$ NRPLi VV{tsQLiRVV

"$ RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*'RVsVsj xqsyryaRPsVsVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLis ry*sVyRsVs }msLRiV.

NUPee aRPee 1894 s[V 20s [ks ROTPQALSV RVLiR sVxmsoLRisVVs x[RVxqsNRPsR
ryQQLRi xNRPVVLisVVsNRPV Lijs xqsVxaSzqsQNTP RsRVV\ ry*sVyRsV
sLisV. dsLji NRPVVLisVV yNSsVV NTPLiRs[ RsV [aRPsVVsNRPV sxqsFLiVV
][# [aRPsVVs sszqsLixms rygjisj. xqsVxaSzqsQ NRPVLiN][sVVsLiR xmsV][*sR
FyhRiaS[ sVNRPV xmsLkiORPQRVLiRV xmsRsVryssVVsLij N]LiRNSsVVFyyRVVTgS sVLiT
RLS*R syaS[ xmss[|qssV. ry*sV yRsV xmsoVNRPNRPV yRVs sVxmsoLRisVVs sVLisV.
sVOTPQ dsLji RLRixms. LRiVyRVWLRiV xqsdsVxms gSsV\sVs ""BRLigRiVT'' RWsV xmsoLiyLji
syxqssVV. C NRPVVLisVVsNRPVLijs g][sLiR kOTPQRVsV sVxmsoLRiVxtsvRV 16s aRPy[
xmsRsV yRVNRPLSRgRiLRi sVLigS sVLisV. kOTPQRV xmszRysVsVV ""@RVs''. CRVs
][# [aRPsVVs y xms[xmsWgRiNRPLRisVV\s RVsXj NSLRiNRPsVsVV sLRi|mssV.
""@RVsNSVs'', ""@RVsNRPWsVV'' @s dsLji}msLRi N]s BxmsNTPs gRiso.
ry*sVyRsV lLiLiRsxqsLiyssVV. ry*sVsV\ sVs "ry*sVyR'sV dsLjiNRPVVLisVVs
NSLSRQ\ssVV. A}mslLi[ ry*sVyRsVsNRPV |mssV. ""sRsVV yNTPs xqsLi[aRPsVV'' @sV
yxqs xqsLixmso[ yyLRiry*sV RsV sVVsLjigjis lLiLiRV xqsLixmnsVs sVRxLjiLiLji.
""RsVsVVs sVLRiyV @sRV NSNRP sWLS sVVNRPjsVVNRP gRij[ xmss[bPLi xqss
sVWgRi VVNRPLSgjiFyR[ RsRsV RWLjisj. A FyR[ sVVsVLi RVV\|ms |msLji. A
zmsRRWFyRRVLijLRiVNRPVN]sV[ yss dzqsN]s[NRP RWFyR][s[

gRijRVLiRsVLSRVLiRRVV jLRiVgRiVRV g][[RVsj. A LiVVLiyLRiVsV

RVVxmsVyLRiVsV yg][ss[ VsL][ ]LigRixmss[bPLi RVVLiRVssVN]sLji. A g][RV[
VRgRiNRP RVVRRVsVVsLRiNRPVsV rygjisj. yss sss N]LiRLRiV \LRiaSVLRiV NRPV xmsVN]s
sVgS RVxmsoV LRiRWRVLRiVgRiy "zms ysRVsxqs NRPsVNRPV NRPss'. ysNTP yRVNRP
VVNRPxqsLisVVsNRPV yss NRPs[zqsLji.
N]LiR @sVsaSVLRiV N]LiR}qsxmso |mssVgRiVT ys RsVLiT RWLSgji FyRsV gjis[zqsLji Azms
ysoRVNRPV[ xqsRsVRsVsoRVLisV. RLRiVyR yss sRRVVLiRVLRiV. }msLSaRP# [RysV
RVLiNRPLRi xmsLjizqsRV[ NTP xmsLjixqsLRisVVyLjiNTP sR[NRPVLiy[zqs LS sLiRRVV yRVLS][
gRiRVRVsV [zqssy sWLSsVV. NSRV ys [sVV. Bj y sRsVVs xmsxmsRsV
xqsss[aRPsVV.
lLiLiRsj: dsjsLi [so ss][ VVNRP]NRP yRV sW LiVVLi s[NRPRs[ RVVLiRgS s y
LigSLRiV sVVLRiVgRiV\|ms [LiVV s[|qssV. "Bs sRVVgS sVss. N]ZNPsVVsV gRigS gjiLi
[RVNRPV xqsLjiFsosV gRiV[zqs sLis[ [szqssRs gRi ryjNSLRisVVgS zmss. @RRV
xqsssRVsVVgS y RWsV bPLRiryszLis LigSLRisVVsV RNTPLiRVN]s sRFRVsV.
""F~sVry*sV'' RVsRV sVVNRPV sVVgRisVLRiVgRis VVNRP yLjisF[V ysRVNRPV y sgRiV
gRiV}qsRVVNTPssV xqsLiRxqssVVs y xmnsVsNSLRisVV sWyLiRNRPV FLiVV zmss. sLis[
yLSRVLS][ y ]LigRisV xmsVN]sVNRPV LRiVs sRNRP rygjiLji. ys }msLRiV F~sVry*sV NRPy,
""y LigSLRiV sgRiNRPV NRPWy ysV ryLRiNRPsVVgS yR[ ry*sVRVLiVVyRV.''
C lLiLiRsVssVVsV xmsoLRixqsLjiLiRVN]s ry*sVyLRiV xqsx ssRVsVVssV sLiLji;
""[NRPsVVs ds ry*LRisVVsNRPV gRiVLjiNSsylLis*LRiV sVLiRLRiV. NSs NSNRPsVsVVs \|ms\|ms

NRPssVV NRPVgRi sj. Bj y xqs*ysVgRiV\sVsj NRPWy; C WsV\|ms N]LiRLRiV ds

sRVsVsVVsV yRLRi+sVVsV NRPyLRiVyLRiV. yLRiV sry=Q*LRiVV. RsVxqsLRi*xqs*sVVsV
xmsL][xmsNSLRisVVsZNP[ NSsss ygRisVV [RVVRVLRiV. yLji NRP xqsV xqsLixmsRs[ NSRV,
AyNRP ryRy RxmsM xmnssVVsV NRPWy [NRP NRPsVVsNRPVsV, ryRV NRP yyNRP
xmsgRiNTPs ygRisVV[RVV ygRiRsVV NRPLRiV.''
1899[ NRP gRidsRV xqsLixmnsVssVV Ljigjisj. @xmsVRV ry*sVyRsV RLiT FL][y[
sVFyyRVVRVgS sVLisV. ARVs NRPVsWLRiVs][ RLiLRisVVs ""BsVLiVVNRPyLRiV''
[yRVsVVs LRiVgRiV NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVVsV RWR[VsV BsVLiVVNRPyLRiV
LRiVdsNRPLihRiyRVyLRiVsNRPV sWORPQsVssV NRPR NRPRV. |qsNTPLRiV LRiLis |msLjiRV
xmsoLSsVVs gRi RVLRiVsj sVVgRiVLRiV \ZaPsNRPV[ dsNRPLihRiyRVyL]NRPRV. RLiT N]RVNRPVV
RLiLRisVVs $ sLiNRPxms@RVLRiV sLi y LS RVVLiTLji. @RVLRiVgSLRiV xqsW
Bs=QNRPLRiV. (xmsLRis[ORPQjNSLji) "N]LiR}qsxmso sRF~sVV. ry*sV RLRi+ssVVsNRPV splLi[gjiLixmsosNRPV
ssV[zms dzqsN]sFgRiss RLiT xmsgS ry*sVyRsV sR FVsV. NSs ry*sVyRsV [
RWRVxqsLjiNTP yLjisj. RLiT RssV [zms ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [LiVVLixms[Rs ry*sVyRsV
RxmsRVRV RLiTNTP RssxqsQXxsV sVsV. ysV NRPWy [ssVVsNSLS F[Rs
RLiT zms NRPVsWLRiVs [ylLisV. A LS [ssVVs sxmsLiVN]s [syLRiV ysVLij
sVLRiLiLRisRVV ysVV \sNRPXxms[ sNRPVLiRV[V s[V\sRsRVVRLiT |mssV. ALS[V
FL][y[ sVs RVRs RNTP RLiLRisVVs sgji*VlLi[gji N]LiRLRiV sxRV\LRis NRP
ssj. AsV yLRigRis[ NRPsLRiFyVs [ RsyLjiZNP[\sVsRWxmsR NRPs[sWRVs
RWRxmsRVRVLiRgS xmssRVs* s "RLiLRiLi [yRVsVVs N]LiRLRigjiNSx\VLRi' RVs
sj. AsV RWs[gRisVVs \lLiV }qsxtsQsVNRPV FLiVV RLiLRisVV sVLiT sRV RWNRPVsV
RsVyLji ZOP[QsVsVVsV gRiWLji RVRVgRirygjisj. \s NRPORPQsVVs ysV NRPVsWLRiVs][ LRi

NRPsLisV. AsV RWsLiRsVVsNRPsj[RV. \sNRPXxmssV N]sRWTsj. A LS RWsVxmsTs

sV[s[RsNRPVsV, y suyR xqsLixmnsVsNRPV gRiVLjigSNRP yLjiLRiVsoLRiVsV xqsVLRiOTPQRsVVgS Ljigji
sRVNRPVsV \s xqsLiNRPs[V NSLRi\sVRVVLiRVss RWsV ssVsj.
1900 xqsLisR=LRisVVs ry*sVyRsV RLiLRisVVs NRPs RLRigRi RRVsoRVLisV. $ RVLi.
zqsLigSLRis[V sVVRRWLRisV yRVs FyhRiaS\|ms RVVs xmsLkiOSQjNSLji. INRP L][s yRVs
ry*sVyRsV RRVso xqsWVNRPVFVsV ry*sVyRsV sV xmsaSRVs gRiVLjiLisV. \|ms
RLRigRiRVNRPV sLRiLiVVLixmsTs LigRisV ALigRi yRNRPsVV zmsLi RRVsosVs ry*sVyRsV
yRVs @TlgisV. ARVs RWaRPLRi sNRPsVVgS RNRPgS RjssV. RRRsVVgS ry*sVyRsV
sVWRs RLRigRi[ xqsLSxqsLji [LRisV.
LiTsssVVsNRPV xqsVxaSzqsQ jdRWVsV. @NRPR 1906[ ry*sVyRsVs
NRPVxmssRVssVV Ljigjisj. $ NSsVN][ {mshRisVVs sLRiVsj RWLRis RWyLRisLRiVQ\s $
RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*d ry*sVyLRiV ROTPQLSV sVLiRsVVs xmsLRiLiRV RVLiTLji. sWR
sVsosNRPV yLSbdPxqsV=LizmsLji. ylLi[ RLS*R yRVs $ NSsVN][ {mshRisVVsNRPV Rs RLS*R
yyLRiVsgS yN]sLji. @LRiVsj RWLRis {mshSjxms\Vs $ RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*dry*sVyLji
ysVs[V ry*sVyRsV ""AaRPsV {qs*NSLSsLiRLRisVV'' RLjiLisV. Bj gRidsRVsVV.
ry*sVyRsV xmsjRVs [V LiT sssVVs gRi @sVLjiNRPs sVxtsQs xqsWV[ lLiLiRsFnyLRisVVs
[lLisV. AaRPLRisNRPV\s RWRVs RVNRPR sRVR aSsLisV. y gRisVV
xsVRVRVss[. sLRiNRPV \V ss sxtsQLiVVNRP xsV NRPWy RWRVs[. A
FyhRiaS[ DFyyRVV NSRVs gRiLRi*NSLRisVV. syLRiV NSRLRi+sVV.

1906 [ ry*sVyRsV ys FnyLRisVV RRVso RVLiRgS FyhRiaS[ }tsQNTP=zmnsRVL`i LRiLis

NTPLigRiV sVs xqsLixtsQRNRP xqsss[aRP xmsRLRi+ssVV s[LSV [RVRLji. RVVsLS
""ALRiLRiV'' FyR sLRi*x WgRiVs*LSRVs syLRiV[ y sRVxqsV yLji\ZNP sLS*xNRPVV
sRNRP rygjiLji. A yNRPsVVs sj sVV FyR. FyhRiaS xmsy[FyyRVVsNTP ry*sVyRsV
sryyLRi xms FyssVVV RVV[ yRVssV sLRiLiVVLisV. ARVsNRPV xmsLiLi[Li[
RVxmsNTP. ry*syRsV R RLiRV RW sLij RW FyRsV lLiLiRV L][V sWRs[V
RVzqsLissV xmsLRisWRVRsVVgS }msORPQNRPs aSxmnsWFyRsVVgS sLRi*zLi sRVVRVsV.
xqsLixtsQ yRVLRisVVssV, sy N_aRPsVVssV, ALig][yLRi RORPQR RVLiRVssV yRVs
sLRiVxmssWs xms# s[ VLRiV RLji+LiLji. sVRVs RVVsLS LSR RVxqsV[ ry*sVyRsV
ryOSQRVsLSgRi RLRi+ssVsV. @j*dRV\sVs RWRs xmsRLRi+ssVVs ysVLiRW
sVVgRiV\sV RsRVV\sVsVs RVVFyyRV sLRisVV sVLRiVyRV xqsVxaSzqsQs NRPzqs
RsV NRPVsWLRiVs WgRiRsV aSzmnsVLiLji.
$ NSsVN][ {mshSj xmsRsVV
1906s xqsLisR=LRisVVs NRPLiNSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRV[ sLRiVsj RWLRis yLRiLiVVs $
RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*dry*sV LiTss xqsdsVxmssVVs |msLRiVsVVNRP gSsVsVVs
yRVLSxqssRsVVsV [RVVRVLiTLji. ry*sVs RLji+Li RWbdPxqsV=sLiRV\ZNP
xqsVxaSzqsQgSLRiV xqsNRPVVLisVVgS sRZNP[gjiLji. saRP*LRiWxms RWy xqssVRVsVVs N]LiR
RWLRisVVsVLiT ry*sVs ry*sVyRsV RWsV.
sVLRiNRPsVV gSsVsVVs ry*sVyLRiV ssLSRVQR=ssVVV LjizmsLji. LiTsssVV sVLiT
sVRVLSLiRNRPsVV Fso \lLiV sWLRisVVs gRi aRPLRisV gSsVsVVs ry*sV ssLSRVQR=ssVV

RLS*R sTj [zqsLji. R RLiRVNRPV xmsNRPVLiR ry*sVyRsV }qszRVs][ ry*sVs

RLji+LisV. ry*sVyRsV yLji][ sVLiRsss ry*sVyLRiV xmsLji. sVLji xmsLiTRVRLRiV
NRPWy s[ N][LjiLji. sVhRisVVsNRPV sRVsV R RLiRVNRPV xms[RsRVV, FyhRiaSNRPV
FsNRPVs RRVso sxtsQsVgRiVssRVV ry*sVyRsV |mssV. @xmsVRV ry*sV RWRVssLiNTP
FsRVN]ssV. sVhRisVVsNRPV Lijs LiT[ ry*sVyRsV LiTsssVVsNRPV FVsV. ""Rs
RLS*R ry*sVyRsVsV xmsR NRPLi{mshSyLRi ryssVVdsRVsss N][lLiRVVsRs''
ry*sVyLS LiVVRLRiV xmsLiTRV][ zmsLji.
NRPyLiVV[ sLRiVsj RWLRis RWyLRiry*sV RVLiVVs xmsLRisV gRiVLRiVso zqsjsLijLji.
ry*sVyRsV |msRR [V\ZNPNRP xmsoRVRLRiVsj [VRs {mshSjxmsgS xmsztsQLixms TyLRiV.
ARVsNRPV sVVss[ RLiT gRiLisV. RLiLRisVVs yRVs 1900c1901 xqsLisR=LRisVV[
ry*sVyRsV sLis[RVVLiT s[yRRVssVV [|qssV. RLS*R yRVs R][ sVhRisVVss[
RVVLisV. G\ZNPNRP xmsoRV\s RWRVs {mshSjxms NSsVLiss zqs ry*sVyRsV R
RLiRVRs R sWLSLRi [RLji. LiT\|ms NRPVVLi sVLiRRVV NRPyLiVVNTP [RsV. NSs
LRiV[ LRiVgRisVs syaS xqssWs[aRPsVVsNRPV xqsVxaSzqsQ Fsss RLiLSgS,
yRVs ysV [NRPVLiy Rs NRPVVLisVLiR RWLRisVV LiT[ xmsRWLiRV sVLij NSRs,
sVVLiRV \lLiV\|ms NRPLiNTP FLiVV RVR sVLiT LiT\|ms NRPyLiVVNTP Fso sVLiRs |mssV.
yLjiyRNRP\sVs LiVW NRPLi NRPyLiVV xmsRWsVVsV, \ssWgRisVsyRVLiVV
ry*sVyRsV sVVss[ $ NSsVN][ {mshSjxms RVgRiVRVVsV sjszqsRsVVs ""yNRPV
sRsVs xqsLi[aRPsV'' sVyxqssVVs yyLRi ry*sV RVVRxLjiLiLji.
1907 FyLRiLisVVs s[sV LiTsssVV \ZNPQQxqss sVxtsQsLki xqsWV[ RRVsoRVLiR, gRiR

xqsLisR=LRisVV sW xmssVVs s[VsVV RLji+Lis NSsVN][ {mshRiry*sV aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVV

NRPyLiVV[ zqsjsLijLRis zqssj. NRPyLiVV RWLSVsNRPV xmsj\sV. NSLidxmsoLRisVVsNRPV
BLRiVsj \sVRV \sV. sW |msRR NRPVsWLRiVRV s[R xmsLiTRVRV. sVhRisVVss[ RVVLiT ry*sV
}qss [RVVsRRV {mshSjxms RVVss zqssj.
sRLiRV\s jNRPV[s sW |msRRNSR]NRP[ NRPVsWLRiVRV. ARRV xqsszqsLixmsgS ysV [yLRiV
yLS sVhRisVVs [LRiV. @xms xmsLjizqsRV[ LiT sssVV yWNS[ FyhRiaS xmsLRis[ORPQNRPVVgS
sVs sW RLiT LiTsssVV sVLiT xqsVsWLRiLRiVsj \sV RWLRisVVssVs NRPyLiVVNTP, ysVV
xmsLRiLiRV sRLiT \|msss[ [VgRisss xqsLiNRPLisV. NSs LRiVyxms[ LRiVgRisVs
syaS xqssWs[aRP NSLRisVVgS y xqsLiNRPsVV sLRis[LRi[RV.
sW |msRR NRPVsWLRiVRV xqsyryaRPsV {qs*NSLRisVV [zqssLiRVNRPV sW |msRRs sWRVsV
[yLRi Ry]RsV sVgjis zms ][RsV NRPyLiVVNTP RVV[Ljisj. \lLiV\|ms NSLidxmsoLRi
s[VgjisV. @NRPR aRPLiNRPLSyLRi sV sVVs ygjisV. s[sV NRPVsWLRi N][xtsQ dLRisVVs ryssWTs.
AyLRi xmsLRisV gRiVLRiVsoV zqsjsLijs RaSx sV xmspjNRPsVVsNRPV sRVV xqsLiLRisVV\ZNP
{mshRi NSLRiNRPLRiV LiT[ sNRPRNRPV [LjiLji. FyLRiLixmsLRisVVs (RLRiRLRisVVVgS) sRV sVhRixmso
s[VzqsQ VVNRPLRiV Rs][ ssV LRisVssV. sW yLjiNTP s[LRiV LiT [VLSQ\sj.
sWLRisVVs s[VzqsQ ""dsVLRiV sVLRi Ljigji LiVVLiNTP NSLRi FsRV ssRVV sR ZaP[xtsQsVV
sVhRisVVss[ gRiRVxmsszqs sRVssRVV |mssV. xaRPM sW |msRR NRPVsWLRiVRV {mshSjxms
RVVsV gRiy! xqsgS ssVLiRVN]sV NSRVs sVs N][lLis[sWRVs s[sV sVVR
xqssWys xmsTs. yNRPxmsVRV xmsRsVW[LiRV sWRs[V. s[yRVs ZNPVxmsNRPLjiLiRgRiyRVs
sVLRi y[Lis.

xmsRWsVV rygRiVRVsj. sVgS s[VzqsQ yNRPV sxtsQRVsVV ssgRiRsVV [RVsV.

xmspLS*aRPsVsVVs y rRLRiV\s RW ry*sVNTP *LRisVVsRVLiRV xqsLijLisj.
@LiRV[RLS*R ssV NRPyLiVV dzqsN]s FsoNRPV sW NRPVVLisVV sVLiT ssV s[LRiV[zqsLji.
""LiT sssVVsZNP[ ysV FLiVVry*sVyRsVsV NRPRVszqs RVVsRsRVV, NSds
NSLidxmsoLRisVVss[ NRPRVV RzqsLisRsRVV s[VzqsQ yNRPV ssLjiLisV. @sVN]ss LiVW sR
xqsLixmnsVsNRPVs[sV xqsVR\ss. LiT[ sWNS\|ms sLigjis. yNRPV zqsLij LSsVysV sVVNRP[.
A LSsVLSsV xqsLRisVV xmsRWsVV sVVgjiRVV sLRiNRPV s[ [RVrygjis.
N]LiR xqsLjiNTP sW @sV zms][ ssj. rRLji sWLSLRisss ss RWsV[V
WyLRiszqss zqs[ Tsj.
ry*sVyRsV sVx[sR xmssR NSLid{mshSj xmsRsVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLiRVNRPV RLisVWsVVs
RLiT RW Lisj. xqsR*LRisVVs y xms}tsQNRP sVx[R=ssVVsNRPV sRVV xqsLiLRisVVV
xqssVNRPWLRiTss. 1907 zmnssLji 13s [ks ry*sVyRsV $ NRPLiNSsVN][ {mshSyLRiVQ\Lji. $
RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*d ysWLiNTPRV\ xmspFyRVLRiVsj VssVRsRWyLRi
ryssVLiNRPLjiLiLji. $ ry*sV yLRiV xmspLS*yLRiV zqsj xqssVVsNRPVRs RVLRiVsj RWLRis
RWyLRi sV xmsp ysVV xqszmsLji.
N]R ry*sV NRPyLiVV sVLiT NRPVLiN][sVVs ZNP[gjiLji. sVhRisVVsNRPV NRPVLiN][sVV sVVryssVV.
18s aRPysVVs sLRiVsj lLiLiRs RWyLRiV NSsVVs ]LiRsVLiRsVVs Ljigjis LSNUPRW
aSLi ss {mshRisVV ryssVV NRPLisVLiT NRPVLiN][sVVsNRPV sWLRiTsj. NSgRis {mshRi
NSLRiNRPsVsVVVsV, RRVsV |msLRiVgRi ss. BxmsV xqsLixqs sVhRisWRsVVss[ xmsLjisVRsVV

NSRV. AzqsNRPVsRLRisVVss Lis RWzqsFyxqsVV RWRVN]sssV. sVRRLRi

NSLRiNRPsVsVVV sLRi*zLixms ssV. @ xqsLixqsNRPVRVjxms\V sLRi*zLiRV rysWs
sxtsQRVsVV NSRV. NRPxtsQryRQ\sVsj. AyNRP aRPNTP xqsLixmssR, NTPNRP ssLRi RORPQR [s[ LiVW
RWsWssVV xqsVryRsVV NSRV. gRiRVLRiVR*sVV][ FyV sNRPVsV, xmsLjizqsRVsV
xqsVxqsWORPQ sVVgS xmsLjibdPLixmsgRi \sxmsosVV NSssV. 1835 sVLiT [Vj sR=LRisVVNRPV
\|msgSds{mshRisVVsV xqsLS*jNSLjigS ry*sVyRsV zmsysVx\s gRixms aSzqsQgSLRiV
sLRi*zLiLRisVsj sVssVLRiVgRissV. dsLji Fyy RORPQRss[ {mshRisVVsNRPV sRVV LSTNTP
Rgjis RWyLRisVVV xqsVzqsLRisVVgS sN]Tss. y sVLiT sVhRi RRV |msLjigjiss.
NSRVN]s RVVs RyRVVR NSLRiNRPsVsVV sLRi*xNRPV Rgjis aRPNTP rysVLRiQsVVsV
N]Rry*sV RVLRiNSsVVss[ xmsNRPLixms Lji. BLiRVN]LRiZNP[ ry*sV sVVsVVR sVV
xqs\sVs NRPVLiN][sVVgRiszqs ssj.
1907 [s[ NRPyLiVV sT LiT sssVVs N]jNSs[V RWgji ry*sV NRPVLiN][sVVsZNP[lgisV.
RsV sVR sVVs sLRiNRPVsV ry*sVyRsVgS Ljigjis VRV s[RV sVxRLRi $ NRPLi
NSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRVVgS s RLRi+s sVss LiTss FLRiV ZNPLiR gRiLRi*NSLRisVV? FsLiR
RWsLiRyRVNRPsVV? @sV# \sNRP s[Rs[V RW y yLji gRi sZaP[xtsQsVV. A xms sW yRV
sVx[R=sLRiWzms\Vsj.
@sVLjiNRPsV sVxtsQsV FyhRiaSyxmsNRPVVsV, syLRiVVsV, ry*sV RLRi+s xqsLixtsQsVV sLi][
gRiL][*sRV\Lji. DFyyRVV][ sVRVLSxmssVVV, sRLRiV][ aRPVyNRPsVVV sLjizms ry*sV
sVWRV jssVV RLS*R xmsRWsVV rygjiLiLji. xmssLigRi \RsVVs NRPVLiN][sVVs $yLji
LSNRP][ sWRVV gjiLjiss.

{mshSjxmsRVs bPxtsQN][ RXztsQ[ NRP RWyNRP rysWV. LSRLjiNRP sVLSRV,

xsVVs \sssVVVLiRVsV. N]Rry*sV {mshSjxmsR xms}tsQNRP sVx[R=ssVVsV
\sssVVgS bPxtsvV [RVRLji. NRPVLiN][ sVhRisVVs 1907 s[V 9s [k gRiVLRiVyLRisVVyRV
xms}tsQNRPsVV sV \sssVVgS Ljigjisj. RLispLRiV FyNRPV\s bPy LSRNRPVVLisVLiR
LSVV LiLiVV ry|, LSsVNRPVsWLSLi LiVV ry| xms}tsQNRP
xqsLiLRisVVssRVV LSRsVLSR][ LRiVgRiVsLizmsLji. xmsxmso}tsQNRPsVV sVxmsp][ Ljigjisj.
LigSLRiV NSsWOTPQ, RVLi[aRP*Lji [yRV xmssRVV ]VRsV, RLS*R RLispLRiV
LSRNRPVVLisVV yLRiVsV, @s[NRP dsVLiyLRiVVsV, xqsLixmss NRPVVLisVV yLRiVsV sLRiVxqsgS
s}tsQNTPLiLji. xmsR sR*R*LRiVdNSLRiNRPsVsVVs xmssVV FyRszLiLji. sVhRizqsLixqss
sVjztsQLi ry*sV xqssW sxtsv\s xmsxmsNTP ssVgRix yNRPsVVVxmsNTPLji. LigSLRixmso LiLki[
y LS RLispLRiV FyNRPVLizmss LSRygRisVV\|ms sWlLi[gjiLixmso Ljigjisj, NRPVLiN][xmso xmsys
dsRV[ $ ry*sV RVWlLi[gjiLixmso sVx[R=ssVVs ZNP[gjiLji. gRiRVLRiVsogS $ AyLRi ry*sV
RWyNRP xmsVR* sWLRiLi# \sVsj.
xmsRsV sRV RWR
sRV RWRssgS yyLRiry*sV [aRPsVV sVsVWNRPV LRiVxmsoRWyV. {mshRi\sRsVV
\s RLiR sdaRP*LRi xmsoLRi xqsVLiRLki [so sR xmspNSLRiNRPsVsVV LiRV xmsV
aRPNRPQsVryLRisVV FysVNRPVsV, {mshRiry*sVV dLRiQxmsryRsVV sLiRVN]s RLjiLiRVNRPVsV. ry*sV
yLji RW[aRPsVVsV, s[yLiR xmsxqsLigRisVVsVss RWyNRP s xqssVVFyLRissVVsV, sR
bPORPQsVVsV F~LiRVNRPV dsRWRV[bPLixmsTss. AyLRi ry*sV xmsLRiLis V ][sV
xmsdsNRPsVV yLji xqssVORPQsVVs xqsLixmspLRi sVVsLiRVRVLRiV. sVx[R=ssVVgS yss
[RVVRVLRiV. FsRsV NRPjLi. sossR[xmso ry*sV xmsxqsLigRisVVsVRsRVV\ [VNSgRisVVgS

sLiRVLRiV. Ds RVVsNTPs RVVsR zqs sLijsV sLiRVLRiV.

1908s LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVVsNRPV ry*sVyLji sVVR RWR RWLRiLi# \sVsj. BRs[
RVLi[aRP*Lki [sNTP yjaRPLiNRPLRiVV xqs*RVsVVgS yLiNRPsVV sLiNRPLjiLiLji.
xmsosLRiVRLRisLiRLRisVV 1908[ sNRPR NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVVs ZNP[LSV Ljigjiss. [yRV
rysNRPVVsV, sjNSLRiVVsV, sVs ry*sV sNRPRNRPV s[RV sLjiLiLji. NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV sV
\sssVVgS RVysjgS Ljigjisj. aRPXLilgi[Lki {mshSjxmsRVV $ xqsysLiR bPyss sLRizqsLix
LRid aRPLiNRPLSyLRi ry*sV NRPVLi}tsQNRP\sVs sVLRiVyRV s[zqsLji. bPsgRiLigRi {mshSjxmsRVV $
xqsVx LRid ry*sV yLRiV N]s s RLS*R sRNRPV sLji.
LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVV sVLiT sVs ry*sV LiVVRWRLigRiVTNTP FLiVVLji. Bj LSsVyRxmsoLRisVV [
sVsj. BRs[ NRPLiNSsVN][ RVLRiVsj\VRs RWyLRi ry*sV zqsjsLijLji.
sWLRisVRsVVs ry*sV xmsoRVN][[ ygji RVR N]s jssVVVLiTLji. BRWRLigRiVT[
RsVNRPV xmspLRi*ry*sVNTP sjuys xmspLRi*sVVgS RsV NRPQLis xqssVLjiLiLji. yRVLSxqsQ\ZNP
RVR sVLiT ry*sV LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVVsZNP[gjiLji. yRVLSxqs sysLiRLRisVV RLispLji[
N]j NSsVVsVLiT NRPVLiN][sVVs ZNP[gjiLji. 1909[ NRPVLiN][sVVs sVsVsVV
LRiVgRiVRVsj. xmsLiLi[LiR N]NRPryLji LiVW NRPRVso LRiVgRiVsV. RWNRPVNRPV sVhRi
RWsWssVVs [yj rNRPLRisVVV NRPWLRisV. DR=ssVVyRV sVsV
xqsL][sLRisVVs $ ry*sVyLRiV NRPR*LigRi ryssVVsZNP[gRiVsV RLji+Li NRPsV xmsLiRVs[V
GsVgRiLiLji\|ms xmspFyRVV |msR RVWlLi[gjiLixmsos s[gjiLji.
sy bPORPQV

1909 yNTP sVs ry*sVyLjiNTP xmsRV\sRV[VLiRV. NRPVLiN][sVVsLi[ sVhRi xmsLiTRVV lLiLi[LiRV

xqsLixqsQXR NSssVVsV [jLiLji. sVhRi FyNRP sLRisVV, NRPVLiN][sVVNRPs saS\sV, }msORPQNRP
xqssVWxxmso LRik RNRPVsgS sVLiRV xms[aRPsVV syxqssVVs NRPsVsogS sVLiRVss sLiLji.
@LiR NSs[LjiNTP sVRLRi dLRisVVs NRP xmsLRiaS sLSsVV [RVTsj. 1911 sVLiT 1914
sLRiNRPV $ AyLRiry*sV RVR. syxqssVVsV, sRVVbPORPQRVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLiLji [R
[RNRPVNRPjVVNRP sysVssVVgRi xqsLiLiRsVV. [RNRPVV sVhRi bPxtsvV, [RVV sVhRi
gRiVLRiVsoV. @LiVVssV ry*sV xqsLixmspLRi xmsLjigRissVVssV g_LRissVVssV yLji bPORPQsV {qs*NRPLjiLiLji.
yLRiVRVVV RsV NRPjRVss g_LRissVVgS xqsLisLiLji.
xqsLigkiR aSxqsQs*Q\lLis RzqsLis][ yLji][ xqsLixtsQ gSsNRP \sxmsosVVsV,
sxtsQRWs ssVVsV |msLiF~LijLiRVNRPV ry*sV RWRVsNSaRPsVVsV ssWgjiLiTyLRiV. xmsNRPX
rLiRLRi \ss xmsoNTPRVgRiVNRPV NSs[Lki k*xmssVV NRPsNSaRPsVV NRPsxmso sTyLRiV. yRW
RNSLRiVV NRPWy sR xmsLjixqsLRisVV rLiRLRi RsVV }qsNRPLjiLiRV ZNP[gRiVRVLRiV. yRWR
NRPRVLiRV NRPWy ry*sV NRP ss[aRPsVV NRPRV. g][ aSxqsQsVVsLiRVsV. gRiR aSxqsQsVV
sLiRVsV yLjiNTP xmsLjiRRVsVV NRPRV.
1914[ yyLRiry*sV NRPVLiN][ sVhRisVVsNRPV sVLRi sLji. @xmsNTP yLjiNTPLRiVs[LiRV.
@xmsZNP[ yL]NRP ss xqsLRi*xqs*sVV. xmsLiTRVs\lLis yLjiNRPRNRPV s[gjis yLRiV yLjiyLji RVsWs
aSxqsQsVV[ [\s xmsaRPsV s[zqs sxtsQRWsgSxsVV [|qsTyLRiV. NRPVLiN][sVVs syxqs
xqssVRVsVVs yLRiV gRiLi\lgiN]LiR][xmsoLRisVVsNRPV FLiVV RVR aSxqsssVVsV NTPLiRV,
[yRV yxqsVNRPxmsLjiRRVsVV [zqsN]sV, VVNRP xmssgS |msVN]sLji. BV ry*sV
xqsLRi*R*sVVsNRPVsV, NSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRsVVsNRPVsV szqss aRPNTPrysVLRiQsVVsV
xsVVsVVgS xqsLiRLjiLiRVN]sLji.

ry*sVNTP {mshRi ssLRi sLRi*x WgRi sRVxqsV= LSNRPVLiRV[ 1911 sVLiT 1915 sLRiNRPV
{mshRisVV yLRiV xmsLRis[ORPQsVVs sRVxms RVRVLisV. s[V 1915s ry*sVNTP sLRiVsj
VVNRP[VRV ysj. Ryj {mshRi ssLRisVV sLRi*x sWRsVV sRVsVRV\s
RVV][gRiVVsV, NSLRiNRPLRiVsV [RVVRVLiRVLRiV. {mshRi sRVsVRV NTPRV y xmsRsVV\|ms
{mshRisVVR sWRs[V RVVLiRVsV gSs {mshSjxms [yVLiRRV.
A [VRV aRPLiNRPLRi RVLiRVR=ssVVV |msR FsRVs Ljigjiss. sVhRi RWsWssVVs ""ALRi
RLRi'' RVsV xqsLiNRP sVsTsj. 1916 @N][LRiV[ ssLSRVQR=ssVVV sVhRisVVs
[kxmssWssVVgS sWR a][][ sLRi*zLixms Tss. xqsVx LRi RVsV NRPdsLiRVRV
aSxmnsV xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS NRP gRidsRV yxqssVVsV NRPWR LRiLisV. RVLS OTPQ xqsLRixqs*d LRiWzmsgS
sVWLSQRNRP\sVs gRiyRNRPV ssLSRVQR=ssVV [[ [RVRV xmsLiRVgRiV. xqsLigkiR
sy*LixqsV[ }mslLisNRPgRis sVsVxV ry*sV xqssVORPQsVVs RsV gSs \sxmsos xmsRLji+LiLji.
sRVRaRPsVy LS RWyLRi ry*sV xmssVLiRsV |msRRVWlLi[gjiLixmsos s[gjiLji.
Fyds syVRLRiNRPVsV, ryLizmnsVNRP xqsLiZOP[QsVsVVsNRPVsV, $ ry*sV FyLRiLiLis ]
NSLRiNRPsVsVVV ysLRiNRPV xmnssLiRsVV \ss. ""aSxqsQ LRiyNRPLRi'' sVVR\s LRiVRV][
sR xmsLiT][RsVVV g_LRisLiTLji. zLiRWRLRi sxtsQLiVVNRP yxqs LRiRs[ FV NRPaS
syLRiVNRPV LRiVxmsTss. sy xqsLixqs[sV, NRPaS[sV gRi WgRisyLRiVNRPV sVR
s[RssVV [LSV [RVTss. DyRVVlLi[*R \sRaS sVhRisVVs sN]Tsj.
1914c18[ ry*sVyLRiV NRPVLiN][sVVs sVLiRgS xms jssVV ryRVLiNSsVVs gSs
xqsVgSs, sR*][xtsvV gSs LRiVxmsTs. AyLRiry*sV RVsV gRixsVVs\ZNP xmsLiTRVVsV
xqsLigkiR sy*LixqsVVsV yRxmsTyLRiV. RLRi+NRPR*sVVsNRPVsV, Fy=xsVVsNRPVsV, aSxqsQs[RV,

BLidsLRiVV, sjNSLRi sLRisVVsV, NRPaS yLRisLRiVVsV, ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [zqs

N]sVRVLiTyLRiV. BRLRi sVysV RWRVVV, ""yLjiyLji sVRzqsyLiRsVVLiRVsV,
saS*xqssVVLiRVsV, ry*sVyLjiNTP gRixmsLjiRRVsVV NRPRsRVV, s[[V ryLiVVNTP LijssV, s[[V
LRiNRPsVVsNRPV LijssV. yyNRP NRPXztsQs yLRiV sVRV N]sT yLRisRVV,'' xqsLiRzqsLiTyLRiV.
ry*sV ryLigRiRsVVgRi Vs*Q\lLissV yLjis gRiRVLRiVsogS gRiLi dlLiTyLRiV.

xqsLixmspLRi LRiR[aRP RWR

(1919c1939)
sVs xmssR LRiRsVVs yyLRiry*sV xmsLRis sWLji 1919[ sVVRTLji. xqsVkLRiNSNRP\sV
xmsRWxqs x#\sVs LiVW xmsLRisRWsyLRiR xmsdsNRPsVVsNRPVsV ry*sV RLRi+ssVVsV, ybdPM
NRPORPQsVV sLiRVsRXxtsQsVVNRPLiRV[ xmsLRisV xmsWsNSLji \Vsj. ry*sV RVRVyRs
xmsRW rNRPLRisVVs[ sWRsVVsVxmsWgjiLixmsNRP ysLRiNRPV FyRRWR [RVVRV,
RxmssxqsLji\VsxmsoRV sWRs[V s[VysVyTLji. sVh][][gRiVVsV, xmsLiTRVVsV,
s[yRRVsxmsLRiVVsV, xmsLjiyLRiNS gRisVV, g][soV s[sVV sVVR\s LiRVsoVsV ry*sV
ssVxqsLjiLiLji. xmspFyRVV ry*sV sWLRisVVs ygjis xqssVV s NRPN][ ryRQ\sVsLiR
VNRPVs NSsVV ry*sV xqssjs }qssLiRVN]s yLji RVsVgRix FyRVVTyLRiV.
sysVuys {mshRi xmspjNRP sj sLRi*xsVV][, FyV NRPyRLRi, RVgRiR xqssWssVV,
RRV][ sLRis[lLiTyLRiV. sVhRi sLRi*xjNSLRiVNRPVsV, sVR xmsVRRV xqsLixqsNRPV
xqssV sRV ry*sVyLji jsRLRi[ sVVQ\sVss. L][ sVVRsVVs lLiLiRV sVWRV
gRiLi saSLi sWRs[V dzqsN]sTyLRiV. DxmsyxqssVV sVR sxmsVRxmsVRV xqs* LRisVV

dzqsN]sTyLRiV. L][L][ |msLjilgiT xmssVVT[ sxqsVgRiVsLSsVsVV [NRPVLiR ry*sV

xmsxqsssVVgS xms sxtsQRVsVV rysyssVVgS xqsLixmspLRisVVgS syLjiLixmsgRiVgRiV
RVRVysx\sVsj. A][sgRi ry*sV zqs xmssV sLji*yyLiaRPsVV.
NRPVLiN][sVV RLispLRiV [ sVsj. sWLji 1919[ ry*sV sVVRsVWRV
xqsLisR=LRisVVVsV RLispLRiV sVLiRsVVsgRi sWLRiVsVW RWyxqssVVNRPV NRPWR s[gjiLji.
NRPVLiN][sVVsNRPV RWLRiVs \sRV\sV RWLRisVVgRi sxmsRWLRiV gSsVsVVs 1919[
yRVLSxqs sRsVV LjizmsLji. C sRsVV sL<RiNSsVVs LRiVxmsRVsV. sL<RiNSsVVs WsV\|ms
xqsLiRLjiLiRV NTPsVNUPNSRVNRPVgSs sV[V LiVVRLRi FyNTPgSs szLixqs LRiVgRiVssV RVsVVs
xqsyxqsVV FyRRssVV [RVLRiV. C s][[aRPsVj. AuyR xmspLjisV yxqsxmspLjisV. ysVLiT
lLiLiRVsWxqssVVV xqsyxqsVNRP xms[aRPsVVs sVLiRssV. yxqsgRiysVRV x xqsWRNRPLRi
ry*sVyLji xqsNRPV FLiVV NRPVV xqsssRVsVVgS xmssVTyLRiV.
1920[ sVx[RRV aRPVsxqsLRisVVs yyLRi ry*sV s[yLRi xqssVVRsVVs rys
sWRLjiLiLji. C xqsLisR=LRisVV yxqsxmsp, yRVLSxqs sRsVV sWRVsLRisVVs Ljigjiss.
ry*sV LiVVR sVs VVNRPjssVVs NRP sVxsVkRVsXRV ry*sV RLRi+s sVLjiLisV.
@sV ]LRiNRPgSs[ RWRs RWsLiRsVVsNRPV s[VLRi[RV. ry*sV RW[aSsVryLRisVV sVVxqssV
BrysVV sVR zqsyLiRsVV sR a][RNRPV ssLjiLisV. sLRiNRPV yRRV |qsso \lgiN]s
sRV ry*sV ryOSQRV gRisLiRV[ RVssV.
1921[ NRPVLiN][sVVs sVsV[R=ssVV Ljigjisj. xmsLjixqsLRisVV xmsLRiLiRV ry*sV
NRPVLiN][sVVsZNP[lgisV. NSs sVhRisVVsNRPV F[RV. sRVRWR xmsLjixqssWzms NSNRPVLiR sVhRisVVs
NSV |msNRPWRRsV sRVsVsVV NRPRV. NSLilgixqsV sLiLRiV s[NRPVV sVx[R=ssVV

xmsaSLiRsVVgS NRPsVRsVVgS LRiVgRiVsV ryRVxmsTLji. xmnsRV sLiLRiV XLiRsVV NRPWR

NRPRV. yLSyLRi ry*sVs NTP xmsxmsRV][ }qssLiRVN]sLji. yLji }qsysLRiNTP ry*sV xqsLiRzqsLi
yLjiybdPLRi*jLiLji. xmssVV yRVNRPV[ NRP\lLis xqsVxbPs xmsRVsLRisVVs yyLRi
ry*sVs NRPzqs sWRX[s xmsLjiFyy ry*RLiRsVVsNRPVsV LRiR xmsdsNRPsVV \s NTP
xqsLixqsssVgRiVNRPVsV ssVgRizLixmsoRs RVLjiLisV. ry*sV RORPQs[V RWbdPLRi*jLi RW lLiLiRV
sVaRPRVsVVVsV sLRis[LRigRiLRis |qssLji. 1918[ k RVVRsVsVV FysVVsVV
sLijsxms sVLiT ry*sV RLRiVs[ RLjiLiT yLRisVsj xmsaRPLiaRPdsRVsVV.
ry*sV RLispLRiV sVLiRsVVs xmsxmsNRPV xqsLiRLjiLiRV jssVV[ NRPyRV lLiLiRV sLiR
sVLij xLjisVV ryssVV[zqs aRPV sxqsQsVVV RLjiLi FnysVVsV sW sj ry*sV
RLRi+yLRisVV s[ RVVLiTLji. ry*sV xmsxqssVQQ\ yLji WgRi ZOP[QsVsVVsLRizqs N]LiR}qsxmso yLji][
xqsLiztsQLiLji. yLjiNTP sWR sxqsQ xmsyssVV [zqsLji. ry*sV RWR[ss[ RzqsLiss.
FLRi xmsdsNRPsVss ry*sV NRPLiRV[s RRV. xqsLixmssVLRiV ks xqssVVRLRisVV
[RVsRVVsVssRVV. sVhRidsV NSLRisLRi*xsVVs sgRigSsV NSsRVVssRVV ylLixmsVRVsV
|msTyLRiV. ry*sV LSs[VaRP*LRisVVsZNP[gji }qsRV \|qsNRPRsVVsV g]sLji. kss gRiLigRi[ NRPVxmso
RWyLRiLi. BjRW }qsRVzsWR sWyNRP s\sVNRPsVLiRsssV RWaRPRVsVVsNRPV
xsVV.
LSsVyRxmsoLRisVV, sVRVLRi, LRiVs[* sVLiRsVV[xmsLRiLi ry*sV LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVV [LjiLji.
@j yLiNRP xmsuyxqssVRVsVV. 1908[ ry*sV RVR ZNP[gjis xqsLigRiRVV, yj
aRPLiNRPLRiVLi[aRP*Lki [sNTP yLiNRP xmsyssVV [zqss sxtsQRVsVV sVVLi[ zmssVgRiy.
RRWLRi*sVV [s RVVgRisVWLjigS sVLiT RsRVV yjaRPLiNRPLRiVV $ RNSLiNTPR yLiNRP
xmsyssVVs xmsxqsssV [zqsLRisRVV gSR. @xmsVRxmsVU yLiNRPsVVNRPV szqss sVLRisVRV [zqs

sVLRi |msVRVLiRVLRiV. C sVxRLRi NSLRiNRPsV sLRi*x RR $ NRPLiNSsVN][

{mshSjs[Rj. 1846[ NRPryLji yLiNRP xmsosLRiNRPLRiLi Ljigjisj. sVLRisxmsVRV 1923[ ds
xmssR sVx[R=s NSLRiNRPsVsVVsZNP sVs ry*sVyLRiV LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVV sLji. sV NRPVLRiV
xqssWsxtsv\ C sVx[R=ssVVs FyLiRVLRiV. C RVVR=ssVVs xms sxtsQRVsVV
saRPyNRPV][ gRiVLRiWNRPsVVgS sLRi*zLixmsRVsV. xmsosLRiVRLRisLiRLRisVV sR NSsVN][
{mshRisVhRisVV xmsosM FyLRiLiLixms Tsj. sVhRisVVsNRP s[R FyhRiaSRVV, s[yRRVsVVs
ZNP[LiRsVVsV sN]Tss. 1922[ LRiV[ Ljigjis VVNRP xqs[ xqsL`i sWORPQgRiVLiRLi
sZaP[*aRP*LRiRV Rs RVVxmssRVssVV LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVV sLiR NSsVN][ {mshRisVhRisVLi[ LjigjisV
|mssV.
yLiNRP xmsuysLiRLRisVV ry*sVyLji RWR FyLRiLi#\sVsj. xqsybPs}LiRV
RVjuyssVVgRi sLRiWLRiVsNRPV ry*sV yLRiV sVVR sLji. NRPVLiN][sVVsNRPV xqsdsVxmssVVsgRi
""LRiVs\ZaPsWLRiVs'' xmsos xqsybPs}LiRV R*LRi[ ssVNRPVQ\ NSs[Lki
dLRiFyLiRsVLiRsRW[LiRVVgS xqsLiRLjiLiRVRV xqssVNSNRP xmsdsNRPsVV\|ms yRVs
RWbdPMxmsssVV RW|msTyLRiV. $ xmsLRisV bPs[LiR xqsLRixqs* RWRVs sy gRiVLRiVso.
xqsybPs[LiRVs[ NS\Q*R gRiLiRsVVsV NTP LRixqssVV][ gRiWTs NUPLRissV LRiLiLji. sLRiWLRiV[
ry*sVyLRiVsxmsVRV xqsy bPs}LiRV RVjuyssVVss[ jssVVs y }qsxmso
sT|msTyLRiV. @xmsVRV xqsybPs }LiRV RWRLRi+ sRsVVsV ssVW xqsLi[aRPsVVV
ss xmnsRsVV gRiWLji ry*sV xmsaSLiRLigS xqsLisLiTyLRiV.
LRiV xqsdsVxmssVVsgRi NRPVVsVs gSsVsVVsNRPV ry*sV sLRiWLRiVsVLiT sLji. \ZNPQQxqss
sVRsVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLi RVLijLRiVsj xqsLisR=LRisVVV sRsVV gRiTzmss $ RVmns. . s[aRP
@RVLRiV LRiV[s[ RVVLiT xmssVV sQQNTP. INRP jssWRVs ZNP[LRiNRPV Lijs VVNRP

RVVsNRPVRV \ZNPQQxqss sVR {qs*NSLRisVVs\ZNP LRiVNTP LSgS yss sLi sRVN]s ry*sV
NRPRNRPVFVsV. ry*sV RWRVVsNRPVs][ N]j jssVVV sWT zLiRW RLRi xmsys
xqsWRsVVsV ysZNPLRiVNRP xmsLRiLji. BRLRi sVRsVV[ gRi RWyNRP sWLRisVVV zLiRW
sVRsVVs [ss gSss xqsxtsQxmsLRiLji. sVLi zLiRW sVRsVVsN]s xms[NRP xmsWssVVV
gRiWRNRPso. NSs zLiRW sVRsVVsV sj xmsLRi sVR {qs*NSLRisVV [RVVNRPV
}RVs[sVRVVgSsLSRsLji. Bj ss ZNP[LRisVLiT ss RVVsNRPVRV ysV xmsos zLiRWsVR
sVxRsVVsLiRV saS*xqs xmspLRiV\ LiVVLiNTPFVsV.
INRP xqsLisR=LRisVV yRV, xmsoRVN][ xqsLiryssVV[ ry*sV xqsLiyLRisVV[zqsLji.
RR=sVRVsVVs ss[NRP xmsLiTRVV, LSNUPRV NSLRiNRPLRiV, dRV yRVNRPVV, yyLRi ry*sVs
RLji+Li, yLjiRVsVgRixFyRV\Lji. 1925 [ y.s.s. ry*sVyR @RVLRiV @sV xmsxmsLiR
sLijs RsV sR*R*LRiVRV ""yOTPQRNRPsj'' RVsV LRiVR xmsyssVV sLisV,
ry*sV xqsNRPV RgRiLRi[ sVsLiR NSsWRVs ry*sV [RVV {mshRi xmspjNRPsVVsV aRPRgS
RLji+LiTyLRiV. Rs xmspLS*sVssVVsV xqsLjiLiRVN]s RWRVs BV |mssV. ""yNRPV
xmsRVsssV[LiR FyRVsVVs sLRiVsjRVs {mshSjxms\Vs $ sV[s[LiR xqsLRixqs*ry*sV
RLRi+ssVV [zqsN]Lis. y RVsVW sZaP[xtsQs[V yNRPV s[RV NRPVRVsj.'' ry*sV y
xmsLRis[ NRP sV bPsNRPVRV \s gRiLRisVV LSsVyRsVV RWLRiV NRPWRs[yRXaSsV s
sZaP[xtsQs[V ry*sV xmsp RLRi+ssVVs sLisV. y xmsV, aRPTRVxms[ NRP |msR
RVWlLi[gjiLixmsosV sV\sssVVgS s[LSV [zqsLji. C RVWlLi[gjiLixmsos ry*sV RWLRiV\ZNP
sLkiOTPQLiLji. NSs RWRVs NRPsLixms[RV. DR=ysLiRLRisVV RWLRiV xqssWyLRisVVsVgRiWLji
ry*sVRVTgjiLji. s xqssVWxsVVs NSssTsos RVVs RWLRiV xmsZNPsV. ElLi[gjiLixmsos
NRPsR[[sVs ry*sV RVRVgRigS ""y LS FyNUPssWRVV gRisVV NRPgjisRs'' RWLRiV
xqssWyssVsV. ry*sV RWRLRiFyRV\s sVVVNRP }mslLisNRP gRis RsV xqsLixqsQX

xmsLiTRsLRiVRV $ xmsLiTRsV RVsV. NRPjlLi[aRPs RWLRiV. dsLRiVsV y ylLi[.

AyLRiry*sVRVV, xmsLiTRsVRVV Fyds RsV ryzR gRiLiRsVVsV gRiWLjiRVV, RsV
xqsLixqsQXyRRVssVVRVsXjs gRiVLi dzqsN]sszqss RLRisV gRiWLjiRVV xqssW[Rs
[zqsLji.
@xms[ ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [zqsN]ss LSNUPRV s[RV dRV yRVNRPV[ xmssVVVV $
zqs.AL`i.yxqsV, $ xqsRsVWLji, $ Fs.LRiLigRiry*sV @RVLigSLRiV, $ sVs , $
zqs.LSg][FyyLji sVVR\syLRiV. sLjiyLRiV ry*sVs 1926 [ LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVVs NRPzqsLji. $
zqs.LSg][FyyLji sVssV [sNRPLizms ysV s[RV. ry*sV $ LSg][FyyLji
[sNTP LSNRPVLiRVNRPV NSLRisVTgjiLji. yyyRV ryssVV [RV[Rs RWRVs
xqssWyssVsV. @xmsVRV ry*sV dRV xqsLiZOP[QsV NSLRiNRPsVssVgRiVQQ\s yLjiNTP rys
FyyRVNRPsNSaRPsVVLiRNRP FsRVssLji. $ LSg][FyyLji sRsVVs[ }qss
NRPLiNTPRsVV[|qssV. NSs sxmsLjizqsRV[\ss sxmsV\s yRVs sRVNRPLiRLRisVVLiRRsLji.
ry*sV LSNUPRV s[RNRPV dRV yRVNRPVNRPV NRP sxtsQRVsVV xqsxtsQsVV[zqsLji. ysVVxqsyxqsV
sVgRiV[ LSNUPRV xmsORPQsVV][ \sNRPssVV sLiRsVsLji. NSs VVNRP sxtsQRVLi sWRLi
xms}qssNRPV sLRisVN][LRiVRVsVsLji. xmsZaP[RVs[V[RVLigS RsV NSLRiNRPsVsVVV yLRiV
[RVsssRVV, xmsN][ \sNTP RLSsVLRiNTP NRPyLRigRiVsV [RVV [aRP }qssNRPV sVV
NRPLRissVsRVV yLRiV sR zmsLji.
1926 Ljigjis VVNRP xqsLixmnsVs xqsLRiRVLi. ry*sV sLRiLiNRPVTsVLiT xmsVN][NRPV xmsRVsLiRV
RVLiTLji. ry*sVNTP ds][VsRV yLji[ N]LiRLRiV sVVxqssVV sVLiTLji. g_LRis xqsWRNRPsVVgS
NRP sVxkRVVRV ry*sV FyNUPs [RV][ yNRPVRVLisV. sVWRV \sV FLiVVs RLS*R
ry*sV yLSzms RW sVVxqssV ZOP[QsV xqssWyLRisVV TlgisV. @RRV Rs \sRVNTPNRPsxtsQRVsVV

N]ss ry*sV RW[aRPsVVs\ZNP zms ysV LRiLis xmssVVV s xmnsxmsoxtsQsVVV

xqssVLjiLiRVN]ssV. ry*sV RWs[VLRiNRPV yRRV NRPsy gSssVV [zqs sssLRisVV [|qssV.
|qssosLij sRVyRRV ""y NRPsVNRPV ry*sV RVgS NRPsLiRVRVyRV. HzNRP LiR
ssWRssVVsNRPV ry*sV RLRi+s gRisVV yVssV.
1923 \[ ry*sVRVVRRWLSRVsVV ZNP[lgisV. NSsVN][ {mshRisVVsNRPV xqsszRsVVgRi
VVNRP dsVLiyLji RVj. NRPLi sVLiT NRPVLiN][sVVsNRPV
sVhRisVVsWLRiRVsxmsVRVsxmsdsVLiyLRiLRiVsj lLiLiRs RVxms {mshSj xmsRVyLjiNTP y
xqsRVsVV [|qssV. ysVLiTRVV ds {mshRisVVsNRPVsV dsVLiyLkiNTPs xqsszR xqsLiLiR
s[VLRiTsj. sVs ry*sV 1920 [ y dsVNTP ss aRPVsxqsLRisVVs y dsVLiyLRiV
xqsNRPVVLisVVgS xqsxmsdsNRPsVVgS yyLRi ry*sVNTP xmnsVs ry*gRiRsVsV. Rsx[R=s
xqsWRNRPsVVgS {mshRisVVsNRPV sVW xsWy LjiLisV.
LRiVxmsTLjixmsVLjiRWLRiVs ry*sV xqs [RVgS RsV sRs. dRV NSLRiNRPLjiQ VVNRP sXR
ry*sV RLRi+sLi [zqsN]ssj. AsV }msLRiR LiNRP. AsV sVRVs sR sZaP[xtsQsVV][
NRP\VzqsNRP NSsLi LRiLisj. xmspLS*aRPsVsVVs ry*sV xmszqsRs sWsV VLRiVgRiVsV. ry*sV
xmspLS*aRPsV sNRPV NSsV bPxtsvLSV. Rs gRiVLRiVxmsoRVV gRiRVLRiVsoVgS zqsLiRV ss
NRPsRWsLiR xtsQsVVsV NRPsV xqssLiss.
NSsVN][ xmspLS*yLRiV[ NRPLRiV xqssWj sLijs sRsLisVV ROTPQ |msysj RVVNRP
dLRisVVs gRiRV. \ZaPjsVVsLiRVRVs RW xqssWj ry*sV RWsVryLRiLi xmsosLjiLSLi
[RVTsj. RVysj sLRisR LRiVgRiVNRPV sRVV s[LSV [RVTsj.

xmsoRV[LjiVVR ry*sVNTP xmsLSxqsV xmsVy*jNSLRiVV xmsV LSRsVLSR][ ry*gRiR sVLji.

gRiXx Rxs NSLRiLigS LRiVyLRiVs xmssLijs [yRVLRiRsVV FyRLiVVsVgS NRP
yLRiry*sV xmsoRV[Lji[ sVsxmsVRV yLjiNTP [Ljisj. @xmsVRV RLispLRiV sVLiRxmsozqsNRP
xmsLiRLRiV NRPgS NRPzqsFLiVV xqsLjiN]R yxssVV sLjiLixms[RVVNRPV saRPLiVVLiRVN]sLji.
ry*sV yLSRVRsVVs RsV RWbdPxqsV= sLiR[zqsLji. yLji RWbdPM xmsssVVs lLiLiRV
sR=LRisVV[s[ FyR yxssVVsNRPV g]xms RssVVs s[sWRsVV dzqsFs N]Rj RRWLRiV
[LiVVLiRTsj. C xmsaRPLixqsdsRV\sVs NSLRisVLiRV GWLRiV xqsVLSRV sRRWLRisV yRVs
xmssVV FyR szLiyRV. RLRiVyR yRVs $ yLSRV sLiRRVsV ysVsVVs
xqsszqsLisV. xqsyryaRPsVsVVs sVssV yRVs Fyds [yRV xmsosLRiVRLRi [LiVVLi
NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV sLRis[LRiV[ y NRPXztsQ[|qssV.
1927 sWLji[ ry*sV }qsLi sVLiRsVVs xmsLRiLisV. C L][s NRP sVxsVkRVVRV
ry*sV\|ms g]s xqsLixqsQXR a][NRPsVV LRiLi xqssVLjiLiRVN]ssV. bPsLigSNSLRisVV sRVsVgS
NRP NRPsR RVLiR RVORPQLRisVVV gRi[yRVTss, ANRPs yss ry*sVNTP sszmsLi
ssVVsV |mssV. ARVssV xqsLixqsQXRxtsQ szqsLi ss ry*sV RVRVgRigS yRRV
Rs xmspLRiV*V xqsLixqsQXR xmsLiTRVsRVV, ysV xqsLixqsQXRsVVsV Rs RLiT VVRs[
RRVsoN]Liss RWRRV ry*sVNTP ss[jLiRVN]ssV. xqsLixqsQXRsVVs yRRV [zqss NRPXztsQs
ry*sV sVRVN]s xqsLixqsQXR yxqsLigRisVV sWssRs xqs ssV.
1927 Gzms[ N][RVLiRWLRiV s s[V sVVR yLRiLi ry*sV FyxmnsWV [LjiLji. AjaRPLiNRPLRiV
sxqs\sVs ZNP[LRi ry*sVLSNRP][ sVy=x xmspLjiR\sVsj. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiV RVsLiRLRi {mshSj
xmsRV[ xmssVVV\, yLjiRW[aRP sLRi*xsVV sLiRVsV, syRLRi+sVV sLiRVsV sxmsLRi
aRPLiNRPLRiV[RVs ZNP[LRi xms dsLjis sLiLji. @xms bPxtsQ sLRisVVsNRPV ry*sV sVRWsVVs

xqsLi[aRPsVLji. yLRiV ry*sVs sVRWsVV ylLi[ RVsVN]sLji. C FyxmnsWV xmsLRissVVss[

$ . RVLi. NRPXxtsQry*sV @RVLRiV bPxtsQsLRiLi][ ry*sVs RLji+Li LRiVxmsVgRi s[ }qssLiRV
N]ssV. $ @RVLRiV sVRLSxqsV[ xmssVV yRVyjgS sVLiT RLS*R LRiVysWLRiV
sVVyRWjNSLji RVVsV, yLji NTP sZaP[xtsQsVVsNRPV ry*sV xqsLiRzqsLi RWbdPLRi*jLi
""LRiVxmsVgRi sV'' RVs LRiVRV sLji.
1927s xqsLisR=LRiLi sLji gRisVVs sVRgSLij ROTPQ [aRP xmsLRis [RVVRVLisV ARVs
sVs ry*sV sWRQsVVsV ss yLjis Rsss NRPVRWxxmssV. FyxmnsWV sLiR
sLji[ yLji xqssWs[aRPLi Ljigjisj. ry*sV xqs[zqss ][sVs g]RysT[ yLRiV NRPzqsLji.
aSLiNTP xQQ\sVs RLRiV NSuyRWLiLSsV RLjiLi RWjaRPLiNRPLRiV RRsLiyyLRi sLRisVVs
sxqs\s {mshSjxmsd dslLi[RVRVVss[\|ms gRiWLRiVLiTLji. ryyLRi NRPL<RiNRP syRLRi+sVVsV
xqs*RVLigS {qs*NRPLjiLis dRV yRVNRPVs gRiWLji ]VRgS sLRiVgRiV ssNSaRPLi gRisLiRVNRPV
ry*sV y xqssWRsVV sLisV. sVRVRV zLik[sV ry*sV xqsLixqsQXRLi[sV
xqsLiztsQLiLji. y rxLRisVVs xqsLixtsQ Ljigjisj. C RVj*dRV xqssWs[aRPsVVs
xxmsWs NSLjiRVs RLS*R sVRVRV RXzmss sV |qsso dzqsN]ssV. yLji
xqssWgRi xqssVRVsVVs NRP xqsLixmnsVs Ljigjisj. sVRVLiRgS yNRPL<jiRVRV[
kssLRiVgRisRV. sVRVRV ryRVLiNSsWLRiVgRiLi RLS*R VLixmsRV. @xms\ZNPRVsLRi
gRiLi\sj, @LiRV[ $ zqs. LSg][FyyLji sVRVs][ ryRVLiNS
[ss[RVNRPsVLisgRiRs RV[|qssV. ys\|ms sVRVRV ""AyLRiry*sV][ LRiVgRiV
xqsLixtsQs[V Rs NSy ryRVLiNS [ssV''s |mssV.
gRiVLRiVyRVWLRiV, LRiVRWLRiV, FsLSNRPVLi, NTP*sV s[LiRsVV][ xqs y xms[aSsV
ZNP[LRi[ ry*sV RWsV. N]sV, LRiVysWLRiV xqsLiryyV ry*sVNTP NTP g_LRissVV

xmsNRPLiss. @zmsLji[gRi RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR FyhRiaSNRPV FLiVV syLji XLiRsVV ybdPLRi*jLiLji.

NRPyNRPVsWLjiNTP s rygRiLRi xqsLigRisVsVVs xmssR ryssWRLjiLiLji. ZNP[LRi RWR sVVgjiLiRVN]s,
RVVRLRi [aRPgRisV[sVV\Lji. dRV aRPNRPV N][lLi LRixqsLjiLiRV xtsv xmsVR*sVVsNRPV
RgRiRs sRVxmsV\ZNP RWsyLRiR xqsLRi*LSNUPRV xmsORPQ xqssWs[aRPsVV sRVsLiRLigS
LRiVgRiVNRPV ysV [RVV RVR ryxmssVVs\ZNP RWbdPLRi*jLixmsoRs xqsL`i. [ xRWL`i xqsxmsp
ry*sVs sVRVLRi[ RLji+LisV. ""aSLiRVVR sWLRisVV xmsRLRisVV xqsLiFyjLiRV
sVVsVVR NRPLRissV''s ry*sV xqsxmspNRPV zms, A xmnsWLRisVVsV [RVV s[ NRPXztsQ\ZNPssV RsV
aRPVNSLiORPQxmsVRV sVLiRV ssLji.
1929 zmnssLji[ ROTPQLSV sVLiR xqsLiyLRisVVsVVR\sj. AsR=LRisVV yRVLSxqssRsVV
sVsWLRisVVs Ljigjisj. INRP s L][V ry*sV *LRi {msTRVRVV NRP}qsRVNRP sR
ryysLiRLRiLi \sLijs xmsp NSLRisVV Lji|msTyLRiV. sVgS *LRisVV Rgjisj. NRPV
RWLi][s Rgjisj.
C xmsLRis[ ry*sV RLiRsVV gSsVsVV dsVRVgS sVgRiVRVLiTLji. @NRPR VVNRP g]yRV Rs
VVRsVs N]Lixmso zqsssV ss L]NRPsVV ry*sV NRPLjiLiR RsV. ry*sV RVNRPLRi
[RssV Rs sLRiRVsVV yRRV sWLRiVN]s[RV. RsNRPVs N]j WsVs NRP
RssLiRVsNRPsV RW L]NRPsVVsV xXRRV xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS ry*sV NRPLRi [zqs RLjiLisV.
@RRV sLSyLRiVRgRiV ry*sV NTPxtsQsVV[NRP RVR RxbdPLRiV][ zms ysNTP N]LiR
FLRiLi[NRPV WsV szmsLiRV s[LSV [LiVVLiLji.
1929 T|qsLiLRiV[ LRiVssVNRPV kxms RLRi+s sVx[R=ssVVsNRPV ry*sV RsLji. LRiVssV
RWy xqssVV[ y xmssR\sVsj. @R @LRiVRsVVs[ bPsLigRisVVgS sLjiLiRVLRiV.

xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV sV [[LigRisVVgS sNRPR ysLRisLixms RyRLiRsVV sLRiVgRiRVLis

x, sxtsvsoNRPV ss RVLiRVxms[RsxmsoLS xmszqsj. BRs[ FyLRi* bPsysV
gRiry*sVs\Vsj. ry*sV RVLRiyLkiaRP*LRiV\yRV. @LRiVgjiLjiyR sVVdsLiRVRV
xqsVx[aRP*LRiV ss[ RLji+LisV. ry*sV\|ms NTP gkiRsVV gSssVV [zqssjRs[.
@LRiVR[aRP*LRi [yRWsLRisVVss[ LiVVRNRP zqsRLRiV xqssWj NRPRV. sVs NSsVVss[
LRisV sVxL<jiNTPs LRiVssV syxqs\sVs. LRiVssV[ [ LRiWxmso\s bPsosLjiLiRV
xsVVgS xqsLisR=LRisVVs N]NRPryLji NSLkiNRP xmspLjisVy ryRVLi xqssVRVsVVs ds N]LiR
bPLRisVVs sLiR [s sLiRVLRiV. ksNTP kxms sVx[R=ssVs }msLRiV. sVs ry*sV C
sVx[R=ssVVsZNP[ 1929[ sLji. s RWN]LiRNRPV ss[NRP xmsROTPQsVVRLjiLi RVR
[yRVsVVs sLRis [RVVRV ry*sV sR NRP sWxqssVVLiTLji.
RLRiVyR yLRi RgRiLRisVs RWRRVFysVVsNRPV ry*sV sLji. BNRPRs[ yVgRiV aRPyVNRPV
xmspLRi*sVV @xmsRV kOTPQRVV ssbPLisV. kOTPQRV RQ\sVs RV\Q*[V NSNRP \ZaPsoV NRPWR.
@s[NRP aSxqsQ gRiLiRsVVV LRiLis x aSxqsQs[R, BR xmsdsNRPsVVsNRPV ry*sV RV\Q*R
\ZaPso\s LiVW sV sy*LixqsVs yL<jiN][R=ssVVV [RVsss RVV][jLiLji. ARVs
gRiLiRsVVV xms xsVVs xmsyLRisVVsNRPV [sss RVVyLiLji.
1930 T|qsLiLRiV[ xmsOTPQ dLRisVVs RWsyLRiR ryRVsV xqsLixtsv xmsORPQsVVs ry*sVNTP ry*gRiR
xmsR xqssVLRisVV [RVTsj. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiV sVxdsRV xqsLixmsyRWsVryLRisVV zLiRW
xqsLixmnsV, RLRi FxtsQNRPV yRLRi+FyRWRLRisVV ry*sV sVxRLRi NRPXztsQ [RVVRVLiTLRis
RVLiRsLjiLixms Tsj.
LigRiV xmsdsNRP sVLiRNSLigRi[ sLkiOTPQLiRV ry*sV xqssWs RLRi+s gRiQ\sVs

sVsNSaRPsVV 1931 ssLji[ Lisj.

ry*sV LigRiVs sVs RV NSsVVs sVxtsQL`i FyLisV, xtsv xmsNSLRiRLiVVR,
RWyNRP sWLRigRis[ztsQ\Vs RWRRV ry*sVs RLji+LisV. Bj xmsRgjis sxtsQRVsVV.
CRVs LRiR [aRPsVVs yLiNRPVVsV, WgRiVVsV, yyNRP aRPNTP xqsLixmssVV\ss
xmssVVVV \ss yLji ryLigRiRsVVs\ZNP xmsLRiLiRVRVLisV. C LRidRV
gRiVxmsaRPNRPQs[*xtsQsVVsZNP[ RWRVs xqsVRWLRi\sVs LiVVLigRiLiRV sVLiT LiVVRNRPV ssV.
sVRLSxqsV[ $ ZNP. RVqs. sLiNRP LRisVRVsV xqssVLRiV\s LRiRLiVVRsV NRP|qssV. CRVs
gS{ sRsVVsV LiRV yxqssVVV ssV yLigRisVVs LRiLisV. CRVs[V
LisVsV ry*sV RLRi+ssVVsNRPV g]sFVsV. AyLRi ry*sV][ xqs*RVsVVgS yRVs
sssLisj ""ALigRi[aSgRiRVsNTP yLiR\sVs ry*sV xqssWs[aRPsVV Lisj.'' @s.
""aRPLiNRPLRi\sVs RW sVV[xqsV=, [NS sgjiLiRV xqsLRisVV\s RW NRPsVV, gRi RW
sVxL<ji, [s[ RWbPLi sRVNRPVRW ss RVRWgRiRVsNRPV xmsRsVRLRi+ssVVss[ VVNRP
sVxyQsVWs NRPLiLji. $ LisV sxqsLiRsVVgS ry*sVs R[NRP RXztsQ][ RWsV.
RXNRPVNRPR sVLiT NRPR[RV. C sVLRi LSs xqsss[aRPsVVsV gRiWLji RLRiVyR ysV LRiLis
gRiLiRsVV[ sVRxLjiLisV. ""sWsjs RW ry*sV ysVsyRV sVVsVVy xqsVsaS
R Rxms dsj[ xmspdsRV\sVs RVVsR ryssVVs sTsj. xmsLSxqsVxtsQ[
spiritual @sV xmsRsVVsNRPVgRi RVLSQxR*sVsV ssVV yLjisVVsVVs sN]s

NRPssj, yLRiV sVLSRgS sVgS sWRVRVLRiV. A ss saS s[RsVVV saRP

sV[xLRisVVV. sgS xqsWgS sVs sVVNRPV, N]jgS |msLjigjis gRiRsVV. ANRPL<RiRV\sVs [LRiV
RWR yNRPL<RiRVsVVgS sVLisV, B sVVNRPsNRPV sVR RVVgRisVVs \ZNPQQxqss FyLRiy
sVLijLRisVV sLiNRPLjiLis sVVNRP WgjiNTP sVsssV N]LiRVsV. NSs RWRVs NUP s[VyaRPNTP[RV.
NTPRWsV s xmsysV\sVs FyaSRV\sVs s[VsW ry*sV ry*zmsNRPs[RsVVV NRPylLi[sW

RVs sLiRVsVV. @LRisdsVRsVV\s RWNRPsV lLixms sWVs xqs*FysVWNSRV. xqsysV

W[V RVVLiTRVVLixmsss RW RVsLRi*RdsRWsV ssVVsV s[sLijs.
sLSRVVkNRPLRi, xmsxmsLiRsVV, ALjiNRP LSNUPRV xmsLjizqsRV sVLRiVgRiVFyV, sVVR\s sxtsQRVsVVsV
gRiWLji LisV ry*sVsTlgisV. ry*sV yLRiV yLji xms[NRPxqsx xqsLRi[ y xmsaRP [RV[sNTP
RW ""[NRP xqsVzqs NSsss sVVLiRV sWssos RWLiRLRi xmssX[ sWLRiV LSs'' ssLji.
""RVVR _NRPsV dzqss[zqsssV, zmnsLRiLigRiVsV yRNRPVssV, RVVRsWgRiRV. xmsV NRPLRi][
sLiVVssV RVVRsVV [RVVRVLRiV.
""ssR [aRPsVV sVRsV, }msR RsNRP sLRisVV sVRsV yyNRP xqssVs*RVsVV NRPVRVLRis[,
rLRisVV|msLiF~Lij aSLi rsVVV [NRPWLRiso.''
""sRsVVsRsV. FyxmsLiNRP sxtsQRVsVVLiRVsV, LRidRVVV sLSaS yRVs
ssVLRi+NRPVLiRVLRiV.'' LisV s[zqss xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyssVVgS ry*sV \|msRVWx Rxmss gRigS
LiTLiLji,
LisV! ""sWssoV jgRiLjiFLiVVLRis RsV RVFyRVsW ?
ry*sV : NSRV. s[sV sLixmssV. sWssos[ sLiRLSR RVVsj. xmsLRisryssVVssj yss
\ssVVsV [LRiVsV. yLRiV sLis xmsLjizqsRVs[ gSs xmssLiRgS gRiL>jiLixms sRV. xmsLjizqsRVV,
xmsLjixqsLRisVVV dRVsVV\ yLji sLiRgSs][gRiFyV NSsLiRVRVss NSs yxqsssVVs
yLRiyLRiV NSLRiV. FyNRPbPsVsVV lLiLisV sjLiVVLi[. DRsV ryLigRiRsVVs xqsLixmnsVsVVs

sLiRs. xqsLRi*dsssVV, sVx[yLRisVV\ss ry*sV RXNRPRsVVsV LisV gRiVLjiLixmsNRP F[RV.

""$ aRPLiNRPLRiVV FygRiVss RWxmsoNRPV xmsbPsVsVVsV NTPLiRxmsLRiVxms[RV. xmspLS*LRisVVs NRP
sR\sVs sVLiRVVs xmsbPsWLRisVVs sVLjiVVNRP sRsVVs sVLigRiRV. B]NRP LRiNRP\sVs RV
NRPgjis sLiRV s[L]NRP LRiNRPsVVs gRiRV. gRiV][xtsQ xmsLjigRissVVs lLiLiRVsV xqssWssVVss[.
ss[NRPsLiRV\s s RLRisVV yLRiV FyNRPXbPsV xqsLixqsQX ygRiLjiNRPR LiR RVVR
sWRLRi+sVVsV [TLi sgRix xqsLixmssQQ\sV RVVsR RLRi\sVs xqsLixtsvssxqs LRiWzmsLixmsgRiLRis
ry*sV RWbPLiLji.'' @s LisV LRiLisV.
LRiR [aRPsVVsNRPV RsRWgRisV[[aRP xmsoLRixqs=LRisVVgS LisV ""RsNRPV yQ*NRP gRiVLRiVsogS
ssLji\ss xmsryjLiRVLS? [NRPxqs*RVsVVgS ry*sV[V sWLRiRLRi+NRPVVgS sVLiRV
NRPsNSaRPsVVsy!'' RVs ry*sV sLjiLisV. ""s[NRP xms xqsLixqssV sRVxmsoRVLis gRiy!
LiVVxmsZNP[ dLjiNRP ORPQ\sVs [RV. y NSLRiNRPsVsVVZNP[ NSsVV yNRPV yV [RV. y
xqsLisR=LRisVVV L][NRPV sVWRV gRiLiV sWRs[V sjLis. xqs*RVsVVgS bPxtsQ bPORPQ
[RVgRiy. bPxtsv\ZNP xqssVRVsVV ssWgjiLixmsgRi RVyxmsNRPVs dsVlLi[ RWRVN]ss''ss
ry*sV xqs{tsQNRPLjiLiLji.
ry*sV RW[aSsVryLRisVV LisV LRiVssV\NRPV FLiVV yyzqsLis gRiVLRiV ORPQsVVV gRi
$ LRisV sVxL<jis sWLRi RLRi+NRPVsgS {qs*NRPLjiLisV. @LRiVgjiLji sVxL<jis gRiVLjiLi sVVLi[
sVRLSxqsV[ NRP NRPVRV LisVNRPV |mssV. @RRxmsVRV yss xmsLiRVN]s[RV. @xmsNUP
[aRPsVVs ysV NRPzqss N]LiRLRiV WgRiV sLi ylLi[ LRisV sVxL<ji NSsRVssVN]ssV. NSs
FLiVV RWR yssVN]ss ysNTPs yxqsssVVsNRPVsV xqsLiLiRsVV [RV. sVxL<ji RLRi+ssVV
[RVNRPVLiR ROTPQ LRiR [aRPsVVsV dsT FsRs ry*sV LisVNRPV zmsLji.

LigRiVs ry*sV][T xqssWs[aSsLiRLRisVV LisV sVRLSxqsVs Rs xqsNRPV ssV. ALS

ry*sVs sR[ RLji+LisV. sLis[ sVNRPVs ssj. gRijRVLiRRVVsV dNRP sVRVsVV. NSs
RWRsZNP[][ VVNRP sVgRiV NRPsLisj. RORPQs[V [ xqsWgS yRRV yss RWsV. @xmsVRV
Rs RVsVssVVsV LisV y|qssV.
""AaRPLRi LjiR\sVs y RWxmso xmsp$ AyLRi aRPLiNRPLRisVWLjis[ RLji+Lisj. AsVVsVV A
LRiWxmssVV xqsxtsQsVVgS, sLRiVxtsQsVVgS yRVs[V NRPsLiyLRiV. [sy LRiWxmssVVs NSRV. WR
LRiWxmssVVs gSRV. @RsVVgS sVsVxtsQ LRiWxmssVVss[. NSs RW sVWLjiRVVsV sRVR\sVs
NSLi sVLiRsVV NRPRV. @j RVVsVs dNRP[ ry*sV sVWLjis zqsLixms [RVVRVsj.
ssVVgS sjVVNRP RVryRRXaRPsVV. ry*sVs s[sV LigRi* xmssVVs dsT LS[y.
ssVLRiVLigRi g][Lji xmsLkiORPQ \ZNP NRPsVV gRigS sVWzqs N]Lis. sWLRiV[RV. xqsxtsQsVVgS sk sVWLji.
LiVVLiNRPsV NRPsV VRV sVsj. xqsVxmsxqsssVV, ssV NRPLiFysVXysVV, }qsxyR=
sVRVLRi\sVs yss[ xmsRQORPQsVVsLijs. yVsV. NRPsVV LRis. sRVgS NRPs
NSuyRWLiLRisVVsVs RW RRWsVRVVs sVWLjis RLji+Lis.
LRiVsgRisos sV zmssLiVVsj. ssRV sLiRVRsoNRPsVV. dsRVs[*xtsQsVV xmnsLiRVsV.
ARXaRPsVV RLRi+ssVs][ RVRsVVgS sRXaRPQ\sVsj. @ rysWs xqs*ssVV gRi
RW RXaRPsVV y[ yfsRsVVsV aSLi rsVVsV NRPLisj. @j NRPRVs
][zqsxmsoRy! ysZNP[sV sxtsQsVV!''
LigRiVs sVLiT ry*sV NRPLiZNP[gjiLji. BRs[ NSsVN][ {mshRisVVsj. {mshSjxms\Vs RLS*R

sRZNP[gRiV NTPj[V xmsRsVLi. 1931 ssLji 25s [k RWjyLRisVVyRV ry*sV sRVQQNRPsVVgS

y xmssVVs s[bPLiLji. xmssVV NRPsV xmsLiRVsogRi sLiNRPXR\sVsj. FLRiVV
sVx[y=sVV][xqsNTPNRPsVVgS ry*gRiR sVLji. xmsLRisV LRisVRVsVV\s [ssVV][ FyLRiV
sj NRPLi. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVV $RNRPsVVds[ssVVs xqs*RVsVVgS xmsztsQLiLji. [xms FyNSLRisVVs
gRiVT[ sVsVxtsvsVRV aRPLiNRPLRiV sgRixsVVsj. aRPLiNRPLRiVV xqsLRi* {mshRisVVsjztsQLi NRPLi[
zqsjsLijLRis RLRiRLRisVVVgS ssRVsV. GNSs[VaRP*LRi sLRiRLS [yRVsVV RVLiRVsV,
sVLji ysRLRi [yRVsVVLiRVsV aRPLiNRPLRiV NRPRxmso sVWLRiVV gRiso. NRPRs y
aRPyVVgS $ NSsWOTPQ [yRVxmso RWsWssVV NSsVN][ {mshRisVVs[. 1840[
{mshSjxmsRV[ sLRiVsj ys yLRiLiVVs $ RLiRZaP[lLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*d ry*sVV yLRiV
NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV [zqsLji. sVLRiV xqsLisR=LRis[V NSsWOUPQ [yRV sLRi*x RR NSsVN][
{mshRisVVsNRPV xqssVLjiLiRV s[LSV xtsv xmsVR*sVV[ [RVTss. 1931[ ry*sV NRPLi[
sVsxmsVRV, [yRV xmsosLRiVRLRiNRPVsV, syLRissVVsNRPV s[LSV [LiVVLiLji.
1931 Gzms sLji gRisVVs ry*sV NRPLi sVLiT RVVRLRisVLRiWLRiVsNRPV sLji. BNRPR xmsoLSRs
xms xmsLjiFys xqsLixqs gRiVLjiLis yLjiRNRP FyyssVV gRi aSxqsssVVV gRiso. LigRiV
[ FysVVsVV gRi |msLRiVLiVRWLRiVsNRPV NRPWR ry*sV sLji. Bj $ LSsWsV ry*sV
sxqssVV. @NRPR sVs RWjZNP[aRPs |msLRiVsW [yRVsVVs sWRVRV ry*sV
xmsoxtsQRLiRVs sVzsV rRsVVs gRi VVNRP a][NRPsVV sVRxLjiLi ""ssRsVV\s sVR
zqsyLiRsVVV ss[NRP sRVsLissRVV sRVsRVV rygRiLRiVs [Ljis[, xqsLRi* sVRsVVVsV
xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVs [LRiszqsss[, RVsRVV LRiV \ssRsVV[ yLRi+sNRP \ssRsVV NRPgjisRsRVV''
sLiRVs sxtsQRVsVVsV ssLjiLiLji.
1931 xqsLisR=LRixmso yRVLSxqs sRsVV RWLRiVs Ljigjisj. sysLiRLRisVV xmsLRis

N]srygjisj. ry*sV RWLRi[ sVLiR xqsVsWLRiV lLiLiRV sLiR sVLij NSLilgixqsV xqs*RLiR
}qssNRPVV ry*sVs RLji+Lixmsg][LjiLji. ry*RLiRQ xqssVLRisVV dssVVgS sVs xqssVRVsVj.
xqs*RLiR }qssNRPV ZNPs*Q\lLis RRW yOTPQsVVV RWzmss yLji\|ms xmsVR*sVV sLRiVRVN]s
xmsT L][s. @LiRV[R sVh][][gRiVV yLji RVLRissV sVsLiRVNRPV LiNRPVRVLiTLji. Bj
ry*sVNTP zqssj. ry*sVyLRiV yLjis RORPQs[V xmss[aRP |msszqssRsRVV, yLjiNTP
sRVVs[LSV [RVszqssRsRVV {msh][][gRiV y[bPLiLji. yLji[ }msLRiV}msLRiVs xms sQQNTPs
xmsLSsVLji+Li sWs yLjiNTP xmsryjLi RWbdPLRi*jLi xmsLizmsLji.
1932 sWLji[ ry*sV NSxzqsNTP s[gjiLji. @xmsVRV sV bPsLS. xqsVsWLRiV sVVxmsj\sV
RWLRisVV @Rs[s NS sLi ry*sV \ZNPxqsgjiLjiNTP xmsROTPQLiLji. BNRPR sVLiT LRiVxmsNTPs,
LRiVsVNRPVsV sLji. xms jssVV ry*sV NRPsVs sVgRiVs gRiLidL][xmsyxqssVV TyLRiV.
s[ N]j sVV NRPLRixmsLRi*LigS ss RLjiLiTyLRiV. RWLRiV [ sgRiLji, sLiNRPgjiLji
xmssVVsV Lji. INRP jssVV ry*sV, xmsLiTRV s[yLiR RLRiNRPV sRQORPVVgS sVLiTLji.
1932 s 14s [ks ry*sV yLji sWRX sVWLji NRPVLiN][sVVs jsLigRiRVLS\LRis RLi
ssVgS sVhSjNSLji ry*sVNTP xms[gS ry*sV sVVLiRVgSs[ ""NRPVLiN][sVVsVLiTyLRi
ssy'' RVsRVTgjiLji. sVhSjNSLji "RVso' sssV. BLiNRP s[sVRVV ssNRP ry*sV ys
sVLiRVsVsLji. N]LiR}qsxmso ssLigS sVLiT RLS*R xmsLiTRV][ ""sWRX sVLRiyLRiss
xqsyzqs [VsV [RVs'' ss RVTgjiLji. xmsLiTRVV sxtsQRVsVV sgji y RVMxmsT [VsVRVV
xmsVNRP[RV. ry*sV[ lLiLiRV \sV RWLRisVVssVs FyRsVVsNRPV sLji. yLji][ NRP
sVV \s xqsLiNUPLRis RVVRV ssVgRisVLiLji. yLRiV rysLi [zqsLji @sVRWRVVVsV rysLi
[zqsLji. gRiRVLRiV sWRX sWgRisVV ss*LjiNTPyLRiVRsVjgRis[sLi syLRixmsTLji.
sgRiLji RgRiLRi VgRiRVsV xqsx xqsLiRLRi\sVs VVNRP xms[aRPsVV NRPRV. BNRPR NRP [ssVVs

NSbdPsaRP*yRVRVsV, xmsRWgRisWRsoRVsV NRPzqs RVVLiTLji. C [yRVsVV xmsNRPgS NRP

ssj xmsszLiRV RVLiRVsV. [yRVsVV NTPLij sVLiT sRV xmsyx xmsLiRNRPdsV sk
xmsLkiyx xmsLjiFxtsQNRPsVV. 1932 \ 17 sVLiT RW sV[xLRi xms[aRPsVVs ry*sV yRVLSxqs
sRsVV rygjiLiLji. yLRiVs RW NSsVVs y[ssVV gRiV[R Ljigjisj. ry*sV
NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVVsV |msR VRVs [zqsLji. x xqsLiNRPVV s xms FLRiVV NRPsVV
VgRiNRPVs ry*sVs LSxtsQ ZNP[LiR \sVs s sgRiLRisVVsNRPV s[RVVRs RW*sLiLji.
sVRLSxqsVsZNP[gRiV yLji[ LRiVRs[ $ xqsVx[aRP*LRiVs RLji+LiLji.
sVRLSxqsV [LRiV[xms sVs sVVNRP sR sxtsQRVsVVsV NTPLiRsVV. ssVs \ NTP
xmsxmsRV][ s[sLiRV NRP NRPVNRPgSRRVj.
1927s xqsLisR=LRisVV sVLiT VVNRP NRPVNRP sVhRi xmsLjissVVssVxqsLjiLi ylLiRNTP FLiVVs
sRZNP[gRiVLiTj. A NRPVNRP y sR\sVsj. sgRij. G sWRsVVs xmsLjiaRPVLigS
sVLiRRV. RWR[ LSRVV sVhRisVVsV NSxms NSRVVRVLiTj. sVhRisVVsVLiT Lis
xmsryRsVVs[ VLiTj. @LiRV[ ry*sV xmsjssVVsV ryRVLi xqssVRVsVVs ys RWLRi
sxtsQRVLi xmsLSsVLji+LiRV RVLiTyLRiV. sVhRisVVNRP xms[aRPsVV sVLiT sVLjiVVNRP xms[aRPsVVs
ZNP[gRiVsxmsVRV NRPVNRP yLji][ FyNTP NTPLiRVgS sT[Tj. sVR sWLRisVVs gSsVxqsVV {mshRi }qss
[zqsN]sV dsV NRPLiRV\ZNP xmsRW sWgjisxmsoRV sLis[ NRPVNRP RWLRisVV FLiVV sVLRi xmsRWLi
rygRiVs[# \ZNP sLkiOTPQLiRV RVLiTj. INRP L][s NRP s zmsyRV yss N]yRV. @j yss
NRPLRiVs [LiVVsj. sVh][][gRiV Li][s Lij ysNTP gRiLiRV NRP LiVVLRiVxmsj \VRV \sV
RWLSs gRi VVNRP gSsVsVVs sTLji. NSs RsVVgS y NRPVNRP RssV sTs sQQNTP ry*sVs
[LRiNRP xmspLRi*s[V, ysV ry*sV xqssjsVLisV. y sVLiT ry*sV RLRi+ssVV NSs[ RW NRPVNRP
RWLRiR sVVTj NSRV. [xxmsRsLi sLRiNRPj RW sVhRisVV ss[ RVVsj.

1932 |qs|msLiLRiV 28s ry*sV RLRi+s RsVV sVRLSxqsV FLRiVNRPV NRPsj. ry*sV
RVRsVs yV sWxqssVV[ sR FLRiVV yLji sRsVVs xqsxtsQ\sVs aRPV
xmsLjisLRissVV NRPgjisRs sLiLji. ]VR sVRLSxqsV xqsLixqsQXR NRPaSsLRisVVssV, RRVxmsLji
sgRiLRisVVsLiR LiVVRLRi xms[aRPsVVsLiRVssV, ry*sV RLRi+s gRiLigS Fys RXxmsoQ\ xmssRV\s
xmsRRsRVR* NRPLRisVV\s yLji RVVxms[aRP yzsV sVVsT s RVLiTyLRiV.
sVVR LS VVNRP |msR RVWlLi[gjiLixmso][ ry*sV xqsLixqsQXR NRPaS [LjiLji. RNRPgS
sLiNRPLjiLixmsTs FyNTP[ sVxmssxtsv\ ry*sV xms\|ms ybdPxqsV= V NRPVLjizqsLji. yRV
sVWLjis. NRPXxtsQry*sV @RVLRiV xqsLixqsQXR NRPaSryxmsNRPVRV. dsLji NRPVsWLRiVV xqsVx
@RVLRiV. dsLRiV, RjRLRi NRPbPsVVV NRPzqs xqsLixqsQXR NRPaS[ ry*sV yLji syxqssVVsNRPV
Rgjis RVs ryNRPLRisVVVsV NRPRV gRiVLRiWNRPR][ s[LSV [zqsLji. aRPLiNRPLRi xtsQ xmssRssVVs\ZNP
VVNRP RVVxmsLSxqsWgRi sssVV sRVRaRPsVyRV sLjiR\sVsj. ysNTP ry*sVxqs*RVsVVgS
""xtsQsRV sVLiRxms'' sVs ysVNRPLRisVV [zqsLji.
FLRi xqsyssVV [RVsss sVRLSxqsV sgRiLRi FyNRP xqsLixqs y NRPVRWxxmsTsj. $ .RVqs.
LSsVry*sV @RVLRiV sgRiLRi FyNRP xqsLixmnsWRQORPVRV. dLSs xmsFyRNRPVRgRiV $ Fs. LSsVry*sV
sVVRRWLRiV sWRVRV ""ds sgRiLRi FyNRP xqsLixqs VVNRP sVhSjxmsNTP FLRi xqsyssVV [RVV
NTPj[V xmsRsVsVV. ALiVVssV $ ry*sVyLRiV xqsLRi*sVRsVV yLRiVsV yLjis NTPg_LRissVV][
xqssWsLiRVLRisRVV NSs y dLSss[VNRP gkissVVgS ysWjLixmsRgRiRsRVV yyzqsLiRV
RVyss dLSs xmsFyRs [|qssV. @[ RW dLSs sVLiRLji sVxmsVR][ xmsVN]s
Tsj. sgRiLRi xmsLjiFyNRP xqsLiry sssVVssV NSLRiNRPsVsVVs ysV FysV RsNRPVRsVV
NSRs ry*sVyLRiV yLRiLizmss RW*ssVVsV sVLSRgS LRixqsLjiLiLji.

1932[ ssLS][R=ssVVV xqsLixqsQXR NRPaS[ LRiVxms Tss. [ds sLjisry NS\sVs

aRPLRissLSRV[ ry*sV sLSLRiV\ sVV^QRVssV ry*sVyLRiV sWRXsVWLRiVVgS sLi
yLjiNTP NSs sRVLRiV. lLiLiRV xqsLisR=LRiFyRVxmso xmszqsFyxms][ sVVR L][ FyLRiLiLi
sssVyRV xmsj[VLiR NRPNRPV sRVQQNRPQ\sVs xmsp [RVVRVLRiV. ksNTP NRPy xmsp RVs}msLRiV.
s[R xmshRissVV, [ds gRisR FyLSRVsVV, LSsWRV gkiyj gRiLiR FyLSRVsVV][ FyV
RLiUx[sVsVV, $ syx[sVsVV dRVVR=s jssVV[ [RVTs. s[N]j
xmsVxqsLixqsQXR NRPaSNRPV FLiVV dLRi xmsryRsVVsV ry*sV RVsVgRixsVVsV {qs*NRPLjiLi
RWsLijLiTyLRiV.
ssLSRsVV RVsLiRLRiLi ry*sV xms jssVV ryRVLi xqssVRVsVVs xmspLiRsVVs sVxmsyxqs
xqsLi[aRPsVV sTyLRiV. s[sNRPV s[V xmsV xmsaSLiRLigS ss RLjiLiLji. zqsLixqssxqsVQ\ ry*sV
N]LiR}qsxmso ss sVVR[sVLiT sVgS sWR sVxmsNRPsVLiTyLRiV. @jRVVxmsyxqssW;
NSRV. xXRLiRLRisVV sVLiT sRV xqsLi[aRP yzs. Fs[ sRLRi+ssVV][ xXRRWLiaRPsVVgRi
ry*sV xqsV][ ""dsVLRiV sLRiVxtsQ\sV sLSRLiLRi\sVs sryLRiQ\sVs js sssVV
ssLiLixmsoRs sR|msTyLRiV. xmsys zLiRW RLRisVVV, sR NSLSsVuyssVV, xmsLRisV
NRPLRisQ\sVs \s NTP, zLiRWsVR ssR aS xqssVs*RVsVV, zLiRVso xmsLiRVgRiVcys
FysVVsVV. sVR xqsLixqsV ys FysVVsVV, gRiVsLissVVc@\Q*R
sVxRQsVVcsVVRLiVVss yLRiV xmsxmsLis sxtsQRVsVV[ g]s xmsys\sVss. dsss
ssVsRXxtsQsVV [s yLRiV ""zLiRW'' ""xqs*[aRP sVR'' sVVRLiVVs js xmsNRP[ \sLi
jssVVgS xmsNRPLixmsRV xqssWyLRisVV js VxqsVg]sTyLRiV. AyLRi ry*sV
RVVxms[aRPsVVV ss a][RNRPVsV, xmsNS FyhRiNRPVNRPVsV yfsRsVV sLiRVNRPV Rgjis
RVsVssVV NRPsj.

BNRPR sVLiRgS ry*sV LSsVNRPXxtsQ sVhRi syLji gRiXxsVV, zms. RVqs. zLiRW js[sR
FyhRiaS sLi sy xqsLixqsNRPVsV sLji. DFyyRVVNRPVsV, syLRiVNRPVsV yLRiV
xmssR\sVs sy xmshRis FyhRis NSLRiNRPsVsVVsV aRPyNRPV][ sLRis[LRiVRs RVV][jLiLji.
sgRiLRisVVdsRV[xms ry*sV xmsR xmsLiTRVsV, [aRPNTP xmspLRiV\s yRVNRPVsV
LRiVRxmsyssVV xqsRLjiLiLji. sVsVx[FyyRV $ RVqs. NRPVxmsVry*sV aSzqsQNTP ""RLRi+s
NRPsj'' RVsRVV, $ ZNP[. xqsVxLi @RVLRiVNRPV ""RLRiLRiOSQsV'' RVsRVV, $ ZNP.
NRPXxtsQry*sV @RVLRiVNRPV "xmsL][xmsNSLRi LiysV' RVsRVV LRiVRVV Liss.
sVRLSxqsV xqsdsVxmssVVs gRi LRiVyLjiRVWLRiV xmssVV xmssR xqssVV. aRPyVVgS sj sVRV
syxqs\sVsj. xmsoLRi xqsVLiRLji ylgi[aRPV [yRVsVxmsoLSRs\sVsj. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVLiRV $ RNRP
xmsxtsQ [zqsLji. s[NTPs xmsoLRi xqsVLiRLki [sLRiNRPVV sLiWj xV[. C [ssVV [xms
FyNSLRisVVs $ aRPLiNRPLRiV xmssV NRPRV. NRPdsxqsLi N]LiR NS\sVssV NRPLiNSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRVV
LRiVyLjiRVWLRiVs sVLiRN][LRiVRVLRiV. @NRPR sVs aRPLiNRPLRisVhRisVVs NSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRV RLji
xqssWRVV NRPsVsV. sVs ry*sV xmssR\sVs LRiVyLjiRVWLRiVs ZNP[gji yss xmssR RLRisVVgS
[zqsLji.
1933 sWLji[ NRPVLiN][sVVs LRiVgRiV sVsV sVx[R=ssVVs FysV\ZNP ry*sV
sVRLSxqsV sVLiT ROTPQsVVsNRPV sVLRis[gjiLji. BLiNRPsV sRV RWR N]srygRiV RVLiRV[ yLRiV
NRPVLiN][ sVhRisVVs NSR[RV. LRiVs\ sVLRiV[ xqs [zqsLji. DR=ssVVyRNRPR sVLiT
NRPVLiN][s[Vgji xmsoxtsQLji[ ryssVV [zqsLji. xmsLiLiRV sR=LRisVV N]NRPryLjisRV y
sVx[R=ssVVs FysVNRPV xqsVsWLRiV ORPQ sVLij NRPVLiN][sVVsNRPV [LjiLji.
sVsVsLiRLRisVV ry*sV LRiVs\ sVLRiVRWLRiV sLiR aRPLiNRPLRi sVhRisVVs N]s sVLiTLji.
xqsLixmsyRWsV ryLRisVV Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVRNRPV s sVLigRi ry*sVs RLji+LixmsgS LigRisVV

sVLiT bPssVWLji RWsLRisLi ROTPQ xxqssVV s ""@\Q*R sVVNRP[ xqsRsVV'' @s

sVVsWLRiV xmsNTP RVLiRLSs\sVLRis RVsV aRPVRsVVgS sRVgSR. 1933[ sVs ry*sV LiVVR
aRPLiNRPLRi RVLi [zqsLji.
y NSsVVgS ry*sV RLiLRisVV ssss xqsLiNRPsVV, NSs lLiLiRV aRPyVNRPV\|msgS
xmspLRi* {mshSjxmsRVs*LRiV sNRPRNRPV F[RV. @NRPT kOTPQyLRiVV aRPLiNRPLRisVhSyLRiVsV gRiWR
xqs*RVsVVgS sLS [yRV sVLiR sWs {qs*NRPLjiLixmsdsRVLRiV. BRLRi [yRVsVV
RVLi {mshSjxmsRVV xqs*RVLigS sWs {qs*NRPLjiLixmssRV. @LRiNRPVV y\sV
LiVWRVsNRPLRi[RV. BRLRiVNRPV sLRiNRPV[ LiVVRVLRiV. Bj {mshRisVVNUPRVTs g_LRissVLSRNRPV
xLi. ysVLij NRPVyLRiry*sVs RLiLRiLi s[RVVRs RVLjiLiLji. ry*sVNTP NRPWR
ssssRVV sLSry*sV RLRi+sLi [zqsN]s sssRVV yLiRNRPRV. NRPV RW*sLi
@LigkiNRPLjiLi ry*sV 1933 s[V 18 s RLiLRiLi [LjiLji. kOTPQyLRiV][ NRPzqs RLiLRi FLRiVV
ry*sVNTP ry*gRiRsVLji. ry*sV sLS [yRVsVVsZNP[gji sWs\lgiN]sV sxmsV[sV
LRiVgRiV[ RVs NRPVLi][s LiRVRVLiTLji. ry*sV sWRs[VsVRVV xmsLiRVN]s[RV. yLjiNTP
NSszqssj ryRQ\sVsLiR R*LRi[ sLS RLRi+ssVV. DRRVLi |msLiRNRPRs[ [ ry*sV
[yRVsVVsZNP[gRi saRPLiVVLiLji. xmsLjiyLRiNRPV NRPss RNRPsVV RsVLiR sWgjiLiLji.
yLRiVLRi&WsVVs yVgRiV gRiLiZNP[ yLRiV [d RNRPsVVsZNP[gji, ryysVuyssVV sVVgjiLiRVN]s,
[yRV y*LRisVV LRiVsgRis[ sLS ry*sV VRV s yssVgRiVQQ\Lji. ry*sV sNRPR
RWRgRis[ FyRLRiLRis\ZNP Rss kOTPQyLRiV sLSLiaRPFLiVV, sLis[ RNTPs kOTPQyLRiV LRizmsLisV.
RORPQs[V yLRiLiRLRiVs xqsssRVsVVgS sWNRPLji ""ysVV g_LRisxmsoLRixqs=LRisVVgS ry*sV
y*sLixmsR'' sVsRVV y[ss[ ry*gRiyRVV [NRPVLiR ry*sV sVVLiRVgRis[ sLS
RLRi+ssVV [zqsLRisRVV, ds xqsLixmnsVsNRPV ysVV y RxmsRVRVLi sVsRVV yLji RWLi][s
sVLji. ysVV [RVVNRPV NSLRisVV ""FyRMNS xmsRsV RLRi+ssVVsV saRP*LRiWxms

RLRi+ssVLiRVLRisRVV, ysVjRVztsQLi RVV [zqssVsRVV ry*sV zms yLji NRPWLRi

NRPLiLji. RLiLRisVVs ysVVssy \sRLRi+ssVVsNRPV sRVsVsLji. kOTPQyLRiVV ry*sVNTP
sRLRi [ssVVLiRV ss[ xqssWssVV [zqsLji. kOTPQyLRiV xXRRV xmspLRi*NSLRis
sLigkiNRPLjiLi ry*sV sLS [yRVsVVss[ N]s yLiT $RLiRsdaRP*LRiVsxmspxqsxxqs
xqsLisVLiRxmssVVs [zqsLji. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVV\ZNP xqsLi sVLiT s HRV xqsNRPLigRisVV[ lLiLiRV
xqsNRPLigRisVVNRPVssgS RLiLRi sWORPQLigRisVVsNRPVsV, NRPLiWgRi LigRisVV sNRPVsV
ZNP[sVLiRxmssVVs ZNP[][ ZNP[xqssVRVsVVssLRis LRiVgRigS RWRVsxqsRXaRPQ\sVs RVRXxtsQLi
NRPVNRPV Lisj.
1933[ yRVLSxqssRsVV, ssLS][R=ssVVV RLispLji[ Ljigjiss. RLispLji
RVVsLSLiVVs xmsyxmszqsLixLSgSLRiVsV, $ . AL`i. [ztsQgSLRiV sVyLRisVVgS [zqssyRXR*sVV
xmnssVVgS RLispLRiV[ aRPLiNRPLRisVhRisVVsLjiR\sVsj. $ @sLiR NRPXxtsQaRPLRi RVsV RVVsNRPVs
ry*sV ""NSbPNTP NSsRNRPsV FLiVV. RsV RVVRLRi[aRP RWR NRPsVsgRiV sWLRisVV ss
szqssjgS'' N]s xqsLisR=LRisVV NTPLiR sLizmsLji. @RRV zLik xtsQsV s[LRi*ssV. LRiVgRiV
xmsRWsVV \lLiV\|ms [RVsRV. ry*sVRW sORPQLRiaRPM $ NRPXxtsQaRPLRi bPLRiryszLi
sLRi*zLisV, NSbPZNP[gRiV NSRs NSLRiVsWxqssVVV xmssj. sWsXR ry*sVV\s sLiR
xqsLRixqs*d ry*sVVyLRiV. g_LRisdsRVV\s xmsLiTR xmsNSLiRVV, sV sVx[FyyRV $
AsLiRaRPLRiVV $ aRPXLilgi[Lki sVhRisVV xmssj $ xmsyxms{qsyLSsV aSzqsQgSLRiVsV yLRizqs
FLRiVxmsORPQsVVs $ AyLRi ry*sVs yLRizqsNS*sLiRVRV xmsRsVVsLizmsLji. ry*sV
RLiLRisVVssVLiRgS yLRizqs zLiRW saRP*syRVsVVs dsVsWLiry aSryQyLRiVVgS
sVs sV sVx[FyyRV sry*sV aSzqsQ RLiLRisVVsNRPV s NSbdPFLRiV RW*s
xmsRsVVsV Rjs sszmsLiLji.

NSbdP sVLSgSLji RVRQORPQRsV, xmsLiTR sVRssWxssWy, sV sVx[FyyRV

sLRisVV, xmssVV xmsLiTR xqsLixmnsVsVV, sRLRixmsR sNRPVV xqsVVgS NRP xmssj sLRi
xqsLixmnsVs[VLRiTsj. LRiR[aRPsVVs NSyNRP ZNP[LiR\sVs yLRizqs[s FLRiVV NSbdPRWRNRPV
xqsLiNRPLis $ ry*sVLSNRP\ZNP NRPRVyRsVVs sRVLRiV sVV RWRVRVLiTLji.
xmspLRi* xmsVy*RLRisVryLRisVV sVRLSxqsV xmsVR*sVV xqs*[aRP xqsLiryssVVNRPVsV, ssRLSxtsQ
xmsVR*sVVNRPVsV NRP xmsNRPs [zqssj. ry*sV NSbdP RWysWLRisVVs yLjiNTPs, yLji RVsVRLRi
sLRisVVsNRPVsV g_LRisxmsoLRixqs=LRisVVgS sRVVrNRPLRisVV s[LSV [LiVVLixms szqssRs LiVW
xmsNRPs ryLSLiaRPsVV.
1933 |qs|msLiLRiV lLiLiRs yLRisVVs RWyLRiLi \sVsj. L][NRPV sLRiVsj \sV ]xmsVs ry*sV
RVVRLRi [aRPRWR rygjiLiRVRVLiTLji. ROTPQ \ZNPxqssVs xms sLijs $\ZaPsVVsNRPV
NRPLRiWVsVLiT sLji. BR bPsoRV sVNSLRiVsVRV. FyLRi*sVLSLiNRP. [aRPsVVsLiR
y*RaRP [LjiLigRisVV[ sjVVNRP. @uyRaRP aRPNTP{mshRisVV[ dsxmssR xqssVVNRP. BR xqs
sXORPQ sVLRiVs sXORPQsVV. (@LRiVs sXORPQsVV xqs sXORPQsVVgS sV lLiLiRV xmssR xqssVVV gRiso.
INRP RLispLRiV [s sVy*LRiVssVsV }msLRiV gRi LRiVs\ sVLRiVRWLRiV. lLiLiRsj
xmsoLRiVs ysVNRPsVgRiV LRiVxmsV\ sVLRiVRWLRiV. Bj LRiVs[*s sVLiRsVVsgRiRV.) LRiVsV[
yNSaRP gRiLigRi NRPRV. $\ZaPsVVs FyygRiLigRi NRPRV. Bj xmssR dLRisVV. $ Aj
aRPLiNRPLSyLRiry*sV Rs bPysLiRxLji sVNSLRiVsxqsssVV [zqsLji. sVsry*sV
LiVWxqsssVVxmshjiLiRVNSsLiRxmsRVRVLRiV. @LiRVss[ a][NRPsVs sVNRPVsVNRPVs. CaRP*LRiVs
xmsLRisVVgRisV sLRiVs sXORPQ xmsLRisVVgRisV ZaP[uyR NRPsLRisLiVVLiRV NRPRV.
xqsLiyLRiLi sXLiRLi aRPVbPLRi

ryyLiRLSjztsQRLi.
xqs}mssV sVLSLSsV
sVxqs NRPXR=y*xqsy a][RLi
[gkiLiyLRiLi xqssVxqs xqsVsVsM
xmspLi gRiVsxtsQQXRLi
}qss[ $ gjiLjisVNSLRiVs sVLigRiLi
bPy LigjiRsV.
xms][uyRVRsXRxmsLRiV (xms][xtsQsNRPzqsR NRPVxqsVsV LjiRsVV) s[yLiR xmsFyjR sVxxqsV=
(aRPsbP+L][LiNRPXR xmsoxtsQ ssVV) sV[xLRi sVLSLiLiNRPXRysV FyLRiV+ (sVRVLRi LRi&VVLi
NSLRi[sVRVxms szqsRsVV) Fyss sysyLS szqsRV (sLRiLiRLRi rLigRiR szqsRsVV)
[gji WxtsQ (xqsVxmsRsVV) xqsLRi*[syLSRdsRVV (xqsLRi* xmsoxtsQsXORPQ xmssVVLi) DRsV
gRiVsbPxtsv (gRiV sbPxtsQsVV) $\ZaP sVNSLRiVs sVLigRi LRiWxmsoxqsVLiRV, (C xqsVLiRLRi
sgRiLRisVVs sV dlgi][ |msss[sVN]sTs RVLRiVs sXORPQsVVs sLjiLiRV).
N]j sVLij RVsVRLRiV][ ""|msR LRiVso'' sLRiNRPV ry*sV xmsRsdsVRs RVRsVLiT

xmsRVNRPLiRV \sVN]LiRsNTPLji, 1934 ssLji 29s $\ZaPsVV [Lji [yRVsVVsZNP[gjiLji.

bPysLiRxLji, rLiRLRixLji a][NRPxmshRisLi [RVVRV ry*sV LiVVR [sysVWLRiV VRV
y NSLi sT ysLi[zqsLji. $\ZaPsVVsN]syLiT NRPLRiWVNRPV sVLRi sLji. $\ZaP
RWR[ LRi sVRsVVs ysNRP LiRVV RWNRPVNRPV xqsLRi*xqsRV xqsLiLRiORPQ][
RWRsV N]srygjiLixms[zqsLji. ry*sV yLRiV RsV sVRRLRi+s sVRV sV gRisVVgS yLRiV
xmsLjigRiLiLji.
NRPLRiWV R RVLigRiR y \|yRV xqsLiryssVV [LjiLji. 1934 zmnssLji 12s xmsys
sgRiLRisVV xmss[bPLiLji. sVVsVLi xmsV][*][gRiV][ NRPWT gRiRVLRiVsosV xqsNTPNRPsVVgS
}qssLiLji. INRPy ORPQNRPV xmsLjiNRPLRisVVV, sLi xmsVso y s[VLRiNRPV xqsLiryssVLizmssj,
{mshRi\sLijs xmspNSLRiNRPsVsVVNRPV rNRPLSsRVV [RVTss. ry*sV \|yRVs
sVLiT NRP xqsyRs RLRi sVxqs Ljigjisj. @s[NRP xmssVV sy*LixqsVV xqsNRPV s[zqsLji.
ry*sV xqsFyLRiLi[xmsyxqssVVs xqs*RLRiLRiORPQsaRPNRPRsV, xms zLiRVsos NRPLRissVVsV
[jLiLji. xmsLiTy RLRisVVsV, RLRixqsWyRLRisVVsV NRPLRissVs xmsNRPV ry*sV
RVVxms[bPLiLji.
\|yRVsVLiT RVVRLRi[aRPRWR sVLRisVRsVVssV, sLRis xms[aSsV rygRiszqs NRPxtsQ
RLRisVgRiV[ RWNRPV[ ysVLij, LiRV, xmsaRPVsoV, xqsxRLRiVV sVVR\s yLRiV ssVNRP
yxmsTLji. C sLRiLi ry*sVs yV xqsLisR=LRisVV RLS*R yLiR xms[aRPLis NRPzqssj. 1934
GzmsV 24s zqsNTPLiyRV sR g][ysLji VVRVs sVs r~yNRPV [Lji ry*sV s[V 5 s Fyss
g_RdsV rysLi [zqsLji.
@xmsVRV sVR LSxtsQsVs zmsVsRV [aRPsVVs ry*sV xqsLiyLRisVV [RVszqs RVVsj. s[V[

aRPLiNRPLRi RVLi g][ysLki dLRisVVs gRi Li*R[ Ljigjisj. s[ ygRixmspLRiVs N]s

jssVVVLiT sLiRxmsLRi*RFyLiR [aRP gRisVVs xmsRVsLiLji. sLRi WsVV sVVLiRVLiR[
xmsRWsVV NRPRV NRPxtsQ LjiR\sVsj. ry*sV xqsLiNRP xmsNSLRisVV NSbdP [LRiV xmsys ORPQ[sVVgS
ssVRWRVVV \L][y=xsVV][ NRPxtsQsxtsQsVVsV, sso*RVs[ RVjgRisVLiLji. sLiRsVV
y 1934 \ 3 s ry*sV VLRisVV [Lji xmssR sLRiysj[ ryssWRLjiLiLji.
@NRPRsVLiT xqsR*LRisVVs xmsRVsLi xmsRWgRisV 1934 \ 23 s [LjiLji. A
xmsosgRiL][FyLiRsVVs sVsVx[FyyRV gRiLigSyRLRi&VW yRVNRPR*sVVs xmsR
yRVNRPVV ry*sVNTP sRVQQNRPsVVgS ry*gRiRsVLji. ""gRiVLRiV sVLSsNRPV RV''sVsV RVRV
y*ssVV][ LRiVV dLjis s[N]j xmsWlLi[gjiLixmso LjizmsLji.
ry*sV LSs[VaRP*LRisVVsVLiT s BxqsVNRPsV xmsRWgRi[ 1934 \ 25 s s[ xqsLigRisVsVVs
gRizmsLji. gRiLigS RVsVVs xqsLRixqs*RV NRPWR LiVVR NRPRV. kdsZNP[ ""s[ xqsLigRisV''sVs }msLRiV.
BNRPR gRiLigS sVV FyR[ }qsNRPLjiLi ROUPQ [aRP xmsoxqssVVNRPV xmsLizmsLji. C sRVQQNRP \sjNRP
NRPLSRLRisVVs sVyyLRi RLRisVVyyNRP g][NRP xqs\sVNRPsVVs ZNPLiRRVsxqsLRisW xmsNRPV
ry*sV RWRLRi sVWsVVs sjRsVV [zqsLji. \ 6 s xmsRWgRi[ yRVLSxqssR
sWLRiLi# \sVsj. [aRPsVV sVsVWsVLiT sVNRPVV yxqsxmsp yNTP xmsRWgRi [LRiVN]sLji.
ry*sV xqss yssVVss[ yRVLSxqsNSsVVs sR*R= Ljigjisj. RLSx sR*R*lLi[VV
ysVLij Fys yLji yLji sVx[xmsyxqssVV][ ssLiNRPLjiLi ry*sV RWbdPxqsV= sLijLji.
xmsRWgRi sVLiT yLRizqsNTP ssVj\sV NSsRNRPs[ ry*sV xmsRVsLiLji. 1934 @N][LRiV 6s
xmsoxqs\sVs NSbdP xmssVVsV ry*sV [LRiVN]sLji. NSbdP sVLS, xmsLiTR sVRssWxs
sWs sVVR\s xmsoLRixmssVVVV s[N]j xmsdsNRPsVV ry*gRiRdsVRV sLiRVN]sLji. ""gRiRVLRiV
sVLSsNRPV RV'' sVLiRVssjLiRV ORPQNRPV\|ms sVsyzs ry*sVs xmsoLRidsRV

ssVxqsLjiLisj. RLjiR[s[ RVxmspLRi*Q\sVs RVsLiR sxmsyx sVRV\s RWyLRi

ry*sVNTP NRPQLi xqssVLjiLixms ssVgRisVLisj. 1934 @N][LRiV 8s [k ""xmsLiTR'' ysVNRP
zLik yLS xmsNRP[ ds sVx[Q sXyLiR xmsNRPs Ljigjisj. A sVWgjixmsoLigRiso sVV
[[RLRi+ssVVs xmssLiRsVssjNRP\sVsj. @sLiR xms yzs, RVRVLiR xqsys sV
xqs \sssVV NSbdPxmssVV NRPs ss VLRiVgRiRV.
NSbdP sV sgRiLRisVV $ saSOTPQ, saRP*yRV sRVsVV, sVVNTP xmsRsVV\s xqsxms sgRiLRisVV[
xmssVV\sVsj. Fyss gRiLigS xqssLi RVVRLRi yzsgS sR sszLiRVsV. WgRiVNRPV
jNRPV sj sVN]sV. ""sLRiVc@zqs''RVsV lLiLiRVxms sRV sVR xms[aRPsVgRiV[ ds
sgRiLRisVVsNRPV ""yLRizqs'' RVsV ysWLiRLRisVV NRPRV. BR sVNRPLjiNSxmnsVsVVss[ RWj
aRPLiNRPLRiVV xtsQ LRiRs [zqsLji. ry*sV gRiRVLRiVss s[[ ysj NSbdP[V, BR sVLiT[V
ry*sV jgji*RV RWR FyLRiLi# \sVsj. NSs sVs ry*sV NSbdP RWR xmsLRisV xmsWs
FysVVsVV NRPj. NSbdP[ NSV |msgRis[ ry*sV RVsxmspLS sZaP[*aRP*LRiV RLRi+ssVV [zqsN]sLji.
@N][LRiV 7s gRiLigS ryysLiRLRisVV ry*sV RLiRsdaRP*LSLRis saRP*yR [yRVsVVss[
[zqsLji. @N][LRiV 9 sVLiT aRPLRissLSRVV gRiLigRiNRPs*VVRVsgRi ROTPQsVWLji sVhRisVVsNRPV
ry*sV sRVRaRPsV y[gjiLji. 1935 zmnssLji 9s xmsLiTR sVRssWxs sWy N][LjiQ\|ms
zLiRW saRP*syRVsVVs ZNP[gjiLji. ry*gRiR xmsLiRLRiRsVVV xqsLixqsQXRsVVs sWy
RjssV. Aj aRPLiNRPLRi ryzmsR\sVs NRPLi NSsVN][ {mshRisVVsV ry*sV RVLiNRPLjiLi s xqsLixmsR,
FysRQsVV, NRPXFyLRisVV xmnssVVgS y}qsRVzsWR xmsLjiyxmsQ\sVs RVLiR NUPLji xmsxtsQ
ds xmssR LRiRsVVs ry*sV szqsLRisRVV, xqssWsxtsv\s saRP* syRV sLRisVV
ybdPLRi*jLi RsV RVsVW xqsLi[aRPsVV dsRV sssRVV xmsLiTR sWy, ry*sV sLjiLiLji.
xqsV xqsLixqsQXRsVVs sVFyyRVVsV syLRiV sV[bPLi ry*sV ""syxqs xmns
sVsaS+Li sLiRV s xqssVVFyLRissVVss[ RVsVXRR* Fyzms ryRsVs'' RVV][jLiLji.

xmsLiTR sWy aSxmnsVdsRV NRPXztsQsVgRiTLiRVRV ""syxmsNSj saRP*syRV

NSLRiNRPsVsVV LRiWF~LijLiRV sxmsVRV ""AzqsNRPR'' RWRLRi+sVVgS sVLiRs''ssRVV, ""saRP*
syRVsVV bPORPQ sLijs syLRiVV, sysVuyssVVRVLiyRLRi+ sssVVs xmsNRPV
sWLRiRLRi+NRPVVgS sVLiRsssLji. xqsLiRsVVs xmsLiTR sWy sWRVRV ""Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVV
NSbPNTP s xtsQ LRiRs [zqsLRis'' xmspLRi* gSR sVWsVVs zqsN]LisV. NSs BxmsVRV
xmsRQORPQsVVgS yj aRPLiNRPLSsyLRis[V sVs NRPsV VRV yyLRi ry*sVgS RLRi+ssVssV
s xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS zqsN]Li''sVssV.
1935 sWLji 9 s ry*sVNTP g_LRis xmspLRi*NRP xqssWssVV [RVVNRPV ""sVV''s NSbdP sgRiLRi
yxqsVV xqssWs[aRPsVVNRP [VLSV [zqsLji. ssR xtsQ[ xmsaRPLiry xmsRsVVV xqssVLjiLixms
Tss. NSbPNTP ry*sV LSNRPsV sy*LixqsVV y sVLij N]sRWTLji. ry*sV xqssWyssVVs
""ysWj aRPLiNRPLRiV sWLRisVVs[ RVsLiLi xmsLRis rygjiLi sVsRVV s[VLRi[s
xms[y=xsVVsV y xqsLiRzqsLi sVsRVV, ss xmspLS saSOUPQ saRP*yRVV
NRPXFyRXxtsv][ [NRP NRPsVV NSsLi, xmsdsNRPsVV RLRisWLSsV LRiNRPVgRiVssVgRizLixms
ysVV FyLjiLiRV RVLisVsLji.
1935 sWLji 9s NSbdP sgRiLRi xmsR sy*LixqsVV, RLiT xqsyxqsVV xqssWs[aRPsVV LjizmsLji. B
xqs#[V NRPNRPy[ Ljigjisj. sV sVx[FyyRV NRPsVsRVsRLRiLRiR RWR*LRiLRisVVs
sLigRi[aRP xmsLiTRV xqssWs[aRPsVV Ljigjisj. sW sVVxmsj sVLijNTP \|msgS sy*LixqsVV
xqssWs[aRPsVVs FysLji. $ sV sVx[FyyRV RVLSaRPLRiVRV yLRizqs xmssjgS NRPNRPy
sVLiT s ry*sVs NRPNRPy NS*sLisV. sVx[sR\sVs sVxRQ* sbPxtsQ\sVsj NSsVN][
{mshRisVs RsV saS*xqssVs RW xmssj sssLisV.

1935 sWLji 18s NSbPdsT Gzms 24s ry*sV Fy [LjiLji. "The search for light"
@sV yLigRi js xmsNRP GzmsV 28s sVsTs ys[ ""NRPLi NSsVN][{mshSjxmsRV\s gRiRVLRiV
ry*sV aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVNRPV dLRiV xsWs xmsoLRixqs=LRisVVgS xXRRVxmspLRi*NRP ry*gRiR
sVRVRVsj. xmssR sV xqsLixmsyRV yLRixqsR* WgRiQ\sVsjNRPLi{mshRisVV.
$AyLRiry*sVsVLS LiR LRiR zLiRW s xmspdsRVVV. yLji xqssj sWNRPss
ryR xmso xmnsxmsRsVV. yLji xqsLi[aRPsVV a][R ZNPLRiNRPV ssaSRLRiRVsVV. yLRiV RF
sLRiRVV. @RRVs RRLRiVV. Bj sxqs=Li[xsVV. ry*sV Fy[ aRPLiNRPLRi RVLi xqszms
xms ssVgRizLiLji. xmsoLRisVV {mshRi xmspjNRPsVVssV, xqssWs[aRPsVV LiRVsV Fys
RXzmssLijLji.''
RLRiVy RWy xqssVV gRiRV. 1935 s[V 20s gRiRV [Lji xmnsVs[ ryssWT sxtsv FyRsVV
RLji+LiLji. s[V 25s VR gRiRV[ [jsXORPQsVVsV, VRVs [ssVVsV RW VRVs
sVVLiRVs s bPsLigRisVVsV RLji+LiLji. VRVsj |msR sgRixsVV. FsRVs sVsj.
bPsLigRisVV xmssVVs y sjgS sVsj. kss aRPLiNRPLRi gRisyRVV
xmsztsQLiLRisyRVNRP. dLRiV[s g]xms RWyxqssVV ""jWgRiLRiV'' Bj \sRyR ZOP[Q RsVV.
s 21s AyLRi ry*sV RVRNTP sLji. $ gjiLji [ss xqs*RVLi WLigRisVVsV RLji+Li
y}qsxmso ys sxtsvLiVVLji.
sV[sWLRisVVsNRPRNRPR sVdV[RVVRV ry*sV 1935 \ 13s NRPNRPy [LjiLji. A sV
xmssVV ry*sV NRPVR=xxmspLjiR ry*gRiRsVsj. NSd xmnsVsVVs ry*sV\ 17 sVLiT
yRVLSxqssRsWLRiLiLiLji. NSd [yRV xqsLixmnsV xmsORPQsVVs ""RLRi+s rygRiLRi''
$gRiVLRiVFyRaRPLRiry*sVNTP xmsaRPLiry xmsRsVV sLjiLisV. ""[aRPsVV sVsVW yj aRPLiNRPLRiVV
{mshRisVV ryzmsLiRVRV NRPLi[ NRPWR NRP {mshRisVVsV sN]Lji. BxmsVRV sVssVV xqsNTPNRPsVVgS

xqsysLiRV ds ry*sV RW {mshRisVVs NRPjxms. dsLSjaRPLiNRPLRiVV s[zqss s[ xmsR RWRsV

[aRPxqsLiyLRisVV [RVVRVyLRiV. sVNS xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVV dsLji RWRsV sRVsLiRsVV
[RVgRiLRiV. [aRPsVVs xmso RLRisVVV xqsVzqsLRisVVgS s[ FyRVN]s ds RWR ][xRsVV
[RVVgSsoR!'' sVs RWRVs RWbPLiRVRW xmsaRPLizqsLiLji. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiV xmssjgS ysVV yLji
NTP g_LRissVV {qs*NRPLjiLiRVRV xqssWsxtsv NRPsVgRix sRssVVV xmsNTPLji. |qs|msLiLRiV 23s
sLigRi[aRP xxqs xmsORPQsVVs ry*sVNTP gkiLS* xtsQ[ NRP xmsaRPLiry xmsRsVLjiLixms Tsj.
xmsLiTylgi[xqsLRiVRV, xmsLiTR xmsLiyss RLRiLRiR[ yxmsaRPLixqssLixmsTsj. AyLRi ry*sV RsV
sVxRQsVVs xmssV RLRi sWLRisVVs sRVxmsoRVLiTLji. NRPXFysVWLji RVgRiVyLjiLSNRP[ NRPNRPy
xmsodsR\sVsj. NRPLiNSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRVNRPV ""sLiR xqsLRixqs*'' RVsV LRiVRsVV NRPRV. yLji
FysVV dsV ry*sV RLRi+s xmsssVVs sjRsVV. AjaRPLiNRPLRiVRLRi+sVVgS $ ry*sV sRV
RWRsV FyRyLji\V rygjiLiRV xmsaRPLixqsdsRVsVV.
sLigRi[aRPsVVs ssLSRVQR=ssVVNRPV xmsp xmsLiRVgRiRVs }msLRiV. Bj sLigkiRVVNRPV y
sVVQ\sVs xmsLiRVgRi. NRPNRPy[ ry*sV |qs|msLiLRiVc @N][LRiV[ s[ NRPV NSsLiR xmsRsVVgRi
ssLSRV xmsp}qszqsLji. @N][LRiV sVWRs yLRisVVs sVLRi sLiR LRiR xmsRRWR rygjiLixms
Tsj. Aj gRiLigRiNRPVxmssRV\s ysWRLRi, LRiWxmsyLSRVV\|ms ry*sV RsV xmsLjiyLRisVV][
F~gRiWR\|ms xmsRVsLiLji. 1935 |qs|msLiLRiV 27s sVRxmspLRiV yxqsso sxmss\|ms ry*sV
RVR ZNP[gjiLji. @xmsVRV sVRxmspLRiV dRV sxms[RsV ZNP[LiRsVVgS sVTNTP FsoRVsj.
y sVLij RVVsNRPVV, sVNTPgS NRPaS syLRiVV LS][xVgS LRi TLji.
xmssVV s}tsQy[ sVsj. @xmspLRi*Q\sVs ry*sVLSNRP[ xmsVR*sVV s}tsQyV N]LiR
s[VLRiNRPV xqsRLi RWyLRiry*sV y*sLiRVNRPVsV, sVR xqssWs[aRP NSLRiNRPsVsVVV
sLRi*zLiRVNRPVsV xmsNRPV dsV NRPLisj. ry*sV sVRxmspLRiV sLRis zqs y
sVLijLRisVs LSNUPRWLi][s xmsLRiVV ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [RVg][LjiLji. A L][ ryRVLiNS

sWLRiVgRiLi[xmsos Ljigji LRiryNRPV sRV sxtsQL<RiQ\|msyLji N][lLisV LRiryjNSLji sVsLi,

FssV ssV. yLRiV ry*sV xqsNRPV [LRiV xqsLjiNTP ryRVLiNSsVV F~RVFLiVVsj. @LiRV[
ry*sV xmspsLiRLRisVV saSLi\ZNP [sZNP[gjiLji. sxmss NSLRiVV N]LiR RRso s[ sLRiVy=x\
LRiryNRPV sVLRi FsVRVNRPVQ\Lji. NSs LiVVLiR[ ry*sV RVNRPV sLji, sxtsQRVsVV zqssj
yLji\ZNP ry*sV NRPVLRiVxmsLizmsLji. yLRiVsVLRisLji. ryuyLigRi xmsTLji. [aRP ry*RLiRQ
xqssVVFyLRisNRPVsV, xms xqsLiZOP[QsV rNTPs ry*sV RWbdPxqsV=sV yLRiV xqsssRVsVVgS
sLjiLiLji.
sVRxmspLRiVsVLiT ry*sV LRig`ixmspLRiV sLji. @NRPR sVLiT yysgRiLRiV FLiVVLji. LRigRixmspLRiV[
\lLiV sWLRisVV NRPLSgSLRisVVVNRPso. yysgRiLRi sVVNRPV xmsLjiaRPsV ZNP[LiRsVV. RLS*R
dLRiV[s yVgRiV xqsLiryssVVV xqsLiyLRisVV [zqsLji. ZNPWLRiVxtsvL`is sVsxmsVRV RLRi
[yRVsVV RLji+Li, g][sLiR LiLji [soRsV yRVs NRPLisVLiT LiVW sgRixsVVsV
ss xqsLirys xmsRsVVLiRV gRiRV. sVRVWLRi Li xqsLirys sVV xmssVgRiV
LjiFyRsVVsgRi yLRi[aRP*Lki [yRVsVVs sVLigRi RLRi+ssVV [zqsN]sLji. LS dsgjiLji
xqsLiryssVVs sVygRi`s RLiU [yRVsVV NRPRV. sWsVWVgS zqsLix yxssVVsNRPV
RVVgS sR sVgRiV NRPRV. ry*sV RVR yVgRiVL][VLiTLji.
ILjiry=[s NRPNRPV xmss[bPLi 1936 Gzms 4s RVxmsoLRi xqsLiryssVVsNRPV ry*sV RsLji. Bj
NRPRV xmsoLSRs\sVsj. xmsLRisV xmssR \sVsj. sVLRiRsVVs ksNTP sLS {mshRisVs }msLRiVgRiRV.
@uyRaRPaRPNTP {mshRisVV[ sj VVNRP. BR \sRLRi RVVRLRi yzsgS xmsszLiRVsV. BNRPR
xmsLiLiRV |msR [yRVsVVVss. ss y gRiso. @sRVV xmsoLSRs [yRV sLS
N_aRPsVVs sLRiVso NRPgjiLiRV xqsVLiRLRiRLRi bPsVV. lLiLiRV aRPyVNRPV xmspLRi*sVR
rsVRWaRPRsVV[ RVxmsoLRisVsV LRiVRysV dsV xms[aRPsVVsNRPV NRPgjisj. RWxmsoLRis[V

RVxmsoLRi\sVsj. BLiRV js xmsLiRNRPsVVLiT ZNP[LiR\sVs NRPNRPVNRPV ry*sV[LjiLji. aRPLiNRPLRi RVLi

LiVVR Ljigjisj. 1936 s[V 3s ryOTPQ g][FysVVsNRPV ry*sVsLji. ILjiry=[ kss gRiWLji
VVNRPgSRNRPRV. BRLRiV xVV NRPLi sVLiT NSbdPNTPFLiVVLji. INRPRV sVVRVxqs. lLiLiRs
RVRRV RVVsNRPVRV. RWRsVLiT NRPLiNTP Ljigji LSgSs[ RsNRPWRVLRiV yRVVsNRPVsNTP
|msLiT[RVss sXRVRV ygSssVV[|qssV. sVRVLRi[ g][FyVs gRiVT[ ds ygSsdsVRVTsj.
sLRiNRPV sVVRVxqs RsygSssVV FyLixms[RV. RVVsNRPVRV LS yryssVVs sWgRisVV
sV. ryORPVs*LRis LSRVgRigS RVVsNRPVRV g][Fy[soRssV. sVRVLRiFLiVV [sos
sLiyRV, yLji[ g][FyVs\ZNP RVVsNRPVRVssVLjigji RWRLSRV. NRPLizqsyLRiV[ ds
sRVsWLixmnsVssVV RVVsNRPVRV[zqsyRV. RORPQs[VRRQ[aRPsVVs g][Fy[soRV sgRixsVVgS
sWLji syRV. RLS*R xmspLkixmsV NRPy sgRixsVV sNRPRsVLiT ryOTPQg][FysVVsNRPV
sV.
ryOTPQg][FysVVsVLiT xmspLkigRiyRsVVsNRPV ry*sV xmsRVsLiLji. |msRRVWlLi[gjiLixmsossLiRLRisVV
g][sLRissVhRisVVs ry*sVNTP sRVQQNRPsVVgRi yR dsVRVTsj. g][sLRissVhRisVV][V
BRLS\Q*RsVhRisVV\s aRPLiNRPLSsLiRsVhRisVV, bPsdLRisVhRisVV, g][FydLRisVhRisVVV NRPWR
dsRVVR=ssVVs Fysss. ry*sVNTPs xmsLjiyLRisVVsNRPVsV sRVV rNRPLRisVVV
yVsVhRisVVVsV [zqsss. gRiyRry*sV RLRi+ssVV [zqsN]s sVVsVLiRxms
xqssy*LixqsVN][lLiQ\|ms ry*sV sVVsVLiRxmssVV sLiNRPLjiLi xmsLjixtsQRVs NSbdPaRPV+xqsgjiLji.
ry*sV gkiLS*xtsQ[ sVxmsszqsLiRVRV ""AjaRPLiNRPLRigRisyRV FyRxmsRsVV sLRiV
xmspLiLji. yLRiV [aRPsVVs RxmsVRVzqsyLiRsVVsVsWLi xqsR xmsuyxmss[zqss
sVsVsoV. gRiRVLRiVsoV. yLjiysgS sWNRPV dsVLkig_LRissVV sLRis sLiRVsVV. 1936
s[V 6s \saSxmspLjisV. xmspLkixqsdsVxmssVVs sVx[RkryssVV ry*sV [zqsLji. 9s [ks NRP
xmsLiTR xmsLjixtsQyQLRiLi[R=ssVVsV ry*sV [zqsLji. sWsXRVV ysVLij LiVVxmsry*sV

RLRi+s s[VjsR=LRisVVNTPLiR sLRiVsj\VRs {mshSyLRiVV sV[s[LiR

xqsLRixqs*dry*sVyLji rysRsVVs[ RzmsLixms [RVVRVsRsLji. sVLRi sLRiVsjVssVRs
RWyLRixqssj }qsygRisVV gRiyLRiVdsLRigRiV RVxqsRXaRP xmsosZaP[xtsQ xmnssVsLji.
NRP xqsLRiM FyLiR xqsLiyLRisVV y NRPxtsQRLRi\sVsj, Fs^Qs xmsLRi*RsVVV, R\sVs RVRsoV,
sxqsVNRP xms RVWxqsLRi ZOP[Q RsVVV yssV. jssVVsNRPV sLRiVsj\VRV \sV ]xmsVs
sR RWyLRi ry*sV xmsLjiyLRisVV][ 1936 s[V 17s RRxmsoLRisVV [LRiVN]sLji. Bj xqssVVR
dLRisVVs xqsLRixqsV=sNRPV ROTPQ gRisVVsNRPV sLRigRiRV. AjaRPLiNRPLRiV [ssVLiRV NRPRV. \
4s yLRiLi#\sVs yRVLSxqs sRsVV L>RiLixmsoLRisVVs Ljigjisj. @N][LRiV[ sRVsgRiLRisVVs
ssLSRVQR=ssVVV sLRi*zLixms Tss. @N][LRiV 31s NRP sVxqs[ ry*sV
RV\Q*RsVVsV gRiWLji xmsxmsLiLiLji. xLjixLRi[RsVV [RsRVV, xqssVLRi LSsVyxqsVs sLi
sV WgRiVV xLjixLS\Q*R sWLSsLissVVs RLjiLi LRisRVV ssLjiLiLji, s sWLRi
gSsVVV s xQ\Q*R Fyzms sLiRVRVLRiV. [Fyxqsy sWLRisVV lLiLiTNTPs ORPQ
sVVNRP[RVs ry*sV xqs{tsQNRPLjiLiLji.
ALiR[ zqsLiR ZOP[Q RsVVxmsoLSRsRWy ZNP[LiRsVV. sV[xLRi\sVs zqsLij\|ms sLSx
sLRizqsLixry*sV sN]s RVVyLRiV. 1936 ssLiLRiV 4s \s RLRi+ssVV [zqsN]s ry*sV
gRiLigSyLS FyR xqsdsVxmssVVs N]LiR}qsxmso yssVVs gRiTzmsLji. sVWRV L][ RLS*R
saSxmssVV [LjiLji. Bj lLi[soxmssVV. C FyLiR xqsLiyLSsLiRLRisVV g][ysLki FyLiRLi
xmsLRiLiLji. 1937 yRVLSxqs sRsVV FyN]Vs Ljigjisj. @NRPR sVLiT
LSsV}LiRsLRisVV [LjiLji. Bj g_RdsV dLRisVVs gRiRV. 1938 ssLji 31 sVx[RRV
sVxmsLRi*sVV AyLRiry*sV NSNTPyR xqsLiRsVVs xmsLRi*ryssWRLjiLiLji. RLS*R NRPXuy
gRiVLiWLRiV sWLRiV sVLiRsVV xmsLRis Ljigjisj. sRV yNRP[ NRPXuy ryssVV [zqsLji.

1938 yRVLSxqssRsVV gRiVLiWLRiVs LRiVxmsTsj. C xqssVRVsVVs xmsR yNRPLRi

xmsLiTRVRV $ xmso DsWsV}aRP*LRiaSzqsQgSLRiV sW j\VRVa][NRPsVVV gRi $ RLiRZaP[LRi
sRV sVLRiRLRi xqsLixqsQXR NSssVVsV ry*sV NRPLiNTPRsVLji.
1938 ssLiLRiV sVLiT 1939 ssLji sLRiNRPV ry*sV sWLRiVs sTj [zqsLji. sLiNRPgjiLjis,
NSxzqss, RLji+Li LRiVxmsNTP sVLRi ry*sV [LjiLji. 1939 GzmsV[ $ aRPLiNRPLRi RVLi
""VgRi''[ Ljigjisj. LRiVRs N]LiR\|ms $ xqsVx[aRP*LRiV RLji+LiRVN]s 1939 s[V 2s ry*sV
NRPLi[LRiVN]sLji.
NRPLi sVLiT RLiLRisVV dsVRVgS LSs[VaRP*LRisVVsZNP[gji RVR LSsVyRry*sVNTP s[
xqsLigRisVsVV sVLiT s gRiLigRi][ s}tsQNRPsVV [RVs. LSs[VaRP*LRisVVs 1922 |qs|msLiLRiV[
dzqsN]sxqs LiVVxqsVNRPsV s[ xqsLigRisVsVVxqs 25c7c1934 [ks NRPzmss xqsLigRi xmshjiRNRPV RVVsV
gRiy. @R gRiLigRisV LSs[VaRP*LRisVVsNRPV g]LiFLiVV ssWgjiLiRV sj. 1939 s 10s sgji
dLRisVVs ryssWT ry*sV [yRVsVVs ZNP[gji RV}tsQNRPsVV [zqsLji. ks][ ry*sV yLji gRiLigS
RWR, xqsLixmspLRiQ\sVsj. sVVy sVLiT RWLRiVsWxqssVVV ry*sV sssVV FyLiLji.
@LiVVssV RWy NSLRiNRPsVsVsWgRi[RV. sVhRi sRVV sLRi*zLixmsRVRVs[RVVss.
LSsVyRxmsoLRisVV, xmsoRVN][, LRiV, RLispLRiV
sVLiRsVVLiRVyxms[aRPsVVVxmsosxqs=LiyLRisVV[zqs LiVVLRiVsjVNRP
xqsLisR=LRisVVgSN]srygRiVRVs sRV RWRsV sVVgjiLiRVN]s RWyLRi ry*sV
NRPVLiN][sVVs xmss[bPLiLji. BR sVLiT[V sRV RWR FyLRiLi#\sVsj. 1939 s 29
RWxms yxqsVNRPV LRixqsLRiRV\sVs aRPVjssVV. ry*sV xqssj RsVNRPV LisLiRVNRPV
yLji RWsLiys NRPLiRV[RV.

sVs Fyds RLRi xqsLiryxmsscxmsoL][gRi

RWsyLRi\NRP sLiaRPsR=LRiRWR, sVsFyds RLRi xqsLiryxmsy xmsgRiRVNRPV szqss
sLSRNRP RLRiNRPV xqsVgRisV sWLRisVV s[LRiLRisj. RLRiVyR NSgRis zLiRVso[s
ss sLRisVVWLji xqs\sVNRPsVVssV, \sjNRP, s[yLiyRRVysV uyssVVNRPVsV, sRVQQNRP
sVRNRPLSRLRisVVsNRPVsV, aSxqsQRXztsQ zqsyLiyyLRi xmsyLRisVVNRPVsV, xms sssVVs
yyN_sRsVVsNRPVsV, ks s xqsLi}qssssVVxqsNRPVsV, [NRP NRPsVVsNRPVsV,
WgRisVV\s RVs[NRP sWLRisVVNRPV ry*sV RVLiNRPVLSLRisVV [zqsLji.
ry*sV 1939[ sVVyjNRPLSsLRi xqssVs[LSV [zqsLji. ks xms}qss |msRVRVs [RVsgRiVss
RLixmso. xmsVysosVs sVhRi xmssRVsV sVVyjNSLRiV LiRVLRiV. C xqssV NSLRi sRVV
[yRVsVV gRiV}qsRNRPV xms xqsxNSLRisVV }qsNRPLjiLiRV, [yRVsVVLiRV
syLRiyRVV sVR=yRVsV RVysjgS LRiVgRiVsVRWRV, GNSRbPsLi xmsLRi*jssVV
sVR=ssVV xmsoLS xmssRssVV LjizmsLiRV. DR=ssVVLiRV LiRV LRiRsVVV gRiV,
sWRVV LRiVsoV Rso* sLi xqsxNSLRi NSLRiNRPsVsVV[ ss sLRisVV xms NRP][
[LRiV, sVVR\s xmszR NSLRisVV xmsgRiNTP RsWsVVs xqsRy yzmsNTPs
yyLRiry*sV RLispLRiV sVLiR gSsVsVVNRPVsV, sRLRi xms[aRPsVVNRPVsV xmsLRiLi,
sVVyjNSLRiV xqssWs[aRPsVVsV sRVsVR NSsVV s[LSV [zqs yLjiNTP xqs*RVsVVgS sj
sLRi*x syssVV sV][jLiLji.
ry*sV RLRi+NRPR*sVVss[ LRi [yRVsVV xmsosLRiVRLRisVVsV, NRPVLi}tsQN][R=ssVVVsV
sLRi*QQLjiLixms Tss. xmsosLRiVRLRisLiRLRisVV LigSLRiV NSsWOTPQ NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV 1941 s[
Ljigjisj. LiVZNP[aRP*LRisVVs xmsLiRsVV[aRP*LS RVsVVLRiQzqs[ sVsj. 1943[

ry*sVRLji+Li RVNRPR |msLjigjis V yLRisVVsV dLiVVLi, RW [yRV sLRiVsWs

rLiRLRisVVs NRPVLRixmsT, ys xmsosLjiLSsVVsNRPV s[LSV [LiVVLiLji. A sR=LRisVV s[
NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV [LiVVLiLji. dsLRi][ sj VVRVssVsLRiVs\ sVLRiVRWLRiVs bPyRVsVV
NRPRV. @j xqsLixmspLRi bPjsxqs[ sVsj. ks gRiV[R [LiVVLi NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVVsV 1943[
ry*sV [LiVVLiLji. y [VLiRVgS NRPLiNSsWOTPQ [yRV xmsosLRiVRLRisVV xmsgRi[ sVsj.
gRiV}qsR xmspLjiNSgSs[ 1944 zmnssLji 7s [ks sV\sssVVgS NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV Ljigjisj.
xqsVsWlLi[js[ NRPsVV [yRV FyLigRisVVs [Lji NRPVLi}tsQNRP sVx[R=ssVV RLji+Li
RLjiLiLji. RsRLRi+ssVVgS NSsVN][ N][aRPryssVV ""sVWNRPxmsLiR aRP'' RVsV [dsNRPssVV
sVVjLisj.
lLiLiRs xmsxmsLiR RVVR RVxtsQRsVVV xmsdsNRPsVVsNRPV NRPxtsQsxtsQsVVV NRPgjiLi
RWLi][sV NRPgjiLixms NRPVLiR ss[yRVsVVLiRVsV LRiVy}tsQNRP LRiVRxqsxxqs sxtsv
xqsxxqsysVFyLSRVVsV, sRVQQNSLRisVsV LRiVxmssss 1942[ RLSyRVaS
RWsWssVVsNRPVsV, [yRWjNSLRiVNRPVsV ry*sVxqsWLiLji. RRsVryLRisVVgS y
[yRVsVV[ sV [RVTsj. 1942 GzmsV[ sVyLRiV gRiVT xqsdsVxmsxmso xmspssWLRiV[
xqsLRi* xms xqsLiZOP[QsWLRisVV ry*sV xqssyssVVs @ LRiVRRWgRisVV [RVTsj. |qs|msLiLRiV[
LRiV sVLiR sVLiR ""ssVV''s dsRWgRis[V [RVTsj. C sR=LRixmso yRVLSxqssR
sVRs[ ry*sV LjizmsLji. LRiV xmssVVsNRPV xmsbPsVsVVs sVVxmsj \sV RWLRisVVs sVs
""aRPLiNRPLRisV\''sV ry*sV LiVW sVLiR xqsLiyLRisVVs RWLji. NSbdPLRisVVssVs aRPLiNSLRiyLRi
xmsLRi*RsVV\|ms sVsQ[ LiVVR NRPWR sVLigRisVV NRPRV. 1943 sWLji 2s ry*sV C
N]LiRsNTPsxmsVRV lLiLiTLiNTPs gRi ryRXaRPsVV gRisVsLixmsoRs xmssV |RLjiLiLji. LRiVs\
sVLRiVRWLRiVs RLRiVyR @ LRiVRsVORPQsVsVV 1949 zmnssLji[ [RVTsj. xmspLRi*sVVs ss[
sVV s[ xqsLisV s Fys ry*sV xmsryRsVV sLiRVN]sLji. [ds ssLSRVV NRPWR

sRs[ Ljigjiss. RLS*R 1949 @N][LRiVcssLiLRiV sVR NSsVVs ry*sVNRPVysVVs

sVLiTLji. RV ryssVVsNRPV xmsjssVVsV sWRVWLRisVVsNRPV sTyLRiV.
zLiRVsoNRPV s[RsVV sVW gRiLiRsVV, yLjiRNRPsVVgS RVRVRVNRPVV NRPgjissV s[R LRiORPQ
sss[ zLiRW xqsLixqsQX xmsLjiLRiOTPQLixms Tsj. ARVsNRP syssVV sssV sRLRi xmsssVV
sssV ds sVR NSsVVs s[yRRVs xmshRis bPORPQ N_aRPsVV xqssgjisj. C OUPQRNRPV
NSLRi\sVs RVxtsQaRPNRPV \s]gRi[RVVNRPV ry*sV ""\sjNRP RLRi xmsLjiFyy xqs''sV ryzmsLiLji.
1944[ yLRiLi#\sVs LiVW xqsR*LRisVVs, [aRPsVVs ssR gRisVV[ s[R xmsLiTRVNRPV
yL<jiNRP xqssWs[aRPsVV [LRiLRiVxms Tss. \sjNRP ryLRixqs*RsVVs xmsLkiORPQV Ljizms RVVdLRiVNRPV
xsV xmsyssVV [RVTsj. FssNRP gRis s[R sy*LixqsVNRPV ss s[Rs dsVRVTsj.
s[RFyhRiaS s[LRiLRiVxms Tsj. \sjNRP xqsLixqsQX xmsLjiLRiORPQNRPV sRVV ryRQ\sVsLiR ryRV
sVs sRsVV [RVTsj. 1955 ssLji[ NRPLi[ ry*sV RVVsxmsVRV xmssVV s[R
xmsLiTR xqss[VssVV gSsLiLji. xmssVV s[R xmsLiTRVV RWsyLRiRsVV sVLiT
VVgRiry=sVs[RsVV[ ssNRP gRis 17 sVLij xsVRV][ xqsysLixms TLji.
xtsQsVV sVWsVVs, ss[NRP s[yLiR LRiRs y*LRisVVs, yRLSsVuyssVV sVxms[aRPsVVsc
sVxms[xtsQgS, gRiRVLRiVsogS, yRLRi+sVVgSsLij aRPLiNRPLRiVV sWssN][NTP xmsryjLis
sVxmsLRisV\Q*R zqsyLiRsVV. aRPLiNRPLRigRisyRVV sN]s [V sVRxqsLixqs xmsyyaRPRV\sVs
s\Q*Rs xmsyLRis[V. @\Q*R yzmsNTP NRPLiNSsVN][ {mshRi gRiRVLRiVsLRiVV xsVVNRPXztsQ
sgRiRsVVgS [zqsLji. @\Q*yRRVy sXjNTP NRP sVV syssVV 1894[ sVs ry*sV
xmsLRisV gRiVLRiVsoV NRPVLiN][\Q*R xqssV FyLRiLiLisxmsVRV LRiWF~LijLixmsTsj. @\Q*R
xmsLiTRV yL<jiNRP xqssWs[aRPsVVV, s\Q*yRRVs xmsLRiV NRPVxmsNSLRi s[Rs xmsyssVVsV,
s\Q*yRRVssVVsNRPV xqssVVR FyhRi xmsNS sLRiRVsVVsV ""x sR'' RVsV xqsLiNS
xmsRVLRisVVsV ys][V [RVszqss sVV NSLRiNRPsVsVVV xmspFyRV LRiVsj RWLRis

{mshSjxmsRV xqssVORPQsVVs xmsRsV xqssWs[aRPsVV 1895 [ Ljigjisj. sV sVx[FyyRV $

LSaSzqsQ RVlgi[xqsLRiVVgS N]LiRLRiV xmsR \Q*R sy*LixqsVV gRiLidL][xmsyxqssVVLji.
aSryQLRi RLRiV, yNSLRi ssLRisVV gkiLS*sVVssV, RsVsVVs yRLRi FyRsVV\s
RVVxmsyxqssVVVsV ds xqssWs[aRPsVV N]s sVV NSLRiNRPsVsVVV @\Q*R aSxqsQ xmsLkiORPQ[
sVdLRiV\s yLjiNTP xsVRVdRVTss. G[ yLRiV yL<jiNRP xqsNRPV ss][ yLjiNTP
xsVRVdRV Ts. 1945 [ sVs ry*sVyLjixqssVORPQsVVs ds xqs xqs*L][R=ssVV
NRPVLiN][sVVs sV \sssVVgS Ljigjisj. ry*sV RW xqs NRPXztsQ ssLijLi RV\Q*R
s[yLiRFyaRPxqsQsVV sVgRiTLiLji. AR VVNRP[ sRsVV RNTPss sVR RVsVs[
RV\Q*RsVWxqsWRsVs ry*sV sLRiWzmsLiLji. sVRsWRW aRPsVV RVLiRLSLRisVV xqsLjigS
ssgRiRsVV[zqsN]sNRP ssVLRi+NRPV \Q*RsVVs][xqssVV sLiRVLRiV. xmsLRisryssVVs ss[NRPR*sVVs
xmsxmsLiRsVVs xqsRsVV[NRPFLiVVssV sj sxtsQWs NRPLRisVVNSRV. [RRVsVV sLRiNRPV
sWRWxmsxmsLiRsVVxmsWgRixmsRVsV. @LiRV[yss ysLjiNRP xqsRsVVgS xmsLjigRiLiLji. C
gRisVVssVLiT[V xqsssVVgRis[, sVssVV sVVNTPQ\ZNP RVLixmsssV C sRsVVss[
[RRVsVVs sWRWsLRi LigRi\sV xqsV*xqs*LRiWFysV xqsLiyssVV sLiRV RVxqs\s sWORPQsVV.
ssRsVysVRWRVVV yLjiyLji xms[NSLSRy syss[V RVxqs\sRs RLiRVLRiV. NSs
RV\Q*RV\sVs sVss[V sVRsWLRisVV ss \ssF~LiRRVsj VVZNP[\s sVsssVVRVsVV.
@\Q*RsVRxqsRR*sVVsVgRiVLjiLiRVNRPV \sNTP xmsyssVV, @\Q*R sVR[RNRPVV [aRP
ssRgRisVVLixmsNRPxmsVRV F~R RWzms RV\Q*R xmsRLRi+NRPsVVgS aSaRP*RLRiRsV [zqsLji. A
gRiLiRsVVsV Rjs RVLiR ryLRiWR\sVs s xqsLiFyRs [zqsN]sV sVssj. xqs*L][R=s
xsVVgS ss[NRP sy*LixqsV[ xqsLixqsQXRsVVs sLRiLixms Ts [Vj VVNRP yxqssVVVgRi
RV\Q*R xms[R xqsLiNRP xmsRVLjiR\sVsj. ks][V RsVsVVs yLigRisVVs s\Q*R sxtsQLiVVNRP
yxqs gRiLiRsVVV lLiLiRV xmsRVLjiLixms Tss.

xmsj[VLiR RLS*R 1956 sWLji[ ds RV\Q*R xqs s[R=ssVV NRPLi xqsdsVxmssVVs sVs
bPsryssVVs LRiVxmsTsj. ry*sVRVxmsVRV NRPLi[s[ RVVLiTLji.
DxmssxtsQRQRLji+R\sVs RWRRRQ*sVVsV xmsyLRisVV [RVV, RV\Q*R sVysLiNRPVV
RsVRVLiRV s WRsVVLiRV NRP Ligji xqssVzRR*LiVs LRiVgRisRVV, RVsV jssVV
kss}qsss[][ VVNRP sRsVVs yRLjiLiRV, ssR sVRsVV [R xmsLjiuyLRisVV [zqs
rysVLRixqssVV NRPLixms RVLiRV RV\Q*R xmsys ORPQ sVVVgS ry*sV xqsryLRiV
NRPV][jLiLji.
@\Q*R sVRsVWsVVs[ sVR s[RsVVV ]gRi gRiso. xmsLRixqsLSsgSxsVV rysVW
NRPs][ ZNP[\ssVV ssR ysV LRiWxmssVV][ yLSjLixms RVRVyRs gRiVLjiLiRV
RVxtsQLRisVV NSRV. RN]NRP sRsVVs \yLSRssVVsRsV sxtsQRVsVV xmsxmsLiR sVR RLjiRNRPV
zLiRW sVRsVV xmsryjLis sZaP[uyLiaRPsVsVsj yxqsssVV, @LiVVssV sFxV
xqsLiNRPVRR*sVV xmnssVVgS zLiRWsVRsVVs gRi ss zqsyLiRsVV yLRixmsVRxmsVRV
RgRisoRVN]sVRVLiTLji. ROTPQ LRiRsVVs \ZaPs\sxtsQssVV[ ds RgRiso NRPVs\Vss.
A*LRiVV yRVyLRiVV xqsLRi* xqssWsR*RXNRPRsVV NRPylLi[\VssV yLji RVsVRLRiVV
RLiNRPVR [RsVVsV, sVWLRisVV\s FyOTPQNRP \sbPxtsQsVVsV [skzqsLji. RsVyRVssVs \ZaPs
\sxtsQs xqs\sVNRPrysVLRixqssVV ryjLiRV xqssVs*RVxmsRNTP sVRsVsVV LRiWF~LijLixms ry*sV
N][LjiLji. RRsVgRiVsVVgS 1950[ LRiVFyQ\s LRiVsLi\s xtsQRLigRi xqssWs[aRPsVV Ljigjisj.
RsVLSxqssVVs bPyRVsVV sVNRPyRNSLRiV LRiVsLi\s c suyRVsVV yLiy
LRiVFyQ\s gSssVV [RVTss. 1950 T|qsLiLRiV[ LRiVs\ sVLRiVRWLRiV[s \ZaPs\sxtsQs
xmsLiTRV xqssWs[aRP xmsLRi ry*sV RVVRVV ZNP[ s[jNRP\|ms sWTLiLji. Bj RVxmspLRi*
xqsss[aRPsVV. ""skyLi rygRiL][gRiM'' sxqsLRi*sVRsVVsV xqslLi[*aRP*LRiV NRPss[[LRiVsV. @s

ry*sV RW xqssWs[aRPsVV sLRi jssVVs xqsxtsQxmsLRiLji. ""GN][ [sM ZNP[aRP[ ybP[y'' ""GNRPs[V
yj*dRVLi xM'' xqsLRi* LRiORPQNRP xqsRsVVNRP[. A \ssVVsV [LRiV NRPs[NRP sWLRisVVV. ss
sWLRi gRisVssVVs yLjiRzms gRisVsVVNRP[ \ssVsVsj sVLRiVsLSRV c sR*sVVs
NRPVN]ss][ xqsVsVV[RV. yLigjisV sVs sLSry*sV, sbPLiRgSsVs sxtsvso dsLji
sgRixsVVV xqsLixmspLRi rsVVsNRPVsV, sLRiXRVR*sVVsNRPVsV xsVVsVsj
xmsRQOSQsVssVV sLijs y[ LiVW LRiVFyQ\s c LRiVsLi\s gSssVV xmsLSsWLRi yRVNRPsVVsV,
xmsLRisWsLiRxmsRsVVsVsgRiVsV'' @s ry*sV xmsNRPLiLji.
sVVVNRP xqs[s[ sxtsQRVsVVs sWRVRV ry*sV zmssj ""IZNP[ xmsLRi\ssVVsV s
RXNRPRsVV yLSjLiRV[ xmsV xmsLRixqsLRisVV RgRisoRV sgRiRsVV[RV, bPs xmsoLSsVV
bPsos, sxtsv xmsoLSsVV sxtsvs xqsVLixmssRVsV. NSs xqssVVysgSxsVVs RVLRiFyRVsVV
]gjiFsosV. xmsoLSsVVLi]NRP [syxqsV [RVTs sj ysyRs[V gSs xmsLRisVsVV
NSRsgRizLixmsssV. yxqssNRPsVVgS lLiLiRV [sxmsVRV, IZNP[ \ssVV s ysVLRiWxmssVV
zqsLiRV sxmsoRV, |RV RgRiVVgSs, DRsWRsVsVVVgSs VVLiRgRiso.
bPsZNP[aRPy[RsVVsV xLjixLS\Q*RsVVsV yV gRiLiRsVVVsss sVssVV sxqsLjiLixmsLSRV.
bPs[*xtsvV sxtsv][xtsv[ RVsRVV sxtsv[*xtsvV bPs[*xtsv[ RVsRVV xqsVxqsxtsQsVVgS
xmsNRPLixmsTsj. sVs[ ssLjiNTPxtsQ\sVs LRiWxmssVVs yLRiV [syLSRs [RVsRV. Bj
""LiVVxtsQ[syLSRs xmsR'' sLRiV ZNP[s xmsLRisWR sLiRVNRPV sVVLiRV xqsgRiV LRiWxmssVVs
[syLSRs sWLRiLiLixms ssV. ds LiVVxtsQ\sVs RW sVWLji[V ds LiVVxtsQ [sR. FssLjiNTPxtsQ\sVs
[sysVWLjis yLSLSjLixms ssVxmsogS sVLiRVsV. # ZNP[QNSgRiRV N]srygRiV RVsN]j yLRiV
[RLRizR\sVs ZNP[s xmsLRixsVV sLiRgRiLRiV. sVxL<RiVV sV WgRiVV F~Lijs
RVsVssVj. @LiRV[ s\sVs bPsNRPVV s\sVs sxtsvNRPV][ FLSRLSRV.''

""C xqsLiRLRisVVs lLiLiRV NTP NUPLRissV, xqsWNRPVsV sVssVV xqsLjiLiRV sVLij, @s

ALiy LRiLis LRiVFyQ\s c sVNRPyRNRPLRiVs LRiVsLi\s. ssWLRigRiRV\s NRPVV
NUPLjiLiRV sxtsvxqsV xmsLRisVVNRP c bPsxqsV xmsLRisVVNRP. lLiLiRVsV syxqsV\s NRPVNRPV s[VV
N]VxmsoV. C lLiLiRV NUPLRis uy LRiRssVVssV sxqsV sLRissVVssV rysVsVV xqsxtsQsVVgS
g][RLjiLiRVsV. NRP RXNRPRsVVssV, NTPRVLiRVsV, bPsZNP[aRPs[RRXztsQ RVVLiRsNRPLRi[Rs
sVsLi RxmsNRP RVj sLRiRVLi [RVszqs sRVsV. INRP [sy NRPVRs [sRNSLSRNRPV[. NTP
rysVLRixqssVVsNRPVsj VVNRP[ sWLRisVV. sVs sVRsVVsLiR RWzqsNRP xqsLixqssRVV s[R
sVR ssVV[ s[RsVV ""GNRPLixqs`sFyM xysRs'' RVs xmsNRPLiRV RVsj.
""Ds]NRP[, Vs LRiWxmso\ss sssRV'' ""}msLRiV}msLRiVsLi VssRV''.
ALRiLiLi sVLiT[V LiVW xqs\sVN][RsVsVV NRPsVNRPsVLigS xmssWssVVsV RWLRig]sVRVsj.
NRPV \|ms lLiLiRV NRPsRsV gSsLi [RVV NRPVy=xxmsRV RVLiTLji. RsVLSxqssVVs ds
lLiLiRV NUPLRisV [yRVsVV[, yRVV xmsryLRiLi [RVTss, xXRRVLigRisVsVV\s ds
lLiLiRV NRPsygSssVV yNSaRPy sVWsVVs xmsryLRisVV [LiVVLiRVNRPV ds xqsLixqs
xqsxNRPLjiLiRVRVsj. RsVyRVs ssR FyLiRsVV[ ds lLiLiRVNUPLRis xmsyLRixmsxmsLiRsVV\ZNP
sRVLiRsV xqs#[LSV [RVRVRVss. 1952 T|qsLiLRiV 8s sWRVWLRisVVs
ROTPQsVWLji [ssVVs Ljigjis VVNRPxqs[ RWLRi[aRP# \sVs yLiVVLiRV[ LRiVFyQ\s
LRiVsLi\s xmsLiRVgRi LiVVxmsNTPsLRiVgRiVRVsRsRVV, ks FysVVsVV sVs xms
ZNPLRiVNRP[RsRVV sj xmsLjia][Rs ss N]RgS zqssRsRVV ry*sV slLi[bPLiLji. C
RVVR=ssVV bPsZNP[aRPs xqssWRsVVs\ZNP [RVRVsV. ALRiQ RLRi+ssVVs sNRPR dsRVVR=ssVV
LRiVgRiVsV. BNRPR ss[ RVNRPR NRPWR ][RVgS ""][ sVx[R=ssVV'' NRPWR [RVRVsV.
RsVyRVs ""ALRiQsV'' LRiVFyQ\scLRiVsLi\s ""ysV sVVs sVssVV zmsVssVV. yLiVVLiRV
sV zmsVRVLRiV. ""sLi\scFy\s''RVs N]j sWLRiV][ ds ysV sVR xmsVNRP RVsV.

sVs RgRiLRi s[LRiVN]ssV yLiVV xmsdxmsLiRVgRisV [RVVRVyLRiV. C sxtsQRVsVV gRiVLjiLi

sVssVVNRPWR dsxmsLiRVgRisV xmsosLSRLRi[ |mssssRVV, sVs RWyLRisVVsV, xms[
xmsyLRisVV [RVsssRV, yLiVV xms xmsLiRVgRi sVsNRPV s[LRiVRVs FyhRisVs $
AyLRiry*sV xms RXztsQNTP Lji.
""zLiRW xqsLixqsQXNTP sVRsWyLRisVV. AyNRPR ysNTP sssVVNRP. BRLRiR yNTPNRP
NRPsRV bP sXyj NRPV sVsNRPV xmssR\sVss. zLiRW xqsLixqsQX xqsLS*LigkisVVgS
gRiRsVVs xmsxmsLiR xmsLjiyxmsQ\sVsj. ys xmss sVLiR NRPRsVNRPV ryORPQ sVVV xmsbPsVsVVs
dsxmso sVLiT RWLRiVs y, sLRiNRPV gRiso. xqsLRi*yxmsNRP\sVs zLiRW xqsLixqsQXs gRiWLji
RVVxmsszqsLiRV xqsLiRLRisVVs 1947 ssLji[ NRPVLiN][ sVhRisVVs xqs[ ry*sV
dRVsVVLiVVs NRPV sXRV sVRLjiLixms szqss RVsxqsLRisVVsVyLiRVRV dsssVRLjiLi
xmsRLRisVV sLiRVsV [RV ssV. BsRVsRVV \s saS*xqssVVsV, yyNRP
xmsWssVVLiRV RXR\sVs ssVNRPsVVsV xqssVNRPWLRiVss[RVs sVs
sVsxqsVssVLiRVN]sssV. xmsoLSRssVV\ sNRPNRPVsV sXRVNRPVsV [yRVsVVV
ZNP[LiRsVVV. yxqsV bPNRP, xmssW bPsVV[yRVsLSsVVsLiRVsV, sgRix
LRiWxmsNRPssVV sLiRVsV NSszqsss. C NRP zqsyLiRsVVV, gRisVsNRPV \ZaPs, aSNRP, sxqs.
FyLiRLSygRisVsVV sVLiT s[LRiVN]s sRVVsV. C RWgRisVsVV[ sRVQQNRP [syLRisNRPV,
[yRV sj sLRi*xNRPV ssxqsLRisVLiVVs aSxqsQ sxtsQRVsVVNRPV, sLRiNRPV NSyLRisVVV.
DR=ssVVLiRVsV, xmsLRi*sVVLiRVsV [yRVsVVLi[ xmsoLS[xqssVV xmssRssVV
LjilgiTj. sxmsR lgi[RVsVVV, sXRsVVV, xmsoLS[xqssVVLiR sVR gSR[ NRPy sxqsVso
gSgRis. [yRV sLSRNRP Fyds bP NRP xmsosLRiVRLRiNRPVsV, xmsLjiFxtsQNRPVsV, NRPXztsQ
[RVV NRP xqsLixqssV LRiWF~LijLixmssss ry*sV yLiLiLji. 1962 [ xmsxmsRsVsVVgS NRP
xqsR}qs=LSV [RVTsj. Bj yRVLSxqsNSsVVs ""B RWRLi'' gRiVT[ Ljigjisj. Bj

""@yxqs LRiygRisV bP xqsRxqsV=''. @sWs aSxqsQ xmsdsVV, sy*LixqsVV, ds xqsRxqsV=sV

yLSaRPRVsVV s[VLRiNRPV yL<jiNRP xqssWs[aRPsVVs yLjiyLji RVsWs sxtsQRVsVV xmsR
xqssVLRiNRPVsV, sxtsQWys xmsxqsLigRisVVNRPV yxRV\Lji. xqsLixmsyRV\s RWgRisV
xmsLiTRV][ V, bPxmssVVVV, s[aRP sy*LixqsVV NRPWR xqsRxqsV=[ FysLji. @LRiNRPVV,
NRPLRiNSLiRV, [syLRiyRVsV gRiWLji RLRi[zqs xqsLijgRi sxtsQRV xqssVs*RVsVV [RVssV.
][VsVV, sV, @ RVV RVORPQgSssVV, VNRPR, sVxmsVcNRPRNRPcsVVR\s
ryLixqsQXNRP NSLRiNRPsVsVV [LSV [RVTss. BxmsNTPds xqsRxqsV= aSaRP*R\sVs yL<jiNRP
NSLRiNRPsV\sVsj. 1963[ yLSRV xmsoLRisVVs (sVRVLRi) 1964[ NRPLi[ 1965[ sVRLSxqsVs
1966 [ NSxzqs[ds yL<jiNRPxqsV Ljigjiss. NSxzqs[ RVLRiVsRs yRVLSxqssRsVV
ry*sV LjizmsLji.
zLiRWsVR xqsLixqssV yyLRissLRisVVsV xqsLiLRiOTPQLiRVNRPVsV, xmsoL][gRisVLixms[RVVNRPVsV,
szqss xqssVztsQsyssVVsV LRiWF~LijLixms[zqs RVsVztsQLixms[RVVNRPV, ROTPQLRiRsVVsLiR
RLRi {mshRisVV RVRQORPV sxmsVRxmsVRV xqssWs[aRPsVV xqsdsVNRPLjiLiRV\ZNP NRPRs N]j
sR=LRisVV[ Ljigjis NRPXztsQ gRisRV\sVsj. Bj ry*sVyLji s[RXR*sVVss[ ryRQ\sVsj. C
xmsRVRsVVs zLiRW [yRVxqsLixqs xXRRVxmspLRi*NRP xqsLixmspLRi xqsxNSLRisVV sRVRVsj.
RLRi{mshSjxmsRV xqssWs[aRPsVV RVV[aRPsVVs.
AzqsNRPVj xms[ |msLiF~LijLixms[RVVaRPNRPV xmsxtsQsVV[RVV RsWsVVs sxqs\s zLiRW
RLRixqs*LRiWxmssVV xms NRPsVNRPV NRPVsV [RVV, zLiRW xqsLixmnsVxqsLiryxmssNRPV NRPXztsQ[RVV.
zLiRVsoV xqsyyLRixqsLixmssVgRiVsV [RVV xqs*sVV\s [RsVVVRxmscssR
zLiRWsVR xqsLixqs[ rysVs[V VNRPVsRVVsj. INRP sVLi sxtsQRVs[VsVscssR
xqsLixmsyRVsVVNRPV sVW RLRisVVNRP[ RVsRVV xmsys RRNRP[ RVsRVV, sWORPQ

LRiWxmsgRisVsVVNRP[ RVsRVV sVyLixms rygjiLji.

RVxmso ys NSLRiNRPsVsVV ry*sV LRiWF~LijLis kss xqsRV NSLRiNRPsVsVV[ NRP,
Bj y yso ssVztsQLixms RVRVsj. ks ssVxqsLjiLi xms BLisV xms jssVV sLiNRPV
sVVLiRV gRiV|msRV RVsVV NRP \|msxqssV ks NRPV[bPLis VVNRP FyR[ sVLixmsssV. yss
yLRisVVs N]NRPryLji [VyRNSyR ZNPsNRP\Vs xqsLixmnsVsVVyLRiV }qsNRPLjiLixmsssV. yR[gSs
RgRiLRi[gSs RVVs [yRVsVVs yss xmsLiTLi [sy ss[Rs NRPVxmsWgjiLixms ssV. C
ss[jyssVVsV F~sVVVgS NRP F~sVV xmsj\|msxqs sLiRVs }msR NRPsVssV. C ss
RssVVsV, FyR[s \|msxqssV NRPV sVVR\s sLiLRiNRPVsNRPVsV, rysVgjiNTPs,
sLiysNTPssLixmsssV. C syssVV yRXxms gRiX{RNRPVRVVNRPV xmsWsNRPLRis[V.
xms jssVV ysVV [syLSRsNRPV RsV WzmssLiR ssWgjiLiRV N]sVRVysVs yRV,
\s xmsryRsVV VLiRVRVLisVs xms gRiX{RV RXzmssLiRVRVLRiV. ksxqsyssVV
|msLiF~LiRVsV. ANRPdLRiVsV. BV xms gRiX{RNRPV sVV.
jNRPV[s zLiRWaRPssVVsV xmsoLRiFyNRP xqsLixqsVsV, sgRiLRi FyNRP xqsLixqsVsV FyLRi s[RVV
|mnsWLRixmsR RVLRiLRi\sVsj. sLisLiRNSs[V NSNRP sVLRiLisxmsVRVNRPWR RVLRiRXxtsQsLiRV\s
ksV VR NRPyLRiV RRV][ RsV RRsV sLRi*QQLjiLixms sssry*sV xms[xms[
RVV][jLiRVRVs[RVVLiTLji. C jNRPV[s aRPssVV NRPLiRNTPRVV [RVV y sVVsVV.
ks xmns sVaRP*s[VRxmnssVLiRj. (@yR }msR xqsLiryLS RaRP*s[VRxmnsLi [`) ry*sV
FRsVVs s[LRiLRiVxms Ts ""zLiRWsVR yR \ZNPLiNRPLRi xqsLixmnsV'' NRPLRissVV[
sjsVVRj. dsRV[, LRiry[ \sRaS[ sVLRiLis ksV NRPLiRNTPRVV LRiVxmsoRVV
xqsLixmnsV xqs sj.

C xqsLixmnsV NSLRiNRPsVsVVV :
\sR aSNRPV yLRiyLRisVV s, ry*sV yLji xmsryRsVV sW, NRPVLiNRPVsV y
sLRiWssVV [zqs xqsVsVRV \syssVV [LiVVLiRV, sVLRixqssVQQ\s yLjiNTP RVzqs, gRiLigS
dLRisVV sRV, yLji xmsNRPs[ RVVLiT LSsVysV xqsLRi [RVV, yLRisVVs N]NRPryLji
gSsVsVVNRPVFLiVV RVR xmsNRPV zLiRW RLRisVW xqsWRsVVV ssLjiLiRV, LRi[
sVsyLjiNTP \sNSyNRP bPORPQ xqsWRsVV\|ms RLRiRV xqsLixtsQ s[LSV [RVV.
Bs ry*sV yLji[ yLRiLiLixms TsLiVVRLRi NSLRiNRPsVsVVVcxqsLixqsV.
1. yLRisV : IN]NRP xms[aRPsVVyLRiV rysVWzNRPsVVgS yLRisVVs N]NRPryLji xqsdsVxms
[yRVsVVs ZNP[gji s[RVV.
2. @sVLRi LRid xmsLkiOSQ xqssV sN], ys RWR*LRisVVs FyLRiLiNRPVNRPV xqsLixqsQXR [R
[LiVVLiRV, sRVsVRNSsVVs xmsLkiORPQV sRzms WgRiy xmsRsVVV xsVRV sRV.
3. xqsLixqsQXR uyRRVssVV ssXj LijLiRVNRPV sVRLSxqsV xqsdsVxmssVVsgRi
sLRi`}ms[ sVRLSxqsV xqsLixqsQXR sy xqsLixmnsVryxmss [RVV.
4. @\Q*R gRiLiRN][aRP xmsRVLRi : kss NRPLi RVVxtsQsRQ}LiR sVhRi RVdLiRVV ks
xqsLiNRPs NRPLRi. dsLRiV ry*sV yLRiV LRiWF~LijLis NSLRiNRPsVsVV[ y xqsLisR=LRisVVVgS
][RRV RVyLRiV.

5. sVV RWy xqssVVLiRV yjaRPLiNRPLRi ryLRiNRP sVLiRxms sLSsVVVcdss sxtsQRVsVV

sVVLiRV sVVLiRV xmsrysLixms RVsV.
sVs ryLixqsQXNRP xmsRssVVsNRPV xmsys NSLRisVV[ s[aRPsVV FysVVNRP. 1947 @gRixqsV
15s sVygSLij yRVNRPR*sVVs LRiR [aRP ry*RLiRQ Fyzms][ sj ]gjisj. NSs
LSNUPRV ssVVNTP sWRsVVs gRisVsVV ryjLixms R[RV. @j LRidRV \Rs
s[s[xtsQsVVsNRPV yLjidRVssV. ry*RLiRQj[R=ssVVs ry*sV LiVVs xqsLi[aRP sVj.
""C LRiR[aRPsVV ry*RLiRQsVV sLijs LiVW aRPVsxqsLRisVVs xmsLRiV \sNRPss][
xXRRV xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS \s FyLRis [RVssV. @yNRP xmsgRiNTP, sV[yLRiQsVVsNRPV
gRisLiRVRV aRPNTPs xmsryjLixms sss sVssVV FyLjiLixmsssV. gRisLiRVs RRVsss[ sVsNRPV
Lis ry*RLiRQsVVsV xmsLjiLRiOTPQLiRV N]sgRisVV. xmsxmsLiR soLRiVsV
s\sVsrxqsLixmsRsV F~LiRV[ xqsRVxmsRgRisVV. yNSsVV sVs[aRPsVV
ry*RLiRQsVVs\ZNP FLST, \s NRPORPQsVVssV, VVxtsv RVsVgRixsVVssV sxqssWs\sVs xms
ygRisVWsVVssV, yss ryjLisV. NRPLRiVso NSNRPsVV sjgRisVLi sVs[aRPsVV sVxqsLixmss
sVgRiVsVgRisV, sVR NRP[sLRizRV\ xms LRiV xqs\sVNRP ssVVs sLiRVNRPVsV,
xqsLS*LiRLSsV RVgRiV gRisLiRVs NRPXFysVXR sL<RisVV NRPVLjiRVgSRsVs sVssVV gRisLiRVs
s[RVRsVV.'' BLijRVysVVsV, ds yLiRsV sR xmsV sVVxqsRVsVVsV
|msLiF~LijLiRV N]ssssRVV, sV[sgRixsVVs RRQ*s xqsLixmssVQQ\ sWORPQgSsVVV
NSsssRVV ry*sV xms sV][jLiLji.
NRPLi[
xms[ sVR \RssVVNRPgjiLiRV NSLRiNRPsV sLRi*xsV N]srygjiLiRV xqsLiRLRisVVs ry*sV

ROTPQsVLiRsVVs sVVsVVgS RLispLRiVsxms xmsNRPV xmsLRiLis RVsLiRLRisVV 1953

s 22s ry*sV NRPLiZNP[gji sVWRV xqsLisR=LRisVVVLiTLji.
NRPLiNSsVN][ {mshSjxmsRsVVsNRPV yLRixqsVss[*ztsQLi yLjiNTP {mshRiRy sLRi*xsVVsNRPV
szqss sybPORPQ dsRVsss ry*sVyLiLiLji. LRiV[ ROTPQ\lLi[*RVV][gjigSsVs
$sVx[s@RVLRiVgSLji NRPVsWLRiVRV xqsVx ysV[RVVs bPxtsvsgS ssVN]sV
Ljigjisj. A sVV sVhRisVVss[ s[yRRVssVV yRVs [RVVRVLisV. 1954 s dsRVsNRPV
xmsLi]sV[LiRV, 1954 sWLji 19 sVLiT 22 sLRiNRPV yRVs RVLkiRWaRPsV {qs*NSLRisVVsV,
sVx[yN][xms[aRPsVV sVVR\s \sjNRP NRPLRiNSLiR Ljigjisj. sVyN][xms[aRPsVV ry*sV[V
[zqsLji. sWLji 22 s s[xmsV xmssVVs ysVx[R=s RLRi+[y=x\ sLji.
bPxtsvRV xqsLRi*dLRi xmsoxtsQLji[ sRVsVV[RV sT, ry*sVLSgSs[ RV[xmsdsRsVVsV
xmspLS*aRPsV sxqsQsVVsV sxqsLjiLisV. @xmsVRV NSuyRVsxqsQsVVV RLjiLi sZaP[*aRP*LRiVs
gRiVTZNP[lgisV. @RyLjiNTP ry*sV yN][xms[aRPsVV [zqsLji. yLjiNTP [VLiR xqsLRixqs*RVsV
WgRixms dsVRVTsj. ysVLiT RWRVs ry*sV xmsxmsRsVbPxtsvVgS yLji][Rs[RVVLiT
{mshRisj sLRi*x NRPsxqsLRi\sVs RW[aRPsVVsV g]sVRVLiTLji.
1954 s[V 18s ry*sV xtsQxtsQxmspLji sVx[R=ssVV RWsyLRiRsVVs LRiVxmsTsj. ry*sV
bPxtsQsLRisVVsNRPV xqsLi[aRPsVRVsV. ""aRPNTPsLiRs [NRPVLiR s[Rss xqsLiLRiORPQsVV
[RVsssRVV, xms[ NTPRR*sVV xyzms sLiR[RVsssRVV, RLRiNSLRisVV\ZNP
WyyRVV[RVsssRVV N][LjiLji. NSsVN][ N][aRPrysdsV sVx[R=s xsVVgS
xxqsWR xtsQsVV ssLRisVV][ RVLjiLisj. 1957 sWLji 17s ry*sV
yLji{mshSjxmsRsVVsNRPV xqs*L][R=ssVV NRPyLiVV[ Ljigjisj. BRs[ 1907 [
dsLSyLRi{mshRisVV sjztsQLiLji.

ry*sV xqsLi[aRPsVVs ""sxms NRPLRiaRPysVVNRPRsV sVsNRPV RVVsV. NRPRs

[VjsR=LRisVV[ sVss[VsV [zqssj zqsLis[NRPssVV[zqs xmsWssVV [RV.
\sRRQ\sVs sRZaP[xtsQsVVsNRPV NRPLRiss[VsV? RVs RW[LiRV RVVRsVV. xqsLRi*NRPLRi
sVLiT ry*RLiRQsVV xqsLiFyjLiRV sVssVV [RVszqss NSLRisVV. sRVQQNRPNRPLSRLRisVV
xmsLjiRLiRV NRPLRi ry*RLiRQsVs gRis` gkiR[ gRisLiRVRV xms[RV.
NRPLSsVuyssVVsss[ \sxtsQLRiQsVV zqsjLiRVsV. FsNRPLRisVRQXRsVVgS [zqss\sxtsQLRiQsVV
zqsjLiRVsV? CxmsaRPNRPVgRiskR[gRiysVs RWsV xqsLjiLiRVRsVV. ""NRPLSsVuyssVV
xqs=gS LRiVgRiszqss[ ys gRisyLS Rs LRiVgRisLiRV, sVssRVQQNRPNRPLRisV sVssVV
[RVVRsVV. sRVQQNRPNRPLSRLRiNRPV \s}qss, gRisyLSRssVV, yss[ \sNRPXxmssLiRsRVsV.
NSs sjsLRi*xsVVssV, RsWsVVs \s\ZNPLiNRPLRisVVssV sVssVV xmsLRisVxmsoLRiVuyLRisVV
sLiRgRisVV'' @s RW[bPLiLji.
1957 sVLiT
sVRLSxqsV RLjiR[ 1957c59 sVRNSsVV LRixqsLRiRV\sVsj. BLRiVsj\VRVxqsLisR=LRisVV
RVsLiRLRisVV ry*sV LiVW lLiLi[LiTLiRVLiRVV. RLiRsdaRP*LRi xmsoLRixqsVLiRLki \sRsVV
xmspsLiRLRisVV, R][Q*xms[aRPsVV[R sgRiLRixmsV xmsodsRV\ ry*sV xqssyssVVssV,
ssVgRix xmsssVVssV xmsobdPV\Lji. xmsys bPuygRi][ ry*sVNTP sVy=xxmspLjiR\sV
g_LRisdsRV\sVs ry*gRiRxqssVLRi Ljigjisj. 1957 |qs|msLiLRiV 53 s dsLRiV sgRiLRisVVs xmss[bPLiLji.
sVRLSxqsV zLiRW xmsNS xmsyss[Lji $ s. LSsVNRPXxtsQ@RVLki sRVQQNRPry*gRiRsVx[R=s
xqssWyLRi}qsNRPLRi\ZNP sWgjiLixmssV. a][xqssVV*\sVs yLS NSLRiNRPsVsVV RsV
sQQNTPgRiysVssVVsVgRiTLiLji.

""BRM xmspLRi*sVV xmspFyRV RLRi+sgRisVV yNRPV [sVs s[sV xmsNSs[LjigS sjsLRi*x

LRisVVs ss. @xqsyRXaRP#\sVs gRisVV ssRVLRiVN]sVRVsRs s[sVgRi\ss.
ry*sVyLji xmsRsVRLRi+ssVVss[ yVVRV sj, @sLS*RQ\sVs sVsxqs=LiRssVV
rygjisj, [M xmspLRisVV\s RW NRPORPQdsORPQsVVVsV, sRV xmsR\sVs RW xxqssVVRRVV,
aSLiRLRiLigRi\sV VVNRPQ\sVRWsLjiLi [g]ssj. s[sV sLRiRVsVVgS ry*sVNTP
aRPLRigRiRVR\ss. $ NRPxqsWLji $syxqssV NRPVVLixqsVV, y*sxqsLixtsvxqsVQ\s
sgRiLRixmssVVVV, ""ssryRVsssVVs'' (Farme House) ry*sVNTPs ry*gRiRsVx[R=s
yLRisV xmsLixmso][ y RVV][gRisjsLRi*x\sVsj. ElLi[gjiLixmsoR=ssVVs ry*sV
xqssVVyLiNRPLRia][R\sVsFyNTP[ xmspFyRVV bPxtsvV $ [VLiR xqsLRixqs*ry*sV,
xqsLixqsQXRNRPaSNRPV N]LiFTLji.'' @s y xqssWyLRi[sV sVVgjiLis y RVV][gRiRLRisVV
xmspLjiQ\Vs[. NSs RW xmspFyR xqssjsVLiT NRPR[NRPFLiVVs. @xmsRVR xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS
s[sVsWlLi[gjiLixmsosLisLis LS F~RVFLiVVsRLS*R ry*sVsaSLiZNP[gRigS s[
s[sLisVVgRisVV xmss.
ry*sV xmspsLiRL][xmsyxqssVVNRPV [NRPVs[V NRPVV sT yLRiV. L][NRPV L][sRsVV
_yLRisVV |msLRiVgRiVRVsV sWysVssVV NRPVgRiVRVsj. ry*sV xmsp}qsRVV sxmsVRV
RLji+LiRV jysVss[V \yLSRs [zqssLiR xmnsxmsRsVV. ryRVLi xmspsLiRLRisVV ry*sV
s[jNRP\|msNTP s N]LiR}qsxmso sssVVgS sVxmssxtsvgRiVRVLRiV. $ ROTPQ sVWLji ss y
xmsNRPR xmsLRix RRVQ*s sLiRVsVV. sVs ry*sV sssVVs xmspLRi*LRiLigRisVV xqssVNRPWLji
RLRiVyR xqsLi[aSRNRP\sVs RVVxmsyxqssVV sRVLRiV. sVssVV yLji ss gRiLidLSLRisVV sVgRi[s
yLRisVVgRiy. @LiRV[ sxmsRVRsVVgS, xqsx sV[xLRi gRiLidLSLRi xms[RNRPsVVgS yLji ygRiLji
rygRiVsV. Fyds sssVV, ssR \sNRP sWLRisVV sRVyRs xmsLjia][Ry xmnsyLiaRPsVVV

sxsVxsVNRP][ xqssWgRisVLi yLjiRVVxms [aRPyzs[ sVLRiNRP sRVsV. @sLis sVLi

FysWNRP\sVs yLji RWysVss[V yLji xms yNRPVsNRPV sVV sRVRVLiRVsV.
yLRiVsLiRV yNRPVsNRPV sVV sRVRVLiRVsV. yLRiVsLiRV xms aRPsVVsV, xqs*LRisVVsV,
sWRsV, sZaP[xtsQsVVsV saRPV\lLi xmsV ygjis[RVVRVLiTL][ RVVsVsVLiRVsV. C
xqssWs[aRPsVVNRPV xqs*RVsVVgS s ss[syLRiV ""zLiRW'' ""xqs*[aRP sVR'' sLi
yLSxmsNRP[s xqssWyLRisVVsV Rjs RWsLijLiTyLRiV.
ry*sV RVVxms[aRP \sbPxtsQ ryLRisVVsV NRPVxmssVVgS sLiRV F~LiRVxmsLRiVRVRVysV.
""gRiRVLRiV ysV ryLRiNRPsVVgS ry*sV yLji RVVxms[aRPsVVV sWss NRPLiRNRPV sV[bPLixms
Tss. yLji RVVxms[aRPsVVV zLiRVsosV[bPLi zmsssV sRLRi sVysVRWRVVNRPV NRPWR
sLjiLiRVsV. @\Q*R sWj aRPLiNRPLRiV sR xmsyLRiNRP zqsyLiR\sVssV sRLRi sVRsVV][gSs
RWyNRP zqsyLiRsVV][gSs ysNTP sL][RsVV[RV. GjRVV ysNRPdRsVV NSRV. xqsR
xqsLixmspLSsVssVsgS s\Q*Rs[V. Bj RVLiRLRiNRPV gRisVsVV. C sVxRLRi xqssVgRi RXNRPRsVV
FyLRiLixmsLRisVVgS sLiRV ss ss RXNRPRsVV xqssVs*RVsVVssV, ys s\Q*R ryLiVVNTP
sLijLiRV RVLiRVsV ry*sV ZNP[sWRsVVsV NRPxtsQsVV [NRPFLiVVsj.
@\Q*RsVV ssRsVRsVV[ yNRPsVRsVV NSRV. ss sVRsVVNRPVsV,
xqsLixmsyRVsVVNRPVsV Lijs sVxL<RiV LiRL][ LiVW RV\Q*ysV ssVVNRPgji RVVLiTLji.
yLjiRVsVssVV sRLRiV RVsVssVV xqsLiRLjiLi RWRVN]sLji. RRQ*LSRVry*sV sVRV*RV
sVrys ry|V sVVzqssVV, @\Q*RsVVsV NSRss LiVW soNRPVV ys NRPVxmsryLRiNRPV[ RVLiVVLji.
yLRiLiRLRiV s\Q*Rs[V sWRVRVLRiV. saS xXRRVV\s gRiRVLRiV $ aRPLiNRPLRigRisyRVV
xqsRxmsyLRigSsVV\s RVs zqsyLiRsVVsVs\Q*yLiRLRiRsVVVgS xqssVs*LiVVLiRVLRiV. BRLRi

zqsyLiRsVV @\Q*RsVV][ sL][jLissV s\Q*RsVV sWRsVV ys][ sL][jLixmsRV.

@\Q*R xms[RsVVss[ ry*sVyLji ss][xms [aRPsVV RVsxqsLRisVV NRPsj. xqsLRi*xqsLiZOP[QsV NRPLRi
NRPXztsQNTPs, sLSRLiLRi\sVs sLRiVxtsQ\sV \ssVV yLSjLiRVNRPVsV, ys xqssWRV
sLRiLiRLSsVuyssVVsNRPVsV, s[yLiyRRVssVVsNRPVsV, sRxqsRQ\sVs RWysV
ssVVsNRPVsV, ry*sVyLRiV xms[RsVV [zqsLji, BssRVV s\Q*ysV syRVNRPsVV\s
sWLRisVV[RVs VLRiVgRissV.
""sLSyLRi\sVs VVNRP ssVLRi+NRPRV, "@\Q*RsVVs gRisLiRV[[Rs' ssVVsNRPV
\ysVgRixsVVss[ RV\Q*RzqsjNRPVgRiVsV. NSsos \yLSRss[VsRNSLRiNRPsVsVV[
xmsyssVs ry*sVyLSRLRi+sVVssV, ssVuyssVVssV, xms[RsVV sVWsVVssV''
sLRiWzmsLiLRisV[ yaRPLRis[VsVRVV[RV.
""\sNRPORPQsVVs\ZNP RVLixmss sRORPQsVVVgSs NSLRisVVVgSs sLRisVVV.
sryRsNRPV ssLjiNTP gSs yLji LiVVxtsQ [syLSRs RxmsRV. RxmsRVgRiVV s[RVVsxmsVRV
][xmsoRV LiT bPaRPVsoNRPVs FyLRiLiRaRP[ sj NRPVNRPVxmsNRPLjiLiRVsV. \sRVNTPQ\ZNPzNRP yLiy
xmsLjixmspLjiQ\ZNP gRiysVs FyLjiLixms sRVsV, NSs xqslLi[*y xqsV=[ssV'' @sV [NRP
NRPRNRP \sVs[ RVVRsV FyLRis, gRisRNRPVRV xqsLRi*sWsso NRPgS RWRVsV.
AyLRiry*sV RVVxms[aRPsVV[ RLRiVRVgS ssRVsj. ""sVRxmsLRixqsLSsgSxsVV''. ssR
sVysLiNRPV \sLRiVRsVVs NRPLRisVV[RV. \lLiV}qsxtsQsV[ xmsRWNRPVsV dzqsN]s Fso
ssR yxs [RNRPVs, sVyLiRLkiNRPLRisVV [RVV yLji RVRsVV NRPsVsV.

yxs[RNRPV NRPXztsQ NRPLRisVVsj. NSs ssR sVR xmsyLRiNRPV sVyLiRLkiNRPLRi

RVRsVVsNRPLRisVV[RV. @s sVRsVV \s sVVNRP[RVLiVVsxmsVRV xqs*sVRsVVsV dsT
RVssVV {qs*NRPLjiLiRV NRPsxqsLRisVV[RV. @s sVRsVVV ZNP[ dLRiVgRisVsss ksNRPLRisVVNSRV.
GNRPLRiWxmsR sVVsVVNSRV, xqs\sVNRPsVV xmsyssVV. sVssVRsVVsRVV xmsLRi\sRsVVNRP[RVs
[VNRPNRPLihRisVVgS xmsFyjLiRVRVss. sVRsVVsRVV sLisRVLiR
xqsLiLiRLRiy*LRisVVsLi sLis. INRPy*LRisVV NTPLiRsVs ysNTP ysVs y*LRisVV
|msRjgRisV RNTPss ssgRisV NRPsVsV. yxqsssVVs y*LRisVV sRVV ZNP[N]R][
ZNP[sRsVVgRi sVss. \ssVV s[LRiVNSsxmsV[sVRsVV\ss NTPLiRxmsLRiVRszqss RVsxqsLRisVV[RV.
sWsso RVLRiV[RsVVsV RVs[NRPsVRsVVVsss. Bj sVRRVLRisWssVVsNRPVsV,
s[*xtsQsVVNRPVsV yLjidRVLSRV.
zLiRWsVRsVxR*s[VsVsgS sj zqs sVRxqs\sVNRPsVVsV gRiVLjiLiRVRVsj
""ssRsVRsVVVxmsLRixqsLRi \sLRiVRsVV NRPgSs, aRPRVR*sVVNRPsgSs NSso. sV[sVss ZNP[
sRxqsRsVRsVVsNRPV RXNRPR[Rs[V.'' RVsVsj VVNRP zLiRVso RVWsWR
NRPRxqsWRsVVNSRV. Bj ry*sVs xmspLRi*NRP saS*xqssVV. NSszLiRVso[ zLiRVso[
RgRisoRV suyRNRPLRi\sVsj. zLiRWsVRsVV[ xmssVV\sVss[RsVV \ZaPs \sxtsQssVRsVVj.
aSxqsQxmssWsVVssgSs., sVRVQ\s sVRgRiVLRiVso RVsVyRNRP xms[RsVVssgSs
bPsZNP[aRPsoNRP[. @s[NRP sWLRisVV[sVsxmspLRiV*V \ssVVNRP[ RVs sVsNRPV[jLiLji.
sLSssV LRiLigRiLSssV LRiWFyLiRLRisVV[! x sxtsv bPsoNRP [sossVWLRiQLiRLRisVV[!
{qsQ xmsoLRiVxtsQ [sys[RsVVgSs sWy zmsRX[sy LRiWxmssVV s[RsVVsgSs LRiWFyLiRLRi*s[V
gRisVsLixmsssV. xLjixLSLRiyLkiaRP*LRi xqssVztsQLRiWxms [sysVWLRiVV. y xms[NRPFysVVsVV
NRPs. Bs xmsLRiRRQ*sVVs NRPxqsszRsVVgS sVssV [N]s FgRiso.

xmsosLRis\sV xmsxtsQ\sVs zLiRWsVRsVV zLiRVsoNRPV sWORPQsVRVZNP[gSNRP RWsRQxmsLiR

aRPV[RRVsVVsNRPV @sxqsLRisVV. zLiRWsVyLSRs\sVs s[RsVV ryOTPQNRPgRiLiRsVVNSRV.
GsVsVRxmssNRP RLji+LisxqsRQ\sVssV s[RsVVssVLiRVsV. \sjNRP RLRiVsV
gRiLigSsjVVRVssVs xmsorys xmnsVsVV[ ssRsVRsVVV. @xmsoLSRsNSsVVs
\sjNRPsVRs[V xmsxmsLiR sVLiRsV yzmsLi RVVLisV. NSNRPsVVs sRLRisVRRXNRPRsVVV
xmsxmsLiRsVVs sRLRi FyLiRsVV F~RRWzmsss. G][VVNRP \sjNRPsVyLiaRPsVVs[ RVs
RVVyLiRVRV xms[NRPsVRsVV\ sLjiQss. LRiRLiRsVV gRisaRPsVVs xmsLRisVxmssR\sV
xqssVgRi\sVs RVRxmso zLiRWRLRisVVsV xmsLjiLRiOTPQLiRVN]sVRV ssj.
s[RsVVs xqsyyLRi xqsLixmssQQ\sV, RLRiR\sVs sR xms[Rs[V NRPRV. sRVQQNRP NRPLSsVuyssVV
xqsRVxqsLixmssQQ\sVs rbdPsVV, [s][Fyxqss, s xqssVVFyLRis sVsVss s[RsVR
xmsysxqsWRsVVV LiRsNRP\sVs RWLRisyRVV xmsyssVVgS sLiRV, RVLRi# \sV
RVsVWQ\sVs sWssssVVsV xtsQsVV[RVV[V. C LiRsNRP sxtsQRV yLiRsLjiNRP
sVsMFysRQsVV sLiRssV. RLRiNRPLSRLRisVVs NRPNSLRisVVV xmsoxmsRsVVV NSgRiso.
C xmsos[V ssR xmsxmsLiRsVVs sRXxtsQLRiWxmssVVs gRixmsRsVgRiVsV.
RyLRiyxqsLisLRissVVV sRORPQ sVVV NSLSRV. RVNRPV LRiVs[ ORPQ sVVgSgRij sRNSLSRV.
RVVsNRP xXRRVsVV[ sVVsVVgS RLRisVVsR NTP sN]RssV. ssxmssW
sVsXjLijLixmsoRs xms ybPLiRV[ sLRisVV[RV. ss syssVVs _sRsVV
ORPQ sVVNSssV. @VQ\s sVLRiVQRV xqs*RVLiNRPXztsQ][, sRsVVsVsXj xmsLRiVRVN]s[RV.
\syysVuyssVV ss \sNRPXxms sLjiLixmsssV. Rxmsxqs=sV xmssyyzs[
sVVsTsgSs sV[sWssVV xmsOSQRsVVNSRV. @xmsLjiaRPVyLiRMNRPLRis[V
ss[NRPxqsLixmsssVgRiVsV. sysRsxqsVss[RyaRPNTP ysZNP[ NRPVgRiVsV. CaRPNTP[V[RRV
sWLRiQxmsRsVV.

ssVV sRsVXORPQxmnssVV. ss[NRPsLiRVRV, WgjiRVLiVVs yyRLRi+sWssoRV. ARsNTP LSgRi

[*xtsQsVVVLiRso. RWxtsQWxtsQsVVV xqssWssVV. NRPxtsQLRisVVs NRPVLigRiRV. ds[
LRiV\ssRWsVV [VsV. syzs[NRPxtsQLRisVV NRPVLigRiVsLiRV. @xmsVRj yNRPLRisVVNSRV.
sNTP xmsLRisWR VVNRP[ G\ZNPNRPxqsRsVV. RxqsLSxmsLiRVgRiLiR sVN]Vsos
sVsRVV sVXj*NSLRisVV[ \VsV ysVLRiWxmsgRiRLiRRVVsLi[. sNTP
xmsLRisWRVVNRP[ yxqsssVV. sLiRssVVNRPVRV. s sVLRi xqsLiryLRixmsRsVVs xmsRRV.
sWORPQsVV sVLRisLiRLRisVV zqsNSRV. @jRWRNRPV sR xqs*szqs. sNTPj sysVW.
@LiRV[sRsNTP RRVsVsj[RV. ""Dy*LRiVNRP sVsLiRy`'' sVVgjis ][xqsxmsLiRV ]TsV
sVLiT sTsTsV s LiRsVVNRPVRgRiVss sVXRVLiRV sVLiRsVVs gRiRV. C xmsLiRV
]TsV sVLiT LSRV. sTsRVsV sWRs[V. NSRV, xmsLiRVZNPLRiVNRP [NRPVLiR ]TsV[V dsTFsosV.
""C ][xqs xmsLiRV sVVNTP[V VLji ORPQ sVVsV. ksRVsVW sLijs yLRiV sVV''.
@ sV xmsVRV s VR F~RRWxmsoRVs[ RVVLiRVLRiV. xmsxmsLiRsVVs yLji RVVsNTP
RVRXxtsQs[V RVss. INRP sV xmsoLRiVxtsQ ryLigRiRsVVs s[ xmsV yLjiNTP RVNRPVLiRgRis[
sVV sLiRVRVLRiV. sVNRPV \sLRiVRsVVgSs s[RsVVgSs [RV. ""y [sz\ZNP ssV''
ssVV sss[ sVVNTP RVsVsj yLRiV xmsyLRisVV [zqss xqsLi[aRPsVV. NRP [xLiRsVV
sVLiT ssWRssVVs\ZNP yRNRP aSLi sWLRisVV ssLiLiRVLRiVgSR.
xmsxmsLiR xmsLjiyxmssVVgS sWss NTP xqsLRi*xqsLixmspLRisVV s xqsLiLRiORPQNRP\sVs RWjaRPLiNRPLRiV
xqsLi[aRPsVV sLijLiRV[ saRP*NRP xmsRNRPXztsQNTP $ AyLRiry*sV sRsVsVORPQsVV
ssWgjiLiRVRVs[ RVVyLRiV. Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVV yLji RV\Q*R sVR xmsyLRisVVsV xmsV
sxqsLjiLixmsNRPVLiRV\ZNP sVV RWy xqssVV[ aRPLiNRPLRi gRisyRVV ryLRiNRP sVLiRxms

sLSsVVs\ZNP ry*sV LiVW sVR y xqsLisR=LRisVVVgS ds NRPXztsQ[RVVRVyLRiV. @V

sLjiLixmsRs ys[ sVVsVVRj LSs[VaRP*LRisVVs LRiWF~LiRssV. 1963 Gzmns 7s [ks
$ LigSLRiV NSsWOTPQNRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV RLispLRiVs LjizmsLi ry*sV LSs[VaRP*LRisVVs g][xmsoLRi
xmsxtsQ ZNP[gjiLji. 1963 GzmsRV 28s aRPLiNRPLRiRVLi aRPVjssVVs g][xmsoLRi xmsuy NSLRiNRPsVsVV
Ljigjisj. y xmsRsVVs ry*sV $ [VLiR xqsLRixqs*d ry*sV yLji][ LSsVyRVs
[yRVsVVs ZNP[gji [sos xmsp ry*sV[V xqs*RVsVVgS [zqsLji. xmspsLiRLRisVV
NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVVs\ZNP NRPaRPsVVs s}tsQNRP sVVsVg]s sRVQQNRPsVVgS NRPVV sLiLS ry*sV
xqs*RVsVVgS sWR ysVLRisVV][ NRPaRPsVV dsRVRV sWR sVLiRxmssVVsNRPV sLji. $
[VLiR xqsLRixqs*d ry*sVyLRiV g][xmsoLRi bPLSgRi NRPVLixmsLiRNS}tsQNRPsVV [zqsLji. ry*sV
sVLixmssVVZNP[gji xsVsVNRPVy*RaRPs [LjiLigRisVVNRPV, ROTPQsVWLji RVLiRsVVsNRPV,
yjaRPLiNRPLRiVNRPV, yLji bPxtsvV sV*LjiNTP @LRis [zqsLji. sVLiRxmssVV ssVNRP xmsys [yRVsVV
xmsNRPsVs sVLijLRisVVs $ xqsLRixqs*d sgRix xmsxtsQsV $ ry*sV [zqsLji. WgjixmsoLigRiso][
LRiR[aRP ryLixqsQXNRP \sssVLiRRVV NRPryLji xqsLRiNRPV RV gRiRVLRiVso][ y ryLRiNRP
sVLiRxms sLS sVLiRRVV sVx[* RXaRPQ\sVsj. @gji dLRisVVs xmssR ryssWT
RVRgRis[, LiVW ryLRiNRP sVLiRxms sV[xLRi RLRi+ss[V sVVRLRiVgRiVsV. @LiR
xmsRLiaRPsVVsV }msORPQNRPVNRPV _sRsVV NRPgjiLiRV LRidRV xqsLixmsyRV FyLRiLixmsLRisVVs
xqsL][*RQXxtsQsVV sVx[yLRisVV\ss RXaRPsVVgS yj aRPLiNRPLRiVVcyLji bPxtsQ RRVxtsQRVsVV][
RWNRPVNRPV NRPsV xmsLiRVsogS xXRRWNRPL<RiNRPsVVgS sVx[*sVVgS sTzmsLiRVLRiV.
NRPVLi}tsQNRP xqsLiRLRisVVs yLS VVNRP xqsR}qs=LSQ\sj. Aj aRPLiNRPLRi xmsuy FysVVsVV
gRiWLji xqsRxqsV=s $ ry*sV xqsVNRPV ssLjiLiLji. sVLiRxqssVVs ry*sV RVVxqssVVgS
""NRP][V sVLiT sVVVNRP][VsNRPV RLRiRVgS s[gRisVVgS xqsLiyLRisVV [RVV ry*sV $
AjaRPLiNRPLRiVV. C xmssRLRiRsVVsLiRsV yLRiV xmsLRiLiLji. s[NTP aRPLiNRPLRiVV ROTPQsWRV

ZOP[Q RsVLiVVs LSs[VaRP*LRisVVs xqsVzqsLRiryssVVsLijyLRiV. LRiRsL<RiysVsVV[

ROTPQxmsoN]xqssVs ysVsVj. LRiRsL<RisVV sVsVWNRPV Rs xqsLi[aRPsVV yRVs xqs*RVsVVgRi
N]sFLiVVLji. NSs s[ sVLiT RWsyLRiRxmsdsNRPsVV LSs[VaRP*LRisVVsNRPV s
sVLiRxmssVLiRVs gRiRVLRiVFyRVNRPNRPV sVVNTP yLjiyLji xqsLi[a][y=xsVV g]sFRVLRiV.
AjaRPLiNRPLRixmsxtsQNRPV LSs[VaRP*LRis[V xmsRsV ryssVVgS s[VsV N]sTs][ ry*sV
xqs{tsQNRPLjiLiLji. sVLiRxmssVVsRV yLis[RVry*sV [yRVsVV NRPRV. ALis[RVRLRi+ssVV
[xqsVN]s NRPVV y*RaRP [LjiLigRisVV }qssLiRV N]LiRVLRiV. C LigRisVVsV ry*sV
ysysxqssVV[ xqs*RVsVVgS xmspLiLji. LSs[VaRP*LRisVV ys[ sLjiysVsVV.
y*RaRPLigRisVV[ LSsVyR}qsRVLigRisVV xmsRsV\sVsj. sVgRiVLRiV bPxtsv][sVs
RWjaRPLiNRPLRiVsV \|mssVs gRiVT[ RLji+Li RLjiLiRVLRiV. aRPLiNRPLRiVVsR{mshRisVVssVLixmsTLji.
@gjidLRisVVs ryssWTsyLRiV ssVjLjigji dLRisVVsLiNRP RWRgRis[ aRPLiNRPLRiV sgRixsVVsV
RWRgRiLRiV. AyLRiry*sV RLRi+ssVVs ss\lLis FyxmsLRizRV\ xqsLixmspLSsLiRsVV sLiRgRiLRi''s
sVsry*sVyLRiV |qssLji.
""LRiVs\ sVLRiVRWLRiV'' sNRPV sVyLRiVs sVsV ysWLiRLRisVV NRPRV. Bj aRPLiNRPLRi jgji*RV
RWy xqssVV[ NRP. @LiRV[ sj sVsNRPV sVV RWyxqssVV. aRPLiNRPLRiVRNTP s[zqs
sxmsRR [ssVV sLiR sV LigRisVVs[ ""RV\Q*Rs[V xqsRQ\sVs''Rs sLRiWzmsLiR
sss N][LjiLji. @LiVVs][ N]LiRLji sVsxqsV=[gRi xqsLi[xsVV sLRiVRLRisVVgS ssX NSgRiRV.
aRPLiNRPLRiV FyLRiysV ryLRisVV bPsoRV sVLigRisVV sVLiT sVsT NRPVT[s
""xqsRsV\Q*RsV'' ""xqsRsV\Q*RsV'' RVs sVVsWLRiVxmsNRPLisV. xmsd xqsLixmnsVs xqsVVsogS
xqsLixqsLjiLixms gRiVgRiVsLiR xqsLiNRPVRsVVgS dsLji gRiXx bP sVVLiRsss ry*sV RWbPLiLji.
BR aRPLiNRPLRisVhRi y*LRisVV\|mss NRP ssWssVV sLjiLixmsTsj. BNRPT sVLigRisVV sVLiT
VRTs ROTPQ xxqssVVsVcsRV [RVV [TLiRV aRPLiNRPLRiVV sgRix LRiWxmssVVs xmsztsQLixms

TLji. sVhSsLRisVV sVRNRP sVLiRxmssVVs aRPLiNRPLRiV FyRVNRPVxmsztsQLixms Tss. 1963

T|qsLiLRiV 5s [k ry*sVyLRiV $ [VLiR xqsLRixqs*dry*sV yLji] NRPzqs RW sWR
ryLRiNRPxsVVs NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVVs FysLji. BLiR sZaP[xtsQs[VsVsgS sWssVj RNRPs
sgji{tsQssgRi aSVs][ ds xmsoRVNRPLjiLixms Tss. A aSVss[ xmsLiTR xqsyLRisVVsNRPV
ssWgjiLiLji.
NRPLi[ $ sVhRisVVs uRaRPxqsLi xqsLiXR\sVs VVNRP sVLiRxmssVVs yj aRPLiNRPLRiVV yLji
bPxtsvV sV*LRiV, gRiVLRiVFyRVNRPV xmsztsQLixms Tss. 1964 zmnssLji 20s ROTPQ sVLiR
xqsLiyLSLiRsVVs ry*sV NRPLi [LjiLji. A sVLRiVy[ xmsxtsQ Ljigjisj. [aRP ROTPQgRisVVs gRi
NRPsNRPVsWLji[ gRiss NRPsNRPVsWLki[s RVVs][ aRPLiNRPLRiV ryLRiNRP sVLiRxms sVVNRP
sLjiR\sVsj. 1946 sWLji 31s sR NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV Ljigjisj.
ALiRxms[aRPsVVs gRi $\ZaP sV xmsLRi*RsVVNRP bPsZOP[Q RsVV. sRV RWy xqsLiRLRisVVss[NSNRP
AjaRPLiNRPLRiVV RLji+Lis xqssVs NRPWy 1934[ sVs ry*sV yLRiV kss RLji+LisV sVVLi[
sV. @NRPR NRPWR WgRiQ\sVs VVNRP sVLiRxmssVV NRPTsj. ks xmsuy
NSLRiNRPsVsVVsNRPV sVsry*sVyLRiV 1967 sWLji[ sLji. [LRigRis[ ry*sVyLRiV, $ [VLiR
xqsLRixqs*d ry*sVyLRiV Fyss Fyy gRiLigRi[ ryssWRLjiLiLji. $ sVNSLi sVNSLRiVsV
RLji+LiLji. sWLji 9 bPsLSyRV ""GNSRaRPLRiVRsVORPQsVNRPRVso'' Ljigjisj. 1967 sWLji 22s
aRPLiNRPLRi sVLiRxms NRPVLi}tsQNRPsVV Ljigjisj.
gRiLigSsRLRisVV Ljigjis ORPQLRi&VWRVsV ][ xX{tsQZNP[aRP xqsdsVxmssVVs sVsj. BR
aRPLiNRPLRiV [yRVsVV sLjiR\sVsj. ys xmsxtsQ 1967 s[V 14s aRPLiNRPLRi RVLiyRV Ljigjisj.

NRPVLRiVZOP[Q RsVVs aRPLiNRPLRi sgRixsVV, gki][xms[aRP sgRixsVVVsV xmsztsQLiR Tss. aRPLiNRPLRiryLRiNRP

sVLiRxms sLSsVV LiNRPRQLiNRPsVVssV xmsRWgRi RVLiRVsV, RLji RVLiRVsV LRiVgRisVss.
RQLiNRPsVV g][ysLjiRVVRxqssVV. xmsRWgRi gRiLigS RVsVVy xqsLRixqs*RV NRPWR. kss[
s[ xqsLigRisV sVLiRVLRiV. RLji[ [NRP NRPsVVs\ZNP sLRiyLSRVVV aSaRP*RxqsLizqs sLijLji.
aRPLiNRPLRiVV, yLji RW[aRPsVV[, dsNRPXztsQ[ LRiR LiRs[VNSNRP RWsRQxmsLiRsVV F~LiRgRi
sVx[RQXxtsQxmnssVV, xmsLRisV xmsWssVVsV gRiWLji ry*sV yLjisLji. ""AyLRi
aRPLiNRPLRigRisyRVsV sVLis RVsyLRis[V [RV. A sVV aRPLiNRPLRiV }qsRVbdPyRsVV,
RWsyLRiRsVV xmsLRiLi xtsQR ryxmsyyLRiVQ\Lji. xqsRssVV NSsss
RWyLRiry*sV LRiRs sRRVssVV [RVssV. gRisyRV xtsQsVV sVgRis
[aRPsVV[RV. yLji sVxRsVV ssryRsW? bP aSxqsssVVV NRPWR yLji RVaRPrysNRPsVVV.
@ Fyd [aRPFyLiRsVV[ ss[NRP bP aSxqsssVVV xmsoLSsxqsV xmsLjia][Rs aS yLRiV Rs*dzqsLji.
ys[ aRPLiNRPLRi gRisyRV xmsryss NRPRV. C NTPLij a][NRPsW aSxqsssVV[ NRPys[sj.
""sZaP[xtsQ xqsWLji sVWLSsWc
dsyLizmnsVxmsLiNRP`''
ss[VsVs RWsRQxmsLiR yQ*NRP sVLiR aRPLiNRPLRiV sW RsLixms szqss[. yssVR
bPLRixqsV=V ry*sV FyRxmsRsVVsV dsR[s sVLRisVVs sgRiVRVss. xmsxmsLiRssV
VVNRP RVVyysVW sLijsso VVNRPRVV bPLRixqsV=NRPV yLjiFyss xmsRRVVgRi
saSLi xqssVVgS\ssj.
NRPLi[ ry*sVyLRiVs 1953c57, 1957c59, sR=LRisVV[sV RLS*RsV sLiRsVLij W\s

[bPNRPV\s sy*LixqsVV sV, RyQ*s[*xtsQNRPVV, sVR[RNRPVV, NRPNSLRiVV, LSNUPRVs[RV

NRPWy ry*sVsRLji+LiLji. @saRP*LRi\sVs LRidRV yQ*NRP xqsLixmsyRVsVVsV gRiWLji
xqssVQgSssVV yLRiV F~LiRgRigjiLji. NSg][ saRP*syRWyLRiVQ\s sVsV zqsLigRiLRiV 1955[
AyLRiry*sVs RLji+Lis RLS*R sVRVQ\s ry*sVyLjis RLji+Li FLiVVs s[bdPRVV
LiR RVsVs sZaP[xtsQsVVsV xqsLjigS sV saRPkNRPLjiLiLji. ""s[sV zLiRW [aRPsVVsNRPV FNRP
xmspLRi*s[V RVR sVRVsV sVxL<RiVsV gRiWLji y sLis, Rjss. NSs RVj
RVLiRRVVs[][ xmsoLSRs NS sxtsQRVsVs sLis. NSs s[sV ry*sV yLjis RLji+Lis
RVsLiRLRis[V Rjs ss Fyds LRidRV yQ*NRP sVaRPNTP LiVVLiNRPsV zLiRW sVRsVVs
\Rs sLiRsVVgS sVsRs RVsVs xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS saRP*zqsLixms gRis. 1959[ yyLRi
ry*sV xqssjsLijs 'TheLotus and the Robot' @sV gRiLiRsVV LRiLis $ ALRiLRiV
N][xqsLRiV sVaRPRVVRV Rs RVsVssVVsV y|qssV. ry*sV sVLiRxqssVVs xmszqsFyxmss
NRPsLiRVsV. BsVLiRxqssVV gSs RRsVWs gSs s[ssRV sNRPR R[RV.
@dLijRV\sVs xXRRVLigRisVR* sVLiRV NRPRV. ""@sVLjiNS xqsLiRVVNRP LSxtsQsVVNRPV Lijs $
ALRiLRiV H|qssLRiV NRPLi ry*sVyLji NRP ryRVLi xqssVRVsVV RLji+Lis Rs gRi sZaP[xtsQsVVsV
xqsLixqsLjiLi LiVVssV. ""yLRiV ssV RWLji. A RWxmso[ s[Vy, NRPLRiV, rysVW NRPzqs R
sV[sVVgS zqsLi xmsxqss RsVyLRi LiRVLRisVVgS zmsss. INRP sV aSLiRsVWLjiQ\Vs
VVztsQ xqssyssVVs s[sVLissV xqsuysVssVV NRPsj.'' 1959 GzmsV 20 LS sVWRVsLRi
gRiLi xqsLixtsQ[s ssVV RXRsaS*xqssVVgS sLjiQsj. yLji xqsLixtsQsVVs
N]ssV NRPsV NRP gRidsRV\sVs RVyVNRPRV. @j yLji RWRLRi[ sVsj.
xmsXRNRPVs xmsVRVsV yLRiLiRLSRVsVV NRPLixmsLRiV. RLS*R xmsaRPNRPV xqssWys sVRV
sVVLi]NRP lLiLiRV ss[VxtsQsVVV RxmsNRP yLSgji xmssRs sVRVLRiV. yLji xmsRVRLRisVV
xqsWRFyRVsVVgS xqsWgS sVLiRVsV. @j RW[Ry xmspLRi*NRPsVs xqsVxqsxtsQsVVgRiVsV.''
@lLiLiy[ Wsqs\VLRiV=NRPVLijs NRPVsWLji RVWzmnsVy [Ljis (Miss Enghina

Borgina) 1962[ BRWRLigRiVT[ Ljigjis xmsRsWgRisV bP xqsRxqsV=sNRPV ssyLji[

NRP. AsV ry*sVs gRiWLji ""s[sV xmsxmsRsVsVVgS ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [zqss L][ y xmso
sZaP[xtsQsVVgS sLiRVsV. xqsxqsV sVLRi xmsxmsLiRsVVs NRPsRLjiLissVN]Lis. yLRiV }mssVsVWLji
yLji RLRi+s ORPQsVV sVLiT yLjiNRPLRiVs[NRPssVV, yyNRP sssVV, sVR [RV, dss
RVLiaRPsVV N]s ssgRiRsVV [zqsN]sgRi sLijs. xmspFyRVV xqsxqsV ss[ LiVVV yNTP
[NRP xqsLRi*xqsLigRi xmsLjiygji\V sLiRVLRiV, yLRiV RxmsxqsV=, yssVV, \yLSRs, xms[RsVVV
saRP*ZaP[RVsVVsZNP[ ssWgjiLiRVLRiV. yLji FyRsVV sVVNRPVRVsV. FsxmsVRV NUPLjiLiRVsV. y.
ALRiV . FnyLiZNPsV sVRLSxqsV[ xqsLiRVVNRP LSxtsQ xmsys xqsyLRiV. (U.S. consul
general) 1963[ sVRVLRidsVyOTPQ [yRVsVVs NRPVLi}tsQNRP xqssVRVsVVs sVVRryLji
ry*sVs RLji+LisV. yLji sVsxqsV=sNRPV xs sxtsQRVsVV sV LRiLixms Tss.
""[yRV FyLigRisVV sVRxms[aRPsVVs xqs*LRisVRV ssWssVV sRVNRP xqsLiRssVV
rygjisj. A LigRiLRiV ssWssVV NTPLiRs[ dsVyOUPQ[s RVVLiRVsV. @j sVsWNRPL<jiLisj. A
FyLiRsVVs xmssVVVV F~R\ss gRiRsVV][ [R RLiRsVV][ sRV NRPsXRVs\ZNP yLjisRV
RVLiTLji. ssWssVVs NSsLis ssyRVs xqsdsVzmsLisV. ARVs[V aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVV.
AgRiVRV sRVRVRV, sVsV xmsNRPRWRVRV yRVs sVVLiRVNRPV rygjiLji. ARVs VsLRiV?
ARVsNRPV }msLRiVsj. syxqsxqssVVsj. sRVxqsV=sj. ssVVsNRPLiRLRiVyRVs[V.
sWssLiRs VxmsVRV xmsos][ RWRVs RVxmsVRV xmsoyLRiV. RsxqsLRi*xqs*sVV RLi
RXRsaS*xqssVWLji. xqsLRi*sVR xXRRWLiRLRiR\sVs xqsyxqssVVs NSRVs xsVV. ssV
LRiOTPQLiRVN]sVNRPV s[s[sV [RVsss xqsLixmss xqsyxqss[V. NSs sNRPR ds ORPQsVVs ds
[ssVVs yRVs RVR sVxqsLixmssVQQ\s xmssVV sV sVLis sV xmsoLRiVxtsvRVgS
xqsL][*RQXxtsvRVgS sVgRiVRVyRV, @LiR sXRVs ZNPLiR sVaRPNTP. AaRPLRisVV. s
VsVVNRPV sWRsVVss. A [ s[][ ss NRPsV xmsVN]s gRigRi [VssVj

sVNTP RLiRsVV][ ssWssVV [lLis[! A NRPRVsgRiV sLRiNRPV yRVs[V sVVsQQNTP.''

ALilgi[RV LRiRLiVVR VVNRP xmsLSxqsV sss[R sVRLSxqsV[ 1958 zmnssLji 26s ry*sV][
xqssWs[aRPsVV sLijsxms xqssWyLRisVV ds NTPLiRF~LiRV xmsLRiRVRVysVV. sR xqssWs[aRPsVV
NTPj sRLRi+ssVV.
yLji xqssWs[aRPsVVsNRPV sLkiR NSsVV LS 9 gRiLiNRPV. xqsL`iFyWQNRPV= ygRiLSsgRiLRiVs ry*sV
yLji xqsNRPV 8c30 gRiLiNRPV [lLisV. ysXORPQsVV LRiV NTPLiR NRP zLRiLigRi xqssVVs NSRVs
N]LiFsV. @jRVLiRRVV gRiT][ sLiT RVVLisV. sVR NRP{ms. ry*sV RW{qssVgRiV\ZNP
[VLRiLRiVxms TRVVLisV. FyVsNRPj RVryyLRi xmsLjizqs. sLSLiRFLiVV. ysRVLRiV
RWRVRVs sWysVssVVsNTPj ""xqsVLiRLRi xqsss[aRPsVV'' @s RsVRLjiLisV. @LiR[
xmsLSxqsV xmssj RVLi. zmszmsszqssV, N]j sVLij LRidRV sVRV][ ssV. INRP
sVxL<ji][ xqssWs[aRP gRisVs RWRVs RVVs*LRiVRVsV xqsxtsQsVVgS NRPssV.
""@xmsNTP ]sVjyN]j}qs\|mssj. gRiVTgS sVs VVNRP kxmsxmso sVsRV sWLRisVV\sxmso sW
RXNRPVNRPL<jiLixms Tss. xmspFyRVV sVgS sxmsRVRsVVgS sRVRVRV sRVRVLiTLji. A
RVRVgRiVV yLjis[. yLjissVxqsLjiLi sRV \syLRiVLRiV bPxtsvV ssVNRPNRPV RgjiLji. ry*sV yLRiV
{mshRisVVs ybdPsV\Lji. RsV LSNRP\ZNP sLkiOTPQLiRV yLji sLRi NRPWLRiVLiRVRs xxqsxqsLi [zqsLji. A
LiVVRLRiV \s[bPNRPV\s RLRi+yLRiVV N]j RWLRisVVs NRPWLRiVLiTLji, sVR ssVyRNRPVRVxms
sxtsvRVsV. yLji xqssWs[aRPsVVs NRPLiRRVV xqsLizqsR\sVsj.
""@sLiys[*xtsQ'' (unending quest) FyaSRVNRPVWgRisVV (yoga for the
western world) @sV lLiLiRV gRiLiRsVVV LRiLis xqsL`iFy RWNRPV=][ sVVR

xqssWs[aRPsVV. ""@LiRV[s RVs[*xtsQ'' RVsgS ""[ss gRiWLji RVs dsV RVFyRVsVs''

RWNRPV=sV ry*sV RVTgjiLji. @RWLilgi[RVVRV Rs sxtsQRVsVVs y RVs[*xtsQ xmspLjiNS[Rs
|mssV. FyaSR rysWsVsNRPV NRP sVR {qs*NSLRisVVsV gRiWLjis xqsLiNRPsVV][ yRs
RVs[*xtsQ xmsLji xqssWzms sLiRVsV. BRs RVFyRVsVVs sj RVLi[NSRV. ry*sV ssLjiLiRVRV
""@s[*xtsQ zLRiLigRi\sVs][ ysNRPLi[ RVVLiRRV. @j jNRPNRPsVV ssVNRPsRVNRPV sVLij. Bj
sV. C RVs[*xtsQ RWLiRLRi\sVs][ sj RWys[*xtsQ][ sVVgjiRVVsV. INRP sRsVVs
sjRVV ssLiys[*xtsQs[V Fss ss[*xtsQsVsLiRsVV N]LRiNRPVgSs.
RLS*R xmsLSxqsVxmssj xqssWs[aRPsVV. ARVs LSRLjiNRPxmso xqsLixqs\|ms xmsLjia][Rs [RVV
xqsLiRLRisVVs [yRVsVVV c xmsoLSsVVsV sxtsQRWRRVssVVs NRPWR
sRRss[aRPsVVgRiyRV. RVsV. szqssVxqs*RVsVVgSRs xqssVxqssV ssLjiLisV.
xmspLRi*NSsVVs\szNSsVVztsQNRPsVVV lLiLiRVsV LSRxqsLixqs[s[ NRPzqs RVVLiTs.
HzNSsVVztsQNRPsVVV lLiLiRVgS sgRisVV[RV. xaRPM ARVsNRP xmsxmsLiRsVVs gRi ][xtsQsVVV
ysLRiNRPV ds sgRisVV sss[ ysLRisLiRVRVsQyLRisVVV NRPsLiRVRVss. ROTPQ [aRP
[yRV RLjiyRRVssVVs \szNSsVVztsQNRPsVV lLiLiTNTPs gRi xqsLiLiRsVV N]LiR ]LRiNRP
gRiRs RWbPLiRVRVyss RWxmsLSxqsV sQQNTP |mssV.
xmspFyRVV RVsV. szqss][ ""LSRLRixqs NSLRisV @sVsjsLiy'' RVs RVTgjiLji.
ry*sV C sxtsQRV ssLRisVV [RVVRVLiRgS y \s[bPNRPVLRiV*LRiV ry*sVyLjixqsdsVxmssVVsNRPV
rysysRVQ\ LRiVgRiVRV yLji xmsRVORPQLRisVVsV aRPRgSssVRVsV NRPsLiLji.
ry*sVRsVsVVs sWRVRVssV yLigRiaRPsVVV RLRiVRVgS ssVyRNRPVs rsVVs\ZNP
yRVRVLiTLji. @gRiRVNRPV ry*sVssgSxsVVsV [zqsN]sV RVLiRV rNRPLRisVV NRPWR
sLiRVNRPRV. NSsVVRVRVN]s NRPWLRiVLiRV syV[s RW \s[bPNRPVV sVR sVR NS

yxmsrygjiLji. @sVyRNRPVRV xmsLSxqsV sQQNTPZNPLRiVNRP [RVV\ZNP sWNSsV yZNPsV. @RRV

NSsVVRVRV N]s[RV. ry*sVRWRVsV yRNRPVs][ ssRVsVs[VjRVV sNRPLRi[RsLji.
""FyaSR[aRP rysWsVsNRPV sVVRVRV N]s NRPWLRiVLiRV sNRPLRi[RV. ylLiV NRPWLRiVLiTssV
xmsLiRVN]s sNRPLRi[RV. C sxtsQRVsVVs yLRiV VLRi sLiyLRiV. yLjiNUP sRVsVsVV[s''ss
ry*sV RyLRisVVs xmsNTPLji. yLRiV sVRVV. sLiRdsRVVV.
INRP xqsLixqsQXR xqsWNTPs ssLjiLiRVRV ry*sV ""LiT, dsLRiV, , LiVVV xmssQQNTPNTP ssxqsLRisVV. C
xqs*sxtsQRVsVV\ZNP RWRRV FyVxmsRsRV. RsNRPVsV, Rs xqsLixmnsVsVVsNRPVsV, Rs NTPs ysV
[RVszqss NRPLRissVVV N]sNRPso. ryyLRisVVgS ds sj sLRi*xsVV xqs*sxtsQRVsVV sLRiZNP[
LRiVgRiVsV. C LiRsNRPyLiyxmsLjiRXzmsyRV. C sRV yyNRPsVVgS [RVV sWLRisVVNRP
NRPRV. Bj sQQNTP N_sRsVV NRPgjiLiRV NRPLSRLRi sWLRisVV. Bj[V RLSRLRi sWLRisVV.
xmsy N_sRsVVsV xmsgRis F~LiRV NRPsxqsLRi\sVs rNRPLRisVVsRVV xqssVNRPWLRiV
xmsVR*sVV sj. ""LSRLRixqs NSLRisV''sV ys yRLRi sVj.
A |mnsLi sQQNTP xqs*[jsV y*LRisVVsgSNRP gRiVLRiV aRPVaRPWxtsQ[ xqsLixmsyRV sWLRisVVs
xqsLixqsQXyRRVssVV [RVsss N][LjiRVVsRs |mssV. ARs N][LjiNTP ry*sV xL<jiLi
LiVVsLji. ""zLiRW[aRPsVVsgRiWR y xqsLixmsyRVsVV y sLRiNRPV xqssgjisj. FydssWLRisVV
RRVso, yRVVV FyLiTRsVV[LSNRPVsLiRVsV [RVVNRPVNSRV. sVxmsLiTRVVNRPWR
RRVssV yRVsV sLRiVgRiLRiV. BRsVs RVgRiRV[ NRPRV'' ""$
LSsVNRPXxtsvssLigRixtsQ[ xqsLjigS Rs[ yVsV NRPWR [RVLSRs'' Lji. s[sV NTPNRP
xmsLiTRV sV[bPLiRV RVysV. NRPsNSLRiVs zmsVsRV N]j sLRixmso xms xms[NRP N_aRPsVV
yR. yLRiV sVLiyRVxqsgSLiRV. RNTPs yLRiV y sLRiNRPV sORPQLRis aRPWsV[. xmssVVV\s
gRiR aSxqsQV, g][ aSxqsQV sy*LixqsVV, \sRVV, s[RxmsLiTRVV, dslLiLRiV RRVssV

yRVsV [RNSs ylLi[. sR yNRPsVVgS NRPLihRixqssVV [RVV, xqsLiRV xmsV, LiRs [RVV
y*LRisVVs xmspLRi*sVV syxqssVV LjilgiTj. C syssVVs xms[NRP sVxRQ*sVV NRPRV.
N]LiR s[VLRiNRPV kss xmsosLRisLiLi xmsWssVV sLiR sRVsV.
xqsL`iFy RWNRPV= ry*sV yLji][ ""xmsoLSRs sxtsQRVsVV sRVV xmsosLRi*Qs{qsNRPLjiLiRV
xmspFyRV NRPLigkiNSLRisW?'' RVs RVTlgisV. ""sVLij, xmsWsNRPLRi\sVs[\ssV
xmsosLRiVRLjiLixms sRVsV. ysNTP xmsLRiRLRisVsxqsLRisVV [RV. Bj RWsWLRisVVs [RVR RgRiRV.
N]LiR\lLis WgRiVV ks ssLiLi RWRLRisVVs sVLis yVsV. @[ yzmsLiRVsV.
FyaSRVV NRPWR ks\ZNP xqsLRixmsRV NSsVV LSNRPFRV. LRidRVVV NRPsV LRi RsV xmsoLSRs
\sssVV NRPxmsLji NTPLiRVaRPV sVVxLRisVVLSsRVsV.
@xmsVRV xqsL`iFyV sssLiRVN]ssV. ""INRP RVj RVLRissVV ry*dsV! xmspFyRVVxmsbPsV
yxqsVNTPRV xqsLi[aRP# s[VsW |qssRVLS!'' N]LiR}qsxmso ry*sV sssVV szLi, ry*sV
RVLiRLRiVV\Lji. NRPsVLRisWRV sTss. yssVgRiVQQ\Lji. RRsLiRLRisVV sVgS RW
sWRrygjiLji. ""dsVlLi[j [zqsssV. }mssVssVV][ [RVVRV. G NSLRiQ\sVs sRLRiVs RXztsQ
RVLiRVLiRVN]s [RVssV. INRP xmss[ NRPLRi[NRP xqssV gRiV[, @LiRV[ NSLRisVxmsVRVsV
}mssV xmsoLRixqs=LRisVVgS sVLiRs. BLiRVs[sV gSLi[RWzLiry zqsyLiRsVVsV xmsoLRixqsLjiLiRVN]s
sWRV[RV. dsNSLiRNRPV NRPWR ssxqsLRi xmsLjizqsLSsRV, bPORPQ RVsxqsLRisVV NSsRV.
RVVRsVVV NRPWy [RVszqsLSsRV, NRPLRi xqsLRiWxmss[ [ssVsj [RVVsRRV }mssV][s[
yss sLRi*QQLjiLixmss. ygRi[*xtsQsVVV, N][RsWR=LRisVVV, xqsLixmspLRisVVgS
sLRiWLixmsRssV. }mssV xmsys xqsWR\sVs][ xmsxmsLiRsVVs y gRisVV RV sbPLiRVsV.
kss LRiRLiRsVxL<RiVV WgRiVVsRV xqsLi[aRPsVVgS dsVLRiV N]sFsRV''ss ry*sV
|qssLji.

LRidRWyNRP xqsLixqsQX RVLiR xmsLRisyLRisVWLji][ LRixqsLRiRV\sVs xmsLjiRRV

xqssWs[aRPsVV sVVgjizqssj. ryRVR* sVLSy gRiV sZaP[xtsQ rLRi RsRVV\, RsLiVVLiRV yLji
xqsRyNRPV ssVRV ss*Q\lLissV xqssWxsNRPLRisVV\s ry*sV NRPsV zqsLiRV s [M
xmsNSaRPsVVsV RWRgRiLRiV. 1966 T|qsLiLRiV 5s yyLRiry*sV yLji gRidsRV xmsLjiRRV
xqssWs[aRPsVVsV NSxzqs[ gkixqsV[aRPsVV sVLiT ss gkixqsVLSsWR, LS |mnsRLjiNS (Her
Majesty queen Mother of Greece) RVVsLS sLkisV (Her Royal
Highness Princess Irene) @sV yLRiV F~LijLji. xqsys[*xtsQ\ZNP xmspFyRVV
AyLRi ry*sV RLRi+ssVV dsLRiV [zqsN]sLji. xqsVRWLRi\sVs LiVW yLji xmsRWsVV xmsLRisV xmsWs
NSLjiNSgRiRs yLRiV sLiLji. xqsxmnsV\Lji. ry*sV xqsLixmspLSsV gRixsVVsV yLRiV F~LijLji.
yLRiTgjis xmsaRPVsV ry*sVyLji xqssWyssVVV ds NTPLiR RWR gRiLRiV.
1. xmsaRP :c ry*dsV! gRiRsxqs[ s[sV N]LiRsLRiNRPV yssVV [RVgRiVgRiV RVysV. NSs RW
yysVssVV xqs*xmssVVs gRiWR sVxmssss s[sV [RVs[ |qssLiRV.
xqssW:c ry*zmsNRP sxtsQRVsVV gRiWLjiRVLiRgS ss*LRiVsV RxmsRsNRPLRi[RV. gRiRVs Lijs
yysVssVV xqs*xmssVVs LiRNRP FsRV. xqs*xmssVV yNRP sxtsQRV xmsLjij[ssNSso.
AyNRP RyQ*s[*xtsQNRPVV dsss gRiWLji yNRPV sVLiRsNRPLRi[RV. @ xqs*xmssVVV RsV
RWyNRP sRsVVs NRPsL][RsVVs Vs*LRiVsV sLixmsLSRV. @V sLiRVRVV,
sWszqsNSLi][s LiRVRVV, ssL][RsVVV. gRiRsxqssV gRiWLji[V RyQ*s[*xtsQNRPVV
gRiVLRiWNRPR szLixmsssV. gRisRNSLRiNRPsV NRPXztsQ RWysV \sVsxmsVRV, NRPsVsVVgS
xqs*xmssVVLiRVsV yyNSsVssVV[ xms xmnsLiRVsV.

xqs*xmssVV ss gRisRsVV sWLRiVsLiRRV. xqs*xmssVVs[gRisRsVVsV sWLRiVsV.

LigSLRiV yRVs[VsyRV gRiRVs ss[ xqs*xmssVVs gRiWR LigSLRiV yRVyRVgRis[
sLiRVsV. ssyRV ss yRVgRis[ NRPgRisVsV. @[ gRiRsVssVVV xqs*xmssVV
xmsLiLiRVsV. N]j sWLRiVVLiRsRVsV. RLRiWxmssVV NRPsLixms sRVsV. NSds
dszms=yLji gRiRsxqs[ gRiLRiWNRPV\ sVgji, RWys[RsVVs\ZNP sLRiLiRLRi NRPXztsQ [zqss[
xqs*FysxqsRVLiRVgRiWRs[ RXNRPRsVVsssVssVV xmsxmnsLiRVsV ds sxtsQRVNSsVVsV,
dsyLiRsV gRiRVs sLjiNRPs ysNTP NSNRPsVsVVs xqs*xmssVVV aSLiRVVRsVVVsV,
js*sVVVsgRiVsV.
2. xmsaRP :c xqssVRR [VNSgRiR NRPVgRiVNRPV ry*sVyLRiV RRV[zqs [V\s syssVVsV
|qsdsRVgRiLS?
xqssW:c ryyLRisVVgS ss*Q\lLis lLiLiRV sVVNRPV xmsosVV[ s[][sVVNRP ys[ sWzmsLji
dRVRVLRiV. NRPVTVRsV[ NRPys sVLiT sVVVNRP ys y*LRisVVs sWzmsLjidRVV
sWLRisRVsV. NRPVTyryLRiLiRsVV sVLiT gS dzqs VRsV ys sVLiT gS sRVs sss
aRPLkiLRixmso NRPVT gRisVV\|ms T NRPVsV. @xmsVRV NRPVT [s s[\|ms yy [xsW\sxmso
yVsV [RVRVsV. B[ VRsV sVLiT NRPVTNTP sWLRiVsxmsVUVVT VRsV gRisVV\|ms
RVsV. xqsLjigS ds sWLRiV LRiVgRiV[xms NRP lLiLiRV |qsNRPsV NSsVWzmsLji lLiLiRV
sVVNRPVxmsosVVsVLiT dzqsN]sRVsV. ksNTP FyRWsVsVs}msLRiV. C FyRWsVsVV
szqsLixms yLRiLiLis][ sVyQ*xqs saS*xqssVV sVRNS ssyssVV |msLRiVgRiVsV. C
FyRWsVsVV ss sV[saRPR NRPVgRiVsV. C RVxqssVV [zqssN]j xqssVRR NRPgji
\saRPsVV sLiRV yLRiQsVV |msLiF~LiRVsV.

3. xmsaRP :c xmsLjixqsLRisVVsVNRPWsVV NSsxmsVRV NRPLji sssyssVV NTPNRPxmsV

aRPRV\ssxLjiLiRVsxmsVRVsV, sVRNRPWLRiFyFyRLRis[V VRVLRigRiVsxmsVRV y
sQQNTP[VsV [RVssV?
xqssW :c NRPWLRiVV FyxmsoV \ssRVxtsvsVRsVLiRsRV sLiVVssV ys\|ms \Q*xtsQsVVRWLSRV.
yss sxqsVgRiVN]sLSRV. sVLiRVV, yLji\|msRVV NRPLRiVsVV NRPRVVLiRssV.
xqs*szqsRsVVgS ss*LRiVsV NRPWLRiVVNSLRiV. yLji|msLixmsNRPsVV, xmsLjizqsRVV yLjisV[zqsss.
@LiRV[yLRiV[RVTsLiRVNRPV yLjis [*ztsQLiRV[ sLRisVV[RV. xmsoL][gRis
yLiLiRVyRV [*xtsQsVV ssLji VRRWxmsLSRV. ""INRPRV Rs xmsLjizqs xmsssVVssV,
|msLixmsNRPsVVssV RVxtsv\yRV. NSsos yss sVssVV [*ztsQLixmsLSRV. xmsRssV. yNRPV
zmsRV\sVsyRV. NRPVsWLRiV[ VVNRPxmsVRV RVLRiLRigSsV\Vs s[s[sV [RVVRVsV. }mssV][ RW
yss sWLRisVVsNRPV sVLRiLixmsRVLiRVsV gRiy! @[ xmsLRiVsNRPWR RWRVy? xqsys[*ztsQNTP
xmsLRiVs*RV[RV. xqs*xmsLRi[RsVVLiRRV. @LiRLRiVsV yRs LiRVso[. s[s[RV
RVxmsLjizqsRV[ xmso|msLjigjis ygRi [VsVVTj. s[sVNRPWR RVLSLRisVVss[ xmssLjiLiT
yRsV gRiy. NSsos RVxtsvLiRV NRPWR yRWR xmsyLRisVVs[ RLji+LiRVsV gSNRP! s[sV yss
[*ztsQLixmsNRPVLiRVgSNRP.'' @s LiLixmssss ry*sV xqssWyssVLji.
4. xmsaRP :c xqssNRP, sLji*NRP xqssWRVss[sV xqsx xqssWj[Vj?
xqssW :c xqssNRP sLji*NRP xqssWRVV yQ\sNSgRiQsVVsLiRzqsRVV. xqssNRPxqssWj[
sVsxqsV= saRP\sV, yssxtsQRVsVVs RsRV\sVRVVLiRVsV. sLji*NRP xqssWj WgRisWLRi
gRisVsVV. sV[yFyLRisVVLiRRV. xqsxqs*LRiWFysV xqsLiyssVVs y\Q xqssVVs, aSaRP*RsVVgS
sjsxtsQQsVLiRVsV. @\Q*RsVVs gRiWRyssWLRi sWsWjLixmsTsj. NSs RVLiR

ysgRisVsVV sLRiV sLSNSLRixmsLRixsVV. xqsx xqssWjRVs RVsj xqsssVLRi+xmsRsVVs

ssVWRsVgRiVsV. Bj xqsxysVszqs. @yLiRLSsV ssVV][ xqsLiLiRsVV [sj.
5. xms :c AyLRi ssLSj sxtsQRVsVV yRVNRPV[sV [RVssV. @s
sxtsQQWsNRPLRisVVs zqssxmsVRV yyRLjiLixmssy?
xqssW :c sLRisVVsNRPVgSs, xqsLixmnsVsVVsNRPVgSs, LSxtsQsVVsNRPVgSs yRVVNRPV\syLRiV xqsVzqsRsVV\s
sVyyLRi ssLRisVVsV sxqsLjiLixmsLSRV. yLji xqs*sxtsQRVsVVs
FyLRiysVLijLRisVV[ssRVQQNRP NRPLRi][ xmss RVVLiRNRPFsRV. yRVNRPV\syLRiV yss
sRyLRiLiLis][ xmsV sxtsQxmsRVRVLRiV. xmsNUP NRPLRiNSLiRsxqsLRisVV. yLRiV NRPWR yss
sxqsLjiLixmsrygRiVRVLRiV. Bj sxtsQyLiVVNRP\sVs RWRLRi+sVVgSsgRiVsV. gRiskR[ NRPLSxqsNRPVQ\
sRV sVssVVsV ss[NRPsLiRVV NRPs |msLSRV. sVLiss[NRPVV xqssVVR
NRPLSRLRisVVssV sR[RsV, s sRVQQNSRLRi xmsLRiVgRiVsV [RVssV.
@LiRV[[sNTPyRVNRPV\ssV yLjiyLji yRVNRPR*sVVsLiR xms NSRLRi+FyRVV\
xmspLS*yLRisVVsV \sFyLRissVyLRiV[RVVsV [RVVyLjisj, NSs yLjis
FyRV[RVVNSRV.
ry*sV RLRi+s xqssWs[aRP xqsLi[aRPsVV ss sLijs RVxmspLRi* xqsVzqsLSsVssVVsV gRiWLji
yRVV y sVLS LiVVV ssLjiLisj. ""yLji rysRsVVs s[VsVV gRiTzmsslLiLiRVL][V sW
sRsVV sVLRixmsoLSss. @j xqsLixmspLSyNSsVssVV. G RVRXxtsQ sZaP[xtsQsW sVsVVsV
yLji ryszRsVVsNRPV sj.
@[ RVsVWsxmsoLRixqsLjiLiRVN]s xmspLRixmsoLRiVxtsQ RLRi+s\sVsRs xqssVVRsVVgS xqsLiztsQLiRVRV

ysVLS LiVV sLjiLisj.

BxmsVRV N]LiR}qsxms sVLiT sxqs=Li[x zqssLijs. (ssLRisVVRVgRiV Rxms). @LiVVssV
y\QNRPsVV sLiRV [RV. @LiVVssV sLRiLiRLSrysVuyssVVV ysNTP xqsLiVVLRisVVNRPgjiLixms
gRiso. RRRsVVgS xqssVxqs[V RVxqsVLiRRV. NS xmsLjixmsNRP*R[ sRXxtsQsVss
xqssVNRPWLRigRiRs y saS*xqssVV. @RXxtsQsVxmnssVVgS Lis[ LiVW xmspLRi xmsoLRiVxtsQ RLRi+s
xqssWs[aRPsVVV. C sVRVs RWbdPxqsV=NRPLi xXRRV xqsLiRs xqsVsVW sLijs
s[sztsQLiRVsj [RV.
RyQ*s[*xtsQNRPVyNRPsVVgS [sssVW sLiRVRVL][ yss sRVR xqsLiyLRiVV
NRPsVVgS ssVsLiRV RVLiRssV. @jRVWxNRPLiRs jysVssVV'' @s ry*sV
|qssLji. yLji xqssyssVVs yLji NRPLRiV sZaP[xtsQsVVs s[VsVV RW sLS*ysVssVV
sLijsV. yLjiNTP sW xmssVsVVV. yLRiV ""xmsyLRisVV, \RssVV'' ds lLiLiT xqsLijgS
(ss[*xtsQNRPVsNTP) NRPsLji. A lLiLiRVsVssVV NSssRWxmssV. saRP*LRi\sVs [xsVVs ds
sVxL<jiVVNRP RVj RVsV sj dsLji RLRi+ssVVs xqsxtsQ\sVsj. LRiWxms gRiRVsj. @Lik sVxL<ji
RVVyLRiV. FyWR \RssVVsj. ys][ dsLRisVV. \RssVV, gRisVV ssVVV
NSss xmsRLji+R\sVsj. yLji RWxmsos sosRVxLiNSLRiLiRsVVV ]gjiss. A
NRPsVRVLiRRWRQ\Rss[V sW[ zqsLisj. C RLRi RORPVxqsV=][ ds RVsLRi*RdsRV
rLiRLRisVV RLji+Lixms ryRsVgRiVy?
yLji RVsVgRix sVxRQsVFyLRisVV. C aRPLkiLji ys xmsssVVssVTLiRV N]s[NRPRWsLiR
xtsQsVVV sLixmsNRP Rzmssj NSRV. Buyyzms ysLiR xtsQyLRi aRPLkiLjis xmsOSQLi, ORPQNSsVV
xmsLRisWR[ RsLiVW sssVV sLijLisj.

ry*sV yLji {mshSL][x s[R=s aRPVsxqsLRisVVs y. FyQLisV sVaRPRVV]NRP

xqsLi[aRPsVLi|mssV. ry*sV yLji][ dsRVsxmsLjiRRV xqssWs[aRP sZaP[xtsQsVVV xmspLRi*s[V
yRVTsssgRiy! ""xqsVsWLRiV sVj xqsLisR=LRisVVNRPV xmspLRi*sVV $ NRPLi NSsVN][
{mshRiry*sVyLji xqssVORPQsVVs s[sV NRPWLRiVLiT RVVLis. yLRiV RRW\lLi LiVVs xqs[s
xqssVVRR*sVVcxqssWyssVVVcxms[RsVVVcNUPeeZaP[ee $LRisV sVxL<ji xqssyssVVsNRPV ssV
yLRiLizmssxms RLRi+NRPR* \sbPxtsQsVVsV RRVxmsLjiyRVsVssVVs sLSLjiLixms Tss. yLji][
xqssWs[aRPsVsy RXaRPQ\sVsRs VVNRP saS*xqssVV NRPWR NRPsj. gRiVxms LRiys[*xtsQsVVsV (A
search in secret India) @sV ys[ NRP ][ y LS yNRPV NRPs RXaRPsVV, y

xqssVRVsVVsZNP[ sLijs RsRsVVsV gRiWLji LRiLis. sVRNSsVVs y RLRiRVgS

yLjis xqsLjiLiRVN]sV RVLiTyRsV. sxqs=Li[xsVVgS yLRiVs ][syyNRP aRPNRPV xmsgRi
ryssVs y ssVV. sVR xmsWssVV sVRLjiLis sVxdsRVVV yLRiV. ARVsNRP ss
FysVVssV, FyLjiaSsVNUPNRPLRi xmsssVVssV, NRPyR FyRVLRisVVssV, LRiR LiRsVV
\sNRPxmsosVssV N][[so a][RdsRVsVV.
zLiRW [aRPsVVs aSryQyRVssVV [zqss RVVsNRPVV, yLji sVRsVVsNRPV sLRiVxmsWgRixmsLRiVV.
yss gRiL>jiLiRVLRiV. xmsbPsV [aRP yxqsV\sVs s[VsV zqss[ RVsVsLi LiVVxmsVRV sVLRi sVR
sWLRisVVsNRPV sVLRisV. ks sVLiT LRidRVVV FyhRisVV s[LRiVN]LiRVLRiV gSNRP!
@sVLjiNS [aRPxmso NSs sLRiV yee Fs..FnyLiNTPsV 1967 zmnssLji 20s s[R=s sVxqs
NRPRQORPQR szLi ry*sV yLjis gRiWLji LiVVV xmsZNPsV. xmsxmsLiR RLjiR[ ss[NRP ss
ryLiVV[ sxtsQRVsVVV LRiVgRiVRVs LiVW NSsVVs sVssVV sszqsLiRV RVysVV. C
xmsLjiRV[ sLi\s sVssVV NTPs][ sxqsVxmspLRisVV sVLiT RzmsFRVsVV. C ryLiVV[

NRP][ sW xmsbPsV LiRsVVsj. @j yNRPV y sxtsQ\sVsj. LRiR[aRPsVVs s[

xqsLisR=LRisVVNRPV xmspLRi*s[V yRsVVgRisV sLigRisVVgRisV xmssLixms Ts yQ*NRP ssVVs\ZNP
sW xmsbPsV LiRsVV aRPyVVgS sVs[Vyso sLRiLiRLRi NRPXztsQ xmnssVVgS aRPsVLi aRPsVLi
NRPRV LRisVVs NRPsVRVsj. ss aRPLkiLRisVV sLiR s xqsLRi*xqs*sVV s[yLiRsVV.
sVRVR\sVs sWss aRPNTP[V LiVW LRiWxms\sVsj. @LRiVsj xqsLisR=LRisVV NTPLiRs[
xmspFyRVRLRi ryLiVV[ sWssN][ RVVsNTPs, xqsLRisV, xqsys[*xtsQ\ZNP RVRsVVsV
sWsLiLji.
@LRiVsj xqsLisR=LRisVVV {mshSj xmsRsVV ssLiRsVVgS sLRi*zLis sVx[R=s
xqsLiRLRisVVs sVssVV s[RV $yLjis g_LRisLiRVNRPV xqssWsxtsv\sVsV. NSs LiVVj yLjiN]LRiNRPV
NSRV. FyxmsLiNRP g_LRis xqsyssVVNRPV, xsWssVVNRPV yLRidRVV, yLjis \ssVVgS
sVssVV gRiVLjiLiRVNRPV xsVVgS ds xqsyssVV [zqsN]sV sVsNRPsxqsLRisVV.
xmspFyRVNRPV NRPXRy NTP g_LRis xmsoLRixqs=LRisVVgS y RVsVWs xmsNRPLiRVN]sVNRPV
yNRPVxqssVVR aRPsVV ]LRiVNRPV[RV. xqss\sV, sWLRiV LiRV sVaRPNTPsgSs sVWLji
sVxRQsVVsVgSs sLjiLiRVNRPV aRPaRPNTP yRV. INRP sxqsVsogSgSs, yFyLRi ryRssVVgSgSs
aRPsVVsV yRVN]sV sVssVV aRPsVV\|ms saS*xqssVV ys yLRisVLiVVsV, xmspLRisxqsVsLRis
ryRssVVgS aRPsVVsV xmsoLSRsV\s dsV xmspLRiV*V saRP*zqsLisV s[VsVV saRP*zqsLixms[NRPVysVV.
s[ds xqssVRVsVVs xmsgRigjis y rysWs sxtsQRVsVV @ \sNTPNTP rys\sVs
\ZNPQQxqss@sVLjiNS sVLiT s[sV ss, @j[V N]R BLigRiLiRV (NEW ENGLAND). A
xmssR WgRisVV sVLiT[V FyaSRV[ xmsxmsRsVV\s yQ*NRPVV RVV[LjiLji. @
xmsoLSRVsV[ xmsFyjLixmsTssV s[yLiRsVFyLSsLiysV sxmsRsVs RVVsjsVsNRPjRV
xmspLRi*sVsRVVsVN]ss FyaSRVVRsLis gRisVj. s[y sVWgRisVV yRs[.

FssVLRi=s, ][L][VNRPWRsNRPTylLi[, C ryRVLiNS sVRV sVs[ yLjiRWRaRPNRPVVss.

s[ysLRiVxqsyLji[ NRPRsV. sW @sVLjiNS[ sVLiRVV, sVFyyRVVV dLjiFso LRiVNRPV
dzqsFzqsFsLiR kLRiQ \sVsy yQ*NRPV xmsLiNTP, 17s aRPyxmso sLji gRisVVsdsyQ*NRPV xmsLiNTP
RVV[LRiVsxmsVRV, sVLiRVV, sVFyyRVVVsV RVyxmspLRi*xmsosNRPV[, Rs NSsVVs
FssVLRi=ss, sWxmspLRiV*V N]LiRLRiV yLjiyLji sVR saS*xqssVVV NSLRisVVgS slLi[NRPRNRPV
gRiVLji\VsxmsNTPs, dsryRVLiNSsVV s[ds xqssVLiRVRVLiR RRsVV ss*RVsV
xmsaRPLixms[RV.'' @sxmsgRiVgRiVRVsLiRVNRPV s[sV xqsLiRzqsLiRVRVysV. BxmsRV sVs
sVVR=ssVV [zqsN]s LiVW sVRVRV sWss sVx[syaRPRVNRPV xmsVN]sV.
sVs ry*sV yLji RVj*dRV sVxyQ*sV Ws sW[ xmsV NRPxtsQryRsVV. yLji
xqssyssVVs sVs sVVLiRV[V sVgRisVV. @xqsLiNRPNRPs XLiRsVV yLjiyNRPV=RsV
N][sxms RXzms RVsLS*RsVV. ry*sVs xqsLisLisxmsVRV aRPLiNRPLRi gRisyRV xmsa][QRLRi
sWNRPRVLiR
""N][gRiVLRiVM? @jaRPRRRQ*M
bPxtsQzy WRRM xqsRRsV''
""FssLRiV gRiVLRiVso? RyQ*sV ssVV NRPy\, FsxmsVRV bPxtsQzR zRsVV N]LRiNRPV
xqsLizqsR\sVsyRV. AjaRPLiNRPLRiV RLS*R sLRiVsj VssVRs RWyLRiVVgS NRPLiNSsVN][
{mshSjxmsRsVV sLRiVsj [VLiRV 1967 yNTP sLRi*zLis sVxdsRVVV sVs ry*sV.
Bs sR=LRisVV[ s[NSLiRR

sVhRiFyy sVV ssLRisVVsVLiT NRPsVsVVgS sLRisVLiRVNRPVsV, ryRQ\sVsLiRsLRiNRPVRsV

ryLiVV[yj aRPLiNRPLRiV xms[RsVVN]srygRiVRVsRsV saS*xqssVV N]NRPVsV, ry*sV
RsVRVsLiRLRi {mshSjxmss sRVsVLi 1954[ yLjiNTP xqsyryaRPsVLji. $ [VLiR
xqsLRixqs*dry*sV gRiVLRiVFyRV sVLiT[V RVsxqsLRi\sVs bPORPQ sLijLji. sVhRi NSLRiNRPsVssLRi
sLRi*x RORPQRyLjiNTP LSgSs[ ry*sV xsVVsXj sLijs xmsLRisVFyss NSLid{mshRisVVs
NRPjxmsgS $ [VLiR xqsLRixqs*dry*sV yLjisVLi xmspFyRVV ""GNSLiRsVV''s sVLiRrygjiLji.
ALiRxms[aRPsVVs LRiVxms xqsdsVxmssVVs gRi NSlLi[* sgRiLRisVVs ry*sV xmsxmsR\sVNSLiRyxqssVV
yLRiLiLiLji. Bjy sxmssVV. xmsyysLRisVVs xmsaSLiRsVVgS sVLiRV xms[aRPsVj.
@LiNSLRiFyRV\sV LiVVNRPR NRP |msR N][s[LRiV gRiRV. ysVVRVs NRPs xmsLRiaS ry*sV
syxqssVVs\ZNP sLjiLiRTsj. 1971c72 INRP xqsLisR=LRisVV ry*sV LiVVR sVLiTLji.
sxqsLiNRPV\sV RVT gRi xms[aRPsVVNRPV RWLRisVVLiRsss ry*sV LiVW ][VssLji. NSs
NRPVNRPVs NSsVV ry*sV RLRi+ssVV[NRP RVVLiR[NRP FLiVVLji, @LiRV[
NRPsVNRPsVsVVgSybdP+xqsV=NRPVsV, y[aRPsVVNRPVsV NRPVV ds\sLiR RLRiVRVgSyLji
VVRNRPLRiVgRirygjiLji. @LiRV[ NSlLi[* sVLiT NRPLiNTP syxqssVV sWLjiLji.
1972 ssLji[, NRPLibPyLRiV[ bPsryssVVssVs bPyRVsVV xmsNRPs[VVNRP xmsLRiaS[
ry*sV sszqsLixmsrygjiLji. xmsLjiF~sVV][ sV[xLRisVVgS sVLiRV xms[aRPsVj. [yRVsVV RgRiLRi
NRP|msR Vso NRPRV. gRixmsxqs\ZaP[sLjiR\sVs ys[ y LRiV* RNRPs sVRVsVVNRP. A
[ssVVsNRPV ROTPQ gRisVVs NRPgRiW[ ROTPQsVVV\s bPsoRVyRV (ROTPQsVWLji)
gRiLRigRiVT[ bPsLigRisVV ssVNRP g][R\|ms yj aRPLiNRPLRiV bP xmssV NRPRV. ry*sV sszqsLiRV
yaRPsVsVV [yRVsVVs NSlgi[RVsVVs sVsj. ry*sV xmsLRiaS ROTPQsVVs NRP s

FyNSLRisVVgRi ]TRVVsj. ys sVRNRP s RVVsj. C s RV sVLiT NRPVV

ry*sV RLRi+ssVV [RVgRiLRiV. y L][V yLRiV sWRLRiV. C sssVV xqsLixmspLRiLRiWxmssVV
ysxmsVRV yLRiV xqsLiV NRPWR[RVLRiV. RXztsQ NRPWR xmsaSLiRsVgRiVsV. xmsgRixmsV\s ry*sV
RLRi+s ORPQsVVs\ZNP bPsryssVVs NRPVV s[ RVVLiRVLRiV. xmspLRi*sVVss[ yLRiV ry*sVNTP
sVVNRPVyLRiV. @RV xxqssVVs[, bPLRiMNRPLixmssVVs[, dsORPQsVVs[ yLjis ry*sVRVsV
gRizLiRVsV. ry*sVsW[ xmsNRPFLiVVssV, NRPVNRPV yLji RLRi+ssVV yVsV, yLji
xqsLiV sVxmsryR\sVyLjiyLji sxtsQRVsVV NSszqss ryRVsVV xqsxtsQsVVgS F~LiRVRVLRiV.
F~LijsV yLji sVVsVVV xqsLiRXzms, RVVxqssVV[ NSyfsRsVVsLijLiRV ry*sV
RLRi+sgRisVsLiRVNRPV gRiLRi*sVV NRPWRNRPgjisV NRPsVsV.
bPsryssVVs LjigjislLiLiRV xqsLixmnsVssR ssLjiLiRVsV. AyNRPaSLi, saRP*xqs\sVNRPsVV,
r xqssVXj NRPVgRiVsV gRiRVLRiV ybdPxqsV=V xmsxmsLiRNRPsVV\|ms sVxmsxqsLjiLis[ RVs
saRPRxmsLRiVxmsgRiso.
A sR=LRisVV yRVLSxqs sRsVV \ 4s ry*sV RWLRiLiLiLji. Bj RVLRiVsj VssVRs
yRVLSxqs sVVsVVRj 1907[ Ljigjisj. AyLRiry*sV 1974 \ 4s [zqss RW
xmspsV sVgRisVVgS RLji+Lis NRPsV RWsLi][y=xsVVLijL][
xmssryRsVV. yLRigRis[ RVxqsLiNRP NRPs sVRNTP [LRiVN]s s[RVVLiTLji. INRP
xqsLisR=LRisVV RLS*R sNRPR ry*sV RVNRPV s s[jNRPsLiNRPLjiLisjxmsV[, s[jNRP xmsRsV
jNRPVs sVsj. xmsp sLRi*xsVVsry*sVNTP ][RRgRi N]jsVLij xqsLixmsyRV\s
sR*R*LRiVVNRPWR y s[jNRP\|ms ybdPsV\Lji. yRVLSxqs sR FysVVsVV sjsLRiZNP[
zmsRVVysVV. sL<RiNSsVVsWsV\|ms xqsLiRLjiLiRV NTPsVNUPNSRVNRPV s[\sVs zLixqs
NRPVgRiNRPVLiRV\ZNP xqsyxqsV yVsWxqssVVVgSs yVxmsORPQsVVVgSs VVNRP][s[

sszqsLiRVLRiV. AuyR xmspLjisVyU sRsVV sVVRgRiVsV. yRV yxqssVxL<jiNTP xmsp LRiVgRiVsV.

@LiRV[ ysNTP yxqsxmsp RVs}msLRiV, C RWLSRs[ sVsry*sV RWRLRi+FyRVVV. A
xqsLisR=LRisVV yxqsxmsp yRVRRVsVV 9 gRiLi NSLSRs NSLRiNRPsVsVV sVVR\sj.
sVyxsVV sVWRVgRiLiNRPV xmsLjixqssWzms sLijsj. y xmspsVRLji+LiRVgRisVV gRiyLRiV
RsRVV\ NSgRis gRiWR sLRiVgRi [NRPFLiVVLji. NSdRRRQ*LRiWxmso\s ry*sV, sVxL<RiVNRPV,
[sRNRPV [NRPNRPLRisVV xmsp [RVVsxmsVRV RR=sj ss*Q\lLis F~LRiVLigRiVRVLS!
$ NRPXxtsQ xmsLRisWR xmsp][ ds xmspLRiLi#\sVsj. \sxtsQs xqsLixmsyRVsVVs xmsLRisWR yV
spxsVVVgS sLixms Tsj. yxqsV[s, xqsLiNRPL<Ri, xmsRVsW, @sLRiVRVsys
ysVsVVV. C spx yxqsV[so[ [sNUP sxqsV[so xmsoRV\s RVsyLRisVWLji, sVgjis
sVWRV $ NRPXxtsQyxqsV[sos |msRs, NRPVsWLRiVRV, sVsVsVRVsV. C yV spxsVVV
gRiR=QXztsQNTPs, sxqsXztsQNTPs, xqsLiLiRsVV NRPs. xqsLiNRPL<Ri xqsXztsQ][ d xqsXztsQLRiVgRiVsV.
xmsRVsVVs][ xmsNRPXxmsoLRiVxtsQ \Q*R xqsXztsQ FyLRiLisVgRiVsV, @sLRiVR spxsVV, s aRPLkiLRi
xqsXztsQcsXjcsWORPQsVVsNRPV xqsLiNRPL<RiV\ NSLiNRPsWLRisVVsV, @sLRiVRVRV NTPRWxmns\sVs
sWORPQsVVsV xmsryjLiRVLRiV. $NRPXxtsQ gRiysVs xmspsLiRLRisVV \|ms\saRPLiFyRVs, \sVs
xqsVsVLiRV @LRis RVgRiVsV. RLS*Ryj aRPLiNRPLRiVNRPVsV RLS*R gRiVLRiV xmsLRiLixmsLRi[ aRPVNRP, yLRiR,
RsyyLRi, g_RFyR, g][sLiRFyRV xmspV, RLS*R xsWsxqs xmsoRVV xqssNRPxqssLiRs,
xqssRVsWLRi, xqssRV=RVNRPV, xqsLRi*RVsNRPV (dsLRiV xVVc aRPLiNRPLRixtsQsVVsNRPV
xqsLiZOP[Qxms aSLkiLRiNRPsVsV }msLRi yssVV yzqsLji) xmsNSaSRNRPV, (xmsLiRFyjNS ssLRi NRPLRi) RLS*R
gRiVLRiVxmsLRisVgRiV, xmsLRis[VztsQgRiVLRiV, xmsLSxmsLRiV gRiVLRiVsoNRPV RLS*R gRiVLRiV xmsLRiLixmsLRi (xsy
s[yLiR) xqsLixmsyRV xms[R xmsyLRisVV [zqssyLjiNTP, sLji NRPRVso syRVNSj [sy
aRPLkiLRisVVsNRPV sLRiNRPV xmsLRisWR aRPVR \RssVVsNRPV LRiVgRiVsV. yRVssryssVVs
xqssWsxtsv\s NRPN][NTP LRixqsLRiRV\sVs RVRVysVsVj. s[yLiR xqsLixmsyRVsVV

yRVNRP sVV\s RRQ*RLRi+NRPVNRPV ssLiR NRP gRiV LRiWxmso\s [sy sVWLRiVNRPV. s\Q*R
xmsLRiRRQ*Q\sVs xmsLRisWR xmsLRixsVVsNRPV Ljigjis RWLSRy sZaP[xtsQsVVs xXRRV xmspLRi*NRP
NRPQLis xqssVLjiLiRVN]s FysV sRXxtsQsVV NRPV xmsosZaP[xtsQsVVNRPy !
1974 \ 14 AjyLRisVV ryRVLi xqsLiy sVuyysLiRLRisVV |msLRi[ sVs s ssVNRP sVs
\|ms ry*sV saSLi sLiRVRVLiTLji. N]j sVLij NRPVV s NRPs* sT RVVLiTLji.
ry*sV [V][ dssVVgS y[LiRVRVLiTLji. BRLRi sxtsQRVsVV xmsVRV aRPs g][RLRi\sVssV
yLRiV xqssWysdsVRV[RV. sysLiRLRisVV N]LiR}qsxmsNTP ry*sV RVR sVs yLjis
xmsxmsLiRsVVs sRR zLiRVsoV sszqsLiRVRVLiTL][ RVVy RVs RVTgjiLji. N]s
[aRPsVV ysVsVVV }msL]sTsscBLi][s[ztsQRW, zmns, xmsbPsV zLiRW k*xmssVVV,
ROTPQzmnsNS sVVRVgRiVss. xmsRs N]sLis ry*sV }msL]sLji. Bs saRP*zLiRW
xmsLjixtsQyLRi RLji+ C FyLiRsVVsV xmsLRiLisV. Ljigji ss RLS*RsR xmsV
sRFyLRissVV [zqsN]sVNRPVxmsRVVNRPsVV\s N]s a][NRPsVV s[Lji yss xmsxmsLiRsVV sLiR
ssR FyLiRsVV zLiRVsoNRPV Vxmssss RWRVs N][Lji sVLji. G a][NRPsVVV yLjiNTP
Rgjiss? @s ry*sV RVsLji. kss ry*sV LiVW sxtsQRVsVV RW ryRVLiNSsVVs
y[LiRVRVsV xqsxtsQsVgRiVsV. yLRiV gRiRVLRiVsoV. ylLixmsVRVsV [NRP xqsLigRix kOSQ
xmsLSRVVV. @RsVs yLRiV ry*sV yLji xmsaRPNRPV Rgjis a][NRPsVVsV yLjiNTP ][s yss
xms sVRTLji. ANRPzqsNRPsVVgS sR sVs xqsLixqsQXRxmsLiTRVs][ ""RVbP+[''][
yLRiLisVgRiV a][NRPsVV [y RVsLji. A xmsLiTRVRVsRssV. NSs RVj[V xmsoLSLiRLRiRsW
RVxms NSRVsNRPV xqsVLRi[ [RV. ORPQ sW[Li ry*sV ""RVbP+['' RVsV yss
s[aRPxqsV\s zLiRVsoVRLjiLiRV NRPxtsQs[VsW, ""NSs y lLiLiRV xmsRsVVsV sVVLiRV ssVNRPNRPV
sWLji ""bP[W'' [zqss gRiVLiRVss xqsWLiLji. @xmsVRV sVVR RLRi sVV RRVssV.

""bP[W ysV LRiWFyLi'' @s.

C NRPsVsVVs NRPsVsLRissVVgS lLiLiRs RLRisVV NRPWR ""RW[ds''NTP RVV ""[sRW
xqsLRi*sVLigRi''gS sWLjis gRiVLiRVsV. ys RLRisVVs ""xqsLRi*]['' RVsVsj ""xqsLRi*jN`P''gS
sWLRissV. xqsLRi* jNRPsgS xmsxmsLiRsVVs ss gRisVVs RVLRisVgRiVsV NRPy. @xmsV
gRisVV xmsV sRVLRiV.
Bj sWLRi Ts a][NRPsVV.
bP[W ysVLRiWFyLi [dsRW, xqsLRi*sVLigRi
RWxqs=LixqsLRiRVLi ryLixqsLRi* jgRiRVsVLigRisV
""ysVLRiWxmssVV lLiLiTLi ssRV bPso][ (sVLigRi xmsRV][), [[sVWLji RVgRiV ss xqsLRi*
sVLigRiW'' C LiVVLRiVsoLjisysLiRV yLjiNTP yLjiNTP xqsLRi*jNRPV (WsV\|ms s[ gRisVVs\ss)
sVs xmsNRPV RVsVV sVLigRisVV NRPVgRiVgSNRP, C FyLRi*d bPsxqsVNTP RgS sVLjiVVNRP
a][NRPsVVsV ry*sV xqsWLiLji. Bj LSsWRVsVV sLiRj.
sVLigRisV N][xqs[LiyRV sVxdsRV gRiVRs[
RNRPsLjiRsWRV ryLRi*sWRV sVLigRisV
sV gRiVsLiRVsNTP, N][xqs LSjs[RNRPV aRPVsVgRiV gSRe RNRPsLji NRPVsWLRiVsNTP ryLRi*sVVsNTP

sVLigRisVV.
LSsWRVsVVsLiR LiVW a][NRPsVV sVLigRiLRiLisVVcsVLigRiLiRsVVNRPWRss ry*sV
xqs{tsQNRPLjiLiLji. xqsLixqsQXR sy*LixqsVs][ ry*sV ""LRiRQRRVsVV sLRiVgRiVRVLS.'' RVsRVsLji.
ARVs RVVsV. sVsNRPV lLiLiRV a][NRPsVV[ RVVss NRPye sVWRV NSsss sVVVNRP
a][NRPsVV NSsss RVssV. ry*sV xqssWyssVVs ""LRiRQRRVsVsVsj a][NRP xqsLisV
NSRV. \|ms a][NRPsVV LiR, [sy sVWLRiV xqsLisV bPs, [s, LSsVVRV "dsLRiV
LRiRQRRV'sVsLji.
1957[ sVRLSxqsV[ ss RVVxmsyxqssVVs ry*sV LRiRQRRVsVsVsxtsQRVs[V sWTLji.
zLiRWsVR RXNRPRsVVs xmsLRi\ssV\Q*RsVWLji LRiWxmssVVsQQ\Vs sVLiRsRVsV.
xqsRxmsyLRi sVVNRP[, @sVssVVsV {qsQ xmsoLRiVuyRNRPsVVgS ds [RsVV[RV. @j
sWyzmsRXxqssVztsQ LRiWxmssVVs sVLiRVsV. gRiRLRiV\s bPsFyLRi*RV LRiWxmss[VRVj. @j {qsQ
xqsgRisVV, xmsoLRiVxtsvRV xqsgRisVV, @j RVLRi yLkiaRP*LRisVV, NRPVT bPsoRV, FsRsV FyLRi*, @[
bPsbPxtsvsoNRPV [RsVV [RV. xqsgRisVV bPsoRV, xqsgRisVV sxtsvso NSgRi LjiLRi LRiWxms sgRixsVVV
NRPWR gRiso. bPsoRV, [s sxtsvsoV sVVgRiVLji xqs\sVNRP LRiWxmss[V [NRP NRPLRisVVsj. Bj[V
LRiRQRRVsVVcC LRiRQRRVsVV s[yLiRLRiRsVV. sVW RRQ*sVV [RLRizR\sVssV, sVWRV
LRiWxmssVV zqsLiRVRVsj. LRiRsVVNRP[ ssR LkiRV zqsLiRVsV gRiy. G ysVLRiWxmssVV
\yLSRs [zqsssV sj VVZNP[ sVWLjiNTP [LRiVsV. IZNP[ xmnssVRVsV. C RV\Q*R xmsLRisWLRi
RRQ*s[V zLiRW sVR xms[RsVV.
Aj aRPLiNRPLRiVV xms[jLis s[yLiR sVW xqsWRsVV xqs\sVNRPsVVcrysVLRixqssVV. @\Q*RsVV
xqss[Vss[VcC xms[Rs[V NRPLi NSsVN][ VV{tsQLiRV RVsVssVVs xqsLi[aRPsVVs

xmsRLiaRPsVVssV xqsxtsQsVVgS zqsLixms[RVTsj.

xmsosM FyRRWR
1978 Gzms 14s xmspFyRVV[sLiFyNRPsVV R bPsryssVVsj yRVsjNRPVgS
FyRRWR FyLRiLiLiLji. L][sNTPLRiVsjc LiVVLRiVsj \VRV NTP[dsVLRi ]xmsVs
sVgkixtsQsVVsry*sV xmsRRWR rygjiLiLji. A xqsLisR=LRisVV yRVLSxqssRsVV (@xmnsVxLki)
xgRiLkisj VVRVs sVsxgRiLki NRPLiNTP yLRiVsLiR NTP[dsVLRiRWLRisVVs sVsj. 1978 s
25s yRVLSxqssyLiRsVVs ry*sV xmsRRWR sVLRi rygjisj. NSTNTP sLjigji ss
RLS*R $ [VLiRxqsLRixqs*dry*sV yLji gRiVLRiVsosV xqsLilgi[aRP*LRisVsV][ RLji+LiLji. @xmsNTP
yLji yRVLSxqssRsVV \|yRV[ NS[RV. sVLRi LiLiVVNTPFso sWLRisVVs
ry*sVyLjis yLRiV RLji+LiLji. Lji, x[}qs, RLiRWLRiVsV RW ry*sV xmsRRWRsV
xLizmsNTP [LjiLji. bPjsxqs[ sVs sRVsgRiLRi rysWsVVsNRPV xLizms sVVxmssVV,
@NRPR N]s yLiT sVV [LjiLji. sVVssVLiRgS NRPNRPVRV sVRLSxqsV sVLiT
jNRPXOSQgRiRV\ ry*sVs [lLisV. ry*sVORPQsVLi R*LRi[ NRPLiNTP [LRiVsVsV gRizLixmssss
RVRRV s[RVN]ssV, xqsx sVNRPLiFysVXRV\sVs yNRPVs sRsNTP RORPQs[V
aSLiNRPVgRiVsVgS xmsNTPLji. ""s[ sR sVssV y xXRRVsVV NRPLi RVLi[ RVVLiRVsV.''
gRisyRV x xqsWR xtsQsVVsNRPV ssLSRNRP xtsQsVsj dsVNRPV RVVy?
""sLis c sV[V gRiy! ''
""sVNTP yssVVsj. ys}msLRiV RVVy!''

""@jNRP RLRiVso''
NRPRLRiV yRj C FyLiRsVV. xmsR syLRiVNRPTyLRiV. ARVs RV\Q*R yzmsNTP,
sVs xqsLixqsQX xqsLiryxmsssVVsNRPVsV sVxRLRiNRPXztsQ [|qssV. yLjiNRPTyLRiV. C FyLiRsVVs
sLiRL][ RV\Q*R xms[RNRPV VLiTyLRiV. s[ds FyLiR xqsLiyLRisVVs y sVxdsRVVV
sWssNTP [zqss sVx[RsV }qsssV xqsLjiLiRVRVysV.'' A NRPVRV sLRiVRLRiV\yRV. INRP
xmsR\sVs xqsWNTPLiVWRVsNRPV gRiVLRiV [RVTss.
""DyLRi RLjiy yLiRV sxqsV\s NRPVVLiNRPsV''
DyLRiRLjiRVNRPV xmsxmsLiRs[V NRPVVLisVV.
ry*sV sVLSxtsQsVVs xmsRRWRsV rygjiLiRV[ sRV sVd [V][ Vs*LjiNTPs RVRV.
ylLiR NSTssV sR xmsdsNRP sV NTPg_LRissVV][ ry*sVNTP ry*gRiR sV }qss[zqsLji.
sxmsRsVVLiRVsV, sgRiLRisVV LiRVsV sLRiORPQLSxqsVQ\s xmsxms sVLiT xmsLRisV ygRiLjiNRPV\,
gRi[gRisVVVgRi xmssVVVsLRiNRPV yg][FysVV s[RsVV sxqsLjiLi RWs xqsLRiV
rysRsVVs R\sVs RsVM xms RWLixms [zqsN]sLji.
ry*sV VRZNP[gjissV xmsN][ yLjis RsV ry*sVgRis[ sLiTyLRiV. sRRWRV \ssVVsV
RLji+LixmsgRi sVgRisVV RsV NRPss xqsLiRXxmsoQ\Lji.
c NRPQLi c

VVztsQ sR NRPRRVsgS s rysWssVV sR NRPR sLij NSRV. @j xqsLixmnsVs

xmsLRiLixmsLRigSs sXyLiRsVV RWsVxmspLji*gSs NSRV. xqsLixmnsVs xmsLRiLixmsLRi rysWsVs
sRsXRsVVs gRiWR yxqssNRPRssVV [RVRV. NRP sRsVVsV , VVNRP sVRVsgSs,
RVsyLRixmsoLRiVxtsvsgSs, yLji sR sVxRQsVVsV gSs RVLRisVV[zqsN]sV ryRsVVNSRV.
ssVgSs RVsVWRVVgSs, RWRLRiV gSs \sRVNTPNRPsVVgRi sVRVNRPV xqsLiLijLixmsso.
xqsVsaS\sVs ys xmsLjij [ss saRP*sVV s[ RWsLjiLixmsgRiso. NSs gRiRVLRiV sRsVsgS
xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiR \RssVVs[ sWLRiV [RVgRij. @LiRLRi\sVs LiVW sWLRiV[ gRisVsVV
xqsLixmspLRiRsLiRVsV. sWsss ssdNRPXRsVV [RVV Fysss gRiLigS RLRiLigji RW
sRsVxqssLi, sWssNTP aSaRP*R\sVs NRPsVV xmsryjLiRVsV. AjaRPLiNRPLRiVV
xmsxmsLiRsVVsV xmsoxmnssVV][ sLizmsLji. ys[ sRVsV\sVsj $ NSsVN][ {mshSyLRi
xmsLRiLixmsLRi. xmsR sVWRs[V {mshSj xmsRsVVsLijs sVsry*sV sLji RaSsVV[ \sLRiLiRLRi
NRPXztsQ][sWss sRsVVsV sR FyssR*sVVNRPWLRi RVLiRVLRiV. @\Q*R sVRQsVVsV
xmsARxsVVs NRPsgRiRsVgRiVsV xmssLiRVLRiV. xqsLixqsQXs sLRiNRPsVV[zqs
xmsLjiLRiOTPQLiRV xms LRidRVVs NRPLRissVs xmsV xqsLisLiRVsV xms[jLiRVLRiV.
xmspFyRVVgRiRVLRiV $$$ ry*sV yLji LiVW sRRLjiyRRVs sWyNRP ys
xms[RsVV sVxRQ xmsWssVV NRPLiRVgSNRP! Bj gRiRVLRiV $ AyLRi ry*sV yLjiNTP
NRPQLi RVgRiVgSR!c
***