CPA1L8 1WC

rellmlnary
Slzlng






S1kUC1UkAL ANALSIS AND DLSIGN
1he analysls of sLrucLures deals wlLh Lhe deLermlnaLlon of loads reacLlon shear and bendlng
momenL SLrucLural deslgn deals wlLh Lhe proporLlonlng of members Lo reslsL Lhe applled
forces 1he sequence lnvolved ln creaLlng a sLrucLure Lhen lnvolves analysls flrsL and Lhen
deslgn
re||m|nary S|z|ng and |t's Importance
SLrucLural deslgn and analysls ls ofLen an lLeraLlve process SecLlon slzes may be needed
before an analysls (|nput for SA2000) can be carrled ouL Lo deLermlne Lhe load effecLs
LhaL secLlons musL be deslgned for (whlch ln Lurn dlcLaLes Lhe slze of Lhe secLlon)
rellmlnary slzes are obLalned from experlence and rules of Lhumb (oLher people's
experlence) 1hese are used ln Lhe prellmlnary analysls
1he resulLs of Lhe analysls are used Lo obLaln more reflned approxlmaLe deslgns

re||m|nary S|z|ng of 8end|ng Members
S|ab
1 n bulldlng deslgn lL ls lmporLanL Lo noLe LhaL dead load ls Lhe mosL slgnlflcanL of all
load So more slab Lhlckness leads Lo uneconomlc sLrucLure as a whole as Lhe slab
loadlng affecLs all oLher members llke beams columns and fooLlng So for overall
economy ln Lhe sLrucLural deslgn of bulldlng lL ls necessary Lo keep slab Lhlckness as
small as pracLlcable
2 1hlck slabs add Lo Lhe dead load of bulldlng by whlch earLhquake forces also geL
lncreased
3 1he Lhlckness of slab shall noL be less Lhan 10 cm and ln LolleL blocks noL less Lhan 13
cm
4 8eams should be poslLloned so as Lo resLrlcL Lhe slab Lhlckness Lhe slab Lhlckness
saLlsfylng Lhe deflecLlon crlLerla 1o achleve Lhls secondary beams shall be provlded
where necessary
3 L ls suggesLed Lo provlde more sLeel area aL mld span Lo reduce Lhe Lhlckness of slab
6 1he depLh of slab ls governed by deflecLlon crlLerla (l/d) raLlo
7 ueflecLlon ln slab can be conLrolled by provldlng sulLable camber
S 4362000 leads Lo more Lhlckness of slab whlch ls Lo be mulLlplled by percenLage of
sLeel Lo geL reduced slab Lhlckness
n accordance wlLh S 4362000 Clause 2221 of Lhe code glves
L/d 32*ModlflcaLlon lacLor
Assumlng percenLage of sLeel (L) 0304
AdopL ModlflcaLlon lacLor13
1hlckness of slab6000/ (32*13) 14423mm
AdopL 1hlckness of Slab130 mm
8eam
1 The width of beam under a wall is preferably kept equal to the width of that wall to
avoid offsets i.e. if the wall is of 25cm. then provided beam width of 25cm.
2 The beam depth should be chosen on the higher side, while width on lower side,
3 inimum width of main and secondary beam had shall 23cm.However secondary
beams can be of 15cm. incase of beams of toilet block. The width of beam should
also satisfy architectural considerations.
4. The span to depth ratio for beam be adopted as follows :
For building in seismic zone between 10 to12 and for non seismic zone 12 to 15. The
ratio "D/b" (depth divided by width ) of beam should not generally exceed 4 if it is a
slender beam . The depth so calculated shall be as shown in the Architects plan.
5. For saving steel quantity beam depth is generally taken at 1/10
th
to 1/12
th
(1/15
th

minimum) of span (1/5
th
to 1/7
th
for cantilever beams). These beam depths,
generally, work out to be more than adequate for deflection.
6. In the beam design, we do not go in for less depth as, the steel consumption will
increase sharply, leading to ineconomy. Further, the dead load of beams is only a
small part of the total dead load of building.
7. Width of a beam is helpful in shear and also in bar placement in one layer. It is kept
small in the vicinity of 230 mm to 300 mm. it is desirable to have beam depth as
much allowed by the architect.
8. Also larger depth provides, larger moment of resistance.
9. The depth of the beam can be reduced by providing cambering.
10.Breadth l breadth of wall, common values are 150,230(250),300 mm.
11.Depth, common values are 300,375,450,600,675,750,825,900. Or in the multiple of
300-900.

O Beam
inimum width of beam =250 mm (thickness of wall)
Adopt Width of beam=300 mm.
The span to depth ratio for beam be adopted as follows :
l/d =10-12 for Seismic zone
= 12-15 for non seismic zone
Adopt l/d =10
Depth=6000/10 =600 mm.
!7elimina7 Sizing fo7 column
The dimension of a particular column section, is decided in the following way.
1. A column shall have minimum section 23cm. X 23cm. if it is not an obligatory size
column.
2. As far as possible, square column should be chosen because it is equally effective in
resisting the earthquake load in both principal direction.
3. The size of obligatory column/s shall be taken as shown on the architects plan. For
non obligatory columns as far as possible the smaller dimension shall equal to wall
thickness as to avoid any projection inside the room. The longer dimension should be
chosen such that it is a multiple of 5cm. and ratio Pu/ fckbd is restricted to, for non-
seismic area (for corner columns it may be ) and for seismic region (
for corner columns it may be )
Where Pu, Fck, B, D, have the following meaning.
!u is the factored load on the column. (in Newton)
ck is characteristic compressive strength of concrete. (Newton/mm2)
- is the breadth of the column .(mm)
/ is the depth of the column .(mm)
4. The above ratios will ultimately help in keeping requirements of steel for columns
within 0.8 to 2.5% which is economical and will avoid congestion of steel.
5. If the size of column is obligatory or if size can not be increased to the desired size
due to Architectural constraints and if the ratio of Pu / Fckbd works out to be more
than the limit specified above it will be necessary to upgrade the mixof concrete. For
ease of construction frequent changes in column size should be avoided As far as
possible in multistoried building at least two floors should have the same column
section.
6. Sizing of column and shear walls has significant both on the utilization of building
area and on the economy of building cost. Architects in their attempts to derive
maximum functional advantage of a given area prefer to have a small columns as
possible. Further many architects prefer thin columns for attractive elevations of
buildings. Economy in building cost needs large sized columns with the minimum
steel reinforcement. Columns consume a large quantity of steel, as there is, in
general no variation in column storey in a given storey. With the present cost of
concrete at Rs.3000.00 per m
3
and cost of steel at Rs 80,000.00 per tone, it is
prudent to save steel and consume more concrete instead. By using rich concrete
mixes and taking advantage of age factors in the lower storey, size of columns can,
to some extent, be reduced. But thin columns have to be designed for additional
slenderness moments, involving more steel consumption, which can be easily
avoided by adopting large-sized columns.
7. For efficient utilization of building area, the optimum carpet area is about 80% of the
available floor area, leaving about 20% of area to be enclosed by shear walls or
shear cores.
8. The preliminary column size can be fixed for axial load with steel reinforcement being
restricted to, say 1% which may be regarded as minimum. By including moments
due to the minimum eccentricity provisions of the code, steel percentage is expected
to increase to a value, say, 2.0%.Further, the effect of horizontal loads will tend to
increase to a maximum value of 4.0% which is accepted as reasonable in practice.
This is the basis of starting with 1.0% steel for axial load only.
With the total loading intensity N/m
2
and the tributary area A(m
2
) of a column of N
storeys, the axial load on the column is given by
P= .A.N
The factored column load (P
u
) is given by,
P
u
= 1.5 .A.N (a)
The axial load capacity of the column given by code,
P
u
=0.4 f
c
kA
c
+0.67 f
y
A
s
Which is easily transformed into,
P
u
= f
ck
A
g
[0.4+

]ck
(0.67f
y
-0.40f
ck
)] (b)
Where, A
c
= net concrete area of column section
A
g
= gross concrete area of column section
A
s
= area of steel in column section
r=
As
Ag
=0.01
on equating equation a & b,

Ag
A
=
1.5 w.A.N
IckAg |0.4+
r
]ck
(0.67Iy-0.40Ick)]

W=9.75N/m
2

A=33 m
2

N=8

Ag
A
=
1.5-0.00975-N
25|0.4+
0.01
2S
(0.67-415-0.40-25)]
=
N
867.43

Ag/A = 8/867.43
Assuming square column
D=0.551 m
The column size can be rounded off to 600mm * 600 mm
It is seen that column occupy about 1.09% the floor area for a building of 8

storey with
a tributary area of 33 m
2
, which is quite reasonable.
!7elimina7 Sizing of Stai7case
Stair
Rise (mm) Going (mm) Pitch (in degree)
Unobstructed
width (mm)
3. Opt. ,. 3. Opt. ,. Opt. ,. 3.
Reduced
m3. where
st,r h,s
lmted use
Pr;,te st,r
100 175 190 225 250 300 35 40 800 600
220 ,-solute m,. 42 ,-solute m,.
Sempu-lc st,r
(I,ctores, oIIces,
shops, schools, etc.)
100 165 190 250 275 350 31 38 1000 800
Pu-lc st,r
(c3em,, the,tre,
st,dum, hospt,ls,
etc.
100 180 280 3 350 27 33 1000
Hospt,ls 1200
O Waist slab of staircase designed as one way slab.
O The thickness of waist slab can be reduced by providing compression reinforcement.
O Staircase
Rise=150 mm
Tread = 300 mm
Depth of waist slab=4500/20
= 225 mm
Adopt thickness of waist slab=225 mm.