin v(t) = V sin( t + ) m ha ng truyn. Trong ta thay i mt s tham s th hin cc bit "0" v "1" : Thay i V, ta c bin iu bin (Amplitude modulation) Thay i , ta c bin iu tn s ( Frequency modulation) Thay i , ta c bin iu pha (Phase modulation) Bn truyn thc hin qu trnh m ha mt bit thnh tn hiu tun t gi l bin iu (modulation). Ngc li bn nhn, nhn c tn hiu tun t phi gii m thnh mt bit, gi l hon iu (demodulation). a) S dng tn hiu s theo m NRZ b) S dng bin iu bin c) S dng bin iu tn s d) S dng bin iu pha e) S dng bin iu pha
H3.26 M ha ng truyn bng tn hiu hiu tun t
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Chng 4: Tng lin kt d liu ( Data link layer )

Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi hc nhng ni dung ch yu sau: Cc chc nng c bn m tng lin kt d liu m trch Vai tr ca khung trong vn x l li ng truyn v cc phng php xc nh khung Gii thiu cc phng php pht hin li nh Phng php kim tra chn l, Phng php kim tra theo chiu dc v Phng php kim tra phn d tun hon. Gii thiu cc giao thc iu khin li cho php theo di tnh trng li ca d liu gi i Gii thiu cc giao thc x l li, ch ra cc cch gii quyt trng hp d liu truyn i b li.
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc phi c c cc kh nng sau: Bin lun c vai tr ca tng lin kt d liu trong vn x l li d liu truyn nhn Trnh by c cc phng php nh khung m k t, phng php s dng byte l c v phng php s dng c c bit Phn bit c s khc nhau gia cc chc nng pht hin li, iu khin li v x l li ca tng hai. Ci t c c ch pht hin li theo cc phng php kim tra chn l, Phng php kim tra theo chiu dc v Phng php kim tra phn d tun hon Ci t c cc giao thc iu khin li Dng v ch, giao thc ca s trt Ci t c giao thc x l li Go-Back-N v giao thc Selective Repeat Trnh by c tng c bn ca giao thc HDLC
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4.1 Chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu

Tng lin kt d liu m nhn cc chc nng sau: Cung cp mt giao din c nh ngha chun cho cc dch v cung cp cho tng mng. X l li ng truyn. iu khin lung d liu nh bn truyn nhanh khng lm trn d liu bn nhn chm
4.1.1 Cc dch v c bn ca tng lin kt d liu

Nhim v ca tng lin kt d liu l cung cp cc dch v cho tng mng. Dch v chnh ca tng lin kt d liu l truyn ti d liu nhn c t tng mng trn my gi n tng mng trn my nhn. lm c iu ny, tng lin kt d liu ly cc gi tin (Packet) m n nhn c t tng mng v gi chng vo trong cc khung (frame) truyn i. Mi khung cha phn tiu (Header), thng tin cn truyn i (Payload field) v thng tin theo di khc (Trailer).
H4.1 V tr v chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu
C 3 dch v c bn m tng lin kt d liu thng cung cp l: Dch v khng ni kt khng bo nhn (unacknowledged connectionless service), thng c s dng trong mng LAN. Dch v khng ni kt c bo nhn (acknowledged connectionless service), thng dng cho mng khng dy. Dch v ni kt nh hng c bo nhn (acknowledged connection-oriented service), thng dng trong mng WANs.
4.1.2 X l li
c th truyn ti c d liu nhn t tng mng n my nhn, tng lin kt d liu phi s dng cc dch v c cung cp bi tng vt l. Tt c nhng g tng vt l thc hin l nhn mt chui cc bits th v c gng truyn chng n my ch. Tng vt l khng m bo v tin cy ca cc bits c truyn i. S lng bits n ni nhn c th nhiu, t, hay bng s bits gi i, thm ch gi tr ca chng cng c th khc vi gi tr m chng c gi i. Chnh v th m tng lin kt d liu phi d tm v x l cc li trn d liu nhn c.
4.1.3 nh khung
Nh ni phn trn, n v truyn tin ca tng lin kt d liu l cc khung. Vn t ra l lm sao bn nhn bit c im bt u v im kt thc ca khung. Chnh v vy m tng lin kt d liu cn thit phi qui nh khun dng ca khung m mnh s dng. C 3 phng php nh khung ph bin sau: m k t (Character count) S dng cc bytes lm c hiu v cc bytes n (Flag byte with byte stuffing)
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S dng c bt u v kt thc khung cng vi cc bit n (Starting and ending flags with bit stuffing)
4.1.3.1
Phng php m k t (Character Count)
Phng php ny s dng mt trng trong phn tiu m t s lng cc k t c trong khung. Bt li ca phng php ny l nu mt k t m ca mt khung no b li s lm cho cc khung pha sau khng th xc nh c. Phng php ny v th m t c s dng.
H4.2 nh khung bng phng php m k t
4.1.3.2
Phng php s dng byte lm c v cc byte n (Flag byte with byte stuffing)
Phng php ny s dng mt byte c gi tr c bit lm c hiu (flag byte) nh du im bt u v kt thc ca khung. Mt vn pht sinh trong phng php ny l, trong d liu c th cha byte c gi tr ca c hiu. iu ny s lm gy khung. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta a vo pha trc byte d liu c gi tr ca c hiu mt byte c bic gi l byte ESC. Bn nhn khi nhn c byte ESC theo sau l gi tr ca c hiu th s b i k t ESC ng H4.3 (a)Khung c nh du bi c hiu, thi bit y cha phi l im (b) D liu c cha c hiu v byte ESC. kt thc ca khung. Tng t, nu trong d liu c cha k t ESC th ta cng a thm vo pha trc n mt k t ESC. K thut ny c gi l k t n (character stuffing). Yu im ca phng php ny l n da trn k t dng 8 bits v th s khng s dng c trong cc h thng s dng chun m 16 bits nh Unicode chng hn.
4.1.3.3
S dng c bt u v kt thc khung cng vi cc bit n (Starting and ending flags with bit stuffing).
Phng php ny s dng mu bit c bit, 01111110, lm c nh du im bt u v kt thc khung. Khi bn gi pht hin c 5 bits 1 lin tip trong d liu gi i, n s thm vo bit 0.
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Ngc li, nu bn nhn pht hin 5 bits lin tip v theo sau bng mt bit 0, n s loi b bit 0 ra khi d liu. Nh th c s khng xut hin trong d liu gi.
H4.4 (a) D liu gc, (b)D liu chuyn ln ng truyn, (c) D liu nhn sau khi loi b cc bit n.
4.1.4 iu khin li (Error Control)

Mt vn khc cn phi xem xt l cch no m bo rng ton b cc khung c phn pht n tng mng v c phn pht theo ng trnh t chng c gi. iu ny khng cn quan tm trong dch v khng ni kt khng bo nhn. Tuy nhin n cn phi c m bo trong dch v ni kt nh hng. Cch thng c dng m bo vic phn pht tin cy l cung cp cho ngi gi mt vi phn hi t ngi nhn v tnh trng nhn khung. H thng s nh ngha mt khung c bit, gi l khung bo nhn (acknowledgement), cho ngi nhn thng bo cho ngi gi tnh trng ca d liu nhn l tt hay xu. Nu ngi gi nhn c mt bo hiu tt v gi tin, ngi gi an tm rng gi tin c phn pht mt cch an ton. Ngc li, mt khung bo khng nhn (unacknowledgement) bo hiu rng c mt s vn g i vi khung nhn v n cn phi c truyn li. Mt kh nng khc c th xy ra l khung gi i hon ton b mt khng n c ngi nhn. Trong trng hp ny s khng c mt khung bo nhn no c gi v cho ngi gi, lm cho ngi gi ri vo trng thi ch i vnh vin. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta thm vo tng lin kt d liu mt b m thi gian (timer). Khi bn gi truyn mt khung i, n s thit lp b m thi gian. B m thi gian s khng cn hiu lc (time-out) sau mt khong thi ln khung c truyn n ngi nhn, x l , v khung bo nhn n c ngi gi. Thng thng nu khung c nhn tt, khung bo nhn s tr v ngi gi trc thi gian qui nh. Khi b m thi gian s b hy. Tuy nhin, nu khung bo nhn b mt, b m thi gian s tri qua, bo hiu cho ngi gi v vn pht sinh. Gii php trong trng hp ny l bn gi gi li khung. Nh th khung c truyn i nhiu ln c th lm cho khung c gi ln tng mng nhiu hn mt ln. phng nga trng hp ny, ngi ta gn vo mi khung gi i mt S th t (sequence number), nh bn nhn phn bit c cc khung c truyn li.
4.1.5 iu khin lung (Flow Control)

Mt vn thit k quan trng khc cn phi xem xt trong tng lin kt d liu l s khc bit v tc truyn / nhn d liu ca bn truyn v bn nhn. C hai tip cn gii quyt vn ny. Tip cn iu khin lung da trn phn hi (feedback based flow control): Ngi nhn gi thng tin v cho ngi gi cho php ngi gi gi thm d liu, cng nh bo vi ngi gi nhng g m ngi nhn ang lm. Tip cn iu khin lung da trn tn s (rate based flow control): Trong giao thc truyn tin ci sn c ch gii hn tn sut m ngi gi c th truyn tin.
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4.2 Vn x l li
4.2.1 B m pht hin li
Khi truyn ti mt chui cc bit, cc li c th pht sinh ra, bit 1 c th bin thnh bit 0 hay ngc li. Ta nh ngha t l li bi t s sau: = S bt b li / Tng s bt c truyn T l li ny c gi tr t 10-5 n 10-8. Ty thuc vo tng loi ng dng, mt li c mc nghim trng khc nhau, chnh v th cn c cc c ch cho php pht hin li cng nh sa li. Cc thng k cho thy rng 88% cc li xy ra do sai lch mt bit v 10% cc li xy ra do s sai lch 2 bit k nhau. Chnh v th ta u tin cho vn pht hin cc li trn mt bit v sa i chng mt cch t ng. Vi tng nh th, ta s dng cc m pht hin li: bn cnh cc thng tin hu ch cn truyn i, ta thm vo cc thng tin iu khin. Bn nhn thc hin vic gii m cc thng tin iu khin ny phn tch xem thng tin nhn c l chnh xc hay c li.
Thng tin hu ch B m ha Thng tin hu ch + Thng tin iu khin
H4.5 M hnh x l li trong truyn d liu
Thit b gi
B gii m
Thng tin hu ch
Thit b nhn
Thng tin iu khin c a vo c th theo 2 chin lc. Chin lc th nht gi l b m sa li (Error-correcting codes) v chin lc th hai gi l b m pht hin li (Error-detecting codes). B m sa li cho php bn nhn c th tnh ton v suy ra c cc thng tin b li (sa d liu b li). Trong khi b m pht hin li ch cho php bn nhn pht hin ra d liu c li hay khng. Nu c li bn nhn s yu cu bn gi gi li thng tin. Vi tc ca ng truyn ngy cng cao, ngi ta thy rng vic gi li mt khung thng tin b li s t tn km hn so vi vic tnh ton suy ra gi tr ban u ca cc d liu b li. Chnh v th a s cc h thng mng ngy nay u chn b m pht hin li.
4.2.2 Nhng b m pht hin li (Error-Detecting Codes)

C nhiu s pht hin li, trong c cc s thng dng l: Kim tra chn l (Parity checks) Kim tra thm theo chiu dc (Longitudinal reduncy check) Kim tra phn d tun hon (Cyclic redundancy check)
4.2.2.1
Kim tra chn l (Parity Check)
S pht hin bit li n gin nht l ni mt bit chn-l vo cui ca mi t trong khung. Mt v d tiu biu l vic truyn cc k t ASCII, m trong mt bit chn-l c ni vo mi k t ASCII 7 bit. Gi tr ca bit ny c la chn sao cho c mt s chn ca bit 1, vi kim tra chn (even parity) hoc mt s l ca bit 1, vi kim tra l (odd parity). V d, nu bn gi ang truyn mt k t ASCII G ( m ASCII l1110001) v ang dng phng php kim tra l, n s ni mt bit 1 v truyn i 11100011. Bn nhn s kim tra k t nhn c v nu tng ca cc bit 1 l l, n xem nh khng c li. Nu mt bit hoc mt s l bt k cc bit b li o ngc th r rng bn nhn s pht hin c li. Tuy nhin, nu hai hay mt s chn bt k cc bit b li o ngc th n s khng pht hin c li. Trn thc t nhng xung nhiu li thng di c th ph hy hn mt bit, c bit l vi tc d liu cao. Do , cn phi c mt phng php ci thin trng hp ny.
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4.2.2.2
Kim tra thm theo chiu dc (Longitudinal Redundancy Check or Checksum)
C th ci thin s trn bng cch Parity bits dng phng php LRC. Trong phng php ny, khung c xem nh mt khi nhiu k t c sp 1011011 1 xp theo dng hai chiu, v vic kim tra c thc hin c chiu ngang ln 1101011 1 chiu dc. Theo chiu ngang, mi k t c Data bits 0011101 0 thm vo mt bit kim tra chn l nh trng hp trn, v c gi l 1111000 0 bit Kim tra chiu ngang VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check). Theo chiu dc, cung cp thm mt 1000101 1 k t kim tra, c gi l k t Kim tra chiu dc LRC 0101111 1 (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) hay Checksum. Trong , bt th i LRC bits 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ca k t ny chnh l bit kim tra cho tt c cc bit th i ca tt c cc H4.6 Kim tra chiu dc tun hon k t trong khi. Cc php o ch ra rng vic dng c hai VRC v LRC gim i t l li khng pht hin c hai n bn bc so vi dng ch VRC. Hy xem trng hp bit 1 v 3 trong k t 1 ang b li. Khi bn nhn tnh ton c bit VRC cho k t 1, n s kim tra vi bit VRC nhn, v s khng pht hin c li. Tuy nhin, khi n tnh ton c k t LRC, bit 1 v 3 ca k t ny s khc vi nhng bit trong k t LRC nhn c, v s pht hin c li. Tuy nhin, ngay s ny cng khng phi l tht s tt. By gi, nu gi s bit 1 v 3 ca k t 5 cng b li, phng php ny s khng pht hin c im sai.
4.2.2.3
Kim tra phn d tun hon (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
ci tin hn na cc nh thit k dng k thut mi d dng v hiu qu c gi l kim tra phn d tun hon, trong c th s dng mt s phng php ci t khc nhau nh: modulo 2, a thc, thanh ghi dch v cc cng Exclusive-or. Cc th tc vi modulo 2 din ra nh sau. Vi mt thng ip M c k bit cn gi i, bn gi s ni vo cui thng ip mt chui F c r bit, c gi l Chui kim tra khung (FCS: Frame Check Sequence). Chui kim tra khung s tnh ton sao cho khung kt qu T c hnh thnh t vic ni M vi F (gm k + r bit) c th chia ht bi s P no c nh trc. Bn gi s gi T i. Khi bn nhn nhn c T, n s thc hin php chia modulo T cho P. Nu php chia khng ht, tc c s d, bn nhn xc nh rng khung T b li, ngc li l khng c li. Nu khung khng c li, bn nhn s tch thng ip M t T, l k bits trng s cao ca T. Phng php ny dng php chia modulo 2 trong vic chia T cho P, php ton modulo 2 dng mt php cng nh phn khng nh v cng chnh l php ton Exclusive-or. V d sau m t php ton cng v nhn modulo 2:
1111 + 1010 0101 x 11001 11 11001 11001 101011
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Gi s ta c: o M: Thng ip k bit cn c gi sang bn nhn. o F : Chui kim tra khung FCS gm r bit l thng tin iu khin c gi theo M gip bn nhn c th pht hin c li. o T =MF l khung (k + r) bit, c hnh thnh bng cch ni M v F li vi nhau. T s c truyn sang bn nhn, vi r < k Vi M (k bit) , P (r+1 bit), F (r bit), T (k+r bit), th tc tin hnh xc nh checksum F v to khung truyn nh sau: o Ni r bit 0 vo cui M, hay thc hin php nhn M vi 2r o Dng php chia modulo 2 chia chui bit M*2r cho P. o Phn d ca php chia s c cng vi M*2r to thnh khung T truyn i. o Trong P c chn di hn F mt bit, v c hai bit cao nht v thp nht phi l 1 V d: o Gi s ta c: M = 1010001101 (10 bit) P = 110101 (6 bit) FCS cn phi tnh ton ( 5 bit) o Ta ln lt thc hin cc bc sau: Tnh M*25 = 101000110100000. Thc hin php chia modulo M*25 cho P nh hnh di, ta c phn d F = 01110 To khung gi i l T = M*2r + F = 101000110101110
(P) 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 01 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 01 0 1 1 1 1 0 11 1 1 0 1 01 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 01 1 1 1 1 00 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0=F ( Q : Kt qu php chia) ( M*2r)
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Ngoi ra ngi ta cn c th s dng phng php a thc biu din phng php kim tra phn d tun han. Trong phng php ny ngi ta biu din cc chui nh phn di dng nhng a thc ca bin x vi cc h s nh phn. Cc h s tng ng vi cc bit trong chui nh phn cn biu din. Gi s ta c M=110011v P = 11001, khi M v P s c biu din li bng 2 a thc sau: M(x) = x5 + x4 + x + 1
P(x) = x4 + x3 + 1
Nhng php ton trn a thc vn l modulo 2. Qu trnh tnh CRC c m t di dng cc biu thc sau: X n M( X ) R( X ) 1. = Q( X ) + P( X ) P( X ) n 2. T ( X ) = X M ( X ) + R( X ) Cc version thng c s dng ca P l : CRC-12 = X12 + X11 + X3 + X2 + X + 1 CRC-16 = X16 + X15 + X2 + 1 CRC-CCITT = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1 CRC-32 = X32 + X26 + X23 + X22 + X16 + X12 + X11 + X10 + X8 + X7 + X5 + X4 + X2 + X +1 V d: Cho: M=1010001101, P=110101 Ta c: r=5 M(x)= x9+x7+x3+x2+1 x5M(x)= x14+x12+x8+x7+x5 P(x) = x5+x4+x2+1 Thc hin php ton:
Q(x)= x9+ x8+ x6+x4+x2 +x1 F(x)= x3+ x2+ x1 <> 01110 Khung cn truyn i l T= 101000110101110 =>
4.3 Mt s giao thc iu khin li (Error Control)

Phn k tip chng ta xem xt mt s giao thc c bn c s dng nhiu trong vic iu khin li. Cc giao thc ny c xy dng da trn cc gi nh sau: Chng ta c my tnh A mun gi d liu cho my tnh B. Lun lun c d liu cho my A gi i . Cc giao din giao tip vi tng mng v tng vt l c nh ngha chun. Bn nhn thng thng thc hin vic ch i mt s kin no pht sinh bng cch gi hm wait_for_event(). Cc giao thc c trnh by di dng cc chng trnh vit bng ngn ng c. Chng s dng cc nh ngha trong tp tin protocol.h c ni dung nh sau:
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/* Kch thc ti a ca mt gi tin */ /* Kiu lun l */ /* S th t ca khung gi hoc khung bo nhn*/ packet; /* nh ngha kiu ca gi tin */ /* Cc loi khung */ /* Kiu d liu ca khung: */ //Loi khung //S th t ca khung gi i //S thc t ca khung mun bo nhn //Thng tin gi nhn, // l gi tin nhn ca tng mng /* Ch mt s kin xut hin; tr v kiu ca s kin */ /* Np gi tin nhn c t tng mng vo khung gi i */ /* Chuyn d liu t khung nhn c cho tng mng */ /* Nhn khung n t tng vt l v lu n vo khung r */ /* Chuyn mt khung xung tng vt l truyn i */ /* Khi ng ng h v bt s kin qu thi hn cho khung th k ang gi i */ /* Dng ng h v tt s kin qu thi hn cho khung th k ang gi i */ /* Khi ng ng h ph v bt s kin qu thi hn cho khung phn hi*/ /* Dng ng h ph v tt s kin qu thi hn cho khung phn hi*/ /* Cho php tng mng to s kin tng mng sn sng */ /* Cm tng mng to s kin tng mng sn sng */ /* Macro tng gi tr K theo kiu quay vng */
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4.3.1 Giao thc truyn n cng khng rng buc (Unrestricted Simplex Protocol)
Protocol 1 (utopia) c dng cho vic truyn ti thng tin theo mt chiu t ngi gi sang ngi nhn. Knh truyn c gi nh l khng c li v bn nhn c gi nh rng c th x l c ht tt c cc thng tin gi n mt cch nhanh chng. Chnh v th m bn gi ch n thun thc hin mt vng lp a d liu ln ng truyn vi tc nhanh nht c th.
/* Vng m cha khung gi i */ /* Vng m cha gi tin gi i */ /* Nhn gi tin t tng mng gi i */ /* a gi tin vo khung gi i */ /* Gi khung xung tng vt l gi ln ng truyn */
/* Ch s kin, ch xut hin khi khung n */ /* Nhn khung t tng vt l */ /* Ly thng tin ra khi khung v gi ln tng mng */
P4.1 Giao thc truyn n cng khng rng buc
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4.3.2 Giao thc truyn n cng dng v ch (Simplex Stop-and-wait Protocol)

Giao thc Stop-and-wait cng c thit k cho cc cuc truyn ti thng tin mt chiu t ngi gi sang ngi nhn. Knh truyn ti thng tin mt ln na cng c gi nh rng khng c li nh giao thc Unrestricted Simplex Protocol. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, bn nhn ch c mt vng lu tr c kh nng hn ch v mt tc x l gii hn, v th giao thc phi c thit k d phng cho trng hp d liu my gi n nhanh lm trn vng lu tr thng tin ca bn nhn.
/* Vng m cha khung gi i */ /* Vng m cha gi tin gi i */ /* S kin bo hiu khung n */ /* Nhn gi tin t tng mng gi i */ /* a gi tin vo khung gi i */ /* Gi khung xung tng vt l gi ln ng truyn */ /* Ch s kin n ca khung bo nhn gi v t bn gi*/
/* Ch s kin, ch xut hin khi khung n */ /* Nhn khung t tng vt l */ /* Ly thng tin ra khi khung v gi ln tng mng */ /* Gi khung bo nhn sang bn gi */
P4.2 Giao thc truyn n cng truyn v ch
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4.3.3 Giao thc truyn n cng cho knh truyn c nhiu (Simplex Protocol for Noisy Channel )
Gi s ta b i gi thuyt knh truyn khng c li. Trong trng hp ny, vi cc k thut x l li (Parity check, CRC), bn nhn c th pht hin ra c cc khung b li. Tuy nhin, iu g s xy ra nu khung gi i b mt, khng n c ni nhn. Khi s dn n tnh trng nh sau: Ngi gi khng bit c khung c n ni nhn tt hay khng. Gii php l yu cu ngi nhn gi cc khung bo nhn thng bo v tnh hnh cc khung b li. Cc khung bo nhn c th b mt. Gii php: Mi khi gi mt khung i, Bn gi s thit lp mt b m thi gian. Nu sau mt khong thi gian qui nh m khng nhn c khung bo nhn, bn gi s gi li cc khung khng c bo nhn Bn nhn khng phn bit c cc khung trng lp do bn gi gi li. Gii php: Mi khung s c mt s th t phn bit ln nhau. S th t ny s c tng dn cho n mt gi tr cc i sau li quay v gi tr 0. Trong v d sau, s th t c gi tr cc i l 1. Nh vy ta ch s dng 2 gi tr l 0 v 1 nh s th t cho khung.
/* Gi tr ti a ca s th t khung l 1 */
/* S th t ca gi tin ca ln gi k tip */ /* Khung gi d liu i */ /* Vng lu tr cho gi tin gi */ /* Khi ng s th t cho khung gi */ /* Nhn gi tin u tin t tng mng gi i */ /* Xy dng khung gi i */ /* nh s th t cho khung */ /* Gi khung xung tng vt l truyn i */ /* Nu khung bo nhn n chm, to s kin time-out */
/* S th t ca gi tin ch nhn k tip */ /* Khung nhn v khung bo nhn */ /* Khi ng s th t cho khung nhn */ /* Ch mt s kin xy ra*/ /* Nu l s kin khung n */ /* - Nhn khung d liu t tng vt l */ /* - Nu ng l khung ang ch */ /* - Gi d liu nhn c ln tng mng */
P4.3 Giao thc truyn n cng cho knh truyn c nhiu
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4.4 Giao thc ca s trt (Sliding windows)

4.4.2 Vn truyn ti thng tin theo hai chiu (Duplex)
Chng ta mun vic truyn ti thng tin gia hai bn giao tip din ra mt cch ng thi theo hai chiu hn l ch mt chiu khai thc ti a kh nng ca knh truyn. thc hin c iu ny, chng ta thc s dng ch truyn ti hai chiu, gi l song cng (Duplex). Nguyn tc thc hin nh sau: Vn thc hin vic truyn ti khung, tuy nhin ta c phn bit thnh cc loi khung: d liu (data), bo nhn ACK (acknowledgement), v bo khng nhn NACK(Not Acknowledgement) trong trng xc nh loi (Type) ca khung. Khi mt bn no truyn tin, n c th kt hp a thng tin bo cho bn kia bit tnh trng ca gi tin m n nhn trc . Ta gi l k thut piggyback.
4.4.3 Gii thiu v giao thc ca s trt

Thay v ch truyn i mt khung ti mt thi im (simplex), giao thc ca s trt cho php bn gi c th gi i nhiu khung. Giao thc ny s dng mt ca s cho php bn gi theo di cc khung m n c php gi i v cc khung m n ang ch bo nhn, gi l ca s gi (Sending Windows). Mt ca s khc bn nhn theo di cc khung m n c php nhn, gi l ca s nhn (Receiving Windows). Cu trc ca ca s c m t nh sau: Phn t en l phm vi ca ca s gm c ca trc v ca sau cng di chuyn theo mt chiu. Kch thc ca ca s l chiu ca cung gii hn t ca sau n ca trc. Kch thc ca ca s c th thay i. Khi ca trc di chuyn, ca s c m rng ra. Ngc li khi ca sau di chuyn, kch thc ca ca s b thu hp li v n lm cho ca s thay i v tr, trt / quay H4.7 Cu trc ca s trt quanh mt tm ca vng trn. Kch thc nh nht ca ca s l 0, khi ca trc v ca sau nm cng mt v tr. Gi s, c n=2k v tr cho cc ca, khi kch thc ti a ca ca s l n-1 (khng l n phn bit vi kch thc l 0). Gi s ta dng k bit nh s th t cho cc khung. Ta s c 2k khung, nh s t 0 n 2k-1. Khi ca s trt s c chia thnh 2k v tr tng ng vi 2k khung. i vi ca s gi, cc v tr nm trong ca s trt biu hin s th t ca cc khung m bn gi ang ch bn nhn bo nhn. Phn bn ngoi ca s l cc khung c th gi tip. Tuy nhin phi m bo rng, ca s gi khng c vt qu kch thc ti a ca ca s. i vi bn nhn, cc v tr nm trong ca s biu hin s th t cc khung m n ang sn sng ch nhn. Kch thc ti a ca ca s biu th dung lng b nh m ca bn nhn c th lu tm thi cc gi tin nhn c trc khi x l chng. Gi s bn nhn c mt vng b nh m c kh nng lu tr 4 khung nhn c. Khi , kch thc ti a ca ca s s l 4.
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4.4.4 Hot ng ca ca s trt

V d sau m t hot ng ca ca s trt vi kch thc ca s l 1, s dng 3 bits nh s th t khung (t 0 n 7).
H4.8 Hot ng ca ca s trt
Khi u, Hnh (a): Bn gi: cha gi khung no nn kch thc ca ca s l 0. Bn nhn ang ch nhn khung 0, kch thc ca s l 1 Bn gi gi khung s 0: N kim tra kch thc ca ca s trt l 0, nh hn kch thc ti a nn n c php gi. Ca trc ca ca s gi di chuyn ln mt bc cha gi tr 0 l s th t ca khung bo nhn bn gi ang ch. Kch thc ca s trt lc ny l 1, t n kch thc ti a nn n khng c php gi thm khung na (Hnh b). Bn nhn nhn c khung 0: n kim tra v nhn thy khung khng c li. N gi khung bo nhn s 0 v cho bn nhn. ng thi ca sau ca n di chuyn loi khung s 0 ra khi ca s trt. Ca trc cng di chuyn m rng kch thc ca s n gi tr ti a. Lc ny ca s nhn cha khung s 1 l khung m n ang ch nhn tip (Hnh c). Bn gi nhn c khung bo nhn s 0: V y l khung bo hiu bn nhn nhn tt nn ca sau ca ca s gi di chuyn loi khung s 0 ra khi ca s gi. Lc ny ca s gi c kch thc l 0, bn gi c quyn gi tip khung (Hnh d) Nh vy khi kch thc ca ca s trt l 1, ta c giao thc stop-and-wait.
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4.4.5 Ci t giao thc ca s trt kch thc 1 bit (A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol)
/* Kch thc ca s l 1 */
/* S th t ca khung gi i k tip */ /* S th t ca khung bo nhn ang ch nhn */ /* Khung nhn v khung gi */ /* Gi tin ch gi */ /* Khi ng s th t khung gi */ /* Khi ng s th t khung bo nhn ch nhn */ /* Nhn gi tin t tng mng gi i */ /* a gi tin d liu vo khung gi */ /* t s th t cho khung */ /* t s th t bo nhn vo khung */ /* a khung xung tng vt l gi */ /* Khi ng b m thi gian */ /* Ch s kin Khung n, Khung b li, qu thi gian */ /* Mt khung n khng b li */ /* Nhn khung t tng vt l */ /* Kim tra c phi l khung ang ch nhn khng */ /* Ly gi tin ra khi khung v chuyn ln tng mng */ /* Tng s th t ca khung ch nhn k tip */ /* Nu bn kia bo nhn khung va gi */ /* Xa b m thi gian */ /* Nhn gi tin k tip t tng mng gi i */ /* Tng s th t ca khung k tip */ /* a gi tin vo khung gi */ /* t s th t cho khung gi */ /* t s th t khung bo nhn */ /* a khung xung tng vt l gi */ /* Khi ng b m thi gian */
P4.4 Ci t ca s trt vi kch thc l 1
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4.4.6
V d v 2 kch bn ca giao thc trn
(a): Vic gi nhn din ra bnh thng theo ng tun t (b): Vic gi nhn din ra theo mt trnh t bt k K hiu A send (seq, ack, packet number) ch rng A gi B mt khung c s th t l seq, ng thi bo cho B bit A nhn c tt khung c s th t ack ca B gi sang. Khung cha gi tin th packet number. Du * biu th rng khung tt, v gi tin c ly ra khi khung chuyn cho tng mng.
H4.9 Kch bn giao thc ca s trt vi kch thc l 1
1.1.1 Vn iu khin li (Error Control)

Vn k tip cn phi quan tm l bn nhn s lm g nu khung b li. Gii php n gin l truyn li tt c cc khung bt u t khung th N b li. Nu c nhng khung khc c nhn trong khong thi gian ny th chng u b b qua. y gi l giao thc Go-Back-N. Gii php th hai l ch truyn li nhng khung b li, v ch n khi n c gi li trc khi tip tc vic gi tin, gi l giao thc Selective Repeat.
4.4.6.1
Giao thc Go-Back-N
Giao thc Go-Back-N th rt n gin. Khi mt khung b li. Bn nhn b qua khung. V khng mt bo nhn no gi v cho bn nhn nn s kin qu thi gian xy ra, bn gi phi gi li ung b li v ton b cc khung pha sau n.
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V d:
H4.10 Giao thc Go-Back-N
Trong v d trn, bn nhn pht hin ra khung s 2 b li n b qua cc khung sau (3,4,5,6,7,8), ch ch nhn li khung s 2. Pha bn gi ch bo nhn t bn nhn cho n khi qu thi gian, n s thc hin gi li cc khung 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, .... on chng trnh sau ci t giao thc Go-Back-N /* Giao thc ny cho php nhiu khung c gi i. Bn gi c th gi trc n MAX_SEQ khung m khng cn ch mt bo nhn. im lu khc l tng mng khng phi lun lun c d liu sn sng gi. Khi no c d liu gi, tng mng s sinh ra mt s kin network-layer- ready.*/ k
/* Kch thc ln nht ca ca s trt, phi l 2 -1*/
/*
True nu a<=b<c
*/
/*
To khung gi gi tin i
*/ /* Khung gi gi tin i */ /* a gi tin vo khung */ /* t s th t cho khung gi*/ /* t s th t cho khung cn bo nhn /* Gi khung xung tng vt l truyn i */ /* Khi ng b m thi gian cho khung gi i*/
/* S th t cho khung gi k tip */ /* Khung lu nht cha c bo nhn */ /* Khung ch nhn k tip / /* Khung */ /* Vng b nh m cho cc khung gi i */ /* S lng b nh m ang c dng */ /* Ch s mng ca vng nh m */
/* Cho php tng mng to s kin network_layer_ready */ /* t bo nhn u tin ch nhn l 0 */ /* Khung u tin gi i l 0 */ Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005
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i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh Mng My Tnh V1.0 /* Ch 1 trong 4 s kin lit k trn xy ra */ /* Tng mng c mt gi tin cn gi i */
/* Chp nhn, lu v truyn i mt khung mi */
/* Nhn khung t tng vt l*/ /* Tng kch thc ca s gi */ /* Gi khung i */ /* Di chuyn ca trc ca ca s gi */
/* Mt khung d liu hay iu khin va n */ /* Nhn khung t tng vt l */ /* L khung ang c ch i */ /* Chuyn gi tin ln tng mng */ Di chuyn ca sau ca ca s nhn */ /* Nu l Ack th n, s khng quan tm n cc ACK n-1, n-2, ... */ /* X l cc bo nhn */
/* Gim kch thc ca s gi */ /* Khung n, xa b m thi gian */ /* Tng s th t khung ch nhn k tip */
/* Khung nhn b li, b qua */ /* Qu thi gian, truyn li tt c cc khung ang ch bo nhn */ /* Bt u truyn li */ /* Truyn li */ /* Chun b truyn khung k tip */
/* Vng m cn kh nng cha gi tin ? */
P4.5 Ci t giao thc Go-Back-N
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4.4.6.2 Giao thc Selective Repeat

Trong giao thc ny, khung b li b b i, nhng cc khung nhn tt sau u c lu li tm thi trong vng nh m. Khi qu thi gian, bn gi ch gi li khung c nht cha c bo nhn. Nu khung ny n ni chnh xc, bn nhn c th chuyn ln tng mng tt c cc khung c lu vo b nh m theo ng th t. Trong giao thc ny, bn nhn s dng khung Bo khng nhn NAK (Negative Acknowledge) khi pht hin ra khung b li, v d li CRC, sai th t gi tin. NAK s c gi v bn nhn trc khi s kin qu thi gian bo nhn ca khung b li xy ra. Nh tng c hiu xut truyn tin.
H4.11 Giao thc Selective Repeat vi ca s trt ln hn 1
Trong v d trn cc khung 0, 1 c nhn tt v c bo nhn, cn khung s 2 th b li trn ng truyn. Khi khung s 3 n, tng lin kt d liu pht hin li v s th t khung ch nhn, v th n gi khung NAK cho khung s 2 v lu tm thi khung s 3 vo vng nh m. Tng t, cc khung 4 v 5 cng c lu li m cha chuyn ln tng mng (v phi ch nhn khung s 2). Khi khung NAK 2 n bn gi, n truyn li ngay khung s 2. Khi khung s 2 n bn nhn, n c cc khung 2,3,4,5 theo ng th t v th n chuyn 4 khung ny ln tng mng theo mt th t ng n. ng thi bn nhn gi v bn gi khung ACK 5 bo rng nhn tt n khung s 5. Trong trng hp khung NAK2 b mt, khng n c bn gi, th s kin qu thi gian s xy ra. Khi bn gi cng ch gi li khung s 2 m thi.
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/* Giao thc ny chp nhn cc khung n khng ng th t, nhng chng li c chuyn ln tng mng theo mt th t ng n. Vi mi khung gi i, s c mt b m thi gian i km. Khi qu thi hn ch khung tng ng c gi li, thay v gi li tt c cc khung nh giao thc Go-Back-N */
/* S th t khung ln nht*/ /* Kch thc ti a ca s gi v nhn /* Cha gi khung NAK*/ /* Khung c nht gi */ Kim tra b c l gi tr gia a v c khng
/* To v gi khung d liu / bo nhn / bo li */ /* Khung */ /* Kiu khung: data, ack, nak */ /* t s th t cho khung d liu gi i */ /* Ch gi 1 NAK cho mt khung */ /* Gi khung i */
/* Khi ng b m thi gian cho khung d liu gi */
* Ngng b m thi gian ch bo nhn*/
/* Khung ch c bo nhn */ /* Khung k tip gi i */ /* Khung ang ch nhn */ /* Khung k tip cha c nhn */ /* Ch s vng nh tm */ /* Khung nhn v gi */ /* Vng m cho d liu gi */ /* Vng m cho d liu nhn */ /* Theo di s dng vng m d liu nhn */ /* S lng vng m gi ang c s dng */ /* Gn gi tr khi ng */
/* Khi to cc vng m nhn rng */
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/* Ch 1 trong 5 s kin pht sinh */ /* Nhn, lu v truyn mt khung mi */ /* M rng kch thc ca s gi */ /* Nhn gi tin t tng mng */ * Gi khung i */ /* Tng s th t khung gi k tip */ /* Mt khung d liu hoc iu khin va n */ /* Nhn khung t tng vt l */ /* L khung d liu c li th gi khung NAK, ngc li tnh gi gi khung ACK */
/* L khung c th t chp nhn v cha c lu d liu li*/ /* a d liu vo vng m */ /* nh du vng m s dng */ /* Chuyn tt c cc khung ang trong vng m ln tng mng v m rng ca s nhn */
/* Di chuyn ca sau ca s nhn */ /* Di chuyn ca trc ca s nhn */ /* Khi ng ng h cho cc bo nhn */
/* Gim kch thc ca s gi */ /* Khung n ni tht s */ /* Di chuyn ca di ca ca s gi */
/* Khung b li */ /* Bn gi x l chm */ /* Qu thi gian cho cc bo nhn */
P4.6 Ci t giao thc Selective-Repeat
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Mt s im cn lu khi s dng ca s trt vi kch thc ln hn 1:

4.4.6.1.1 Kch thc ti a ca ca s gi v nhn l bao nhiu ?
Gi s ta dng 3 bit nh s cho khung. Nh vy bn gi c php gi trc ti a 7 khung trc khi ch bn nhn gi bo nhn v.
H4.11 Giao thc ca s trt vi kch thc l 7
o Lc u bn gi gi i 7 khung t 0 n 6, bn nhn ang sn sng ch nhn bt k mt khung no c s th t t 0 n 6 (Hnh a). o Tt c cc khung n ni khng c li, bn nhn gi cc bo nhn v chuyn ca s nhn v v tr sn sng nhn cc khung 7,0,1,2,3,4 v 5 (Hnh b). o Ti thi im , ng truyn c s c lm cho tt c cc khung bo nhn u mt. Qu thi gian, bn gi gi li khung 0. Khi khung ny n bn nhn, n kim tra xem khung c nm trong ca s nhn khng. iu khng may mn xy ra: khung 0 nm trong ca s nhn mi (Hnh b). Bn nhn nhn khung 0 xem nh mt khung mi hon ton v chuyn khung 0 ln tng mng. Nh vy tng mng nhn 2 ln cng mt gi tin, tc giao thc vn hnh sai. o Tnh trng ny c th trnh c nu ta m bo rng ca s nhn mi khng chng ln ca s trc . iu ny c th thc hin c nu ta gii hn kch thc ti a ca ca s nhn bng mt na khong nh s th t ca khung. o V d: Nu dng 3 bit nh s th t khung t 0 n 7 th kch thc ti a ca s nhn l (7-0+1)/2 =4. o Nu dng 4 bit nh s th t khung t 0 n 15 th kch thc ti a ca s nhnt l (15-0+1)/2 =8.
4.4.6.2.1 S lng buffer lu khung l bao nhiu?

S lng buffer ch cn bng kch thc ti a ca ca s nhn, khng cn thit phi bng s lng khung. V d: Nu dng 3 bit nh s th t khung t 0 n 7 th kch thc ti a ca s nhn l (7-0+1)/2 =4 v s lng buffer cn thit cng l 4.
4.4.6.2.2 Khi no gi bo nhn cho mt gi tin?

Ta thy rng, khi mt khung n, bo nhn ca khung ny s khng c gi ngc v mt cch tc th. Thay vo , n s c gi km trong khung d liu k tip ca bn nhn. Nu bn nhn khng c d liu gi i, bo nhn s b gi li kh lu. Chnh v th, mi khi c khung n th b m thi gian start_ack_timer c khi ng. Nu trong sut khong thi gian ny khng c mt khung d no cn gi i, th sau mt khung bo nhn ring bit s c gi i. B m thi gian start_ack_timer sinh ra s kin ack_timeout. Chng ta cng phi m bo rng, b m thi gian start_ack_timer th ngn hn b m thi gian ch bo nhn cho cc khung d liu.
4.4.7
Giao thc HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)
Giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu quan trong nht l HDLC. Khng phi v n c s dng rng ri m n cn l c s cho nhiu giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu khc.
4.4.7.2 Cc c tnh ca giao thc HDLC

Giao thc HDLC nh ngha 3 loi my trm, hai cu hnh ng ni kt v 3 ch iu khin truyn ti
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4.4.7.2.1 Ba loi trm trong HDLC

o Trm chnh (Primary Station): C trch nhim iu khin cc thao thc v ng truyn. Cc khung c gi t trm chnh gi l lnh (Command). o Trm ph (Secondary Station): Hot ng di s kim sot ca trm chnh. Khung gi t trm ph gi l cc tr li. Trm chnh duy tr nhiu ng ni kt lun l n cc trm ph trn ng truyn. o Trm hn hp (Combined Station): Bao gm c im ca trm chnh v trm ph. Mt trm hn hp c th gi i cc lnh v cc tr li.
4.4.7.2.2 Hai cu hnh ng ni kt:

o Cu hnh khng cn bng (Unbalanced Configuration): Gm mt my trm chnh (Primary Station) v nhiu my trm ph (Secondary station) v h tr c 2 ch truyn song cng v bn song cng o Cu hnh cn bng (Balanced Configuration): Bao gm 2 my trm hn hp, v h tr c 2 ch truyn song cng v bn song cng.
4.4.7.2.3 C 3 ch truyn ti l:
o Ch tr li bnh thng (NRM- Normal Response Mode), c s dng vi cu hnh ng ni kt khng cn bng. My chnh c th khi ng mt cuc truyn ti d liu v cho my ph. Nhng my ph ch c th thc hin vic truyn d liu cho my chnh nh l nhng tr li cho cc yu cu ca my chnh. o Ch cn bng bt ng b (ABM - Asynchronous Response Mode): c s dng vi cu hnh ni kt cn bng. C hai my u c quyn khi ng cc cuc truyn ti d liu m khng cn s cho php ca my kia. o Ch tr li bt ng b (ARM-Asynchronous Response Mode): S dng cu hnh khng cn bng. Mt my ph c th khi ng mt cuc truyn ti v khng cn s cho php tng minh ca my chnh. My chnh vn m trch vai tr bo tr ng truyn bao gm vic khi ng, phc hi li v xa ni kt. Ch NRM i hi phi c nhiu ng dy ni mt my chnh vi nhiu thit b u cui. Ch ABM c s dng nhiu nht trong 3 ch , n cho php s dng hiu qu ng truyn. Ch ARM th t c dng n.
4.4.7.3 Cu trc khung

HDLC s dng ch truyn ti ng b, cc bits d liu truyn i c gi vo trong cc khung v s dng mt cu trc khung cho tt c cc loi d liu cng nh thng tin iu khin. Khung trong giao thc HDLC c cu trc nh sau:
H4.12 Cu trc khung ca HDLC
Flag (8 bit) Address (8 bit) Control (8bit) Information (128-1024 bytes)
L c dng xc nh im bt u v kt thc ca khung, gi tr n l 01111110. HDLC s dng k thut bit n loi tr s xut hin ca c trong d liu. Vng ghi a ch xc nh my ph c php truyn hay nhn khung. c dng xc nh loi khung. Mi loi c thng tin iu khin khc nhau. C 3 loi khung: Thng tin (I), iu khin (S ) v khng nh s (U). Vng cha d liu cn truyn.
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Vng cha m kim sot li, dng phng php a thc CRCFCS (Frame Check Sequence- 8 CCITT = X16 + X12 + X5 +1 bit) Gi tr 8 bit ca trng control hnh thnh 3 loi khung nh sau:
Khung I
Khung S
Khung U
H4.13 Cu trc trng iu khin trong khung HDLC
Giao thc HDLC s dng mt ca s trt vi s th t khung 3 bt. Trng seq trong khung I ch s th t ca khung thng tin hin ti. Trng Next ch s th t ca khung thng tin m bn gi ang ch nhn ( thay v l khung nhn tt nh giao th ca s trt gii thiu phn trc). Bit P/F c ngha l Poll/Final, tc chn hoc kt thc. Khi my tnh chnh mi mt my ph truyn tin, th bit ny c t ln 1 c ngha l P (Poll, chn). Ngc li khi thng tin c truyn t my ph ln my chnh th n c t xung 0, bo vi my chnh rng my ph hin ti vn cn d liu gi i. Khi my ph gi khung cui cng, bit ny c t ln 1, c ngha l F (Final, kt thc), bo cho my chnh bit rng n hon thnh vic truyn ti thng tin. Khung S (Supervisory Frame) l khung iu khin, dng kim sot li v lung d liu trong qu trnh truyn tin. Khung S c 4 kiu c xc nh bi t hp gi tr ca 2 bit trong trng Type. SS=0 RR (Receive Ready), l khung bo nhn, thng bo sn sng 0 nhn d liu, nhn tt n khung Next-1, v ang i nhn khung Next. c dng n khi khng cn d liu gi t chiu ngc li va lm bo nhn (figgyback) SS=0 REJ (Reject): y l mt khung bo khng nhn (negative 1 acknowledge), yu cu gi li cc khung, t khung Next. SS=1 RNR (Receive Not Ready): thng bo khng sn sng nhn 0 tin, nhn n n khung th Next-1, cha sn sng nhn khung Next SS=1 SREJ (Selective Reject): yu cu gi li mt khung c s 1 thc t l Next Khung U (Unnumbered Frame) thng c s dng cho mc ch iu khin ng truyn, nhng i khi cng c dng gi d liu trong dch v khng ni kt. Cc lnh ca khung U c m t nh sau:
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1111P100 1100P001 1111P000 1100P010 1100F110 1100F001
Lnh ny dng thit lp ch truyn ti SABM (Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode). Lnh ny dng thit lp ch truyn ti SNRM (Set Normal Response Mode). Lnh ny dng thit lp ch truyn ti SARM (Set Asynchronous Response Mode). Lnh ny yu cu xa ni kt DISC (Disconnect). UA (Unumbered Acknowledgment). c dng bi cc trm ph bo vi trm chnh rng n nhn v chp nhn cc lnh loi U trn. CMDR/FRMR (Command Reject/Frame Reject). c dng bi trm ph bo rng n khng chp nhn mt lnh m n nhn chnh xc.
4.4.7.4 Mt vi kch bn v giao thc HDLC

Kch bn (a) m t cc khung lin quan trong qu trnh thit lp v xa ni kt. u tin mt trong hai bn giao tip s gi khung SABM sang bn kia v thit lp mt b m thi gian. Bn pha cn li khi nhn c khung SABM s tr li bng khung UA. Bn yu cu ni kt khi nhn c khung UA s xa b b m thi gian. Ni kt c hnh thnh v hai bn c th truyn khung qua li cho nhau. Ni kt s xa i nu mt trong hai bn giao tip gi khung DISC. Trong mt trng hp khc, nu sau mt khong thi gian tri qua, bn yu cu ni kt khng nhn c khung UA, n s c gng gi li khung SABM mt s ln qui nh. Nu vn khng nhn c khung UA, bn yu cu ni kt s thng bo li ln tng cao hn. Seq A SABM B A I,0,0 I,0,1 SABM UA I,1,3 I,3,2 DISC I,2,4 I,3,4 RR,4 (b) Two way data exchange (c) Busy Condition RR,0,P RR,4,F I,4,0 I,1,1 I,2,1 Next B A I,3,0 RNR,4 R,0,P RNR,4,F B
Time Out
UA
(a) Link Setup and disconnect
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Seq A Time Out SABM SABM UA B A
Next B A I,3,0 RNR,4 R,0,P RNR,4,F B
I,0,0 I,0,1 I,1,1 I,2,1 I,1,3 I,3,2
RR,0,P RR,4,F I,4,0
DISC UA (a) Link Setup and disconnect A I,3,0 I,4,0 I,5,0 REJ,4
I,2,4 I,3,4 RR,4 (b) Two way data exchange B A I,2,0 I,3,0 RE,4
(c) Busy Condition B
Time out RR,0,P
I,4,0 RR,3,F I,5,0 I,6,0 I,3,0 RR,4
(d) Reject Recovery
(e) Timeout Recovery
H4.14 Mt vi kch bn ca HDLC
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Kch bn (b) m t tin trnh trao i khung I gia hai bn. Ta thy rng bn A gi lin tip cc khung (I,1,1 v I,2,1) m khng nhn c khung bo nhn th s th t ca khung ch nhn vn khng thay i, trong trng hp ny l 1. Ngc li khi bn B nhn lin tip cc khung (I,1,1 v I,2,1) m khng gi khung no i, th khung ch nhn k tip ca khung thng tin truyn i phi l s k tip ca khung va nhn, l 3. Trong kch bn (c) my A khng th x l kp cc khung do B gi n v th n gi khung RNR yu cu B tm dng vic vic truyn ti. Bn B nh k gi thm d bn A bng cch gi khung RR vi bit P c t ln 1. Nu bn A vn cha th nhn thng tin t bn B n s tr li bng khung RNR, ngc li nu A sn sng th n s tr li bng khung RR. Trong kch bn (d), bn A gi sang B ba khung thng tin 3,4 v 5. Khung 4 b mt hon ton trn ng truyn. Khi bn B nhn c khung 5, n s b qua khung ny v sai th t khung. B gi REJ vi trng Next l 4 yu cu A gi li tt c cc khung t khung s 4. Kch bn (e) minh ha cch thc phc hi li da vo thi gian (timeout). Khung s 3 b li v do B b n. B khng th gi khung REJ v n khng th xc nh c c phi l khung I hay khng. Bn A sau mt khong thi gian tri qua khng thy khung tr li t B, n s gi khung RR vi bit P=1 kim tra trng thi ca bn kia. Bn B s p li bng khung RR vi trng Next l 3 bo hiu khung s 3 mt. Sau A s truyn li khung s 3.
4.4.7.5 Giao thc im ni im (PPP- Point-to-Point Protocol)

PPP l mt giao thc c bit quan trng trong mng Internet. N cho php truyn ti thng tin gia cc router trn mng hay cho php ni cc my tnh ngi dng vo mng ca nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP).
H4.15 S ni kt ca giao thc PPP
Giao thc PPP c nh ngha trong RFC (Request For Comments) 1661 v sau c m rng thm bng cc RFC 1662, RFC 1663. PPP thc hin chc nng pht hin li trn d liu truyn, h tr nhiu giao thc vn hnh trn n, phn phi a ch IP khi my tnh ni kt vo mng, kim tra quyn ng nhp v nhiu tnh nng khc. PPP cung cp 3 c tnh sau: nh ngha mt phng php nh khung cng vi phng php pht hin li. 1. Giao thc iu khin ng truyn cho php thit lp knh giao tip, kim tra knh, tha thun v cc thng s truyn tin v xa knh truyn khi khng cn thit na. Giao thc ny c gi l giao thc LCP ( Link Control Protocol). 2. C phng php thng lng v cc ty chn tng mng mt cch c lp vi giao thc mng c s dng. Phng php c chn la NCP (Network Control Protocol) khc nhau cho mi giao thc mng. hiu r v giao thc PPP, ta xt trng hp quay s ni kt my tnh nh vo mng ca mt ISP.
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u tin my tnh cc nhn s quay s thng qua modem n router ca ISP. Router s tip nhn cuc gi v mt ni kt vt l c hnh thnh. My tnh s gi mt lot cc gi tin theo giao thc LCP trong mt hoc nhiu khung ca giao thc PPP tha thun v cc thng s m PPP s s dng. Sau mt lot cc gi tin ca giao thc NCP s c gi i thc hin cu hnh tng mng. Thng thng my tnh mun s dng giao thc TCP/IP nn n cn mt a ch IP. Giao thc NCP s gn a ch IP cho my tnh. T lc ny, my tnh ng vai tr nh mt my trn mng Internet. N c th gi v nhn cc gi tin ca giao thc IP. Khi ngi dng kt thc, NCP xa i ni kt ca tng mng v gii phng a ch IP ca my tnh s dng cho cc my tnh khc ni vo sau . Giao thc LCP s xa ni kt ca tng lin kt d liu. V cui cng my tnh s yu cu modem kt thc cuc gi (Hang up) v gii phng ni kt tng vt l. Khung ca giao thc PPP tng t nh khung ca giao thc HDLC, tuy nhin y l khung theo kiu hng k t. N s dng k thut byte n.
H4.16 Cu trc khung ca giao thc PPP
PPP s dng byte c bit 01111110 lm c nh du im bt u v kt thc ca khung. a ch 11111111 ch rng tt c cc trm u nhn khung. Nh giao thc LCP khng cn thit phi nh a ch cho cc trm. Trng Control c gi tr 00000011 biu th rng giao thc khng s dng c ch bo nhn da trn s th t ca khung. Trng Protocol xc nh phn gi tin c cha ng trong phn Payload c nh ngha bi giao thc mng no. Mi protocol c qui nh mt gi tr ring. Bit u tin l 0 c s dng cho cc giao thc mng IP, IPX, OSI CLNP, XNS. Kch thc mc nh l 2 bytes, tuy nhin giao thc LCP c th tha thun s dng 1 byte. Payload l ni cha gi tin vi chiu di khc nhau. Chiu di ti a mc nh l 1500 bytes, tuy nhin LCP c th tha thun thay i. Cui cng l trng checksum dng kim tra li trong khung.
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Chng 5: MNG NI B & LP CON IU KHIN TRUY CP

Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu vi ngi hc nhng ni dung sau: Cc phng chia s ng truyn chung gia cc my tnh trong mt mng cc b nh: cc phng php chia knh, cc phng php truy cp ng truyn ngu nhin v cc phng php phn lt truy cp ng truyn. Gii thiu chi tit v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc chun mng cc b nh h cc chun mng Ethernet, FDDI v mng khng dy
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc phi c c cc kh nng sau: Trnh by c s khc bit c bn v cch thc chia s ng truyn chung gia cc my tnh trong cc phng php chia knh, truy cp ng truyn ngu nhin v phn lt truy cp ng truyn. Trnh by c nguyn tc chia s ng truyn chung gia cc my tnh theo cc phng php FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, ALOHA, CSMA, CAMA/CD, Token Passing, Trnh by c nhng c im v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc chun thuc h mng Ethernet, mng FDDI v chun mng khng dy 802.11
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5.1 Tng quan v LAN

Nh trnh by trong phn 2.1, theo tiu ch nh gi l khong cch a l th ngi ta thng phn loi mng my tnh thnh ba kiu: Mng ni b - Local Area Network (LAN) Mng th - Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Mng din rng - Wide Area Network (WAN) Trong thc t, LAN v WAN thng c ci t nht. Mng LAN c s dng ni kt mt di rng cc thit b trong mt phm vi hp, v d: trn cng mt tng, mt ta nh hay mt khun vin (thng khng vt qu 10Km). Ngy nay, LAN l loi mng c s dng rt ph bin trong mi lnh vc ca x hi. Ngi ta thng ngh n LAN nh l mng c thng lng cao, tr hon thp. Hin ti c rt nhiu cng ngh xy dng mng LAN m chng ta s xem xt n ngay sau y. Nhiu chun mng LAN c pht trin trong Ethernet v FDDI l ph bin nht. Ngi ta thng gi chung h cc chun mng LAN l IEEE 802. V gc k thut, LAN c cc tnh cht quan trng sau: Tt c cc host trong mng LAN cng chia s ng truyn chung. Do chng hot ng da trn kiu qung b (broadcast). Khng yu cu phi c h thng trung chuyn (routing/switching) trong mt LAN n. Thng thng, mt mng LAN c nh ngha da trn cc thng s sau: Hnh thi (topology): Ch ra kiu cch m cc host trong mng c u ni vi nhau. ng truyn chia s (xon i, ng trc, cp quang): Ch ra cc kiu ng truyn mng (network cables) c dng u ni cc host trong LAN li vi nhau. (Xin xem li m t chi tit cc kiu ng truyn trong chng Tng Vt L). K thut truy cp ng truyn (Medium Access Control - MAC): Ch ra cch thc m cc host trong mng LAN s dng truy cp v chia s ng truyn mng. MAC s qun tr vic truy cp n ng truyn trong LAN v cung cp c s cho vic nh danh cc tnh cht ca mng LAN theo chun IEEE.
5.2 Hnh thi mng

Hnh thi mng s xc nh hnh dng tng qut ca mt mng. Hin ti, ngi ta nh ngha ra c nhiu hnh thi mng khc nhau tng ng vi nhng tnh cht c th ca chng. Hnh thi mng l tiu ch bt buc dng xy dng mng LAN v n ch yu quan tm n vic lm cho mng c lin thng, che du chi tit v cc thit b thc i vi ngi dng.
5.2.1 Mng hnh sao
H5.1 S mng hnh sao
Tt c cc my tnh trong mng c u ni ti mt thit b tp trung tn hiu trung tm. Thnh phn trung tm ca mng c gi l Hub. Phng thc hot ng ca mng hnh sao nh sau: Mi my tnh u pht tn hiu ra Hub v Hub pht li tn hiu vo n tt c cc u ra. Mi my tnh c mt ni kt ring l n Hub
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5.2.2 Mng hnh vng
H5.2 S mng hnh vng
Khng c thit b trung tm trong s ni mng hnh vng. ng ni kt mng s i trc tip t mt my tnh n my tnh khc. Thc t, c mt on cable ngn ni my tnh vi vng.
5.2.3 Mng hnh bus
H5.3 S mng hnh bus
Trong s mng hnh bus, ngi ta dng mt dy cp (cable) n ni kt ton b LAN. Mi my tnh c mt u ni n cp c chia s. Vi mt ng truyn chia s nh th th s c kh nng ng xy ra khi cc my tnh cng pht tn hiu ra ng truyn cng mt lc. Do , phi c gii php lm cho cc my tnh hot ng ng b vi nhau nhm cho php ch mt my tnh truyn thng tin ti mt thi im.
5.3 Lp con MAC (Media Access Control Sublayer)

Nh trnh by trn, chng ny trnh by v mng LAN mng dng truyn qung b v cc giao thc truyn qung b ca n. Trong bt k mng dng qung b no, vn then cht lun l cch thc ngi ta quyt nh ai c quyn truy cp knh truyn ti mt thi im. lm r vn hn, hy xem xt v d sau: C su ngi ang hp thng qua h thng in thoi, mi ngi u c ni kt c th nghe v ni vi nhng ngi khc. Khi mt ngi ngng ni m c hai ngi hoc nhiu hn cng pht biu tip s to ra tnh trng ln xn. Trong cc cuc hp dng gp mt trc tip, tnh trng ln xn ny c th c gii quyt bng cch a tay xin pht biu. Nhng trong h thng hi tho thng qua in thoi ny, khi m ng truyn rnh, vic quyt nh ai s ni tip c v kh lm hn. c nhiu giao thc dng gii quyt vn trn. V chng chnh l ni dung trnh by ca phn ny. Ni mt cch khc, cc knh truyn dng qung b thnh thong cn c gi l cc knh a truy cp (multiaccess channels) hay l cc knh truy cp ngu nhin (random access channels). Cc giao thc c s dng quyt nh ai c quyn truy cp ng truyn qung b trc c gom vo trong mt lp con ca tng lin kt d liu gi l lp con MAC. Lp con MAC l c bit quan trng trong mng LAN, do nhiu mng LAN s dng ng truyn dng qung b nh l phng tin truyn thng nn tng. Cc mng WAN, theo xu hng ngc li, li dng cc ni kt dng im-im (ngoi tr cc mng dng v tinh). V c bn, c ba phng php iu khin truy cp ng truyn: Chia knh, truy cp ngu nhin (Random Access) v phn lt (Taking-turns). Gii thch c th v ba phng php iu khin truy cp ng truyn trn s c trnh by ngay sau y.
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5.3.1 Phng php chia knh

tng chung ca phng php ny l: ng truyn s c chia thnh nhiu knh truyn, mi knh truyn s c cp pht ring cho mt trm. C ba phng php chia knh chnh: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA.
5.3.1.1
Chia tn s (FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Mt phng thc truyn thng chia s mt knh truyn n cho nhiu ngi dng cnh tranh l Chia tn s (FDMA). Ph ca knh truyn c chia thnh nhiu bng tn (frequency bands) khc nhau. Mi trm c gn cho mt bng tn c nh. Nhng trm no c cp bng tn m khng c d liu truyn th trong trng thi nhn ri (idle). V d: Mt mng LAN c su trm, cc trm 1, 3, 4 c d liu cn truyn, cc trm 2, 5, 6 nhn ri.
H5.4 Mng FDMA
Nhn xt: Do mi ngi dng c cp mt bng tn ring, nn khng c s ng xy ra. Khi ch c s lng ngi dng nh v n nh, mi ngi dng cn giao tip nhiu th FDMA chnh l c ch iu khin truy cp ng truyn hiu qu. Tuy nhin, khi m lng ngi gi d liu l ln v lin tc thay i hoc ng truyn vt qu kh nng phc v th FDMA bc l mt s vn . Nu ph ng truyn c chia lm N vng v c t hn N ngi dng cn truy cp ng truyn, th mt phn ln ph ng truyn b lng ph. Ngc li, c nhiu hn N ngi dng c nhu cu truyn d liu th mt s ngi dng s phi b t chi khng c truy cp ng truyn v thiu bng thng. Tuy nhin, nu li gi s rng s lng ngi dng bng cch no lun c gi n nh con s N, th vic chia knh truyn thnh nhng knh truyn con nh th t thn l khng hiu qu. L do c bn y l: nu c vi ngi dng ri, khng truyn d liu th nhng knh truyn con cp cho nhng ngi dng ny b lng ph. C th d dng thy c hiu nng ngho nn ca FDMA t mt php tnh theo l thuyt xp hng n gin. Bt u l thi gian tr hon trung bnh T trong mt knh truyn c dung lng C bps, vi t l n trung bnh l khung/giy, mi khung c chiu di c ch ra t hm phn phi m vi gi tr trung bnh l 1/ bit/khung. Vi cc tham s trn ta c c t l phc v l C khung/giy. T l thuyt xp hng ta c:
T =
V d: nu C = 100 Mbps, 1/ = 10000 bits v = 5000 khung/giy th T = 200 s. By gi nu ta chia knh ln ny thnh N knh truyn nh c lp, mi knh truyn nh c dung lng C/N bps. T l trung bnh cc khung n cc knh truyn nh by gi l /N. Tnh ton li T chng ta c:
TFDMA =
1 (C / N )( / N )
N C
= NT
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Thi gian ch i trung bnh trong cc knh truyn con s dng FDMA l xu hn gp N ln so vi trng hp ta sp xp cho cc khung c truyn tun t trong mt knh ln.
5.3.1.2
Chia thi gian (TDMA Time Division Multiple Access)
Trong phng php ny, cc trm s xoay vng (round) truy cp ng truyn. Vng y c th hiu l vng thi gian. Mt vng thi gian l khong thi gian cho tt c cc trm trong LAN u c quyn truyn d liu. Qui tc xoay vng nh sau: mt vng thi gian s c chia u thnh cc khe (slot) thi gian bng nhau, mi trm s c cp mt khe thi gian n c th truyn ht mt gi tin. Nhng trm no ti lt c cp cho khe thi gian ca mnh m khng c d liu truyn th vn chim ly khe thi gian , v khong thi gian b chim ny c gi l thi gian nhn ri (idle time). Tp hp tt c cc khe thi gian trong mt vng c gi li l khung (frame). V d:
H5.5 Mng TDMA
Mng LAN dng c ch truy cp ng truyn TDMA trn c su trm. Cc trm 1, 3, 4 c d liu cn truyn. Cc trm 2, 5, 6 nhn ri. Chng ta cng p dng cng mt nhn xt v mng TDMA nh mng FDMA. Mi ngi dng c cp pht mt khe thi gian. V nu ngi dng khng s dng khe thi gian ny truyn d liu th thi gian s b lng ph.
5.3.1.3
Kt hp gia FDMA v TDMA
Trong thc t, hai k thut TDMA v FDMA thng c kt hp s dng vi nhau, v d nh trong cc mng in thoi di ng. Cc in thoi di ng TDMA s dng cc knh 30 KHz, mi knh li c chia thnh ba khe thi gian. Mt thit b cm tay s dng mt khe thi gian cho vic gi v mt khe khc cho vic nhn d liu. Chng hn nh cc h thng: Cingular (Nokia 8265, TDMA 800/ 1900 MHz, AMPS 800 mHz ), AT&T Wireless. H thng GSM s dng cc knh 200 KHz c chia thnh 8 khe thi gian. Mt thit b cm tay s s dng mt khe thi gian trong hai knh khc nhau gi v nhn thng tin. Cc h thng Cingular, T-Mobile, AT&T ang chuyn sang dng k thut ny.
H5.6 Kt hp gia TDMA v FDMA
5.3.1.4
Phn chia m (CDMA Code Division Multiple Access)
CDMA hon ton khc vi FDMA v TDMA. Thay v chia mt dy tn s thnh nhiu knh truyn bng thng hp, CDMA cho php mi trm c quyn pht d liu ln ton b ph tn ca ng truyn ln ti mi thi im. Cc cuc truy cp ng truyn xy ra ng thi s c tch bit vi nhau bi k thut m ha. CDMA cng xa tan lo lng cho rng nhng khung d liu b ng trn ng truyn s b bin dng. Thay vo CDMA ch ra rng nhiu tn hiu ng
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thi s c cng li mt cch tuyn tnh! K thut CDMA thng c s dng trong cc knh truyn qung b khng dy (mng in thoi di ng, v tinh ). Trc khi i vo m t gii thut CDMA, hy xem xt mt v d gn ging nh sau: ti mt phng i trong sn bay c nhiu cp hnh khch ang chuyn tr. TDM c th c so snh vi cnh tng: tt c mi ngi u ng gia phng, ch n lt mnh c pht biu. FDM th ging nh cnh tng: mi mt cp c sp vo mt ni chuyn ring. Cn CDMA li ging nh cnh: mi ngi u ng ngay trong phng i, ni chuyn ng thi, nhng mi cp chuyn tr s s dng mt ngn ng ring. Cp ni ting Php ch lu lo vi nhau bng ting Php, b qua mi ting ng khng phi l ting Php v coi nh l ting n. V th, vn then cht trong CDMA l kh nng rt trch ra c tn hiu mong mun trong khi t chi mi th khc v coi l ting n ngu nhin. Trong CDMA, thi gian gi mt bit (bit time) li c chia thnh m khong nh hn, gi l chip. Thng thng, c 64 hay 128 chip trn mt bit, nhng trong v d pha di, chng ta dng 8 chip cho n gin. Nhiu ngi dng u chia s chung mt bng tn, nhng mi ngi dng c cp cho mt m duy nht di m bit gi l dy chip (chip sequence). Dy chip ny s c dng m ha v gii m d liu ca ring ngi dng ny trong mt knh truyn chung a ngi dng. V d, sau y l mt dy chip: (11110011). gi bit 1, ngi dng s gi i dy chip ca mnh. Cn gi i bit 0, ngi dng s gi i phn b ca dy chip ca mnh. V d vi dy chip trn, khi gi bit 1, ngi dng s gi 11110011; khi gi bit 0 th ngi dng s gi 00001100. tin cho vic minh ha, chng ta s s dng cc k hiu lng cc sau: bit 0 c k hiu l 1, bit 1 c k hiu l +1. Cng cn phi a ra mt nh ngha mi: tch trong (inner product): Tch trong ca hai m S v T, k hiu l ST, c tnh bng trung bnh tng ca tch cc bit ni ti tng ng ca hai m ny.
1 S T = m
V d:
S = +1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 T = +1 + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 S T =
i =1
S iTi
+ 1 + 1 + 1 + (1) + 1 + (1) + 1 + 1 1 = 8 2 By gi ta xem xt cch thc cp pht chui chip cho cc trm, sao cho khng gy ra ln ln thng tin gia cc trm vi nhau. nh ngha: Hai m S v T c cng chiu di m bits c gi l trc giao khi: ST = 0. V d: S = +1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 T = 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 (1) + (1) + (1) + 1 + 1 + 1 + (1) + 1 =0 8 Nu cc ngi dng trong h thng c cc m trc giao vi nhau th h c th cng tn ti v truyn d liu mt cch ng thi vi kh nng b giao thoa d liu l t nht. Qui c: Gi Di l bit d liu m ngi dng i mun m ha truyn trn mng. Ci l chui chip (m s) ca ngi dng i. Sau y l cch thc m ha tn hiu gi ln ng truyn v gii m ly d liu ra: Tn hiu c m ca ngi dng i: Zi = Di x Ci S T =
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Tn hiu tng hp c gi trn ng truyn:

Z = Zi
i =1 n
vi n l tng s ngi dng gi tn hiu ln ng truyn ti cng thi im Gii m: D liu m ngi dng i ly v t tn hiu tng hp chung: Di = Z C i Nu Di > ngng, coi n l 1, ngc li coi n l -1 V d: H thng c 4 ngi dng A, B, C, D. Cc m s tng ng ca h nh sau:
Nu k hiu theo kiu lng cc th:
cc m s A, B, C, D l trc giao! C su v d: 1) Ch c ngi dng C gi bit 1: 2) B gi bit 1, C gi bit 1 3) A gi bit 1, B gi bit 0 4) A, C u gi bit 1, B gi bit 0 5) A, B, C, D u gi bit 1 6) A, B, D gi bit 1, C gi bit 0 Ta tnh ton c cc m tng hp gi ln ng truyn nh sau:
By gi, ta tnh c d liu nguyn thy ca ngi dng trm C, sau khi rt trch ra t m tng hp nh sau:
Nhn xt: u tin, chng ta phi gi s rng tt c cc dy chip c ng b ha c gi nhn cng thi im. Nhng trong thc t, kiu ng b ha nh vy l khng th c c. Nhng g ngi ta c th lm c ng b ha l: ngi gi v ngi nhn ng b ha vi nhau bng cch cho ngi gi gi mt dy chip c nh ngha trc, dy ny phi di cho bn nhn c th theo kp bn gi. Tt c cc cuc truyn nhn khc c xem nh l nhiu ngu nhin. Ngi ta chng minh c rng, chui chip cng di th xc sut pht hin ra chui ny mt cch chnh xc l cng cao vi s hin din ca nhiu. Cng cn phi gi thit rng: bn nhn bit chnh xc bn gi l ai. Tuy trong thc t, cn phi trung thc m ni rng: t gi thit th d hn l lm. Nhng hy tin tng l CDMA c nhiu chi tit phc tp hn v thng minh hn lm c chuyn .
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5.3.2 Phng php truy cp ng truyn ngu nhin (Random Access)

Trong phng php ny, ngi ta cho cc trm t do tranh chp ng truyn chung truyn tng khung d liu mt. Nu mt trm cn gi mt khung, n s gi khung trn ton b di thng ca knh truyn. S khng c s phi hp trnh t gia cc trm. Nu c hn hai trm pht cng mt lc, ng (collision) s xy ra, cc khung b ng s b h hi. Giao thc truy cp ng truyn ngu nhin c dng xc nh: Lm th no pht hin ng . Lm th no phc hi sau ng . V d v cc giao thc truy cp ngu nhin: slotted ALOHA v pure ALOHA, CSMA v CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA.
5.3.2.1
ALOHA
Vo nhng nm 1970, Norman Abramson cng cc ng s ti i hc Hawaii pht minh ra mt phng php mi u hng dng gii quyt bi ton v cp pht knh truyn. Sau cng vic ca h tip tc c m rng bi nhiu nh nghin cu khc. Mc d cng trnh ca Abramson, c gi l h thng ALOHA, s dng h thng truyn qung b trn sng radio mt t, nhng tng c s ca n c th p dng cho bt k h thng no trong nhng ngi dng khng c phi hp vi nhau s tranh chp s dng ng truyn chung duy nht. y, chng ta s tho lun v hai phin bn ca ALOHA: pure (thun ty) v slotted (c chia khe).
5.3.2.1.1
Slotted ALOHA
Thi gian c chia thnh nhiu slot c kch c bng nhau (bng thi gian truyn mt khung). Mt trm mun truyn mt khung th phi i n u slot thi gian k tip mi c truyn. D nhin l s xy ra ng v khung b ng s b h. Tuy nhin, da trn tnh phn hi ca vic truyn qung b, trm pht lun c th theo di xem khung ca n pht i c b hy hoi hay khng bng cch lng nghe knh truyn. Nhng trm khc cng lm theo cch tng t. Trong trng hp v l do no m trm khng th dng c ch lng nghe ng truyn, h thng cn yu cu bn nhn tr li mt khung bo nhn (acknowledgement) cho bn pht. Nu pht sinh ng , trm pht s gi li khung ti u slot k tip vi xc sut p cho n khi thnh cng. V d minh ha: C 3 trm u mun truyn mt khung thng tin.
H5.7 Minh ha giao thc Slotted ALOHA
Do s c ng m mt khung thng tin, mt cu hi t ra l: u l t sut truyn khung thnh cng ca cc trm trong mng? Gi s c N trm mun truyn d liu, mi trm truyn khung thng tin ca mnh trong mt slot vi xc sut p. Xc sut mt trm trong N trm truyn thnh cng S(p) c tnh nh sau: S ( p) = Np(1 p) N 1 Khi p = 1 N , S(p) t gi tr cc i (1 1 N ) N 1
5.3.2.1.2
Pure ALOHA
K thut Pure ALOHA n gin hn Slotted ALOHA do khng c s ng b ha gia cc trm. Mi khi mun truyn mt khung thng tin, trm s truyn n ngay m khng cn i n u ca
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slot thi gian k tip. V th xc xut b ng tng thm! Ngha l khung thng tin c gi ti thi im t0 s ng vi nhng khung c gi trong khong thi gian [t0-1, t0+1].
H5.8 Minh ha giao thc Pure ALOHA
Gi P l xc xut ca mt s kin no , ta c nhng phn tch sau: P(nt i truyn thnh cng) = P( nt i truyn) P(khng c nt no khc truyn trong khong [t -1,t ]) . 0 0
P(khng c nt no khc truyn trong khong [t0, t0+1])
= p (1 p ) N 1 (1 p ) N 1 S(p) = P(mt nt bt k trong N nt truyn thnh cng) = Np (1 p ) N 1 (1 p ) N 1 Nhng phn tch va nu gi s rng lun c thng trc N trm trong mng. V trong trng hp ti u, mi trm th truyn vi xc sut 1/N. Trong thc t, s lng cc trm thng trc trong mng lun thay i. Gi s chng ta c tng cng m trm lm vic. n trm l thng trc trn mng, mi trm thng trc trn mng s c gi khung thng tin vi xc sut c nh p. m-n trm cn li l khng thng trc, v chng c th gi khung thng tin vi xc sut pa, vi pa c th nh hn p. Nhn xt chung v ALOHA: Hiu nng thp do khng c thm d ng truyn trc khi gi khung, dn n vic mt nhiu thi gian cho vic pht hin ng v phc hi sau ng . Hot ng theo kiu ALOHA c kh nng dn n vic h thng b cht ng do mi n lc gi gi tin ca tt c cc trm u b ng . Slotted ALOHA tr nn quan trng vi l do khng my rnh mch lm. N ra i vo nhng nm 1970, c s dng trong mt s h thng th nghim thi , v ri hu nh b lng qun. V khi cng ngh truy cp Internet khng qua cable c pht minh, t nhin li pht sinh vn lm sao cp pht ng truyn c chia s cho nhiu ngi dng cnh tranh, Slotted ALOHA li c li ra t thng rc cu ri cuc i. Vn thng c chuyn l cc giao thc hp l mt cch hon ho li khng c s dng v nhng l do v chnh tr, nhng nhiu nm sau , mt s ngi thng thi li nhn ra rng nhng giao thc b i t lu ri li c th gip h gii quyt c vn . Vi l do nh vy, trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu mt s giao thc u hng hin ti khng c s dng rng ri lm nhng bit u c th c s dng d dng trong cc ng dng tng lai. D nhin l chng ta cng s nghin cu nhiu giao thc ang c s dng rng ri hin nay.
5.3.2.2
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
Giao thc ALOHA mc d chy c, nhng mt iu ng ngc nhin l ngi ta li cho cc trm lm vic t do gi thng tin ln ng truyn m chng cn quan tm n vic tm hiu xem nhng trm khc ang lm g. V iu dn n rt nhiu v ng tn hiu. Tuy nhin, trong mng LAN, ngi ta c th thit k cc trm lm vic sao cho chng c th iu tra xem cc trm khc ang lm g v t iu chnh hnh vi ca mnh mt cch tng ng. Lm nh vy s gip cho hiu nng mng t c cao hn. CSMA l mt giao thc nh vy! Cc giao thc m trong cc trm lm vic lng nghe ng truyn trc khi a ra quyt nh mnh phi lm g tng ng vi trng thi ng truyn c gi l cc giao thc c cm nhn ng truyn (carrier sense protocol). Cch thc hot ng ca CSMA nh sau: lng nghe
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knh truyn, nu thy knh truyn ri th bt u truyn khung, nu thy ng truyn bn th tr hon li vic gi khung. Th nhng tr hon vic gi khung cho n khi no? C ba gii php: Theo di khng kin tr (Non-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, i trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri tip tc nghe li ng truyn. Theo di kin tr (persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng 1. Theo di kin tr vi xc sut p (P-persistent CSMA): Nu ng truyn bn, tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri ri th truyn gi tin vi xc sut bng p. D thy rng giao thc CSMA cho d l theo di ng truyn kin tr hay khng kin tr th kh nng trnh ng vn tt hn l ALOHA. Tuy th, ng vn c th xy ra trong CSMA! Tnh hung pht sinh nh sau: khi mt trm va pht xong th mt trm khc cng pht sinh yu cu pht khung v bt u nghe ng truyn. Nu tn hiu ca trm th nht cha n trm th hai, trm th hai s cho rng ng truyn ang rnh v bt u pht khung. Nh vy ng s xy ra.
H5.9 M t khng gian v thi gian din ra ng
Hu qu ca ng l: khung b mt v ton b thi gian t lc ng xy ra cho n khi pht xong khung l lng ph! By gi pht sinh vn mi: cc trm c quan tm theo di xem c ng xy ra khng v khi ng xy ra th cc trm s lm gi?
5.3.2.2.1
CSMA vi c ch theo di ng (CSMA/CD CSMA with Collision Detection)
CSMA/CD v c bn l ging nh CSMA: lng nghe trc khi truyn. Tuy nhin CSMA/CD c hai ci tin quan trng l: pht hin ng v lm li sau ng . Pht hin ng : Trm va truyn va tip tc d xt ng truyn. Ngay sau khi ng c pht hin th trm ngng truyn, pht thm mt dy nhi (dy nhi ny c tc dng lm tng cng thm s va chm tn hiu, gip cho tt c cc trm khc trong mng thy c s ng ), v bt u lm li sau ng . CSMA/CD, cng ging nh cc giao thc trong LAN khc, s dng m hnh quan nim nh trong hnh sau:
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H5.10 CSMA/CD c th mt trong ba trng thi: tranh chp, truyn, rnh
Ti thi im t0, mt trm pht xong khung ca n. Bt k trm no khc c khung cn truyn by gi c th c truyn th. Nu hai hoc nhiu hn cc trm lm nh vy cng mt lc th s xy ra ng . ng c th c pht hin bng cch theo di nng lng hay rng ca xung ca tn hiu nhn c v em so snh vi rng ca xung va truyn i. By gi ta t ra cu hi: Sau khi truyn xong khung (ht giai on truyn), trm s b ra thi gian ti a l bao lu bit c l khung ca n b ng hoc n truyn thnh cng? Gi thi gian ny l ca s va chm v k hiu n l Tw. Phn tch sau y s cho ra cu tr li. Hnh sau s m phng chi tit v thi gian pht khung gia hai trm A v B hai u mt xa nht trn ng truyn ti.
H5.11 Thi gian cn thit truyn mt khung
t Tprop l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu gia hai u mt xa nhau nht trn ng truyn ti. Ti thi im t, A bt u pht i khung d liu ca n. Ti t+Tprop-, B pht hin knh truyn rnh v pht i khung d liu ca n. Ti t+ Tprop, B pht hin s ng . Ti t+2Tprop-, A pht hin s ng . Theo phn tch trn, th Tw = 2Tprop
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H5.12 Pht hin ng khi truyn tin
Vic hy b truyn khung ngay khi pht hin c ng gip tit kim thi gian v bng thng, v nu c tip tc truyn khung i na, khung vn h v vn phi b hy b.
H5.13 X l khu ng
Lm li sau khi ng : Sau khi b ng , trm s chy mt thut ton gi l back-off dng tnh ton li lng thi gian n phi ch trc khi gi li khung. Lng thi gian ny phi l ngu nhin cc trm sau khi quay li khng b ng vi nhau na. Thut ton back-off hot ng nh sau: Rt ngu nhin ra mt con s nguyn M tha: 0 M 2 k . Trong k = min( n,10) , vi n l tng s ln ng m trm gnh chu. K hn m trm phi ch trc khi th li mt ln truyn mi l M*Tw. Khi m n t n gi tr 16 th hy b vic truyn khung. (Trm chu ng qu nhiu v ng ri, v khng th chu ng hn c na!)
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NH GI HIU SUT CA GIAO THC CSMA/CD: Gi: P l kch thc ca khung, v d nh 1000 bits. C l dung lng ca ng truyn, v d nh 10 Mbps. Ta c thi gian pht ht mt khung thng tin l P/C giy. Trung bnh, chng ta s th e ln trc khi truyn thnh cng mt khung. V vy, vi mi ln pht thnh cng mt khung (tn P/C giy), ta mt tng cng 2eTprop (5Tprop) v ng . Thnh th hiu nng ca giao thc (t l gia thi gian hot ng hu ch trn tng thi gian hot ng) l:
P C P C
+ 5Tprop
1 1+
5Tprop
P C
Tprop C 1 a= = 1 + 5a , vi P
Gi tr ca a ng vai tr rt quan trng n hiu sut hot ng ca mng kiu CSMA/CD.
5.3.3 Phng php phn lt truy cp ng truyn

By gi th nhn li hai phng php iu khin truy cp ng truyn chia knh v truy cp ngu nhin, ta s thy chng u c nhng im hay v hn ch: Trong cc giao thc dng chia knh, knh truyn c phn chia mt cch hiu qu v cng bng khi ti trng ng truyn l ln. Tuy nhin chng khng hiu qu khi ti trng ca ng truyn l nh: c tr hon khi truy cp knh truyn, ch 1/N bng thng c cp cho ngi dng ngay c khi ch c duy nht ngi dng hin din trong h thng. Cc giao thc dng truy cp ngu nhin th li hot ng hiu qu khi ti trng ca ng truyn thp. Nhng khi ti trng ng truyn cao th phi tn nhiu chi ph cho vic x l ng . Cc giao thc dng phn lt s n vic tn dng nhng mt mnh ca hai dng ni trn. tng chnh ca cc giao thc dng phn lt l khng cho ng xy ra bng cch cho cc trm truy cp ng truyn mt cch tun t. V c bn, c hai cch thc phn lt s dng ng truyn: Thm d (polling): Trm ch (master) s mi cc trm t (slave) truyn khi n lt. Lt truyn c cp pht cho trm t c th bng cch: trm ch dnh phn cho trm t hoc trm t yu cu v c trm ch p ng. Tuy nhin c th thy nhng vn s gp phi ca gii php ny l: chi ph cho vic thm d, tr do phi ch c phn lt truyn, h thng ri lon khi trm ch gp s c. Chuyn th bi (token passing): Th bi iu khin s c chuyn ln lt t trm ny qua trm kia. Trm no c trong tay th bi s c quyn truyn, truyn xong phi chuyn th bi qua trm k tip. Nhng vn cn phi quan tm: chi ph qun l th bi, tr khi phi ch th bi, kh khn khi th bi b mt.
5.3.3.1
V d v phng php thm d: Thm d phn tn (Distributed Polling)
Thi gian c chia thnh nhng khe (slot). Gi s h thng hin c N trm lm vic. Mt chu k hot ng ca h thng bt u bng N khe thi gian ngn dng t ch (reservation slot). Khe thi gian dng t ch bng vi thi gian lan truyn tn hiu gia hai u mt xa nht trn ng truyn. Ti khe t ch th i, trm th i nu mun truyn d liu s pht tn hiu t ch ca mnh ln knh truyn, v tn hiu ny s c nhn thy bi tt c cc trm khc trong mng. Sau thi gian t ch, cc trm bt u vic truyn d liu ca mnh theo ng trnh t ng k.
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H5.14 M t cc chu k hot ng ca h thng Thm d phn tn
5.3.3.2
V d v phng php chuyn th bi: Token Ring
Giao thc ny s dng mng kiu hnh vng, dng th bi cp quyn s dng ng truyn. Mng token ring bao gm mt tp hp cc trm c ni vi nhau thnh mt vng.
H5.15 M hnh hot ng ca mng Token Ring
D liu lun chy theo mt hng vng quanh vng. Mi trm nhn khung t trm pha trn ca n v ri chuyn khung n trm pha di. Th bi l cng c quyt nh ai c quyn truyn ti mt thi im. Cch thc hot ng ca mng token ring nh sau: mt th bi, thc cht ch l mt dy bit, s chy vng quanh vng; mi nt s nhn th bi ri li chuyn tip th bi ny i. Khi mt trm c khung cn truyn v ng lc n thy c th bi ti, n lin ly th bi ny ra khi vng (ngha l khng c chuyn tip chui bit c bit ny ln vng na), v thay vo , n s truyn khung d liu ca mnh i. Khi khung d liu i mt vng v quay li, trm pht s rt khung ca mnh ra v chn li th bi vo vng. Hot ng c xoay vng nh th. Card mng dng cho token ring s c trn mt b nhn, mt b pht v mt b m dng cha d liu. Khi khng c trm no trong vng c d liu truyn, th bi s lu chuyn vng quanh. Nu mt trm c d liu cn truyn v c th bi, n c quyn truyn mt hoc nhiu khung d liu ty theo qui nh ca h thng. Mi khung d liu c pht i s c mt phn thng tin cha a ch ch ca trm bn nhn; ngoi ra n cn c th cha a ch muticast hoc broadcast ty theo vic bn gi mun gi khung cho mt nhm ngi nhn hay tt c mi ngi trong vng. Khi khung thng tin chy qua mi trm trong vng, trm ny s nhn vo a ch ch trong khung bit xem c phi n l ch n ca khung khng. Nu phi, trm s chp ni dung ca khung vo trong b m ca n, ch chp thi ch khng c xa khung ra khi vng. Mt vn cn phi quan tm n l mt trm ang gi th bi th n c quyn truyn bao nhiu d liu, hay ni cch khc l trm c cho bao nhiu thi gian truyn d liu? Chng ta gi thi gian ny l thi gian gi th bi THT (Token Holding Time). Trong trng hp trong vng ch c mt trm cn truyn d liu v cc trm khc khng c nhu cu truyn, th ta c th cp THT cho trm c nhu cu cng lu cng tt. iu ny s lm tng hiu sut s dng h thng mt cch ng k. Bi v s tht l ng ngn nu bt trm ngng, ch th bi chy ht mt vng, ri li
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truyn tip. Tuy nhin, gii php trn s khng hot ng tt nu c nhiu trm trong vng cn gi d liu. THT di ch thch hp cho nhng trm cn truyn nhiu d liu, nhng li khng ph hp vi nhng trm ch c t thng ip cn gi i ngay c khi thng ip ny l ti quan trng. iu ny cng ging nh tnh hung m bn xp hng s dng my ATM ngay sau mt anh chng nh rt ra 10 triu ng, trong khi bn ch cn vo y kim tra ti khon ca mnh cn bao nhiu tin! Trong cc mng 802.5, THT mc nh l 10 ms. T thi gian gi th bi, chng ta li ngh ra mt s o quan trng khc: Thi gian xoay vng ca th bi TRT (Token rotation time), ngha l lng thi gian b ra th bi i ht ng mt vng. D nhn thy rng: TRT S nt hot ng THT + tr ca vng Vi tr ca vng l tng thi gian th bi i ht mt vng khi trong vng khng c trm no cn truyn d liu, S nt hot ng m ch s trm c d liu cn truyn. Giao thc 802.5 cung cp mt phng thc truyn d liu tin cy bng cch s dng hai bit A v C ui ca khung d liu. Hai bit by ban u nhn gi tr 0. Khi mt trm nhn ra n l ch n ca mt khung d liu, n s t bit A trong khung ny ln. Khi trm chp khung vo trong b nh m ca n, n s t bit C ln. Khi trm gi thy khung ca n quay li vi bit A vn l 0, n bit l trm ch b h hng hoc khng c mt. Nu bit A l 1, nhng bit C l 0, iu ny m ch trm ch c mt nhng v l do no trm ch khng th nhn khung (v d nh thiu b m chng hn). V th khung ny c th s c truyn li sau vi hy vng l trm ch c th tip nhn n. Chi tit cui cng cn phi xem xt l: chnh xc khi no th trm s nh th bi ra? C hai ngh: a) nh th bi ra ngay sau khi trm va truyn khung xong (RAT); b) nh th bi ra ngay sau khi trm nhn li khung va pht ra (RAR).
H5.16 Nh token: a)RAT b)RAR
Qun l hot ng ca mng Token Ring Cn thit phi c ra mt trm lm nhim v qun l mng token ring gi l monitor. Cng vic ca monitor l m bo sc khe cho ton b vng. Bt k trm no cng c th tr thnh monitor. Th tc bu chn monitor din ra khi vng va c to ra hoc khi monitor ca vng b s c. Mt monitor mnh khe s nh k thng bo s hin din ca n cho ton vng bit bng mt thng ip c bit. Nu mt trm khng nhn c thng bo hin din ca monitor trong mt khong thi gian no , n s coi nh monitor b hng v s c tr thnh monitor mi. Khi mt trm quyt nh rng cn phi c mt monitor mi, n s gi mt thng ip thnh cu, thng bo nh tr thnh monitor ca mnh. Nu thng ip ny chy mt vng v v li c trm, trm s cho rng mi ngi ng v tr monitor ca n. Cn nu ng thi c nhiu trm cng gi thng ip thnh cu, chng s phi p dng mt lut la chn no , chng hn nh ai c a ch cao nht s thng c.
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Nhim v ng ch ca monitor l phi m bo rng lun lun c s hin din ca th bi u trn vng, c th l ang di chuyn hay ang b gi bi mt trm no . R rng l th bi c th b bin mt v l do no chng hn nh li bit, trm ang gi n b h hng. pht hin ra vic th bi b mt, khi th bi chy ngang qua monitor, n s bt mt b m thi gian tnh gi. B m ny c gi tr ti a l: S lng trm THT + tr ca vng Trong S lng trm l s cc trm lm vic ang hin din trn vng, tr ca vng l tng thi gian lan truyn tn hiu trn vng. Nu b m t n gi tr ti a m monitor vn khng thy th bi chy qua n na th n s to ra th bi mi. Monitor cng phi kim tra xem c khung no b hng hoc v tha nhn hay khng. Mt khung nu c li checksum hoc khun dng khng hp l s chy mt cch v nh trn vng. Monitor s thu khung ny li trc khi chn li th bi vo vng. Mt khung v tha nhn l khung m c chn thnh cng vo vng, nhng cha ca n b cht, ngha l trm gi n ch gi n ln vng, nhng cha kp thu n li th b cht (down). Nhng khung nh vy s b pht hin bng cch thm vo mt bit iu khin gi l monitor bit. Khi c pht ln u tin, monitor bit trn khung s nhn gi tr 0. Khi khung i ngang qua monitor, monitor s t monitor bit ln 1. Nu monitor thy khung ny li chy qua n vi monitor bit l 1, n s rt khung ny ra khi vng. Mt chc nng qun l vng khc l pht hin ra mt trm b cht. Nu mt trm trong vng b cht, n s lm t vng. trnh tnh trng ny ngi ta thm vo trm mt r-le in t (relay). Khi trm cn mnh khe, r-le s m v trm c ni vi vnh, khi trm b cht v ngng khng cung cp nng lng cho r-le, r-le s t ng ng mch v b qua trm ny.
H5.17 S dng relay trnh t vng
Khi monitor nghi ng mt trm b cht, n s gi n trm mt khung c bit gi l khung beacon. Nu khng nhn c tr li thch ng, monitor s coi trm cht. NH GI V MNG TOKEN RING: Ta s kho st hai kiu chuyn th bi: Release After Reception (RAR) v Release After Transmisions (RAT). RAR: Nh th bi sau khi nhn li d liu Sau khi mt trm pht i khung d liu ca n, trm s ch n khi khung ny quay tr li mi chuyn th bi cho trm k tip. Mng IEEE 802.5 Token Ring (16Mbps) s dng c ch ny.
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H5.18 M phng c ch chuyn th bi trong RAR
Ta gi hiu sut truyn khung l RAR. Mng kiu RAR s t c hiu sut ti a nu mt trm pht lin tc. t: Tprop l thi gian lan truyn tn hiu gia hai u mt xa nhau nht trn ng truyn ti. Ttran l thi gian pht ht mt khung d liu ln ng truyn. P l kch thc ca khung d liu, v d 1000 bits. C l dung lng ca ng truyn, v d 10 Mbps. C T = C tran Sau y l biu m phng mi lin quan gia thi gian pht khung v thi gian truyn tn hiu:
P
H5.19 Thi gian lan truyn v pht khung vi RAR
C th thy: Vi
RAR =
a=
Tprop Ttran
1 1+ a
Trong trng hp mt trm lun phi nhng token ngay sau khi token i ht mt vng v quay tr li n th hin trng phn b thi gian c v ra di y:
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H5.20 Cc khong thi gian mt trm phi tri qua khi gi d liu v chuyn th bi
Gi s token c kch thc qu nh coi nh thi gian pht n bng khng, mng c N trm lm vic v khong cch gia cc trm l bng nhau. V vy, thi gian lan truyn tn hiu t mt trm n mt trm lin k n l Tprop/N. C th nhn thy thi gian token chuyn t mt trm sang mt trm k n l Tprop/N. V vy: T 1 1
RAR =
tran
Tprop + Ttran +
Tprop N
N + 1 Tprop 1+ N Ttran
1+ a
RAT: Nh th bi ngay sau khi truyn d liu Vi k thut RAT, trm s chuyn th bi iu khin cho trm k tip ngay sau khi n va pht song khung d liu. V d mng FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface - 100Mbps) s dng k thut ny.
Gi hiu sut truyn khung l RAT . Vi k thut RAT, hiu sut t ti a khi mt trm lin tc truyn khung. Sau y l biu thi gian m phng:
H5.21 M phng k thut RAT
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C th thy khi mt trm pht khung lin tc th RAT = 1 Tuy nhin khi mt trm buc phi nh token ngay sau khi n va pht d liu xong, th biu thi gian c khc: 1
Thi im Thi im Thi im 0
H5.22 Thi gian pht v lan truyn khung
Ttran +
Tprop N
Tprop N
Tprop Ttran
2Ttran + 2
H5.23 Khi mt trm phi nh token ngay sau khi n va pht d liu
Ta tnh li hiu sut nh sau:
RAT =
Vi
5.3.3.3
V d v phng php chuyn th bi: Token Bus
Ttran 1 1 = = Ttran T a Ttran + prop 1 + 1 prop 1 + prop Tprop N N N Ttran a= Ttran

B C
G
H5.24 S mng Token Bus
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K thut Token Bus v bn cht l s dng mng hnh bus. Tuy nhin ngi ta mun thit lp mt vng o trn n hot ng ging nh Token Ring. Nguyn tc hot ng nh sau: trm c nhu cu truyn d liu th s tham gia vo vng o, ngc li th s nm ngoi v ch nghe thi! Gii thut b sung mt trm vo vng: Mi trm trong vng c trch nhim nh k to iu kin cho cc trm khc tham gia vo vng. Trc khi chuyn th bi i, trm s gi thng bo tm trm ng sau (c a ch gia n v trm ng lin k hin ti). Nu sau mt thi gian xc nh m vn khng c yu cu gia nhp no, trm s chuyn th bi n trm k tip nh thng l. Nu c yu cu gia nhp vng, th trm s ghi nhn trm mi yu cu l trm k tip ca n v s chuyn th bi ti trm k mi ny. Gii thut rt lui ra khi vng: Khi mun rt ra khi vng, trm s ch n khi n c token, sau s gi yu cu ni trm ng sau ti trm ng trc n, yu cu trm ng trc ni trc tip vi trm ng lin sau n. Ngoi ra cn phi quan tm n tnh trng mt th bi, cc trm thnh vin trong vng b h hng.
5.4 Chun ha mng cc b

Ngoi m hnh OSI dng cho vic chun ha cc mng ni chung, vic chun ha mng cc b cng c thc hin trong mt khong thi gian di. Do c trng ring, vic chun ha mng cc b ch c thc hin trn hai tng thp nht, tng ng vi tng vt l v lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI.
H5.25 M hnh phn tng ca mng cc b
Trong LAN, tng lin kt d liu c chia lm hai tng con: LLC (Logical Link Layer) v MAC. MAC qun l vic truy cp ng truyn, trong khi LLC m bo tnh c lp ca vic qun l cc lin kt d liu vi ng truyn vt l v phng php truy cp ng truyn MAC. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) l t chc i tin phong trong lnh vc chun ha mng cc b vi d n IEEE 802 ni ting bt u c trin khai t nm 1980 v kt qu l hng lot chun thuc h IEEE 802.x ra i, to nn tng quan trng cho vic thit k v ci t mng ni b trong thi gian qua. V tr ca h chun ny cng cao hn khi ISO xem xt v tip nhn chng thnh chun quc t mang tn 8802.x. n nay h IEEE 802.x bao gm cc chun sau: IEEE 802.1 : High Level Interface IEEE 802.2 : Logical Link Control (LLC) IEEE 802.3: CSMA/CD
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IEEE 802.4: Token bus IEEE 802.5: Token ring IEEE 802.6: MAN IEEE 802.7: Broadband Technical Advisory Group IEEE 802.8: Fiber Technical Advisory Group IEEE 802.9: Intergrated Data and Voice Network IEEE 802.10: Standard for Interoperable LAN security IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN IEEE 802.12: 100VG AnyLAN H5.23 s m t v tr tng i ca cc chun trn khi so snh vi chun OSI:
H5.26 Quan h gia cc chun IEEE v m hnh OSI
IEEE 802.1 l chun c t kin trc mng, ni kt gia cc mng v vic qun tr mng i vi mng cc b. IEEE 802.2 l chun c t tng LLC (dch v, giao thc) ca mng cc b. C 3 kiu giao thc LLC chnh c nh ngha: LLC type 1: L giao thc kiu khng lin kt, khng bo nhn. LLC type 2: L giao thc kiu c lin kt. LLC type 3: L giao thc dng khng lin kt, c bo nhn. Cc giao thc ny c xy dng da theo phng thc cn bng ca giao thc HDLC v c cc khun dng d liu v cc chc nng tng t, c bit l trong trng hp LLC-type 2. IEEE 802.3: L chun c t mt mng cc b da trn mng Ethernet ni ting do Digital, Intel v Xerox hp tc pht trin t nm 1990. IEEE 802.3 bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau: o c t dch v MAC. o Giao thc MAC. o c t vt l c lp vi ng truyn. o c t vt l ph thuc vo ng truyn. Phn ct li ca IEEE 802.3 l giao thc MAC da trn phng php CSMA/CD trnh by phn trc. IEEE 802.4 l chun c t mng cc b vi hnh trng bus s dng th bi iu khin truy cp ng truyn. IEEE 802.4 cng bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau: o c t dch v MAC. o Giao thc MAC. o c t dch v tng vt l. o c t thc th tng vt l. o t t ng truyn. IEEE 802.5 l chun c t mng cc b vi hnh trng vng s dng th bi iu khin truy cp ng truyn. IEEE 802.5 cng bao gm c tng vt l v tng con MAC vi cc c t sau: o c t dch v MAC.
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o Giao thc MAC. o c t thc th tng vt l. o c t ni trm. IEEE 802.6 l chun c t mt mng tc cao ni kt nhiu LAN thuc cc khu vc khc nhau ca mt th. Mng ny s dng cp quang vi hnh trng dng bus kp (dual-bus), v th cn c gi l DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus). Lu thng trn mi bus l mt chiu v khi c cp bus cng hot ng s to thnh mt cu hnh chu li. Phng php iu khin truy cp da theo mt gii thut xp hng phn tn c tn l QPDS (Queued-Packet, Distributed-Switch). IEEE 802.9 l chun c t mt mng tch hp d liu v ting ni bao gm 1 knh d b 10 Mbps cng vi 95 knh 64 Kbps. Gii thng tng cng 16 Mpbs. Chun ny c thit k cho cc mi trng c lu lng lu thng ln v cp bch. IEEE 802.10 l chun c t v an ton thng tin trong cc mng cc b c kh nng lin tc (interoperable). IEEE 802.11 l chun c t mng LAN khng dy (Wireless LAN). Xu hng chn phng php truy cp CSMA c khng nh. IEEE 802.12 l chun c t mng cc b da trn cng ngh c xut bi AT&T, IBM v HP, gi l 100 VG AnyLAN. Mng ny s dng hnh trng mng hnh sao v mt phng php truy cp ng truyn c iu khin tranh chp. Khi c nhu cu truyn d liu, trm s gi yu cu n hub v trm ch c th truyn d liu khi c hub cho php. Chun ny nhm cung cp mt mng tc cao (100 Mbps v c th ln hn) c th hot ng trong cc mi trng hn hp Ethernet v Token Ring, bi th n chp nhn c hai dng khung. 100 VG AnyLAN l i th cnh tranh ng gm ca 100BASE-T (Fast Ethernet) nh mt s tnh nng tri hn, chng hn v khong cch i cp ti a cho php
5.5 Gii thiu mt s cng ngh mng LAN

5.5.1 Ethernet (802.3)
Ethernet d dng tr thnh cng ngh mng LAN thnh cng nht trong sut 20 nm qua. c pht trin vo gia thp k 1970s bi cc nh nghin cu ti Xerox Palo Atlto Research Center (PARC), Ethernet l mt v d thc tin ca loi mng cc b s dng giao thc CSMA/CD.
5.5.2 Tng quan

Khi thy, mt phn on mng ca Ethernet (Ethernet segment) c ci t trn mt si cable ng trc di ti a 500 m. Cc trm ni vo Ethernet segment bng cch mc dy (tab) ni vo n. Cc im u ni phi cch nhau t nht 2,5 m. Transceiver, mt thit b nh c gn trc tip vo im u ni, lm nhim v nghe ngng khi ng truyn ri a tn hiu ra khi trm pht tn hiu. Transceiver cng lm nhim v nhn tn hiu n. n lt transceiver li c ni n card mng Ethernet, c gn trong my trm. Tt c nhng chi tit lun l lm nn giao thc Ethernet c ci t trong card mng ny.
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H5.27 Bc phc ha Ethernet ca Bob Metcalfe, ngi sng lp ra Ethernet (Xerox PARC - 1972) V m t chi tit transceiver + adaptor
Cc segment c th c ni vi nhau bi cc repeater. Mt repeater l mt thit b dng chuyn tip tn hiu s. Tuy nhin, khng c c hn 4 repeater c t gia hai trm, c ngha l mt mng Ethernet nguyn thy ch ko di ti a l 2500 m. Bt k tn hiu no c pht ra Ethernet s c truyn qung b ra ton mng, repeater c nhim v chuyn tn hiu t trong segment ra ngoi, v nhn tn hiu t ngoi pht qung b vo trong segment.
H5.28 Ethernet Repeater
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5.5.2.1
Khun dng khung thng tin ca Ethernet
Bn gi s bao gi gi tin IP thnh khung Ethernet nh sau:
H5.29 Khun dng khung thng tin Ethernet Preamble: di 7 bytes vi mu 10101010 theo sau bi 1 byte vi mu 10101011, c s dng ng b ha tc ng h gia bn gi v bn nhn. Source and dest. addresses: a ch ngun v ch, gm 6 bytes. Khung c nhn bi tt c cc trm trong LAN. Khung b xa nu dest. address khng trng vi a ch MAC ca bt k trm no hoc khng phi thuc dng multicast. Type: ch ra giao thc c s dng tng cao hn, thng l IP, nhng cc giao thc khc vn c h tr - v d: Novell IPX v AppleTalk. CRC: Phn kim tra li. Li c kim tra ti trm ch. Nu khung c li, n s b xa.
5.5.2.2
a ch Ethernet
Mi host trong mt mng Ethernet (tht ra l tt c cc host trn th gii) c mt a ch Ethernet duy nht. M t mt cch k thut, a ch c gn vo card mng ch khng phi my tnh; n c ghi vo ROM trn card mng. Cc a ch Ethernet thng c in theo th thc m con ngi c th c c: mt dy gm 6 bytes c vit di dng thp lc phn, cch nhau bi du hai chm. V d 8:0:2b:e4:b1:2 l cch biu din d c ca a ch Ethernet sau 00001000 00000000 00101011 11100100 10110001 00000010 m bo rng mi card mng c gn mt a ch duy nht, mi nh sn xut thit b Ethernet c cp cho mt phn u a ch (prefix) khc nhau. V d Advanced Micro Devices c cp phn u di 24 bit x08002 (hay 8:0:2). Nh sn xut ny sau phi m bo phn ui (suffix) ca cc a ch m h sn xut ra l duy nht. Mi khung c pht ra Ethernet s c nhn bi tt c cc card mng c ni vi ng truyn. Mi card mng s so snh a ch ch trong khung vi a ch ca n, v ch cho vo my tnh nhng khung no trng a ch. a ch duy nht nh vy gi l a ch unicast. Ngoi ra cn c loi a ch broadcast l loi a ch qung b, c tt c cc bit u mang gi tr 1. Mi card mng u cho php cc khung thng tin c a ch ch l broadcast i n host ca n. Cng c mt loi a ch khc gi l multicast, trong ch mt vi bit u c t l 1. Mt host c th lp trnh iu khin card mng ca n chp nhn mt s lp a ch multicast. a ch multicast c dng gi thng ip n mt tp con (subset) cc host trong mng Ethernet.
5.5.2.3
Cch thc m ha tn hiu
chuyn i d liu bit sang tn hiu truyn trn ng truyn, Ethernet dng kiu m ha Manchester. Trong s m ha Manchester, mt bit s c m ha bng mt s thay i in th. Vi bit 1, in th i t 1 xung 0. Cn vi bit 0, in th i t 0 ln 1.
H5.30 M ha Machester
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5.5.2.4
Gii thut truy cp ng truyn
Ethernet s dng gii thut CSMA/CS+Exponential backoff, c trnh by c th nh sau:

Nhn mt gi tin t tng cao hn; K := 0; n :=0; // K: thi gian ch i ngu nhin; n: s v ng gp phi repeat: ch trong khong thi gian K*512 bit-time; while (ng truyn bn) wait; ch tip 96 bit-time sau khi nhn thy khng c tn hiu trn ng truyn; truyn khung v ch pht hin ng ; if (c ng ) { ngng truyn v pht tip mt dy nhi 48-bit; n ++; m:= min(n, 10); chn K ngu nhin t tp hp {0, 1, 2, , 2m-1}. if (n < 16) goto repeat; else b vic truyn; }
5.5.2.5
Cc cng ngh Ethernet 10-BASE-2
5.5.2.5.1
Gii thch cc k hiu: 10: 10 Mbps 2: chiu di cable ti a l 200 m Base: Baseband, Broad: Broadband. Mng Ethernet 10BASE2 s dng cp ng trc gy, hnh thi bus. Trong trng hp mng c nhiu segments, cc repeaters s c s dng ni kt cc segments ny li.
Hnh 2.31 M hnh mng 10BASE2
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5.5.2.5.2
10-BASE-T v 100-BASE-T
Mng t tc 10/100 Mbps, v sau c gi l fast Ethernet. Ch T vit tt cho Twisted Pair: cp xon i. Cch thc ni mng c m phng nh sau:
H5.32 M hnh mng 10BaseT
Cc HUB c ni ti cc SWITCH bng cp xon i. Vi cch thc u ni nh vy, mng c gi l hnh sao. C ch CSMA/CD c ci t ti HUB
5.5.2.5.3
GIGABIT ETHERNET
Gbit Ethernet s dng khun dng khung chun ca Ethernet. N cho php mng hot ng trn c hai kiu ni kt im im v knh qung b chia s. Trong kiu ni kt im-im, Gbit Ethernet s dng cc switches thay cho cc hub. ng truyn c s dng theo kiu hai chiu ng thi vi tc 1 Gbps. Trong kiu knh qung b chia s, Gbit Ethernet s dng cc hubs lm knh qung b v p dng gii thut CSMA/CD cc trm chia s vic s dng cc hubs ny.
5.5.3 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

Theo nhiu phng din, FDDI tng t nh 802.5 v IBM Token Ring. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng khc bit ng k, mt s pht sinh v l do FDDI chy trn cp quang, mt s khc pht sinh do c nhiu i mi sau khi ngi ta pht minh ra IBM Token Ring. Chng ta s tho lun v nhng khc bit quan trng trong phn di y.
5.5.3.1
Cc tnh cht vt l
Khng ging nh mng 802.5, mt mng FDDI bao gm mt vng i = hai vng c lp truyn d liu theo hai chiu ngc nhau (xem H5.33.a).
H5.33 Vng quang i: a) hot ng bnh thng; b) vng chnh b hng
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Vng ph khng c s dng trong khi h thng hot ng bnh thng, n ch vo cuc khi vng chnh b s c (xem H5.33.b). Ngha l vng chnh s qunh li vng ph to ra mt vng hon chnh, v chnh iu ny gip cho FDDI c kh nng chu li khi mt cng cp b t hay mt trm trong vng b hng. Do phi chu ph tn khi cu hnh theo kiu vng i, nn FDDI cn cho php mt trm chn ni vo ch mt vng n thi. Nhng trm nh vy gi l nhng trm ni n (single attachment station SAS). Nhng trm ni c vo hai vng d nhin s c gi l nhng trm u i (dual attachment station DAS). Mt b tp trung (concentrator) s c s dng ni cc SAS vo vng i (xem H5.34)
H5.34 Cc SAS c ni vo b tp trung
Nu mt SAS b hng hc, b tp trung s pht hin ra tnh trng ny v s dng c ch b qua tn hiu quang (obtical bypass) c lp SAS b hng, v th gi cho vng c thng sut. Trong FDDI, b m ca giao din mng c th c kch thc khc nhau ti nhng trm khc nhau, mc d kch thc ca n khng bao gi nh hn 9 bit v ln hn 80 bit. Mt trm cng c th bt u pht cc bit trong b m i trc khi b m ca n b y. D nhin l tng thi gian mt th bi di chuyn ht mt vng l mt hm ca kch thc ca cc b m ny. V d, FDDI l mng tc 100 Mbps, n c thi gian x l 1 bit l 10 ns. Nu mi trm ci t buffer di 10 bit v ch cho n khi buffer b y mt na mi bt u truyn, th mi trm to ra thi gian tr hon l 5 10 ns = 50 ns i vi tng thi gian xoay vng mng. FDDI cn c cc tnh cht vt l khc. Chng hn, mt mng n c gii hn chun l c ti a 500 trm lm vic, vi khong cch xa nht gia mt cp trm bt k l 2 km. Nhng trn ht, mng li b gii hn vi kch thc tng cng l 200 km cp quang. Do tnh cht l vng i, nn tng kch thc cp quang ni tt c cc trm l 100 km. Ngoi ra, mc d k t F m ch cp quang, nhng chun FDDI c nh ngha c th chy trn mt s thit b ti khc, bao gm c cp ng trc v cp xon i. Tuy nhin cng nn cn thn khi xt n tng kch thc m vng bao ph. Nh chng ta s thy di y, lng thi gian b ra cho th bi i ht mt vng mng s ng vai tr quan trng trong gii thut iu khin truy cp. FDDI s dng phng php m ha 4B/5B. Do FDDI chun mng ph bin u tin s dng cp quang, nn cc con chp m ha dng 4B/5B chy trn tc ca FDDI c rt nhiu ngoi th trng.
5.5.3.2
Gii thut Th bi c nh thi Timed Token
Cc lut qui nh thi gian gi th bi trong FDDI phc tp hn trong 802.5 mt t. THT cho mi trm c tnh nh trong phn trnh by v Token Ring, v c tinh chnh c c mt gi tr hp l. Ngoi ra, m bo cho mi trm c c hi truyn trong mt khong thi gian c th no , ngha l t mt cn trn cho gi tr TRT m mi trm u thy c, chng ta nh ngha thng s ch thi gian xoay vng ca th bi (target token rotation time TTRT). (Vic cc trm thng nht vi nhau v thi gian TTRT nh th no s c trnh by trong phn pha di). Mi trm o thi gian gia hai ln lin tip th bi n n, chng ta gi thi gian ny l TRT o c ca trm (measured TRT). Nu thi gian TRT o c ca trm ln hn thi gian TTRT c dn xp trc th th bi b tr, v th trm s khng c truyn d liu na. Ngc li, th bi n sm v trm s c quyn gi th bi trong khong thi gian (TTRT-TRT).
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Tuy nhin, c vn pht sinh nh sau: Nu mt nt c qu nhiu d liu cn phi gi c c hi gi th bi, n s tn dng ht thi gian gi th bi c php. V th nt k sau n s tnh ton v thy thi gian TTRT v TRT l bng nhau, ngha l nt k sau ny s khng c quyn truyn d liu na. tnh n kh nng ny, FDDI nh ngha hai lp giao thng trn mng: ng b v d b. Khi mt trm c c th bi, n lun c php gi d liu dng ng b m khng cn phi quan tm l th bi ti sm hay tr. Ngc li, trm c th gi d liu dng d b ch khi th bi ti sm. Ch rng cc khi nim ng b v d b y c th gy hiu lm. Bng cch dng khi nim ng b, FDDI m ch rng giao thng trn mng l c nhy cm vi tr thng tin. V d, ngi ta s mun gi m thanh hay video trn mng FDDI theo kiu ng b. Ngc li, nhng ng dng no quan tm n thng lng ca ng truyn th s thch kiu truyn d b hn. V d, ng dng truyn file trn mng s mun s dng kiu lu thng d b trn FDDI. Li thm vn pht sinh: Do kiu lu thng dng ng b khng c quan tm n vic th bi n sm hay mun, nn c kh nng nu trm co-dn thi gian gi d liu ng b th thng s TTRT khng cn ngha g na! gii quyt vn ny, ta qui nh: tng thi gian gi d liu ng b trong mt vng xoay ca th bi khng c vt qu TTRT.
5.5.3.3
Qun l th bi
Cc c ch m FDDI dng m bo lun c mt th bi hp l chy trn vng cng khc so vi 802.5, do chng dnh vi qu trnh thit t TTRT. Trc tin, tt c cc trm trong vng lun quan st m bo l th bi khng b mt. rng mt trm trn vng lun c th thy c thi gian truyn hp l ca khung hay l th bi. Thi gian ri ti a gia nhng ln truyn hp l m mi trm nn bit qua l bng tr ca vng cng vi thi gian b ra truyn mt khung y. (Trn mt vng c kch thc ti a, thi gian ti a truyn mt khung y l nh hn 2.5 ms). Do , mi trm s t b m ln, b m ny s ht hn trong thi gian 2.5 ms. Nu b m ht hn, trm s nghi ng l c vn khng n v s pht khung thnh cu. Ngc li khi b m cha ht hn m trm thy c mt s truyn hp l, n s t li gi tr ti a ca b m l 2.5 ms. Khung thnh cu trong FDDI khc vi trong 802.5 do n c cha gi tr TTRT m trm mi cho (bid for the TTRT), ngha l: l thi gian xoay vng ca th bi m trm cm thy cc ng dng chy trn n tha mn cc rng buc v thi gian. Mt trm c th gi khung thnh cu trong khi khng c th bi trong tay, v n thng lm vy khi c nghi ng mt th bi hoc khi mi tham gia vo vng ln u tin. Nu khung thnh cu i c ht mt vng v quay li, trm pht s xa n i v hiu rng gi tr TTRT c mi cho trong l gi tr nh nht. By gi c th coi l trm ang nm th bi, ngha l n c trch nhim chn vo mng mt th bi hp l, v c th tip tc vi gii thut dng th bi thng thng. Khi mt nt nhn c mt khung thnh cu, n kim tra xem gi tr TTRT c mi cho trong c nh hn gi tr TTRT ca chnh n khng. Nu nh hn, n s t li gi tr TTRT ca n thnh gi tr TTRT c mi cho. Nu ln hn, trm s xa khung thnh cu ny i, chn vo vng mt khung thnh cu mi cha gi tr TTRT c mi cho bng gi tr TTRT ca n. Trng hp cui cng, nu gi tr TTRT c mi cho bng vi gi tr TTRT ca trm, trm s so snh a ch ca trm gi khung thnh cu v a ch ca n, a ch no ln hn s thng ngha l bn thng s s hu khung thnh cu. Do , nu mt khung thnh cu i ht mt vng v tr v trm gi, trm gi s bit rng n l ngi mi cho gi tr TTRT duy nht v n c th to ra mt th bi mi mt cch an ton. Ti thi im , tt c cc trm by gi u ng rng gi tr TTRT l gi tr nh lm cho tt c chng cm thy hnh phc! 5.5.4
8 Start of frame
Khun dng ca khung thng tin

8 Control 48 Dest addr 48 Src addr Body 32 CRC 8 End of frame 24 Status
H5.35 Khung thng tin FDDI
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Do FDDI s dng c ch m ha 4B/5B, nn n dng cc k t iu khin 4B/5B. Ngoi ra trong phn Control c tn ti mt bit phn bit kiu lu thng l d b hay ng b.
5.5.5 Mng khng dy (802.11)

Mng khng dy l k thut ni mng ang pht trin nhanh hin nay. Nh chng ta bit, kh nng xy dng mng khng dy l hu nh khng c gii hn, tri di t cch s dng tn hiu hng ngoi dng mng ni b trong phm vi mt ta nh cho n vic kin thit mng ton cu t mt li cc v tinh qu o thp. Phn ny s c ci nhn gn hn vo mt k thut c th xoay quanh chun 802.11 ang ni hin nay. Ging nh nhng ngi anh em Ethernet v Token Ring, 802.11 c thit k hot ng trong mt phm vi a l hp (cc ngi nh, cc ta nh vn phng, cc khu i hc) v thch thc quan trng n t ra l phi tr tnh n vic truy xut n phng tin truyn thng chia s - trong trng hp ny l cc tn hiu lan truyn trong khng gian. 802.11 h tr thm mt s tnh nng nh cc dch v c gii hn v thi gian, qun l nng lng v cc c ch an ton, nhng chng ta ch tp trung vo tho lun v chc nng c bn ca n thi.
5.5.5.1
Cc tnh cht vt l
802.11 c thit k chy trn ba phng tin vt l khc nhau - hai da trn sng radio ph rng v mt da trn tia hng ngoi c khuch tn. Phin bn chy trn sng radio hin ang chy vi tc 11 Mbps, nhng c th sm t c tc 54 Mbps. tng ng sau khi nim ph tn rng l nhm tri rng tn hiu ln trn mt bng tn rng hn so vi bnh thng, v th c th gim thiu tc ng ca s giao thoa tn hiu vi cc thit b khc. V d, k thut nhy tn s (frequency hopping) l mt k thut s dng ph tn rng, n xoay quanh vic gi tn hiu qua mt dy tn s ngu nhin; ngha l ln u s gi trn mt tn s, ln hai gi trn tn s khc, ln th ba v vn vn. Dy tn s ny khng tht s l ngu nhin m c tnh ton mt cch c gii thut bi mt b sinh s ngu nhin. Bn nhn s dng cng mt gii thut nh bn gi v do c th nhy qua cc tn s khc nhau ng b vi bn gi nhn chnh xc khung thng tin. Mt k thut s dng ph tn rng khc, c gi l dy trc tip (direct sequence), cng t c cng mt hiu qu bng cch th hin mt bit trong khung thnh nhiu bit trong tn hiu truyn i. Vi mi bit bn gi mun truyn i, n thc ra s gi mt chui bit l kt qu ca php ton exclusive-OR ca bit vi mt chui n bit ngu nhin. Cng nh trong frequency hopping, chui n bit ny c sinh ra bi mt b sinh s ngu nhin v c hiu bi c hai bn gi v nhn. Cc gi tr c truyn i, c gi l m ct lt n bit (n-bit chipping code), s ri tn hiu trn mt di tn rng hn gp n ln so vi di tn m thng thng khung cn c truyn i. H5.35 l mt v d v m ct lt 4 bit.
H5.36 V d v m ct lt 4 bit.
802.11 nh ngha mt lp vt l s dng c ch nhy tn s (trn 79 di tn c rng 1-Mhz), lp vt l th hai s dng dy trc tip (s dng dy ct lt 11 bit). C hai chun u chy trn sng in t bng tn 2.4 GHz. Trong c hai trng hp, vic tri rng ph truyn u c im
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th v l lm cho tn hiu ging nh nhiu i vi bt k bn nhn no khng bit chui ngu nhin gi. Chun vt l th ba ca 802.11 da trn tn hiu hng ngoi. Tn hiu lu thng s c khuch tn, ngha l bn gi v bn nhn khng cn phi hng vo nhau v khng cn tm nhn r rng. K thut ny c phm vi hot ng khong 10 m v b gii hn ch trong cc ta nh m thi.
5.5.5.2
Trnh ng (Collision Avoidance)
Thot nhn, c v nh giao thc khng dy cng tun th cng gii thut nh Ethernet: i cho n khi ng truyn ri th mi truyn, li li nu c ng . 802.11 cng lm tng t nh vy. Tuy nhin, vn phc tp hn trong h thng mng khng dy, bi v khng phi tt c cc nt u c th thy nhau!
H5.37 V d v mng khng dy
Xt tnh hung c ch ra trong H5.37, mi trm ch c th gi v nhn tn hiu n hai nt k tri v phi ca n. V d nt B c th trao i cc khung d liu vi nt A v C nhng khng th pht tn hiu n D c, trong khi C ch c th trao i vi B v D m khng th vi A. (Tm ph sng ca A v D khng c v trong hnh). Gi s c A v C cng mun ni giao tip vi B v do chng cng gi khung n B. A v C khng bit g v nhau do sng khng th i xa nh vy. Hai khung ny s b ng ti B, nhng khng nh trong Ethernet, khng ai trong A v C hay bit g v s ng ny. A v C c gi l cc nt n (hiden nodes) i vi nhau. Mt vn lin quan na, gi l vn nt b phi trn (exposed node problem), pht sinh trong tnh hung sau: Gi s B ang gi cho A, nt C nhn bit c tnh hung ny v n nghe c vic truyn ca B. V s l sai lm nu C kt lun l n khng th truyn n bt k nt no khc do n nghe thy B ang truyn. V d, gi s C mun truyn cho D th vic ny khng gy nh hng g v vic truyn t C n D khng can d vo kh nng nhn tn hiu ca A t B. (Ch gy nh hng khi A truyn cho B, nhng trong trng hp ny B ang truyn). 802.11 gii quyt hai vn trn bng mt gii thut gi l a truy cp vi c ch trnh ng Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (MACA). tng l cho hai bn gi v nhn trao i nhng khung iu khin vi nhau trc khi tht s truyn d liu. Vic trao i ny dng l thng bo cho cc trm ln cn rng mt phin truyn d liu sp xy ra. C th gii thut nh sau: Bn gi gi mt khung yu cu gi Request To Send (RTS) n bn nhn; khung RTS c cha mt trng, trong ch ra bn gi mun gi knh truyn bao lu ( ngha l n ch ra chiu di ca khung cn gi). Bn nhn s tr li bng khung sn sng nhn Clear To Send (CTS); khung ny s lp li trng chiu di khung nh pha bn gi. Bt k trm no thy khung CTS cng hiu c rng trm bn nhn gn n, cho nn n s khng th gi khung trong khong thi gian c ch ra trong CTS. Cn nhng trm thy khung RTS nhng khng thy khung CTS u th chc chn l khng gn bn nhn, do chng c quyn t do gi khung i. C thm hai chi tit na hon thin bc tranh v Wireless LAN. Th nht, bn nhn gi mt khung bo nhn (ACK) cho bn gi sau khi nhn thnh cng mt khung d liu. Tt c cc nt khc phi ch khung ACK ny i qua trc khi th truyn khung ca mnh. (Khung ACK ny khng c trong phin bn MACA gc, thay vo n c ngh trong mt phin bn m rng c gi l MACW: MACA for Wireless LANs). Th hai, trng hp c hn hai trm pht hin knh truyn ri, chng s gi khung RTS cng lc, dn n cc khung ny b va chm vi nhau. 802.11 khng c h tr c ch pht hin ng , thay vo , cc trm nhn ra s ng khi
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chng khng nhn c cc khung CTS sau mt khong thi gian no . Nu th, mi trm s ch i sau mt khong thi gian ngu nhin no trc khi th gi khung RTS ln na. Khong thi gian m mt trm ch th li c nh ngha ging nh thut ton back-off trong Ethernet.
5.5.5.3
H thng phn tn
Nh nhng g trnh by, 802.11 c th thch hp vi cu hnh mng dng ad-hoc, trong cc nt c th hoc khng th giao tip vi nhng nt cn li, ty thuc vo khong cch gia chng l gn hay xa. Ngoi ra, do mt trong nhng thun li ca mng khng dy l cc nt c th t do di chuyn do chng khng b tri buc bi h thng dy ni, tp cc nt c th thy nhau trc tip l thay i theo thi gian. gip gii quyt vn di ng v ni kt mt phn ny, 802.11 nh ngha thm mt kin trc trn mt tp cc nt. Cc nt c quyn t do giao tip trc tip vi nhau nh trnh by, nhng trong thc t chng hot ng bn trong kin trc ny.
H5.38 Cc im truy cp c ni kt vo mng phn tn
Thay v tt c cc nt c to ra nh nhau, mt s nt c php i lang thang ( l my laptop ca bn) v mt s c ni kt ti mt h tng mng c ni dy. Cc trm ni kt c dy c gi l cc im truy cp - access point (AP) v chng c ni vi nhau bng ci gi l h thng phn tn. H5.38 m phng mt h thng phn tn ni kt ba im truy cp, mi im truy cp phc v cc nt di ng trong khu vc mnh ph trch. Mi khu vc ny ging nh mt cell trong h thng in thoi di ng, vi AP hot ng ging nh Base station. Mc d hai nt c th giao tip trc tip vi nhau nu chng trong tm vi ca nhau, tuy nhin tng trong kin trc ny l: mi nt s kt hp vi mt im truy cp ca n. V d, nt A giao tip c vi nt E, u tin A gi khung ca n n im truy cp AP-1, AP-1 s gi khung qua h thng phn tn n AP-3, ri AP-3 s phn pht khung n E. Ch ra AP-1 lm cch no chuyn khung n AP-3 l nm ngoi phm vi ca 802.11, mt giao thc cu ni (s c nghin cu tng mng) c th c s dng lm nhim v ny. Nhng g 802.11 c th lm l xc nh cch thc cc nt chn ra AP ca chng, v th v hn na l lm sao giao thc ny hot ng c trong tnh cnh cc nt di chuyn t cell ny n cell khc. K thut chn ra mt AP c gi l k thut qut (scanning) v n xoay quanh bn bc sau: 1. Nt gi mt khung Probe (thm d). 2. Tt c im truy cp (AP) trong tm vi ca nt s tr li bng mt khung Probe Response (tr li thm d). 3. Nt s chn mt trong cc im truy cp trn v gi n im truy cp mt khung Association Request (yu cu gia nhp). 4. im truy cp tr li bng mt khung Association Reponse (tr li cho yu cu gia nhp). Mt nt tin hnh giao thc ny khi n ln u tham gia vo mng hoc n khng hi lng vi AP hin ti. iu ny c th xy ra, v d nh v tn hiu t AP hin ti yu dn do nt cng di chuyn xa AP. Mi khi nt kim c AP mi, AP mi s nhc nh AP c v s thay i ny.
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H5.39 S di ng ca nt mng
Ly v d nh trong H5.38, khi m nt C di chuyn t cell c phc v bi AP-1 sang cell c phc v bi AP-2. Khi C di chuyn, n gi khung Probe n AP-2 v c AP-2 tr li bng khung Probe Response. Ti thi im , C thch AP-2 hn AP-2, do n gia nhp vo im truy cp ny. C ch va c m t c gi l c ch qut ch ng active scanning, do nt ch ng d tm im truy cp. Cc AP cng thng xuyn gi khung Beacon (n hiu) qung co cho kh nng ca mnh, bao gm tc truyn c im truy cp h tr. C ch ny c gi l qut th ng passive scanning, v mt nt c th chuyn sang im truy cp ny n gin bng cch gi mt khung Association Request ngc li AP.
5.5.5.4
Khun dng khung
H5.40 Khun dng khung 802.11
Hu ht cc thng tin trong khung 802.11, nh c v trong H5.40, l u nh chng ta mong mun. Khung bao gm a ch ngun v ch, mi ci di 48 bits; d liu ti a 2312 bytes; v phn kim tra li CRC 32 bits. Trng Control cha ba trng con: Trng Type di 6 bits dng ch ra khung l khung d liu, hay l khung RTS, hay l CTS, hoc cng c s dng bi gii thut qut; mt cp trng mi trng di 1 bit gi l ToDS v FromDS, s c gii thch ngay sau y. iu k d trong khung 802.11 l n cha n bn a ch. Cch thc thng dch cc a ch ny li ph thuc vo vic thit t cc bt ToDS v FromDS trong trng Control. iu ny l tnh n kh nng khung phi c chuyn tip qua h thng phn tn, c ngha l bn gi nguyn thy khng nht thit phi l nt pht khung gn y nht. Cng tng t i vi a ch bn nhn. Trong trng hp n gin nht, khi mt nt gi khung trc tip n nt kia, c hai bit DS u c gi tr 0, Addr1 cha a ch nt ch, Addr2 cha a ch nt ngun. Trong trng hp phc tp nht, c hai bit DS mang gi tr 1, ch ra rng khung thng tin i t nt khng dy qua h thng phn tn v ri t h thng phn tn n nt khng dy bn ch. Vi c hai bit DS c t, Addr1 nh danh ch cui cng, Addr2 nh danh nt gi tm thi (l nt chuyn khung t h thng phn tn n ch cui cng), Addr3 nh danh nt ch tm thi (l nt nhn khung t nt khng dy v trung chuyn khung xuyn qua h thng phn tn), Addr4 nh danh nt gi nguyn thy. Trong v d H5.37, Addr1=E, Addr2=AP-3, Addr3=AP-1, Addr4=A.
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Chng 6: Tng mng (Network Layer)

Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi c nhng ni dung sau: Vai tr ca router trong vic xy dng cc lin mng c phm vi rng v khng ng nht v chun ca cc mng cc b thnh phn Cc dch v m tng mng phi cung cp cho tng vn chuyn C ch hot ng ca router Cc vn lin quan n gii thut chn ng cho cc router Gii thiu v b giao thc lin mng IP
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi c phi c c nhng kh nng sau: M t c s tng qut ca mt lin mng tng 3 v vai tr ca router trong lin mng ny Trnh by c cc dch v m tng mng phi cung cp cho tng vn chuyn Gii thch c ch truyn ti thng tin theo k thut truyn ti lu v chuyn tip ca cc router Gii thch c ngha ca bng chn ng trong router Phn bit c cc loi gii thut chn ng khc nhau Ci t c cc gii thut chn ng Dijkstra, Ford-Fulkerson, Distance Vector, Link state Nu ln c cc phng php chng tc nghn trn mng din rng Bit cch thit lp s nh a ch IP cho mng Thc hin c vic phn mng con theo nhng yu cu khc nhau theo c hai phng php : Phn lp hon ton v Vch ng lin min khng phn lp Xy dng c bng chn ng th cng cho cc router trong mng IP Nu ln c ngha ca cc giao thc ARP, RARP v ICMP trong b giao thc IP
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6.1 Gii thiu

Chng ta xem xt cch thc xy dng v vn hnh ca cc mng n l s dng cc ni kt im im, cc ng truyn chia s v cc b hon chuyn (switch). Vn pht sinh l c nhiu ngi mun xy dng h thng mng ring ca h theo nhiu k thut khc nhau nhng li mun giao tip vi nhau m khng quan tm rng h ang hot ng trn cc h thng khng ng nht. Chng ny s trnh by v cch thc ni kt nhng mng khng ng nht li vi nhau. C hai vn quan trng cn phi quan tm khi ni kt cc mng: tnh khng ng nht (heterogeneity) v phm vi (scale) khc nhau ca chng. Gii thch mt cch n gin, tnh khng ng nht l khi ngi dng trn hai mng khc kiu nhau mun giao tip vi nhau. Phc tp hn mt cht, ta c th thy vic ni kt cc host trn cc mng khc nhau c th s i hi vic duyt qua nhiu mng trung gian, m cc mng trung gian ny li c th c kiu khc nhau. Chng c th l mng Ethernet, Token Ring hay mng dng im ni im, hoc nhiu kiu mng hon chuyn (switch) khc nhau, v chng li s dng cc phng thc nh a ch ring, cc phng php truy cp ng truyn ring v c m hnh dch v ring na. Thch thc i vi vn khng ng nht l lm sao cung cp cho ngi dng mt dch v ni kt host-host d hiu xuyn qua m hn n cc mng khng ng nht. hiu v vn phm vi mng, ta ly mt v d c gi tr l s pht trin ca mng Internet, mng c tc pht trin gn gp i sau mi nm trong vng 20 nm qua. Kiu pht trin chng mt ny buc chng ta phi i mt vi nhiu thch thc. Mt trong s l vic vch ng: Lm sao tm ra mt ng i hu hiu xuyn qua mt mng gm c triu nt mng? Thm mt vn c lin quan n vch ng l phng php nh a ch, l cch gn cho mi nt trn mng mt nh danh duy nht. Tng mng c nhim v a cc gi tin t my gi qua cc chn ng n c my nhn. n c ch n, gi tin c th phi i tng bc mt qua nhiu router trung gian. iu ny th tri ngc vi tng lin kt d liu vn ch chu trch nhim truyn ti cc khung i t u ny n u kia ca mt knh truyn vt l. thc hin c nhim v ny, tng mng phi bit c hnh trng ca mng ng trc (subnet) v chn ng thch hp cho gi tin i. N phi ch n vic chn ng sao cho trnh c tnh trng tc nghn trn mt s ng truyn v router trong khi s khc th ang rnh ri.
6.2 Cc vn lin quan n vic thit k tng mng

6.2.1 K thut hon chuyn lu v chuyn tip (Store-and-Forward Switching)
Xt mt lin mng nh hnh di y
H6.1 K thut lu v chuyn tip trn tng mng
Trong cc router nm trong hnh oval c ni li vi nhau bng cc ng truyn theo kiu im ni im c gi l cc thit b ca nh cung cp ng truyn (Carriers equipment). Cc thit b nm bn ngoi hnh oval c gi l cc thit b ca khch hng (Customers Equipment).
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My tnh H1 c ni trc tip vo router A ca nh cung cp ng truyn bng mt ng ni kt thng trc (lease line). My H2 ni kt vo mt mng LAN cc b. Trong mng LAN c router F thuc s hu ca khch hng. F c ni vi router E ca nh cung cp cng bng mt ng ni kt thng trc. Cho d cch thc ni kt vo mng ca cc my tnh c th khc nhau nh trng hp my H1 v H2, nhng cch thc cc gi tin ca chng c truyn i u ging nhau. Mt my tnh c mt gi tin cn truyn i s gi gi tin n router gn n nht, c th l router trn LAN ca n hoc router ca nh cung cp ng truyn. Gi tin c lu li v c kim tra li. K n gi tin s c chuyn n mt router k tip trn ng i n ch ca gi tin. V c tip tc nh th cho n khi n c my nhn gi tin. y chnh l k thut lu v chuyn tip.
6.2.2 Cc dch v cung cp cho tng vn chuyn

Cc dch v tng mng cung cp cho tng vn chuyn cn c thit k hng n cc mc tiu sau: Cc dch v ny cn nn c lp vi k thut ca cc router. 1. Tng vn chuyn cn c c lp vi s lng, kiu v hnh trng ca cc router hin hnh. 2. a ch mng cung cp cho tng vn chuyn phi c s nh s nht qun cho d chng l LAN hay WAN. Tng mng cung cp hai dch v chnh l Dch v khng ni kt (Connectionless Service) v Dch v nh hng ni kt (Connection Oriented Service). Trong dch v khng ni kt, cc gi tin c a vo subnet mt cch ring l v c vch ng mt cch c lp nhau. Khng cn thit phi thit lp ni kt trc khi truyn tin. Cc gi tin trong trng hp ny c gi l th tn (Datagram) v subnet c gi l Datagram Subnet. Ngc li trong dch v nh hng ni kt, mt ng ni kt gia bn gi v bn nhn phi c thit lp trc khi cc gi tin c th c gi i. Ni kt ny c gi l mch o (Virtual Circuit) tng t nh mch vt l c ni kt trong h thng in thoi v subnet trong trng hp ny c gi l virtual circuit subnet.
6.2.2.1
Ci t dch v khng ni kt ( Implementation of Connectionless Service)
Xt h thng mng nh hnh H6.2. Gi s rng qu trnh P1 c nhiu thng ip cn gi cho qu trnh P2. Khi P1 s gi cc thng ip ny cho tng vn chuyn v yu cu tng vn chuyn truyn sang qu trnh P2 trn my tnh H2. Tng vn chuyn s gn thm tiu (header) ca n vo thng ip v chuyn cc thng ip xung tng mng.
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ch n
Bc k tip
H6.2 Hot ng ca Datagram subnet
Gi s rng thng ip gi i th ln gp 4 ln kch thc ti a ca mt gi tin, v th tng mng phi chia thng ip ra thnh 4 gi tin 1,2,3 v 4, v ln lt gi tng gi mt n router A bng mt giao thc im ni im nh PPP chng hn. Mi router c mt bng thng tin cc b ch ra ni no c th gi cc gi tin c th n c nhng ch n khc nhau trn mng. Mi mc t ca bng cha 2 thng quan trng nht l ch n (Destination) v ng ra k tip (Next Hop) cn phi chuyn gi tin n c th n c ch n ny. Ta gi l bng chn ng (Routing Table). V d Lc khi u, router A c bng chn ng nh hnh H6.2 (lc u). Khi gi tin 1,2 v 3 n router A, n c lu tm thi kim tra li. Sau chng c chuyn tip sang router C v theo thng tin trong bng chn ng ca A. Gi tin 1 sau tip tc c chuyn n E v k n l F. Sau n c gi li trong mt khung ca tng lin kt d liu v c chuyn n my H2 bi mng LAN. Cc gi tin 2 v 3 cng c cng ng i tng t. Sau , do mt s s c v ng truyn, router A cp nht li bng chn ng ca mnh nh hnh H6.2(lc sau). Khi gi tin s 4 n router A, n s chuyn gi tin ny sang B c th i c n H2. Gii thut chu trch nhim qun l thng tin trong bng chn ng cng nh thc hin cc quyt nh v chn ng c gi l Gii thut chn ng (Routing algorithm).
6.2.2.2
Ci t dch v nh hng ni kt (Connection Oriented Service)
i vi dch v ni kt nh hng chng ta cn mt mch o trn subnet. Mc ch ca vic s dng mch o l trnh phi thc hin vic chn li ng i mi cho mi gi tin gi n cng mt ch. Khi mt ni kt c thc hin, mt ng i t my tnh gi n my tnh nhn c chn nh l mt phn ca giai on thit lp ni kt (Connection setup) v c lu trong bng chn ng ca cc router nm trn ng i. Khi ni kt kt thc, mch o b xa. Vi dch v nh hng ni kt, mi gi tin c mang mt s nh dng xc nh mch o m n thuc v.
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H6.3 Hot ng ca Datagram subnet
Nh hnh H6.3, my tnh H1 thc hin mt ni kt vi my tnh H2 qua ni kt s 1. Ni kt ny c ghi nhn trong mc t u tin trong bng chn ng ca cc router. Dng u tin trong bng chn ng ca router A ni rng: nhng gi tin mang s nhn dng ni kt s 1 n t my H1 phi c gi sang router C vi s nhn dng ni kt l 1. Tng t, cho cc mc t u tin ca router C v E. iu g xy ra nu my tnh H3 mun ni kt vi my tnh H2. N chn s nhn dng ni kt l 1, v y l ni kt u tin i vi H3, v yu cu subnet thit lp mch o. iu ny lm cho cc router phi thm vo mc t s 2 trong bng chn ng. i vi router A, s nhn dng ni kt vi H3 l 1, trng vi ni kt vi H1, khng lm router A ln ln v A c thm thng tin my gi l H1 hay H3. Tuy nhin, i vi cc router C, E v F th khng th phn bit c u l ni kt ca H1 v u l ni kt ca H3 nu s dng s nhn dng ni kt l 1 cho c 2 ni kt. Chnh v th A gn mt s nhn dng khc, l s 2, cho cc gi tin gi n C c ngun gc t H3.
6.2.2.3
So snh gia Datagram subnet v Virtual-Circuit subnet
Bng sau so snh im mnh v im yu ca 2 loi dch v khng ni kt v nh hng ni kt: Vn Thit lp ni kt nh a ch Thng tin trng thi Chn ng nh hng khi router b hng Cht lng dch v Datagram Subnet Khng cn Mi gi tin cha y a ch gi v nhn Router khng cn phi lu gi thng tin trng thi ca cc ni kt Mi gi tin c ng i khc nhau Khng b nh hng, ngoi tr gi tin ang trn ng truyn b hng Kh m bo Circuit Subnet Cn thit Mi gi tin ch cha s nhn dng ni kt c kch thc nh. Mi ni kt phi c lu li trong bng chn ng ca router. ng i c chn khi mch o c thit lp, sau tt c cc gi tin u i trn ng ny. Tt c cc mch o i qua router b hng u b kt thc C th thc hin d dng nu c ti nguyn gn trc cho tng ni kt 97
iu khin tc nghn
Kh iu khin
C th thc hin d dng nu c ti nguyn gn trc cho tng ni kt
6.3 Gii thut chn ng

6.3.1 Gii thiu
Vch ng v bn cht l mt bi ton trong l thuyt th. Hnh 6.4 th hin mt th biu din cho mt mng.
A 3 4 C B 9 1 1 D 1 E
6 2 F
H6.4 Mng c biu din nh mt th
Cc nt trong th (c nh du t A n F) c th l cc host, switch, router hoc l cc mng con. y chng ta tp trung vo mt trng hp cc nt l cc router. Cc cnh ca th tng ng vi cc ng ni kt mng. Mi cnh c mt chi ph nh km, l thng s ch ra ci gi phi tr khi lu thng trn ni kt mng . Vn c bn ca vic vch ng l tm ra ng i c chi ph thp nht gia hai nt mng bt k, trong chi ph ca ng i c tnh bng tng chi ph khi i qua tt c cc cnh lm thnh ng i . Nu khng c mt ng i gia hai nt, th di ng i gia chng c xem nh bng v cng.
6.3.2 Mc tiu ca gii thut chn ng

Xc nh ng i nhanh chng, chnh xc. Kh nng thch nghi c vi nhng thay i v hnh trng mng. Kh nng thch nghi c vi nhng thay i v ti ng truyn. Kh nng trnh c cc ni kt b tt nghn tm thi Chi ph tnh ton tm ra c ng i phi thp
6.3.3 Phn loi gii thut chn ng

Gii thut chn ng c th c phn thnh nhng loi sau: Chn ng tp trung (Centralized routing): Trong mng c mt Trung tm iu khin mng (Network Control Center) chu trch nhim tnh ton v cp nht thng tin v ng i n tt c cc im khc nhau trn ton mng cho tt c cc router. Chn ng phn tn (Distributed routing): Trong h thng ny, mi router phi t tnh ton tm kim thng tin v cc ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn mng. lm c iu ny, cc router cn phi trao i thng tin quan li vi nhau. Chn ng tnh (Static routing): Trong gii thut ny, cc router khng th t cp nht thng tin v ng i khi hnh trng mng thay i. Thng thng nh qun mng s l ngi cp nht thng tin v ng i cho router. Chn ng ng (Dynamic routing): Trong gii thut ny, cc router s t ng cp nht li thng tin v ng i khi hnh trng mng b thay i.
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6.3.4 Cc gii thut tm ng i ti u

ng i ti u t A n B l ng i ngn nht trong s cc ng i c th. Tuy nhin khi nim ngn nht c th c hiu theo nhiu ngha khc nhau ty thuc vo n v dng o chiu di ng i. i vi cc router, cc i lng sau c th c s dng o di ng i: o S lng cc router trung gian phi i qua (HOP) o tr qun trung bnh ca cc gi tn o Cc ph truyn tin Mi gii thut chn ng trc tin phi chn cho mnh n v o chiu di ng i. xc nh c ng i ti u, cc gii thut chn ng s dng phng php th tnh ton. Trc tin, n m hnh ha hnh trng mng thnh mt th c cc c im nh sau: Nt l cc router. Cnh ni lin 2 nt l ng truyn H6.5 M hnh ha mng thnh th ni hai router. Trn mi cnh c gi l chiu di ng i gia 2 router thng qua ng truyn ni hai router . Chiu di ng i t nt A n nt B l tng tt c cc gi ca cc cnh nm trn ng i. Nu khng c ng i gia 2 router th xem nh gi l v cng. Trn th ny s thc hin vic tnh ton tm ng i ngn nht.
6.3.4.1
Gii thut tm ng i ngn nht Dijkstra
Mc ch l tm ng i ngn nht t mt nt cho trc trn th n cc nt cn li trn mng. Gii thut c m t nh sau: Gi: o S l nt ngun cho trc o N: l tp hp tt c cc nt xc nh c ng i ngn nht t S. o Di: l di ng i ngn nht t nt ngun S n nt i. o lij: l gi ca cnh ni trc tip nt i vi nt j, s l nu khng c cnh ni trc tip gia i v j. o Pj l nt cha ca ca nt j. Bc 1: Khi to o N={S}; Ds=0; o Vi iS: Di=lsi , Pi=S Bc 2: Tm nt gn nht k tip o Tm nt i N tho Di= min (Dj) vi j N o Thm nt i vo N. o Nu N cha tt c cc nt ca th th dng. Ngc li sang Bc 3 o Bc 3: Tnh li gi ng i nh nht Vi mi nt j N: Tnh li Dj= min{ Dj, Di+ lij} ; Pj=i; Tr li Bc 2 V d: Cho mng c hnh trng nh th hnh H6.6: Tm ng i ngn nht t nt 1 n cc nt cn li. p dng gii thut ta c: S=1 Cc bc thc hin c m t nh sau:
H6.6 Hnh trng mn
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Ln lp Khi to 1 2 3 4 5
N {1} {1,3} {1,3,2} {1,3,2,6} {1,3,2,6,4} {1,3,2,6,4,5}
D2 3 3 3
D3 2 2
D4 5 4 4 4 4
D5 7 5 5 5
D6 3 3 3
P2 1 1 1
P3 1 1
P4 1 3 3 3 3
P5 1 1 2 6 6 6
P6 1 3 3 3
T kt qu trn ta v c cy c ng i ngn nht t nt s 1 n cc nt cn li nh hnh H6.7. T cy ng i ngn nht ny, ta xc nh c rng: i n cc router router 4, 5, 6 , bc k tip router 1 cn gi gi tin n l router s 3 (next hop). Ch , ng ngn nht ny ch ng theo hng t nt s 1 v cc nt cn li v ch ng cho nt s 1 m thi. Thng thng gii thut Dijkstra c s dng theo m hnh chn ng tp trung. Trong , Trung tm iu khin mng s tm cy ng i ngn nht cho tng router trn mng v t xy dng bng chn ng ti u cho tt c cc router.
H6.7 Cy ng i ngn nht t nt 1
6.3.4.2
Gii thut chn ng ti u Ford-Fulkerson
Mc ch ca gii thut ny l tm ng i ngn nht t tt c cc nt n mt nt ch cho trc trn mng. Gii thut c m t nh sau: Gi o d l nt ch cho trc o Di l chiu di ng i ngn nht t nt i n nt d. o Ci l nt con ca nt i Bc 1: Khi to: o Gn Dd = 0; o Vi id: gn Di= ; Ci= -1; Bc 2: Cp nht gi ng i ngn nht t nt i n nt d o Di= min{ lij+ Dj} vi ji => Ci = j; o Lp li cho n khi khng cn Di no b thay i gi tr V d, cho s mng c hnh trng nh th hnh H6.8. Hy tm ng i ngn nht t nt khc trn th n nt 6. p dng gii thut ta c: d=6 Cc bc thc hin c m t nh sau:
H6.8 Hnh trng mng
100
Ln lp Khi to 1 2 3
D1 3 3
D2 4 4
D3 1 1 1
D4 3 3 3
D5 2 2 2
C1 -1 -1 3 3
C2 -1 -1 4 4
C3 -1 6 6 6
C4 -1 3 3 3
C5 -1 6 6 6
T kt qu trn ta v li c cy ng i ngn nht t cc nt khc nhau v nt ch s 6 nh H6.9. Cy ny cho php xc nh ng i ti u t nhng nt khc nhau v nt s 6. Chng hn ti nt 1, i v nt s 6 th bc k tip phi i l nt s 3. Tng t, ti nt 2, i v nt s 6 th bc k tip phi i l nt s 4. Gii thut ny c s dng theo m hnh phn tn. mi router s t tnh ton, tm cy c ng i ngn nht t cc nt khc v n. T suy ra ng i ti u cho cc nt khc n n v gi cc ng i ny n tng nt trn mng.
H6.9 Cy ng i ngn nht v nt 6
6.3.5 Gii php vch ng Vector Khong cch (Distance Vector)

tng ca Distance-Vector nh sau: Mi nt thit lp mt mng mt chiu (vector) cha khong cch (chi ph) t n n tt c cc nt cn li v sau pht vector ny n tt c cc nt lng ging ca n. Gi thit u tin trong Distance-Vector l: mi nt phi bit c chi ph ca cc ng ni t n n tt c cc nt lng ging c ng ni kt trc tip vi n. Mt ni kt b t (down) s c gn cho chi ph c gi tr v cng. xem xt gii thut vch ng Distance-Vector hot ng nh th no, cch d nht l xem xt th c cho nh trong hnh H6.10
B C A D E
Hnh 6.10 Mt mng lm v d trong gii thut Distance-Vector
Trong v d ny, chi ph trn mi ng ni u c t l 1. Chng ta c th biu din s hiu bit ca cc nt v khong cch t chng n cc nt khc nh trong bng H6.11
Thng tin c lu ti cc nt A B C D E F G A
0 1 1 1 1
B
1 0 1
Khong cch n nt C D E
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
F
1 0 1
G
1 1 0
H6.11 Cc khong cch ban u c lu ti mi nt
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Chng ta c th xem mi mt hng trong bng 6.11 nh l mt danh sch cc khong cch t mt nt n tt c cc nt khc. Khi u, mi nt t gi tr 1 cho ng ni kt n cc nt lng ging k n, cho cc ng ni n tt c cc nt cn li. Do , lc u A tin rng n c th tm n B qua mt bc nhy (hop) v rng n khng th i n D c. Bng vch ng lu ti A th hin nhng nim tin m A c c, ngoi ra cn lu thm nt k tip m A cn phi i ra n mt nt no . Khi u, bng vch ng ca nt A trng ging nh trong bng 6.12
ch (Destination) B C D E F G Chi ph (Cost) 1 1 1 1 Nt k tip (Next Hop) B C E F -
H6.12 Bng vch ng khi u ti nt A
Bc k tip trong gii thut vch ng Distance-Vector l: mi nt s gi mt thng ip n cc lng ging lin k n, trong thng ip cha danh sch cc khong cch m c nhn nt tnh c. V d, nt F bo nt A rng F c th i n nt G vi chi ph l 1; A cng bit c rng n c th n F vi chi ph l 1, v th A cng cc chi ph li thnh chi ph i n G l 2 thng qua F. Tng chi ph l 2 ny nh hn chi ph v cng lc u, do A ghi li n c th i n G thng qua F vi chi ph l 2. Tng t, A hc c t C rng, n c th i n D thng qua C vi chi ph l 2, v chi ph ny nh hn chi ph c l v cng. Cng lc A cng hc t C rng, n c th i n B thng qua C vi chi ph l 2, nhng chi ph ny li ln hn chi ph c l 1, v th thng tin mi ny b b qua. Ti thi im ny, A c th cp nht li bng chn ng ca n vi chi ph v nt ra k tip c th i n tt c cc nt khc trong mng. Kt qu c cho trong bng H6.13
ch (Destination) B C D E F G Chi ph (Cost) 1 1 2 1 1 2 Nt k tip (Next Hop) B C C E F F
H.6.13 Bng vch ng cui cng ti nt A
Nu khng c s thay i v hnh trng mng no, ch cn vi cuc trao i thng tin vch ng gia cc nt trong mng th mi nt u c c thng tin vch ng hon ho. Qu trnh em thng tin vch ng nht qun n mi nt trong mng c gi l s hi t (convergence). Hnh 6.14 ch ra thng tin v chi ph cui cng t mt nt n cc nt khc trong mng khi qu trnh vch ng hi t.
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i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh Mng My Tnh V1.0 Thng tin c lu ti cc nt A B C D E F G
A 0 1 1 2 1 1 2
B 1 0 1 2 2 2 3
Khong cch n nt C D E 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 1 0 3 2 3 0 2 2 2 2 1 3
F 1 2 2 2 2 0 1
G 2 3 2 1 3 1 0
H6.14 Cc khong cch cui cng c lu ti mi nt
Nt p ca loi gii thut phn tn nh trn nm ch n cho php tt c cc nt t c thng tin vch ng m khng cn phi c s hin din ca b iu khin trung tm no. Cn c vi chi tit lm cho gii thut Distance-Vector hon ho hn. Th nht, ch rng c hai tnh hung khc nhau m ti mt nt quyt nh gi thng tin vch ng ca mnh cho cc nt lng ging k bn. Tnh hung u tin l s cp nht theo chu k (periodic update). Trong tnh hung ny, mi nt t ng gi bn cp nht thng xuyn, ngay c khi khng c thay i g trong c. iu ny gip cho cc nt khc bit c nt hin ti ang cn sng. V li vic cp nht thng xuyn cn gip cho cc nt lng ging c th c c thng tin vch ng nhanh chng trong trng hp thng tin ca chng b mt. Tn s pht thng tin vch ng i c th khc nhau ty vo gii thut, chng thng c gi tr t vi giy n vi pht. Tnh hung th hai gi l s cp nht do b kch hot (triggered update). Tnh hung ny xy ra mi khi c s thay i thng tin trong bng vch ng ca nt. Ngha l mi khi bng vch ng c s thay i, nt s gi bn cp nht ny cho cc lng ging ca mnh. By gi ta xem xt iu g xy ra khi mt ng ni kt hay mt nt b hng. Nhng nt u tin pht hin ra iu ny s gi thng tin vch ng mi cho lng ging ca chng ngay, v thng thng h thng s n nh vi tnh trng mi mt cch nhanh chng. Cn i vi cu hi lm sao nt pht hin ra s c, c nhiu cu tr li khc nhau. Cch tip cn th nht l: mt nt lin tc kim tra ng ni ti cc nt lng ging khc bng cch gi cc gi tin iu khin ti chng v kim tra xem n c nhn c cc gi tin tr li hay khng. Cch tip cn khc l: mt nt pht hin ra mt ng ni kt (hay nt u kia ca ng ni) gp s c khi n khng nhn c thng tin vch ng mt cch nh k t lng ging ca n. V d, xem xt iu g s xy ra khi F pht hin ra ng ni t n n G b hng. u tin, F t chi ph ca ng ni t n n A thnh v cng v gi thng tin ny n A. Do A bit l cn 2 bc i t n n G thng qua F, A s t li chi ph t n n G l v cng. Tuy nhin, vi bn cp nht k tip t C, A pht hin ra rng c mt ng i di 2 hops t C n G, do n s cp nht li ng i t n n G di 3 hops thng qua C. V khi A qung co thng tin ny cho F, F li cp nht li ng i di 4 hops n G thng qua A. Khng may l: mt s tnh hung pht sinh li khc li lm cho mng mt n nh nghim trng. Gi s ni kt t A n E b t. Trong nhng chu k cp nht sau, A thng bo ng i t n n E di v cng, nhng B v C li qung co ng i t chng n E di 2 hops. Nu cc bn cp nht c nh thi pht cng lc, B s sa li di ng i t n n E l 3 thng qua C, C sa li di ng i t n n E l 3 thng qua B. Sau A li nghe B v C qung co di ng i t chng n E l 3 v gi s A chn B l nt k tip i n E, n s cp nht li di on ng l 4. n chu k k tip, B nghe C ni di t C n E l 3 nn cp nht li di ng i t B n E l 4 thng qua C, C th lm ngc li: sa li con ng t n n E l 4 thng qua B. Ri li n lt A nghe B sa li di t A n E l 5 thng qua B. S th s tip din cho n khi cc di tng n mt s c th coi l v cng. Nhng ti thi im ny, khng nt no bit l E khng th n c, v cc bng vch ng trong mng lun khng n nh. Tnh hung ny c gi l vn m ti v cng (count-to-infinity problem).
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C vi gii php gii quyt mt phn vn m ti v cng. Gii php th nht l dng mt s kh nh coi nh gn bng v cng. V d nh chng ra c th quyt nh s lng bc nhy (hop) ti a i qua mt mng l khng qu 16, v do ta chn 16 l s gn bng v cng. Con s ny t ra cng gii hn c thi gian m cc nt c th phi b ra m ti v cng. Tuy nhin gii php ny c th gp vn nu mt s nt mng c chia tch v mng c th cn nhiu hn 16 bc nhy duyt ht n. Mt k thut khc dng ci thin thi gian dng n nh ha mng c gi l k tht chia tm nhn (split horizon). tng l: khi mt nt gi mt bng cp nht vch ng cho cc lng ging ca n, n s khng gi nhng thng tin vch ng m n nhn t mt nt lng ging ngc li chnh nt lng ging . V d nh nu B c mt ng i (E, 2, A) trong bng vch ng ca n, B chc hn phi bit rng n hc con ng ny t A, v th mi khi B gi thng tin cp nht cho A n s khng gi con ng (E, 2) trong . Tuy nhin gii php ny ch tt khi n xoay quanh 2 nt m thi.
6.3.6 Gii php chn ng Trng thi ni kt (Link State)

Vch ng kiu Link-state l mt v d th hai trong h giao thc vch ng bn trong mt min. Gi thit u tin trong Link-state cng kh ging trong Distance-vector: Mi nt c gi nh c kh nng tm ra trng thi ca ng ni n n cc nt lng ging v chi ph trn mi ng ni . Nhc li ln na: chng ta mun cung cp cho mi nt thng tin cho php n tm ra ng i c chi ph thp nht n bt k ch no. tng nn tng ng sau cc giao thc kiu Link-state l rt n gin: Mi nt u bit ng i n cc nt lng ging k bn chng v nu chng ta m bo rng tng cc kin thc ny c phn phi cho mi nt th mi nt s c hiu bit v mng dng ln mt bn hon chnh ca mng. Gii thut Link-state da trn hai k thut: s phn phi mt cch tin cy thng tin v trng thi cc ng ni kt; v s tnh ton cc ng i t kin thc tng hp v trng thi cc ng ni kt.
6.3.6.1
Lm ngp mt cch tin cy (Reliable Flooding)
Lm ngp l qu trnh thc hin cam kt: tt c cc nt tham gia vo giao thc vch ng u nhn c thng tin v trng thi ni kt t tt c cc nt khc. Nh khi nim lm ngp m ch, tng c s ca Link-state l cho mt nt pht thng tin v trng thi ni kt ca n vi mi nt lng ging lin k, n lt mi nt nhn c thng tin trn li chuyn pht thng tin ra cc nt lng ging ca n. Tin trnh ny c tip din cho n khi thng tin n c mi nt trong mng. C th hn, mi nt to ra gi tin cp nht, cn c gi l gi tin trng thi ni kt (link-state packet LSP), cha nhng thng tin sau: ID ca nt to ra LSP Mt danh sch cc nt lng ging c ng ni trc tip ti nt , cng vi chi ph ca ng ni n mi nt. Mt s th t Thi gian sng (time to live) ca gi tin ny Hai mc u l cn thit cho vic tnh ton chn ng; hai mc sau cng c s dng gip cho qu trnh lm ngp tht chc. Tnh tin cy y i hi vic m bo cc nt trong mng c c thng tin c phin bn mi nht, do c nhiu LSP tri ngc nhau t mt nt c pht ln mng. m bo vic lm ngp c th tin cy c l mt vic kh (V d, mt phin bn c ca giao thc vch ng link-state trong ARPANET lm cho mng ny b t lit vo nm 1981). Vic lm ngp c thc hin nh sau: u tin, vic truyn cc LSP gia cc nt k nhau c bo m tnh tin cy bng cch s dng c ch bo nhn (acknowledgement) v lm li khi b li (retransmission) ging nh tng lin kt d liu. Tuy nhin, cn thc hin thm mt s bc m bo vic pht mt LSP t mt nt n tt c cc nt khc trong mng l ng tin cy. Gi s nt X nhn c mt phin bn LSP c ngun gc t nt Y no . Ch rng nt Y c th l bt k router no trong cng mt min vi X. X kim tra xem n c bt k phin bn LSP no t Y khng. Nu khng, n s lu LSP ny. Nu c, X s so snh hai s th t trong hai
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LSP. Nu LSP mi n c s th t ln hn s th t ca LSP c sn, X cho rng LSP mi n l mi hn, v do X s thay LSP c bng phin bn mi ny. Ngc li, vi mt s th t nh hn (hoc bng), LSP mi n s b coi l c hn ci ang c sn (hoc t ra l khng mi hn), v v th n s b b qua, khng cn phi lm g thm. Nu LSP mi n l ci mi hn, nt X s gi mt phin bn ca LSP ny ra tt c cc nt lng ging lin k n ngoi tr nt lng ging va gi cho n phin bn LSP mi va cp. n phin cc nt lng ging ca X li xoay qua pht tn LSP mi ny sang cc nt lng ging khc. Vic LSP khng c gi ngc li nt va pht ra n s gip dn n im dng ca qu trnh pht tn LSP ny. S pht tn dy chuyn c im dng ny s m bo cho vic em phin bn LSP mi nht n tt c cc nt trong mng. Hnh H6.15 th hin mt LSP c dng lm ngp mt mng nh. Hnh (a) th hin X nhn c mt LSP mi; (b) X y LSP mi ra A v C; (c) A v C y LSP qua B; (d) B y LSP qua D v qu trnh lm ngp kt thc.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
H6.15 Vic lm ngp mng vi cc gi tin LSP
Cng ging nh trong gii thut Distance-Vector, s c hai tnh hung m mt nt quyt nh gi LSP n cc nt lng ging: gi mt cch nh k hoc gi do b kch hot. Mt trong nhng u tin hng u ca c ch lm ngp (flooding) l phi m bo em thng tin mi nht n mi nt trong mng cng nhanh cng tt v cc thng tin c phi c rt ra khng cho lu thng trn mng na. Thm na, rt l l tng nu ta c th gim thiu lng thng tin vch ng lu chuyn trn mng mt kiu ph tn theo cch nhn ca nhiu ngi. Mt phng php cn thit gim thiu ph tn dnh cho vic vch ng l trnh gi cc LSP tr trng hp ht sc cn thit. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch s dng cc b nh thi (timer) c gi tr rt ln thng l ko di hng gi - dng nh k pht cc LSP. Cn m bo rng thng tin c phi c thay th bi thng tin mi, cc LSP s mang s th t. Mi khi mt nt pht LSP mi, n s tng s th t ln 1. Khng ging nh hu ht cc giao thc khc, s th t trong LSP s khng c m xoay vng (modulo), v th trng cha s ny phi ln (v d nh 64 bit). Nu mt nt b cht (down) v sau c khi ng li, n s khi ng trng s th t li bng 0. Nu mt nt b cht qu lu, tt c cc LSP ca nt s b mn k (timed out); ngoi ra, nu cui cng nt ny li nhn c LSP ca chnh n vi s th t ln hn bn gc, nt c th ly s ln hn lm s th t mi. Cc LSP cng mang theo thi gian sng ca n (Time to live - TTL). iu ny dng m bo cc LSP c rt cuc cng b xa khi mng. Mt nt lun lun gim trng TTL ca mt LSP mi n n i 1 trc khi chuyn LSP ny ra cc nt lng ging. Khi trng TTL cn 0, nt pht li LSP vi TTL = 0, iu s c thng dch bi tt c cc nt trong mng nh l tn hiu cho php xa LSP .
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6.3.6.2
Tnh ton chn ng trong Link State
Khi mt nt c mt phin bn LSP t tt c cc nt khc trong mng, n c th tnh ton ra bn hon chnh cho hnh thi ca mng, v t bn ny nt c th quyt nh con ng tt nht n tt c cc nt cn li trong mng. Gii php chn ng chnh l gii thut tm ng i ngn nht Dijkstra.
6.3.7 Vch ng phn cp (Hierarchical Routing)

Khi mng tng kch thc, kch thc bng vch ng ca cc router tng theo. Khng ch b nh ca router b tiu hao qu nhiu cho vic tr cc bng vch ng, m CPU cn phi tn nhiu thi gian qut b nh v cng cn nhiu bng thng hn truyn nhng thng tin chn ng ny. Ri cng s n lc mng my tnh pht trin n mc khng mt router no c kh nng tr mt u mc thng tin v mt router khc, v th vic vch ng phi pht trin theo ng hng khc: vch ng phn cp. Khi vic vch ng phn cp c p dng, cc router c chia thnh nhng vng (domain). Trong mi vng, mi router bit cch vch ng cho cc gi tin i n c mi ch trong ni vng ca n, nhng khng bit g v cu trc bn trong ca cc vng khc. Khi nhiu vng c ni kt vi nhau, ng nhin mi vng c cng nhn tnh c lp gii phng cc router trong cc vng khi vic phi tm hiu hnh trng ca cc vng khc. Vi nhng mng tht ln, kin trc phn cp hai mc c th s khng ; c th cn phi nhm cc vng li thnh lin vng, nhm cc lin vng thnh khu vc... Hnh H6.16 th hin mt mng c vch ng phn cp gm hai mc c nm vng. Bng vch ng y ca router A gm c 17 mc t nh trong hnh H6.16(b). Khi vch ng c thc hin theo kiu phn cp, bng vch ng ca A ging nh bng H6.16(c), c mi mc t ch n cc router cc b ging nh trc, tuy nhin cc mc t ch n cc vng khc li c c c li thnh mt router. Do t l cc router trong cc vng tng, v th cch lm ny gip rt ngn bng vch ng.
H6.16 Vch ng phn cp
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6.3.8 Vch ng trong mng di ng

Ngy nay, hng triu ngi ang s hu my tnh xch tay, v thng thng h mun c email cng nh truy xut cc h thng tp tin cho d h ang bt k ni no trn th gii. Vic s dng cc host di ng ny dn n mt vn phc tp mi: vch ng cho gi tin n host di ng, trc tin phi tm ra n . Ch v tch hp cc host di ng li thnh mt mng l tng i mi, tuy vy trong phn ny chng ta s phc tho ra mt s vn pht sinh v ch ra cc gii php kh thi.
H6.17 M hnh mng c h thng khng dy
M hnh mng m cc nh thit k thng s dng c ch ra trong hnh H6.17. y chng ta c mt mng WAN bao gm vi router v host. Mng WAN c dng ni kt cc mng LAN, MAN, cc t bo mng khng dy (Wireless cell). Cc host khng bao gi di chuyn c gi l c nh, chng c ni vo mng bi cc ng cp ng hoc quang. Ngc li, chng ta s phn bit hai loi host khc: loi di c (migratory host) v loi lang thang (roaming host). Loi host di c v bn cht l host c nh, nhng chng thnh thong li chuyn t a bn (site) ny n a bn mng kia, v chng ch c th s dng mng mi khi c ni kt vt l vo y. Loi host lang thang thc cht va chy va tnh ton, n mun duy tr cc ni kt mng ngay c khi ang di chuyn. Chng ta s s dng thut ng host di ng m ch hai loi di ng va ni n, tc l chng i khi nhng li mun duy tr lin lc v nh. Tt c cc host c gi s u c v tr mng nh (home location) v v tr ny khng bao gi thay i. Cc host cng c a ch lu di ti nh (home address) v a ch ny c th c dng xc nh v tr mng nh ca n, cng ging nh s in thoi 84-071-831301 ch ra s Vit Nam (m 084), thnh ph Cn Th (m 071). Mc tiu ca vic vch ng trong h thng c cc host di ng l phi m bo c th gi c gi tin n host di ng s dng a ch ti nh ca n v lm cho cc gi tin n c host di ng mt cch hiu qu cho d host ny c u i na. Trong m hnh hnh H6.17, WAN c chia thnh cc n v nh, y chng ta gi l khu vc (area), thng l LAN hoc t bo mng khng dy. Mi khu vc c mt hoc nhiu tr l i ngoi (foreign agent - FA) l nhng tin trnh lm nhim v theo di cc host khch ang ving thm khu vc ca mnh. Thm vo , mi khu vc cn c mt tr l i ni (home agent HA), lm nhim v theo di nhng host c nh nm trong khu vc nhng hin ang ving thm khu vc khc. Khi mt host i vo mt khu vc mi (c th l host ny mun thng tr trong mng LAN mi hoc ch i ngang cell ny thi), n phi ng k vi tr l i ngoi . Th tc ng k din ra nh sau:
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1. Theo chu k, mi tr l i ngoi s pht ra nhng thng ip thng bo s hin din ca n cng vi a ch. Mt host mi ti s ch lng nghe thng bo ny. Nu host cm thy n ch lu nhng khng nhn c thng bo, host c th t pht cu hi: C bt k tr l i ngoi no y khng? 2. Host di ng ng k vi tr l i ngoi, cung cp thng tin v a ch nh, a ch MAC v mt s thng tin v an ninh khc. 3. Tr l i ngoi lin h vi tr l i ni nh ca host v ni: Mt host ca ng ang y. Thng ip m tr l i ngoi gi cho tr l i ni bn kia cha a ch mng ca tr l i ngoi . Thng ip ny cn cha thng tin an ninh dng thuyt phc tr l i ni bn kia rng host di ng ca n thc s ang . 4. Tr l i ni bn kia kim tra thng tin an ninh, trong c mt tem thi gian, chng t c rng tem ny va c to ra trong vng vi giy. V nu kt qu kim tra l tt p, n s bo tr l i ngoi bn kia tin hnh lm vic. 5. Khi tr l i ngoi nhn c s chp thun ca tr l i ni bn kia, n to ra mt u mc trong cc bng qun l v thng bo cho host di ng rng: Bn ng k thnh cng. L tng nht l khi mt host di ng ri khi mt cell, n phi thng bo vi tr l i ngoi xa ng k. Nhng a phn ngi s dng thng tt my ngay khi s dng xong. Khi mt gi tin c gi n mt host di ng, u tin gi tin c gi n mng LAN nh ca host (bc 1 trong hnh H6.18.
H6.18 Vch ng trong mng di ng
Bn gi, v d ang Tin Giang, gi gi tin n mng nh ca host di ng Cn Th. Gi s host di ng ang ng Thp. Tr l i ni Cn Th tm ra c a ch tm thi ca host di ng, ng gi gi tin v chuyn cho tr l i ngoi ca mng ng Thp (bc 2). n phin tr l i ngoi ng Thp m gi gi tin v pht cho host di ng thng tin di dng khung thng tin mc lin kt d liu. Sau tr l i ngoi ng Thp s bo bn gi Tin Giang hy ng gi v gi gi tin trc tip n ng Thp (bc 3). T tr v sau, nhng gi tin m bn gi mun gi cho host di ng c gi trc tip n tr l i ngoi ti ng Thp, ri c tr l i ngoi pht trc tip n host (bc 4).
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6.4 Cc gii thut chng tc nghn

Khi c qu nhiu gi tin hin din trong mt mng con (hoc mt phn ca n), hiu nng hot ng ca h thng b gim. Tnh trng ny c gi l tc nghn.
H6.19 M t tc nghn
Hnh H6.19 m t li hin tng tc nghn. Khi s lng gi tin chy trong mng con nm di ngng cho php, chng u c phn phi n ch (ngoi tr nhng gi tin b li), v s lng gi tin c phn phi t l thun vi s lng gi tin c pht ra lc u. Tuy nhin, khi mt giao thng tng qu cao, cc router khng cn p ng kp na v chng dn dn nh mt mt s gi tin. iu ny c xu hng lm cho vn tc nghn nghim trng thm. Khi m giao thng cc cao, hiu nng h thng sp hon ton v hu nh khng gi tin no c phn pht n ch. C vi yu t gp phn gy ra tc nghn. Nu t nhin nhiu lung mang cc gi tin n mt nt ti nhiu ng vo, v tt c cc gi tin ny u cn mt ng ra, th mt hng i s xut hin. Nu khng b nh lu cc gi tin trn hng i ny, mt s gi tin s b mt. Tng thm b nh ch gip khng mt gi tin trong hng i, nhng Nagle (1987) ch ra rng: nu mt router c b nh v hn, s tc nghn li cng ti t hn! L do l khi m gi tin n c u ca hng i th n b mn k (timed out), v do s c nhiu phin bn trng vi gi tin c bn gi gi n router, lm tng thm ti ca mi hng i n ch ca gi tin. Cc b x l chm cng c th gy ra tc nghn. Nu CPU ca router x l cc gi tin trung chuyn qua n chm, hng i cng s pht sinh, cho d dung lng cc ng ni vo v ra u vt yu cu. Tm li, ng truyn bng thng thp c th gy ra tc nghn. Nng cp ng truyn nhng nng lc x l ca b x l ti router yu cng gy ra tc nghn. Thnh th, nng cp mt phn m khng phi l ton b h thng ch y s tc nghn t ni ny n ni khc m thi. Vn pht sinh t s bt cn i gia cc b phn ca h thng, v n ch qua i khi m cc b phn ny c gi cn bng vi nhau.
6.4.1 Cc nguyn tc chung iu khin tc nghn

Nhiu bi ton trong cc h thng phc tp, v d nh trong mng my tnh, c th c xem xt theo quan im ca l thuyt iu khin (control theory). Cch tip cn ny dn n vic chia cc gii php thnh hai loi: vng ng v vng m (closed loop and open loop). Cc gii php dng vng ng c gng gii quyt vn tc nghn bng cch a ra thit k tt cho mng, thc cht l m bo tt nghn s khng xy ra. Mt khi mng c khi ng v chy, s khng c vic sa cha gia k.
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Cc cng c thc hin vic iu khin kiu vng m bao gm vic quyt nh khi no nn chp nhn lung giao thng mi, quyt nh khi no th b qua cc gi tin v b qua gi no. Tt c cc cng c trn u c c im chung l chng a ra cc quyt nh m khng quan tm n trng thi hin hnh ca mng. Ngc li, cc gii php kiu vng ng da trn quan nim v chu trnh phn hi thng tin. Cch tip cn ny bao gm 3 phn: 1. Gim st h thng pht hin ni no v khi no xy ra tc nghn. 2. Chuyn thng tin n nhng ni cn c nhng hnh ng ng ph. 3. iu chnh li hot ng ca h thng khc phc s c. Nhiu kiu o lng c th c s dng gim st mt mng con pht hin ra tc nghn . Cc kiu o lng thng dng nht l t l cc gi tin b b qua do thiu khng gian tr m, chiu di trung bnh ca cc hng i, s lng cc gi tin b mn k v c ti truyn, thi gian tr hon gi tin trung bnh. Trong mi tnh hung, cc s o tng ng ngha vi vic tng tc nghn. Bc th hai trong chu trnh phn hi l chuyn thng tin v tc nghn t im c pht hin b tc nghn n im c trch nhim x l tnh hung . Cch d nht l cho router pht hin ra tc nghn pht thng bo n nt ngun va gi thng tin n lm tc h thng. D nhin, thng bo ny lm cho tc nghn tng thm tm thi. Mt cch thng bo tc nghn khc l: Ngi ta dnh ring mt bit hoc mt trng trong gi tin trong trng hp c tc nghn, router c th bt bit hoc trng ny ln v gi n n mi ng ra nhm thng bo cho cc lng ging ca n bit. Hoc cng c th dng cch phn hi sau: Cho cc host hoc router thng xuyn gi cc gi tin thm d ra ngoi hi thng v tnh hnh tc nghn. Thng tin ny c th c s dng chuyn hng vch ng vng qua khu vc b tc nghn. V d thc t: Mt s i pht thanh thng phi mt s my bay trc thng bay vng quanh thnh ph bo co li nhng trc ng b tc, t thng bo n thnh gi gip h chuyn hng li xe trnh nhng im nng. S hin din ca tc nghn ng ngha vi vic: ti nguyn ca h thng khng ti gnh nng thng tin truyn qua. V th ta ngh ra hai gii php: tng ti nguyn hoc gim ti. V d, mt mng con c th bt u s dng cc ng in thoi quay s tm thi tng bng thng gia mt s im no . Trong cc h thng v tinh, vic tng cng sut truyn ng ngha vi vic cung cp bng thng ln hn. Chia tch lu lng thng tin cho chng chy trn nhiu ng i khc nhau cng c th gip tng bng thng. Cui cng, cc router d phng (thng d phng tnh hung cc router chnh b s c) c th c mang ra chy trc tuyn tng dung lng truyn ti ca h thng khi tc nghn nghim trng xy ra. Tuy nhin, i khi ta khng th tng ti nguyn ca h thng ln na, hoc ti nguyn tng ti a. Cch thc duy nht chng li tc nghn l gim ti. C nhiu cch gim ti, v d: t chi phc v mt s ngi dng, gim cp dch v i vi vi hoc tt c ngi dng, v buc ngi dng cung cp lch trnh pht ra yu cu ca h.
6.4.2 Cc bin php phng nga tc nghn

Ti tng mng, vic chn s dng mch o hay datagram s tc ng n tc nghn do nhiu gii thut iu khin tc nghn ch chy trn mch o. Gii php lp hng i cho cc gi tin v phc v chng lin quan n vic mt router c mt hng i cho mi ng vo, mt hng i cho mi ng ra hay c hai. N cng lin quan n trnh t x l cc gi tin trong hng i ( round-robin hay da trn s u tin). Chnh sch hy b gi tin s ch ra gi tin no cn b hy b khi khng cn khng gian cha. Mt chnh sch tt c th gip lm gim tc nghn, ngc li c th lm tc nghn trm trng thm. Mt gii thut vch ng tt c th gip trnh c tc nghn bng cch tri u giao thng trn tt c ng ni, trong khi mt gii thut ti ch n gin gi qu nhiu thng tin ln mt ng ti qu ti ri. Cui cng, vic qun l thi gian sng ca gi tin s phi a ra quyt nh l mt gi tin c th sng bao lu trong hng i trc khi b hy b. Thi gian sng qu di s lm
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tr tr cng vic rt lu. Nhng nu thi gian sng qu ngn, cc gi tin thnh thong s b mn k (timed-out) trc khi chng n c ch, v th dn n vic ti truyn.
6.4.3 iu khin tc nghn trong cc mng con dng mch o

Mt gii php n gin l iu khin cp php (admission control). tng nh sau: mt khi c cnh bo v tc nghn, h thng s khng thit lp thm mch o no na n khi s c qua i. V th, trong lc tc nghn xy ra, nhng c gng thit lp mch o u tht bi. L do: cho php nhiu ngi vo y s lm cho vn tr nn trm trng hn. Cch tip cn khc l cho php to ra cc mch o mi nhng cn trng vch ng cho cc mch o mi ny i vng qua khu vc b vn tc nghn. V d, xem xt mng con nh trong hnh H6.20, trong hai router b tc nghn.
H6.20 (a) Mt mng con b tc nghn. (b) Mng con c v li sau khi loi tr cc im gy tc nghn.
Gi s mt host c ni vi router A mun thit lp ni kt ti mt host ca router B. Thng th ni kt ny s chy qua mt trong hai nt b tc nghn. trnh chuyn ny, chng ta v li mng con nh trong hnh (b), b qua cc router b tc nghn cng vi cc ng ni ca chng. ng chm ch ra mt ng i c th trnh c tc nghn. Mt chin lc khc lin quan n mch o l: host v mng con tha thun vi nhau v vic thit lp mch o. Tha thun ny thng bao gm dung lng v ng i ca thng tin, cht lng dch v c yu cu v cc thng s khc. m bo thc hin c tha thun, mng con s dnh ring ti nguyn trn sut con ng mch o i qua. Cc ti nguyn ny bao gm khng gian bng vch ng v buffer trn cc router, cng vi bng thng trn cc ng ni. Trong tnh hung ny, tc nghn hu nh khng xy ra trn mt mch o mi bi v tt c ti nguyn cn thit c m bo sn dng. Kiu dnh ring ti nguyn ny c th c thc hin ton thi gian nh l mt phng thc hot ng chun, hoc ch c thc hin khi tc nghn xy ra. Nu c thc hin ton thi gian s c hn ch l lng ph ti nguyn. Nu ng truyn 6 Mbps c tn hin cho 6 mch o, mi mch o tiu tn 1 Mbps, th ng truyn ny lun c nh du l y, cho d him c khi no 6 mch o con ca n truyn ht cng sut ti cng thi im.
6.4.4 iu khin tc nghn trong mng con dng Datagram

Trong mng dng Datagram, mi router c th d dng kim sot hiu nng ca cc ng ra v cc ti nguyn khc. V d, n c th gn cho mi ng ni mt bin thc u, vi gi tr t 0.0 n 1.0, dng phn nh hiu nng gn y ca ng ni . duy tr chnh xc tt cho u, mt mu hiu nng tc thi f ca ng ni s c ly thng xuyn, v u s c cp nht nh sau trong hng s a quyt nh router qun i lch s gn y nhanh nh th no.
umi = a nc + (1 - a) f
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Khi u vt qua ngng, ng ra ri vo trng thi cnh bo. Mi gi tin mi ti s c gi li v ch kim tra xem ng ra c trng thi cnh bo khng. Nu c, mt s hnh ng s c thc hin, v chng ta s tho lun ngay sau y.
6.4.4.1
Cc gi tin chn (Choke Packets)
Khi mt gi tin n router v ng ra ca n ang trong trng thi bo ng, router s gi mt gi tin chn ngc v nt ngun gi gi tin . Gi tin gp tc nghn nh ni s c nh du n khng lm pht sinh cc gi tin chn khc na. Khi gi tin chn n c nt ngun, nt ngun s gim lu lng thng tin n im b nghn i X phn trm. Do c th cn vi gi tin ang trn ng i n ch b nghn, sau ny nt ngun nn b qua cc gi tin chn pht ra tip t ch . Sau giai on trn, nt ngun b thm mt khong thi gian lng nghe thm cc gi tin chn khc. Nu chng cn ti, ng ni vn b nghn, nt ngun tip tc gim dung lng truyn. Nu khng cn gi tin chn no chy ngc v nt ngun trong thi gian lng nghe, n c th tng bc tng lu lng truyn ln.
6.4.4.2
Gi cc gi chn tng bc mt ( Hop-by-Hop Choke Packets)
tc cao hoc qua khong cch xa, vic gi gi tin chn ngc v nt ngun l khng hiu qu, bi v phn ng ca nt ngun s chm. Mt cch tip cn khc l lm cho gi tin chn c tc dng ti mi nt trung gian m n i qua. Hy xem hnh v d 5.18(b).
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Lu lng vn ti a
Lu lng gim
(a)
H6.21 (a) Mt gi tin chn ch tc ng ln nt ngun. (b) Mt gi tin chn tc ng ln mi nt m n i qua
(b)
trong hnh 5.18(b), ngay khi gi tin chn va n F, F lin gim lu lng truyn n D. Tng t, khi gi tin chn n E, E s gim lu lng truyn n F. Cui cng gi tin chn n A v lu lng c gim sut tuyn ng t A n D. Hiu qu ca s chn tng bc mt l c th gii phng im b nghn nhanh chng. Tuy nhin ci gi phi tr l n tiu tn bng thng hng ln cho gi tin chn. Nhng ci li cui cng l ch, gii php ny bp cht tc nghn ngay trong trng nc.
6.5 Lin mng

n thi im ny, chng ta u ngm nh rng chng ta ang lm vic trn mt mng n ng nht vi mi my tnh chy cng mt giao thc trong cng mt tng. Khng may l s ngm hiu ny hi qu lc quan. v ang tn ti nhiu loi mng khc nhau bao gm LAN, WAN, MAN. Nhiu giao thc khc nhau ang c s dng rng ri trn nhiu tng mng khc nhau. Trong phn ny, chng ta s c ci nhn cn trng hn v cc vn pht sinh khi hai hoc nhiu mng c ni kt vi nhau thnh mt lin mng (internet). Cc mng my tnh a dng v s vn a dng, v c nhiu l do l gii cho nhn nh ny. Trc tin, c s ci t cc mng l khc nhau. Gn nh tt c cc my PC u ci t TCP/IP. Nhiu cng ty ln s dng my mainframe ca IBM s dng mng SNA. Mt s lng ln cc cng ty in thoi ang iu hnh cc mng ATM. Mt s mng LAN dng cho cc my tnh PC vn cn s dng Novell IPX hoc AppleTalk. Cui cng, mng khng dy l mt lnh vc ang pht trin rng vi nhiu giao thc hot ng trong . Chiu hng s dng mng phc tp ny s cn tip din nhiu nm na vi nhiu l do v tnh k tha, k thut mi, v thc t l khng phi nh sn xut no cng thch th vi vic gip cho khch hng ca h d dng chuyn i sang h thng ca nh sn xut khc. Th hai, do my tnh v thit b mng ngy cng r, cho nn cp c thm quyn quyt nh mua sm mng my tnh ngy cng xung thp trong c cu cc cng ty, t chc. Nhiu cng ty a ra chnh sch: d tr mua sm trn 1 triu USD do cp qun l cao nht quyt nh, mua sm trn 100.000 USD do cp trung quyt nh, di 100.000 USD th cp trng b phn c ton quyn quyt nh. V th, v d, b phn k thut th c th ci t cc my trm Unix chy TCP/IP, cn b phn tip th c quyn ci cc my Mac vi giao thc AppleTalk. Th ba, cc mng khc khau s dng cc cng ngh hon ton khc nhau. V th s khng my ngc nhin nu thy mt sn phm phn cng mi th cng xut hin phn mm mi i km. V
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d, mt gia nh trung bnh hin nay trang b mng ging nh mt vn phng trung bnh ngy xa: y cc my tnh khng th ni chuyn vi nhau. Nhng tng lai khng xa, y s l ni c y in thoi, TV, my tnh v cc dng c khc, tt c c ni kt vi nhau v c th c iu khin t xa. K thut mi ny chc chn s sinh ra mt kiu mng mi vi cc giao thc mi.
H6.22 Mt lin mng
ly v d v cch thc cc mng khc nhau c ni kt vi nhau nh th no, hy xem xt hnh H6.22. y, ta c mt mng t hp vi nhiu a bn khc nhau, c kt dnh vi nhau bi mt mng WAN/ATM. Ti mt a bn, mt back-bone FDDI c dng ni kt mt mng Ethernet, mt mng khng dy 802.11 v mt trung tm d liu dng mng SNA. Mc tiu ca ni kt lin mng l cho php ngi dng trn mt mng con c th lin lc c vi ngi dng trn cc mng con khc. lm c vic ny, ta phi m bo gi cho c gi tin t mng con ny n bt k mng con khc. Do cc mng con khc nhau v nhiu lnh vc, cho nn khng d truyn mt gi tin t ni ny n ni kia.
6.5.1 Cc mng con c ni kt vi nhau ra sao?

Cc mng c th c ni lin thng bng nhiu kiu thit b khc nhau: tng vt l: Cc mng c th c ni kt bng cc repeater hoc hub, nhng thit b ch n thun lm nhim v di chuyn cc bit t mng ny sang mng kia. tng LKDL: Ngi ta dng cc cu ni (bridges) hoc switches. Chng c th nhn cc khung, phn tch a ch MAC v cui cng chuyn khung sang mng khc trong khi song song , chng va lm nhim v gim st qu trnh chuyn i giao thc, v d nh t Ethernet sang FDDI hoc 802.11. tng mng: Ngi ta dng cc router ni kt cc mng vi nhau. Nu hai mng c tng mng khc nhau, router c th chuyn i khun dng gi tin, qun l nhiu giao thc khc nhau trn cc mng khc nhau. tng vn chuyn: Ngi ta dng cc gateway vn chuyn, thit b c th lm giao din gia hai u ni kt mc vn chuyn. V d gateway c th lm giao din trao i gia hai ni kt TCP v NSA. tng ng dng: Cc gateway ng dng s lm nhim v chuyn i ng cnh ca cc thng ip. V d nh gateway gia h thng email Internet v X.400 s lm nhim v chuyn i nhiu trng trong header ca email. Trong chng ny, chng ta ch quan tm n vic ni kt lin mng tng mng dng cc router. Phng thc hot ng ca router c ch ra trong hnh H5.23.
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H6.23. Hai mng Ethernet c ni kt bng cc routers
y, hai router c ni vi nhau bng ng ni im-im, c th l ng leased-line di hng trm km. My S mun gi cho my D mt gi tin, do n ng gi gi tin ny thnh mt khung v gi ln ng truyn. Khung n c router ca LAN1, router ny lin bc v khung, ly gi tin ra. Gi tin ny s c phn tch tm ra a ch mng (IP) ca my ch, a ch ny s c tham kho trong bng vch ng ca router LAN1. Da trn a ch ny, router LAN1 quyt nh chuyn gi sang router LAN2 bng cch ng thnh khung gi cho router LAN2.
6.5.2 Ni kt cc mng con dng mch o

C hai kiu lin mng: dng mch o v datagram. Trong qu kh, hu ht cc mng cng cng l hng ni kt (cc mng Frame Relay, SNA, ATM cng vy). Ri vi s chp nhn rng ri ca cng chng i vi mng Internet, mng dng datagram ln ngi. Tuy nhin s l khng chnh xc khi ni mng datagram l mi mi. Vi s pht trin quan trng ca cc mng a phng tin, c v nh lin lc hng ni kt ang tr li dng ny hay dng khc, do d m bo cht lng dch v hn. V th cng nn dnh mt cht thi gian ni v mng dng mch o. Trong lin mng dng mch o nh trong hnh H6.24, mt ni kt ti mt host mng xa c thc hin ging nh truyn thng. Mng con thy rng ch n xa v n s phc tho mt mch o n router gn mng ch nht. Ri n to mt mch o t router y n mt gateway ca n (thc cht l router a giao thc). Gateway ny ghi li thng tin v mch o ny trong bng vch ng v tip tc xy dng mt mch o khc t n n mng con k tip. Qu trnh ny c tip din cho n khi mch o n c host ch.
H6.24 Lin mng dng mch o
Mi khi c mt gi tin trung chuyn qua, mt gateway lu gi tin ny li, chuyn i khun dng gi tin ny v s hiu mch o khi cn thit, ri chuyn n qua gateway tip theo trn con ng m mch o ch ra. c im quan trng ca cch lm ny l: mt dy cc mch o c thit lp t host ngun, qua mt hoc nhiu gateway ri mi n ch. Mi gateway duy tr cc bng lu li nhng mch o no i qua n, chng s c vch ng ra u v s mch o mi l g.
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6.5.3 Ni kt cc mng con dng datagram

M hnh lin mng dng datagram c ch ra trong hnh H6.25.
Hnh 6.25 Lin mng dng datagram
Trong m hnh ny, dch v duy nht m tng mng cung cp cho tng vn chuyn l kh nng y gi tin vo mng con v hy vng n n ch. M hnh ny khng i hi mi gi tin phi i n ch trn cng mt con ng. Trong hnh trn, cc gi tin i t host 1 n host 2 theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Quyt nh vch ng c a ra ring l cho tng gi tin, ty thuc vo lu lng thng tin ti thi im gi tin c gi. Chin lc ny cho php la chn nhiu ng i cho cc gi tin v nh vy s gip t c nhiu bng thng hn dng mch o. Mt tri ca n l: khng c s m bo gi tin c th n ch c. M hnh nh trong hnh H6.25 tht ra khng n gin nh ta thy. Th nht, nu mi mng con c mt tng mng ring th mt gi tin t mt mng khng th trung chuyn qua mng khc c. Ngi ta c th ngh l s c cc router a giao thc lm nhim v chuyn i khun dng gi tin t dng ny sang dng kia. Nhng tr khi dng thc ca hai gi tin c mi lin h gn vi nhau v c cng trng thng tin, khng th vic chuyn i khun dng thng kt thc tht bi. Vi l do ny, gii php chuyn i khun dng thng t khi c chn. Th hai, nghim trng hn, l vn v c ch nh a ch. Th tng tng mt trng hp n gin: mt host trn Internet ang c gi mt gi tin IP n mt host trong mt mng SNA lng ging. a ch IP v SNA l khc nhau. Ngi ta s cn mt c ch nh x a ch gia IP v SNA theo hai chiu. Thm na, quan nim nh th no l a ch trong hai mng trn l hon ton khc nhau. Trong IP, mt host (thc ra l mt card mng) c mt a ch. Trong SNA, cc thc th khc host (v d thit b phn cng) cng c th c a ch. Trong trng hp tt nht, ngi ta c th duy tr mt c s d liu nh x mi th ny sang mi th kia v ngc li, v c s d liu ny c th m rng c, nhng n li thng l ngn ngun ca lm rc ri. Mt gii php khc l xy dng gi tin internet c hiu lc ton cu, v tt c cc router u c th hiu c n. Gi tin IP chnh l sn phm ca tng ny. Tuy rng vic ku gi mi ngi chp nhn mt khun dng duy nht l kh do nhiu cng ty c tham vng xy dng khun dng c quyn ca mnh, gi tin IP t n vn pht trin rng ri v c coi l chun ton cu.
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6.5.4 Vch ng trong lin mng

Vch ng trong lin mng cng tng t nh trong mng con n, nhng thm vo mt cht phc tp. Xt mt lin mng c cho trong hnh 5.23
H6.26. (a) Mt lin mng. (b) th biu din lin mng
C su mng con c ni kt vi nhau bi su router. To ra m hnh th trong tnh hung ny l phc tp do mi router u c th truy cp trc tip (gi gi tin) n router khc. V d, B trong hnh 6.2H6(a) c th ni kt trc tip ti A qua mng 2, C qua mng 2, v D qua mng 3. iu dn n th nh trong hnh H6.26(b). Mt khi th c dng ln, cc gii thut vch ng bit, nh Distance-Vector hoc Link-State, c th c p dng bi cc router a giao thc. Nh vy s dn n gii thut vch ng hai mc: trong ni b mt mng con vch ng ni ht (interior gateway protocol) v gia cc mng con vi nhau vch ng lin mng (exterior gateway protocol). Thc t, do cc mng con l c lp vi nhau, chng c th s dng cc gii thut khc nhau. Mi mng con c gi l mt h thng t tr (Autonomous System AS). Mt gi tin lin mng khi u bng a ch LAN cc b ca n, c pht ti router a giao thc ni b, ti , m lnh lp mng s quyt nh chuyn gi tin qua router no k tip. Nu router c th i thoi c bng giao thc ca mng ni b, th gi tin s c chuyn trc tip. Ngc li, gi tin s c ng khung bng giao thc ca router trc khi chuyn tip. Tin trnh ny c tip din cho n khi gi tin n c ch. Mt trong nhng im khc nhau gia vch ng lin mng v vch ng ni ht l vch ng lin mng i hi vic i qua nhiu lnh a quc t. Nhiu lut khc nhau c t ra. Chng hn lut ca Canada ni rng: d liu t Canada gi n mt ni ca Canada th khng c qu cnh ra bn ngoi. Ngha l lu thng t Windsor, Ontario n Vancouver khng c qu cnh sang Detroit ca M, trong khi con ng ngang qua Detroit l con ng ngn nht v r nht. im khc nhau na gia vch ng ni ht v lin mng l chi ph. Trong cng mt mng, mt gii thut tnh cc ph duy nht c p dng. Tuy nhin, nhiu mng khc nhau s c c ch qun l cc ph khc nhau.
6.5.5 Phn mnh v ti hp

Mi mng s qui nh kch c ti a ca cc datagram chy trong n. S gii hn ny xut pht t nhiu l do: Phn cng: v d nh kch c gii hn ca khung Ethernet. H iu hnh: v d nh tt c cc buffer u c kch thc 512 bytes. Giao thc: s lng cc bits trong trng ch chiu di ca gi tin. Tng thch vi mt chun quc gia hay quc t no . Mong mun gim thiu tc ng ca vic truyn li do li gy ra. Mong mun ngn chn mt gi tin chim ng truyn qu lu.
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V kt qu l cc nhn vin thit k mng khng c t do chn kch thc gi tin ti a nh thch ca h. Kch thc d liu ti a ca gi tin thay i t 45 bytes (ATM cell) n 65515 (gi tin IP). Vn xut hin r rng khi mt gi tin ln mun i ngang mt mng con c kch thc gi tin ti a qu nh. Mt gii php l lm cho vn ny khng xy ra. Ni cch khc, lin mng nn s dng mt gii thut vch ng c th trnh c vic gi gi tin qua cc mng khng c kh nng tip nhn. Tuy nhin gii php ny thc ra khng gii quyt c vn . Nu mng ch khng kh nng tip nhn gi tin th sao? Gii php duy nht l cho php cc gateway chia nh gi tin thnh nhiu mnh (fragment), gi cc mnh ny i nh l mt gi tin c lp. Tuy nhin vic ti hp cc mnh con ny li l vic kh.
H6.27. (a) S phn mnh trong sut. (b) S phn mnh khng trong sut
C hai chin lc ti hp cc mnh li thnh gi tin gc: trong sut v khng trong sut. Trong chin lc phn mnh trong sut, khi mt gi tin ln i qua mt mng con v mng con ny quyt nh phi phn mnh gi tin, mt gateway ca mng con ny s lm nhim v phn mnh gi tin ln . Khi cc mnh i ht qua mng con, phi c mt gateway khc ng ra tp hp li chng, ti to li gi tin ban u v chuyn tip n mng con k tip. V d trong hnh H6.27, ng vo Mng 1, gi tin ln c phn mnh bi gateway G1, sau khi cc mnh i qua ht Mng 1, gateway G2 s tp hp chng li v ti to thnh gi tin ban u. Chin lc phn mnh trong sut rt trc quan, tuy nhin c nhiu vn phi bn. Th nht, gateway u ra phi bit khi no n thu lm li ht cc phn mnh. Th hai, lm sao mi phn mnh phi i ra cng mt gateway. Th ba, chi ph b ra phn mnh v ti hp gi tin ln khi n i qua hng lot cc mng con. Vi chin lc phn mnh khng trong sut, cc mng con trung gian c th phn mnh gi tin ln, nhng khng c nhim v ti hp li n. Vic ti hp ch c thc hin ti ch n ca gi tin ny. Chin lt phn mnh khng trong sut i hi mi host trn mng u c kh nng ti hp thng tin. Ngoi ra n cn lm pht sinh chi ph cho cc header ca cc mnh con. Tuy nhin ci li t c l: do chin lc ny c quyn chn la nhiu gateway u ra ca mng con, cho nn hiu sut vch ng v truyn gi tin tng ln nhiu ln. T y, pht sinh nhu cu v mt cch thc nh s cc mnh sao cho qu trnh ti hp c d dng. Mt cch nh s thng dng nht l cch nh s ca internet. V d mt gi tin c 10 bytes, s th t ca gi tin l 27 s c biu din nh sau:
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H6.28(a) Hnh dng gi tin ban du
Offset ca mnh l 0 v y chnh l mnh u tin hay duy nht trong gi tin. Bit kt thc khung l 1 ngha l ht gi tin, l 0 ngha l cn mnh nm sau. By gi gi tin ny i qua mt mng con c gii hn kch thc gi tin ti a l 8 bytes, n s b phn lm hai mnh:
H6.28(b) Gi b chia thnh hai mnh 8 bytes v 2 bytes
Mnh u tin c offset trong gi tin l 0, bit kt thc l 0 (cn mnh th hai). Mnh th hai c offset trong gi tin l 8 (n bt u v tr th 8), v l mnh cui cng. Nu hai mnh trn li i ngang qua gateway c gii hn gi tin l 5 bytes, th chng s b phn mnh nh sau:
H6.28(c) Gi tin b phn lm 3 mnh.
6.6 B giao thc lin mng (IPs - Internet Protocols)

6.6.1 Gii thiu
Cc giao thc lin mng l b giao thc cho cc h thng m ni ting nht trn th gii bi v chng c th c s dng giao tip qua bt k cc lin mng no cng nh thch hp cho cc giao tip trong mng LAN v mng WAN. Cc giao thc lin mng bao gm mt b cc giao thc truyn thng, trong ni ting nht l Giao thc iu khin truyn ti (TCP - Transmission Control Protocol) v Giao thc lin mng (IP Internet Protocol) hot ng tng 4 v tng 3 trn m hnh OSI. Ngoi hai giao thc ny, b giao thc IP cn c t nhiu giao thc cho tng ng dng, v d nh giao thc cho dch v th in t, giao thc m phng thit b u cui v giao thc truyn ti tp tin. B giao thc lin mng ln u tin c pht trin vo gia nhng nm ca thp nin 70 khi Vn phng cc d n nghin cu chuyn su ca b quc phng M (DARPA-Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ) quan tm n vic xy dng mt mng chuyn mch gi (packetswitched network) cho php vic trao i thng tin gia cc h thng my tnh khc nhau ca cc vin nghin cu tr nn d dng hn. Vi tng ni cc h thng my tnh khng ng nht li vi nhau, DARPA cp kinh ph nghin cu cho i hc Stanford, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) v vn ny. Kt qu ca nhng n lc pht trin ca d n ny l b giao thc Lin mng c hon thnh vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin by mi. Sau TCP/IP c tch hp vo h iu hnh UNIX phin bn BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) tr thnh nn tng cho mng Internet v dch v WWW (World Wide Web).
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H6.29 Kin trc ca mng TCP/IP so vi m hnh OSI
6.6.2 Giao thc lin mng IP (Internet Protocol)

Giao thc lin mng, thng gi l giao thc IP (Internet Protocol) l mt giao thc mng hot ng tng 3 ca m hnh OSI, n qui nh cch thc nh a ch cc my tnh v cch thc chuyn ti cc gi tin qua mt lin mng. IP c c t trong bng bo co k thut c tn RFC (Request For Comments) m s 791 v l giao thc ch yu trong B giao thc lin mng. Cng vi giao thc TCP, IP tr thnh tri tim ca b giao thc Internet. IP c hai chc nng chnh : cung cp dch v truyn ti dng khng ni kt chuyn ti cc gi tin qua mt lin mng ; v phn mnh cng nh tp hp li cc gi tin h tr cho tng lin kt d liu vi kch thc n v truyn d liu l khc nhau.
6.6.2.1
nh dng gi tin IP (IP Packet Format)
Hnh sau m t cu trc ca mt gi tin IP
H6.30 Cu trc gi tin IP
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ngha ca cc trng c m t nh sau: Version (Phin bn): Xc nh phin bn ca giao thc ang c s dng. IP Header Length (Chiu di ca phn tiu : Xc nh chiu di ca phn tiu ca gi tin, tnh bng n v l t - 32 bits (32-bit word). Type-of-Service (Kiu ca dch v : c t mc quan trng m giao thc pha trn mun x l gi tin. Total Length (Tng chiu di gi tin): c t chiu di, tnh bng byte, ca c gi tin IP, bao gm c phn d liu v tiu . Identification ( S nhn dng ): S nguyn nhn dng gi tin d liu hin hnh. Trng ny c s dng rp li cc phn on ca gi tin. Flags (C hiu): Gm 3 bt, bit c trng s nh xc nh gi tin c b phn an hay khng. Bit th 2 xc nh c phi y l phn on cui cng ca gi tin hay khng. Bit c trng s ln nht cha s dng. Fragment Offset (V tr ca phn an): Biu th v tr ca phn on d liu so vi v tr bt u ca gi d liu gc, n cho php my nhn xy dng li gi tin ban u. Time-to-Live (Thi gian sng ca gi tin): Lu gi b m thi gian, gi tr s c gim dn n khi n c gi tr l 0 th gi tin s b xa. iu ny gip ngn nga tnh trng gi tin c truyn i lng vng khng bao gi n c ch. Protocol(Giao thc): Biu hin giao thc tng trn s nhn gi tin khi n c giao thc IP x l. Header Checksum (Tng kim tra li tiu ): kim tra tnh ton vn ca phn tiu . Source Addres : a ca my gi gi tin. Destination Address: a ch ca my nhn gi tin. Options: Ty chn cho php h tr mt s vn , chng hn vn bo mt. Data: Cha d liu ca tng trn gi xung cn truyn i.
6.6.3 Cu trc a ch IP
Mi my tnh trn mng TCP/IP phi c gn mt a ch lun l c chiu di 32 bits, gi l a ch IP.
H6.31 Cu trc a ch IP
32 bits ca a ch IP c chia thnh 2 phn : Phn nhn dng mng (network id) v phn nhn dng my tnh (Host id). Phn nhn dng mng c dng nhn dng mt mng v phi c gn bi Trung tm thng tin mng Internet (InterNIC - Internet Network Information Center) nu mun ni kt vo mng Internet. Phn nhn dng my tnh dng nhn dng mt my tnh trong mt mng.
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H6.32 Phn lp a ch IP
d dng cho vic c v hiu bi con ngi, 32 bits ca a ch IP c nhm li thnh 4 bytes v c phn cch nhau bi 3 du chm (.). Gi tr ca mi bytes c vit li di dng thp phn, vi gi tr hp l nm trong khon t 0 n 255. Cu hi c t ra l bao nhiu bits dnh cho phn nhn dng mng v bao nhiu bits dnh cho phn nhn dng my tnh. Ngi ta phn cc a ch ra thnh 5 lp : A, B, C, D v E. Trong , ch c lp A, B v C c dng cho cc mc ch thng mi. Cc bits c trng s cao nht ch nh lp mng ca a ch. Hnh sau m t cch phn chia lp cho cc a ch IP. Thng tin chi tit v cc lp c m t nh bng sau : Lp Dng Mc ch Cc bits cao nht Khon a ch S bt phn nhn dng mng / S bt phn nhn dng my tnh 7/24 14/16 Tng s my tnh trong mt mng 16.777. 214 (224 - 2) 65. 543 (216 - 2) 254 (28 - 2)
A B
D E
N.H.H.H Cho mt s t cc t chc ln N.N.H.H Cho cc t chc c kch thc trung bnh N.N.N.H Cho cc t chc c kch thc nh Truyn nhm Dnh cho th nghim
0 10
1.0.0.0 n 126.0.0.0 128.1.0.0 n 191.254.0.0 192.0.1.0 n 223.255.254.0 224.0.0.0 n 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 n 254.255.255.255
Ghi ch H : Host, N=Network
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21/8
1110 1111
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6.6.4 t s a ch IP c bit
a ch mng (Network Address): l a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0, c s dng xc nh mt mng. o V d : 10.0.0.0; 172.18.0.0 ; 192.1.1.0 a ch qung b (Broadcast Address) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 1, c s dng ch tt c cc my tnh trong mng. o V d : 10.255.255.255, 172.18.255.255, 192.1.1.255 Mt n mng chun (Netmask) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca cc bits phn nhn dng mng u l 1, cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0. Nh vy ta c 3 mt n mng tng ng cho 3 lp mng A, B v C l : o Mt n mng lp A : 255.0.0.0 o Mt n mng lp B : 255.255.0.0 o Mt n mng lp C : 255.255.255.0 Ta gi chng l cc mt n mng mc nh (Default Netmask) Lu : a ch mng, a ch qung b, mt n mng khng c dng t a ch cho cc my tnh a ch mng 127.0.0.0 l a ch c dnh ring t trong phm vi mt my tnh. N ch c gi tr cc b ( trong phm vi mt my tnh). Thng thng khi ci t giao thc IP th my tnh s c gin a ch 127.0.0.1. a ch ny thng thng kim tra xem giao thc IP trn my hin ti c hot ng khng. a ch dnh ring cho mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip Internet : Cc mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip vo mng Internet c th s dng cc a ch mng sau nh a ch cho cc my tnh trong mng ca mnh : o Lp A : 10.0.0.0 o Lp B : 172.16.0.0 n 172.32.0.0 o Lp C : 192.168.0.0
6.6.5 ngha ca Netmask

Vi mt a ch IP v mt Netmask cho trc, ta c th dng php ton AND BIT tnh ra c a ch mng m a ch IP ny thuc v. Cng thc nh sau : Network Address = IP Address & Netmask V d : Cho a ch IP = 198.53.147.45 v Netmask = 255.255.255.0. Ta thc hin php ton AND BIT (&) hai a ch trn: Biu din thp phn 198.53.147.45 255.255.255.0 198.53.147.0 Biu din nh phn 11000110 00110101 10010011 00101101 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11000110 00110101 10010011 00000000
IP Address Netmask Network Address
6.6.6 Phn mng con (Subnetting)

6.6.6.1 Gii thiu
Phn mng con l mt k thut cho php nh qun tr mng chia mt mng thnh nhng mng con nh, nh c c cc tin li sau : n gin ha vic qun tr : Vi s tr gip ca cc router, cc mng c th c chia ra thnh nhiu mng con (subnet) m chng c th c qun l nh nhng mng c lp v hiu qu hn.
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C th thay i cu trc bn trong ca mng m khng lm nh hng n cc mng bn ngoi. Mt t chc c th tip tc s dng cc a ch IP c cp m khng cn phi ly thm khi a ch mi. Tng cng tnh bo mt ca h thng : Phn mng con s cho php mt t chc phn tch mng bn trong ca h thnh mt lin mng nhng cc mng bn ngoi vn thy l mt mng duy nht. C lp cc lung giao thng trn mng : Vi s tr gip ca cc router, giao thng trn mng c th c gi mc thp nht c th.
H6.33 a ch mng con i vi th gii bn ngoi
Hnh trn m t mt a ch IP c phn mng con xut hin vi th gii Internet bn ngoi v vi mng Intranet bn trong. Internet ch c phn nhn dng mng v cc router trn Internet ch quan tm ti vic vch ng cho cc gi tin n c router giao tip gia mng Intranet bn trong v mng Internet bn ngoi. Thng thng ta gi router ny l ca khu ca mng (Gateway). Khi mt gi tin IP t mng bn ngoi n router ca khu, n s c phn nhn dng my tnh xc nh xem gi tin ny thuc v mng con no v s chuyn gi tin n mng con , ni m gi tin s c phn pht n my tnh nhn.
6.6.6.2
Phng php phn mng con
Nguyn tc chung thc hin phn mng con l : Phn nhn dng mng (Network Id) ca a ch mng ban u c gi nguyn. Phn nhn dng my tnh ca a ch mng ban u c chia thnh 2 phn : Phn nhn dng mng con (Subnet Id) v Phn nhn dng my tnh trong mng con (Host Id). Network Id Host Id
Subnet Id
H6.33 Cu trc a ch IP khi phn mng con
phn mng con, ngi ta phi xc nh mt n mng con (subnetmask). Mt n mng con l mt a ch IP m gi tr cc bit phn nhn dng mng (Network Id) v Phn nhn dng mng
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con (Subnet Id) u l 1 trong khi gi tr ca cc bits Phn nhn dng my tnh (Host Id) u l 0. Hnh H6.34 m t mt n phn mng con cho mt mng lp C. Network Id
11111111 11111111 11111111
Host Id
111 00000
Subnet Id
H6.34 Mt n mng con khi phn mng con
Khi c c mt n mng con, ta c th xc nh a ch mng con (Subnetwork Address) m mt a ch IP c tnh bng cng thc sau : Subnetwork Address = IP & Subnetmask C hai chun thc hin phn mng con l : Chun phn lp hon ton (Classfull standard) v chun Vch ng lin min khng phn lp CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing ). Thc t, CIDR ch mi c a s cc nh sn xut thit b v h iu hnh mng h tr nhng vn cha hon ton chun ha.
6.6.6.2.1
Phng php phn lp hon ton (Classfull Standard)
Chun ny qui nh a ch IP khi phn mng con s gm 3 phn : Phn nhn dng mng ca a ch ban u (Network Id): Phn nhn dng mng con (Subnet Id) : c hnh thnh t mt s bits c trng s cao trong phn nhn dng my tnh (Host Id) ca a ch ban u V cui cng l phn nhn dng my tnh trong mng con (Host Id) bao gm cc bit cn li. V d : Hnh sau m t cu trc a ch IP lp C khi thc hin phn mng con Original Network Id IP bnh thng Original Network Id IP c phn mng con Subnet Id
H6.35 a ch IP phn mng con theo chun Phn lp hon ton
Original Host Id
Host Id
S lng bits thuc phn nhn dng mng con xc nh s lng mng con. Gi s phn nhn dng mng con chim 4 bits. Nh vy, v mt l thuyt ta c th phn ra thnh 24=16 mng con. Tuy nhin phn nhn dng mng con gm ton bit 0 hoc bit 1 khng c dng nh a ch cho mng con v n trng vi a ch mng v a ch qung b ca mng ban u. V d : Cho a ch mng lp C : 192.168.1.0 vi mt n mng mc nh l 255.255.255.0. Xt trng hp phn mng con cho mng trn s dng 2 bits lm phn nhn dng mng con. Mt n mng trong trng hp ny l 255.255.255.192. Khi ta c cc a ch mng con nh sau :
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a ch IP Mng ban u Mng con 1 Mng con 2 Mng con 3 Mng con 4
Biu din dng thp phn 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.192
Biu din dng nh phn 1100 0000 1100 0000 1100 0000 1100 0000 1100 0000 1010 1000 1010 1000 1010 1000 1010 1000 1010 1000 0000 0001 0000 0001 0010 0001 0000 0001 0000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000 0100 0000 1000 0000 1100 0000
Ta nhn thy rng: a ch mng con th nht 192.168.1.0 trng vi a ch mng ban u. a ch mng con th t 192.168.1.192 c a ch qung b trng vi a ch qung b ca mng ban u . Chnh v th m hai a ch ny ( c phn nhn dng mng con ton bit 0 hoc ton bit 1) khng c dng nh a ch cho mng con. Ni tm li, vi n bits lm phn nhn dng mng con ta ch c th phn ra c 2n-2 mng con m thi. Mi mng con cng c a ch qung b. l a ch m cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u c gi tr l 1. V d : a ch IP Mng con 1 a ch qung b Mng con 2 a ch qung b Biu din dng thp phn 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.191 Biu din dng nh phn 1100 0000 1100 0000 1100 0000 1100 0000 1010 1000 1010 1000 1010 1000 1010 1000 0010 0001 0010 0001 0000 0001 0000 0001 0100 0000 0111 1111 1000 0000 1011 1111
Nh vy qui trnh phn mng con c th c tm tt nh sau : Xc nh s lng mng con cn phn, gi s l N. Biu din (N+1) thnh s nh phn. s lng bit cn thit biu din (N+1) chnh l s lng bits cn dnh cho phn nhn dng mng con. V d N=6, khi biu din ca (6+1) di dng nh phn l 111. Nh vy cn dng 3 bits lm phn nhn dng mng con To mt n mng con Lit k tt c cc a ch mng con c th, tr hai a ch m phn nhn dng mng con ton cc bits 0 v cc bit 1. Chn ra N a ch mng con t danh sch cc mng con lit k.
6.6.6.2.2
Phng php Vch ng lin min khng phn lp CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing )
CIDR l mt s nh a ch mi cho mng Internet hiu qu hn nhiu so vi s nh a ch c theo kiu phn lp A, B v C. CIDR ra i gii quyt hai vn bc xc i vi mng Internet l : Thiu a ch IP Vt qu kh nng cha ng ca cc bng chn ng.
6.6.6.3
Vn thiu a ch IP
Vi s nh a ch truyn thng, cc a ch c phn ra thnh cc lp A, B v C. Mi a ch c 2 phn, phn nhn dng mng v phn nhn dng my tnh. Khi s lng mng v s my tnh ti a cho tng mng c thng k nh bng sau :
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Lp mng A B C
S lng mng 126 65.000 Hn 2 triu
S my tnh ti a trong mng 16.777.214 65.534 254
Bi v cc a ch ca mng Internet thng c gn theo kch thc ny dn n tnh trng lng ph. Trng hp bn cn 100 a ch, Bn s c cp mt a ch lp C. Nh vy cn 154 a ch khng c s dng. Chnh iu ny dn n trnh trng thiu a ch IP cho mng Internet. Theo thng k, ch c khong 3% s a ch c cp pht c s dng n. Chnh v th s nh a ch mi CIDR ra i khc phc tnh trng trn.
6.6.6.4
Vn vt qu kh nng cha ng ca cc bng chn ng
Khi s lng mng trn mng Internet tng cng ng ngha vi vic tng s lng router trn mng. Trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta d on rng cc router ng trc ca mng Internet ang nhanh chng tin n mc ngng ti a s lng router m n c th chp nhn c. Thm ch vi nhng cng ngh hin i dng sn xut cc router th v mt l thuyt kch thc ti a ca mt bng chn ng cng ch n 60.000 mc t (ng i). Nu khng c nhng ci tin th cc router ng trc s t n con s ny v nh th khng th m rng mng Internet hn na. gii quyt hai vn trn, cng ng Internet a ra cc gii php sau : Sa i li cu trc cp pht a ch IP tng hiu qu Kt hp vic chn ng c cu trc gim ti a s lng cc mc t trong bng chn ng.
6.6.6.5
Sa i li cu trc cp pht a ch IP
CIDR c s dng thay th cho s cp pht c vi vic qui nh cc lp A, B, C. Thay v phn nhn dng mng c gii hn vi 8, 16 hoc 24 bits, CIDR s dng phn nhn dng mng c tnh tng qut t 13 n 27 bits. Chnh v th cc khi a ch c th c gn cho mng nh nht vi 32 my tnh n mng ln nht hn 500.000 my tnh. iu ny p ng gn ng yu cu nh a ch ca cc t chc khc nhau.
6.6.6.6
a ch CIDR
Mt a ch theo cu trc CIDR, gi tt tt a ch CIDR, bao gm 32 bits ca a ch IP chun cng vi mt thng tin b sung v s lng cc bit c s dng cho phn nhn dng mng. V d : Vi a ch CIDR 206.13.01.48/25 th chui s "/25" ch ra rng 25 bits u tin trong a ch IP c dng nhn dng duy nht mt mng, s bits cn li dng nhn dng mt my tnh trong mng. Bng sau so snh gia s nh a ch theo kiu CIDR v s nh a ch theo chun phn lp hon ton. S bits nhn dng mng trong a ch CIDR /27 /26 /25 /24 /23 /22 Lp tng ng trong chun phn lp hon ton 1/8 lp C lp C 1/2 lp C 1 lp C 2 lp C 4 lp C S lng my tnh trong mng 32 64 128 256 512 1.024
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/21 /20 /19 /18 /17 /16 /15 /14 /13
8 lp C 16 lp C 32 lp C 64 lp C 128 lp C 256 lp C (= 1 lp B) 512 lp C 1,024 lp C 2,048 lp C
2.048 4.096 8.192 16.384 32.768 65.536 131.072 262.144 524.288
Kt hp vic chn ng c cu trc gim ti a s lng cc mc t trong bng chn ng. S nh a ch theo theo CIDR cng cho php kt hp cc ng i, mc t trong bng chn ng mc cao c th i din cho nhiu router mc thp hn trong cc bng chn ng tng th. S ny ging nh h thng mng in thoi mng c thit lp theo kin trc phn cp. Mt router mc cao (quc gia), ch quan tm n m quc gia trong s in thoi, sau n s vch ng cho cuc gi n router ng trc ph trch mng quc gia tng ng vi m quc gia . Router nhn c cuc gi nhn vo phn u ca s in thoi, m tnh, vch ng cho cuc gi n mt mng con tng ng vi m tnh , v c nh th. Trong s ny, cc router ng trc ch lu gi thng tin v m quc gia cho mi mc t trong bng chn ng ca mnh, mi mc t nh th i din cho mt s khng l cc s in thoi ring l ch khng phi l mt s in thoi c th. Thng thng, cc khi a ch ln c cp cho cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (IP- Internet Service Providers) ln, sau h li cp li cc phn trong khi a ch ca h cho cc khch hng ca mnh. Hin ti, mng Internet s dng c hai s cp pht a ch Classfull standard v CIDR. Hu ht cc router mi u h tr CIDR v nhng nh qun l Internet th khuyn khch ngi dng ci t s nh a ch CIDR. Tham kho thm v CIDR a ch http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfcsearch.html vi cc RFC lin quan sau:

RFC 1517: Applicability Statement for the Implementation of CIDR RFC 1518: An Architecture for IP Address Allocation with CIDR RFC 1519: CIDR: An Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy RFC 1520: Exchanging Routing Information Across Provider Boundaries in the CIDR Environment
6.6.7 Vch ng trong giao thc IP

Cho ba mng Net1, Net2 v Net3 ni li vi nhau nh 3 router R1, R2 v R3. Mng Net4 ni cc router li vi nhau. Cng vic u tin trong thit k mng lin mng IP l chn a ch mng cho cc nhnh mng. Trong trng hp ny ta chn mng lp C cho 4 mng nh bng sau:
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Mng Net1 Net2 Net3 Net4
a ch mng 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 192.168.3.0 192.168.4.0
Mt n mng 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
K tip, gn a ch cho tng my tnh trong mng. V d trong mng Net1, cc my tnh c gn a ch l 192.168.1.2 (K hiu .2 l cch vit tt ca a ch IP m t Phn nhn dng my tnh) v 192.168.1.3. Mi router c hai giao din tham gia vo hai mng khc nhau. V d, giao din tham gia vo mng NET1 ca router R1 c a ch l 192.168.1.1 v giao din tham gia vo mng NET4 c a ch l 192.168.4.1.
H6.36 V d v lin mng mt lin mng s dng giao thc IP
my tnh ca cc mng c th giao tip c vi nhau, cn phi c thng tin v ng i. Bng chn ng ca router c th to ra th cng hoc t ng. i vi mng nh, nh qun tr mng s np ng i cho cc router thng qua cc lnh c cung cp bi h iu hnh ca router. Bng chn ng trong giao thc IP c 4 thng tin quan trng l : a ch mng ch Mt n mng ch Router k tip s nhn gi tin (Next Hop) Giao din chuyn gi tin i Trong v d trn, cc router s c bng chn ng nh sau :
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Cc my tnh cng c bng chn ng. Di y l bng chn ng ca my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 :
Mng ch default ni rng ngoi nhng ng i n cc mng lit k pha trn, cc ng i cn li th gi cho NextHop ca mng default ny. Nh vy, gi gi tin cho bt k mt my tnh no nm bn ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 th my tnh 192.168.3.3 s chuyn gi tin cho router 3 a ch 192.168.3.1.
6.6.7.1
ng i ca gi tin
hiu r c ch hot ng ca giao thc IP, ta hy xt hai trng hp gi gi tin : Trng hp my tnh gi v nhn nm trong cng mt mng v trng hp my tnh gi v my tnh nhn nm trn hai mng khc nhau. Gi s my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 gi mt gi tin cho my tnh 192.168.3.2. Tng hai ca my gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca my nhn v gi khung ln ng truyn NET3, trn my tnh nhn s nhn c gi tin. By gi ta xt trng hp my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 trn mng NET3 gi gi tin cho my tnh c a ch 192.168.1.2 trn mng Net1. Theo nh bng chn ng ca my gi, cc gi tin c a ch nm ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 s c chuyn n router R3 (a ch 192.168.3.1). Chnh v th, my tnh gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.3.1 v a ln ng truyn NET3. Nhn c gi tin, R3 phn tch a ch IP ca my nhn xc nh ch n ca gi tin . Bng chn ng cho thy, vi ch n l mng 192.168.1.0 th cn phi chuyn gi tin cho router R1 a ch 192.168.4.1 thng qua giao din 192.168.4.3. V th R3 t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.4.1 ca router R1 v a ln ng truyn NET4. Tng t, R1 s chuyn gi tin cho my nhn 192.168.1.2 bng mt khung trn ng truyn NET1.
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Ta nhn thy rng, i n c my nhn, gi tin c chuyn i bi nhiu khung khc nhau. Mi khung s c a ch nhn khc nhau, tuy nhin a ch ca gi tin th lun lun khng i.
6.6.7.2
Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol)
Nu mt my tnh mun truyn mt gi tin IP n cn t gi tin ny vo trong mt khung trn ng truyn vt l m n ang ni kt vo. c th truyn thnh cng khung, my tnh gi cn thit phi bit c a ch vt l (MAC) ca my tnh nhn. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch s dng mt bng nh x cc a ch IP v a ch vt l. Giao thc IP s dng giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) thc hin nh x t mt a ch IP v mt a ch MAC.
H6.37 Giao thc ARP
Mt my tnh xc nh a ch vt l ca n vo lc khi ng bng cch c thit b phn cng v xc nh a ch IP ca n bng cch c tp tin cu hnh, sau lu thng tin v mi tng ng gia a ch IP v MAC ca n vo trong vng nh tm (ARP cache). Khi nhn c mt a ch IP m ARP khng th tm ra c a ch vt l tng ng da vo vng nh tm hin ti, n s thc hin mt khung qung b c nh dng nh sau :
Tng qut
Cc trng Ethernet Destination Address
Kch thc (byte) 6 6 2 2 2
Cc gi tr a ch my nhn, trong trng hp ny l mt a ch qung b a ch ca my gi thng ip Kiu khung, c gi tr l 0x0806 khi ARP yu cu v 0x8035 khi ARP tr li Gi tr l 1 cho mng Ethernet C gi tr l 0x0800 cho a ch IP
Ethernet Header
Ethernet Source Address Frame Type
ARP request/reply
Hardware Type Protocol Type
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Hardware Address Size in bytes
Chiu di ca a ch vt l, c gi tr l 6 cho mng Ethernet Chiu di a ch ca giao thc, c gi tr l 4 cho giao thc IP L 1 nu l khung yu cu, l 2 nu l khung tr li Khng s dng n trong yu cu ca ARP -
Protocol Address Size 1 in bytes Operation Sender Ethernet Address Sender IP Address Destination Ethernet Address Destination IP Address 2 6 4 6 4
Nh vo vic gi cc yu cu ny, mt my tnh c th b sung thng tin cho vng cache ca giao thc ARP, nh cp nht kp thi mi s thay i ca s mng. Thng thng thi gian qu hn (Time-out) cho mt thng tin trong vng cache l 20 pht. Mt yu cu ARP cho mt my tnh khng tn ti trn nhnh mng c lp li mt vi ln xc nh no . Nu mt my tnh c ni kt vo nhiu hn mt mng bng giao din mng, khi s tn ti nhng vng cache ARP ring cho tng giao din mng. Lu , ARP trn mt my tnh ch thc hin vic xc a ch vt l cho cc a ch cng a ch mng / mng con vi n m thi. i vi cc gi tin gi cho cc my tnh c a ch IP khng cng mt mng / mng con vi my gi s c chuyn hng cho mt router nm cng mng vi my gi chuyn i tip. V cc yu cu ARP c qung b rng ri, cho nn bt k mt my tnh no ang duy tr mt vng cache u c th theo di tt c cc yu cu c qung b ny ly thng tin v a ch vt l v a ch IP ca my gi yu cu v b sung vo vng cache ca n khi cn thit. Khi mt my tnh khi ng, n gi mt yu cu ARP ( c th cho chnh n) nh thng bo vi cc my tnh khc v s xut hin ca n trong mng cc b. C th gn nhiu hn mt a ch IP cho mt a ch vt l. Ch rng, nh dng ca yu cu ARP th c thit k c th h tr c cho cc giao thc khc ngoi IP v Ethernet.
6.6.7.3
Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
Ngy nay, cc trm lm vic khng a cng (Diskless workstation) c s dng rng ri. Mi my tnh ch cn b x l v b nh, tt c khng gian lu tr c cung cp t mt my ch (Server) s dng mt h thng tp tin mng theo mt chun no . Do khng c cc tp tin cu hnh, tin trnh khi ng ca cc my tnh ny thng s dng mt giao thc truyn ti tp tin rt n gin nh TFTP. Tuy nhin, trc khi c th ni kt n c server, cc trm lm vic cn phi bit c a ch IP ca n. Giao thc RARP c dng trong trng hp ny. RARP s dng cng nh dng yu cu ca ARP nhng trng Operation c gi tr l 3 cho yu cu v 4 cho tr li. Trn server duy tr mt bng m t mi tng quan gia a ch vt l v a ch IP ca cc my trm. Khi nhn c yu cu RARP, server tm trong bng a ch v tr v a ch IP tng ng cho my trm gi yu cu.
6.6.7.4
Giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
Giao thc ICMP c ci t trong hu ht tt c cc my tnh TCP/IP. Cc thng ip ca giao thc c gi i trong cc gi tin IP v c dng gi i cc bo li hay cc thng tin iu khin.
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ICMP to ra nhiu loi thng ip hu ch nh : ch n khng ti c (Destination Unreachable), Thm hi v tr li (Echo Request and Reply), Chuyn hng (Redirect), Vt qu thi gian (Time Exceeded), Qung b b chn ng (Router Advertisement) C lp b chn ng (Router Solicitation) .... Nu mt thng ip khng th phn pht c th n s khng c gi li. iu ny trnh tnh trng di chuyn khng bao gi dng ca cc thng ip ICMP. Nu mt thng ip ch n khng ti c c gi i bi mt router, iu c ngha rng router khng th gi gi tin n ch c. Khi router s xa gi tin ra khi hng i ca n. C hai nguyn nhn lm cho mt gi tin khng th i n ni c. Phn ln l my gi m t mt a ch nhn m n khng tn ti trn thc t. Trng hp t hn l router khng bit ng i n ni nhn gi tin. Thng ip ch n khng ti c c chia thnh bn loi c bn l : Mng khng n c (Network unreachable) : C ngha l c s c trong vn vch ng hoc a ch nhn ca gi tin. My tnh khng n c (Host unreachable) : Thng thng dng ch trc trc trong vn phn pht, nh l sai mt n mng con chng hn. Giao thc khng n c (Protocol unreachable) : My nhn khng h tr giao thc tng cao hn nh gi tin m t. Cng khng n c (Port unreachable) : Socket ca giao thc TCP hay cng khng tn ti. Mt thng ip Thm hi v tr li c to ra bi lnh ping t mt my tnh kim tra tnh lin thng trn lin mng. Nu c mt thng ip tr li, iu biu hin rng gia my gi v my nhn c th giao tip c vi nhau. Mt thng ip Chuyn hng c gi bi mt router n my gi gi tin khuyn co v mt ng i tt hn. Router hin ti vn chuyn tip gi tin m n nhn c. Thng ip chuyn hng gi cho bng chn ng ca cc my tnh c nh bi v chng ch cn cha a ch ca mt router m thi, thm ch router cung cp ng i khng phi l tt nht. i khi sau khi nhn c thng ip chuyn hng, thit b gi vn s dng ng i c. Mt thng ip Vt qu thi hn c gi bi mt router nu thi gian sng (Timeto-live) ca gi tin, tnh bng s router hay giy, c gi tr l 0. Thi gian sng ca gi tin gip phng nga trng hp gi tin c gi i lng vng trn mng v khng bao gi n ni nhn. Router s b i cc gi tin ht thi gian sng.
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Chng 7: TNG VN CHUYN

Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu vi ngi c nhng ni dung sau: Vai tr ca tng vn chuyn v cc chc nng m tng vn chuyn cung cp cho tng ng dng ngha v c ch thit lp ni kt v gii phng ni kt cho cc ni kt im im Chi tit v hay giao thc TCP v UDP thuc tng vn chuyn
Yu cu
Sau khi hc xong chng ny, ngi hc phi c c nhng kh nng sau: Bin lun c s cn thit ca tng vn chuyn trong mt lin mng Gii thch c c ch thit lp v xa ni kt cc cuc giao tip im-im ca tng vn chuyn Trnh by c nguyn tc hot ng ca hai giao thc TCP v UDP ca mng Internet
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7.1
Dch v ca tng vn chuyn
Trong khi tng mng m bo vic chuyn gi tin t mt host n mt host khc, tng vn chuyn li lm trung gian gia tng mng v cc ng dng mng n chuyn thng tin gia cc tin trnh chy trn cc host khc nhau. Phn sau s tho lun v cc dch v v kiu dch v m tng vn chuyn cung cp cho tng ng dng.
7.1.1 Cc dch v cung cp cho tng ng dng

Mc tiu quan trng ca tng vn chuyn l cung cp dch v vn chuyn gi tin hiu qu, tin cy v tit kim chi phi cho ngi dng ca n, y l cc tin trnh chy tng ng dng. Phn cng/mm nm trong lp vn chuyn v hot ng c gi l thc th vn chuyn. Thc th vn chuyn c th nm nhn ca h iu hnh, trong mt tin trnh ngi dng ring bit, trong mt gi th vin lin quan n cc ng dng mng, hoc thm ch c gi gn trong card mng. Mi quan h logic gia tng mng, tng vn chuyn v tng ng dng c th hin trong hnh sau H7.1.
H7.1 Cc tng mng, vn chuyn v ng dng
C hai kiu dch v vn chuyn: c ni kt v khng ni kt. V tng vn chuyn cng phi cung cp cc tham s ngi dng ch nh loi dch v h mong mun. Loi dch v vn chuyn c ni kt hot ng ging nh dch v c ni kt ca tng mng. Ngha l n c 3 k: thit lp ni kt, truyn d liu v hy ni kt. Loi dch v khng ni kt cng ging nh tng mng, ch n gin y gi tin ra mng v hy vng n n ch. T y pht sinh cu hi: Hai tng vn chuyn v mng hot ng ging nhau, sao khng nhp li lm mt? Cu tr li rt d gy tranh ci: M lnh vn chuyn nm hon ton trong my tnh ca ngi dng, nhng lp mng hu ht chy trn cc router. Nu nhp c hai vo mt lp mng, gi s lp mng cung cp dch v khng tha ng th sao? Nu lp mng thng xuyn lm mt gi tin th sao? Nu cc router b cht thng xuyn th sao? Vn pht sinh ch, ngi dng khng c quyn iu khin thc s ln lp mng, do h khng th gii quyt vn dch v khng tt bng cch chn cc ng i khc, hay p t thm nhiu gii php iu khin li ln lp lin kt d liu. Kh nng duy nht c th c l t trn lp mng mt lp khc lm nhim v ci thin cht lng dch v. Nu, trong mt mng con dng hng ni kt, mt thc th vn chuyn c thng bo gia lc truyn d liu rng kt ni mng b gy, n c th thit lp mt kt ni mng khc n bn i thoi bn kia, ri gi i cu hi
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rng d liu no n, ci no cha v cui cng khi ng li t im b b d dang. D liu b mt hoc b h hng s c phc hi bi lp vn chuyn, do vic chuyn d liu an ton hn. Nh thng l, ti lp vn chuyn, ngi ta thit k cc hm dch v c s triu gi cc dch v vn chuyn v cc hm ny l n gin, duy nht v c lp vi cc hm c s tng mng. Nh vo s c lp ny, s phc tp mc mng b che i, cc nh lp trnh ng dng c th vit m lnh da vo mt tp hp chun cc hm c s mc vn chuyn v cho chng trnh ca h chy trn nhiu loi mng m khng b au u bi cc vn v giao din cc mng con khc nhau v vic truyn ti khng tin cy.
7.1.2 Cc hm dch v c s
Cc hm dch v c s lp vn chuyn c chia thnh hai nhm theo phng thc hot ng: c ni kt v khng ni kt.
7.1.3 Cc hm dch v hng ni kt

Hm
LISTEN CONNECT SEND RECEIVE DISCONNECT
Gi tin gi i
Khng c Yu cu kt ni (Connection Request) D liu (Data) Khng c Yu cu hy kt ni (Disconnection Request)
ngha
Nghn cho n khi tin trnh no ni kt ti Ch ng yu cu thit lp ni kt n tin trnh khc Gi thng tin i Nghn cho n khi mt gi tin n v nhn n Mun hy kt ni vi bn i tc
7.1.4 Cc hm dch v dng khng ni kt

Hm
SEND RECEIVE
Gi tin gi i
D liu (Data) Khng c
ngha
Gi thng tin i Nghn cho n khi mt gi tin n v nhn n
7.2 Cc yu t cu thnh giao thc vn chuyn

Cng ging nh giao thc tng lin kt d liu, giao thc vn chuyn phi i ph vi cc vn v iu khin li, nh s th t gi tin v iu khin lung d liu. Tuy nhin, giao thc trn hai tng c nhiu im khc bit quan trng. Nhng khc bit ny xut pht t s khc bit ca mi trng hot ng ca chng (nh c ch ra trong hnh H7.2).
H7.2. (a) Mi trng ca lp lin kt d liu. (b) Mi trng ca lp vn chuyn
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Ti lp lin kt d liu, hai router giao tip vi nhau qua mt knh truyn vt l, trong khi ti lp vn chuyn, knh truyn ny c thay bng c mt mng con. S khc nhau ny s dn n nhiu h ly m nhng ngi thit k giao thc vn chuyn phi au u gii quyt: nh a ch cc tin trnh trn cc host khc nhau nh th no, x l nh th no i vi nhng trng hp mt gi tin trong qu trnh trao i hoc gi tin i chm dn n mn k v gi thm mt gi tin b trng lp, ng b ha hai tin trnh ang trao i d liu nh th no khi m chng ang rt xa nhau.
7.2.1 nh a ch
Khi mt tin trnh mong mun thit lp ni kt vi mt tin trnh khc t xa, n phi ch ra rng n mun kt ni vi tin trnh no. (Vn chuyn hng khng ni kt cng gp vn tng t: thng ip s gi n ai?). Mt phng php nh a ch tng vn chuyn ca Internet l dng s hiu cng (port), cn trong mng ATM l AAL-SAP. Chng ta s dng t chung nht nh a ch tin trnh l TSAP (Transport Service Access Point). Tng t, a ch trong tng mng c gi l NSAP. Hnh H7.3 m phng mi quan h gia NSAP, TSAP v kt ni vn chuyn. Cc tin trnh ng dng, c client v server u phi gn vo mt TSAP v thit lp ni kt n TSAP khc. V kt ni ny chy qua c hai TSAP. Mc tiu ca vic s dng cc TSAP l v trong mt s mng, mi my tnh ch c mt NSAP, do cn phi c cch phn bit nhiu im cui mc vn chuyn khi chng ang chia s mt NSAP. V d, dn cnh mt cuc kt ni mc vn chuyn c th din ra nh sau: 1. Mt server phc v thng tin v thi gian trn host 2 gn n vo TSAP 1522 ch mt cuc gi n. 2. Mt tin trnh ng dng chy trn host 1 mun bit gi hin ti, v th n a ra mt yu cu ni kt ch ra TSAP 1208 l cng ngun v TSAP 1522 l cng ch. Hnh ng ny dn n mt kt ni vn chuyn c thit lp gia hai tin trnh client v server trn hai host 1 v 2.
H 6.3. TSAP, NSAP v kt ni vn chuyn
3. Tin trnh client gi mt yu cu n server hi v thi gian. 4. Server tr li thi gian hin ti cho client. 5. Kt ni vn chuyn cui cng c gii phng.
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7.2.2 Thit lp ni kt
Vic thit lp ni kt nghe c v d dng, nhng khi thc hin c th s gp nhiu rc ri. Thot nhn, mt phin thit lp ni kt s din ra nh sau: mt bn s gi TPDU yu cu ni kt (Connection Request CR) n bn kia, bn kia s gi mt TPDU tr li chp nhn ni kt (Connection Accepted CA). Vn pht sinh khi mng lm mt, tn tr qu lu hay lm trng lp cc gi tin do hai thc th vn chuyn trao i qua li vi nhau. V d mt tnh hung nh sau: tin trnh 1 gi yu cu kt ni n tin trnh 2, yu cu ny b cc mng con trung gian tr hon do tc nghn. Mn k, tin trnh 1 gi li yu cu ni kt, va lc yu cu ni kt b tr hon cng n tin trnh 2. Gii thut thit lp ni kt ph bin nht l gii thut bt tay 3 chiu (three-way hand-shake). Xin xem cc tnh hung c m phng trong Hnh H7.4. Gi s yu cu ni kt pht sinh host 1. Host 1 chn mt s th t l x v nh km s trong TPDU CR ( CR (seq=x) ) gi n host 2. Host 2 bo nhn ACK ( ACK (seq = y, ACK = x) ) v thng bo s th t khi u ca n l y. Cui cng host 1 bo nhn cho host 2 n bit s th t khi u ca host 2 l y bng TPDU d liu u tin gi n host 2 ( DATA (seq=x, ACK=y) ). By gi xt n tnh hung TPDU CR b trng lp. Khi TPDU CR th hai n host 2, host 2 lin tr li ACK v tng rng host 1 mun thit lp ni kt khc. Khi host 1 t chi c gng thit lp ni kt ca host 2, host 2 hiu rng n b la bi CR b trng lp v s t b ni kt . Trng hp xu nht l c hai TPDU CR v ACK ca host 1 u b trng lp. Nh trong v d (b), host 2 nhn c mt CR tr v tr li cho yu cu vi s th t khi u y. Gi s, khng may trong tr li cho yu cu CR trc , host 2 thng bo s th t khi u ca n l z. Bo nhn chiu th ba ca host 1 li b tr. Khi host 1 nhn c bo nhn ACK (seq=y, ACK=x), n nhn ra rng thng bo DATA (seq=x, ACK=z) b tr, do n t b ni kt ny.
H7.4 Khung cnh vic bt tay 3 chiu. (a) Hot ng bnh thng. (b) Bn CR b trng lp. (c) C CR v ACK u b trng lp
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7.2.3 Gii phng ni kt

Vic gii phng ni kt n gin hn thit lp ni kt. Tuy nhin, ngi ta s cn gp nhiu kh khn khng ng ti. By gi chng ta s ngh hai kiu gii phng ni kt: d b v ng b. Kiu d b hot ng nh sau: khi mt bn ct ni kt, kt ni s b hy b (ging nh trong h thng in thoi). Kiu ng b lm vic theo phng thc ngc li: khi c hai ng hy b ni kt, ni kt mi thc s c hy. Gii phng ni kt kiu d b l th l v c th dn n mt d liu. V d tnh hung trong Hnh H7.5. Sau khi ni kt thnh cng, host 1 gi mt gi d liu n ng host 2. Sau host 1 gi tip mt gi d liu khc. Khng may, host 2 gi i mt yu cu ct ni kt (DISCONNECT) trc khi gi d liu th hai n. Kt qu l kt ni c gii phng v d liu b mt.
H7.5 S ct kt ni mt cch th l s dn n mt d liu
R rng, chng ta cn mt gii php hu hiu hn trnh mt d liu. Mt gii php l s dng vic gii phng ni kt ng b, trong , mi host u c trch nhim trong vic gii phng ni kt. Mt nt phi tip tc nhn d liu sau khi gi i yu cu gii phng ni kt (DISCONNECT REQUEST CR) n bn i tc, cho n khi nhn c chp thun hy b ni kt ca bn i tc . Ngi ta c th hnh dung giao thc nh sau: u tin host 1 ni: Ti xong ri, anh xong cha?. Nu host 2 tr li: Ti cng xong, tm bit th kt ni coi nh c gii phng an ton. Tuy nhin, gii php trn khng phi lc no cng chy ng. C mt bi ton ni ting dng m t vn , c gi l bi ton hai s qun (Two army problem).
H7.6 Bi ton hai s qun
C hai s qun ang dn trn nh nhau. Qun trng dn qun di thung lng, qun xanh chia thnh hai cnh qun chim lnh hai nh i ng ng hai bn thung lng . Ch huy ca hai cnh qun xanh mun thng bo v nht tr vi nhau v thi im cng tn cng qun trng. Do qun
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s hai cnh qun xanh cng li mi sc thng qun trng, mt cnh qun xanh tn cng ring l s b qun trng tiu dit. Hai cnh qun xanh mun ng b ha cuc tn cng ca h bng cnh gi cc thng ip qua li. Nhng nhng thng ip phi chy ngang qua thung lng v c kh nng b qun trng ph hng. Cu hi y l c giao thc no m bo s thng li ca qun xanh hay khng? Gi s ch huy cnh qun xanh s 1 gi thng ip n ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2: Ti d nh tn cng vo lc hong hn ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2004, c c khng?. May mn thay, ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2 nhn c thng ip v tr li ng . Vy cuc tn cng c chc xy ra khng? Khng chc, bi v ch huy cnh qun xanh s 2 khng chc cu tr li ca anh ta n c ch huy ca cnh qun s 1. By gi ta ci tin giao thc thm mt bc: cho n tr thnh giao thc ba chiu: Bn cnh qun s 1 gi bn hip ng tn cng cho bn cnh qun s 2, bn cnh qun s 2 tr li ng , bn cnh qun 1 thng bo cho bn 2 n bit c s ng ca bn 2. Th nhng nu thng bo cui cng ca bn 1 b mt th sao? Bn 2 cng s khng tn cng! Nu ta c ci tin thnh giao thc n chiu i na th vic hip ng vn tht bi nu thng bo cui cng b mt. Ta c th thy mi tng ng gia bi ton hai s qun v gii php gii phng ni kt. Thay v hp ng tn cng, hai bn hp ng hy ni kt! Gii php cui cng l hai bn s dng phng php hy ni kt ba chiu cng vi b nh thi: Bn pht ng vic hy ni kt s bt b nh thi cho mi yu cu gii phng ni kt ca n, nu yu cu gii phng ni kt b mn k m cha nhn c tr li ca bn i tc, n s gi li yu cu mt ln na. Nu yu cu hy ni kt b mn k lin tc N ln, bn pht ng s t hy b ni kt . Bn i tc khi nhn c yu cu hy ni kt t pha pht ng, s tr li chp thun v cng bt b nh thi. Nu mn k m tr li chp thun ca n khng c bo tr t pha pht ng, bn i tc s t hy ni kt. Hnh H7.7 s m phng mt s tnh hung pht sinh trong qu trnh hy ni kt 3 chiu c s dng b nh thi.
(a) Trng hp hy kt ni 3 chiu bnh thng
(b) Khung ACK cui cng b mt
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(c) Tr li b mt
(d) Tr li mt v cc gi tin DR theo sau cng b mt
H7.7 Mt s tnh hung hy ni kt theo phng php 3 chiu
7.2.4 iu khin thng lng

iu khin thng lng trong tng vn chuyn v c bn l ging giao thc ca s trt trong tng lin kt d liu, nhng kch thc ca s ca bn gi v bn nhn l khc nhau. Mi host c th c qu nhiu kt ni ti mt thi im, v th n khng chc l c th m bo cung cp s lng buffer cho mi kt ni nhm thc hin ng giao thc ca s trt. Cn phi c s cung cp buffer ng. Trc tin, bn gi phi gi n bn nhn mt yu cu dnh ring s lng buffer cha cc gi bn gi gi n. Bn nhn cng phi tr li cho bn gi s lng buffer ti a m n c th cung cp. Mi khi bo nhn ACK cho mt gi tin c s th t SEQ_NUM, bn nhn cng phi gi km theo thng bo cho bn gi bit l lng buffer cn li l bao nhiu bn gi khng lm ngp bn nhn. V d sau s m phng mt tnh hung trao i thng tin gia hai my A v B.
A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thng ip <yu cu 8 buffers> <ack = 0, buf = 4> <seq = 0, data = m0> <seq = 1, data = m1> <seq = 2, data = m2> <ack = 1, buf = 3> <seq = 3, data = m3> <seq = 4, data = m4> <seq = 2, data = m2> <ack = 4, buf = 0>
Gii thch A mun B cung cp 8 buffers B ch cp cho A 4 buffers thi A cn li 3 buffers A cn li 2 buffers
Thng ip b mt, nhng A ngh n cn 1 buffer B bo nhn cho thng ip 0 v 1, cn 3 buffers A cn li 1 buffer A khng cn buffer no v phi dng Thng ip th 2 ca A mn k v c truyn li Mi th c bo nhn, nhng A vn nghn
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11 12 13 14 15 16
<ack = 4, buf = 1> <ack = 4, buf = 2> <seq = 5, data = m5> <seq = 6, data = m6> <ack = 6, buf = 0>
A c th gi 1 gi tin th 5 B c thm 1 buffer na A cn li 1 buffer A nghn mt ln na A vn cn nghn Kh nng dn n deadlock
<ack = 6, buf = 4>
H7.8 V d mt phin giao dch gia hai thc th tng vn chuyn
Mt vn tim tng trong s dng buffer ng l c ch hot ng ca n c th dn n deadlock. V d trong hng 16, nu bo nhn <ack = 6, buf = 4> ca bn B b mt, c hai bn A v B u ri vo trng thi deadlock. trnh tnh trng ny, nn cho cc host nh k gi cc bo nhn v trng thi buffer ln mi kt ni vn chuyn ca chng.
7.3 Tng vn chuyn trong mng Internet

Trong Internet, tng vn chuyn c thit k ra vi thc hin cc nhim v sau: m bo vic phn phi thng ip qua mng. Phn phi cc thng ip theo th t m chng c gi. Khng lm trng lp thng ip. H tr nhng thng ip c kch thc ln. H tr c ch ng b ha. H tr vic lin lc ca nhiu tin trnh trn mi host. Tng vn chuyn trong Internet cng h tr hai phng thc hot ng khng ni kt v c ni kt vi hai giao thc lin lc tng ng l UDP v TCP.
7.3.1 Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP l dch v truyn d liu dng khng ni kt. Khng c thit lp ni kt gia hai bn truyn nhn, do gi tin UDP (segment) c th xut hin ti nt ch bt k lc no. Cc segment UDP t thn cha mi thng tin cn thit c th t i n ch. Khun dng ca chng nh sau:
0 16 31 SrcPort Length Data DstPort Checksum
H7.9 Khun dng ca mt segment UDP
Gii thch: SrcPort: a ch cng ngun, l s hiu ca tin trnh gi gi tin i. DstPort: a ch cng ch, l s hiu ca tin trnh s nhn gi tin. Length: Tng chiu di ca segment, tnh lun c phn header. Checksum: L phn kim tra li. UDP s tnh ton phn kim tra li tng hp trn phn header, phn d liu v c phn header o. Phn header o cha 3 trng trong IP header: a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch, v trng chiu di ca UDP. Phng thc tnh ton nh sau:
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u_short cksum(u_short *buf, int count) { register u_long sum = 0; while (count--) { sum += *buf++; if (sum & 0xFFFF0000) { /* bit carry xut hin, v th gp v cng dn n li */ sum &= 0xFFFF; sum++; } } return ~(sum & 0xFFFF); }
Xem thng ip l mt chui cc s nguyn 16 bits. Cng dn cc s nguyn ny tng bit mt. Kt qu cng dn cui cng chnh l phn kim tra li. Data: Phn d liu hai bn gi cho nhau. UDP hot ng khng tin cy cho lm, v: Khng c bo nhn d liu t trm ch; khng c c ch pht hin mt gi tin hoc cc gi tin n khng theo th t; khng c c ch t ng gi li nhng gi tin b mt; khng c c ch iu khin lung d liu, v do c th bn gi s lm ngp bn nhn.
7.3.2 Giao thc TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Ngc vi giao thc UDP, TCP l giao thc vn chuyn tinh vi hn, dng cung cp dch v vn chuyn tin cy, hng ni kt theo kiu truyn thng tin bng cch phn lung cc bytes. TCP l giao thc truyn hai hng ng thi, ngha l mi mt ni kt h tr hai lung bytes chy theo hai hng. N cng bo gm mt c ch iu khin thng lng cho mi lung bytes ny, cho php bn nhn gii hn lng d liu m bn gi c th truyn ti mt thi im no . TCP cng h tr c ch a hp, cho php nhiu tin trnh trn mt my tnh c th ng thi thc hin i thoi vi i tc ca chng.
7.3.2.1
Hai u mt truyn d liu vi nhau nh th no?
TCP l giao thc hng byte, ngha l bn gi ghi cc bytes ln ni kt TCP, bn nhn c cc bytes t ni kt TCP . Mc d TCP m t dch v m n cung cp cho tng ng dng l theo kiu lung cc bytes, nhng t thn TCP khng truyn tng byte mt qua mng Internet. Thay vo , thc th TCP trn my ngun tr tm s bytes pht ra t tin trnh gi to nn mt gi tin c kch thc hp l ri mi gi gi tin n thc th TCP ngang hng bn my ch. Thc th TCP bn my ch s bc cc bytes d liu trong gi tin ra v t chng vo buffer ca n. Tin trnh bn nhn t c th c cc bytes t buffer ny ty thch. Qu trnh truyn nhn trn c m phng trong Hnh H7.10.
H7.10. Cch thc TCP qun l lung cc bytes
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7.3.2.2
Khun dng TCP Segment
Cc gi tin c trao i bi hai thc th TCP trong Hnh H7.10 c gi l cc segment (on), do mi gi tin mang theo mt on ca c mt lung cc bytes. Mi segment c mt header nh c ch ra trong Hnh H7.11.
H.11 Khun dng TCP header
Gii thch: Cc trng SrcPort v DstPort ch ra a ch cng ngun v ch, ging nh trong UDP. Hai trng ny cng vi hai a ch IP ngun v ch s c kt hp vi nhau nh danh duy nht mt kt ni TCP. Ngha l mt kt ni TCP s c nh danh bi mt b 4 trng
(Cng ngun, a ch IP ngun, Cng ch, a ch IP ch)
Cc trng Acknowledgement, SequenceNum v AdvertisedWindow tt c c s dng trong gii thut ca s trt ca TCP. Bi v TCP l giao thc hng byte, nn mi byte ca d liu s c mt s th t; trng SequenceNum cha s th t ca byte u tin ca mt dy cc bytes cha trong mt segment. Cc trng Acknowledgement v AdvertisedWindow c dng thng bo tin nhn cc bytes trong lung d liu v kh nng tip nhn chng. n gin ha vn , chng ta b qua s tht l d liu c th chy theo hai chiu, y ta a ra s nh sau: bn gi s gi mt segment d liu, byte d liu u tin trong segment s c s th t l SequenceNum; bn nhn s bo nhn bng cc trng Acknowledgement v AdvertisedWindow.
H7.12 Gi d liu v bo nhn
Cch thc hai bn s dng cc trng trn nh th no s c trnh by trong phn iu khin lung d liu. Trng Flags di 6 bits c s dng cha thng tin iu khin gia hai bn s dng giao thc TCP. Mt bit trong trng ny l mt c, c th nh sau: SYN, FIN, RESET, PUSH, URG, ACK. Hai c SYN v FIN c dng thit lp v gii phng ni kt. C ACK c t mi khi trng Acknowledgement l hp l. C URG c dng nh du segment ny cha d liu khn cp. Khi c ny c t, trng UrgPtr s ch ra ni bt u ca d liu khng khn cp (d liu khn cp lun nm u ca phn d liu).
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C PUSH bo hiu cho bn nhn rng bn gi dng thao tc PUSH, tc l bn gi khng ch nhn cc bytes lp y mt segment, trong buffer gi d c bao nhiu bytes d liu cng c bn gi ng vo segment v gi i. Cui cng, c RESET c dng thng bo rng bn nhn b ri (v d nh n nhn mt segment m ng l ra khng phi l segment ), v th n mun hy b ni kt. Trng Checksum c s dng chnh xc ging nh trong giao thc UDP. Do header ca TCP c di thay i, nn trng HdrLen s ch ra di c th ca phn header ny.
7.3.2.3
Bt tay trong TCP
TCP s dng giao thc bt tay 3 chiu. Bc 1: Cient (bn ch ng) gi n server mt segment yu cu ni kt, trong cha s th t khi u m n s dng (Flags = SYN, SequenceNum = x). Bc 2: Server tr li cho client bng mt segment, trong bo nhn rng n sn sng nhn cc byte d liu bt u t s th t x+1 (Flags = ACK, Ack = x + 1) v cng bo rng s th t khi u ca bn server l y (Flags = SYN, SequenceNum = y). Bc 3: Cui cng client bo cho server bit, n bit s th t khi u ca server l y (Flags = ACK, Ack = y+1).
H7.12 Bt tay 3 chiu trong TCP
7.3.2.4
Hy bt tay trong TCP
Vic hy bt tay trong TCP c thc hin qua 4 bc: Bc 1: Cient (bn ch ng) gi n server mt segment yu cu hy ni kt (Flags = FIN). Bc 2: Server nhn c mt segment FIN, s tr li bng mt segment ACK. Sau khi hon tt ht mi th ng ni kt, server s gi cho client tip mt segment FIN. Bc 3: Client nhn c FIN s tr li ACK sau n s chuyn sang trng thi ch i c nh hn. Trong thi gian ch i ny, client s tr li ACK cho mi khung FIN. Ht thi gian ch i, client s tht s ng ni kt. Bc 4: Server khi nhn c ACK s tht s ng ni kt.
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H7.13 Hy ni kt trong TCP
7.3.2.5
iu khin thng lng trong TCP
TCP dng phng php iu khin thng lng ca s trt vi kch thc ca s ng. Nhc li rng TCP l giao thc hng bytes. Ta c th tng tng hnh nh sau: tin trnh bn gi ghi ra mt lung cc bytes, tin trnh bn nhn c vo mt lung cc bytes.
H7.14 Truyn nhn theo lung bytes
Nh ni, TCP khng truyn nhn d liu cho ng dng tng byte mt m n tr tm cc bytes trong buffer n khi ng gi thnh mt segment th mi truyn i.
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H7.15 Cc lung bytes c phn on nh th no
Byte u tin ca mi lung bytes s c nh s bng s th t khi u, v s ny c dn xp trong giai on bt tay 3 chiu. Trng SequenceNum trong TCP segment cha s th t ca byte u tin nm trong segment . Cng nh trong giao thc ca s trt, khi bn nhn nhn c n bytes trong mt segment, bt u t byte th SequenceNum, n s bo nhn tt n bytes ny v ch nhn tip t byte th Acknowledgement (Acknowledgement = SequenceNum + n).
H7.16 V d v iu khin thng lng trong TCP
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Do kch thc ca s l ng, nn trong mi khung bo nhn ca mnh, bn nhn nh km theo thng bo v kch thc ca s sn dng ca n (lng buffer cn trng), chnh l trng AdvertisedWindow trong TCP segment. Ln sau, bn gi s khng c gi lng bytes vt qu AdvertisedWindow. Trong v d trn, lc u bn nhn c kch thc buffer l 4 KB. Bn gi t s th t khi u l 0, sau truyn 2 KB. Buffer bn nhn cn li 2 KB rng, do n bo nhn Acknowledgement = 2048, AdvertisedWindow = 2048. Bn gi gi tip 2 KB, khi buffer bn nhn b y, n lin bo nhn Acknowledgement = 4096, AdvertisedWindow = 0. Khng cn buffer nhn, nn bn gi s tm thi b nghn. Sau khi bn nhn x l xong 2 KB, n lin bo Acknowledgement = 4096, AdvertisedWindow = 2048. Lc ny bn gi c th gi tip ti a l 2 KB, nhng n ch cn 1 KB d liu gi m thi.
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Chng 8: CC NG DNG MNG

Chng ny s tm hiu mt s ng dng mng ph bin hin nay, ch yu tp trung vo giao thc hot ng ca chng. V d u tin c xem xt l dch v tn phn tn, dch v u tin c ci t trong mt mng my tnh. V thc cht dch v tn l ci m cc ng dng khc phi ph thuc vo. Mt server phc v tn thng c s dng bi cc ng dng khc hn l bi con ngi. Sau , cc ng dng mng truyn thng v ph bin s c gii thiu, bao gm cc dch v MAIL, WEB v FTP. Cng cn ni trc rng, nhng dch v mng va ni s da trn hai giao thc vn chuyn c cp trong chng 6 l TCP v UDP.
8.1 Dch v tn (DNS)

Cho n by gi, chng ta vn dng a ch nh danh cc host. Trong khi rt thun tin cho vic x l ca cc router, cc a ch s khng thn thin vi ngi dng lm. V l do ny, cc host thng c gn cho mt ci tn thn thin v dch v tn c s dng nh x t ci tn thn thin vi ngi dng ny sang a ch s vn rt thn thin vi cc router. Dch v nh vy thng l ng dng u tin c ci t trong mt mng my tnh do n cho php cc ng dng khc t do nh danh cc host bng tn thay v bng a ch. Dch v tn thng c gi l phn trung gian (middleware) v n lp y khong cch gia cc ng dng khc v lp mng pha di. Tn host v a ch host khc nhau hai im quan trng. Th nht, tn host thng c di thay i v d gi nh, v th n gip ngi dng d nh hn. Th hai, tn thng khng cha thng tin g gip mng nh v (chuyn cc gi tin n) host. a ch, ngc li, li hm cha thng tin vch ng trong . Trc khi i vo chi tit cch thc t tn cho cc host trong mng nh th no, chng ta i nh ngha mt s thut ng trc: Khng gian tn (name space) nh ngha tp cc tn c th c. Mt khng gian tn c th l phng (flat) mt tn khng th c chia thnh cc thnh phn nh hn, hoc phn cp. H thng tn duy tr mt tp cc nh x (collection of bindings) t tn sang gi tr. Gi tr c th l bt c th g chng ta mun h thng tn tr v khi ta cp cho n mt tn nh x; trong nhiu trng hp gi tr chnh l a ch host. Mt c ch phn gii (resolution mechanism) l mt th tc m khi c gi vi tham s l mt tn, s tr v mt gi tr tng ng. Mt server tn (name server) l mt kt qu ci t c th ca mt c ch phn gii lun sn dng trn mng v c th c truy vn bng cch gi n n mt thng ip. Mng Internet c sn mt h thng t tn c pht trin tt, gi l h thng tn min (domain name system DNS). V th chng ta s dng DNS lm c s tho lun v vn t tn cho cc host. Khi ngui dng a mt tn host n mt ng dng (c th tn host l mt phn ca mt tn hn hp nh a ch email chng hn), ng dng ny s lin h vi h thng tn dch tn host sang a ch host. Sau ng dng lin to mt ni kt n host thng qua giao thc TCP chng hn. Hin trng c m t trong hnh H8.1.
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H8.1 Tn my c dch sang a ch, cc s t 1-5 th hin trnh t cc bc x l
8.1.1 Min phn cp

DNS ci t khng gian tn phn cp dng cho cc i tng trn Internet. Cc tn DNS c x l t phi sang tri, s dng cc du chm (.) lm k t ngn cch. (Mc d cc tn DNS c x l t phi qua tri, ngi dng thng c chng t tri sang phi). V d tn min ca mt host l mail.cit.ctu.edu.vn. Ch rng cc tn min c s dng t tn cc i tng trn Internet, khng phi ch c dng t tn my. Ta c th mng tng cu trc phn cp ca DNS ging nh hnh dng cy. Hnh H8.2 l mt v d.
H8.2 Cy phn cp tn min
C th thy rng, cy phn cp khng qu rng mc u tin. Mi quc gia c mt tn min, ngoi ra cn c 6 min ln khc gm: edu, com, gov, mil, org v net. Su min ln ny nm M. Nhng tn min khng ch ra tn nc mt cch tng minh th mc nhin l nm M.
8.1.2 Cc server phc v tn

Mt cu trc tn min phn cp hon chnh ch tn ti trong nim. Vy th trong thc t cu trc phn cp ny c ci t nh th no? Bc u tin l chia cu trc ny thnh cc cy con gi l cc vng (zone). V d, hnh H8.3 ch ra cch thc cu trc phn cp trong hnh H8.2 c chia thnh cc vng nh th no.
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H8.3 Cu trc min phn cp c chia thnh cc vng
Mi mt vng c th c xem l n v qun l mt b phn ca ton h thng phn cp. V d, vng cao nht ca h thng phn cp c qun l bi NIC (Network Information Center), vng ctu c qun l bi Trng i Hc Cn Th. Mt vng lun c mi lin h n cc n v ci t c bn trong DNS - cc server tn. Thng tin cha trong mt vng c thit lp ti hai hoc nhiu server tn. Mi server tn c th truy xut c qua mng Internet. Client gi yu cu n server tn, server tn s tr li cho yu cu . Cu tr li i khi cha thng tin cui cng m client cn, i khi li cha ch im n mt server tn khc m client nn gi cu hi n . V th, theo cch nhn thin v ci t, ngi ta c th ngh v DNS c ci t bng cu trc phn cp cc server tn hn l bng cu trc phn cp cc min.
H8.4 Cu trc phn cp ca cc server tn rng mi vng c ci t trong hai hoc nhiu server tn vi l do d phng; ngha l nu mt server b cht s cn cc server khc thay th. Mt khc, mt server tn cng c th c dng ci t nhiu hn mt vng. Mi server tn qun l thng tin v mt vng di dng mt tp cc mu tin ti nguyn (resource record). Mi mu tin ti nguyn l mt nh x t tn sang gi tr (name to value binding), c th hn l mt mu tin gm 5 trng:
(Tn, Gi tr, Kiu, Lp, TTL)
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Cc trng Tn v Gi tr l nhng g chng ta mun c, ngoi tra trng Kiu ch ra cch thc m Gi tr c thng dch. Chng hn, trng Kiu = A ch ra rng Gi tr l mt a ch IP. V th cc mu tin kiu A s ci t kiu nh x t tn min sang a ch IP. V d nh mu tin:
(ns.ctu.edu.vn, 203.162.41.166, A, IN)
ch ra rng a ch IP ca host c tn ns.ctu.edu.vn l 203.162.41.166. Ngoi ra cn c nhng kiu khc: NS: Trng Gi tr ch ra tn min ca my tnh ang chy dch v tn, v dch v c kh nng thng dch cc tn trong mt min c th. V d mu tin:
(ctu.edu.vn, ns.ctu.edu.vn, NS, IN)
ch ra rng server tn ca min ctu.edu.vn c tn l ns.ctu.edu.vn. CNAME: Trng Gi tr ch ra mt ci tn gi ca mt host no . Kiu ny c dng t thm b danh cho cc host trong min. MX: Trng Gi tr ch ra tn min ca host ang chy chng trnh mail server m server c kh nng tip nhn nhng thng ip thuc mt min c th. V d mu tin
(ctu.edu.vn, mail.ctu.edu.vn, MX, IN)
ch ra rng host c tn mail.ctu.edu.vn l mail server ca min ctu.edu.vn. Trng Lp c s dng nhm cho php thm vo nhng thc th mng khng do NIC qun l. Ngy nay, lp c s dng rng ri nht l loi c Internet s dng; n c k hiu l IN. Cui cng trng TTL ch ra mu tin ti nguyn ny s hp l trong bao lu. Trng ny c s dng bi nhng server ang tr tm cc mu tin ca server khc; khi trng TTL ht hn, cc mu tin cha trng TTL ht hn s b cc server xa khi cache ca mnh. hiu r hn cch thc cc mu tin ti nguyn c th hin trong cu trc phn cp, hy xem v d c v trong hnh H8.3. n gin ha vn , chng ta b qua trng TTL v cung cp thng tin tng ng cho mt server tn lm nhim v qun l cho mt vng. u tin, server tn gc (root name server) s cha mt mu tin NS cho mi server cp hai. N cng cha mt mu tin A thng dch t mt tn server cp hai sang a ch IP ca n. Khi c ghp vi nhau, hai mu tin ny ci t mt cch hiu qu mt con tr t server gc n mi server cp hai ca n.
(edu.vn, dns1.vnnic.net.vn, NS, IN);thng tin v min con edu.vn lu my dns1.vnnic.net.vn (dns1.vnnic.net.vn, 203.162.57.105, A, IN);my dns1.vnnic.net.vn c a ch 203.162.57.105 (cisco.com, ns1.cisco.com, NS, IN)
K tip, min edu.vn c mt server tn hin hu ti my dns1.vnnic.net.vn v server ny li cha cc mu tin sau: (ctu.edu.vn, ns.ctu.edu.vn, NS, IN) (ns.ctu.edu.vn, 203.162.41.166, A, IN)
Cui cng server ns.ctu.edu.vn li cha thng tin v cc my tnh ca trng i Hc Cn Th cng nh cc min con ca Trng i Hc Cn Th (cit.ctu.edu.vn, ns.cit.ctu.edu.vn, NS, IN) (ns.cit.ctu.edu.vn, 203.162.36.144, A, IN) (ctu.edu.vn, mail.ctu.edu.vn, MX, IN) (mail.ctu.edu.vn, 203.162.139.21, A, IN) (www.ctu.edu.vn, mail.ctu.edu.vn, CNAME, IN)
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Ch rng trn l thuyt cc mu tin c th c dng nh ngha bt k kiu i tng no, DNS li thng c s dng nh danh cc host v site. DNS khng c dng nh danh c nhn con ngi hoc cc i tng khc nh tp tin hay th mc, vic nh danh ny c thc hin trong cc h thng phc v tn khc. V d X.500 l h thng nh danh ca ISO c dng nh danh con ngi bng cch cung cp thng tin v tn, chc v, s in thoi, a ch, v vn vn. X.500 chng t l qu phc tp nn khng c h tr bi cc search engine ni ting hin nay. Tuy nhin n li l ngun gc pht sinh ra chun LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). LDAP vn l thnh phn con ca X.500 c thit k lm phn front-end cho X.500. Ngy nay LDAP ang tr nn ph bin nht l cp cng ty, t chc ln, ng vai tr l h thng hc v qun l thng tin v ngi dng ca n.
8.1.3 Phng php phn tch tn

Vi mt h thng phn cp cc server tn trnh by, by gi chng ta i tm hiu cch thc mt khch hng giao tip vi cc server ny phn tch cho c mt tn min thnh a ch. Gi s mt khch hng mun phn tch tn min www.ctu.edu.vn, u tin khch hng ny s gi yu cu cha tn ny n server tn gc. Server gc khng th so khp tn theo yu cu vi cc tn m n cha, lin tr li cho khch hng mt mu tin kiu NS cha edu.vn. Server gc cng tr v tt c cc mu tin c lin quan n mu tin NS va ni, trong c mu tin kiu A cha a ch ca dns1.vnnic.vnn.vn. Khch hng cha c thng tin cui cng m n mun, tip tc gi yu cu n server tn ti a ch 203.162.57.105. Server tn th hai ny li khng th so khp tn theo yu cu vi cc tn m n cha, tip tc tr li cho khch hng mt mu tin loi NS cha tn ctu.edu.vn cng vi mu tin kiu A tng ng vi tn server l ns.ctu.edu.vn. Khch hng li tip tc gi yu cu n server tn ti a ch 203.162.41.166 v ln ny nhn c cu tr li cui cng c kiu A cho tn www.ctu.edu.vn. V d trn chc chn s li nhiu cu hi v qu trnh phn gii tn. Cu hi thng c t ra l: Lc khi u, lm sao khch hng c th nh v c server gc? y l bi ton c bn t ra cho mi h thng phc v tn v cu tr li l: h thng phi t thn vn ng c c thng tin v cc server gc! Trong tnh hung ca h thng DNS, nh x t tn sang a ch ca mt hay nhiu server gc c ph bin cho mi ngi, ngha l nh x c loan bo thng qua cc phng tin truyn thng khc nm ngoi h thng tn. Tuy nhin, trong thc t khng phi tt c khch hng u bit v cc server gc. Thay vo , chng trnh khch hng chy trn mi host trong Internet c khi ng vi cc a ch ly t server tn cc b. V d, tt c cc host trong Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin ca Trng i Hc Cn Th u bit server tn ni b ang chy trn my ns.cit.ctu.edu.vn. n lt server tn cc b ny li cha cc mu tin ti nguyn cho mt hoc nhiu server gc ca n, v d:
( . , a.root-servers.net, NS, IN) (a.root-server.net, 198.41.0.4, A, IN)
Trong v d trn, server tn cc b c thng tin v mt server tn gc ca n (ch min gc c k hiu bng du chm) l a.root-servers.net, a ch IP tng ng ca server gc ny l 198.41.0.4. T , vic phn gii mt tn min bt u t cu truy vn ca khch hng n server cc b. Nu server cc b khng c sn cu tr li, n s gi cu hi n server t xa dm cho khch hng. Chui hnh ng trn c th c m t trong hnh H8.5
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H8.5 Qu trnh phn gii tn trong thc t, cc s 1 n 8 ch ra trnh t thc hin
8.2 Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME, POP3, IMAP)

Email l mt trong nhng ng dng mng lu i nht nhng li ph dng nht. Th ngh khi bn mun gi thng ip n mt ngi bn u kia ca th gii, bn mun mang th chy b qua hay ch n gin ln my tnh g t hng v nhn nt Send? Tht ra, nhng bc tin bi ca mng ARPANET khng tin on c email s l ng dng then cht chy trn mng ny, mc tiu chnh ca h l thit k h thng cho php truy cp ti nguyn t xa. H thng email ra i khng my ni bt, by gi li c s dng hng ngy bi hng triu ngi trn th gii. Mc tiu ca phn ny l ch ra nhng nhn vt hot ng trong h thng email, vai tr ca h, giao thc m h s dng v khun dng thng ip m h trao i vi nhau.
8.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng email

Mt h thng email thng c 3 thnh phn chnh: B phn tr gip ngi dng (User Agent), Mail Server v cc giao thc m cc thnh phn ny dng giao tip vi nhau. Ngi ta phn loi cc giao thc nh sau: Giao thc gia cc mail servers bao gm: o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): c cc server dng chuyn th qua li vi nhau. V d nm na, n ging nh cch thc m cc trm bu in dng chuyn cc thng th ca khch hng cho nhau. Thng tin chi tit v giao thc ny c m t trong ti liu RFC 822. Giao thc gia mail server v user agent bao gm: o POP3 (Post Offic Protocol version 3 [RFC 1939]): c user agent s dng ly th v t hp th ca n trn server. o SMTP: c user agent s dng gi th ra server. o IMAP: (Internet Mail Access Protocol [RFC 1730]): C nhiu tnh nng vt tri hn POP3. Ngoi ra IMAP cn cho php gi mail.
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H8.6 Cc thnh phn ca h thng email
8.2.2 Khun dng ca mt email

RFC 822 nh ngha mt email gm c hai phn: phn tiu (header) v phn thn (body).
H8.7Khun dng ca email
C hai phn u c th hin di dng k t ASCII. Lc u, phn thn c qui nh c khun dng vn bn n gin. Sau ny ngi ta ngh mt chun mi gi l MIME, c th cho php phn thn ca email cha bt k loi d liu no. Phn tiu bao gm nhiu dng thng tin, mi dng kt thc bng hai k t <CRLF>. Phn tiu c chia khi phn thn bi mt hng rng. Mi mt hng tiu cha mt cp tn v gi tr, cch nhau bi du hai chm (:). Ngi dng c th rt quen vi nhiu hng tiu v h thng phi in thng tin vo y. V d Tn
From: To: Subject: Date:
Gi tr a ch ngi gi a ch ca ngi nhn Ch th Ngy gi
RFC 822 c m rng nm 1993 (v c cp nht li nm 1996) cho php email mang c nhiu loi d liu: audio, video, hnh nh, ti liu Word, MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) v c bn c ba phn. Phn u tin l tp cc dng header dng b tc cho phn header c ca RFC 822. Theo nhiu cch, nhng dng header ny m t d liu cha trong phn thn. C th nh sau:
155
Tn
MIME-Version: Content-Description: Content-Type: Content-Transfer-Encoding:
Gi tr Phin bn MIME ang s dng M t trong th ang c d liu g M t kiu d liu ang nm trong th M t cch thc m ha d liu trong th
Phn th hai l cc nh ngha cho mt tp cc kiu ni dung (v kiu con nu c). V d mt s kiu m MIME nh ngha: Kiu
image/gif image/jpeg text/plain text/richtext application
ngha nh dng gif nh dng jpeg Vn bn n gin Vn bn m rng (c t font ch, c nh dng m, nghing hoc gch di ) D liu trong th c xut ra t mt ng dng no . Chng hn: application/postscript: ti liu Postscript ( .ps) application/msword: ti liu Microsoft Word (.doc)
MIME cng nh ngha kiu multipart ch ra cch m phn thn ca th mang nhiu loi d liu khc nhau nh th no. Ch c mt kiu con ca multipart l mixed vi ni rng trong phn thn ca th c nhiu mnh d liu khc nhau, c lp vi nhau v c sp xp theo mt trnh t c th. Mi mnh d liu s c phn tiu ring m t kiu d liu ca mnh . Phn th ba m t cch thc m ha cc kiu d liu ni trn c th truyn chng di dng ASCII. L do mi bc th phi cha cc k t ASCII l v i c n ch, bc th c th phi trung chuyn qua nhiu gateway, m cc gateway ny u coi mi bc th di dng ASCII. Nu trong th cha bt k k t no khc ASCII th th s b t gy ni dung. MIME s dng phng php m ha trc tip d liu nh phn thnh cc k t nh phn, gi l base64. tng ca base64 l nh x 3 bytes d liu nh phn nguyn thy thnh 4 k t ASCII. Gii thut n gin nh sau: tp hp 3 bytes d liu nh phn li thnh 24 bits, sau chia 24 bits ny thnh 4 cm, mt cm 6 bits. Mt cm 6 bits c nh x vo mt trong 64 k t ASCII hp l; v d 0 nh x thnh A, 1 nh x thnh B Nu nhn vo bc th c m ha dng base64, ngi dng s thy ch c 52 ch ci c hoa ln thng, 10 ch s t 0 n 9 v cc k t c bit + v /. i vi nhng ngi dng ch s dng trnh c th h tr duy nht kiu k t th vic c nhng bc th c kiu base64 s rt l au kh. V l do nhn o, MIME cn h tr kiu m ha k t thng c gi l 7-bit. 7-bit s gi nguyn dng k t m ngi ta nhp vo. Tng hp li, v d mt bc th c 2 loi d liu: vn bn thng, mt nh JPEG, s c hnh dng nh sau:
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From: ptphi@cit.ctu.edu.vn To: TH27@cit.ctu.edu.vn Subject: Picture of students. MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=98766789 --98766789 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Content-Type: text/plain Hi, Please find a picture of you. --98766789 Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/jpeg base64 encoded data ..... ......................... ......base64 encoded data --98766789--
8.2.3 Chuyn th
K n, chng ta s xem xt giao thc SMTP giao thc c dng chuyn th t my ny n my kia. t SMTP vo ng ng cnh, chng ta nn nhc li cc nhn vt then cht trong h thng email. u tin, ngi dng tng tc vi trnh c th (hay cn gi l user agent) son, lu, tm kim v c th ca h. Hin trn th trng c nhiu phn mm c th, cng ging nh hin cng ang c nhiu loi trnh duyt Web vy. Th hai, c trnh x l th (hay cn gi l mail server) chy trn mt my no trong mng ni b ca ngi dng. C th xem mail server nh mt bu in: Ngi dng trao cho mail server cc bc th m h mun gi cho ngi dng khc, mail server s dng giao thc SMTP trn TCP chuyn bc cc th ny n mail server bn ch. Mail server bn ch nhn cc th n v t chng vo hp th ca ngi dng bn ch. Do SMTP l giao thc m rt nhiu ngi c th t ci t, v th s c rt nhiu sn phm mail server hin c trn th trng. Sn phm mail server thng c s dng nht l sendmail, ban u c ci t trong h iu hnh Berkeley Unix. Tt nhin mail server bn my gi c th kt ni SMTP/TCP trc tip ti mail server bn my nhn, nhng trong thc t, mt bc th c th i ngang qua vi mail gateways trc khi n ch. Cng ging nh my ch, mi mail gateway cng chy mt mail server. Khng phi ngu nhin m cc nt chuyn th trung gian c gi l mail gateway. Cng vic ca chng cng ging nh cc IP gateway l lu tm v chuyn pht tip cc bc th ca ngi dng. im khc nhau duy nht gia chng l, mail gateway tr tm cc bc th trong a, trong khi cc IP gateway tr tm cc gi tin IP trong b nh. Bn c th t cu hi: ti sao li cn n cc mail gateways? Ti sao khng dng phng php ni kt SMTP/TCP trc tip t bn gi sang bn nhn? L do th nht, ngi gi khng mun km trong th a ch ca my ch. V d, ring vic nhp vo trong th a ch ch ptphi@cit.ctu.edu.vn mt cng ri, khng ai thy thoi mi khi phi nhp thm a ch my ch l machine-of-phi.cit.ctu.edu.vn. Th hai, khng chc lc bn gi thit lp ni kt n bn nhn, ngi dng bn nhn bt sn my! Thnh th ch cn a ch th bn nhn l . Khi bc th n c mail gateway ca Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin i hc Cn Th, nu ngi dng ptphi ang m my, mail gateway s chuyn th cho anh ta ngay, nu khng mail gateway s tr tm th trn a ca n n khi ptphi bt my ln v kim tra th.
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D c bao nhiu mail gateways trung gian trn ng n ch vn khng ng lo lng, bi v mi mail gateway trung gian s n lc s dng mt kt ni SMTP c lp n gateway k tip trn ng i nhm chuyn th cng ngy cng n gn ngi nhn. SMTP l mt giao thc n gin dng cc k t ASCII. Sau khi thit lp ni kt TCP n cng 25 ca my ch (c coi l server), my ngun (c coi l client) ch nhn kt qu tr v t server. Server khi u cuc i thoi bng cch gi mt dng vn bn n client thng bo danh tnh ca n v kh nng tip nhn th. Nu server khng c kh nng nhn th ti thi im hin ti, client s hy b ni kt v th thit lp li ni kt sau. Nu server sn sng nhn th, client s thng bo l th t u n v ai s l ngi nhn. Nu ngi nhn tn ti, server s thng bo cho client tip tc gi th. Sau client gi th v server bo nhn cho th . Sau khi c hai bn hon tt phin truyn nhn, kt ni s c ng li. V d mt phin truyn nhn c cho ngay di y. Nhng dng bt u bng C: l ca pha client gi i; bng S: l cc cu tr li ca server. S: 220 ctu.edu.vn C: HELO cit.ctu.edu.vn S: 250 ctu.edu.vn says hello to cit.ctu.edu.vn C: MAIL FROM: <ptphi@cit.ctu.edu.vn> S: 250 Sender ok C: RCPT TO: <lhly@yale.edu> S: 250 Recipient ok C: DATA S: 354 Enter mail, end with "." on a line by itself C: Subject: Its Xmast! C: So I hope you a merry Xmas and a happy new year! C: . S: 250 Message accepted for delivery Nh thy trong v d, client gi i mt lnh (HELO, MAIL FROM, RCPT TO, DATA, C: QUIT QUIT) v server tr li bng mt m s (250, 354, 221) c km theo li ch thch c th c S: 221 Bye-Bye c. Client kt thc th bng <CRLF>.<CRLF>. Sau y l bng gii thch mt s lnh ca client v m s tr li ca server.
Lnh
HELO MAIL FROM RCPT TO DATA QUIT
Tr li
250 550 354 221
LNH CA CLIENT ngha Cu cho v xng danh ca client a ch email ca ngi gi a ch email ca ngi nhn Bt u truyn ni dung ca th Hy ni kt TR LI CA SERVER ngha Yu cu hp l Yu cu khng hp l, khng tn ti hp th nh client ch ra. Cho php bt u nhp th vo. Kt thc th bng <CRLF>.<CRLF> Server ang ng kt ni TCP
Vn cn nhiu lnh v m tr li cha c trnh by, xin tham kho ti liu RFC 822 c c y thng tin.
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8.2.4 Phn pht th

Nh trnh by, khi ng v gc ngi dng th, h s dng user agent gi v nhn th cho h. User agent dng giao thc SMTP gi th i, dng giao thc POP3 hoc IMAP nhn th v.
8.2.4.1
POP3
Mt phin lm vic theo giao thc POP3 bt u ti user agent. User agent khi ng mt ni kt TCP n cng 110 ca mail server. Khi kt ni thc hin xong, phin lm vic POP3 s tri qua theo th t ba k: 1. Chng thc. 2. Giao dch d liu. 3. Cp nht. K chng thc buc ngi dng thc hin th tc ng nhp bng cch nhp vo hai lnh sau: Lnh
USER <tn ngi dng> PASS <mt khu>
ngha Khai bo tn ngi dng. Khai bo mt khu.
Bo tr ca mail server s l mt trong hai cu sau: Tr li ngha +OK <ch thch> Khai bo ca ngi dng l ng. +ERR <ch thch> Khai bo ca ngi dng l sai v li gii thch. Trong k giao dch, ngi dng c th xem danh sch th cha nhn v, nhn th v v xa th trong hp th ca mnh khi cn thit. Cc lnh m ngi dng thng s dng giao dch vi server l: Lnh ngha Nu dng LIST khng tham s, server s tr v ton b danh sch LIST [<s th t th>] cc th cha nhn. Nu c tham s l s th t th c th, server s tr v thng tin ca ch bc th thi. RETR <s th t th> Ti l th c s th t <s th t th> v. DELE <s th t th> Xa l th s <s th t th> khi hp th. QUIT Hon tt giai on giao dch v hy ni kt TCP Cc tr li ca server c th l cc s liu m client yu cu hoc cc thng bo +OK, -ERR nh trong phn ng nhp. Sau y l dn cnh mt phin lm vic v d gia ngi dng ptphi khi anh ta ng nhp v lm vic trn hp th ca mnh ti server c a ch mail.cit.ctu.edu.vn. Client Server
+OK POP3 server ready USER ptphi +OK PASS godblessus +OK login successfully LIST
Gii thch Server sn sng phc v client Server xc nhn ngi dng hp l Chng thc thnh cng ptphi kim tra hp th
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+OK 1 1024 2 2550 RETR 1 +OK DELE 1 +OK QUIT +OK Bye-Bye
Hp th ca ptphi cn hai th cha nhn v, th th nht c kch thc 1024 bytes, th th hai c kch thc 2550 bytes ptphi ti th th nht v server gi th th 1 cho ptphi ptphi xa th th nht trong hp th server xo th th 1 thnh cng ptphi hy ni kt server hy ni kt
8.2.4.2
IMAP
Vi nhng ngi dng c mt ti khon email trn mt ISP v ngi dng ny thng truy cp email trn mt PC th giao thc POP3 hot ng tt. Tuy nhin, mt s tht trong ngnh cng ngh my tnh, khi mt th g hot ng tt, ngi ta lp tc i hi thm nhiu tnh nng mi (v t chuc ly nhiu phin nhiu). iu cng xy ra i vi h thng email. V d, ngi ta ch c mt ti khon email, nhng h li mun ngi u cng truy cp c n. POP3 cng lm c chuyn ny bng cch n gin ti ht cc email xung my PC m ngi dng ny ang ngi lm vic. V d nhin l th t ca ngi dng ny nm ri rc khp ni. S bt tin ny khi mo cho s ra i ca giao thc phn phi th mi, IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol), c nh ngha trong RFC 2060. Khng ging nh POP2, IMAP coi cc thng ip mc nhin nm trn server v hn v trn nhiu hp th. IMAP cn a ra c ch cho php c cc thng ip hoc mt phn ca thng ip, mt tnh nng hu ch khi ngi dng kt ni n server bng ng truyn tc chm nh in thoi nhng li c cc email c m thanh, hnh nh Vi quan nim cho rng ngi dng khng cn ti th v lu trn PC, IMAP cung cp cc c ch cho php to, xa v sa i nhiu hp th trn server. Cung cch lm vic ca IMAP cng ging nh POP3, ngoi tr trong IMAP c rt nhiu lnh. IMAP server s lng nghe trn cng 143. Cng nn ch rng, khng phi mi ISP u h tr c hai giao thc POP3 v IMAP. Bng sau so snh cc tnh nng ca POP3 v IMAP Tnh nng Giao thc c nh ngha u? Cng TCP c dng Email c lu u Email c c u Thi gian ni kt S dng ti nguyn ca server Nhiu hp th Ai lu phng h cc hp th Tt cho ngi dng di ng Kim sot ca ngi dng i vi vic ti th v Ti mt phn th Quota a c l vn khng? D ci t c h tr rng ri POP3 RFC 1939 110 PC ca ngi dng Off-line t Ti thiu Khng Ngi dng Khng t Khng Khng C C IMAP RFC 2060 143 Server On-line Nhiu Nhiu hn ng ISP C Tt C Thnh thong Khng ang pht trin
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8.3 World Wide Web (HTTP)

ng dng Web rt thnh cng, gip cho nhiu ngi c th truy cp Internet n ni Web c hiu ng ngha vi Internet! C th hiu Web nh l mt tp cc client v server hp tc vi nhau v cng ni chung mt ngn ng: HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol). a phn ngi dng tip xc vi Web thng qua chng trnh client c giao din ha, hay cn gi l trnh duyt Web (Web browser). Cc trnh duyt Web thng c s dng nht l Netscape Navigator (ca Netscape) v Internet Explorer (ca Microsoft). Hnh H8.8 th hin trnh duyt Explorer ang trnh by trang ch ca Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin i Hc Cn Th:
H8.8 Trnh duyt Web Internet Explorer
Bt k trnh duyt Web no cng c chc nng cho php ngi dng m mt URL. Cc URL (Uniform Resource Locators) cung cp thng tin v v tr ca cc i tng trn Internet; chng thng trng ging nh sau: http://www.cit.ctu.edu.vn/index.html Nu ngi dng m URL trn, trnh duyt Web s thit lp mt kt ni TCP n Web Server ti a ch www.cit.ctu.edu.vn v ngay lp tc ti tp tin index.html v v th hin n. Hu ht cc tp tin trn Web cha vn bn v hnh nh, mt s cn cha audio v video clips. Chng cn c th cha cc lin kt n cc tp tin khc c gi l cc lin kt siu vn bn (hypertext links). Khi ngi dng yu cu trnh duyt Web m ra mt lin kt siu vn bn (bng cch tr chut v
161
click ln lin kt ), trnh duyt s m mt ni kt mi, ti v v hin th mt tp tin mi. V th, rt d duyt t server ny n server khc trn khp th gii c c ht nhng thng tin m ngi dng cn. Khi ngi dng chn xem mt trang Web, trnh duyt Web s np trang Web t Web server v s dng giao thc HTTP chy trn TCP. Ging nh SMTP, HTTP l giao thc hng k t. V ct li, mt thng ip HTTP c khun dng tng qut sau: START_LINE <CRLF> MESSAGE_HEADER <CRLF> <CRLF> MESSAGE_BODY <CRLF> Hng u tin ch ra y l thng ip yu cu hay tr li. N s ch ra th tc cn c thc hin t xa (trong tnh hung l thng ip yu cu) hoc l trng thi tr v (trong tnh hung l thng ip tr li). Tp hp cc hng k tip ch ra cc ty chn hoc tham s nhm xc nh c th tnh cht ca yu cu hoc tr li. Phn MESSAGE_HEADER c th khng c hoc c mt vi hng tham s v c kt thc bng mt hng trng. HTTP nh ngha nhiu kiu header, mt s lin quan n cc thng ip yu cu, mt s lin quan n cc thng ip tr li v mt s li lin quan n phn d liu trong thng ip. y ch gii thiu mt s kiu thng dng. Cui cng, sau hng trng l phn ni dung ca thng ip tr li (MESSAGE_BODY), phn ny thng l rng trong thng ip yu cu.
8.3.1 Cc thng ip yu cu
Hng u tin ca mt thng ip yu cu HTTP s ch ra 3 th: thao tc cn c thc thi, trang Web m thao tc s p ln v phin bn HTTP c s dng. Bng sau s gii thiu mt s thao tc ph bin.
Hnh ng
OPTIONS GET HEAD POST PUT DELETE TRACE CONNECT
M t
Yu cu thng tin v cc ty chn hin c. Ly v ti liu c xc nh trong URL Ly v thng tin th v ti liu c xc nh trong URL Cung cp thng tin cho server Ti ti liu ln server v t v tr c xc nh trong URL Xa ti liu nm v tr URL trn server Phn hi li thng ip yu cu c s dng bi cc proxy
Hai thao tc thng c s dng nhiu nht l GET (ly mt trang Web v) v HEAD (ly v thng tin ca mt trang Web). GET thng c s dng khi trnh duyt mun ti mt trang Web v v hin th n cho ngi dng. HEAD thng c s dng kim tra tnh hp l ca mt lin kt siu vn bn hoc xem mt trang no c b thay i g khng k t ln ti v trc . V d, dng START_LINE
GET http://www.cit.ctu.edu.vn/index.html HTTP/1.1
ni rng: ngi dng mun ti v trn server www.cit.ctu.edu.vn trang Web c tn index.html v hin th n. V d trn dng URL tuyt i. Ta cng c th s dng URL tng i nh sau:
GET /index.html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.cit.ctu.edu.vn
y, Host l mt trong cc trng trong MESSAGE_HEADER.
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8.3.2 Cc thng ip tr li
Ging nh cc thng ip yu cu, cc thng ip tr li bt u bng mt hng START_LINE. Trong trng hp ny, dng START_LINE s ch ra phin bn HTTP ang c s dng, mt m 3 k s xc nh yu cu l thnh cng hay tht bi v mt chui k t ch ra l do ca cu tr li ny. V d, dng START_LINE
HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted
ch ra server c th tha mn yu cu ca ngi dng. Cn dng

HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
ch ra rng server khng th tm thy ti liu nh c yu cu. C nm loi m tr li tng qut vi k s u tin xc nh loi m.
M
1xx 2xx 3xx 4xx 5xx
Loi
Thng tin Thnh cng Chuyn hng Li client Li server
L do
nhn c yu cu, ang tip tc x l Thao tc c tip nhn, hiu c v chp nhn c Cn thc hin thm thao tc hon tt yu cu c t ra Yu cu c c php sai hoc khng th c p ng Server tht bi trong vic p ng mt yu cu hp l
Cng ging nh cc thng ip yu cu, cc thng ip tr li c th cha mt hoc nhiu dng trong phn MESSAGE_HEADER. Nhng dng ny cung cp thm thng tin cho client. V d, dng header Location ch ra rng URL c yu cu ang c v tr khc. V th, nu trang Web ca Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin c di chuyn t a ch http://www.cit.ctu.edu.vn/index.html sang a ch http://www.ctu.edu.vn/cit/index.html m ngi dng li truy cp vo URL c, th Web server s tr li nh sau
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Location: http://www.ctu.edu.vn/cit/index.html
Trong tnh hung chung nht, thng ip tr li cng s mang theo ni dung trang Web c yu cu. Trang ny l mt ti liu HTML, nhng v n c th cha d liu khng phi dng vn bn (v d nh nh GIF), d liu ny c th c m ha theo dng MIME. Mt s hng trong phn MESSAGE_HEADER cung cp thm thng tin v ni dung ca trang Web, bao gm ContentLength (s bytes trong phn ni dung), Expires (thi im m ni dung trang Web c xem nh li thi), v Last-Modified (thi im c sa i ln cui cng).
8.3.3 Cc kt ni TCP
Nguyn tc chung ca giao thc HTTP l client ni kt n cng TCP s 80 ti server, server lun lng nghe trn cng ny sn sng phc v client. Phin bn u tin (HTTP/1.0) s thit lp mt ni kt ring cho mi hng mc d liu cn ti v t server. Khng kh thy rng y l c ch khng my hiu qu: Cc thng ip dng thit lp v gii phng ni kt s phi c trao i qua li gia client v server v khi m tt c client mun ly thng tin mi nht ca mt trang Web, server s b qu ti. Ci tin quan trng nht trong phin bn HTTP/1.1 l n cho php cc kt ni lu di client v server s trao i nhiu thng ip yu cu/tr li trn cng mt kt ni TCP. Kt ni lu di c hai ci li. Th nht, n lm gim thiu chi ph cho vic thit lp/gii phng ni kt. Th hai, do client gi nhiu thng ip yu cu qua mt kt ni TCP, c ch iu khin tc nghn ca TCP s hot ng hiu qu hn. Tuy nhin, kt ni lu di cng c ci gi phi tr. Vn pht sinh ch: khng ai trong client v server bit c kt ni s ko di bao lu. iu ny thc s gy kh khn cho pha server bi v ti mi thi im, n phi m bo duy tr kt ni n c ngn client. Gii php cho vn ny l: server s mn k v ct ni kt nu n khng nhn c mt yu cu c th no t pha
163
client trong mt khong thi gian nh trc. Ngoi ra, c client v server phi theo di xem pha bn kia c ch ng ct ni kt hay khng v ly lm c s t ct ni kt ca mnh. (Nhc li rng, c hai bn phi ct ni kt th ni kt TCP mi thc s kt thc).
8.3.4 Tr m
Mt trong nhng lnh vc nghin cu tch cc nht hin nay v Internet l lm sao tr tm cc trang Web mt cch hiu qu. Vic tr tm mang li nhiu li ch. T pha client, vic np v hin th mt trang Web t b m gn y l nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi t mt server no na vng tri t. i vi server, c thm mt b m can thip vo v phc v gip yu cu ca ngi dng s gim bt ti trn server. Vic tr m c th c ci t ti nhiu ni khc khau. V d, trnh duyt Web c th tr tm nhng trang Web mi c np v gn y, khi ngi dng duyt li nhng trang Web , trnh duyt s khng phi ni kt ra Internet ly chng v m dng bn tr sn. V d khc, mt khu vc lm vic (site) c th c mt my lm nhim v tr tm cc trang Web, nhng ngi dng sau c th s dng cc bn tr sn ca nhng ngi dng trc. Yu cu ca h thng ny l mi ngi dng trong site phi bit a ch ca my tnh lm nhim v b tr tm, v h ch n gin l lin h vi my tnh ny ti cc trang Web v theo yu cu. Ngi ta thng gi my tnh lm nhim v tr tm cc trang Web cho mt site l proxy. V tr tr m c th di chuyn gn hn n phn li ca Internet l cc ISP. Trong tnh hung ny, cc site ni kt ti ISP thng khng hay bit g v vic tr tm y. Khi cc yu cu HTTP t cc site c chuyn pht n router ca ISP, router lin kim tra xem URL c yu cu c ging vi cc URL c tr sn hay khng. Nu c, router s tr li ngay. Nu khng, router s chuyn yu cu n server tht s v cng khng qun lu vo b m ca mnh thng ip tr li t pha server . Vic tr tm l n gin. Tuy nhin b m phi m bo nhng thng tin tr m trong khng qu c. lm c vic ny, cc Web server phi gn ngy ht hn (tc l trng Expires trong header) cho mi trang Web m n phc v cho client. Nhn , cc b m cng lu li thng tin ny. V t , cc b m s khng cn phi kim tra tnh cp nht ca trang Web cho n khi ngy ht hn n. Ti thi im mt trang Web ht hn, b m s dng lnh HEAD hoc lnh GET c iu kin (GET vi trng If-Modified-Since trong phn header c t) kim tra rng n c mt phin bn mi nht ca trang Web kia. Tng qut hn, cn phi c cc ch th hng dn cho vic tr m v cc ch th ny phi c tun th ti mi b m. Cc ch th s ch ra c nn tr m mt ti liu hay khng, tr n bao lu, mt ti liu phi ti nh th no v vn vn.
8.4 Truyn tp tin (FTP)

Thng qua dch v FTP, ngi dng ti mt my tnh c th ng nhp v thao tc ln h thng tp tin c chia s ca mt my tnh t xa. Mc tiu ca dch v FTP l: 1) m bo vic chia s tp tin (chng trnh my tnh hoc d liu) trn mng. 2) Khuyn khch vic s dng khng trc tip (thng qua chng trnh) ti nguyn trn cc my tnh khc. 3) Ngi dng khng cn phi quan tm n s khc nhau ca cc h thng tp tin trn mng. 4) Truyn d liu mt cch tin cy v hiu qu.
164
8.4.1 M hnh dch v FTP

Hnh H8.9 m t m hnh ca dch v FTP
H8.9 M hnh dch v FTP
Trong h thng ny, ngi dng s ra lnh cho FTP user agent. User agent s ni kt ti FTP server dn xp th tc lm vic, thc thi cc tc v theo yu cu v tr kt qu v cho ngi dng.
8.4.2 Giao thc FTP

u tin, user agent thit lp mt kt ni iu khin trn cng 21 ti FTP server. Sau khi tha thun cc tham s truyn nhn, hai bn s thit lp mt knh d liu chy trn cng 20. D liu ca cc tp tin c trao i qua li gia user agent v server s chy trn knh d liu ny. Knh d liu l knh hot ng theo phng thc hai chiu v khng nht thit phi lun tn ti.
Hnh 8.10 Giao tip gia Client v Server trong giao thc FTP
8.4.3 Cc lnh c bn
Sau y l cc lnh c bn m ngi dng c th s dng thao tc ln h thng FTP Lnh Tham s ngha FTP host-name Ni kt n FTP server c a ch host-name Cung cp tn ngi dng cho FTP server thc hin USER user-name qu trnh chng thc ASCII Ch nh kiu d liu truyn nhn l k t BINARY Ch nh kiu d liu truyn nhn l nh phn LS Xem ni dung th mc t xa CD remote-dir Chuyn n th mc khc trong h thng tp tin t xa Ti tp tin remote-file trn FTP server v h thng tp GET remote-file local-file tin cc b v t tn l local-file Np tp tin cc b local-file ln server v t tn l PUT local-file remote-file remote-file To mt th mc c tn dir-name trn h thng tp tin MKDIR dir-name t xa. RMDIR dir-name Xa th mc c tn dir-name trn h thng tp tin t xa QUIT ng ni kt FTP v thot khi chng trnh FTP
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Mc lc
Chng 1 ............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. Tng quan v mng my tnh........................................................................................................1 1.1 Mng in bo..............................................................................................................2 1.2 Mng in thoi ...........................................................................................................2 1.3 Mng hng u cui ..................................................................................................2 1.4 Mng my tnh .............................................................................................................3 1.4.1 ng bin mng ................................................................................................3 1.4.1.1 M hnh khch hng/ngi phc v (client/server):.....................................4 1.4.1.2 M hnh ngang cp (peer-to-peer): ...............................................................4 1.4.2 ng trc mng.................................................................................................4 1.4.2.1 Chuyn mch (circuit switching)..............................................................4 1.4.2.2 Mng chuyn gi...........................................................................................5 1.4.2.3 So snh mng chuyn mch v mng chuyn gi.........................................5 1.4.2.4 Mng truy cp ...............................................................................................5 1.4.3 Cc li ch ca mng my tnh............................................................................6 1.4.3.1 Mng to kh nng dng chung ti nguyn cho cc ngi dng..................6 1.4.3.2 Mng cho php nng cao tin cy..............................................................6 1.4.3.3 Mng gip cho cng vic t hiu sut cao hn. ..........................................6 1.4.3.4 Tit kim chi ph. ..........................................................................................6 1.4.3.5 Tng cng tnh bo mt thng tin. ..............................................................6 1.4.3.6 Vic pht trin mng my tnh to ra nhiu ng dng mi......................6 Chng 2 ...............................................................................................................................7 Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh ..............................................................................................7 2.1 Phn cng mng my tnh............................................................................................8 2.1.1 Phn loi mng my tnh theo k thut truyn tin...............................................8 2.1.1.1 Mng qung b..............................................................................................8 2.1.1.2 Mng im ni im .....................................................................................8 2.1.2 Phn loi mng my tnh theo phm v a l .....................................................8 2.1.2.1 Mng cc b..................................................................................................8 2.1.2.1.1 Mng hnh bus...................................................................................8 2.1.2.1.2 Mng hnh sao...................................................................................9 2.1.2.1.3 Mng hnh vng ................................................................................9 2.1.2.2 Mng th ...................................................................................................9 2.1.2.3 Mng din rng .............................................................................................9 2.1.3 Mng khng dy................................................................................................10 2.1.3.1 Ni kt h thng (System interconnection) ............................................10 2.1.3.2 Mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LANs): ................................................10 2.1.3.3 Mng din rng khng dy (Wireless WANs): ......................................10 2.1.4 Lin mng (Internetwork) .................................................................................10 2.2 Phn mm mng.........................................................................................................11 2.2.1 Cu trc th bc ca giao thc..........................................................................11 2.2.2 V d v cu trc th bc ca giao thc ............................................................12 2.2.3 Dch v mng ....................................................................................................13 2.2.3.1 Cc php ton ca dch v ..........................................................................14 2.2.3.2 S khc bit gia dch v v giao thc .......................................................14 2.3 M hnh tham kho OSI.............................................................................................15 Chng 3 .............................................................................................................................18 Tng vt l...................................................................................................................................18
166
3.1 Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................19 3.2 Vn s ha thng tin .............................................................................................19 3.2.1 S ha vn bn ..................................................................................................20 3.2.2 S ha hnh nh tnh..........................................................................................21 3.2.3 S ha m thanh v phim nh ...........................................................................22 3.3 Cc loi knh truyn ..................................................................................................22 3.3.1 Knh truyn hu tuyn......................................................................................22 3.3.1.1 Cp xon i (Twisted Pair) .......................................................................23 3.3.1.2 Cp ng trc (Coaxial Cable)....................................................................23 3.3.1.3 Cp quang (Fiber Optic) .............................................................................24 3.3.2 Knh truyn v tuyn ........................................................................................25 3.4 c im knh truyn ................................................................................................25 3.4.1.1 Truyn ti tn hiu sng dng hnh sin........................................................26 3.4.1.2 Truyn tn hin bt k .................................................................................27 3.4.1.3 Bng thng ca mt knh truyn (Bandwidth) ...........................................27 3.4.1.4 Tn s bin iu v tc d liu (Baund rate and bit rate) .....................28 3.4.1.5 Nhiu v kh nng knh truyn...................................................................29 3.4.1.6 Giao thng (Traffic) ....................................................................................30 3.5 M ha ng truyn (Line Coding) .........................................................................31 3.5.1 M ha ng truyn bng tn hiu s..............................................................31 3.5.2 M ha ng truyn bng tn hiu tun t ......................................................32 Chng 4 .............................................................................................................................33 Tng lin kt d liu....................................................................................................................33 ( Data link layer ) ........................................................................................................................33 4.1 Chc nng ca tng lin kt d liu...........................................................................34 4.1.1 Cc dch v c bn ca tng lin kt d liu.....................................................34 4.1.2 X l li ............................................................................................................34 4.1.3 nh khung........................................................................................................34 4.1.3.1 Phng php m k t (Character Count) ................................................35 4.1.3.2 Phng php s dng byte lm c v cc byte n (Flag byte with byte stuffing) 35 4.1.3.3 S dng c bt u v kt thc khung cng vi cc bit n (Starting and ending flags with bit stuffing).................................................................................................35 4.1.4 iu khin li (Error Control)...........................................................................36 4.1.5 iu khin lung (Flow Control) ......................................................................36 4.2 Vn x l li..........................................................................................................37 4.2.1 B m pht hin li ...........................................................................................37 4.2.2 Nhng b m pht hin li (Error-Detecting Codes) ........................................37 4.2.2.1 Kim tra chn l (Parity Check)..................................................................37 4.2.2.2 Kim tra thm theo chiu dc (Longitudinal Redundancy Check or Checksum) 38 4.2.2.3 Kim tra phn d tun hon (Cyclic Redundancy Check).........................38 4.3 Mt s giao thc iu khin li (Error Control) ........................................................40 4.3.1.1 Giao thc truyn n cng khng rng buc (Unrestricted Simplex Protocol) 42 4.3.1.2 Giao thc truyn n cng dng v ch (Simplex Stop-and-wait Protocol) 43 4.3.1.3 Giao thc truyn n cng cho knh truyn c nhiu (Simplex Protocol for Noisy Channel ) 44 4.4 Giao thc ca s trt (Sliding windows) .................................................................45 4.4.1 Vn truyn ti thng tin theo hai chiu (Duplex) .........................................45 4.4.2 Gii thiu v giao thc ca s trt..................................................................45
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4.4.3 Hot ng ca ca s trt ...............................................................................46 4.4.4 Ci t giao thc ca s trt kch thc 1 bit (A One-Bit Sliding Window Protocol 47 4.4.5 Vn iu khin li (Error Control) ...............................................................48 4.4.5.1 Giao thc Go-Back-N .................................................................................48 4.4.5.2 Giao thc Selective Repeat .........................................................................51 4.4.5.2.1 Kch thc ti a ca ca s gi v nhn l bao nhiu ?................54 4.4.5.2.2 S lng buffer lu khung l bao nhiu? ...................................54 4.4.5.2.3 Khi no gi bo nhn cho mt gi tin? ...........................................54 4.4.6 Giao thc HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)...........................................54 4.4.6.1 Cc c tnh ca giao thc HDLC ..............................................................54 4.4.6.1.1 Ba loi trm trong HDLC................................................................55 4.4.6.2 Hai cu hnh ng ni kt: ...................................................................55 4.4.6.3 C 3 ch truyn ti l:........................................................................55 4.4.6.4 Cu trc khung ............................................................................................55 4.4.6.5 Mt vi kch bn v giao thc HDLC ....................................................57 4.4.6.6 Giao thc im ni im (PPP- Point-to-Point Protocol)..........................59 Chng 5 .............................................................................................................................61 MNG NI B ..........................................................................................................................61 &..................................................................................................................................................61 LP CON IU KHIN TRUY CP .......................................................................................61 5.1 Tng quan v LAN ....................................................................................................62 5.2 Hnh thi mng...........................................................................................................62 5.2.1 Mng hnh sao ...................................................................................................62 5.2.2 Mng hnh vng ................................................................................................63 5.2.3 Mng hnh bus...................................................................................................63 5.3 Lp con MAC (Media Access Control Sublayer) .....................................................63 5.3.1 Phng php chia knh .....................................................................................64 5.3.1.1 Chia tn s (FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access).....................64 5.3.1.2 Chia thi gian (TDMA Time Division Multiple Access) ........................65 5.3.1.3 Kt hp gia FDMA v TDMA..................................................................65 5.3.1.4 Phn chia m (CDMA Code Division Multiple Access) .........................65 5.3.2 Phng php truy cp ng truyn ngu nhin (Random Access).................68 5.3.2.1 ALOHA.......................................................................................................68 5.3.2.2 CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access.....................................................69 5.3.3 Phng php phn lt truy cp ng truyn.................................................73 5.3.3.1 V d v phng php thm d: Thm d phn tn (Distributed Polling) .73 5.3.3.2 V d v phng php chuyn th bi: Token Ring ...................................74 5.3.3.3 V d v phng php chuyn th bi: Token Bus.....................................79 5.4 Chun ha mng cc b.............................................................................................80 5.5 Gii thiu mt s cng ngh mng LAN...................................................................82 5.5.1 Ethernet (802.3).................................................................................................82 5.5.1.1 Tng quan ...................................................................................................82 5.5.1.2 Khun dng khung thng tin ca Ethernet..................................................84 5.5.1.3 a ch Ethernet ..........................................................................................84 5.5.1.4 Cch thc m ha tn hiu...........................................................................84 5.5.1.5 Gii thut truy cp ng truyn ................................................................85 5.5.1.6 Cc cng ngh Ethernet ..............................................................................85 5.5.2 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)...........................................................86 5.5.2.1 Cc tnh cht vt l......................................................................................86 5.5.2.2 Gii thut Th bi c nh thi Timed Token ..................................87 5.5.2.3 Qun l th bi ............................................................................................88
168
5.5.3 Mng khng dy (802.11) .................................................................................89 5.5.3.1 Cc tnh cht vt l......................................................................................89 5.5.3.2 Trnh ng (Collision Avoidance) ........................................................90 5.5.3.3 H thng phn tn .......................................................................................91 5.5.3.4 Khun dng khung ......................................................................................92 Chng 6 .............................................................................................................................93 Tng mng...................................................................................................................................93 (Network Layer)..........................................................................................................................93 6.1 Gii thiu ...................................................................................................................94 6.2 Cc vn lin quan n vic thit k tng mng.....................................................94 6.2.1.1 K thut hon chuyn lu v chuyn tip (Store-and-Forward Switching)94 6.2.2 Cc dch v cung cp cho tng vn chuyn ......................................................95 6.2.2.1 Ci t dch v khng ni kt ( Implementation of Connectionless Service) 95 6.2.2.2 Ci t dch v nh hng ni kt (Connection Oriented Service)........96 6.2.2.3 So snh gia Datagram subnet v Virtual-Circuit subnet..........................97 6.3 Gii thut chn ng................................................................................................98 6.3.1 Gii thiu...........................................................................................................98 6.3.2 Mc tiu ca gii thut chn ng..................................................................98 6.3.3 Phn loi gii thut chn ng........................................................................98 6.3.4 Cc gii thut tm ng i ti u.....................................................................99 6.3.4.1 Gii thut tm ng i ngn nht Dijkstra ................................................99 6.3.4.2 Gii thut chn ng ti u Ford-Fulkerson ..........................................100 6.3.5 Gii php vch ng Vector Khong cch (Distance Vector) ......................101 6.3.6 Gii php chn ng Trng thi ni kt (Link State)................................104 6.3.6.1 Lm ngp mt cch tin cy (Reliable Flooding).......................................104 6.3.6.2 Tnh ton chn ng trong Link State ....................................................106 6.3.7 Vch ng phn cp (Hierarchical Routing) ................................................106 6.3.8 Vch ng trong mng di ng.....................................................................107 6.4 Cc gii thut chng tc nghn ................................................................................109 6.4.1 Cc nguyn tc chung iu khin tc nghn ..............................................109 6.4.2 Cc bin php phng nga tc nghn..............................................................110 6.4.3 iu khin tc nghn trong cc mng con dng mch o ...............................111 6.4.4 iu khin tc nghn trong mng con dng Datagram ...................................111 6.5 Lin mng ................................................................................................................113 6.5.1 Cc mng con c ni kt vi nhau ra sao?..................................................114 6.5.2 Ni kt cc mng con dng mch o...............................................................115 6.5.3 Ni kt cc mng con dng datagram .............................................................116 6.5.4 Vch ng trong lin mng...........................................................................117 6.5.5 Phn mnh v ti hp ......................................................................................117 6.6 B giao thc lin mng (IPs - Internet Protocols) ...................................................119 6.6.1 Gii thiu.........................................................................................................119 6.6.2 Giao thc lin mng IP (Internet Protocol).....................................................120 6.6.2.1 nh dng gi tin IP (IP Packet Format)...................................................120 6.6.3 Cu trc a ch IP...........................................................................................121 6.6.4 Mt s a ch IP c bit................................................................................123 6.6.5 ngha ca Netmask ......................................................................................123 6.6.6 Phn mng con (Subnetting) ...........................................................................123 6.6.6.1 Gii thiu ..................................................................................................123 6.6.6.2 Phng php phn mng con...................................................................124 6.6.6.2.1 Phng php phn lp hon ton (Classfull Standard).................125
169
6.6.6.2.2 Phng php Vch ng lin min khng phn lp CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing )...............................................................................126 6.6.7 Vch ng trong giao thc IP .......................................................................128 6.6.7.1 ng i ca gi tin .................................................................................130 6.6.7.2 Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol)......................131 6.6.7.3 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) 132 6.6.7.4 Giao thc thng ip iu khin Internet ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) 132 Chng 7 ...........................................................................................................................134 TNG VN CHUYN ............................................................................................................134 7.1 Dch v ca tng vn chuyn ...................................................................................135 7.1.1 Cc dch v cung cp cho tng ng dng........................................................135 7.1.2 Cc hm dch v c s ....................................................................................136 7.2 Cc yu t cu thnh giao thc vn chuyn.............................................................136 7.2.1 nh a ch .....................................................................................................137 7.2.2 Thit lp ni kt...............................................................................................138 7.2.3 Gii phng ni kt ...........................................................................................139 7.2.4 iu khin thng lng...................................................................................141 7.3 Tng vn chuyn trong mng Internet .....................................................................142 7.3.1 Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) .....................................................142 7.3.2 Giao thc TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)............................................143 Chng 8 ...........................................................................................................................149 CC NG DNG MNG .......................................................................................................149 8.1 Dch v tn (DNS) ...................................................................................................149 8.1.1 Min phn cp .................................................................................................150 8.1.2 Cc server phc v tn ....................................................................................150 8.1.3 Phng php phn tch tn..............................................................................153 8.2 Electronic Mail (SMTP, MIME, POP3, IMAP) ......................................................154 8.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca h thng email.................................................................154 8.2.2 Khun dng ca mt email..............................................................................155 8.2.3 Chuyn th ......................................................................................................157 8.2.4 Phn pht th...................................................................................................159 8.2.4.1 POP3 .........................................................................................................159 8.2.4.2 IMAP.........................................................................................................160 8.3 World Wide Web (HTTP) .......................................................................................161 8.3.1 Cc thng ip yu cu ...................................................................................162 8.3.2 Cc thng ip tr li ......................................................................................163 8.3.3 Cc kt ni TCP ..............................................................................................163 8.3.4 Tr m ...........................................................................................................164 8.4 Truyn tp tin (FTP) ................................................................................................164 8.4.1 M hnh dch v FTP ......................................................................................165 8.4.2 Giao thc FTP .................................................................................................165 8.4.3 Cc lnh c bn ...............................................................................................165
170

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i Hc Cn Th - Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin - Gio Trnh Mng My Tnh V1.

Chng 1: Tng quan v mng my tnh

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

1.2 Mng in thoi

1.3 Mng hng u cui

Thit b u cui (Dumb Terminal)

Thi b u cui t b (Dumb Terminal) H1.2 Mng hng u cui

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

1.4 Mng my tnh

H1.3 Mng cc b n gin

H1.4 Mng din rng phc tp

1.4.1 ng bin mng

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

1.4.1.1 M hnh khch hng/ngi phc v (client/server):

1.4.1.2 M hnh ngang cp (peer-to-peer):

1.4.2 ng trc mng

H1.6 Mng ng trc

1.4.2.1 Chuyn mch (circuit switching)

H1.7 Mng chuyn mch

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

1.4.2.2 Mng chuyn gi

1.4.2.3 So snh mng chuyn mch v mng chuyn gi

1.4.2.4 Mng truy cp

H1.10 Mng truy cp

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

1.4.3 Cc li ch ca mng my tnh

1.4.3.2 Mng cho php nng cao tin cy.

1.4.3.4 Tit kim chi ph.

1.4.3.5 Tng cng tnh bo mt thng tin.

1.4.3.6 Vic pht trin mng my tnh to ra nhiu ng dng mi

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

Chng 2: Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

2.1 Phn cng mng my tnh

2.1.1.1 Mng qung b

2.1.2 Phn loi mng my tnh theo phm v a l

2.1.2.1.1 Mng hnh bus

H2.1 Mng hnh Bus

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

2.1.2.1.2 Mng hnh sao

2.1.2.1.3 Mng hnh vng

2.1.2.3 Mng din rng

H2.5 Mng din rng

H2.6 Lu v chuyn tip trong mng WAN

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

quyt nh ni gi tin cn phi n v sau s chuyn gi tin ln ng c chn.

2.1.3 Mng khng dy

2.1.3.1 Ni kt h thng (System interconnection)

Hnh 2.7 (a) Thit b khng dy, (b) Mng cc b khng dy

2.1.3.2 Mng cc b khng dy (Wireless LANs):

2.1.3.3 Mng din rng khng dy (Wireless WANs):

H2.9 Mng din rng khng dy

2.1.4 Lin mng (Internetwork)

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

2.2 Phn mm mng

2.2.1 Cu trc th bc ca giao thc

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

(15) (14) (13) (12)

(8) (9) (10) (7) H2.10 M hnh gi nhn th tn th gii

2.2.2 V d v cu trc th bc ca giao thc

Bin San: Th.s Ng B Hng Ks Phm Th Phi - 01/2005

B : Tng qun l thng ip

H2.11 ng dng 3 tng