" -

1. 4...........................................................................................................
4 ...........................................................................
1.1
4....................................................................................
v.
5 ....................................................................
1.2
6 ...........................................................................................
1.3
6 ............................................................................
1.4
"" 7 ..................................... :
1.5
7 ................................................................................................
1.6
8 ..............................................................................
1.7
8 ..................................................................................................
1.8
9 ..........................................................................................................
1.9
1.10 9 ..............................................................................................
1.11 9 .........................................................................................
1.12 10 ...............................................................................
1.13 10 .......................................................................
2. 11.......................................................................................................
3. 12............................................................................................
12 .................................................................................. :
3.8
? 12 .........................................................................
3.9
3.11 b- 13 ............................................................ ? a n
3.13 b 13 .................................................................................. a n
3.15 14 .............................................................................................
3.16 14 .......................................................
14....................................................................
vi.
3.17 15 ...........................................................................................
3.18 16 .......................................
3.19 - 16 .................................
3.21 17 ............................................................................................
3.22 ( ) 17 .........................................................
3.23 ' 18 ............................................................................................
3.24 18 ............................................................................................
3.26 19 ...............................................................................
3.27 19 ..............................................................
19...............................................................................
i.
( )21........................................
ii.
3.28 21 ...................................................................................
4. 22....................................................................................
5. 26.........................................................................................
" 26 ..................................................................
5.2
26 ................................................................
5.3
27 .................................................................................................
5.8
27....................................................................................
i.
27................................................................................
ii.
)28 .................................................................................. f (x
5.9
5.10 ) f (x x 28 ..................................................

 5.11 ) f (x x 29 .............................................
5.12 29 ..........................................................................
5.13 29 ...........................................................................................
5.14 ( ) 30 ........................................
5.15 ' 30 .......................................................... :
5.16 30 ............................................................................
5.17 30 ........................................................................................
5.18 31 .........................................................................................
5.19 32 ................................................................................
6. 33....................................................................................
33 ..........................................................................................................
6.1
34 ...................................................................................
6.2
34 ....................................................................................
6.3
35 ....................................................................................
6.5
7. 36..............................................................................
36 ...........................................................................................
7.1
36 ..............................................................................................
7.2
37 .............................................................................
7.3
37 ............................................................................................
7.4
37.................................................................................
i.
37..............................................................................
ii.
37 .....................................................................................................
7.9
37......................................................................
i.
38...................................................................................
ii.
7.10 39 .......................................................... x 0 -
"
"
" "

0
39 .........................................

7.11

0
8. 41..................................................................
41 .......................................................................................
8.1
( ) 41 ..................................................
8.2
41 .........................................................................................
8.4
42 .................................................................................................
8.5
42 .....................................................................................................
8.6
" 42 .................... " f ( x) 0
8.8
' 43 ......................................................................
8.9
' 43......................................................
iii.
8.10 43 ...................................................................................................
9. 44...........................................................................................
44 ......................................................................................
9.1
/ 44 ..............................................................................................
9.2
44 ...............................................................................
9.3
44 ........................................................................................
9.4
45 ........................................................................................
9.5
45 ..................................................................................
9.6
45 .................................................................................................
9.7
46 .................................................................................................
9.8
46........................................................................
i.
46.....................................................................
ii.
46 .................................................................................................
9.9

 10. ? 47....................................
a0
47 ...........................................................................................................
10.1
0

47 .............................................................................................................
10.2

47 .......................................................................................................... 10.3
47 ....................................................................................................... 0 * () 10.4
47 ............................................ ( 0) ( 0) / ( ) ( 0 ) / ( 0) ( ) / ( 1) ( ) 10.5
47 .................................................................................................................. 00 10.6
47............................................... :
iv.
11. ? 48.........................................

 .1
1.1
.i
( * .) * -
.ii . x 2
.iii . x n 1 1 ( x 1)(1 x ... x n ) :
a3 b3
a 3 b 3 (a b)( a 2 ab b 2 ) .iv
a 2 ab b 2
.v
. :
exp exp 0
. f (x) | exp |
exp exp 0

.a b

. x 2 | x | .
.

) , lim ( x x ) lim ( x 3
x

) lim ( x x ) lim ( x 3 x
x

,
".
. a x a | x | a .
. x b or x b | x | b

. | : f ( x) | x

.vi : f ( x) e x

.vii ): f ( x) ln( x
.viii ( 2 ):
| . | x y || x | | y

x x2 ... xn
. x1 * x2 * ...* xn 1
.ix :
n

...

x
.) 1
2
( n
n

 .x :
)max( a, b) 12 | a b | 12 (a b
)min( a, b) 12 | a b | 12 (a b
.xi:
. log a ( x) b x a b
, | a | 1 . log a ( x) b x a b :
, 1 a 1 . log a ( x) b x a b :
). e ln( x ) x , ln( x) log e ( x
.xii . 180 ,0 2 360 :

.xiii x | ). | sin( x) || x || tan(x

2
2
.xiv
.
.
1.2
.i .
.
.
" ,' }, A {1,2,5
" ,' }. A {x | 2 x 3
.ii a ,A . a A
.iii , ( ).
, {} ::
,
.
.iv
. A- B-:
A- .B-
= ,a a A .) a B a A ( a B
= a A ,a . a B
A B- . A B
. A- B-:
.
= a B a A ,a . a A a B
= ( a B a A ,a ).
A B A B . B A
. A-
B- A B . A B . A B
. A A A . A A

 1.3
.i A B- A B
}. A B {x | x A and x B
. A B
.ii A B- A B
}. A B {x | x A or x B
[ "" ( )or ,
].
.iii () A B- A B A/ B
. A B {x | x A and x B
.iv . A B A, B , A, B A B , A B A B :
.v C,B,A ,:
A B B A .
A B B A .
. , A B
, A B B , A B A . A C B C
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C ) .
A ( B C ) ( A B) C
A ( B C ) ( A B) C
A ( B C ) ( A B) C .
A ( B C ) ( A B) C
. A , A . A
1.4
.i (:)natural numbers
. .
.ii (:)integers
( ) . .
.iii (:)rational
" 2 :
a

, Q a, b , b 0 . Q
b

a
( a ) a :
1
.iv (:)real numbers
. R R " .
,
.
.
n n : n .
( 3.14159....) .
.v . Q R
.vi ( :)
. .1
. - (
).

 1.5 "" :
.i ( ) ] [a, b : a b
}. [a, b] {x R | a x b
.ii ( ) ) (a, b : a b
}. (a, b) {x R | a x b
.iii (= ) : a b
} [a, b) {x R | a x b }. (a, b] {x R | a x b
.iv (= ):
} [a, ) {x R | a x }(a, ) {x R | a x
} (, a] {x R | x a }(, a) {x R | x a
R (, ) ,
.v .
.
.vi .:
]. (,3) (6, ) R [3,6
1.6

R [0, ) .i , R -.
R ( ,0] .ii R -.
.iii x a a x
( , ) . ]. [x
x . x
.iv x b . b x
. x
n

.v . ai a1 a 2 ... a n :
i 1
n

.vi . ai a1 * a 2 * ... * a n :
i 1

 1.7
.i .
.ii:
.
.
. ,n=k

.n=k+1
.iii :
n
)n(n 1
k 1 2 .... n n.
.
2
k 1
n
)n(n 1)( 2n 1
k 2 . n 1
.
6
k 1
1 q n 1
q n.
1 q
k 0
3
n n n 3- .
:
h R h 1 , h 0
n 2 . (1 h) n 1 h * n
1
1
n 3 2 n . n 10 3 n , . n 10
n
2
nn
nn
3 n! n . n 6
n
2
n

.
.
.

.
.

1.8
.i k ,n , n k
n
!n
)n * (n 1) * ...* (n k 1
.
" n "k:

1* 2 * ...* k
!) k k!(n k
n
n n
.ii n 0 , 1 . n
1
n 0
n n
.iii
.
n k k
.iv :
n
n
b ,a n- . (a b) n a k b nk
k 0 k
n
n n n
n
.v . ... 2 n :
k 0 k
0 1
n

 1.9

.i : f A B . f : A B
x A . y B
f ( x) y x .y
A , f : A B f B- .f
.ii " .

.iii

.iv

.v
.vi

.vii

.viii
1.10

, , f ( x) 25 x 2 x
. R
f:
. x A ).f(x
. y B x A . f ( x) y
( )Image ) Im(f
}). Im( f ) { y B | x A exists so y f ( x
( ) Im( f ) B
. Im( f ) B ,
y , x . f ( x) y -

) y Im( f x A . f ( x) y
= x1 , x2 A ) , f ( x1 ) f ( x2 . x1 x 2
= x1 , x2 A , x1 x 2 ) . f ( x1 ) f ( x2
.
f 1 f- . f : B A
, f ( x) y ) . x f 1 ( y
. I ( x) x :

.i f g- f

f ( x)

g ( f ( x )) :g
.x
f
g
)). ( f g )(x) g ( f ( x
.ii : g : C D , f : A B
, Im( f ) C g f "
)). f g : A D , ( f g )(x) g ( f ( x
.iii g : B C , f : A B ,
g f .

1.11

.i f : A B (= A B-
)
.ii f- x1 , x2 A
. f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2
.iii f- x1 , x2 A
. f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2

 .iv:
f1 ( x) 2 x .
f 2 ( x) x .
f 3 ( x ) x 2 ( ).
f 3 ) , [0, ]. (,0

1.12

1.13

.v f : A B , A1 A
f- A1 x1 , x 2 A1
. f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) x1 x2
f . A1
.vi f : R R ( ) , f
. , .

.i f : A B
.ii f- x A ). f ( x) f ( x
.iii f- x A ). f ( x) f ( x
.iv f : R R ,
g : R R , h : R R - g- h , . f g h
)f ( x) f ( x
. g ( x)
. g:
2
)f ( x) f ( x
. h( x )
. h :
2
.v ) g (x) , f (x , ) f ( x) * g ( x.
) g (x) , f (x f ( x) * g ( x) ,.
) f (x g (x) , f ( x) * g ( x) , .

.i f .g- :
f g . : f g
f g x
). ( f g )(x) f ( x) g ( x
f
(
. , f * g , g f , f g
g
f
g).

10

 .2
2.1 ( ,)
( ,
, ).
2.2 a1 , a 2 , a3 ,... {a n }n 1 } . {a n
1
2.3 . a n {1, 12 , 13 , 14 ,...} :
n
2.4 : , '
a1 1, a 2 1 . a n a n 2 a n 1 , n 3
2.5 } {a n f : R
. f ( n) a n
2.6 a n , bn :
1
1
( ) a n , bn 2
n
n
1 1
.i n- a n bn. 2 :
n n
1 1
.ii n- a n bn. 2 :
n n
1 1
1
.iii n- a n * bn. * 2 3 :
n n
n
1
a
( n bn 0 -
.iv n- n n :
1
bn
2
n
.)n
1

1 n2
b
.v n- an n :
n
( n .) a n bn 0

11

 .3
3.1
.i 0- .0-
.ii a, b R | a b | , 0 . a b
3.2 } , {a n ( b
) , " " (
) .b-
n- a n , .b-,
| | a n b .
3.3 , !! n
3.4 a n b : . lim( a n ) b
n

3.5

3.6

3.7
3.8

3.9

b ) [ (b , b b ,
b ,] b } {x R | | x b |
[ , b .] -
} {a n ,b ( 0
)0- ,
.b
:
0 . | a n b |
.
.
:
.iii } , {a n b R . b-
} , {a n 0 n o ( ),
n no . | a n b |
n o - , - ) . no no (
.iv :
b } , {a n 0
n o ( ) , n no a n -
.b
?
.i a n . | a n lim( a n ) |
.ii .
.iii ,n " .
.iv ) n0 ( n-
" .

12

 3.10 :
n

)(1

n
. 0 n o n no

a n .0

(1) n
(1) n
1
| |
0 | | a n lim( a n ) |
|
n
n
n
1
(1) n ,1- n- ] . n

n0 ( )

n no n

. | a n lim( a n ) | ...
3.11 b- ? a n
.i b- a n
.ii , 0 n o n no
. | a n b |
.iii .
.iv ,n " .
.v , ) n0 ( ( n-
) , | a n b | -
n ) . n no (
3.12 :

4 3n

4n 2
4 3n 1
. lim

4n 2 2
4 3n 1
1
0 a n

4n 2 2
2
) (5n 3
6 10 n
5n 3

8n 4
4n 2
4n 2
2 3
. 54 , n
n(5 4 ) 2 3 5n 3 4n 2
5 4
, 12 , n n0 43 ( an 12

a n . 12

,) an 12 | 0 12 | 12

..
3.13 b a n
1
2

1
2

. a n

.i 0 n o n no
( | a n b | , n o , n no

.) | a n b |
3.14 .

13

 3.15
.i } {a n , a n
, lim( a n ) M n o (
) , n no ( a n M - a n ,
).
.ii } {a n , a n
, lim( a n ) M n o (
) , n no ( a n M -a n ,
).
.iii } : {a n
1
. | a n | a n 0 ,n 0
( .
an
).
1
. a n 0 a n 0 ,n 0
( .
| | an
).
.iv bn b , a n
. , b 0 . a n * bn
. , b 0 . a n * bn
3.16
.i : } {a n , ,M -
| a n | M n.
M .
[ , a n M ] M
.ii ,
.
.iii .
, .
.iv .
.v

| n } :
| . M max{ | a n
.vi
. a n n
. a n 1n , 1
.
. 1 cos(n) 1 , 1 sin(n) 1 .
.vii } {a n }, {bn } {a n , lim( bn ) 0 -
. lim( a n * bn ) 0
.viii } {a n }, {bn } {a n , lim( bn ) -
a
. lim( n ) 0
bn

14

.ix
.x
.xi
3.17
.i

.ii

.iii
.iv
.v

.vi

.vii

( ) , M , -
a n M n.
( ) , M , -
a n M n.
"
.M

} . {a n
a n . a n a n 1 n.
a n . a n a n 1 n.
a n . a n a n 1 n.
a n . a n a n 1 n.
:
. . -
. . -
.
.
.
.
.
.
} {a n ,

} . Sup{a n
} {a n ,

} . Inf {a n
A , Sup( A) A - a n A -
) a n Sup( A a n
( , ) Sup(A ,A- a n A
.) Sup(A) -

15

 3.18
.i } {a n ,
a n } . lim( a n ) Sup{a n
.ii } {a n ,
a n } . lim( a n ) Inf {a n
.iii :
(, a1 5 ,
.) an1 8an 12
:
. ,
: Sup{a n } -
.a :
.n
.b :
a1 , .
.c :
.i ii ,4
.
.ii ,n
a n (
).
. :
.a ) . b lim( a n
.b b
(a n 1 ) 2 8a n 12 an1 8an 12 :
.
.c :
2
(
a
2 ) 2 , (a3 ) 2 , (a 4 ) 2 ,... b
( , .) a n * a n
8a1 12 ,8a 2 12 ,8a3 12 ,...
( 8b 12 ).
2
.d ( (a n 1 ) 8a n 12
) , :
2
b 2 b 8b 12 0 b 2 8b 12
.b 6
.e , -
} , Sup{a n ( b 2 - .) a1 5 2
.f. lim( a n ) 6 ,
3.19 -
.i ,
. () -
.ii ,
() -
3.20 , ( ).

16

 3.21
.i a, b R ( {bn } b , {a n } a):
.ii , b a n o ( ) ,
n no . bn a n
.iii n o ( ) , n no

, bn a n b a
( , bn a n .) b a
3.22 ( )
.i :
} {a n }, {bn lim( a n ) a, lim( bn ) b
( ,) a, b R
lim( a n bn ) a b .
lim( a n bn ) a b .
lim( a n * bn ) a * b .
a
( lim( n ) a b 0 bn 0 )n
.
bn
b

( lim( an n ) a . ) a b 0
.ii
.
.iii } {a n }, {bn ,
.
.iv "
:
2
2
n
) (1 7n n82
n 7n 8
1 0 0 1
an 2
2

2
1
3 00 3
) 3n 2n 1 n (3 n n 2
b

.v " :

) ( n 2 4 n 2 2 )( n 2 4 n 2 2
n2 4 n2 2
2

n2 4 n2 2

)(n 2 4) (n 2 2

2
0

n2 4 n2 2
n2 4 n2 2
.vi :
a n b n - ,
a n bn .

17

 3.23 '
.i : c R
a n , bn , c n , bn c , a n c n o
( ) , n no
, a n bn c n . c n c
.ii ): (
, a n n o ( ) ,
n no , a n bn . bn
.iii ): (
, a n n o ( ) ,
n no , a n bn . bn
.iv : ? , lim( n 10n 2 n )
1
n

10 10 10 2 10 10 10 * 2 10 * 2
( ,
,
).
n

1
n

10 10 10 * 2 10 *1 10 ',
. lim( n 10n 2 n ) 10
3.24
.i } {a n {bn } - :
a n a n 1 bn 1 bn n
( a n : b n ,,
a n " b n - " , a1
b n " a n - " ) b1
. lim (bn an ) 0
n

,c . a n c, bn c :
c a n c bn .n
3.25 d n d d d n ,n d d
( , , -
).

18

 3.26
.i
.ii
.iii
.iv
.v

1
0 :
n
(1) n
0
. an
n
(1) n ( ).
bn n 2 , a n n .
)sin(n
( .)0-
0
n

1
. a n 1 e .vi
n
)f (n

1 . f (n)
e .vii
f (n)

. n n 1 .viii
( n a 1 .ix a 0 ).
3.27
.i
. .
. () () () .
. * .
. * () () .

. .
0
.
0 .

. 10 1 .
, ( a ) ( 0 ) 1 . . a 0
( a 1 . a 0 ).
a * . a .
a * () . a .
a * 0 0 . a .
a
a ( ).
0 .

( a , .) a
.
a
1
1
1
.
.
,
,

||0
0
0
. e , e , e 0 1 .
. ln( ) , ln( 0 ) , ln(1) 0 .
. . sin( 2 ) 1 , sin(0) 0 , sin()
. . cos( 2 ) 0 , cos(0) 1 , cos()

. , tan( 2 ) , tan(0) 0 , tan()

tan(x) [ tan( 4 ) 1 , tan( 2 ) ].

19

1
.
tan( x)
P ( n)
(k m C n
.
Q ( n)
, P ( x) a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2 ... a m x m , a k 0 , a m 0

. tan(x) cot( x)

:) Q( x) a 0 a1 x a 2 x 2 ... a k x k
. C n 0 , m k .a
.) ( C n

am
, m k .b
ak
, m k .c

am
0 .iii
ak
a
. C n , m 0 .iv
ak

. C n ,

: q n .
: n .a
n
. q 0 , 1 q 1 .v
. q n , q 1 .vi
. q n 1 , q 1 .vii
. q n - , q 1 .viii
. q n - , q 1 .ix
: n .b
n
. q , 1 q 1 .x
. q n 0 , q 1 .xi
. q n 1 , q 1 .xii
. q n - , q 1 .xiii
. q n - , q 1 .xiv

20

 .ii ( )
. 0 * () .

.
.

. .
0
.
.
0
1
( )0-
.
0

.
.
0
* () . .
. ( 1) ( ) .
. ( ) ( 0 ) .
. ( 0) ( ) .
. ( 0) ( 0) .
3.28
.i ( ):
an

.ii

bn

a n bn

a n * bn

an
bn

, 0-


a n . (= ) a n .
a n . a n .
a n 0 . a n 0- .
a n . a n .
a n * bn .
.

21

bn 0 ,

 .4
4.1 :n
f ( x) a 0 a1 x ... a n 1 x n 1 a n x n n 0 , a n 0 .
a i - .
1 , 0 .
4.2 :
)P( x
f ( x) ) P( x), Q( x.
)Q( x
4.3 :
f ( x ) a x a . a 0 , a 1 ,

1
x
a

,a

a 1
ax

,0

f : R (0, ) : "
().
4.4 :
) g ( x) log a ( x . a 0 , a 1

1
log a x
,a

a 1
log a x

,0

1
1

) g ( x) log a ( x : f ( x ) a x -
( g (d ) c, f (c) d.) log a (d ) c a c d ,
, g : (0, ) R :
.x 0
) log a ( x
x
x , log a (a ) x
. a :
)log a ( x b ) b * log a ( x

) log a ( x1 * x 2 ) log a ( x1 ) log a ( x 2

x1
) ) log a ( x1 ) log a ( x 2
x2

) log b ( x
) log b ( a

( log a

log a ( x )

22

: 4.5
:

3
, 45 , 60 , 90 , 270
, 180 , 360 2
4
3
2
2

. x
* x :
180
sin( ) 1y y 1
: cos( ) 1x x ,

( x, y )

. sin 2 cos2 1 :
:
sin( 2k ) sin( ) , cos( 2k ) cos( )
sin( ) sin( ) , cos( ) cos( )
sin( ) sin( ) , cos( ) cos( )
sin(2 ) sin( ) , cos(2 ) cos( )
) ( sin( ) sin( ) ,) (cos( ) cos( )
3

. sin( ) 1 , sin( ) 1 , sin(0) sin( ) sin(2 ) 0 : sin(x)

2
2
f ( x) sin x
1

3
2

-1

3
2

, cos( ) 1 , cos(0) cos(2 ) 1 : cos(x)

3
. cos( ) cos( ) 0
2
2
f ( x) cos x
1

2
3
2

-1

3
2

. 1 cos x 1 , 1 sin x 1 :

23

sin x
cos x

f ( x) tan x

f ( x) cot x

3
2

cos x
sin x

: 4.6
,

" sin(x) -
f ( x) arcsin(x)

. f : [ , ] [1,1]
2 2
: "
f ( x) arcsin(x)

-1

. arcsin(1)

, arcsin(0) 0 , arcsin(1)

24

) f ( x) arccos(x ]. f : [0, ] [1,1

" :
)f ( x) arccos(x

, arcsin(0) 0

-1

, arccos(0)

. arcsin(1)

) f ( x) arctan(x ] ,
2 2
)f ( x) arctan(x

, f : R [:

) f ( x) arc cot(x ] , f : R [0, :

)f ( x) arc cot(x

0
4.7 ,
, , .
.R
4.8 , x x
.

25

 .5
f 5.1 f : A B . A, B R
5.2 "
.i ) f (x x0 R.
) f (x x 0 ,b , lim f ( x) b
x x0

0 ( 0 ,) - x x0
) , x ( x0 , x0 ) . f ( x) (b , b
[ x x0 ( x0 ),
f (x) - b ( b )]:

.
.ii :
lim f ( x) b 0 ( 0 ,) -
x x0

x x0 , | x x0 | . | f ( x) b |
5.3
lim f ( x) b .i x n:
x x0

x n x 0 , x n x 0 ,n ) f ( x n ,n
. f ( x n ) b
.ii ,
.
.iii , -
) f ( x n " .
.iv , -
) f ( x n .
5.4 .
"
, .
5.5 ) f (x x 0.
5.6 :
x2 4
" : 4
. lim
x 2
x

:
0 . , 0 x 2 , | x 2 |
. | f ( x) 4 | ,

x2 4
)( x 2)(x 2
4
4 | x 2 4 || x 2 |
. ,
x2
x2
, .

26

 5.7 :

x 1 x 2
. f ( x)
" : lim f ( x)
x2
x 3 x 2
:
. lim f ( x) b x n x n 2 -x n 2 -
x 2

,n . f ( x n ) b
:2-
a n ( bn 2 1n , a n 2 1n 2- b n -).
f (a n ) f (2 1n ) 2 1n 1 3 1n 3
f (bn ) f (2 1n ) 2 1n 3 1 1n 1
,
( , , 2- -
,2 f ( x n ) - ).
5.8
.i
. :
( lim f ( x) b ) , 0 0
x x0

( ,) - x x0 , x0 x x0
. | f ( x) b |
. :
( lim f ( x) b ) , x n:
x x0

x n x 0 , x n x 0 ,n ) f ( x n ,n
. f ( x n ) b
.ii
. :
( lim f ( x) b ) , 0 0
x x0

( ,) - x x0 , x0 x x0
. | f ( x) b |
. :
( lim f ( x) b ) , x n
x x0

:
x n x 0 , x n x 0 ,n ) f ( x n ,n
. f ( x n ) b

lim f ( x) b .iii lim f ( x) b

x x0

x x0

. lim f ( x) b ,
x x0

27

 5.9 )f (x
.i :
M ( 0 ,) M - x
, 0 | x x 0 | , f ( x) M )f (x

x 0 , . lim f ( x)
x x0

[ lim f ( x) ] f ( x) M
x x0

.ii :
x n x n x 0 , x n x 0 : ,n ) f ( x n
,n , f ( x n ) . lim f ( x)
x x0

[ lim f ( x) ] f ( x n )
x x0

.iii - .
1
.iv , lim | f ( x) | 0
. lim
) x x0 f ( x
x x0
.v lim f ( x) 0 f ( x) 0 x , x 0
x x0

1

| )| f ( x

( . lim ).

x x0

1
. , lim f ( x) 0
) x x0 f ( x
x x0
1
. , lim f ( x) 0
. lim
) x x0 f ( x
x x0
5.10 ) f (x x
.i :
0 , D x , x D
, | f ( x) b | ) f (x - ,b
. lim f ( x) b

. lim

[ lim f ( x) b ] x D
x

.ii :
x n , x n : ) f ( x n ,n
, f ( x n ) b . lim f ( x) b
x

[ lim f ( x) b ] x n
x

28

 5.11 ) f (x x
.i :
M , D x
( x D ) x ( x D ,) x
, f ( x) M . lim f ( x)
x

[ lim f ( x) ] f ( x) M
x

.ii :
x n( x n : ) x
( x n ,) x ) f ( x n ,n
, f ( x n ) . lim f ( x)
x

[ lim f ( x) ] f ( x n )
x

5.12
.i g a g ,
a g :a
). lim g ( x) g (a
x a

5.13
.ii A ) f (x .
f (x) - A- M
x A ) f (x , . | f ( x) | M
M .iii ) f (x A- x A )f (x
, . f ( x) M
M .iv ) f (x A- x A )f (x
, . f ( x) M
.v ) f (x A
.
.vi
} . Sup{a n
.vii
} . Inf {a n
.viii , lim f ( x) x 0
x x0

) f (x.
. f (x) - .
. ) f (x , x 0
lim f ( x) .
x x0

.ix ) f (x x 0 , lim g ( x) 0 -
. lim f ( x) * g ( x) 0
x x0

29

x x0

 5.14 ( )
.i :
) f ( x), g ( x , lim f ( x) a
x x0

( lim g ( x) b , a, b R x 0 ) ,
x x0

lim f ( x) g ( x) a b .

x x0

lim f ( x) * g ( x) a * b .

x x0

a .
)( lim f ( x ) b 0
g ( x) b
x x0
( lim r * f ( x) r * a . r R )

)g ( x

x x0

( lim f ( x) )
x x0

5.15 ' :
.i : b R
( x0 , x0 ) x 0
f1 ( x) g ( x) f 2 ( x) , x x0

, lim f1 ( x) lim f 2 ( x) b . lim g ( x) b

x x0

x x0

x x0

5.16
lim f ( x) lim f ( x a) .i
x0

)f ( x

e .ii

xa

lim 1 . lim f ( x)
x x0
x x0
f ( x)

)f ( x

.iii
.iv
.v
.vi

lim 1 . lim f ( x)
ea
x x0
x x0
f
(
x
)

sin( x)
. lim
1
x 0
x
1 cos(x) 1
. lim

x 0
x2

2
). lim cos(x) cos(a
x a

ex 1
1 .vii
. lim
x 0
x

ln(1 x)
. lim
1 .viii
x 0
x

.ix ) f (x . lim f ( x) 0 ,
x 0

5.17
.i ) f (x . A R
.ii x0 A - ) f (x
A ) f ( x0 ) f ( x x A ) f (x.
.iii x0 A - ) f (x A
) f ( x0 ) f ( x x A ) f (x.

30

 5.18
.i ) f (x x 0 - ) f (x.
x 0 .ii ) f (x , x 0
) , ( x0 , x0 ) f (x x 0
.
x 0 .iii ) f (x
, ( x0 , x0 ) , x 0 ) f (x x 0
.
.iv x 0 -
, x 0 ) f (x
.:

,
. x 0


.

(
, ) x 0

31

 5.19
.i :
[ ,

]
) f (x

) f (x

) f (x

x 0 -

x 0 -

x 0 -

) f (x

) f (x

) f (x

x 0 -

x 0 -

x 0 -

f (x) -

f (x) -

f (x) -

x 0 -

x 0 -

x 0 -

) f (x

) f (x

) f (x

x 0

x 0

x 0

[ ) f (x ,
) f (x ]

32

 .6
6.1
f (x) .i x 0 :
f (x) . x 0 . x 0
. lim f ( x) f ( x0 ) .
x x0

.ii :
) f (x 0 ( 0 ,) - x
( )! x 0 , | x x0 | . | f ( x) f ( x0 ) |
.iii x: y -
x 0 , x x x0 :
) . y y y 0 f ( x) f ( x0
" , :
: lim y lim f ( x0 x) f ( x0 ) 0
x0

x 0

)f (x

) f ( x0

x
x

x0

, 0 ( 0 ,) - x
, | x | . | x |
.iv :
) f (x x n:
( x n x 0 x n x 0 ,)n
) . f ( x n ) f ( x0

33

 6.2
.i ) g (x) , f (x , x 0
, x 0 : x 0
. f ( x ) g ( x ) .
c ( c * g ( x) , f ( x) * g ( x) .).
)f ( x
( .) g ( x) 0 -
.
)g ( x
( f ( x) ).
.
.ii ) f (x [ x 0 ) ,] y 0 f ( x0
)) g ( f ( x , x 0 ) g (x , y 0
)) g ( f ( x . x 0
.iii .
.iv ) f : (a, b) (c, d ( ,
" . , ) . f
, x 0 ) f 1 : (c, d ) (a, b -
) . y 0 f ( x0
.v ,
" .
6.3
.i :
) f (x , x 0 ( x 0
) f (x ) .) [ x0 , x0
f (x) - x 0
) . lim f ( x) f ( x0
)g ( x

x x0

.ii :
) f (x , x 0 x 0
( ) f (x ] .) ( x0 , x0
f (x) - x 0
) . lim f ( x) f ( x0
x x0

6.4

f (x) .iii x 0
) f (x x 0 ) f (x
. x0
) f (x ] , [a, b ) f (x) , x (a, b
x f (x) , a . b

34

 6.5
.i ) f (x , x 0
x 0.
x 0 .ii

=( lim f ( x) -
x x0

x 0 , ) , ) lim f ( x) f ( x0 f (x) -
x x0

. x 0
x 0 .iii
x 0 - , ,
. lim f ( x) lim f ( x) :
x x 0

x x 0

x 0 .iv
x 0 -
.
.v :
. ) f (x .
. ) f (x.
.vi , x
f (x) , (
).
6.6 ) f (x , x 0 | ) | f ( x ( x 0
).

35

 .7
7.1
.i ) f (x , x 0 :
. y y y 0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) f ( x0 x) f ( x0 ) , x x x0
)f (x

) f ( x0

.ii

x0

y
tan( )
,
x
)) ( x0 , f ( x0. ( x, f ( x)) -

y
.iii ( lim )
x 0 x

) f (x )) . ( x0 , f ( x0
, , ) f (x . x 0
7.2
.i ) f (x x 0 f - (

y
.)! x 0 - , lim f . x 0
x 0 x

f x 0 ) . f ' ( x0
.ii ) f (x ) , (a, b ) f ' ( x
) x (a, b ). f (x
[ ) (a, b )] (,
f ( x x) f ( x)
. f ' ( x) lim
.iii x :
x 0
x

f ( x) f ( x0 )
x 0 :
. f ' ( x) lim
x x0
x

x
0

.iv :
. f ' ( x) 2 x , f ( x) x 2
x ): f ' ( x
y f ( x x) f ( x) ( x x) 2 x 2 x 2 2 xx (x) 2 x 2 2 xx (x) 2
2 xx (x) 2
y
lim 2 x x 2 x
f ' ( x) lim lim
x 0 x
x 0
x
x0
x0

36

 7.3
.i ) f (x , x 0 ) f (x . x 0
.ii .
.iii ,
, .
7.4
.i

.a f , lim . x 0
x 0 x
.b ( )
) . f ' ( x0
.ii

.a f , lim
x 0 x
. x0
.b ( )
) . f ' ( x0
.iii .
f (x) 7.5 x 0 :
.i .
.ii (= ) .
.iii (= ) .
f (x) 7.6 ] , [a, b ) f (x) , x (a, b
x f (x) , a . b
7.7 2 .
7.8 ) f (x , ) f ' ( x .
) f (x , ) f ' ( x.
7.9
.i
)f (x
)f ' ( x
( k)
0
n
x
nx n1
1
1
x 1
x 2 2
x
x
1
1
x x2
2 x

)g ' ( x

)g (x

)2 g ( x

ex
)a x ln(a
1
x

e
a ( a x)
)ln(x

37

1
) x ln( a
)cos(x
) sin(x
1
)cos 2 ( x
1

)sin 2 ( x
1

1 x2
1

) a ( log a ( x) 1 a 0 ,
)sin(x
)cos(x
)tan(x
)cot(x

)arcsin(x

)arccos(x

1 x2
1
)arctan(x
1 x2
1
)arc cot(x

1 x2
.ii
.a ) f (x g (x) - . x
k R ( [k * f ( x)] ' k * f ' ( x) .b).

. [ f ( x) g ( x)] ' f ' ( x) g ' ( x) .c

. [ f ( x) * g ( x)] ' f ' ( x) * g ( x) f ( x) * g ' ( x) .d
'

f ( x)
)f ' ( x) * g ( x) f ( x) * g ' ( x
( .) g ( x) 0 -
.e

)g 2 ( x
g ( x)
.f . [ f ( g ( x))] ' f ' ( g ( x)) * g ' ( x) :

[ f ( x)]g ( x) e ln([ f ( x)] ) e g ( x)*ln( f ( x)) .g

e e .
.h :
) f (x [ x 0 ) f (x) ,] y 0 f ( x0
)g ( x

, f ' ( x0 ) 0 , x 0 ) ( x

.i

, y 0 ) ( x
1
. [ f 1 ( y 0 )] '

) f ' ( x0
:
'
]). f ' ' ( x) [ f ' ( x

f y 0

' ]). f (3) ( x) [ f ' ' ( x

. f ( n ) ( x) [ f ( n 1) ( x)] ' n

38

 7.10 x 0 -
. | x | .i
2

.ii x a . 0 a 1. x , x 3 ,
1 x 0
. f ( x) sign( x)
.iii :
1 x0
"
"
" "

7.11

0
"
"
" "
f ( x)

0
.i
,

lim
x x0 g ( x)

) g (x) , f (x ( x 0 x 0 -),
g ' ( x) 0 ( x 0 x 0 -),

.ii
.iii

.iv
.v
.vi

f ' ( x)

, lim .
x x0 g ' ( x)

,
.
' (
"
"
" "

0
).

0
- .
"
( .) a x
:
)f ( x) g ( x
, f ( x) * g ( x)
"0 * " .a :

1
1
)g ( x
)f ( x

0
.

0
)g ( x
h( x ) f ( x )
"1 " .b
"

"

"

"

g ( x) * ln f ( x)
ln h( x) ln f ( x)
[ ln h( x) " , "0 * ] ln(1) 0
, . h( x) e ln h ( x )

39

)g ( x

 7.12 :
) g (x) , f (x R - . f (2) g (2) 0
f ( x) * g ( x)
. lim
" ? :
2
x 2
x 4
f ( x) * g ( x) f (2) * g (2) 0
. lim

2
x 2
0
(2) 2 4
x 4
( , ):
f ( x) * g ( x)
f ' ( x) * g ( x) f ( x) * g ' ( x)
. lim
lim

2
x 2
2x
x 4 x 2

f (x) - , , . lim f ( x) f (2) 0

"

"

" ) , g (x . lim g ( x) g (2) 0

x 2

x 2

, f ' ( x) - g ' ( x) - ( x 2 -
.) 0 * 0 , g (x) , f (x) - R -
, , x 2 - . x 2 -
:
f ( x) * g ( x)
f ' ( x) * g ( x) f ( x) * g ' ( x)
lim
xlim

2
x 2

2
2x
x 4

* * 0 0 )f ' (2) * g (2) f (2) * g ' (2

0
2*2
4
f ( x) * g ( x)
. lim ...
0
2
x 2
x 4

40

 .8
8.1
.i ) f (x ] [a, b ) , f (a) f (b
f (a) f (b) - )( f (b) f (a,
) f (a ) ,) f (b ] c [a, b . f (c) -
" " ) f (x .

)f (b

) f (c
)f (a

.ii : 0
) f (x ] [a, b f (a) * f (b) 0
( f (a) , f (b) - ) , a c b -
. f (c) 0
8.2 ( )
.i ], f : [a, b] [a, b
] x 0 [ a, b . f ( x0 ) x0 -
. f
yx

b
)f (b

x0
)f (a

x0

8.3 n , P( x) 0
P .n
( ).
8.4
.i ) f (x ] , [a, b f (x) -

.
.ii , .
.iii ) f (x - , . x

41

 8.5
.i ) f (x x 0 - ) f (x
.ii x 0 ), f (x
) f (x , x 0 . f ' ( x0 ) 0
.iii , ( )
, .0
.iv , .
.v x 0
, f ' ( x0 ) 0 x 0 .. f ( x) x 3 ,
8.6
.i ) f (x ] , [a, b ), (a, b
) , f (a) f (b ) c (a, b . f ' (c) 0 -
.ii ) f (x ] , [a, b ), (a, b
) f ' ( x k ], [a, b
) f (x k 1 ]. [a, b
8.7 :
n
n ( .) n 1
8.8 " " f ( x) 0
.i f (x) - ,
.
.ii f ' ( x) 0.
k , , f ( x) 0 -
k 1 .
.iii ,
["( ,] , a1 , a 2 ,..., a k , , ")
. f (x) -
, ai 1 , a i
. f ( x) 0
, ( f (ai ) * f (ai 1 ) 0 ,
) , f ( x) 0 2
( ).
, f (ai ) * f (ai 1 ) 0 () a i
. ai 1 +-
, . f ( x) 0
.iv .
) , (, lim f ( x)

( a1) lim f ( x)
x

( a k).

42

 .v , f (ai ) * f (ai 1 ) 0 f ( x) 0
2 :
c a i ai 1 , f (c) 0 f -

, ) , f (a i
f - . f (a i 1 ) , y -
) f ( y ) f (a i 1 a i ai 1 -
) f ' ( x . ,
) f ' ( x:
) f (ai

) f (a i 1

ai 1

ai

8.9 '
.i ) f (x ] [a, b ), (a, b
)f (b) f (a
.
) c (a, b f ' (c) -
ba
.ii ) , f (a) f (b f ' (c) 0 ,
' .
.iii '
.a ) f (x ] [a, b .
.b 90%- , ]. [0, x
.c f (x) - .
.d ' , : a c b -
a c , f ' ( x) - -
)f (b) f (a
.
) f ' (c -
ba
b c , f ' ( x) -
)f (b) f (a
.
f ' (c) - -
ba
.e .
b a 0 -
.
8.10
.i ) g (x) , f (x ][a, b
) (a, b ) x (a, b , g ' ( x) 0
) g (a) g (b ) c (a, b -
)f (b) f (a) f ' (c

.
)g (b) g (a) g ' (c
.ii .

43

 .9
9.1
...
. exp 0
.i
exp
. exp 0 exp .ii
. exp 0 ln exp .iii
9.2 /
f (x) .iv ). f ( x) f ( x
f (x) .v ). f ( x) f ( x
.vi f (x) - .
.vii ) f (x , :

.viii ) f (x , :

9.3
.i : y" ( x 0 ).
.ii : x" , y 0 . f ( x) 0
9.4
.i ). f (x
f (x) .ii . f ' ( x) 0
f (x) .iii . f ' ( x) 0

44

 9.5
.i "" ) f (x , f ' ( x) 0
) f ' ( x .
.ii "" f ' ( x) - :
.a f ' ( x) - , .
.b ) f ' ( x , .
) f ' ( x ) f ' ( x
, .
.iii "
"
(
, ).
.iv f ' ( x0 ) f ' ' ( x0 ) ... f ( n 1) ( x0 ) 0
, f ( n ) ( x0 ) 0:
.a n , x 0 .
.b n , x 0 :
, f ( n ) ( x 0 ) 0 x 0 .
, f ( n ) ( x 0 ) 0 x 0 .
9.6
.i ). f ' ( x
f (x) .ii . f ' ' ( x) 0
f (x) .iii . f ' ' ( x) 0
.iv . :
.v . :
9.7
.i "" ) f (x , f ' ' ( x) 0
) f ' ' ( x .
.v "" f ' ' ( x) - :
.a f ' ' ( x) - , .
.b ) f ' ' ( x , .
) f ' ' ( x ) f ' ' ( x
, .
.ii "
"
(
, ).
.iii .

45

 9.8
.i
.a . , x . x c
c .b ) f (x .
.c c ) f (x .
) f (x , .
.d , x c - lim f ( x)
x c

lim f ( x) .
x c

.e lim f ( x) , . .
x c

.f lim f ( x) , . .
x c

.g .
.ii
.a . , y ax bf (x) -
"" x ( x f (x) ,
.) x
.b a b - y ax b:
f ( x)
. b lim f ( x) ax , a lim

x
x
x
.c ( a , b -
) y ax b , .
.d x , x
.
.e 2
( x .) x
9.9
.i , .
.ii ,
, ,
, ,
,
.
x
, f ( x) :
,
)ln( x
e
)(1, e
1
e2
) (e, e 2
) (e 2 ,

f ( e) e

f (e 2 ) e2
.iii ,
.
.iv ,
.
.v ,
.
2

46

)(0,1

 .10 ?
a0
10.1
0
.i x x 0 : , x x 0 -
( .)

10.2

.i .
x
.ii ( ,) a ,
, .
10.3
.i .
.ii .
.iii .
0 * () 10.4
a
, a * b .
.i :
1
b
) ( 0
) ( 0
)( 0
) / (
/ ( 0) ( ) / ( 1) ( ) 10.5
f ( x) , e g ( x )*ln f ( x ) -
.i
e .
.ii ) , ( 1) ( :
)g ( x

1
. lim 1 exp exp e .
exp 0

exp

. lim 1
e .
exp
exp

10.6

0
0

.i
.ii
.iii
.iv

.
.
( ) , .
.
:
sin(exp)
1 .
. lim
exp0
exp

1 cos(exp) 1

. lim
.
2
exp0
) (exp
2
ln(1 exp)
1 .
. lim
exp0
exp

e exp 1
1 .
. lim
exp0
exp

exp
a 1
ln( a) .
a , lim .
exp0
exp

47

? .11
: , 11.1
.
exp

. lim 1
e , ( 1) ( ) 11.2
exp

exp

(" e- , ,
,) ,
:)( ( 2)
2
2 n 2

n *n 1
n
n

2 n 1
1
1
1

1
lim 1 lim 1

lim

n
n
n
n
e2
n

2
2

, lim

n
n

.
. n 1 11.3
n

4n 7 1 * cos(n) (1 1) * 0 * 0 ,
:

4 7
lim n 4n 7 lim n 2 1 2
n
n
n n

1
2

4 7 n
. lim n 2 n * 1 2 lim n n * 10 1
n

n n n

1
n

lim

7
n

17 n

:' .i
.
. '

17n

2 *17n

17 17 n 17n n 7 n 17n n 2 *17n 17 * n 2 17 *1 17

- , .) n a 1 (
. , 17
: .ii
1

n
n
1

n
7

n
n
n n
n
n
lim 7 17 lim 7 17 lim 17 1
17

n
n

7 n
n
lim 17 * 1 17 * (0 1) 0 17 * 10 17
17

48

11.4

11.5

...

n2 1
n2 2
n2 n
':

)*(
1

) ( an

* an n

:
n n
.
n
lim (1) * (n1000 n 999 ) 11.6
2

an

1
n 1
2

)*(

).

* n 1-

))lim (1) n * (n1000 n 999 ) lim (1) n * n1000 (1 ) lim (1) n * ( * (1 0

n
n
n n

n , . -
n , . -
, .

3 * n 2007
11.7
lim
2008
2008
)n ( n 1
n

2008
) (n 1

n
n
n
!n
.
, (a b) n a n a n1b1 a n2 b 2 ... b n
!) k k!(n k
1
2

3 * n 2007
3 * n 2007

lim

lim

n ( n 1) 2008 n 2008

n 2008 2008 2007 1 2008 2006 2

2008
n 1
n 1 ... 1 n

n

1
2

2008
n , . 2007
3
.
, :
2008

49