Chuong 2: K thut CDMA

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CHUONG 2: KY THUAT CDMA

2.1 Gii thiu chuong
Trong bt ky h thng thng tin v tuyn nao, dai bng tn duoc cho phep su
dung la lun bi gioi han. Vi vy, vic chia se knh truyn d nhiu nguoi co th su
dung dng thoi la mt nhu cu cp thit. Cac k thut da truy nhp ra doi tu do. K
thut FDMA ra doi du tin sau do dn k thut TDMA va ngay nay, k thut
CDMA d ra doi, dua trn nguyn ly trai ph va duoc su dung rng ri cho thng
tin v tuyn trn toan th gioi. CDMA d chung to duoc kha nng vuot tri so voi
cac k thut analog hoc digital khac. Vi th, trong chuong nay s gioi thiu v
nguyn ly CDMA, ba k thut trai ph trong CDMA, chui m trai ph PN va
chui m trai ph Walsh-Hardamard. Chung duoc su dung ph bin trong h thng
DS-CDMA va h thng MC-CDMA. Chuong nay d tai cng nguyn cuu cac vn
d lin quan toi h thng DS-CDMA.
2.2 Nguyn l cua k thut da truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA)


Hnh 2.1: Qu trnh trai ph v nn ph trong k thut CDMA
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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Trong h thng CDMA, mi nguoi dung duoc gan cho mt chui m xac dinh,
va tt ca cac nguoi dung co th su dung chung khoang bng tn trong cung mt
khoang thoi gian. Do CDMA dua trn nguyn ly trai ph, do do o mi tram phat s
su dung mt chui trai ph gia ngu nhin tac dng vao tin hiu tin tuc. Khi may
thu nhn duoc tin hiu tu nhiu tram phat khac nhau, no s ly tin hiu mong mun
bng cach giai m tin hiu bng chui m ring cua chinh tin hiu do (hinh 2.1). Ta
co duoc kt qua nay la do tinh tu tuong quan va tuong quan cheo cua cac chui m
trai ph.
Trong hinh 2.1, may thu mong mun nhn duoc tin hiu tin tuc tu nguoi dung
A nn d su dung chui m danh ring cho A d giai m. Khi do, cac tin hiu nhn
duoc tu cac nguoi dung khng mong mun (B, C) tro thanh nhiu di voi tin hiu
tu A (do tinh tuong quan cheo thp), va tu do ta co th thu duoc tin hiu tu A mt
cach d dang.
2.3 K thut trai ph
2.3.1 Gii thiu
K thut trai ph ra doi tu nhu cu bao mt thng tin trong qun su. Muc dich
cua k thut trai ph la lam cho tin hiu duoc phat ging nhu tap m di voi cac
may thu khng mong mun, lam cho cac may thu nay kho khn trong vic tach va
ly ra duoc ban tin. D bin di ban tin thanh tin hiu tua tap m, ta su dung m
ngu nhin d m hoa ban tin. Tuy nhin, may thu chu dinh phai bit m nay d co
th tao ra ban sao m nay mt cach chinh xac, dng b voi m duoc phat va ly ra
ban tin. Vi vy ta phai su dung m 'gia ngu nhin. M nay phai duoc thit k d
co d rng bng tn lon hon nhiu so voi d rng bng tn cua ban tin. Ban tin duoc
m hoa sao cho tin hiu sau khi m hoa co d rng ph gn bng d rng ph cua
tin hiu gia ngu nhin. Qua trinh nay duoc goi la 'qua trinh trai ph. O may thu
thuc hin qua trinh nen ph tin hiu thu duoc d tra lai d rng ph bng d rng
ph ban du cua ban tin.
Hinh 2.2 minh hoa mt h thng thng tin trai ph, trong do i(t) la tin hiu tin
tuc co tc d du liu la R
i
va bng thng B
i
, c(t) la chui trai ph co tc d ky hiu
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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la R
c
, con goi la tc d chip. Ty s bng thng B
s
cua tin hiu trai ph so voi bng
thng tin tuc B
i
duoc dinh nghia la d loi xu ly:

$
$

= (2.1)

Hnh 2.2: H thng thng tin trai ph
Mt h thng thng tin duc xem l trai ph khi thoa 2 diu kin
Bng thng tin hiu d trai ph lon hon rt nhiu so voi bng thng tin hiu
thng tin.
M dung d trai ph dc lp voi tin hiu thng tin.
Uu dim cua k thut thng tin trai ph
Kha nng da truy cp
Cho phep nhiu user cung hoat dng trn mt dai tn, trong cung mt khoang
thoi gian ma may thu vn tach ring duoc tin hiu cn thu. Do la do mi user d
duoc cp mt m trai ph ring bit, khi may thu nhn duoc tin hiu tu nhiu user,
no tin hanh giai m va tach ra tin hiu mong mun.
1inh bao mt thng tin cao
Mt d ph cng sut cua tin hiu trai ph rt thp, gn nhu muc nhiu nn.
Do do, cac may thu khng mong mun kho phat hin duoc su tn tai cua tin tuc
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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dang duoc truyn di trn nn nhiu. Chi may thu bit duoc chinh xac quy lut cua
chui gia ngu nhin ma may phat su dung moi co th thu nhn duoc tin tuc.
Bao v chng nhiu da dung
Nhiu da duong la kt qua cua su phan xa, tan xa, nhiu xa . cua tin hiu trn
knh truyn v tuyn. Cac tin hiu duoc truyn theo cac duong khac nhau nay du
la ban sao cua tin hiu phat di nhung d bi suy hao v bin d va bi tr so voi tin
hiu duoc truyn thng (Line oI Sight). Vi vy tin hiu thu duoc o may thu d bi sai
lch, khng ging tin hiu phat di. Su dung k thut trai ph co th tranh duoc
nhiu da duong khi tin hiu trai ph su dung tt tinh cht tu tuong quan cua no.
2.3.2 Cc k thut trai ph co ban
K thut trai ph bng cach phn tan ph truc tip
K thut trai ph bng phuong phap nhay tn s
K thut trai ph bng phuong phap nhay thoi gian
2.3.2.1 K thut trai ph bng cch phn tn ph trc tip
(DS SS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
guyn l co ban










Tin hiu truyn di duoc biu din duoi dang lung cuc, sau do nhn truc tip
voi chui gia ngu nhin. O may thu, tin hiu thu duoc nhn voi chui trai ph ln
nua d tao lai tin hiu tin tuc.
B diu ch
bng rng
d(t)
B tao m
PN c(t)
B tao song
mang
May phat
B giai diu
ch du liu
B tao song
mang
B tao m
PN c
r
(t)
d
r
(t)
May thu
Hnh 2.3: So d khi diu ch v khi giai diu ch DS - SS
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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Tin hiu cn truyn di la d(t), co dang NRZ voi d(t) 1, tc d bit I
b
. Thuc
hin nhn d(t) voi chui gia ngu nhin c(t) co tc d bit I
c
voi I
c
~~ I
b
. Nhu vy:

d(t).c(t) (2.2)

Vi tc d bit I
c
cua chui gia ngu nhin lon hon nhiu so voi tc d bit I
b
cua
chui tin hiu truyn di, nn tin hiu d(t) s bi chia nho voi tn s rt cao. Tn s
nay duoc goi la tc d chip. Sau do, chui tich s d(t).c(t) duoc diu ch BPSK
hoc QPSK. Gia su ta dung diu ch BPSK, tin hiu sau diu ch co biu
thuc|1||2|:

t cosw ). ( ). ( 2 ) (
0
t c t d P t J
$ $$ $
=

(2.3)
Trong do: P
S
la cng sut phat |W|
w
o
la tn s song mang |rad/s|
Nu so sanh (2.3) voi biu thuc cua BPSK:

t cosw ). ( 2 ) (
0
t d P t J
$ P$
=
(2.4)

Hnh 2.4: Ph cua tn hiu truc v sau khi trai ph
Ta nhn thy: Voi cung cng sut phat P
S
, chui s d(t).c(t) co tc d chip I
c
chim dai ph tn rng hon rt nhiu so voi tin hiu V
BPSK
co tc d bit I
b
, vi vy,
mt d ph cng sut cua tin hiu trai ph trai ph V
DS-SS
thp hon nhiu so voi mt
c(t) , d(t) 1
c(t) , d(t) 1
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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d ph cng sut cua tin hiu khng trai ph V
BPSK
. Nu I
c
du lon, mt d ph nay
s rt thp va xen ln voi muc nhiu nn khin cho cac may thu thng thuong rt
kho khn trong vic tach va ly ra tin hiu tin tuc.
Tai may thu, tin hiu V
DS-SS
duoc nhn voi tin hiu gia ngu nhin c
r
(t) duoc tai
tao o may thu, giai diu ch BPSK d thu lai tin hiu tin tuc ban du.

Hnh 2.5: Dng sng cua tn hiu truc trai ph v sau trai ph
2.3.2.2 K thut trai ph bng phuong php nhay tn s
(FH SS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)

Hnh 2.6: Ph cua tn hiu FH - SS
K thut FH SS phat trin dua trn diu ch BFSK. Trong do, tn s song
mang duoc thay di lin tuc theo mt quy lut gia ngu nhin (dua trn chui m
ngu nhin su dung), nho vy ma ph cua tin hiu FH SS duoc trai rng trn truc
tn s. Tht vy, ung voi mt tn s song mang, dai tn s cua tin hiu BFSK la B,
vy voi tin hiu FH SS dung L (L 2
N
-1, voi N la chiu dai chui m) trang thai
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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nhay tn, ph tn cua tin hiu FH SS s trai rng dn B
FH
B x L nhu hinh 2.6












Tin hiu FH SS duoc tao boi mach tng hop tn s diu khin boi N1 bit,
trong do bao gm N bits cua tu m gia ngu nhin va 1 bit s d(t) cua tin hiu thng
tin cn truyn.
2.3.2.3 K thut trai ph bng phuong php nhay thi gian
(TH SS: Time Hopping Spread Spectrum )

Hnh 2.8: Truyn tn hiu theo k thut trai ph theo thi gian
Hnh 2.7: So d khi to v khi thu tn hiu FH - SS
Trn, bin
di tn ln
d(t)
B tao m
PN c(t)
Tng hop
tn s
May phat
Diu ch
bng gc
Trn, bin
di tn
xung
Tng
hop
tn s
B tao m
PN c
r
(t)
d
r
(t)
May thu
Dng
b
Giai diu
ch du
liu
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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Truc thoi gian duoc chia thanh cac khung (Irame). Mi khung lai duoc chia
thanh k khe thoi gian (slot). Trong mt khung, tuy theo m cua tung user ma no s
su dung mt trong k khe thoi gian cua khung. Tin hiu duoc truyn trong mi khe
co tc d gp k ln so voi tin hiu truyn trong toan b khung nhung tn s cn thit
d truyn tng gp k ln.











2.3.3 Cc chui trai ph co ban
Co sau chui trai ph co ban sau: Chui gia ngu nhin PN (Pseudo-random
Noise), chui Gold, chui Gold truc giao (Orthogonal Gold), chui Kasami, chui
Hadamarh Walsh va chui GOLAY bu.
Do trong pham vi d tai nay chi su dung chui gia ngu nhin PN va chui
Hadamarh Walsh nn ta chi di su v hai chui nay.
2.3.3.1Chui tn hiu nh| phn gia ngu nhin

Hnh 2.9 So d mch to chui gia ngu nhin
Hnh 2.9: So d khi to v khi thu tn hiu TH - SS
B diu
ch du liu

d(t)
B tao m
PN c(t)
B tao
song mang
May phat
slow in

Iast out
BuIIer
B giai diu
ch du liu
B tao
song mang
B tao m PN
c
r
(t)
d
r
(t
)
May thu
Iast in

slow out
BuIIer
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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Chui tin hiu nhi phn gia ngu nhin la chui tin hiu nhi phn tun hoan
nhung co chu ky lp lai rt lon, do do nu khng duoc bit truoc quy lut cua no,
nguoi quan sat kho nhn bit duoc quy lut. Ta goi do la chui gia ngu nhin
(PRBS: Pseudo Random Binary Sequence)|1|,|2|. Chui PRBS duoc tao ra tu mach
chui gm ND-FlipFlop ghep lin tip nhau nhu hinh 2.9

Hnh 2.10 D th| hm t tuong quan cua chui PRBS
Tuy theo vi tri dong mo cua cac khoa ma ta co cac tin hiu hi tip v khac
nhau. Co ti da 2N 1 trang thai cua ND-FF, loai bo trang thai 00.0 vi nu xut
hin trang thai nay thi tin hiu hi tip v s bng khng va cac trang thai sau do
du bng khng. Vi vy, chiu dai cuc dai cua chui la L 2N 1.
1inh cht cua chui PRBS
S bit 0 va s bit 1 trong mt chu ky chui gn bng nhau.
Tuong quan cheo giua m PRBS va phin ban bi dich theo thoi gian cua no rt
nho.
Trong mt chu ky:
Gia tri tuong quan cheo cua chui la ' 1/L
Gia tri tu tuong quan cua chui la '1
2.3.3.2 chui Hadamarh Walsh
Cac ham Walsh duoc tao ra tu cac ma trn vung dc bit NN goi la cac ma
trn Hadamard. Cac ma trn nay chua mt hang toan s 0 va cac hang con lai co s
s 1 va s s 0 bng nhau. Ham Walsh duoc cu truc cho d dai khi N2
j
trong do
j la mt s nguyn duong. Cac t hop m o cac hang cua ma trn la cac ham truc
giao duoc xac dinh nhu theo ma trn Hadamard nhu sau|1|:
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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), 0
1
= H ,
1 0
0 0
2

= H ,
0 1 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
4

= H

=
N N
N N
N
H H
H H
H
2
(2.5)
Trong do
N
H la dao co s hai cua H
N
Trong thng tin di dng CDMA, mi thu bao su dung mt phn tu trong tp
cac ham truc giao d trai ph. Khi do, hiu sut su dung bng tn trong h thng s
lon hon so voi khi trai ph bng cac m duoc tao ra boi cac thanh ghi dich.
2.4 Hiu nng cua cc h thng DS/SS
Trong phn nay chung ta s d cp hiu nng cua mt h thng DS/SS-BIT/SK
trong mi truong tap m Gauso trng cng (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian
Noise) va nhiu. Ta cng s khao sat nhiu giao thoa nhiu nguoi su dung gy ra do
cac tin hiu DS khac va nhiu tu gy do truyn nhiu tia.
2.4.1 Anh huong cua tp m trng
D xet hiu nng cua h thng DS/SS ta su dung so d 2.11. Ta gia thit la
dng b m va dng b song mang tt nn co th dt: t 0 va 7 0. Muc dich cua
ta o dy la tim duoc ty s giua cng sut tin hiu o du ra cua may thu duoc ky hiu
la SRN
0
truoc thit bi danh gia ngung cui cung, ma thit bi nay s tao ra (t) b@ nhu
la mt uoc tinh cua ban tin b(t). Du vao cua b han bin cung bao gm ba thanh
phn s
0
(
b
E I = ) tu tin hiu mong mun, n
0
tu tap m va j
0
tu nhiu pha.
Hiu nng hoat dng cua h thng thuong duoc danh gia bng xac sut li bit
hay xac sut li ky hiu. Xac sut li thuong duoc biu din duoi dang E
b
/N
0
, trong
do E
b
la nng luong tin hiu trn mt bit va N
0
/2 la PSD hai bin cua tap m Gauso
trong knh. Xac sut li bit cua mt tin hiu DS/SS-BIT/SK o knh tap m Gauso
trng cng la|1||2|:
) 2 (
0
$NR Q Pb = (2.6)
Voi dt e t Q
x
t
2 /
2
) 2 / 1 ( ) (

= x .
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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Trong do SNR
0
la ty s tin hiu trn tap m duoc xac dinh nhu sau:

0 0
2
0
2 /
N
E
N
T A
$NR
b
= = (2.7)
Trong do
T
E
A
b
2
= , E
b
la nng luong bit, T la d rng bit, N
0
la mt d ph cng
sut tap m Gauso trng cng.


















Ta co th thit lp quan h giua ty s tin hiu trn tap m du vao SNRi voi ty
s tin hiu trn tap m du ra SNR
0
nhu sau|1|:

5
b b b

N
E
N
R E
N
$ 1
0 0
L =
L
L
=
'
+

'

(2.8)
hay:

5
b
N
$

N
E
N
$

'
+

'

L = =
'
+

'

0 0
(2.9)
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) ( t f t c t Ab t s
c
x =
B diu ch
BPSK
Song mang
t) I cos(2
c
x A

Tin hiu DS/SS-BPSK
b(t)
c(t)
b(t)c(t)
(a). My pht
) ( ) (
t) I cos(2 ) ( ) ( ) (
c
t f t n
t c t Ab t r

= x

t) I cos(2 ) ( .
c
x t c
0 0 0
s f n
) (t b@
Uc tinh
cua b(t)
Thit bi danh gia
ngung
(han bin cung)
b
b b
T
T E A
/ 2
/ 2
=
=

(b). My thu

T
dt
0
(.)

Hnh 2.11: So d khi my pht v my thu DS/SS-BPSK
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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2.4.2 Anh huong cua nhiu giao thoa
Ta xet tinh trang tin hiu thu chua nhiu giao thoa tu mt tin hiu DS khac.
Trong truong hop nay tin hiu thu s la|1|:
n(t) ) t I )cos(2 - (t c ). - (t b . A t) I cos(2 ) ( ). ( . ) (
c c
@ @ @ @ = 7 x t t x t c t b A t r (2.10)
Trong thanh phn thu nht la tin hiu mong mun, thanh phn thu hai la tin
hiu gy nhiu va thanh phn cui cung la tap m. Ta gia thit rng b(t), ) (t b@ va
) (t c@ la 1 I . luu y rng tn s song mang ging nhau cho ca hai b(t) va ) (t b@ , trong
khi do pha cua song mang khac nhau, co nghia la hai tin hiu nay duoc phat dc lp
voi nhau. Sau khi nhn tin hiu voi c(t)cos(2aI
c
t) va ly tich phn (xem hinh 2.9),
du vao cua b han bin chinh la|1||2|:

0
*
0 0
n s s (2.11)
trong do
b
E s I =
0
(2.12)
va: t)dt I cos(2 ) t I )c(t)cos(2 - (t c ). - (t b
c
T
0
c 0
x 7 x t t

@ @ @ @ @ @ = @ A s
dt )c(t) - (t c ). - (t b ) cos(
2
T
0

@ @ @ @ @
@
= t t 7
A

@ @ I @ @ I @
@
=

@
@
dt ) - (t c c(t)
1
dt ) - (t c c(t)
1
) cos(
2
0
T
T T
T A
t
t
t t 7 (2.13)
Hai thanh phn trong ngoc vung dt ) - (t c c(t)
1
0

@
@ @ I
t
t
T
va dt ) - (t c c(t)
1

@
@ @ I
T
T
t
t la
cac ham tuong quan cheo tung phn duoc chun hoa cua c(t) va ) (t c@ . Du I xut
phat tu gia tri cua co th la 1 hay -1. Tuong quan cheo nho gy nhiu it. Vi th o
mi truong da nguoi su dung ta phai thit k cac tin hiu PN sao cho chung co
tuong quan cheo nho.
2.4.3 Truyn da tia
Trong truong hop truyn da tia, tin hiu thu gm thanh phn di thng va cac
thanh phn khng di thng phan xa tu cac cng trinh nhn tao hay dia hinh tu nhin.
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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Gia thit rng chi co mt tin hiu khng di thng. Luc nay chung ta co th su dung
m hinh o phuong trinh (2.10) voi t @la tr b sung trn duong khng di thng
) ( ) ( t c t c = @ , ) (t b@ , A A = @ , trong do k _ 1 la thua s suy giam. trong truong hop nay
nhiu do thanh phn khng di thng la|1|:

@ @ @ = @
T
0
0
)c(t)dt - ).c(t - b(t . ) cos(
2
1
t t 7 A s (2.14)
) ( ) cos(
2
t o 7 @ @ I =
c
AT

bng '0 khi
c
T 0 t @ . Vi vy anh huong cua truyn da tia duoc loai bo hay tro thanh
mt nhiu nho, nu d rng cua chip nho hon tr b sung o duong khng di thng.
2.5 H thng DS - CDMA (Direct Spread - Code Division Multiple Access)



H thng DS CDMA dua trn k thut trai ph bng cach phn tan ph truc
tip va cac ly thuyt co ban v k thut CDMA. M hinh don gian cua mt h thng
trai ph gm K nguoi su dung chung mt bng tn voi cung mt tn s song mang
Hnh 2.12: M hnh don gian cua mt h thng DSSS gm K ngui su dng
chung mt bng tn vi cng mt sng mang 1
c
v diu ch BPSK
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


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I
c
va diu ch BPSK duoc cho o hinh 2.12.
M hinh duoc xet o hinh 2.12 gm K may phat thu duoc ky hiu la Txk va
Rxk tuong ung voi k 1,2,.K. Vi cu truc cua chung ging nhau nn ta chi v chi
tit cho mt khi (Tx1 va Rx1), cac khi con lai duoc v o dang hp den voi cac
thng s ring cho khac khi nay nhu: b
k
(t) th hin chui bit phat, c
k
(t) th hin m
trai ph va ) (
`
t b

th hin chui bit thu.

Tin hiu o du vao cua may phat k la lung thng tin cua nguoi su dung ) (
`
t b

co tc d bit R
b
1/T
b
. Dy la mt tin hiu co s hai ngu nhin don cuc voi hai muc
gia tri 0,1} dng xac sut duoc biu din nhu sau|2|:

=
=

b T
T t P b t b
b
) ( ) ( (2.15)
trong do P(t) la ham xung vung don vi duoc xac dinh nhu sau:

P
Tb
(t) (2.16)

va b
i
0,1} voi su xut hin cua 0 va 1 dng xac sut. Sau b chuyn di muc ta
duoc lung bit ngu nhin lung cuc d(t) voi hai muc 1,-1} dng xac sut duoc
biu din nhu sau:

=
=

b Tb
T t P d t d ) ( ) ( (2.17)
trong do d
i
1,-1} voi su xut hin cua 1 va -1 dng xac sut.
Sau do lung bit lung cuc duoc dua ln trai ph bng cach nhn voi m trai
ph duoc goi la m gia tap m voi tc d duoc goi la tc d chip R
c
1/T
c
. Cac m
nay co chu ky la T
b
va thng thuong T
b
NT
c
voi N kha lon. D cac may thu co th
phn bit duoc cac m trai ph, cac m nay phai la cac m truc giao chu ky T
b
thoa
mn diu kin sau:

=
b
T
f
b
dt t c t c
T
0
) ( ) (
1
(2.18)
1 nu 0 _ t _ T
b

0 nu khac
1 nu k j
0 nu k = j

Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


Trang: 26
va tich cua hai m truc giao s bng 1 nu la tich cua chinh no va la mt m truc
giao moi trong tp m truc giao nu la tich cua hai m khac nhau:

c
k
(t).c
j
(t) (2.19)

M trai ph la chui chip nhn cac gia tri 1,-1} gn nhu dng xac sut nu N lon
va duoc biu din nhu sau:

=
=

c Tc
T t P c t c ) ( ) ( (2.20)
trong do c
i
1,-1} la chui cac xung nhn hai gia tri 1 hoc -1 va mi xung
duoc goi la chip, T
c
la d rng cua mt chip, P
c
(t) la ham xung vung duoc xac dinh
nhu sau:

P
Tc
(t) (2.21)

Sau trai ph tin hiu s co tc d chip R
c
duoc dua ln diu ch BPSK bng cach
nhn voi song mang: t) I cos(2
2
c
x
b
b
T
E
d duoc tin hiu phat va khng gian nhu sau:
t) I cos(2 ) ( ) (
2
) (
c
x t c t d
T
E
t s

b
b
= (2.22)
trong do E
b
la nng luong bit, T
b
la d rng bit va Ic la tn s song mang.
By gio ta xet qua trinh xy ra o may thu. D don gian ta coi rng may thu
duoc dng b song mang va m trai ph voi may phat, nghia la tn s, pha song
mang va m trai ph cua may thu ging nhu may phat. Ngoai ra nu bo qua tap m
nhit cua duong truyn va chi xet nhiu cua K-1 nguoi su dung trong h thng, gia
su cng sut tin hiu thu tai may thu k cua K nguoi su dung bng nhau va d don
gian ta cng bo qua tr truyn song, tin hiu thu s nhu sau:

=
=
K
1 J
c
t) I cos(2 ) ( ) (
2
) ( x t c t d
T
E
t r
f f
b
br
(2.23)
trong do E
br
E
b
/L
p
la nng luong bit thu, L
p
la suy hao duong truyn.
0 _ t _ T
b

1 nu k j
c
i
(t) nu k = j

1 nu 0 _ t _ T
c

0 nu khac
Chuong 2: K thut CDMA


Trang: 27
Tin hiu thu duoc dua ln phn du cua qua trinh giai diu ch d nhn voi
t) I cos(2
2
c
x
b
T
, sau do duoc dua ln giai trai ph. kt qua cho ta:

'
+

'

=

= =
Ict) cos(4 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
x

f
f f f f
b
br
t c t c t d t c t c t d
T
E
t u (2.24)
Sau b tich phn thanh phn thu hai trong (2.23) la thanh phn cao tn s bi loai bo,
ta duoc:

=
= =

f
T
f f
b
br
T
b b
dt t c t c t d
T
E
dt t u t v
1
0 0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (2.25)
Luu y dn tinh truc giao cua cac m trai ph theo (2.18) va d
j
1,-1} ta duoc kt
qua cua tich phn (2.25) nhu sau:

br br
E E t d t v I = = ) ( ) ( (2.26)
Mach quyt dinh s cho ra muc 0 nu V(t) duong va 1 nu V(t) m. Kt qua ta duoc
chui bit thu ) (
`
t b

la uoc tinh cua chui phat. Truong hop ly tuong ta duoc chui
nay bng chui bit phat b
k
(t).
2.6 Tng kt chuong
Vi h thng MC-CDMA su dung DS-CDMA do do ma chuong nay tp trung
nguyn cuu cac thng tin lin quan toi no, do la tim hiu nguyn ly CDMA, ba k
thut trai ph do la: K thut trai ph bng cach phn tan ph truc tip, k thut trai
ph bng phuong phap nhay tn s, k thut trai ph bng phuong phap nhay thoi
gian va hai chui trai co ban nht duoc su dung trong d an nay, hai chui nay la
chui tin hiu nhi phn gia ngu nhin va chui Hadamarh Walsh. Bn canh do cac
hiu nng cua h thng DS/SS cng duoc gioi thiu. Do la su anh huong cua tap m
trng, nhiu giao thoa va truyn da tia trong h thng d tu do chung ta tim cach
khc phuc chung. Quan trong nht cua chuong nay la d khai quat h thng DS-
CDMA. D tu dy chung ta nm bt duoc qua trinh phat va thu cua h thng.
Do tin hiu MC-CDMA tng hop tu cac k thut OFDM va CDMA nn o
chuong tip theo s d cp v k thut OFDM