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    Overview of The Neuron: Neurons Vs Somatic Cells

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    Abraham Walkthewok
    Neurons have specialized structures like dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. While neurons share some similarities with other cells, such as a cell membrane and nucleus, their main function is to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. The neuron membrane is poised to fire an action potential in response to stimuli, which is an all-or-none threshold event that propagates rapidly and uniformly along the axon through changes in ion concentrations.

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    Overview of The Neuron: Neurons Vs Somatic Cells

    Uploaded by

    Abraham Walkthewok
    18 views10 pages
    Neurons have specialized structures like dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. While neurons share some similarities with other cells, such as a cell membrane and nucleus, their main function is to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. The neuron membrane is poised to fire an action potential in response to stimuli, which is an all-or-none threshold event that propagates rapidly and uniformly along the axon through changes in ion concentrations.

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    L02 Slides

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    Neurons have specialized structures like dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. While neurons share some similarities with other cells, such as a cell membrane and nucleus, their main function is to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. The neuron membrane is poised to fire an action potential in response to stimuli, which is an all-or-none threshold event that propagates rapidly and uniformly along the axon through changes in ion concentrations.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    18 views10 pages

    Overview of The Neuron: Neurons Vs Somatic Cells

    Uploaded by

    Abraham Walkthewok
    Neurons have specialized structures like dendrites and axons that allow them to communicate electrochemically. While neurons share some similarities with other cells, such as a cell membrane and nucleus, their main function is to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. The neuron membrane is poised to fire an action potential in response to stimuli, which is an all-or-none threshold event that propagates rapidly and uniformly along the axon through changes in ion concentrations.

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    of 10

    Overview of the Neuron Neurons Vs Somatic Cells

    Similarities to other cells in the body:


    Cell membrane Enclosing Cytoplasm
    Nucleus with genetic information
    Mitochondria and other organelles
    Basic cellular processes
    e.g., protein synthesis

    Neurons Vs Somatic Cells Neuron As A Factory


    Differences from other cells in the body:
    specialized extensions (dendrites and axons)
    electrochemical communication
    specialized structures and chemicals

    1
    The Cell Membrane The Nucleus: From Genes to Proteins

    Protein Packing and Shipment Channels, Gates and Pumps

    2
    Neuron Classification All Shapes and Sizes

    Motor and Sensory Pyramidal Neuron

    3
    Mitral Neuron Purkinje Neuron

    Naked and Sheathed Neurons Glial Cells

    Radial Glia

    4
    Neural Communication Giant Squid Axons
    Signal
    •Net charge inside
    outside
    Electrical Currents
    •Membrane is
    “polarized”
    Action Potential

    Oscilloscope
    Change in Axon Terminal

    Neurotransmitter Release

    Change in Next Neuron

    The Resting Potential Forces Acting On the Membrane

    5
    Membrane as Barrier Ion Distribution
    • Positively Charged Ions
    • Potassium (K+); Sodium (Na+)

    • Negatively Charged Ions


    • Large Negative Ions(A-); Chlorine (Cl-)

    “Poised to Fire” Graded Potentials


    • If Na+ Channels open:
    • Concentration gradient

    • Less Na+ Inside

    • Na+ will flow in

    • Electrical gradient
    • Less + Inside

    • Na+ will flow in

    6
    Hyperpolarization Depolarization

    Depolarization Action Potential

    7
    Step 1: Resting State Step 2: Threshold

    Step 3: Depolarization Step 4: Repolarization

    Absolute
    Refractory
    Period

    8
    Step 5: Hyperpolarization The Action Potential

    Relative
    Refractory
    Period

    Pump Restores
    Resting Potential

    All or None Uniform Propagation

    • Larger signal does


    not produce larger
    Action Potential

    • Action Potential
    frequency indicates
    stronger signal

    Same
    amplitude
    down axon

    9
    Conduction Speed Saltatory Conduction

    Thick versus Thin

    Myelinated versus
    Unmyelinated

    Block Action Potentials

    • Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
    • Fugu (Pufferfish)

    • Procaine

    10

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