TYPES OF STEELS

Construction Steel
The prime requirement of construction steels is to meet specific mechanical properties at the lowest possible price. St 42 = Tensile strength = 420 MPa. These steels need to be protected against corrosion either by organic layers (paints) or by a metallic layer (zinc). They are low cost, general purpose steels which have excellent welding characteristics. They are usually less suitable for machining.

Spring Steel
These steels have a high Carbon concentration to have a high yield strength. Furthermore these steels are supplied in a cold rolled state to improve their elastic limit even further. (Yield strength 1800 2000 MPa). Good elastic properties. Mechanical properties increase with increasing Carbon concentration. These steels are non-weldable. Manufacturing of products is by cold forming of wire or punching articles from sheet. (Good Hardenability) The steels included in Idemat have limited corrosion resistance and are only suitable for indoor applications

Cutting Steel
Mechanical properties increase with increasing carbon concentration. Free machining steel costs 15 to 20% more than a standard steel, but this is made up by increased machining speeds, larger cuts, and longer tool life. The disadvantages of free machining steel are: ductility is decreased; impact resistance is reduced; copper-based brazed joints suffer from embrittlement with bismuth free machining grades; shrink fits are not as strong.

CUTTING STEELS
Easily cut by tools. Free machining steel is steel that forms small chips when machined. This increases the machinability of the material because smaller chips reduce the length of contact between the workpiece and the cutting tool, thus reducing friction, heat, power required, and wear on the tool. Due to the addition of S and Pb the chip length during cutting, drilling and turning is greatly reduced. This enables these materials to be processed unsupervised on CMC machines.

Cast Steel
Iron alloy with carbon up to 1.7 wt.%. Mechanical properties are generally lower than wrought steels of the same composition, but in return, more complicated products can be made in one step. Mechanical properties of cast steel are better than cast iron but the casting properties are worse. High carbon cast steels offer excellent wear resistance. Steel casting is a specialized form of casting involving various types of steel. Steel castings are used when cast irons cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance. Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, and engine casings.

High Temperature Steel

The improvement in mechanical properties is due to the addition of Mo and V. These elements stabilize the microstructure of the steel. V offers more improvement than Mo but is more expensive.

High Temperature Steel

Mechanical properties depend both on the temperature and the loading time. (CREEP) Molybdenum (Mo), Nickel (Ni) and Cromium (Cr) has been the key element to develop ferritic steels with good creep strength for service temperatures up to 530 C.

High Temperature Steel

Products and components made of high temperature steels include seamless tubes for water boilers and superheaters, boiler drums,collectors, pumps and pressure vessels for elevated temperature service

RESM

High Temperature Steel

Products and components made of high temperature steels include heavy steam turbine shafts with the diameter exceeding 2 meters

SUBZERO STEELS
Temperature very low (~ -270 0C). Gas liquifier equipments, pipe lines, pumps, refrigerators. Problem: At very low temperature, Elastic Modulus, Strength, brittleness INCREASES. Ductility and Notch sensitivity (Charpy Test) DECREASES. Nickel Cromium Steels are used.

TOOL STEELS
High wear resistance and high stiffness (Toughness for cold plastic formation and high temperature strength for hot plastic deformation).
Cold work tool steels (>200 0C) Hot work tool steels High speed steels

Cold work tool steels (>200 0C)

Hot work tool steels

High Speed Steels

Keep Stiffness up to 600 0C. Alloying element W, Cr, V, Mo and Co.

INVAR
Invar, also known generically as FeNi36 (64FeNi in the US), is a nickel steel alloy notable for its uniquely low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE or ). It was invented in 1896 by Swiss scientist Charles douard Guillaume. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 for this discovery, which shows the importance of this alloy in scientific instruments.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEELS (HSLA)

Some types of steel are specifically for use in fabricating large structures. They are called highstrength low alloy or HSLA steels. These steels are: much stronger and tougher than ordinary carbon steels
ductile highly formable weldable highly resistant to corrosion - which is important since the structure may be in place for a long time.

Cranes can be made taller because of HSLA steel. HSLA steel cars, trucks and bridges. The increased strength of HSLA steels means that structures can be built that contain less steel and are therefore lighter than they otherwise would be. This is an important feature for cars and trucks because it leads to fuel economy and to less damage to road surfaces. It is also important in the design of bridges since it means that the centre spans can be longer and need fewer supporting beams. The extra strength of the steel means that the sections making up the mast can be thinner and more stable because they offer less resistance to the wind.

HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEELS (HSLA)

HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEELS (HSLA)

Strengthening Mechanisms in Ferrite: Grain refinement (Grain refinement is the most desirable strengthening mechanism because it improves not only strength but also toughness.) Precipitation hardening Solid-solution strengthening. Grain refinement is influenced by the complex effects of alloy design and processing methods. For example, the various methods of grain refinement used in the three different stages of hot rolling (that is, reheating, hot rolling, and cooling)

DUAL PHASE STEELS

Dual-phase steel (DPA) is a high-strength steel that has a ferrite and martensitic microstructure. DPA starts as a low or medium carbon steel and is quenched from a temperature above A1 but below A3 on a continuous coolin transformation diagram. This results in a microstructure consisting of a soft ferrite matrix containing islands of martensite as the secondary phase (martensite increases the tensile strength).

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DUAL PHASE STEELS

DUAL PHASE STEELS

The desire to produce high strength steels with greater than microalloyed steel led the development of DPS in 1970s. The steel melt is produced in an oxygen top blowing process in the converter, and undergoes an alloy treatment in the secondary metallurgy phase. The product is aluminum-killed steel, with high tensile strength achieved by the composition with manganese, chromium and silicon.

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DUAL PHASE STEELS

Their advantages are as follows: Low yield strength Low yield to tensile strength ratio (yield strength / tensile strength = 0.5) High initial strain hardening rates Good uniform elongation A high strain rate sensitivity (the faster it is crushed the more energy it absorbs) Good fatigue resistance Due to these properties DPS is often used for automotive body panels, wheels, and bumpers.

DUAL PHASE STEELS

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DUAL PHASE STEELS

In general, these steels have a carbon content of less than 0.1%, which ensures that they can be spot welded. The carbon content also produces about 20% of the martensite in the microstructure after intercritical annealing and rapid cooling. Manganese in amounts of 1 to 1.5% is added to ensure sufficient hardenability so that martensite is formed upon rapid cooling. Chromium and molybdenum have also been added in amounts that are usually under 0.6%.

DUAL PHASE STEELS

Silicon is added to provide solid solution hardening. Small amounts of microalloying additions, such as vanadium, niobium, and titanium, may be added to provide precipitation hardening and/or grain size control. Nitrogen may be added to intensify the precipitation-hardening effects of vanadium.

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MARAGING STEELS (Martensite + Aging)

Ultra high strength as a result of martensitic transformation and following aging treatment. The hardening of parts (typically at 480C 3h under vacuum or under inert atmosphere) results in a high degree of hardening without perceptible dimensional change. After an annealing at high temperature (typically 800-1000C) and a rapid cooling carried out during the production process, a soft annealed condition is achieved which corresponds to a soft martensite. In contrast to carbon steels, there is no distortion of the lattice by interstitial carbon atoms and the martensitic structure can be easily cold deformed. Moderate temperature tempering results in a high degree of hardening by precipitation of very stable Ni3Ti or Fe2Mo intermetallics. This hardening is obtained without any perceptible dimensional change.

MARAGING STEELS
Maraging steels have superior strength and toughness without losing malleability. These steels are a special class of low-carbon ultra-high-strength steels which derive their strength not from carbon, but from precipitation of inter-metallic compounds. The principal alloying element is 15 to 25% nickel. Secondary alloying elements are added to produce intermetallic precipitates, which include cobalt, molybdenum, and titanium. The common, non-stainless grades contain 1719% nickel, 812% cobalt, 35% molybdenum, and 0.21.6% titanium. Addition of chromium produces stainless grades resistant to corrosion. This also indirectly increases hardenability as they require less nickel.

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MARAGING STEELS
Due to the low carbon content maraging steels have good machinability. Prior to aging, they may also be cold rolled to as much as 8090% without cracking. Maraging steels offer good weldability, but must be aged afterward to restore the properties of heat affected zone. Due to the high alloy content the alloys have a high hardenability. Non-stainless varieties of maraging steels are moderately corrosion-resistant, and resist and hydrogen embrittlement. More corrosion protection can be gained by cadmium plating or phosphating.

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CARBURIZING STEELS (Sementasyon elikleri)

Low amount of C (max. 0,2) Used for Case Hardening. Contains alloying elements such as Mn, Cr and Ni.

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NITRIDING STEELS
After case hardening, a very hard surface can be reached. (Does not soften even up to 500 0). Increased nitridability by formation of alloying element nitrides, particularly Al and Cromium.

BOLT AND NUT STEELS

Good cold formability

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BOLT AND NUT STEELS

Manufacturing: Cold Forming (M2 M16)

BOLT AND NUT STEELS

Manufacturing

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BOLT AND NUT STEELS

Machining (For Special or less amount of usage).

BOLT AND NUT STEELS .

Min. Tensile strength, divided by 10
Yield strength, decimal multiplication of tensile strength

For example, a 6.8 Bolt means; Tensile strength : 60 kgf/mm2= 600 kgf/mm2 Yield strength : 60 x 0,8 kgf/mm2 = 480 kgf/mm2

Strength of Nut must be higher than the strength of Bolt.

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ELECTRICAL STEELS
Electrical steel is an iron alloy which may have from zero to 6.5% silicon (Si). Silicon significantly increases the electrical resistivity of the steel, which decreases the induced eddy currents and thus reduces the core loss. Manganese and aluminum can be added up to 0.5%.

ELECTRICAL STEELS
Increasing the amount of silicon inhibits eddy currents and narrows the hysteresis loop of the material, thus lowering the core losses. However, the grain structure hardens and embrittles the metal, which adversely affects the workability of the material, especially when rolling it. The carbon level is kept to 0.005% or lower. The carbon level can be reduced by annealing the steel in a decarburizing atmosphere, such as hydrogen.

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BALL BEARING STEELS

High compression strength and wear resistance. Hypereurectoid Cromium steels.
Balls stiffness : 60 66 RHN Ring stiffness : 59 65 RHN

VALVE STEELS
Cold formable, age hardenable, valve steel consisting essentially of 19-23% chromium, 4-6.5% nickel, 6.5-8% manganese, 0.15-0.30% each of carbon and nitrogen, up to 1% silicon, up to 0.2% columbium, up to 0.1% each of phosphorous and sulfur.
high elevated temperature hardnesses, high creep-rupture strength and low creep deformation, the steel having high corrosion resistance to leaded fuel exhaust gases, particularly at silicon contents of 0.2% and under.

Intake and Exhaust valves.

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Effects of C and Si

Souma Hz = 1 / Cidar Kalnl

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Effects of C and Si
Si causes graphite formation.
C (%)

Si (%)

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Gray Cast Iron

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1 MPa = 145 PSi

Chill Depth

CEQ

White Cast Iron

Gray or Sphero Cast Iron

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Temper grafiti Ferritik TDD Perlitik TDD

Perlit Ferritik-Perlitik TDD Artan Souma Hz

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Kresel grafit Ferritik KDD Perlitik KDD

Perlit Ferritik-Perlitik KDD Artan Souma Hz

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