Syntax and Purpose of Functions

SN1Ak AND UkCSL CI IUNC1ICNS
1 Mathemat|ca| Iunct|ons

| A8S Returns the absolute value of a number. The absolute value of a number is the number without its
sign.
A8S(number)
number (8equlred) Lhe real number of whlch you wanL Lhe absoluLe value
Lg

|| IN1 Rounds a number down to the nearest
integer.
|nt(number)
Number (kequ|red) the real number you want to round down to an integer.
Lg

||| MCD Returns the remainder after number is divided by divisor. The result has the same sign as divisor.
The MOD function syntax has the following arguments:
Number Required. The number for which you want to find the remainder.
Divisor Required
f divisor is 0, MOD returns the #DV/0! error value.
The MOD function can be expressed in terms of the NT function:
MJD(n, d) = n - dINT(n/d)

lormuIa

Description (ResuIt)
=MOD(3, 2) Remainder o 3/2 ()
=MOD(-3, 2) Remainder o -3/2. 1he sign is Lhe same as divisor ()
=MOD(3, -2) Remainder o 3/-2. 1he sign is Lhe same as divisor (-)
=MOD(-3, -2) Remainder o -3/-2. 1he sign is Lhe same as divisor (-)

|v ower Returns the result of a number raised to a power.
PJWER(number, power)
Number Required. The base number. t can be any real number.
!ower Required. The exponent to which the base number is raised.
The "^" operator can be used instead of POWER to indicate to what power the base number is to be raised,
such as in 5^2.

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lormuIa Description (ResuIt)
=A8S(2) AbsoluLe value o 2 (2)
=A8S(-2) AbsoluLe value o -2 (2)
=A8S(A2) AbsoluLe value o -4 (4)
Suppose A2 conLains - 4
lN1(8.9) Rounds 8.9 down (8)
=lN1(-8.9) Rounds -8.9 down (-9)
=A2-lN1(A2) ReLurns Lhe decimal parL o a posiLive real number in cell A2 (0.5)
Suppose A2 conLains 9.5

4

=POWFR(5,2) 5 squared (25)
=POWFR(98.6,3.2) 98.6 raised Lo Lhe power o 3.2 (240077)
=POWFR(4,5/4) 4 raised Lo Lhe power o 5/4 (5.656854)

v roduct The !#DUCT function multiplies all the numbers given as arguments and returns the product.
or example, if cells A1 and A2 contain numbers, you can use the formula !#DUCT(A1, A2) to multiply
those two numbers together. You can also perform the same operation by using the multiply (*)
mathematical operator; for example, A1 * A2.
The !#DUCT function is useful when you need to multiply many cells together. or example, the formula
!#DUCT(A1:A3, C1:C3) is equivalent to A1 * A2 * A3 * C1 * C2 * C3.
PRJDUCT(number1, number2,, ...)
3umber1 Required. The first number or range that you want to multiply.
3umber2, ... Optional. Additional numbers or ranges that you want to multiply, up to a maximum of
255 arguments.
NOTE f an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in the array or reference are multiplied. Empty
cells, logical values, and text in the array or reference are ignored.

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Data
5
5
30
lormuIa Description ResuIt
=PRODUC1(A2.A4) MulLiplies Lhe numbers in cells A2 Lhrough A4. 2250
=PRODUC1(A2.A4,
2)
MulLiplies Lhe numbers in cells A2 Lhrough A4, and Lhen mulLiplies
LhaL resulL by 2.
4500
=A2*A3*A4 MulLiplies Lhe numbers in cells A2 Lhrough A4 by using
maLhemaLical operaLors insLead o Lhe PRODUCT uncLion.

V| kound The #UND function rounds a number to a specified number of digits. or example, if cell A1
contains 23.7825, and you want to round that value to two decimal places, you can use the following formula:
=RJUND(A1, 2)
The result of this function is 23.78.
RJUND(number, num_digits)
The ROUND function syntax has the following arguments:
3umber Required. The number that you want to round.
3um_digits Required. The number of digits to which you want to round the number argument.
f num_digits is greater than 0 (zero), then number is rounded to the specified number of decimal
places.
f num_digits is 0, the number is rounded to the nearest integer.
f num_digits is less than 0, the number is rounded to the left of the decimal point.
To always round up (away from zero), use the #UNDU! function.
To always round down (toward zero), use the #UNDDN function.
To round a number to a specific multiple (for example, to round to the nearest 0.5), use the
M#UND function.

A B C
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=ROUND(2.5, ) Rounds 2.5 Lo one decimal place 2.2
=ROUND(2.49, ) Rounds 2.49 Lo one decimal place 2.
=ROUND(-.475, 2) Rounds -.475 Lo Lwo decimal places -.48
=ROUND(2.5, -) Rounds 2.5 Lo one decimal place Lo Lhe leL o Lhe decimal poinL

VII S|gn Determines the sign of a number. Returns 1 if the number is positive, zero (0) if the number is
0, and -1 if the number is negative.
SIGN(number)
Number Required. Any real number.

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=SlCN(0) Sign o a posiLive number ()
=SlCN(4-4) Sign o zero (0)
=SlCN(-0.0000) Sign o a negaLive number (-)

VII Sk1 Returns a positive square root.
SQRT(number)
The SQRT function syntax has the following arguments:
O Number Required. The number for which you want the square root.
O f number is negative, SQRT returns the #NUM! error value.

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Data
-6
=SQR1(6) Square rooL o 6 (4)
=SQR1(A2) Square rooL o Lhe number above. 8ecause Lhe number is negaLive, an error is
reLurned (#NUM!)
=SQR1(A8S(A2)) Square rooL o Lhe absoluLe value o Lhe number above (4)

V. Subtota| Returns a subtotal in a list or database. t is generally easier to create a list with subtotals
by using the $ubtotaI command in the utIi3e group on the Data tab. Once the subtotal list is created, you
can modify it by editing the SUBTOTAL function.
SUBTJTAL(function_num,ref1,ref2,,...,)

The SUBTOTAL function syntax has the following arguments:
u3.tio3_3um Required. The number 1 to 11 (includes hidden values) or 101 to 111 (ignores
hidden values) that specifies which function to use in calculating subtotals within a list.
lunction_num
(incIudes hidden vaIues)
lunction_num
(ignores hidden vaIues) lunction
0 AvFRACF
2 02 COUN1
3 03 COUN1A
4 04 MAX
5 05 MlN
6 06 PRODUC1
7 07 S1DFv
8 08 S1DFvP
9 09 SUM
0 0 vAR
vARP
O #ef1 Required. The first named range or reference for which you want the subtotal.
O #ef2,... Optional. Named ranges or references 2 to 254 for which you want the subtotal.
O f there are other subtotals within ref1, ref2,. (or nested subtotals), these nested subtotals are
ignored to avoid double counting.
O or the function_num constants from 1 to 11, the SUBTOTAL function includes the values of rows
hidden by the ide #ows command under the ide & U3ide submenu of the ormat command
in the CeIIs group on the ome tab. Use these constants when you want to subtotal hidden and
nonhidden numbers in a list. or the function_Num constants from 101 to 111, the SUBTOTAL
function ignores values of rows hidden by the ide #ows command. Use these constants when
you want to subtotal only nonhidden numbers in a list.
O The SUBTOTAL function ignores any rows that are not included in the result of a filter, no matter
which function_num value you use.
O The SUBTOTAL function is designed for columns of data, or vertical ranges. t is not designed for
rows of data, or horizontal ranges. or example, when you subtotal a horizontal range using a
function_num of 101 or greater, such as SUBTOTAL(109,B2:G2), hiding a column does not affect
the subtotal. But, hiding a row in a subtotal of a vertical range does affect the subtotal.
f any of the references are 3-D references, SUBTOTAL returns the #VALUE! error value.

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Data
20
0
50
23
=SU81O1AL(9,A2.A5) SubLoLal o Lhe column above using Lhe SUM uncLion (303)
=SU81O1AL(,A2.A5) SubLoLal o Lhe column above using Lhe AvFRACF uncLion (75.75)

Ik Sum
The $UM function adds all the numbers that you specify as arguments. Each argument can be a range, a
cell reference, an array, a constant, a formula, or the result from another function. or example,
$UM(A1:A5) adds all the numbers that are contained in cells A1 through A5. or another example,
$UM(A1, A3, A5) adds the numbers that are contained in cells A1, A3, and A5.
SUM(number1,number2,,...,)
The SUM function syntax has the following arguments:
3umber1 Required. The first number argument that you want to add.
3umber2,,... Optional. Number arguments 2 to 255 that you want to add.
f an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are counted. Empty
cells, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored.
f any arguments are error values, or if any arguments are text that cannot be translated into
numbers, Excel displays an error.

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Data
-5
5
30
'5
1RUF
=SUM(3, 2) Adds 3 and 2. 5
=SUM("5", 5,
1RUF)
Adds 5, 5 and . 1he LexL value "5" is irsL LranslaLed inLo a number,
and Lhe logical value 1RUF is irsL LranslaLed inLo Lhe number .
2
=SUM(A2.A4) Adds Lhe values in cells A2 Lhrough A4. 40
=SUM(A2.A4,
5)
Adds Lhe values in cells A2 Lhrough A4, and Lhen adds 5 Lo LhaL resulL. 55
=SUM(A5,A6,
2)
Adds Lhe values in cells A5 and A6, and Lhen adds 2 Lo LhaL resulL.
8ecause non-numeric values in reerences are noL LranslaLed - Lhe
value in cell A5 ('5) and Lhe value in cell A6 (1RUF) are boLh LreaLed as
LexL - Lhe values in Lhose cells are ignored.

k Sum|f
You use the $UMI function to sum the values in a range that meet criteria that you specify. or example,
suppose that in a column that contains numbers, you want to sum only the values that are larger than 5.
You can use the following formula:
=SUMIF(B2:B25,"5")
n this example, the criteria is applied the same values that are being summed. f you want, you can apply
the criteria to one range and sum the corresponding values in a different range. or example, the formula
$UMI(B2:B5, "Jo3", C2:C5) sums only the values in the range C2:C5, where the corresponding cells
in the range B2:B5 equal "John."
SUMIF(range, criteria, sum_range,)
The $UMI function syntax has the following arguments:
ra3ge Required. The range of cells that you want evaluated by criteria. Cells in each range must be
numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.
.riteria Required. The criteria in the form of a number, expression, a cell reference, text, or a
function that defines which cells will be added. or example, criteria can be expressed as 32, ">32", B5, 32,
"32", "apples", or TODAY().
IM!#TANT Any text criteria or any criteria that includes logical or mathematical symbols must be enclosed
in double quotation marks ("). f the criteria is numeric, double quotation marks are not required.
sum_ra3ge Optional. The actual cells to add, if you want to add cells other than those specified in
the range argument. f the sum_range argument is omitted, Excel adds the cells that are specified in the
range argument (the same cells to which the criteria is applied).
NOTES
The sum_range argument does not have to be the same size and shape as the range argument.
The actual cells that are added are determined by using theupper leftmost cell in the sum_range argument
as the beginning cell, and then including cells that correspond in size and shape to the range argument. or
example:
1 range is And sum_range is Then the actuaI ceIIs are
A.A5 8.85 8.85
A.A5 8.83 8.85
A.84 C.D4 C.D4
A.84 C.C2 C.D4
You can use the wildcard characters the question mark () and asterisk (*) as the .riteria
argument. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters.
f you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (=) preceding the character.

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Property VaIue Commission Data
00,000 7,000 250,000
200,000 4,000
300,000 2,000
400,000 28,000
=SUMlF(A2.A5,">60000",82.85) Sum o Lhe commissions or properLy values over
60,000.
63,000
=SUMlF(A2.A5,">60000") Sum o Lhe properLy values over 60,000. 900,000
=SUMlF(A2.A5,300000,82.85) Sum o Lhe commissions or properLy values equal Lo
300,000.
2,000
=SUMlF(A2.A5,">" & C2,82.85) Sum o Lhe commissions or properLy values greaLer
Lhan Lhe value in C2.
49,000

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Category lood 5aIes
vegeLables 1omaLoes 2300
vegeLables Celery 5500
FruiLs Oranges 800
8uLLer 400
vegeLables CarroLs 4200
FruiLs Apples 200
=SUMlF(A2.A7,"FruiLs",C2.C7) Sum o Lhe sales o all oods in Lhe "FruiLs" caLegory. 2000
=SUMlF(A2.A7,"vegeLables",C2.C7) Sum o Lhe sales o all oods in Lhe "vegeLables"
caLegory.
2000
=SUMlF(82.87,"*es",C2.C7) Sum o Lhe sales o all oods LhaL end in "es"
(1omaLoes, Oranges, and Apples).
4300
=SUMlF(A2.A7,"",C2.C7) Sum o Lhe sales o all oods LhaL do noL have a
caLegory speciied.

O Subtota|

Returns a subtotal in a list or database. t is generally easier to create a list with subtotals by using the
$ubtotaI command in the utIi3e group on the Data tab. Once the subtotal list is created, you can modify it by
editing the SUBTOTAL function.
SUBTJTAL(function_num,ref1,ref2,,...,)
The SUBTOTAL function syntax has the following arguments:
u3.tio3_3um Required. The number 1 to 11 (includes hidden values) or 101 to 111 (ignores hidden
values) that specifies which function to use in calculating subtotals within a list.
lunction_num
(incIudes hidden vaIues)
lunction_num
(ignores hidden vaIues) lunction
0 AvFRACF
2 02 COUN1
3 03 COUN1A
4 04 MAX
5 05 MlN
6 06 PRODUC1
7 07 S1DFv
8 08 S1DFvP
9 09 SUM
0 0 vAR
vARP
#ef1 Required. The first named range or reference for which you want the subtotal.
#ef2,... Optional. Named ranges or references 2 to 254 for which you want the subtotal.
f there are other subtotals within ref1, ref2,. (or nested subtotals), these nested subtotals are
ignored to avoid double counting.
or the function_num constants from 1 to 11, the SUBTOTAL function includes the values of rows
hidden by the ide #ows command under the ide & U3ide submenu of the ormat command in
the CeIIs group on the ome tab. Use these constants when you want to subtotal hidden and
nonhidden numbers in a list. or the function_Num constants from 101 to 111, the SUBTOTAL
function ignores values of rows hidden by the ide #ows command. Use these constants when you
want to subtotal only nonhidden numbers in a list.
The SUBTOTAL function ignores any rows that are not included in the result of a filter, no matter
which function_num value you use.
The SUBTOTAL function is designed for columns of data, or vertical ranges. t is not designed for
rows of data, or horizontal ranges. or example, when you subtotal a horizontal range using a
function_num of 101 or greater, such as SUBTOTAL(109,B2:G2), hiding a column does not affect the
subtotal. But, hiding a row in a subtotal of a vertical range does affect the subtotal.
f any of the references are 3-D references, SUBTOTAL returns the #VALUE! error value.
Fxample

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Data
20
0
50
23
6

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=SU81O1AL(9,A2.A5) SubLoLal o Lhe column above using Lhe SUM uncLion (303)
=SU81O1AL(,A2.A5) SubLoLal o Lhe column above using Lhe AvFRACF uncLion (75.75)

II Stat|st|ca| Iunct|ons

| Average Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of the arguments. or example, if the range
A1:A20 contains numbers, the formula AVE#AGE(A1:A20) returns the average of those
numbers.
AVERAGE(number1, number2,, ...)
The AVERAGE function syntax has the following arguments:
Number1 Required. The first number, cell reference, or range for which you want the average.
Number2, ... Optional. Additional numbers, cell references or ranges for which you want the
average, up to a maximum of 255.
Arguments can either be numbers or names, ranges, or cell references that contain numbers.
Logical values and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of arguments
are counted.
f a range or cell reference argument contains text, logical values, or empty cells, those values are
ignored; however, cells with the value zero are included.
Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers cause errors.

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Data
0 5 32
7
9
27
2
=AvFRACF(A2.A6) Average o Lhe numbers in cells A2 Lhrough A6.
=AvFRACF(A2.A6, 5) Average o Lhe numbers in cells A2 Lhrough A6 and Lhe number 5. 0
=AvFRACF(A2.C2) Average o Lhe numbers in cells A2 Lhrough C2.

|| Averagea Calculates the average (arithmetic mean) of the values in the list of arguments.
AVERAGEA(value1, value2,, ...)
The AVERAGEA function syntax has the following arguments:
VaIue1, vaIue2, ... Value1 is required, subsequent values are optional. 1 to 255 cells, ranges of
cells, or values for which you want the average.
Arguments can be the following: numbers; names, arrays, or references that contain numbers; text
representations of numbers; or logical values, such as TRUE and ALSE, in a reference.
are counted.
Arguments that contain TRUE evaluate as 1; arguments that contain ALSE evaluate as 0 (zero).
Array or reference arguments that contain text evaluate as 0 (zero). Empty text ("") evaluates as 0
(zero).
f an argument is an array or reference, only values in that array or reference are used. Empty cells
and text values in the array or reference are ignored.
f you do not want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in a reference as
part of the calculation, use the AVERAGE function.

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Data
0
7
9
2
NoL available
=AvFRACFA(A2.A6) Average o Lhe numbers above, and Lhe LexL "NoL Available". 1he cell wiLh Lhe
LexL "NoL available" is used in Lhe calculaLion. (5.6)
=AvFRACFA(A2.A5,A7) Average o Lhe numbers above, and Lhe empLy cell. (7)

||| MAk MAX(number1, number2,, ...)

The MAX function syntax has the following arguments:
Number1, 3umber2, ... Number1 is required, subsequent numbers are optional. 1 to 255 numbers
for which you want to find the maximum value.
Arguments can either be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain numbers.
are counted.
f an argument is an array or reference, only numbers in that array or reference are used. Empty
cells, logical values, or text in the array or reference are ignored.
f the arguments contain no numbers, MAX returns 0 (zero).

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Data
0
7
9
27
2
=MAX(A2.A6) LargesL o Lhe numbers above (27)
=MAX(A2.A6, 30) LargesL o Lhe numbers above and 30 (30)

|v MAkAReturns the largest value in a list of arguments.
MAXA(value1,value2,,...)
The MAXA function syntax has the following arguments:
VaIue1 Required. The first number argument for which you want to find the largest value.
VaIue2,... Optional. Number arguments 2 to 255 for which you want to find the largest value.
are counted.
Arguments that contain TRUE evaluate as 1; arguments that contain text or ALSE evaluate as 0
(zero).
f the arguments contain no values, MAXA returns 0 (zero).

V MIN
Returns the smallest value in the list of arguments.
MINA(value1, value2,, ...)
The MNA function syntax has the following arguments:
VaIue1, vaIue2, ... Value1 is required, subsequent values are optional. 1 to 255 values for which you
want to find the smallest value.
Arguments that contain TRUE evaluate as 1; arguments that contain text or ALSE evaluate as 0
(zero).
f the arguments contain no values, MNA returns 0.

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Data
FALSF
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.8
=MlNA(A2.A6) SmallesL o Lhe numbers above. FALSF evaluaLes Lo 0 (0)

VI S1DLV

Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. The standard deviation is a measure of how widely
values are dispersed from the average value (the mean).
STDEV(number1,number2,,...,)
The STDEV function syntax has the following arguments:
Number1 Required. The first number argument corresponding to a sample of a population.
Number2, ... Optional. Number arguments 2 to 255 corresponding to a sample of a population. You
can also use a single array or a reference to an array instead of arguments separated by commas.
STDEV assumes that its arguments are a sample of the population. f your data represents the entire
population, then compute the standard deviation using STDEVP.
The standard deviation is calculated using the "n-1" method.
are counted.
cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored.
f you want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in a reference as part of the
calculation, use the STDEVA function.
STDEV uses the following formula:

where x is the sample mean AVERAGE(number1,number2,.) and n is the sample size.

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5trength
345
30
368
322
30
370
38
350
303
299
=S1DFv(A2.A) SLandard deviaLion o breaking sLrengLh (27.46392)

V|| VAk
Estimates variance based on a sample.
VAR(number1,number2,,...,)
The VAR function syntax has the following arguments:
Number1 Required. The first number argument corresponding to a sample of a population.
Number2, ... Optional. Number arguments 2 to 255 corresponding to a sample of a population.
VAR assumes that its arguments are a sample of the population. f your data represents the entire
population, then compute the variance by using VARP.
Logical values, and text representations of numbers that you type directly into the list of arguments
are counted.
cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are ignored.
f you want to include logical values and text representations of numbers in a reference as part of the
calculation, use the VARA function.
VAR uses the following formula:

where x is the sample mean AVERAGE(number1,number2,.) and n is the sample size.

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5trength
345
30
368
322
30
370
38
350
303
299
=vAR(A2.A) variance or Lhe breaking sLrengLh o Lhe Lools (754.2667)

v|| Count

The CUNT function counts the number of cells that contain numbers, and counts numbers within the list of
arguments. Use the CUNT function to get the number of entries in a number field that is in a range or
array of numbers. or example, you can enter the following formula to count the numbers in the range
A1:A20:
=CJUNT(A1:A20)
CJUNT(value1, value2,, ...)
The COUNT function syntax has the following arguments:
vaIue1 Required. The first item, cell reference, or range within which you want to count numbers.
vaIue2, ... Optional. Up to 255 additional items, cell references, or ranges within which you want to
count numbers.
Arguments that are numbers, dates, or a text representation of numbers (for example, a number
enclosed in quotation marks, such as "1") are counted.
are counted.
Arguments that are error values or text that cannot be translated into numbers are not counted.
cells, logical values, text, or error values in the array or reference are not counted.
f you want to count logical values, text, or error values, use the CUNTA function.
f you want to count only numbers that meet certain criteria, use the CUNTI function or the
CUNTI$ function.

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A B C
Data
Sales
2/8/2008
9
22.24
1RUF
8
9

2

#Dlv/0!
=COUN1(A2.A8) CounLs Lhe number o cells LhaL conLain numbers in cells A2 Lhrough
A8.
3
=COUN1(A5.A8) CounLs Lhe number o cells LhaL conLain numbers in cells A5 Lhrough
A8.
2
=COUN1(A2.A8,2) CounLs Lhe number o cells LhaL conLain numbers in cells A2 Lhrough
A8, and Lhe value 2
4

v||| CCUN1A

The CUNTA function counts the number of cells that are not empty in a range.
CJUNTA(value1, value2,, ...)
The COUNTA function syntax has the following arguments:
vaIue1 Required. The first argument representing the values that you want to count.
vaIue2, ... Optional. Additional arguments representing the values that you want to count, up to a
maximum of 255 arguments.
The CUNTA function counts cells containing any type of information, including error values and
empty text (""). or example, if the range contains a formula that returns an empty string, the CUNTA
function counts that value. The CUNTA function does not count empty cells.
f you do not need to count logical values, text, or error values (in other words, if you want to count
only cells that contain numbers), use the CUNT function.
f you want to count only cells that meet certain criteria, use the CUNTI function or the CUNTI$
function.

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Data
Sales
2/8/2008
9
22.24
1RUF
#Dlv/0!
=COUN1A(A2.A8) CounLs Lhe number o nonblank cells in cells A2 Lhrough A8.

|x Countb|ank

Counts empty cells in a specified range of cells.
CJUNTBLANK(range)
The COUNTBLANK function syntax has the following arguments:
#a3ge Required. The range from which you want to count the blank cells.
Cells with formulas that return "" (empty text) are also counted. Cells with zero values are not counted.
1.

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Data Data
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6 =lF(84<30,"",84)
27
4 34
=COUN18LANK(A2.85) CounLs empLy cells in Lhe range above. 1he ormula reLurns empLy LexL. (4)

x Count|f

The CUNTI function counts the number of cells within a range that meet a single criterion that you
specify. or example, you can count all the cells that start with a certain letter, or you can count all the cells
that contain a number that is larger or smaller than a number you specify. or example, suppose you have
a worksheet that contains a list of tasks in column A, and the first name of the person assigned to each task
in column B. You can use the CUNTI function to count how many times a person's name appears in
column B and, in that way, determine how many tasks are assigned to that person. or example:
=CJUNTIF(B2:B25,"Nancy")
CJUNTIF(range, criteria)
The COUNT function syntax has the following arguments:
ra3ge Required. One or more cells to count, including numbers or names, arrays, or references that
contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.
.riteria Required. A number, expression, cell reference, or text string that defines which cells will be
counted. or example, criteria can be expressed as 32, ">32", B4, "apples", or "32".
You can use the wildcard characters the question mark () and the asterisk (*) in
criteria. A question mark matches any single character, and an asterisk matches any sequence of
characters. f you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (=) before the character.
Criteria are case insensitive; for example, the string "apples" and the string "APPLES" will
match the same cells.

2

4
5
6

7

8

9

2

A B C
Data Data
apples 32
oranges 54
peaches 75
apples 86
=COUN1lF(A2.A5,"apples") Number o cells wiLh apples in cells A2
Lhrough A5.
2
=COUN1lF(A2.A5,A4) Number o cells wiLh peaches in cells A2
Lhrough A5.

=COUN1lF(A2.A5,A3)-COUN1lF(A2.A5,A2) Number o cells wiLh oranges and apples
in cells A2 Lhrough A5.
3
=COUN1lF(82.85,">55") Number o cells wiLh a value greaLer Lhan
55 in cells 82 Lhrough 85.
2
=COUN1lF(82.85,"<>"&84) Number o cells wiLh a value noL equal Lo
75 in cells 82 Lhrough 85.
3
=COUN1lF(82.85,">=32")-
COUN1lF(82.85,">85")
Number o cells wiLh a value greaLer Lhan
or equal Lo 32 and less Lhan or equal Lo 85
3
in cells 82 Lhrough 85.

FXAMPLF 2. COUN1lF FORMULAS USlNC WlLDCARD CHARAC1FRS AND HANDLlNC
8LANK vALUFS

2

4
5
6
7
8

9

2

4

A B C
Data Data
apples es
oranges NO
peaches No
apples yes
=COUN1lF(A2.A7,"*es") Number o cells ending wiLh Lhe leLLers
"es" in cells A2 Lhrough A7.
4
=COUN1lF(A2.A7,"es") Number o cells ending wiLh Lhe leLLers
"les" and having exacLly 7 leLLers in cells
A2 Lhrough A7.
2
=COUN1lF(A2.A7,"*") Number o cells conLaining any LexL in
cells A2 Lhrough A7.
4
=COUN1lF(A2.A7,"<>"&"*") Number o cells noL conLaining LexL in
cells A2 Lhrough A7.
2
=COUN1lF(82.87,"No") / ROWS(82.87) 1he average number o No voLes
(including blank cells) in cells 82
Lhrough 87.
0.333333333
=COUN1lF(82.87,"es") / (ROWS(82.87) -
COUN1lF(82.87, "<>"&"*"))
1he average number o es voLes
(excluding blank cells) in cells 82
Lhrough 87.
0.5

x| Large

Returns the k-th largest value in a data set. You can use this function to select a value based on its relative
standing. or example, you can use LARGE to return the highest, runner-up, or third-place score.
LARGE(array, k)
The LARGE function syntax has the following arguments:
Array Required. The array or range of data for which you want to determine the k-th largest value.
K Required. The position (from the largest) in the array or cell range of data to return.
f array is empty, LARGE returns the #NUM! error value.
f k > 0 or if k is greater than the number of data points, LARGE returns the #NUM! error value.
f n is the number of data points in a range, then LARGE(array,1) returns the largest value, and
LARGE(array,n) returns the smallest value.
1.

2

4
5
6
7
8
9

A B
Data Data
3 4
5 2
3 4
5 6
4 7
=LARCF(A2.86,3) 3rd largesL number in Lhe numbers above (5)
=LARCF(A2.86,7) 7Lh largesL number in Lhe numbers above (4)

x|| Sma||

Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set. Use this function to return values with a particular relative
standing in a data set.
SMALL(array, k)
The SMALL function syntax has the following arguments:
Array Required. An array or range of numerical data for which you want to determine the k-th
smallest value.
K Required. The position (from the smallest) in the array or range of data to return.
f array is empty, SMALL returns the #NUM! error value.
f k > 0 or if k exceeds the number of data points, SMALL returns the #NUM! error value.
f n is the number of data points in array, SMALL(array,1) equals the smallest value, and
SMALL(array,n) equals the largest value.

2

4
5
6
7
8
9

2

A B
Data Data
3
4 4
5 8
2 3
3 7
4 2
6 54
4 8
7 23
=SMALL(A2.A0,4) 4Lh smallesL number in irsL column (4)
=SMALL(82.80,2) 2nd smallesL number in Lhe second column (3)

O Irequency

Calculates how often values occur within a range of values, and then returns a vertical array of numbers.
or example, use REQUENCY to count the number of test scores that fall within ranges of scores.
Because REQUENCY returns an array, it must be entered as an array formula.
FREQUENCY(data_array, bins_array)
The REQUENCY function syntax has the following arguments:
Data_array Required. An array of or reference to a set of values for which you want to count
frequencies. f data_array contains no values, REQUENCY returns an array of zeros.
Bi3s_array Required. An array of or reference to intervals into which you want to group the values in
data_array. f bins_array contains no values, REQUENCY returns the number of elements in data_array.
REQUENCY is entered as an array formula after you select a range of adjacent cells into which you
want the returned distribution to appear.
The number of elements in the returned array is one more than the number of elements in
bins_array. The extra element in the returned array returns the count of any values above the highest
interval. or example, when counting three ranges of values (intervals) that are entered into three cells, be
sure to enter REQUENCY into four cells for the results. The extra cell returns the number of values in
data_array that are greater than the third interval value.
REQUENCY ignores blank cells and text.
ormulas that return arrays must be entered as array formulas.

2

4
5
6
7
8
9

2

4

5

A B
5cores Bins
79 70
85 79
78 89
85
50
8
95
88
97
=FRFQUFNC(A2.A0, 82.84) Number o scores less Lhan or equal Lo 70 ()
Number o scores in Lhe bin 7-79 (2)
Number o scores in Lhe bin 80-89 (4)
Number o scores greaLer Lhan or equal Lo 90 (2)

NOTE The formula in the example must be entered as an array formula. After copying the example to a
blank worksheet, select the range A12:A15, press 2, and then press CTRL+SHT+ENTER. f the formula
is not entered as an array formula, there will be only one result in cell A12 (1).

O Tra3spose
The T#AN$!$E function returns a vertical range of cells as a horizontal range, or vice versa. The
T#AN$!$E function must be entered as an array formula in a range that has the same number of rows and
columns, respectively, as the source range has columns and rows. Use T#AN$!$E to shift the vertical and
horizontal orientation of an array or range on a worksheet.
TRANSPJSE(array)
The TRANSPOSE function syntax has the following argument:
array Required. An array or range of cells on a worksheet that you want to transpose. The transpose
of an array is created by using the first row of the array as the first column of the new array, the
second row of the array as the second column of the new array, and so on.
FXAMPLF
A B C

2

4

5
6

Data Data Data
2 3
=1RANSPOSF(SAS2.SCS2) value rom irsL column
value rom second column 2
value rom Lhird column 3

MPORTANT The formula shown in the example must be entered as an array formula for the T#AN$!$E
function to work as expected. After copying the example to a blank worksheet, select the range A4:A6, starting
with the formula cell. Press 2, and then press CTRL+SHT+ENTER. f the formula is not entered as an array
formula, the single result is 1.
FXAMPLF 2
Some functions, such as INE$T, return horizontal arrays. The INE$T function returns a horizontal array of
the slope and Y-intercept for a line. The following formula returns a vertical array of the slope and Y-intercept
by using the INE$T function.

2

4
5
6
7
8

A B C
Known y Known x
0
9 4
5 2
7 3
=1RANSPOSF(LlNFS1(A2.A5,82.85,,FALSF)) Slope 2
-inLercepL

MPORTANT The formula shown in the example must be entered as an array formula for the T#AN$!$E
function to work as expected. After copying the example to a blank worksheet, select the range A7:A8, starting
with the formula cell. Press 2, and then press CTRL+SHT+ENTER. f the formula is not entered as an array
formula, the single result is 2.

1ext Iunct|ons

a LLN
LEN returns the number of characters in a text string.
LEN always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as 1, no matter what the
default language setting is.
LEN(text)
Text Required. The text whose length you want to find. Spaces count as characters.
Fxample

2
A B
Data

4
5
6
7
8

Phoenix, AZ
One
=LFN(A2) LengLh o Lhe irsL sLring ()
=LFN(A3) LengLh o Lhe second sLring (0)
=LFN(A4) LengLh o Lhe Lhird sLring, which includes 5 spaces (8)

b LLI1
LET returns the first character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you
specify.
LET always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as 1, no matter what the
LEFT(text, num_chars,)
Text Required. The text string that contains the characters you want to extract.
Num_.ars Optional. Specifies the number of characters you want LET to extract.
Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.
f num_chars is greater than the length of text, LET returns all of text.
f num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.
Num_bytes Optional. Specifies the number of characters you want LETB to extract, based on
bytes.
Fxample

2

4
5
6

A B
Data
Sale Price
Sweden
=LFF1(A2,4) FirsL our characLers in Lhe irsL sLring (Sale)
=LFF1(A3) FirsL characLer in Lhe second sLring (S)

c kIGn1
RGHT returns the last character or characters in a text string, based on the number of characters you
specify.
RGHT always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as 1, no matter what the default
language setting is.
RIGHT(text,num_chars,)
Text Required. The text string containing the characters you want to extract.
Num_.ars Optional. Specifies the number of characters you want RGHT to extract.
Num_chars must be greater than or equal to zero.
f num_chars is greater than the length of text, RGHT returns all of text.
f num_chars is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.
Fxample

2
A B
Data

4
5
6

Sale Price
SLock Number
=RlCH1(A2,5) LasL 5 characLers o Lhe irsL sLring (Price)
=RlCH1(A3) LasL characLer o Lhe second sLring (r)

d MID
MD returns a specific number of characters from a text string, starting at the position you specify, based on
the number of characters you specify.
MD always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as 1, no matter what the
MID(text, start_num, num_chars)
Text Required. The text string containing the characters you want to extract.
$tart_3um Required. The position of the first character you want to extract in text. The first character
in text has start_num 1, and so on.
Num_.ars Required. Specifies the number of characters you want MD to return from text.
f start_num is greater than the length of text, MD returns "" (empty text).
f start_num is less than the length of text, but start_num plus num_chars exceeds the length of text,
MD returns the characters up to the end of text.
f start_num is less than 1, MD returns the #VALUE! error value.
f num_chars is negative, MD returns the #VALUE! error value.
Fxample

2

4

5

6

A B
Data
Fluid Flow
=MlD(A2,,5) Five characLers rom Lhe sLring above, sLarLing aL Lhe irsL characLer (Fluid)
=MlD(A2,7,20) 1wenLy characLers rom Lhe sLring above, sLarLing aL Lhe sevenLh (Flow)
=MlD(A2,20,5) 8ecause Lhe sLarLing poinL is greaLer Lhan Lhe lengLh o Lhe sLring, empLy LexL is reLurned
()

e Lower
Converts all uppercase letters in a text string to lowercase.

LJWER(text)
The LOWER function syntax has the following arguments:
Text Required. The text you want to convert to lowercase. LOWER does not change characters in
text that are not letters.
Fxample

2

A B
Data
F. F. Cummings
4
5
6

ApL. 28
=LOWFR(A2) Lower case o irsL sLring (e. e. cummings)
=LOWFR(A3) Lower case o lasL sLring (apL. 2b)

f Upper
Converts text to uppercase.

UPPER(text)
The UPPER function syntax has the following arguments:
Text Required. The text you want converted to uppercase. Text can be a reference or text string.
Fxample

2

4
5
6

A B
Data
LoLal
ield
=UPPFR(A2) Upper case o irsL sLring (1O1AL)
=UPPFR(A3) Upper case o second sLring (lFLD)

g roper
Capitalizes the first letter in a text string and any other letters in text that follow any character other than a
letter. Converts all other letters to lowercase letters.

PRJPER(text)
The PROPER function syntax has the following arguments:
Text Required. Text enclosed in quotation marks, a formula that returns text, or a reference to a cell
containing the text you want to partially capitalize.
Fxample

2

4
5
6
7
8

A B
Data
Lhis is a 1l1LF
2-cenL's worLh
768udCeL
=PROPFR(A2) Proper case o irsL sLring (1his ls A 1iLle)
=PROPFR(A3) Proper case o second sLring (2-CenL'S WorLh)
=PROPFR(A4) Proper case o Lhird sLring (768udgeL)

h Search

The $EA#C and $EA#CB functions locate one text string within a second text string, and return the
number of the starting position of the first text string from the first character of the second text string. or
example, to find the position of the letter "n" in the word "printer", you can use the following function:
=SEARCH("n","printer")
This function returns because "n" is the fourth character in the word "printer."
You can also search for words within other words. or example, the function
=SEARCH("base","database")
returns 5, because the word "base" begins at the fifth character of the word "database". You can use the
$EA#C and $EA#CB functions to determine the location of a character or text string within another text
string, and then use the MID and MIDB functions to return the text, or use the #E!ACE and #E!ACEB
functions to change the text. These functions are demonstrated in Example 1 in this article.
IM!#TANT The $EA#C function is intended for use with languages that use the single-byte character
set (SBCS), whereas the $EA#CB function is intended for use with languages that use the double-byte
character set (DBCS). The default language setting on your computer affects the return value in the
following way:
$EA#C always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as 1, no matter what
the default language setting is.
SEARCH(find_text,within_text,start_num,)
The SEARCH function have the following arguments:
fi3d_text Required. The text that you want to find.
witi3_text Required. The text in which you want to search for the value of the 1ind_text argument.
start_3um Optional. The character number in the ithin_text argument at which you want to start
searching.
Remark
The $EA#C functions is not case sensitive. f you want to do a case sensitive search, you can use
IND.
You can use the wildcard characters the question mark () and asterisk (*) in the 1ind_text
argument. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of characters.
f you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (=) before the character.
f the value of 1ind_text is not found, the #VALUE! error value is returned.
f the start_num argument is omitted, it is assumed to be 1.
f start_num is not greater than 0 (zero) or is greater than the length of the ithin_text argument,
the #VALUE! error value is returned.
Use start_num to skip a specified number of characters. Using the $EA#C function as an
example, suppose you are working with the text string "AY0093.YoungMensApparel". To find the position
of the first "Y" in the descriptive part of the text string, set start_num equal to 8 so that the serial number
portion of the text (in this case, "AY0093") is not searched. The $EA#C function starts the search
operation at the eighth character position, finds the character that is specified in the 1ind_text argument at
the next position, and returns the number 9. The $EA#C function always returns the number of characters
from the start of the ithin_text argument, counting the characters you skip if the start_num argument is
greater than 1.
Fxamples

2

4
5
6
A B C
Data
SLaLemenLs
ProiL Margin
Margin
1he "boss" is here.

7

8

9

2

=SFARCH("e",A2,6) PosiLion o Lhe
irsL "e" in Lhe
sLring in cell A2,
sLarLing aL Lhe
sixLh posiLion.
7
=SFARCH(A4,A3) PosiLion o
"margin" (sLring
or which Lo
search is cell A4)
in "ProiL Margin"
(cell in which Lo
search is A3).
8
=RFPLACF(A3,SFARCH(A4,A3),6,"AmounL") Replaces "Margin"
wiLh "AmounL" by
irsL searching or
Lhe posiLion o
"Margin" in cell
A3, and Lhen
replacing LhaL
characLer and Lhe
nexL ive
characLers wiLh Lhe
sLring "AmounL."
ProiL
AmounL
=MlD(A3,SFARCH(" ",A3)-,4) ReLurns Lhe irsL
our characLers
LhaL ollow Lhe
irsL space
characLer in "ProiL
Margin" (cell A3).
Marg
=SFARCH("""",A5) PosiLion o Lhe
irsL double
quoLaLion mark (")
in cell A5.
5
=MlD(A5,SFARCH("""",A5)-,SFARCH("""",A5,SFARCH("""",A5)-)-
SFARCH("""",A5)-)
ReLurns only Lhe
LexL enclosed in
Lhe double
quoLaLion marks in
cell A5.
boss

| I|nd
ND locate one text string within a second text string, and return the number of the starting position of the
first text string from the first character of the second text string.
ND always counts each character, whether single-byte or double-byte, as 1, no matter what the
FIND(find_text, within_text, start_num,)
The ND function syntax has the following arguments:
i3d_text Required. The text you want to find.
iti3_text Required. The text containing the text you want to find.
$tart_3um Optional. Specifies the character at which to start the search. The first character in
within_text is character number 1. f you omit start_num, it is assumed to be 1.
ND is case sensitive and don't allow wildcard characters. f you don't want to do a case sensitive
search or use wildcard characters, you can use SEARCH
f find_text is "" (empty text), ND matches the first character in the search string (that is, the
character numbered start_num or 1).
ind_text cannot contain any wildcard characters.
f find_text does not appear in within_text, ND and NDB return the #VALUE! error value.
f start_num is not greater than zero, ND and NDB return the #VALUE! error value.
f start_num is greater than the length of within_text, ND and NDB return the #VALUE! error
value.
Use start_num to skip a specified number of characters. Using ND as an example, suppose you
are working with the text string "AY0093.YoungMensApparel". To find the number of the first "Y" in the
descriptive part of the text string, set start_num equal to 8 so that the serial-number portion of the text is not
searched. ND begins with character 8, finds find_text at the next character, and returns the number 9.
ND always returns the number of characters from the start of within_text, counting the characters you skip
if start_num is greater than 1.
Fxample

2

4
5

6

A B
Data
Miriam McCovern
=FlND("M",A2) PosiLion o Lhe irsL "M" in Lhe sLring above ()
=FlND("m",A2) PosiLion o Lhe irsL "m" in Lhe sLring above (6)
=FlND("M",A2,3) PosiLion o Lhe irsL "M" in Lhe sLring above, sLarLing wiLh Lhe Lhird characLer (8)

Concatenate

The CNCATENATE function joins up to 255 text strings into one text string. The joined items can be text,
numbers, cell references, or a combination of those items. or example, if your worksheet contains a
person's first name in cell A1 and the person's last name in cell B1, you can combine the two values in
another cell by using the following formula:
=CJNCATENATE(A1," ",B1)
The second argument in this example (" ") is a space character. You must specify any spaces or
punctuation that you want to appear in the results as an argument that is enclosed in quotation marks.
SynLax
CJNCATENATE(text1, text2,, ...)
The CONCATENATE function syntax has the following arguments:
Text1 Required. The first text item to be concatenated.
Text2, ... Optional. Additional text items, up to a maximum of 255 items. The items must be
separated by commas.
NOTE You can also use the ampersand (&) calculation operator instead of the CNCATENATE function to
join text items. or example,
=A1 & B1
returns the same value as
=CJNCATENATE(A1, B1)

2

4
5

A B C
Data
brook LrouL Andreas Hauser
Species FourLh Pine
32

6

7

8

=CONCA1FNA1F("SLream
populaLion or ", A2, " ", A3, " is ",
A4, "/mile")
CreaLes a senLence by concaLenaLing Lhe
daLa in column A wiLh oLher LexL.
SLream populaLion
or brook LrouL
species is 32/mile
=CONCA1FNA1F(82, " ", C2) ConcaLenaLes Lhe sLring in cell 82, a space
characLer, and Lhe value in cell C2.
Andreas Hauser
=CONCA1FNA1F(C2, ", ", 82) ConcaLenaLes Lhe sLring in cell C2, a
sLring consisLing o a comma and a space
characLer, and Lhe value in cell 82.
Hauser, Andreas
=CONCA1FNA1F(83, " & ", C3) ConcaLenaLes Lhe sLring in cell 83, a sLring
consisLing o a space, an ampersand,
anoLher space, and Lhe value in cell C3.
FourLh & Pine
=83 & " & " & C3 ConcaLenaLes Lhe same iLems as Lhe
previous example, buL by using Lhe
ampersand (&) calculaLion operaLor
insLead o Lhe CONCATNAT uncLion.

kep|ace
REPLACE replaces part of a text string, based on the number of characters you specify, with a different text
string.
REPLACE(old_text, start_num, num_chars, new_text)
REPLACEB(old_text, start_num, num_bytes, new_text)
The REPLACE function syntax has the following arguments:
Id_text Required. Text in which you want to replace some characters.
$tart_3um Required. The position of the character in old_text that you want to replace with
new_text.
Num_.ars Required. The number of characters in old_text that you want REPLACE to replace with
new_text.
Num_bytes Required. The number of bytes in old_text that you want REPLACEB to replace with
new_text.
New_text Required. The text that will replace characters in old_text.
Fxample

2

4
5

6

7

8

A B
Data
abcdeghijk
2009
23456
=RFPLACF(A2,6,5,"*") Replaces ive characLers, sLarLing wiLh Lhe sixLh characLer (abcde*k)
=RFPLACF(A3,3,2,"0") Replaces Lhe lasL Lwo digiLs o 2009 wiLh 0 (200)
=RFPLACF(A4,,3,"@") Replaces Lhe irsL Lhree characLers wiLh @ (@456)

Subst|tute

Substitutes new_text for old_text in a text string. Use SUBSTTUTE when you want to replace specific text
in a text string; use REPLACE when you want to replace any text that occurs in a specific location in a text
string.
SynLax
SUBSTITUTE(text, old_text, new_text, instance_num,)
The SUBSTTUTE function syntax has the following arguments:
Text Required. The text or the reference to a cell containing text for which you want to substitute
characters.
Id_text Required. The text you want to replace.
New_text Required. The text you want to replace old_text with.
I3sta3.e_3um Optional. Specifies which occurrence of old_text you want to replace with new_text. f
you specify instance_num, only that instance of old_text is replaced. Otherwise, every occurrence of
old_text in text is changed to new_text.
Fxample

2

4
5

6

7

8

A B
Data <
Sales DaLa <
QuarLer , 2008 <
QuarLer , 20 <
=SU8S1l1U1F(A2, "Sales", "CosL") SubsLiLuLes CosL or Sales (CosL DaLa)
=SU8S1l1U1F(A3, "", "2", ) SubsLiLuLes irsL insLance o "" wiLh "2" (QuarLer 2, 2008)
=SU8S1l1U1F(A4, "", "2", 3) SubsLiLuLes Lhird insLance o "" wiLh "2" (QuarLer , 202)

1r|m

Removes all spaces from text except for single spaces between words. Use TRM on text that you have
received from another application that may have irregular spacing.
IM!#TANT The TRM function was designed to trim the 7-bit ASC space character (value 32) from text.
n the Unicode character set, there is an additional space character called the nonbreaking space character
that has a decimal value of 160. This character is commonly used in Web pages as the HTML entity,
&3bsp;. By itself, the TRM function does not remove this nonbreaking space character. or an example of
how to trim both space characters from text, see Remove spaces and nonprinting characters from text.
SynLax
TRIM(text)
The TRM function syntax has the following arguments:
Text Required. The text from which you want spaces removed.
Fxample

2

A B
=1RlM(" FirsL QuarLer Removes leading and Lrailing spaces rom Lhe LexL in Lhe ormula (FirsL
Farnings ") QuarLer Farnings)

Code
Returns a numeric code for the first character in a text string. The returned code corresponds to the character
set used by your computer.
Operating environment Character set
MacinLosh MacinLosh characLer seL
Windows ANSl
SynLax
CJDE(text)
The CODE function syntax has the following arguments:
Text Required. The text for which you want the code of the first character.

2

A B
=CODF("A") Displays Lhe numeric code or A (65)
=CODF("!") Displays Lhe numeric code or ! (33)

Char
Returns the character specified by a number. Use CHAR to translate code page numbers you might get from
files on other types of computers into characters.
Operating environment Character set
MacinLosh MacinLosh characLer seL
Windows ANSl
SynLax
CHAR(number)
The CHAR function syntax has the following arguments:
Number Required. A number between 1 and 255 specifying which character you want. The character
is from the character set used by your computer.
Fxample

2

A B
=CHAR(65) Displays Lhe 65 characLer in Lhe seL (A)
=CHAR(33) Displays Lhe 33 characLer in Lhe seL (!)

Look up Iunct|ons

V|ookup

You can use the VKU! function to search the first column of a range of cells, and then return a value
from any cell on the same row of the range. or example, suppose that you have a list of employees
contained in the range A2:C10. The employees' D numbers are stored in the first column of the range, as
shown in the following illustration.

f you know the employee's D number, you can use the VKU! function to return either the department
or the name of that employee. To obtain the name of employee number 38, you can use the formula
VKU!(38, A2:C10, 3, A$E). This formula searches for the value 38 in the first column of the range
A2:C10, and then returns the value that is contained in the third column of the range and on the same row
as the lookup value ("Axel Delgado").
The V in VKU! stands for vertical. Use VKU! instead of KU! when your comparison
values are located in a column to the left of the data that you want to find.
VLJJKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, range_lookup,)
The VLOOKUP function syntax has the following arguments:
Iookup_vaIue Required. The value to search in the first column of the table or range. The
44up_vaue argument can be a value or a reference. f the value you supply for the l44up_vaue
argument is smaller than the smallest value in the first column of the tabe_array argument, VKU!
returns the #N/A error value.
tabIe_array Required. The range of cells that contains the data. You can use a reference to a range
(for example, A2:D8), or a range name. The values in the first column of tabe_array are the values
searched by 44up_vaue. These values can be text, numbers, or logical values. Uppercase and
lowercase text are equivalent.
.oI_i3dex_3um Required. The column number in the tabe_array argument from which the
matching value must be returned. A .4_index_num argument of 1 returns the value in the first column in
tabe_array; a .4_index_num of 2 returns the value in the second column in tabe_array, and so on.
f the .4_index_num argument is:
Less than 1, VKU! returns the #VALUE! error value.
Greater than the number of columns in tabe_array, VKU! returns the #RE! error
value.
ra3ge_Iookup Optional. A logical value that specifies whether you want VKU! to find an exact
match or an approximate match:
f range_44up is either TRUE or is omitted, an exact or approximate match is returned. f
an exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than 44up_vaue is returned.
f range_44up is either TRUE or is omitted, the values in the first column of tabe_array must be placed
in ascending sort order; otherwise, VKU! might not return the correct value.
f range_44up is ALSE, the values in the first column of tabe_array do not need to be sorted.
f the range_44up argument is ALSE, VKU! will find only an exact match. f there
are two or more values in the first column of tabe_array that match the 44up_vaue, the first value found
is used. f an exact match is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.
When searching text values in the first column of tabe_array, ensure that the data in the first column
of tabe_array does not contain leading spaces, trailing spaces, inconsistent use of straight ( ' or " ) and
curly ( ' or ") quotation marks, or nonprinting characters. n these cases, VKU! might return an
incorrect or unexpected value.
or more information, see CLEAN function and TRM function.
When searching number or date values, ensure that the data in the first column of tabe_array is not
stored as text values. n this case, VKU! might return an incorrect or unexpected value.
f range_lookup is ALSE and 44up_vaue is text, you can use the wildcard characters the
question mark (?) and asterisk (*) in 44up_vaue. A question mark matches any single character; an
asterisk matches any sequence of characters. f you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a
tilde (=) preceding the character.

2

4
5
6
7
8
9

2

4

A B C
Density Viscosity Temperature
0.457 3.55 500
0.525 3.25 400
0.606 2.93 300
0.675 2.75 250
0.746 2.57 200
0.835 2.38 50
0.946 2.7 00
.09 .95 50
.29 .7 0
=vLOOKUP(,A2.C0,2) Using an approximaLe maLch, searches or Lhe
value in column A, inds Lhe largesL value less
Lhan or equal Lo in column A which is 0.946,
and Lhen reLurns Lhe value rom column 8 in Lhe
same row.
2.7
=vLOOKUP(,A2.C0,3,1RUF) Using an approximaLe maLch, searches or Lhe
value in column A, inds Lhe largesL value less
Lhan or equal Lo in column A, which is 0.946,
and Lhen reLurns Lhe value rom column C in Lhe
same row.
00
=vLOOKUP(0.7,A2.C0,3,FALSF) Using an exacL maLch, searches or Lhe value 0.7
in column A. 8ecause Lhere is no exacL maLch in
column A, an error is reLurned.
#N/A
=vLOOKUP(0.,A2.C0,2,1RUF) Using an approximaLe maLch, searches or Lhe
value 0. in column A. 8ecause 0. is less Lhan
Lhe smallesL value in column A, an error is
reLurned.
#N/A
=vLOOKUP(2,A2.C0,2,1RUF) Using an approximaLe maLch, searches or Lhe
value 2 in column A, inds Lhe largesL value less
Lhan or equal Lo 2 in column A, which is .29,
and Lhen reLurns Lhe value rom column 8 in Lhe
same row.

n|ookup

Searches for a value in the top row of a table or an array of values, and then returns a value in the same
column from a row you specify in the table or array. Use HLOOKUP when your comparison values are
located in a row across the top of a table of data, and you want to look down a specified number of rows.
Use VLOOKUP when your comparison values are located in a column to the left of the data you want to
find.
The H in HLOOKUP stands for "Horizontal."
HLJJKUP(lookup_value, table_array, row_index_num, range_lookup,)
The HLOOKUP function syntax has the following arguments:
ookup_vaIue Required. The value to be found in the first row of the table. Lookup_value can be a
value, a reference, or a text string.
TabIe_array Required. A table of information in which data is looked up. Use a reference to a range
or a range name.
The values in the first row of table_array can be text, numbers, or logical values.
f range_lookup is TRUE, the values in the first row of table_array must be placed in
ascending order: ...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,... , A-Z, ALSE, TRUE; otherwise, HLOOKUP may not give the correct
value. f range_lookup is ALSE, table_array does not need to be sorted.
Uppercase and lowercase text are equivalent.
Sort the values in ascending order, left to right. or more information, see Sort data in a
range or table.
#ow_i3dex_3um Required. The row number in table_array from which the matching value will be
returned. A row_index_num of 1 returns the first row value in table_array, a row_index_num of 2 returns the
second row value in table_array, and so on. f row_index_num is less than 1, HLOOKUP returns the
#VALUE! error value; if row_index_num is greater than the number of rows on table_array, HLOOKUP
returns the #RE! error value.
#a3ge_Iookup Optional. A logical value that specifies whether you want HLOOKUP to find an exact
match or an approximate match. f TRUE or omitted, an approximate match is returned. n other words, if an
exact match is not found, the next largest value that is less than lookup_value is returned. f ALSE,
HLOOKUP will find an exact match. f one is not found, the error value #N/A is returned.
Remark
f HLOOKUP can't find lookup_value, and range_lookup is TRUE, it uses the largest value that is
less than lookup_value.
f lookup_value is smaller than the smallest value in the first row of table_array, HLOOKUP returns
the #N/A error value.
f range_lookup is ALSE and lookup_value is text, you can use the wildcard characters, question
mark (?) and asterisk (*), in lookup_value. A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk
matches any sequence of characters. f you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~)
before the character.

2

4
5

6

7

8

9
A B C
AxIes Bearings BoIts
4 4 9
5 7 0
6 8
=HLOOKUP("Axles", A.C4, 2,
1RUF)
Looks up Axles in row , and reLurns Lhe value rom row
2 LhaL's in Lhe same column. (4)

=HLOOKUP("8earings", A.C4,
3, FALSF)
Looks up 8earings in row , and reLurns Lhe value rom
row 3 LhaL's in Lhe same column. (7)

=HLOOKUP("8", A.C4, 3, 1RUF) Looks up 8 in row , and reLurns Lhe value rom row 3
LhaL's in Lhe same column. 8ecause 8 is noL an exacL
maLch, Lhe nexL largesL value LhaL is less Lhan 8 is used.
Axles. (5)

=HLOOKUP("8olLs", A.C4, 4) Looks up 8olLs in row , and reLurns Lhe value rom row
4 LhaL's in Lhe same column. ()

=HLOOKUP(3, [, 2, 3, "a", "b",
"c", "d", "e", ""}, 2, 1RUF)
Looks up 3 in Lhe irsL row o Lhe array consLanL, and
reLurns Lhe value rom row 2 in same column. (c)

Log|ca| Iunct|ons

| If

The I function returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE, and another value if that
condition evaluates to ALSE. or example, the formula I(A1>10,"ver 10","10 or Iess") returns "Over
10" if A1 is greater than 10, and "10 or less" if A1 is less than or equal to 10.
SynLax
IF(logical_test, value_if_true,, value_if_false,)
The function syntax has the following arguments:
Iogi.aI_test Required. Any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or ALSE. or
example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates
to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to ALSE. This argument can use any comparison
calculation operator.
vaIue_if_true Optional. The value that you want to be returned if the 4gi.a_test argument
evaluates to TRUE. or example, if the value of this argument is the text string "Within budget" and the
4gi.a_test argument evaluates to TRUE, the I function returns the text "Within budget." f 4gi.a_test
evaluates to TRUE and the vaue_i1_true argument is omitted (that is, there is only a comma following the
4gi.a_test argument), the I function returns 0 (zero). To display the word TRUE, use the logical value
TRUE for the vaue_i1_true argument.
vaIue_if_faIse Optional. The value that you want to be returned if the 4gi.a_test argument
evaluates to ALSE. or example, if the value of this argument is the text string "Over budget" and the
4gi.a_test argument evaluates to ALSE, the I function returns the text "Over budget." f 4gi.a_test
evaluates to ALSE and the vaue_i1_1ase argument is omitted, (that is, there is no comma following the
vaue_i1_true argument), the I function returns the logical value ALSE. f 4gi.a_test evaluates to
ALSE and the value of the vaue_i1_1ase argument is omitted (that is, in the I function, there is no
comma following the vaue_i1_true argument), the I function returns the value 0 (zero).
Remarks
Up to 64 I functions can be nested as vaue_i1_true and vaue_i1_1ase arguments to construct
more elaborate tests. Alternatively, to test many conditions, consider using the LOOKUP, VLOOKUP,
HLOOKUP, or CHOOSE functions. (See Example 4 for a sample of the KU! function.)
f any of the arguments to I are arrays, every element of the array is evaluated when the I
statement is carried out.
Excel provides additional functions that can be used to analyze your data based on a condition. or
example, to count the number of occurrences of a string of text or a number within a range of cells, use the
COUNT or the COUNTS worksheet functions. To calculate a sum based on a string of text or a number
within a range, use the SUM or the SUMS worksheet functions.
FXAMPLF

2

A B C
Data
50 23
=lF(A2<=00,"WiLhin l Lhe number in cell A2 is less Lhan or equal Lo 00, Lhe WiLhin

4

5

budgeL","Over budgeL") ormula reLurns "WiLhin budgeL." OLherwise, Lhe
uncLion displays "Over budgeL."
budgeL
=lF(A2=00,A2-82,"") l Lhe number in cell A2 is equal Lo 00, A2 - 82 is
calculaLed and reLurned. OLherwise, empLy LexL ("") is
reLurned.
FmpLy
LexL ("")

FXAMPLF 2

2

4
5

6

7

A B C
ActuaI xpenses Predicted xpenses
500 900
500 900
500 925
=lF(A2>82,"Over
8udgeL","OK")
Checks wheLher Lhe expenses in row 2 are over
budgeL
Over
8udgeL
=lF(A3>83,"Over
8udgeL","OK")
Checks wheLher Lhe expenses in row 3 are over
budgeL
OK

FXAMPLF 3

2

4
5

6

7

8

A B C
5core
45
90
78
=lF(A2>89,"A",lF(A2>79,"8",
lF(A2>69,"C",lF(A2>59,"D","F"))))
Assigns a leLLer grade Lo Lhe score
in cell A2
F
=lF(A3>89,"A",lF(A3>79,"8",
lF(A3>69,"C",lF(A3>59,"D","F"))))
in cell A3
A
=lF(A4>89,"A",lF(A4>79,"8",
lF(A4>69,"C",lF(A4>59,"D","F"))))
in cell A4
C

The preceding example demonstrates how you can nest I statements. n each formula, the fourth I
statement is also the vaue_i1_1ase argument to the third I statement. Similarly, the third I statement is
the vaue_i1_1ase argument to the second I statement, and the second I statement is the vaue_i1_1ase
argument to the first I statement. or example, if the first 4gi.a_test argument (Average>89) evaluates
to TRUE, "A" is returned. f the first 4gi.a_test argument evaluates to ALSE, the second I statement is
evaluated, and so on. You can also use other functions as arguments.
The letter grades are assigned to numbers, using the following key.
1 5core is Then return
CreaLer Lhan 89 A
From 80 Lo 89 8
From 70 Lo 79 C
From 60 Lo 69 D
Less Lhan 60 F

2

4
5

6

7

8

A B C
5core
45
90
78
=LOOKUP(A2,[0,60,63,67,70,73,77,80,83,87,90,93,97},["F","D-
","D","D-","C-","C","C-","8-","8","8-","A-","A","A-"})
Assigns a leLLer
grade Lo Lhe score
in cell A2
F
=LOOKUP(A3,[0,60,63,67,70,73,77,80,83,87,90,93,97},["F","D-
","D","D-","C-","C","C-","8-","8","8-","A-","A","A-"})
Assigns a leLLer
grade Lo Lhe score
in cell A3
A-
=LOOKUP(A4,[0,60,63,67,70,73,77,80,83,87,90,93,97},["F","D-
","D","D-","C-","C","C-","8-","8","8-","A-","A","A-"})
Assigns a leLLer
grade Lo Lhe score
in cell A4

|| AND

Returns TRUE if all its arguments evaluate to TRUE; returns ALSE if one or more arguments evaluate to
ALSE.
One common use for the AND function is to expand the usefulness of other functions that perform logical
tests. or example, the I function performs a logical test and then returns one value if the test evaluates to
TRUE and another value if the test evaluates to ALSE. By using the AND function as the 4gi.a_test
argument of the I function, you can test many different conditions instead of just one.

AND(logical1, logical2,, ...)
The AND function syntax has the following arguments:
Iogi.aI1 Required. The first condition that you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or
ALSE.
Iogi.aI2, ... Optional. Additional conditions that you want to test that can evaluate to either TRUE or
ALSE, up to a maximum of 255 conditions.

The arguments must evaluate to logical values, such as TRUE or ALSE, or the arguments must be
arrays or references that contain logical values.
f an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored.
f the specified range contains no logical values, the AND function returns the #VALUE! error value.
Fxamples

2

4

A B C
=AND(1RUF, 1RUF) All argumenLs are 1RUF 1RUF
=AND(1RUF, FALSF) One argumenL is FALSF FALSF
=AND(2-2=4, 2-3=5) All argumenLs evaluaLe Lo 1RUF 1RUF

FXAMPLF 2

2
A B C
Data

4

5

6

7

50
04
=AND(<A2, A2<00) Displays 1RUF i Lhe number in cell A2 is beLween
and 00. OLherwise, iL displays FALSF.
1RUF
=lF(AND(<A3, A3<00), A3,
"1he value is ouL o range.")
Displays Lhe number in cell A3, i iL is beLween
and 00. OLherwise, iL displays Lhe message "1he
value is ouL o range."
1he value is
ouL o range.
=lF(AND(<A2, A2<00), A2,
"1he value is ouL o range.")
Displays Lhe number in cell A2, i iL is beLween
and 00. OLherwise, iL displays a message.

#

Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE; returns ALSE if all arguments are ALSE.
SynLax
JR(logical1, logical2,, ...)
The OR function syntax has the following arguments:
ogi.aI1, Iogi.aI2, ... Logical1 is required, subsequent logical values are optional. 1 to 255
conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or ALSE.
Remarks
The arguments must evaluate to logical values such as TRUE or ALSE, or in arrays or references
that contain logical values.
f an array or reference argument contains text or empty cells, those values are ignored.
f the specified range contains no logical values, OR returns the #VALUE! error value.
You can use an OR array formula to see if a value occurs in an array. To enter an array formula,
press CTRL+SHT+ENTER.
Fxample

2

4

A B
=OR(1RUF) One argumenL is 1RUF (1RUF)
=OR(-=,2-2=5) All argumenLs evaluaLe Lo FALSF (FALSF)
=OR(1RUF,FALSF,1RUF) AL leasL one argumenL is 1RUF (1RUF)

NC1

Reverses the value of its argument. Use NOT when you want to make sure a value is not equal to one
particular value.
SynLax
NJT(logical)
The NOT function syntax has the following arguments:
ogi.aI Required. A value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or ALSE.
Remark
f logical is ALSE, NOT returns TRUE; if logical is TRUE, NOT returns ALSE.
Fxample

2

A B
=NO1(FALSF) Reverses FALSF (1RUF)
=NO1(-=2) Reverses an equaLion LhaL evaluaLes Lo 1RUF (FALSF)

Date and 1|me Iunct|ons

DATE

The DATE function returns the sequential serial number that represents a particular date. or example, the
formula
DATE(2008,7,8)
returns 39637, the serial number that represents 7/8/2008.
NOTE f the cell format was Ge3eraI before the function was entered, the result is formatted as a date
instead of a number. f you want to view the serial number, or if you want to change the formatting of the
date, select a different number format in the Number group of the ome tab.
The DATE function is most useful in situations where the year, month, and day are supplied by formulas or
cell references. or example, you might have a worksheet that contains dates in a format that Excel does
not recognize, such as YYYYMMDD. You can use the DATE function in conjunction with other functions to
convert the dates to a serial number that Excel recognizes. See the table in the Example section of this
article for more information.
SynLax
DATE(year,month,day)
The DATE function syntax has the following arguments:
ear Required. The value of the year argument can include one to four digits. Excel interprets the
year argument according to the date system your computer is using. By default, Microsoft Excel for
Windows uses the 1900 date system; Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh uses the 1904 date system.
TP We recommend using four digits for the year argument to prevent unwanted results. or example,
using "07" returns "1907" as the year value.
f year is between 0 (zero) and 1899 (inclusive), Excel adds that value to 1900 to calculate
the year. or example,
DATE(108,1,2)
returns January 2, 2008 (1900+108).
f year is between 1900 and 9999 (inclusive), Excel uses that value as the year. or
example,
DATE(2008,1,2)
returns January 2, 2008.
f year is less than 0 or is 10000 or greater, Excel returns the #NUM! error value.
Mo3t Required. A positive or negative integer representing the month of the year from 1 to 12
(January to December).
f m4nth is greater than 12, m4nth adds that number of months to the first month in the
year specified. or example,
DATE(2008,14,2)
returns the serial number representing ebruary 2, 2009.
f m4nth is less than 1, m4nth subtracts the magnitude of that number of months, plus 1,
from the first month in the year specified. or example,
DATE(2008,-3,2)
returns the serial number representing September 2, 2007.
Day Required. A positive or negative integer representing the day of the month from 1 to 31.
f day is greater than the number of days in the month specified, day adds that number of
days to the first day in the month. or example,
DATE(2008,1,35)
returns the serial number representing ebruary 4, 2008.
f day is less than 1, day subtracts the magnitude that number of days, plus one, from the
first day of the month specified. or example,
DATE(2008,1,-15)
returns the serial number representing December 16, 2007.
NOTE Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so that they can be used in calculations. By default,
January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448 because it is 39,447 days
after January 1, 1900. Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh uses a different date system as its default.
Fxample

2

5
6

7

8

9

A B C
Year Month Day
2008
Data
200825
=DA1F(A2,82,C2) Serial daLe or Lhe daLe derived by
using cells A2, 82, and C2 as Lhe
argumenLs or Lhe DAT uncLion,
and using Lhe 900 daLe sysLem.
//2008 or 39448
=DA1F(FAR(1ODA()),2,3) Serial daLe or Lhe lasL day o Lhe
currenL year.
2/3/3333 or Lhe
equivalenL sequenLial serial
number (acLual value
depends on currenL year)
=DA1F(LFF1(A4,4),MlD(A4,5,2),
RlCH1(A4,2))
A ormula LhaL converLs a daLe
rom Lhe MMDD ormaL Lo a
serial daLe.
/25/2008 or 39777

NOTE To view the number as a serial number, select the cell and then, on the ome tab, in the Number
group, click the arrow next to Number ormat, and then click Number.

1oday

Returns the serial number of the current date. The serial number is the date-time code used by Excel for
date and time calculations. f the cell format was Ge3eraI before the function was entered, Excel changes
the cell format to Date. f you want to view the serial number, you must change the cell format to Ge3eraI or
Number.
The TDA function is useful when you need to have the current date displayed on a worksheet,
regardless of when you open the workbook. t is also useful for calculating intervals. or example, if you
know that someone was born in 1963, you might use the following formula to find that person's age as of
this year's birthday:
EA#(TDA())-1963
This formula uses the TDA function as an argument for the EA# function to obtain the current year,
and then subtracts 1963, returning the person's age.
NOTE f the TDA function does not update the date when you expect it to, you might need to change the
settings that control when the workbook or worksheet recalculates. On the iIe tab, click ptio3s, and then
in the ormuIas category under CaI.uIatio3 optio3s, make sure that Automati. is selected.
SynLax
TJDAY()
The TODAY function syntax has no arguments.
NOTE Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so they can be used in calculations. By default,
January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448 because it is 39,447 days
after January 1, 1900. Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh uses a different date system as its default.
Fxample

2

4
5

6

A B
lormuIa Description
=1ODA() ReLurns Lhe currenL daLe.
=1ODA()-5 ReLurns Lhe currenL daLe plus 5 days. For example, i Lhe currenL daLe is
//2008, Lhis ormula reLurns /6/2008.
=DA1FvALUF("//2030")-
1ODA()
ReLurns Lhe number o days beLween Lhe currenL daLe and //2030.
NoLe LhaL cell A4 musL be ormaLLed as GeneraI or Number or Lhe
resulL Lo display correcLly.
=DA(1ODA()) ReLurns Lhe currenL day o Lhe monLh ( - 3).
=MON1H(1ODA()) ReLurns Lhe currenL monLh o Lhe year ( - 2). For example, i Lhe
currenL monLh is May, Lhis ormula reLurns 5.

DA
Returns the day of a date, represented by a serial number. The day is given as an integer ranging from 1 to 31.
DAY(serial_number)
The DAY function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. The date of the day you are trying to find. Dates should be entered by
using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. or example, use
DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.
Fxample

2

4

A B
Date
5-Apr-2008
=DA(A2) Day o Lhe daLe above (5)

Month

Returns the month of a date represented by a serial number. The month is given as an integer, ranging from 1
(January) to 12 (December).
SynLax
MJNTH(serial_number)
The MONTH function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. The date of the month you are trying to find. Dates should be entered by
using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. or example, use
DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.
Fxample.

2

4

A B
Date
5-Apr-2008
=MON1H(A2) MonLh o Lhe daLe above (4)

ear

Returns the year corresponding to a date. The year is returned as an integer in the range 1900-9999.
SynLax
YEAR(serial_number)
The YEAR function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. The date of the year you want to find. Dates should be entered by using
the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions. or example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for
the 23rd day of May, 2008. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.
.

2

4
5
6

A B
Date
7/5/2008
7/5/0
=FAR(A2) ear o Lhe irsL daLe (2008)
=FAR(A3) ear o Lhe second daLe (200)

Now
Returns the serial number of the current date and time. f the cell format was Ge3eraI before the function was
entered, Excel changes the cell format to the same date and time format that is specified in the regional date
and time settings in Control Panel. You can change the date and time format for the cell by using the
commands in the Number group of the ome tab on the Ribbon.
The N function is useful when you need to display the current date and time on a worksheet or calculate a
value based on the current date and time, and have that value updated each time you open the worksheet.
NOTE f the N function does not update cell values when you expect it to, you might need to change
settings that control when the workbook or worksheet recalculates.
SynLax
NJW()
The NOW function syntax has no arguments.
1|me

Returns the decimal number for a particular time. f the cell format was Ge3eraI before the function was
entered, the result is formatted as a date.
The decimal number returned by TME is a value ranging from 0 (zero) to 0.99999999, representing the times
from 0:00:00 (12:00:00 AM) to 23:59:59 (11:59:59 P.M.).
SynLax
TIME(hour, minute, second)
The TME function syntax has the following arguments:
our Required. A number from 0 (zero) to 32767 representing the hour. Any value greater than 23
will be divided by 24 and the remainder will be treated as the hour value. or example, TME(27,0,0) =
TME(3,0,0) = .125 or 3:00 AM.
Mi3ute Required. A number from 0 to 32767 representing the minute. Any value greater than 59 will
be converted to hours and minutes. or example, TME(0,750,0) = TME(12,30,0) = .520833 or 12:30
PM.
$e.o3d Required. A number from 0 to 32767 representing the second. Any value greater than 59 will
be converted to hours, minutes, and seconds. or example, TME(0,0,2000) = TME(0,33,22) =
.023148 or 12:33:20 AM
Remark
Microsoft Excel for Windows and Microsoft Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their default.
Time values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is
represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day).

2

4

5

6

A B C
Hour Minute 5econd
2 0 0
6 48 0
=1lMF(A2,82,C2) Decimal parL o a day, or Lhe irsL Lime above (0.5)
=1lMF(A3,83,C3) Decimal parL o a day, or Lhe second Lime above (0.700574)

nour

Returns the hour of a time value. The hour is given as an integer, ranging from 0 (12:00 A.M.) to 23 (11:00
P.M.).
SynLax
HJUR(serial_number)
The HOUR function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. The time that contains the hour you want to find. Times may be entered as
text strings within quotation marks (for example, "6:45 PM"), as decimal numbers (for example,
0.78125, which represents 6:45 PM), or as results of other formulas or functions (for example,
TMEVALUE("6:45 PM")).
Remark
Microsoft Excel for Windows and Excel for the Macintosh use different date systems as their defaults. Time
values are a portion of a date value and represented by a decimal number (for example, 12:00 PM is
represented as 0.5 because it is half of a day).

2

4
5
6
7
8

A B
Time
3.30.30 AM
3.30.30 PM
5.30
=HOUR(A2) Hour o irsL Lime (3)
=HOUR(A3) Hour o second Lime (5)
=HOUR(A4) Hour o Lhird Lime (5)

M|nute
Returns the minutes of a time value. The minute is given as an integer, ranging from 0 to 59.
SynLax
MINUTE(serial_number)
The MNUTE function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. The time that contains the minute you want to find. Times may be entered
as text strings within quotation marks (for example, "6:45 PM"), as decimal numbers (for example,

2

4

A B
Time
4.48.00 PM
=MlNU1F(A2) MinuLes o Lhe Lime above (48)

Second
Returns the seconds of a time value. The second is given as an integer in the range 0 (zero) to 59.
SECJND(serial_number)
The SECOND function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. The time that contains the seconds you want to find. Times may be entered
as text strings within quotation marks (for example, "6:45 PM"), as decimal numbers (for example,

2
A B
1ime

4
5
6

4.48.8 PM
4.48 PM
Formula DescripLion
=SFCOND(A2) Seconds in Lhe irsL Lime (8)
=SFCOND(A3) Seconds in Lhe second Lime (0)

Weeknum
Returns the week number of a specific date. or example, the week containing January 1 is the first week of
the year, and is numbered week 1.
There are two systems used for this function:
$ystem 1 The week containing January 1 is the first week of the year, and is numbered week 1.
$ystem 2 The week containing the first Thursday of the year is the first week of the year, and is
numbered as week 1.
WEEKNUM(serial_number,return_type,)
The WEEKNUM function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. A date within the week. Dates should be entered by using the DATE
function, or as results of other formulas or functions. or example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd
day of May, 2008. Problems can occur if dates are entered as text.
#etur3_type Optional. A number that determines on which day the week begins. The default is 1.
Return_type week begins on 5ystem
or omiLLed Sunday
2 Monday
Monday
2 1uesday
3 Wednesday
4 1hursday
5 Friday
6 SaLurday
7 Sunday
2 Monday 2
Remark
Microsoft Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so they can be used in calculations. By
default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448 because it is
39,448 days after January 1, 1900.
f serial_number is out of range for the current date base value, a #NUM! error is returned.
f return_type is out of the range specified in the table above, a #NUM! error is returned.
Fxample

2

4
A B
Data
March 9, 2008
=WFFKNUM(A2,) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Sunday ()

5

=WFFKNUM(A2,2) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Monday (0)

NOTE March 9, 2008 is a Sunday.
Fxample 2

2

4

5

A B
=WFFKNUM(DA1F(2006,,)) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Sunday ()
=WFFKNUM(DA1F(2006,,),) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Sunday ()
=WFFKNUM(DA1F(2006,,),7) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Sunday ()
=WFFKNUM(DA1F(2006,2,),) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Sunday (5)
=WFFKNUM(DA1F(2006,2,),2) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Monday (6)
=WFFKNUM(DA1F(2006,2,),) Number o Lhe week in Lhe year, wiLh a week beginning on Monday (6)

Weekday
Returns the day of the week corresponding to a date. The day is given as an integer, ranging from 1 (Sunday)
to 7 (Saturday), by default.
WEEKDAY(serial_number,return_type,)
The WEEKDAY function syntax has the following arguments:
$eriaI_3umber Required. A sequential number that represents the date of the day you are trying to
find. Dates should be entered by using the DATE function, or as results of other formulas or functions.
or example, use DATE(2008,5,23) for the 23rd day of May, 2008. Problems can occur if dates are
entered as text.
#etur3_type Optional. A number that determines the type of return value.
Return_type Number returned
or omiLLed Numbers (Sunday) Lhrough 7 (SaLurday). 8ehaves like previous versions o MicrosoL Fxcel.
2 Numbers (Monday) Lhrough 7 (Sunday).
3 Numbers 0 (Monday) Lhrough 6 (Sunday).
Numbers (Monday) Lhrough 7 (Sunday).
2 Numbers (1uesday) Lhrough 7 (Monday).
3 Numbers (Wednesday) Lhrough 7 (1uesday).
4 Numbers (1hursday) Lhrough 7 (Wednesday).
5 Numbers (Friday) Lhrough 7 (1hursday).
6 Numbers (SaLurday) Lhrough 7 (Friday).
7 Numbers (Sunday) Lhrough 7 (SaLurday).
Remark
Microsoft Excel stores dates as sequential serial numbers so they can be used in calculations. By
default, January 1, 1900 is serial number 1, and January 1, 2008 is serial number 39448 because it is
39,448 days after January 1, 1900.
f serial_number is out of range for the current date base value, a #NUM! error is returned.
f return_type is out of the range specified in the table above, a #NUM! error is returned.
Fxample

2

4

5

6

A B
Data
2/4/2008
=WFFKDA(A2) Day o Lhe week, wiLh numbers (Sunday) Lhrough 7 (SaLurday) (5)
=WFFKDA(A2, 2) Day o Lhe week, wiLh numbers (Monday) Lhrough 7 (Sunday) (4)
=WFFKDA(A2, 3) Day o Lhe week, wiLh numbers 0 (Monday) Lhrough 6 (Sunday) (3)

NOTE 2/14/2008 is a Thursday.

Data 8ase Iunct|ons

lunction Ddayescription
DAvFRACF uncLion ReLurns Lhe average o selecLed daLabase enLries
DCOUN1 uncLion CounLs Lhe cells LhaL conLain numbers in a daLabase
DCOUN1A uncLion CounLs nonblank cells in a daLabase
DCF1 uncLion FxLracLs rom a daLabase a single record LhaL maLches Lhe speciied criLeria
DMAX uncLion ReLurns Lhe maximum value rom selecLed daLabase enLries
DMlN uncLion ReLurns Lhe minimum value rom selecLed daLabase enLries
DPRODUC1 uncLion MulLiplies Lhe values in a parLicular ield o records LhaL maLch Lhe criLeria in a daLabase
DS1DFv uncLion FsLimaLes Lhe sLandard deviaLion based on a sample o selecLed daLabase enLries
DS1DFvP uncLion CalculaLes Lhe sLandard deviaLion based on Lhe enLire populaLion o selecLed daLabase enLries
DSUM uncLion Adds Lhe numbers in Lhe ield column o records in Lhe daLabase LhaL maLch Lhe criLeria
DvAR uncLion FsLimaLes variance based on a sample rom selecLed daLabase enLries
DvARP uncLion CalculaLes variance based on Lhe enLire populaLion o selecLed daLabase enLries

Dsum

Adds the numbers in a field (column) of records in a list or database that match conditions that you specify.
SynLax
DSUM(database, field, criteria)
The DSUM function syntax has the following arguments:
Database Required. The range of cells that makes up the list or database. A database is a list of
related data in which rows of related information are records, and columns of data are fields. The first
row of the list contains labels for each column.
ieId Required. ndicates which column is used in the function. Enter the column label enclosed
between double quotation marks, such as "Age" or "Yield," or a number (without quotation marks) that
represents the position of the column within the list: 1 for the first column, 2 for the second column,
and so on.
Criteria Required. s the range of cells that contains the conditions that you specify. You can use any
range for the criteria argument, as long as it includes at least one column label and at least one cell
below the column label in which you specify a condition for the column.
Remarks
You can use any range for the criteria argument, as long as it includes at least one column label and
at least one cell below the column label for specifying the condition.
or example, if the range G1:G2 contains the column label ncome in G1 and the amount $10,000 in
G2, you could define the range as Matchncome and use that name as the criteria argument in the
database functions.
Although the criteria range can be located anywhere on the worksheet, do not place the criteria range
below the list. f you add more information to the list, the new information is added to the first row
below the list. f the row below the list is not blank, Microsoft Excel cannot add the new information.
Make sure that the criteria range does not overlap the list.
To perform an operation on an entire column in a database, enter a blank line below the column
labels in the criteria range.
Fxamples
1. .

2

4
5
6
7
8
9

2

A B C D l
Tree Height Age YieId Pro1it Height
="=Apple" >0 <6
="=Pear"
Tree Height Age YieId Pro1it
Apple 8 20 4 05.00
Pear 2 2 0 96.00
Cherry 3 4 9 05.00
Apple 4 5 0 75.00
Pear 9 8 8 76.80
Apple 8 9 6 45.00
=DSUM(A4.F0,
"ProiL", A.A2)
1he LoLal proiL rom apple Lrees. (225)
=DSUM(A4.F0,
"ProiL", A.F2)
1he LoLal proiL rom apple Lrees wiLh a
heighL beLween 0 and 6. (75)

CRl1FRlA FXAMPLFS
MPORTANT
Because the equal sign is used to indicate a formula when you type text or a value in a cell, Microsoft
Excel evaluates what you type; however, this may cause unexpected filter results. To indicate an
equality comparison operator for either text or a value, type the criteria as a string expression in the
appropriate cell in the criteria range:
0397
Where 0397is the text or value you want to find. or example:
what you type in the ceII what xceI evaIuates and dispIays
="=Davolio" =Davolio
="=3000" =3000
When filtering text data, Excel does not distinguish between uppercase and lowercase characters.
However, you can use a formula to perform a case-sensitive search. or an example, see iltering for
text by using a case-sensitive search.
The following sections provide examples of complex criteria.
MuItipIe .riteria i3 o3e .oIum3
BooIea3 Iogi.: (Salesperson = "Davolio" OR Salesperson = "Buchanan")
To find rows that meet multiple criteria for one column, type the criteria directly below each other in separate
rows of the criteria range.
n the following data range (A6:C10), the criteria range (B1:B3) displays the rows that contain either "Davolio"
or "Buchanan" in the Salesperson column (A8:C10).
A B C
Type 5aIesperson 5aIes
2 =Davolio
=8uchanan
4
5
6 Type 5aIesperson 5aIes
7 8everages Suyama S522
8 Meat DavoIio $45
9 produce Buchanan $628
Produce DavoIio $6544
MuItipIe .riteria i3 muItipIe .oIum3s were aII .riteria must be true
BooIea3 Iogi.: (Type = "Produce" AND Sales > 1000)
To find rows that meet multiple criteria in multiple columns, type all of the criteria in the same row of the criteria
range.
n the following data range (A6:C10), the criteria range (A1:C2) displays all rows that contain "Produce" in the
Type column and a value greater than $1,000 in the Sales column (A9:C10).
A B C
2 =Produce >000

4
5
8 MeaL Davolio S450
MuItipIe .riteria i3 muItipIe .oIum3s were a3y .riteria .a3 be true
BooIea3 Iogi.: (Type = "Produce" OR Salesperson = "Davolio")
To find rows that meet multiple criteria in multiple columns, where any criteria can be true, type the criteria in
different rows of the criteria range.
n the following data range (A6:C10), the criteria range (A1:B3) displays all rows that contain "Produce" in the
Type column or "Davolio" in the Salesperson column (A8:C10).
A B C
2 =Produce
=Davolio
4
5
8 Meat DavoIio $45
MuItipIe sets of .riteria were ea. set i3.Iudes .riteria for muItipIe .oIum3s
BooIea3 Iogi.: ( (Salesperson = "Davolio" AND Sales >3000) OR (Salesperson = "Buchanan" AND Sales >
1500) )
To find rows that meet multiple sets of criteria, where each set includes criteria for multiple columns, type each
set of criteria in separate rows.
n the following data range (A6:C10), the criteria range (B1:C3) displays the rows that contain both "Davolio" in
the Salesperson column and a value greater than $3,000 in the Sales column, or displays the rows that contain
"Buchanan" in the Salesperson and a value greater than $1,500 in the Sales column (A9:C10).
A B C
2 =Davolio >3000
=8uchanan >500
4
5
8 MeaL Davolio S450
MuItipIe sets of .riteria were ea. set i3.Iudes .riteria for o3e .oIum3
BooIea3 Iogi.: ( (Sales > 6000 AND Sales < 6500 ) OR (Sales < 500) )
To find rows that meet multiple sets of criteria, where each set includes criteria for one column, include multiple
columns with the same column heading.
n the following data range (A6:C10), the criteria range (C1:D3) displays rows that contain values between
6,000 and 6,500 and values less than 500 in the Sales column (A8:C10).
A B C D
Type 5aIesperson 5aIes 5aIes
2 >6000 <6500
<500
4
5
8 Meat DavoIio $45
Produce Davolio S6544
Criteria to fi3d text vaIues tat sare some .ara.ters but 3ot oters
To find text values that share some characters but not others, do one or more of the following:
Type one or more characters without an equal sign (=) to find rows with a text value in a column that
begin with those characters. or example, if you type the text Dav as a criterion, Excel finds "Davolio,"
"David," and "Davis."
Use a wildcard character.
The following wildcard characters can be used as comparison criteria.
Use To 1ind
(quesLion mark) Any single characLer
For example, smLh inds "smiLh" and "smyLh"
* (asLerisk) Any number o characLers
For example, *easL inds "NorLheasL" and "SouLheasL"
~ (Lilde) ollowed by , *, or ~ A quesLion mark, asLerisk, or Lilde
For example, y9~ inds "y9"
n the following data range (A6:C10), the criteria range (A1:B3) displays rows with "Me" as the first characters
in the Type column or rows with the second character equal to "u" in the Salesperson column (A7:C9).
A B C
2 Me
=u*
4
5
7 Beverages 5uyama $522
8 Meat DavoIio $45
Produce Davolio S6544
Criteria .reated as te resuIt of a formuIa
You can use a calculated value that is the result of a formula as your criterion. Remember the following
important points:
The formula must evaluate to TRUE or ALSE.
Because you are using a formula, enter the formula as you normally would, and do not type the
expression in the following way:
0397
Do not use a column label for criteria labels; either keep the criteria labels blank or use a label that is
not a column label in the range (in the examples below, Calculated Average and Exact Match).
f you use a column label in the formula instead of a relative cell reference or a range name, Excel
displays an error value such as #NAME? or #VALUE! in the cell that contains the criterion. You can
ignore this error because it does not affect how the range is filtered.
The formula that you use for criteria must use a relative reference to refer to the corresponding cell in
the first row (in the examples below, C7 and A7).
All other references in the formula must be absolute references.
The following subsections provide specific examples of criteria created as the result of a formula.
ITE#ING # VAUE$ G#EATE# TAN TE AVE#AGE A VAUE$ IN TE DATA #ANGE
n the following data range (A6:D10), the criteria range (D1:D2) displays rows that have a value in the Sales
column greater than the average of all the Sales values (C7:C10). n the formula, "C7" refers to the filtered
column (C) of the first row of the data range (7).
A B C D
Type 5aIesperson 5aIes CaIcuIated Average
2 =C7>AvFRACF(SCS7.SCS0)

4
5
7 Beverages 5uyama $522
8 MeaL Davolio S450
ITE#ING # TEXT B U$ING A CA$E-$EN$ITIVE $EA#C
n the data range (A6:D10), the criteria range (D1:D2) displays rows that contain "Produce" in the Type column
by using the EXACT function to perform a case-sensitive search (A10:C10). n the formula, "A7" refers to the
filtered column (A) of the first row of the data range (7).
A B C D
Type 5aIesperson 5aIes xact Match
2 =FXAC1(A7, "Produce")

4
5
8 MeaL Davolio S450
9 produce 8uchanan S6328

Informat|on funct|on

Each of these functions, referred to collectively as the I$ functions, checks the specified value and returns
TRUE or ALSE depending on the outcome. or example, the I$BANK function returns the logical value
TRUE if the value argument is a reference to an empty cell; otherwise it returns ALSE.
You can use an I$ function to get information about a value before performing a calculation or other action with
it. or example, you can use the I$E### function in conjunction with the I function to perform a different
action if an error occurs:
I(I$E###(A1), "A3 error o..urred.", A1 * 2)
This formula checks to see if an error condition exists in A1. f so, the I function returns the message "An error
occurred." f no error exists, the I function performs the calculation A1*2.
SynLax
ISBLANK(value)
ISERR(value)
ISERRJR(value)
ISLJGICAL(value)
ISNA(value)
ISNJNTEXT(value)
ISNUMBER(value)
ISREF(value)
ISTEXT(value)
The I$ function syntax has the following argument:
vaIue Required. The value that you want tested. The value argument can be a blank (empty cell),
error, logical value, text, number, or reference value, or a name referring to any of these.
lunction Returns TRU i1
lS8LANK value reers Lo an empLy cell.
lSFRR value reers Lo any error value excepL #N/A.
lSFRROR value reers Lo any error value (#N/A, #vALUF!, #RFF!, #Dlv/0!, #NUM!, #NAMF, or #NULL!).
lSLOClCAL value reers Lo a logical value.
lSNA value reers Lo Lhe #N/A (value noL available) error value.
lSNON1FX1 value reers Lo any iLem LhaL is noL LexL. (NoLe LhaL Lhis uncLion reLurns 1RUF i Lhe value reers Lo a blank
cell.)
lSNUM8FR value reers Lo a number.
lSRFF value reers Lo a reerence.
lS1FX1 value reers Lo LexL.
Remarks
The value arguments of the I$ functions are not converted. Any numeric values that are enclosed in
double quotation marks are treated as text. or example, in most other functions where a number is
required, the text value "19" is converted to the number 19. However, in the formula
I$NUMBE#("19"), "19" is not converted from a text value to a number value, and the I$NUMBE#
function returns ALSE.
The I$ functions are useful in formulas for testing the outcome of a calculation. When combined with
the I function, these functions provide a method for locating errors in formulas (see the following
examples).
Fxample
FXAMPLF

2

4
5
6

A B C
=lSLOClCAL(1RUF) Checks wheLher 1RUF is a logical value 1RUF
=lSLOClCAL("1RUF") Checks wheLher "1RUF" is a logical value FALSF
=lSNUM8FR(4) Checks wheLher 4 is a number 1RUF
=lSRFF(C8) Checks wheLher C8 is a valid reerence 1RUF
=lSRFF(XZ) Checks wheLher XZ is a valid reerence FALSF

FXAMPLF 2

2

4
5
6
7
8

9

A B C
Data
Cold
Region
#RFF!
330.92
#N/A
=lS8LANK(A2) Checks wheLher cell A2 is blank. FALSF
=lSFRROR(A4) Checks wheLher Lhe value in cell A4, #RFF!, is an error. 1RUF
=lSNA(A4) Checks wheLher Lhe value in cell A4, #RFF!, is Lhe #N/A error. FALSF

2

4

=lSNA(A6) Checks wheLher Lhe value in cell A6, #N/A, is Lhe #N/A error. 1RUF
=lSFRR(A6) Checks wheLher Lhe value in cell A6, #N/A, is an error. FALSF
=lSNUM8FR(A5) Checks wheLher Lhe value in cell A5, 330.92, is a number. 1RUF
=lS1FX1(A3) Checks wheLher Lhe value in cell A3, Region, is LexL. 1RUF

Syntax and Purpose of Functions

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Syntax and Purpose of Functions

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SN1Ak AND UkCSL CI IUNC1ICNS

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