Professional Documents
Culture Documents
דוח הועדה לבחינת הכללים למתן תעודת עיתונות
דוח הועדה לבחינת הכללים למתן תעודת עיתונות
33
- 3 ,
6006
62
36
- 3
33
22
""
22
24
43
45
65
34.5.6033
5.30.6033
" 3.33.33
62.33.33
6 " -
65
76
303
303
334
337
343
356
( -") 3542
.6005 6005
.
"
.
, . "
.
, 3570
, . ,
,
" , , ,
.
,
.
1
. .6006
/ ,
.
,
.
, , ,
. ,
2, .
,
, -
" ,
"
" , , : ,
, , ,
, , , .
, (
)1
2
" 30362/07 ( ;)3.7.6003 ," 405/30
" ," ( ;453-456 ,435 ,)3" 5632/06 ,
( 6 );.30.6.6003 ,
( )New Media ,
.
,
; ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
-
, "
.
" .
:
() " -"
" - ,
.
, -.
, .
, " .
," ' .
" , -
.
,
; " .
3, , :
" ( , )
.
. .6002
3
( .)2
, (" :")
. ,
"
,
".
:
" ,
, , 1 4 - ,
/ . -
, :
.1 " - " , ( ,
() ).
.6 .
.3 ().
.4 ( ,
).
.5 .
, " ,
" " ".
4,
- " ' ,
' -'.
:' - , -; ' ,
-; " , - ," ",
-; , ;
; , ;YNET ' ,
; , ; " ; ,
; : ( "; " ;
; ; " ,
" , .
' '
.
5
.
6
, ,
-
7
.
,
,
8
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
.
4 .6033 ( .)3
5
' ' ,
( http://www.shituf.gov.il/node/612#comment-4976 .)4
6
( .)5
7
, , ( )5
8 ,3 2 .
.
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. .
.
''
,
. "
' " ,'GPO Card
.
,
" ,
.
,- .
, . , , ,
,
. ,
" , , "
.
,
-.
, " -
, " ,
, , , , , , , , ,,
,
, .
6 .
' '
,
' ' ,
,
.
:
" " -
.3
.6
.3
.2
.4
.6
.7
;
, ;
, ; ,
, /
;
: ; 4,000-
;
30,000 IP ,
- " . , "
74,000- IP
- ";.
: ( )turnover 40%
; -
( )turnover 50% ;
2 ,
( )turnover 50% ;
: ;
,
, ,
;
, , 4
, ;
,
( , ,
);
20% ;
.
''
:
/ .
,
9. ''
,
,
.
' " ,'GPO Card
.
, ,
:
; ;
; ; ;
; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ,
, , ;
.
, ,
, .
:
9
, , , ,
, , , .
" ,
:
, ,
()
, ;
, , ( Freelancer - )
;
()
,
,
; -
, , ,
.
" ,
:
, ,
()
, ; -
, Freelancer -
( ) ,
;
()
, , ",
, ;
-
, , " , ,
;
()
, ,
;
-
,
, /
.
11
,
, '
" '.'Temporary GPO Card
" :
" ,
:
, ,
()
, ; -
, , ,Freelancer -
.
()
, , , (
) ; -
,
, , (
) .
,
, ' " - 'Visiting GPO
'.Card
" -:
" -
, :
,
()
, , ; -
, , ,Freelancer -
.
()
, (
) ; -
,
11
/
.
-
.
12
,
:
.1
"
"
.1
; ,
;
, ;
, ,
/
;
.6 : ;
5,000- ;
10,000 IP ,
" ";
, "
05,000-
IP ,
" ";
.3 :
( )turnover 50%
; -
( )turnover 00%
;
4 ,
( )turnover
00% ;
13
.4 :
;
, ,
,
;
, ,
5 ,
;
.5
,
( , , ");
.2 40%
;
.0
;
"
"
""
""
- .
""
- .
""
- / .
14
"
"
; ; ; ;
; ; ;
; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ;
;
; ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
;
, , ,
;
;
.2
,
:
"
GPO CARD
"
" -
.3
- :
, , , ,
.
15
.4
" () ,
, .
,
.
,
.
,
, , .
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
16
()1
" ,
:
()
, ,
, ; -
, ,
( Freelancer - )
;
()
,
,
; -
, , ,
.
()1
" ,
:
()
, ,
, ; -
, Freelancer -
( ) ,
;
()
, , " ,
, ; -
,
, " , ,
;
()
, ,
;
17
,
, /
.
()1
()2
" ,
:
()
, ,
, ; -
, , ,Freelancer -
.
()
,
, , (
) ; -
,
, , (
) .
" -
, :
()
, ,
, , ;
, , - ,Freelancer
.
()
, (
) ; -
,
/
.
18
.5
.6
, .
" , ,
.
" 4
, , ,
.
, .
,
, (
).
' "
, ' .
,
Free Lancer .
, 0.
19
.7
, ,
.
, .
( - Free Lancer ) , 45
.
45 ,
,
45 .
.8
,
, (
- Free Lancer ) . ()
,.
(3) , ,
, .
.
:
()1
" ;
()6
" ;
()3
, ;
()4
, "
.
" , ,
( ,
21
, , ),
,
.
" .
,
. - Free Lancer
.
, 30
.
,
" ,"
, , .
.
, 00
.
61 .
, .
, .
21
.9
,
50" . (
001' 0-64202-5 ""
).
".
.11
.11
, 50
.
4 .
, ,
(3)(-) ,
.
()
, .
, 8 Freelancer . .
22
, .
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, ,
, 5 .
.
.12
,
.
, , 50".
- .
23
1
40030 -43
,
.1
:
"
"
( )1 : ;
()
,
()
10,000-;
40% ;
()
()
;
()
( , ,
").
" .
()
( )6 ,
:
;
()
,
,
,
;
,
, 5
,
;
;
()
( )turnover 50%
()
; -
( )turnover 00%
;
()
60,000 IP (
); ,
"
100,000- IP
;
40%
()
;
24
()
()
()
;
( , ,
");
" .
( )3 , ,
;
"
( )4 ;
" .
"
"
"
"
( )1 , , , :
()
5,000-;
() ,
:
16
,
12
30
50
80
65
,
30
,
13
60
35
,
()
( , ,
25
");
() " .
( )6
; "
.
""
""
- .
""
- .
""
/ , .
"
"
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; .
" - , , ,
,
"
, ,
.
" "
: 4 , 5,000-;
40% ;
;
( , , ");
" .
"
"
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
.
"
"
- , .
""
; ; 26
; / ;
; ; ;
; .
" -
.
"
.2
:
,
:
.3
PRESS CARD
LOCAL PRESS CARD
PRESS TECHNICIAN
MEDIA ASSISTANT
PRESS CARD PERIODICALS
TEMPORARY PRESS CARD
VISITING JOURNALIST CARD
PRESS CERTIFICATE
- :
, , ,
,
.
" () ,
, .
,
.
,
27
.4
,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
:
.
,
.
()1
, ,18
:
, ,
()
, ;
()
()2
,
,
.
-
, ,18 :
, ,
()
, ;
()
,
.
28
()3
,
,18 :
, ,
()
, , ;
()
, , ,
.
.
()4
,
,18 :
, ,
()
, , ;
()
, , ,
.
.
()5
- ,
,18 :
, ,
()
, ;
()
,
.
()6
/ - /
/ / -
, ,18
:
,
()
, , ( Freelancer - )
;
()
, ,
,
.
()7
, ,18 :
29
()
()
,
;
, ,
.
()1
/ /
,18 ,
:
, ,
()
, ,
, , .
()
,
, " , ,
.
()
, ,
.
()2
/ /
,18 ,
:
,
()
, , ( Freelancer - ),
.
()
, ,
" , ,
;
()
,
, /
.
()1
,
,18 :
, ,
()
,
, , .
31
()
,
, ,
( ) .
()2
,
,18 :
,
()
, ,Freelancer -
.
()
, ,
, ( )
.
()3
,18
, :
, ,
()
, ,
.
()
, ( )
.
()4
,18
, :
,
()
, ,Freelancer -
.
()
,
/
.
()5
, ,18 :
,
()
;
()
, ( )
.
31
, 18
:
, /
()
, ,
.
()
, ,
, , ,
,
.
.5
.6
.7
:
.
, .
/ - / /
/ - ,
, .
/ 4 ,
, , .
/ , .
:
.
,
, (
).
' "
, ' .
,
Free Lancer .
, 0.
32
.8
, ,
.
, .
( - Free Lancer ) , 45
.
45 ,
,
45 .
,
, (
- Free Lancer ) .
() ,.
(3) , ,
, .
.
:
" ;
()1
" ;
()6
, ;
()3
, "
()4
.
" , ,
( ,
, , ),
,
.
" .
,
. - Free Lancer
.
, 30
.
33
.9
.11
,
" ,"
, , .
.
, 00
.
61 .
, .
, .
,
50" .
( 001' 0-64202-5
"" ).
/
".
, 50
.
4 .
, ,
(3)(-) ,
.
()
, .
"
, 8 Freelancer . .
34
.11
,
.
, ,
,
/.
, .
,
.
, .
,
.
, ,
, 5 .
.
.12
,
.
, , 50".
- .
35
2
7 6033
" ,"
" ,
,
,
" ,
,
,
: - ,
, ,
, (" :").
:
.
.
.6006 , (" :")
. ,
"
, .
:
36
,
, , 3 2 - ,
/ . -
, :
.3 " - " , ( ,
() ).
.6 .
.3 ().
.2 ( ,
).
.4 .
, " ,
" " .
:
, ,
, .
" . " .
" .33.36.6033
,
"
37
3
' - : , , .
, .
, . .
,.
,
. , ,
.3 : - . ,
, ,
.6 . .3 . .2 .4 .6
.
, .
.
,
. , (")
. : .
.
, .
,6007 ,
. .
: . ,
. . .
: ? ,
?
: ,
.
: - ynet . .
. .
38
. . ,
? 6003- .
. .
. . .
, .
. .
. ,
. ? .
: ,
,
. . .
: , .
. ,
. .
.
. . .
? ,6007
. .
' : .
, .
, .
.
" :
. ,
.
, .
. . ,
. . ,
. ,
.
" : ?
" : .
" : .
" : , .
39
' : , . ,
.
, .
: ,
.
,
: .
: , ?
" : ?
: .
. .
.
:
. , ,
.
: , .
. .
" :
" : .
. ,
,
" : ?
: , . ,
.
' - : - ?
. ? ,
. .
.
: .
' : - .
41
, . ,
." ' - ."
.'
.
: .
.
' : .
. , .
.
" : . .
.
.
. , .
: , , , .
. ,
, , . ,
. .
.
" : .
.
' : .
: , .
.
" : .
.
.
: . ?
: , .
" : .
41
: , . .
.
" : .
" : .
. ,
.
" : .
: .
: ?
.
: ,
.
' : .
.
. .
' :
.
' :
. . .
, .
' :
' : , .
.
. .
: , .
. . .
.
" : . .
" :
.
42
" : , .
' : ? .
: . , . .
. ,
. .
.
: .
: .
.
: .
: .
' : 300,000 , 4,000
. , .
.
" : .
, .
" :
. .
.
: .
. .
. , . ,
.
' : . ,
. .
43
4 ,
44
""
45
46
47
48
49
51
1
,av.co.il
, , .
" , ,"AV .
.
6004 .3553
.
, , ,
.
:
-
.3
.
.
.6
.
.3
,
.2
30
.4
.
.
.6
.
.7
,
.3
. ,
.
, ,
( YNET).
:
..
.3
.6
.
046-2222400
51
2
,
:
? ,
-!!
, , , '
, " "
, ?
" " " " "
" . !!
"".
? " ,
- "" - .
: , ,
. ,
.
? .
? !! .
" " . ,
(") . ,
.
,
. .
, , ,
, " , , ,
, ,
, , ,
" " . ,
, , ,
,
? , " " ,
" .
52
, ,
.
"" ,
, ...
"".
,
03.4363676
047.7726333
53
3
,
"" "-".
.
""
.
.
" , , .
.
.
" " .
, .
, ,
, ,
.
" .
.
.
0426734634 :
0477575322 :
"jacobavid@gmail.com :
54
4
,
- , , ,
.320-
" .
, ,
" .
,
. ,
, .
" " " " ,
.
,
.
.
-
Tel. 03-6333655 :
Uri Rodriguez-Garcia
Fax. 03-6333607 :
Websites manager
Mobile. 046-6333343 :
www.ice.co.il
www.bizportal.co.il
55
5
,
.
,
, .
( ).
, ""
, ,
: 03-526647733-2238232 :
email:andre@osh.org.il 052-3861201 :
56
57
58
, 11.22 12.22
" '.22:11 - 2211211122 ,
: "" " .2111
:
" " :
.
" " : .
" " : , ,
.
" " : .
" " : , , ,
.
"" : .
" " : .
" " .
:
.
.
. , .
, , .
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
:
: ,
, , " "
.
, , " ".
:
59
, , 5 511 :
.1 .
.2 .1
.3 .
.4 , , .
.5
.
, , 251 .
.1 1 5.
, ,
:
.1 .
.2 /
... ?
. , ,
- - " "
.
.
: .
. ,,
.
,, .18
:
.
2111 -
( " ")
-
.
.
.
-.
" '.12:21 - 2211/11122 ,
. 2111,,
- "" . .
.
/ 18 .
.
61
" - '.10:80 - 2211111122 ,
- ,
, , () (
) - ( )
.
" '.22:18 - 2211211122 ,
. .
, , ,
. , /
.
" '.21:11 - 2211111122 ,
.
, .
/ / . .
" '.12:12 - 2212011122 ,
.
" alona'.22:21 - 2211211122 ,
!!!!!
?
" Gal-ia'.22:8/ - 2211111122 ,
,
.
61
" '.11:21 - 2212111122 ,
.
.
" - '.22:82 - 2212211122 ,
() .
- .
, - ,
.
( )
( ) - , .
. - .
, :
.1 , "" .
.
.2 .
.3 "" . ...
... () ...
.
-
(" ) . -
-.
" '.11:88 - 2212211122 ,
" '.11:82 - 2212211122 ,
, .
" , .
" ":
62
. -
. ,
.
, :
* - ,
.
* - , .
.
* , . )(iPhones.co.il
.
* .
* ,
:
, ,
.
" " . " "
, . ,
3 5- .
, , . ,
,
.
, .
." , .
.
Bloggers as Journalists
" Nevet Basker'.11:22 - 2212811122 ,
Please forgive me for writing in English, I can read Hebrew just fine but don't have a Hebrew
keyboard, making typing awkward. In today's world, where more people get their news from
online sources than from print or broadcast media, and more people read the New York
Times on the Web than on the dead-trees edition, the distinction between "bloggers" and
"journalists" is not only arbitrary and obsolete, but silly. Whatever the criteria for governmentissued press credentials are (reach, credibility, accurate reporting), they should not depend
on whether the person's observations and analyses are published on paper or online.
" '.22:20 - 2212211122 ,
.
:
-
. ...
... .
...
. .
63
" - '.21:20 - 2212211122 ,
- , .
. , .
,
. .
Google News :
1. .
2. -..
3. .
4. -
, .
. , '' (
) . ?
? .
?
" '.11:22 - 2212211122 ,
.
.
..
.
? !
" '.22:28 - 2212111122 ,
. .
.
?
? .
.
!
" '.19:33 - 11/11/2111 ,
- .
,
64
, ?
.
, ,
!?
, , , .
" '.18:32 - 11/11/2111 ,
, - 18 . ,
" "" , " .
, . .
?
?
" '.11:22 - 2212211122 ,
,
.
1111" , .
, .
() - .
"
. " .
" " "
".
!
" '.10:11 - 2212111122 ,
!
, .
.
.
.
. !
, - !
" '.11:12 - 2212111122 ,
"" . ,
. (
65
) .
"!" " "Ynet . , ,
, .
-
,
.
:
.1 .
.2 ,
.
.3 .
.
, , -
. ,
, ' . ,
.
" '.10:18 - 2212111122 ,
.
. . .
- ,
.
.
" '.11:12 - 2212111122 ,
. .
,
. ,
. ,
.
. , ( "
) .
. , ,
, .
" Gal-ia'.21:20 - 2212111122 ,
, .
, .
.
.
- .
66
.
.
" '.11:22 - 2211/11122 ,
?
" '.2/:22 - 2211/11122 ,
.
. ,
. .
, . -
. , .
, ',
, . ,
, '.
-
" Gal-ia'.20:11 - 2212111122 ,
,
- ,. - .
. ...
.
. .
" "
" '.2/:22 - 2211/11122 ,
,
- !
, .
.
" '.22:2/ - 2211/11122 ,
67
.
.
.
" - '.28:11 - 2211/11122 ,
, ,,
"?
.
, .
"" .
. . , , . .
. , , .
. .
. .
, .
" " .
. , , .
, .
. .
68
15 2311
15.30.11
: ... ...
...
, .
, .
.
" ," :
.3570-
. 6002 6006- .
" " , . .
.
, .
. . ,
. .
." .
.
" . .
.
, .
:
.3 .
, .
.
.6- , , .
, .
.
.3 , , " .
.
, . ."
,
'.
6007- ," .
69
:
, .
. , .
.
.
, ...'.
, .
.
" , .
, . ,
, .
, : " , .30,6,3
, : .
" , : .
, , '.
, : .
" . .
" ," :
" , : .
. .
" ," :
.
.
.
, .
. . ,
, . .
. , .
.
.
.
," : "
.
71
. , . ,
"?
" ," : ,
. .
, : "
.
" , : . 30.
, : .
.
.
, , .
" . ,
. ' .
.
.
" ," : . .
.
. .
:"
71
, 0 2311
" ," ()0.13.2311
:
' ,"
,
"
"
"
" -
"
72
,
" " , - , ,;
. .
3-2 ,
, , ,
.
, . ,
.
.
. " - ,
; ( " TGI " ;)TIM
- DEAD LINE- . ,
.
. , ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
, , . ,
. .
. - , ,
, . ' ' ,
, ,
. -
. ,
73
, ,
, . 64.4%
, YNET .
, , .
,
. , .
.
. :
RTVI 5 ,
, . , .
.
.
" :
, .
:
. ,
.
. , .
,
, , .
," : , ,
. , .
" : . ,
' , ,
. ,
, .
," : , ',
, ,
.
74
" : , ,
600 ,
, .
" - : ,
. , ,
.
.
" : ,
. ,
" . 3.2
"
" .
" . ,
,
. ,
, .
.
. , "
" .
, ,
, .
,
. 64.4-
. 3553
.
.
75
, , , .
," : , , .
, ,
.
" :
, .
.
.
.6005- 20
.
3570" " ,
.6006-
,
, ,
.
" ,
.
," : ,
, ,
" :
. ,
. ,
.
," : .
" :
, ,
. .
" " . ,
.
, .
76
.
,
, ,
.
" : " ,
?
," : ,
, .
. ,
, ,,
' , . "
. , , .
.
" : " , ,
" :
. "
, . ,
. .
, .
" .
," : , , "
" ,
?
" : , ,
," : .
" :
,
," : . , ,
77
, ,
, ,
, ,
" - : .
" : .
: , ," ,
, , , ,
,
. , ,
, , .
" - : .
: , . "
. ,
.
" : .
."
, . . .
" : , .
: , .
" : . , ,
,
. ,
,
.
.
, .
,
. :
, , .
78
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
. " , , ,
.
, . /
, . ,
, .
: -
30,000 , .
. , 40%
, " , ,
, 20% .
. " , , .
. .
IP ,60,000 , 300,000
IP . "
.
" : ? ,?
:
. .
' 300,000 ,
,
" : " ? ,60 ?
" : "
.
: , ,
..
79
" : . ,
40% . ,
. , .20%
" .
. ,
.
" : , YNET .
" YNET : , ,
, .
:
YNET .
: , .
," : ?
: " ,
.
" : ,
" , .
: .
" : ? .
. , ...
. 40% 50% .
- . ,
, ,
. ,
" . : ,
" " . :
, ,
. 4000 .,
, 60,000
IP
, ." ,
81
2
.60,000 , .
.
" . .
, "
.
" : ,
. .
.
:
/ .../ , ,
" : , ,
,
: .
" :" ?
: .
. . .
, . 30 .6006.
. YNET ,6000 , 33
.
: ,
. " ,
,
, ".
: "
.
: ,
, .
" : ,
81
" . .
," : ?
: . "?
" :.
: , .
" : , ,
, .
" :
.
: , ,
,
, " . ,
.
" :
. . ,
,
., ,
, . " , " .
. .
" : . ,
, , .
" : . -
. ,
,
. :
, . " ,
,
, . ,
82
. ,
,
. ,
, . :
,
.
, " .
. 6003- , ,
, .
.
.
. "
. ,
. " "
. , , , "
.
: "
? ? .
" : .
"
, . " .
: ,
" : ,
".
" : " , ,
.
83
" ,
, .
" : , ,
.
, ,
," : , ",
: ,
" : .
" : ".
," : " .
" : -
, "
,
. ,
. , " .
,
.
.
: "
"?
" : . . .
-
."
.
.
," : ?
" : .
: . ,
.
84
" : , .
: . - .
. .
: . ,
.
: , 30 , .3
: ,6005
,
. 30
, , , , , , , , ,,
' , , , , , ,CCU ,VTR , , ,
, , , . ,
""" ," ,
?
: ,
" : ,
: , . , "
.
: . , ,
. ,
. , ,
, .
.
,
" : ?
: .
, , .
85
.
" : ,
, ,
: , .
" : , ,
,
: ... .
" : ? ,
: , . . ,
6033- ' ' ,
.300 .
," : ,
, , ,
,
,
" : . .",
, 30.
," : ,
, , ,
,
, . , ,
, , ' ' ' ' " ,
' ' ' , " .
. .
.
" : . ,
, , .
. ,
86
: ,
: ,
, . ,
.
,
: .
.
: ,
: , . ,
. . ,
, .
. , , .ANYWAY
: , .
" : ?
: , , ,
" : ?
: , ,
.
" : ?
: .
" : - .
, .
, ,33 .
.
, "
. .
.
,
. ,
87
.
,
.
: ? 40 3
...
" : ,
. . ,
, , ,
, .
" : ? ,
, "
,
.
" : .
, . ,
. . ,
, .
, ,
" " ,
. ,
.
," : ,
" : , ."
,
,
: , .
," : ..
88
" : , ,
. ,
, ,
.
: , ,
" : ?
: .
" :
? I rest my case
:? ,
," : , , , YNET -
, , , ?
" : , YNET ,
. .
," : , ,
, ,
,
. YNET
, ,
,
.
:
, . .
,
" : , ,
: ,
" : , ,
: , , ,
. ..
," : , ,
89
, .
:
, .
: ? .
: . ,
.
" : - , ,
, , , .
.
, .
, . "
,
" : ,
: , , ,
. , .
" : , ,
, " ,
. , , ,
, .
.
. 6 .
, .
, 2 , .
.
" .
" , ,
, ".
" : .
91
" ,
' .
.
" : , ,
?
" : . " .
.
" : "
, .
, 6003-" ,
" .
" : " "
.
" : , , ,
" : .
. , "
.
" : .
" : .
, ,
" : , ,
' , ,
YNET,
" : ,
," : , .
" : . , ,
, , .
,
, ,
91
,
," : ,
" : . ,
.
-
:
, . . " ,
. , . .
,
. ,
, BIG BRAINS- ,YNET , , ,,
, ,
. YNET YNET- 3000
, 3000 30,000 . ,
, .
, ,
. 3400 , 2440
, 300 .
, , . . ,
, .
6000 , . , LIKE
, .
6000 , - ,
- .
" : , , ? ? ?
: .
, '' , , . .
..
," : ? ?
92
..'' ,''
. ?
. ,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
" : , .
: , .
" : ? ?
: , .
" : , .
: ,? PUBLIC DIPLOMAS I .
: ? , ,
, . ?
" - : ,
, .
" : . ,
. ,
" , ,
, , , ,
.
.: ?
:
, , 60
' . ,
. , , .
. , ,
93
, . 62-
30 ? ?
, . ONE WAY .MULTI WAY ,
, ,
STREAM LIVE
, ,
, . .
," : ?
: . , . ONE WAY " ,3.36-
. 2 . . , "
32 , , ,
, . 32 ," : , ,
, , " ,
, , ? .
. , ,
, , ,
.
" : , ? , ,
" , " , ?
: . .
" : , ,
: . .
,- , .
, 36.4 .
, . .LIKE .
. - ,
. , .
PRINT 40 . ,K5 -
5000 .
94
," : , ?
: " . "
YNET
.
K 3 ,K3 ,3000-
, , ,
. , ,
. , ,
. .
" : ? ?
: , . ,
" : ? " ,
: , ' .' 6005-
.
. , .
.YNET-
'' , ,
. . .
, " ,
300- , , ,
300 . , ,
. ,
: ," , , ,
6 .
: , . , , ,
. ,
: , .
: 4-6 , .
95
, , ,
, " ",
: , ."
X- . ,
.
: , ,
...
, , . ,
... . ,
: .
: ,
...
" : , ?
," :
, , ,
. .
" - : ? ,
, ? ,
. , ,
, ," , .
: ,
. , .
.
.
" : ?
: ,
, , , .
.
" : .
96
" - : , .
" : , ,
,
: - ,
,
, , .
. . . ,
' ' , "
. . , ,
. , , , , ,
, . .
, . -
,6006 70
. , ? ?
? . , , ,
. ,
? " , "
, , 60,000 . .
, . . .
,? ' 63 ...
, . , ,
53,000 , . ...
- , ,
. . 20,000 ,
" , ,
. . ,
, . -
, , , . ,
" . .
97
. , , 300 , ,
. , , ,
, , .?
? , WHATEVER .
,
.36 20,000.
" : ,
?
: , . , .
. . .
. , . .
, . . , .
,
. .
" : .
,
: , .
," : , ' ,
,
. - . .
: .
: , , ,
. .
.
: . , "
, ,
, .
.
98
, , .
" .
,
. ,
, " , ,
. ,
:
. .
," : ,
: ,
-' ,
, ,
" : , ,
: , ,
YNET
.
, , ,
, , .
, 3-2 . ,
,
" :
,
: , . '-' , ,
4 ,
" :
? .
: , .
:
" : .
: . ,
99
40,000 .
" : , .
," : .
111
, .
,
; ;
;
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
() , , , .
, .
.
, ,
, , , (
) , .
, , . ,Media Events
, ,
.
10, ,
.
.
-
.
10
111
"
" ( " ).
- , .
( 6 ) , ( 30 ,)30 .RTVI ,5
( )
.
,
.
.
' , .
" .
,
. ( , )
TGI 63.6%" 64.3%- '.
***
11
http://www.ice.co.il/article/view/278766
112
11
"
( :) ; ()
, 30,000-; () 20%
; () ;
() ( , ,
"); () " .
( , ) ,
TGI :
12
( 35.3%'-')( 33% , ).
( 37%'-')( 22.3% , ).
( 36.3%'-')( 32.5% , ).
( 4.3%'-')( 6.3% , ).
:
.33.5%
13
14
2.6%
:
,Jerusalem Post .
12
13
14
http://www.themarker.com/advertising/1.671361
.
.
113
:
4.3%
6.4%
" :
2 , 4,000-; 20%
;
;
( , , "); "
.
, : , , , ,
, .
( , ) , TGI
:
15
5.5%
3.3%
7.6%
6.6%
3.3%
6.4%
3.3%
3.3%
15
http://www.themarker.com/advertising/1.671361
114
"
, ( :)
; ,
, ,
; ,
, 4 ,
; () ; ()
( )turnover 40% ; -
( )turnover 50% ; ()
60,000 IP ( );
, "
300,000- IP; () 20%
; ()
; ()
( , , "); () "
.
.
16. ,
. .
,
.
64.4% WALLA
32.3%
45.4% YNET
66.3% 30
33.2% ONE
33.3% NRG
36.3% 4
16
http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000498007
115
:
" .3 , ,
, ( :)
4,000-; ()
, (); ()
( , , "); ()
" .
" .6 ;
" ".
.
- ,
.
- ,
" "
. .
116
,
. :
* - .
, ,
. :
: , , .
: , , , , .
' ' .
:
,- , , - ,.
117
, .
. " , , .
.
,
,
17
.
, .
" ...
" , " , ,
" 18.
, ,
.
, .
.
.
.
.
.
17
18
, .
118
-
. , ,
, -
.
19.
, , '.
- 20.
-
. ,
.
- 21.
" . ,
.
http://www.uspressassociation.org/e107_plugins/easyshop/easyshop.php?cat.1
20
Media visas are for representatives of the foreign media, including members of the press, radio,
film or print industries, whose activities are essential to the foreign media function, such as reporters,
film crews, editors and persons in similar occupations, under U.S. immigration laws, traveling to the
U.S. to engage in their profession. The applicant must be engaging in qualifying activities for a media
organization having its home office in a foreign country. The activity must be essentially informational,
and generally associated with the news gathering process, reporting on actual current events, to be
eligible for the media visa. The consular officer will determine whether or not an activity qualifies for
the media visa. Required Documentation: Online Nonimmigrant Visa Electronic Application, Form DS160; A passport valid for travel to the United States; One (1) 2x2 photograph; Proof of
employment. http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1276.html#2
21
http://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02164.pdf
22
http://fpc.state.gov/7431.htm
119
;
.
.
.
,
" 23.
.
,
".
23
http://fpc.state.gov/7432.htm
111
111
" "
, ' ' ( Editorial
)Publication .
24
- 36
24
http://www.ukpresscardauthority.co.uk/
25
http://www.ccsi.co.uk/Press/Rules.htm
26
http://www.idbureau.com/Press/Rules.htm
27
,
' 4
112
.
(
.)Professionnels
-
- .
. - 3536
.
( )
( 40% ) .
,
. .
28.
, .
29,
.
28
http://www.ccijp.net/
29
,
' 4
113
"
.
30
.
, .
.
31
.
30
31
http://www.presseausweis.org/index.html
http://www.bmi.bund.de/EN/Home/startseite_node.html
114
,
.
.
.3
.
, ,
" , ,
, ( ) ,
. ,
.32
.6
3 "
" 3 "
,
".
.3
, , .
" , (
) .33
, , ,
.34
.2
66.4.6033
( ) ," 6033-
, 3553
. ,
. .
.3
(" :"") ,
,
35
32
115
,
, (" :").
3570" "
, .
.6006
.6
, ,
, ,
,
.
.3
.
,
, .
.2
,
, .36
,
.37
.4
, ,
, ,
.38
.1
( )3
3 : / /
:
( )
"
,
.
"" : /
, .
36
116
+
'
(')
(')
(')
(')
"
30,000
IP
60,000 :
53%
-
53%
-
43%
43%
.3
(
)
.6
:
40%
50%
(
)300,000
117
"
+
'
(')
"
(')
(')
(')
"
(
)
'
'
4000
118
4000
43%
53%
-
39
0 0
(')
(')
36
30
64
40
30
33
30
34
36
39
, "" "".
119
(')
.2
( )3
6.3
- ,
- ; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ;
; ; .
-; ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
; .
- ; ;
; / ;
; ; ;
; .
-
6.6
.3
- , , ,
,
, ,
.
( )3
3.3
3.6
:
,
( . 3)
(
)( . 33,)
( . 3)
. 3
,
/( . 3)
" , ,
, .
( 3)
,
, " ,
,
( . 3)
121
.4
( )6
121
.5
33
( )3
( )6
"
33
( )3
( )6
"
()3
()6
()3
()2
()3
()6
40
()3
()2
( 2())3
( 2())6
40
": ".
122
33
( )3
( )6
( )3
33
( 2())3
()3
"
()6
()3
( 2())2
( )3
( )6
( )3
()2
()3
"
()6
()3
()2
123
33
( )3
( )6
33
( )3
( )6
( )3
"
()2
( )3
( )2
41
)3( -
Freelancer
( )6
( )3
( 2())4
()Freelancer
( 2())6
41
"" ""
124
( 2())7
33
( )3
( )6
125
( )3
( )6
( )3
33
( )3
( )6
( )3
( )3
"
"
()2
0"
()3
33
( )3
()6
0
()
( 2())3
:
( )3
( )6
( )3
0
0
()Freelancer-
( 2())6
-
Freelancer
()2
( )1
( )2
126
()3
()6
()3
()2
()4
"
()2
( 2())6(,)3
()4
33
( )3
( )3
"
/
/
43
( )6"
/
/
/
( )3
( )2 (
)
)1( -
( )6
( )3
42
Freelancer
42
127
( )6
( )3 (
)
33
( )3
()3
( 2())2(,)3
()2
( )6
( )3
()3
()4
44
44
"
128
/
"
( )
-
Freelancer
()3
()6
()3
()2
129
33
( )3
( )6
33
( )3
( )6
( 2())4
( )3
( )6
( )3 (
)
( 2)
"
()2
/
()3
()3
()2
/ -
/
/
( )4
45
131
"
45
.6
( )4
6.3
/ - / /
/ - :
, , .
6.6
- .
6.3
/ : 4 ,
, ,
.
.7
.3
( )7
7.3
/
.
7.6
" ,
( . 7)
7.3
24 . 24 ( . 7).
7.2
/ ( . 7).
( )3
3.3
-
()3
()6
()3
()2
46
" ;
" ;
, ;
, "
.46
3.6
, 30
"( . 3)
3.3
-
( . 3).
3.2
50 ( . 3).
131
0 ( )30
.5
.30
5.3
5.6
/
(3)(-) /.
5.3
" - ( . 30).
5.2
( . 30).
( )33
30.3 / -
( . 33).
/ "
/ /.
30.6
( . 47 33).
- ,
. , ,
( . 33).
47
' 33
132
30 - , ,
. , ," 7763/07
" 4462/30 ' ,
.
:
.3
.6
.3
.2
48
,' .6
49
.6002 ,
50
' 76 " 1332401 , 3 ,' .30
51
" 30362/07 3 ,' .30
133
.
,
.
.
.4
.6
134
, 3 2311
" ," ()3.11.2311
:
' ,"
, "
,
" ,
" ,
" ,
" - ,
,
,
,
" ,
:
" ,
,
,
' ,"
,
,"
,"
," ' ,
135
" ,
, , .
' ,NYU - ,
NEWS , : ,
.
, .
. ,
,
. ,
.
- Citizen Journalism , , ." :
, ,
" . , '
" : ,
" . ,
.
" : , , , , ,
" . NEWS
. .
, , , , , .
.
, ,
. , .
, 60-
.63-
: ,
. , ,
, . ,
accidental journalist
136
. SYSTEM
. , , , ,
.
? ,'
" : , , ,
. " .
.
citizen journalism-
. ,
. ,
.
" 6007- , "
,
. ,
" .
.
.
, , .
, ,
" ,
. .
.
. .
137
' , ""
4 ,- .
( 35 )24-40 ( .)46% 36 4- .
. " ,
. 5- .
. .
.
- ".
, ,
. ,
,
. " .
.
" ,
" . ,
" . "?
, , ...
.
, . .
' , , ,
.
, .
, .
, ? , ,
?
".
138
' , , ""
, . -
, women oriented content
,
,
, .
, , ,
,
.
330,000 ,
.
. .
. 6000 3400- .
.
NEWS LIFE STYLE-
,
.
.
, , ,
' ' , ,
.
. .
139
" , '
AP
I am chairman of the Foreign Press Association. We represent about 500 journalists who are
employed by about 200 global news organizations, operating in Israel and the Palestinian
Areas. Our members range from small newspapers, individuals who work for small
newspapers, to the world's largest news organizations, including the New York Times,
Reuters, the BBC, CNN, and the Associated Press. Many if not most of FPA members, are
Israelis or Palestinians.
As of now, the FPA has never been asked by a blogger to become a member. We have
members who have blogs and who work as bloggers, but they've joined the FPA because they
have a second job as a radio correspondent or a newspaper correspondent.
FPA standards are very clear: The journalist must work for an internationally recognized
news organization, and that organization must have headquarters overseas. So if a blogger or
a filmmaker or a web journalist meets these criteria, we would accept them. The type of
media that they work for is not so important. To us, it's more important the quality of work
that they do and that they show that they're a serious journalist.
There are many freelancers. But they usually work for maybe 4 or 5 different newspapers
around the world. Many of our members are freelance journalists.
The GPO should seek ways to apply its criteria, the same criteria it's used in the past when
granting press cards: Does the applicant have a body of work? What have they done in the
past? Who are they affiliated with? Who's actually paying them? Do they have a wide
readership? Are they influential? Are they political activists? These are the things that you
have to take into account as you make your decision.
Obviously, there are going to be lots of gray areas. What do you do with an individual blogger
who's influential but may not have an employer? You can tell when somebody is serious and
legitimate. But in the, for complicated cases, there should be a committee, a review
committee.
Journalist with an agenda is not a journalist, he is an activist. Just because they have a camera,
in their hand, does not make them a journalist.
141
The needs of FPA: In the past the FPA had a seat on the appeals committee. Somehow, in the
past few years, we lost that position. And I wanted to use this opportunity to request that we
be given that spot back.
Finally, I wanted to express my concern about the GPO's handling of Arab journalists. As you
may know, Arab journalists are processed through a separate department at the GPO. And
those who qualify for press cards, including Israeli citizens, are treated differently. They only
receive one-year press cards, when other people receive two-year press cards. It looks bad for
the GPO and it looks bad for Israel. I think it hurts Israel's image to treat people separately.
Palestinian members of the FPA who live in the West Bank cannot get a press card at all. I
respectfully ask you to reconsider this policy. In the past, West Bank Palestinians were able to
get GPO cards. That ended during the intifada. If a Palestinian in Ramallah can qualify for a
work permit, been approved by Israeli security, they can come into Israel to work, but they
still can't get GPO cards. I don't think the security issue has to be a reason to prevent
somebody from getting a GPO card.
141
, ' '
, , , " ,
.ON LINE-
YNET- 4.
6006- ,
YNET .
YNET
, ,
.
.
. - "
. ,
,
. , ,
" ,
. 30
, .
.
. , .
, , .
, , .
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, .
142
.
. .
,
.
,RSS-
, , .
, .
, ."
,
.
- . 2:
, ,30 .
.
, ,
.
143
, "
200 , ,
, , , .
' .
, , ,
,
.
, .
, .
,
. ,
,
.
. .
. .
,
. , .
144
,"
, 60 , .
,.IFJ-
'- ' ,
' . "
, .
,
, .
,
.
. ,
,
. , .
, .
"
, .
. .
,
, ."
.
(" : , , " .
).
, - , ,
, "
" . ,
.
. , ,
.
145
.
, . -
, . , ,
. " . ,
, . . , ,
, . .
, .
- ,
. .
: "
, , " .
,
. , ,
, , .
146
2.11.2311 :
..,.
: -
, , - "
":
:The new media .1
,
,
.
:
. .
, ,
" ."Freelancers -
"".
, . ,Free lancer
( ) '.
148
. .
,
() .
.
. !
""
- .
.
.
. "" 18
( -)33
"" " "Teen agers ""mem3a.net
"-".
, ,
.
..
"" -
"" "".
* : .
149
" : , .
-.
: .
," .
" : .
" ".
***
" : , ?
:" .
" :
, , ,
," : .
, ,
, .
.
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
.
',
, ,
.
" : ,
.
,V" ,?
' '.
: " , "
151
. ,
,
,
" , ,
.
: .
" 40 , . "
. ,
.
" , , .
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
," : , ,
, ,
. .
: .
:
.
. . .
.
:
.
.
: . ,
".
," :
151
,
.
, - .
, "
:
30
.
, ,
, ' ,
. ,
. .
, , .
. . ,
. .
. ,
.
:
. () .
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
, , , ' '600332
. .
. .
," : .
, .
:
. .
152
. , .
- .
. .
. .
. , "
4-6 , .
" : ?
:
.
:
, .
" , . .
.
: " , 4 6 : ,
,STATE DEPARTMENT- ..
: , .
.
.
. . ,
' . . ,
.
: , ,
,
, ,
. .
,":
" :
: ,
153
.
" : ?
: .
.
" : ,"
. .
: . .
" : .
: .
" : .
:
,":
: " , .
:
, ".
, ".
" : , "
. .
" :
"
.
" : .
" : , .
" : " ?
.
" : "
.
" : ? .
:
. .
" : .
154
: .
.
: , ,
, .
, ,
. " .
, ,
,
.
" : , . .
:
"
, .
, ,
, .
.
:
. ,
. , , .
,
, . .
" : .
: . ,
, . .
:" .
,
: . . , .
.
155
, 24 2311
" ," ()24.11.2311
:
' ,"
, "
,
" ,
" - ,
,
,
,
" ,
156
," : .
, . ,
, :
, , ,
.
,
. , ,
.
:
. ,
.
: .
.
" - : ,
" . .
. . ".
: .
" - : , .
," : ?
: .
" - : , "
. " , .
.
. ,
. , ,
157
.
.
, ,
, . "
, , .
.
. . , . ,
,?
:
".
" - : . .
.
:
," : .
" - : , .
" . " ,
. ,
. ,
.
,
. "
,
. ,
" . ...
" :
" - : , .
158
," : . .
" - : -
" ,
. ,
.
,6007 .
" " ,,
, , , , , ,
" . .
"
" - ,
" . ,
. " , ,
, ,
." .
, ,
:
" - : .
. . .
," : . ,
.
" - : . . .
," : .
" - : . .
159
.
," : . .
" - : . -" .
. , . , .
, ,
, .
, , , . .
.
," : ?
" - : .
," : ?
" - : . , . .
.
: ? ?
" - :.
," : .
: ?
," : .
," : .
?
" - : . . .
, ".
" :
?
161
,
" - : .
," : , ,
, ,
, .
" - : , ? "
. , . ,
, . , ,
? , .
," : . .
" ,
',
:
. .
" - : .
" :
" ? ? .
" - : ? , ?
,
" : , .
" - : . .
" :
:
. .
.
" - : .
161
-" ,
,
,
" - : . .
, , . .
:
. ?
: ,
,
,
" - : . .
," : . .
:
. .
, . .
, , .
" - : , ? ,33
, .
:
" , ,
. ,
" - : ? ?
," : .
: .
," : , ?
:
?
162
," :.
" - : . .
:
" :
.
" - :.
: , . .
" - : .
" : ?
" - : , . .
" : .
:
, .
" - : , .
:
.
. , ,
,
," : .
:
, .
" - : .
:
. .
163
: . .
" :
," : . .
" - :.
:
, ,
, , .
, . ,
: ,
,
, .
. ,
. .
" - : ?
: ? ? .
.
" - : . .
.
: ,
,
" - : . .
: . .
, . ,
164
" , , "
. "
,
.
,
' . , .
," :
. , ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
" . ,
.
: . .
" - : ?
: , , .
" - : " ? . .
?
," : , .
. ".
" - :
. .
:
6 .
.
," : , . ,
165
.
" - : .
: " .
. .
, ".
," : . .
" - : ? ? ? ?
: ?
" - : . . .
?
: .
" :
, , , .
" - : .
" :
.
:
" : " ?
:
" - : " .
. .
:
, ,
166
.
" - : ?
" :
" - : , .
"? . . ?
. . ,
, , , . .
" :
FBA- . . .
" - :
. .
," : .
" - :
, . .
, .
: .
," : .
" - :
, ? ?
. . ,.
" : .
" - :
. .
167
: , .
.
" - : . .
.
:
.
," : .
" - : , .
. . . ,
? , . ,
, , , .
: ,
" , .
,
.
" .
. .
.
," : ,
, .?
, .
.
, ,
. ,
" . ? ,
, .
168
, . ,
,
, ,
, .
" - : . .
," : .
" - : ?
," : . .
" - : . . .
," : .
. .
" - : . ,
, . , .
. ,
,
.
: ,
, .
,
.
" . , ,
. .
. "
, .
," : , -" ,
169
, ,
" , .
, .
-" , .
.
-" . .
: ,
. .
, , .
.
, ,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
" - : .
:
. .
.
.
" - : .
," : . .
: , ,
,
171
, , , .
" - : ?
:
" - : .
:
," : ?
:
. ,
. , ,
. . ,
.
, .
,
,
" - :
. ,
. , ? .
" - : , .
.
:
, .
.
".
," : .
:
, .
171
, ,
,
. .
, ,
. .
. ,
, ? "
,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, - ,
, ,
.
.
:
, , .
:
, . .
. , .
300,000 ? .
,
:
, ,36 ,
172
. ,
.
, , , ,
,
.
:
. . ?
. .
:
, , .
, ,
. ,
.
:
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
, /
,
36 . . ,
,
, ,
. ,
.
:
, , ,
, .
:
, .
173
, . ,
. , ...
" - : ?
:
" - : ,
:
, . ,
" - : . . .
. 6007 ,
, , , , , , , , ,
.
:
: ' .
:
" - : , .
:
. . .
X Y " " ,
. .
.
,
,
174
.
" - : . , .
: , ,
.
" - : , .
: , ,
.
" - : . . ,
: . ,
, , ,
, , , .
," : , ?
" - :.
," : , , ,
, .
:
. . .
," :? . ,
.,
: .
," : .
" - : , .
," : ,.
175
," : .
: ,.
," : " ,
, " ,
.
:
" - : ,
, .
," : ..
" - : . . ,
. ,
:
" - : ? ?
:
. , . . ?
.
: , . . .
:
, .
. .
,
,
,
.
176
" - : ? ,
:
, .
, .
" - : , ? ?
,
:
, ,
, , . .
36 , ,
.
" - : . .
:
. ,
,
.
" - : , , , ,
. 400 ,
, , ,
, ?
, ,6
: . .
: , , 55-
" . . .
: , .
:
, .
177
" - : . .
.
:
, . . , .
:
. ,
. ,?
. .
30,000 ,- ,
: , ?
" - : . , ?
: . .
:
30,000
,
, 30,000 ,
. . ,
, 30,000 , ".
" - : ?
:
. . , ,
, .
,
.
, .
178
" - : .
:
, .
. .
, . " ,
. , .
, , ,
. .
:
: .
:
. .
,
,
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
, .
,
30 6 3
. , ,
. , ,
. ..
:
. , ,
, "
179
. , ,
.
,
" - :" , ?
:
. .
:
, ... .
, ,
,?
:
. ,-
,
: , ,
, .
:
,
" - : ? , ?
," : , .
. .
, . ,
. .
: . .
:
," : .
181
, , ,
, , , ,
, . , .
.
:
, , .
," : . ,
,
, , ,
.
" - : . .
:
" - : ?
," : . .
:
, , . .
, , .
? .
," : .
:
? ,
" - : , .
:
, .
" - : . .
," : , .
181
, , ,
, ,
,
, , ,
" , , .
, ? . ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, , . .
,30,000 ,
4,000' , . , .
. ,
.
" - : ,
30,000 . .
," : .
" - : ?
," : . .
" - : .
," : . .
, 30,000 ,
:
".
182
" - : -".
," : ?
:
" ,
" , ,
, . ,
,
, 300 340 600 .
, .
, .
: , ?
:
" - : .
: . . , .
.
:
' .' .
.
.
, .
:
"?
" .
:
, , .' ,
" .'
,
183
, .
, , .
," : .
" - :
.
," : ? ?
" - : . .
,
:
. ,
" - : ,? ?
:
, .
" - 30,000 :?
," :.
" - : .
:
" - : , ,.
:
, .
30,000 .
, 300 "
, ,
184
...
400 .30,000
:
, ,
' , ?
" :
:
. ,
. ,
.
," : .
:
. , 30,000 .
?
" - :
. .
, .
, ,
. ,
, . ."
,
, ,?
, ?
, , .
, , . .
. .
:
. ,
185
, , , .
,
, .
" - : .
,
:
,
" - : . , . .
," : .
, , , ,
" , .
,
" . , ,
,
,
,
,
,
, , .
, ' ,
. ,
,
, , ,
? ,
,
186
.
, .
.
:
,
:
. .
," :.
:
6 .ynet
," : .
," : . . .
" :
:
. ,
,
, .
:
, .
: ,
,
".
," :
, . .
187
,? , , 6' ,' ,
.
:
, ,
, .
:
, .
: , , ,
.
:
? , ,.
," : ,
,
, .
30-
,
, . .
:
. ,
, , ,
,
, .
,
. .
:
".
:
, .
188
: " .
:
. ,- ,
, ,
.
: ,
, .
," : , ,
,
,
, , .
,
.
. . , , ,
.
:
189
2 " -
"
.
.
, ,
.
:
? "?
.
.
.
" " ( )
, . ".
.
" " . , ,
.
"? "?
.
,
. , , , ,
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
191
. "
" , , ' .
, .
:
.1 , ,
. .
.
,
, . " .
" ,
.
.
.2 ,
. ,
, ,
( ) .
" ,
, ,
" " . .
.
, ,
" , , .
, , .
, ,
. .
, 2117 ,
. " , :
" , , , , , , ,,
, , ,
".
, .
.
, .
, :
191
" ,
".
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
,
,
. .
2111
192