Mon Quan Tri Hoc - Giao Trinh

Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management
CHNG I NHA QUAN TR VA CONG VIEC QUAN TR ---oooOooo--T xa en nay, tat ca cac to chc noi chung, du hoat ong trong bat c lnh vc nao: kinh te, chnh tr, xa hoi, van hoa eu a ton tai cac hoat ong quan tr. Chang han, trong mot to chc san xuat kinh doanh, cac nha quan tr phai d kien khoi lng cong viec can lam, to chc va phoi hp cac nguon lc au vao (lao ong, nguyen vat lieu, may moc thiet b), e ra c che kiem tra kiem soat nham giup cho cac hoat ong cua to chc co hieu qua va at c nhng muc tieu e ra. Nhng hoat ong nh the goi la hoat ong quan tr. Chnh nh co hoat ong quan tr ket hp vi s tien bo khoa hoc ky thuat-cong nghe ma xa hoi loai ngi chung ta co muon van san pham, dch vu thuoc u moi lnh vc a tng ton tai, phat trien va ngay cang hoan thien. Trong chng nay se bat au vi nhng van e can ban nh: Quan tr la g? Nha quan tr la ai? Cong viec cua nha quan tr la g? Vai tro cua nha quan tr nh the nao oi vi tat ca cac hoat ong va muc tieu cua to chc? I CONG VIEC QUAN TR. 1/ Khai niem ve quan tr: Khai niem : Quan tr la mot phng thc, cach thc lam cho nhng hoat ong cua mot to chc tien ti muc tieu chung vi hieu qua cao nhat, bang va thong qua nhng ngi khac.
MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
Nh vay, trong khai niem tren chung ta can lam ro nhng van e sau: + Phng thc quan tr: Chnh la cac hoat ong c ban hay la nhng chc nang quan tr ma nha quan tr s dung e tac ong vao cac lnh vc quan tr nham at c cac muc tieu cua to chc, no bao gom cac chc nang nh hoach nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra (se e cap sau cac chng sau). + Con ngi: Neu moi ca nhan t mnh hoat ong th khong co hoat ong quan tr, luc nay hoat ong cua ho hoan toan mang tnh ca nhan, phuc vu cho li ch ca nhan ch khong cho mot to chc nao va cung khong co ai se quan tr ai. Vay, hoat ong quan tr xay ra khi nao? Khi nao th phat sinh? Trc het, hoat ong quan tr ch phat sinh khi nhng con ngi ket hp vi nhau thanh mot to chc (ieu kien can). Th hai, do tnh can thiet cua hoat ong quan tr (ieu kien u), v neu khong co no, moi ngi trong to chc se khong biet lam g, khi nao se lam, lam nh the nao t o se gay nen mot tnh trang lon xon, giong nh hai ngi cung cheo mot chiec thuyen, thay v phai cheo ve mot hng th moi ngi lai cheo hai hng khac nhau. Nhng hoat ong khien hai ngi cung cheo mot chiec thuyen i ve mot hng chnh la nhng hoat ong quan tr. + To chc:
La mot thc the co muc ch rieng, co nhng thanh vien va co mot c cau co tnh he thong (v du nh : Doanh nghiep, trng hoc, benh vien). Nh vay tat ca cac to chc eu co ba ac tnh chung nh sau: Th nhat, to chc phai co muc ch: o la muc tieu hay he thong cac muc tieu. Muc tieu la nhng ket qua mong i se co c sau mot thi gian nhat nh, la phng tien e thc hien s mang cua to chc. V du cong ty may tnh IBM vi s mang (Mission) la luon luon dan au trong lnh vc may tnh, e at c s mang nay cong ty e ra muc tieu dai han (Objective) la au t von cho bo phan nghien cu va phat trien (Research and Development), chnh ieu nay a giup cong ty co c san pham may tnh xach tay Laptop IBM noi tieng sau nay. Th hai, to chc phai gom nhieu thanh vien, nhieu bo phan cau thanh, to chc khong the la mot ngi, mot ca nhan nao o. Th ba, to chc phai co mot c cau mang tnh he thong: Co ngha la to chc phai co s sap xep, phan cong lao ong, quy nh quyen han va trach nhiem cua tng ca nhan, bo phan trong mot to chc nham thc hien cac muc tieu chung cho ca to chc cua mnh + Hieu qua quan tr: Co the noi rang, ch khi nao ngi ta quan tam en hieu qua th ngi ta mi quan tam en hoat ong quan tr, hay ly do ton tai cua hoat ong quan tr chnh la v muon co hieu qua. Vay hieu qua la g? Co nhieu khai niem e cap en hieu qua, sau ay la mot khai niem n gian va de hieu nhat
Khai niem : Hieu qua (HQ) la ty le so sanh gia ket qua at c (KQ) vi nhng ch ph a bo ra (CP). Vay : HQ = KQ/CP . Neu biet cach quan tr th se co hieu qua, co ngha la ket qua at c nhieu hn so vi chi ph bo ra (KQ > CP => HQ >1) Neu khong biet cach quan tr th cung co the at ket qua, nhng khong co hieu qua, co ngha la chi ph nhieu hn so vi ket qua at c ((KQ < CP => HQ <1). Nh vay, ta co the so sanh c gia ch tieu hieu qua va ket qua nh sau: Ket qua Gan lien vi muc tieu, muc Hieu qua
Gan lien vi phng tien ch Lam ung viec (doing the Lam c viec (doing things right things) Co the ty le thuan vi CP right) Ty le thuan vi KQ Ty le nghch vi CP, cang Co the ty le nghch vi CP t ton kem nguon lc th HQ cang cao Qua bang so sanh tren, ta co the thay trong thc te hoat ong quan tr se co hieu qua khi xay ra cac trng hp sau : Giam chi ph au vao, tang so lng san pham au ra Giam chi ph au vao, gi nguyen so lng san pham au ra Gi nguyen cac yeu to au vao, gia tang san lng au ra
Tang chi ph au vao, tang san lng au ra sao cho toc o tang san lng au ra cao hn toc o tang chi ph au vao.
Giam chi ph au vao, giam san lng au ra nhng toc o giam san lng au ra thap hn toc o giam chi ph au vao. Trong hoat ong kinh te noi chung, nhat la trong mot
nen kinh te th trng ngay cang co s canh tranh khoc liet, tat ca cac to chc luon luon at van e hieu qua len hang au, muon vay hoat ong quan tr se la mot cong cu giup cho cac to chc thc hien c ieu o. 2/ Cac chc nang quan tr: (Phan nay ch e cap mot cach khai quat ve cac chc nang quan tr, no se c trnh bay sau cac chng sau) Co rat nhieu y kien khac nhau ve s phan chia cac chc nang quan tr sau: 2.1- Gulick (My), Urwick (Anh): Vao thap nien 30, hai tac gia a a ra 07 chc nang quan tr viet tat la POSDCORB (Lay cac ch cai au tien cua moi t tieng Anh) nh sau: Planning (d kien), Organizing (to chc), Staffing (nhan s), Directing (ch huy), Coordinating (phoi hp), Reporting (bao cao), Budgeting (Ngan sach) 2.2- Henry Fayol (Phap): Henry Fayol a ra 05 chc nang quan tr sau: D kien, To chc, Phoi hp, Ch huy va Kiem tra 2.3- Phan loai theo cac nha khoa hoc va QT gan ay:
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Theo cac nha khoa hoc va quan tr gan ay, ho a ra 04 chc nang quan tr la: Hoach nh, To chc, ieu khien va Kiem tra. Trong giao trnh nay tac gia xin trnh bay theo cach phan loai nay. a- Hoach nh: Xac nh ro nhng muc tieu cua to chc Xay dng chien lc, ke hoach, bien phap tot nhat e thc hien cac muc tieu cua to chc. b- To chc: Xay dng cau truc cua to chc Xac nh cac moi quan he, nhiem vu, quyen han va trach nhiem cua tng thanh vien, bo phan trong to chc c- ieu khien: ieu khien, phoi hp cac thanh vien, bo phan trong to chc Xay dng cac chnh sach ong vien cac thanh vien, cac bo phan trong to chc e hoan thanh muc tieu cua mnh mot cach hieu qua nhat. d- Kiem tra: Theo doi toan bo s hoat ong cua cac thanh vien, bo phan va ca to chc So sanh ket qua at c vi muc tieu at ra, neu co nhng lech hng th can tm nguyen nhan, a ra giai phap sa cha va ieu chnh nham a to chc tr lai ung hng. 3/ Tnh pho bien cua quan tr: Ta thay tnh pho bien cua quan tr the hien cac kha canh sau:
Th nhat, khai niem quan tr co tnh pho bien cho tat ca cac loai hnh to chc, cho moi lnh vc. Trong tat ca cac to chc va lnh vc o, cac nha quan tr eu thc hien cac chc nang giong nhau la hoach nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra. Trong thc tien, viec cac nha quan tr thng xuyen chuyen oi gia khu vc quan ly Nha nc va san xuat kinh doanh la mot minh chng (v du mot giam oc Cong ty xay dng co the ieu chuyen lam giam oc S xay dng) Th hai, tnh pho bien quan tr con the hien moi quan he gia kha nang quan tr va kha nang chuyen mon. Cap quan tr cang cao th kha nang quan tr cang lan dan kha nang chuyen mon, co ngha la cap quan tr cang cao th nha quan tr cang phai thc hien nhng cong viec ac trng cua quan tr nh hoach nh, to chc, ieu khien, kiem tra va cang t tham gia vao nhng van e mang tnh ky thuat chuyen mon hang ngay (v du mot giam oc khong the tham gia trc tiep vao cong viec ke toan nh mot ke toan trng). Tnh pho bien nay c minh hoa hnh 1.1 sau: Hnh 1.1 : Quan he gia kha nang quan tr va kha nang chuyen mon K/N quan tr
CAP CAO CAP TRUNG GIAN CAP C S
K/N chuyen moan
Chnh do tnh pho bien th hai nay ma cac nha quan tr cap cao de thuyen chuyen t to chc nay, lnh vc nay sang to chc khac, lnh vc khac do nang lc quan tr cap cao gan giong nhau (nh v du giam oc cong ty xay dng noi tren). Ngc lai, nha quan tr cap cang thap th rat kho chuyen oi, v cap cang thap se s dung kha nang chuyen mon cang nhieu, v du mot quan oc ieu hanh phan xng san xuat e trong mot cong ty giay kho ma chuyen sang lam mot trng phong phu trach san xuat kinh doanh hoac qua mot cong ty trai nganh nghe khac. Th ba, tnh pho bien quan tr con the hien ty le thi gian danh cho moi chc nang theo cap bac quan tr. Cap cang cao th thng s dung chc nang hoach nh nhieu hn, co ngha la ho thng xuyen chu trong vao cong tac xay dng chien lc hanh ong va phat trien cho to chc. Trong khi o cap cang thap th thng s dung chc nang ieu khien nhieu hn, bi v ho thng co nhiem vu hng dan, on oc, ieu khien cac thanh vien di quyen trong cac cong viec thng ngay va ban than ho cung lam cac cong viec chuyen mon cu the nh nhng ngi cap di. Tnh pho bien nay c minh hoa hnh 1.2 sau: Hnh 1.2 : Ty le thi gian danh cho moi chc nang theo cap bac CAP QT CAO T-GIAN C S H 28% 18% 15% TC 36% 33% 24% K 22% 36% 51% KT 14% 13% 10%
II NHA QUAN TR . 1/ Cac khai niem: Trong mot to chc phai co ngi tha hanh va nha quan tr, ho co nhng v tr va nhiem vu rieng, nhng eu tap trung hng en muc tieu chung cua to chc
a- Ngi tha hanh:
Ho la nhng ngi trc tiep thc hien cong viec nao o va khong co trach nhiem trong coi cong viec cua ngi khac, chang han nh cong nhan trong mot doanh nghiep, au bep trong mot nha hang .Cap tren cua ho chnh la cac nha quan tr trc tiep.
b- Nha quan tr:
Ho chnh la ngi ieu khien cong viec cua ngi khac, v du nh giam oc, ke toan trng, to trng oi vi nha quan tr cap c s ho con lam ca cong viec cua ngi tha hanh, chang han nh to trng to gia cc trong mot doanh nghiep vien thong, ho va quan ly nhan vien trong to va s dung nghiep vu chuyen mon e nghien cu va e xuat cac chnh sach gia cc vien thong. 2/ Cap bac quan tr trong mot to chc: Tuy theo to chc ma cap bac quan tr co the phan chia khac nhau, nhng e thuan li cho viec nghien cu cac nha khoa hoc phan chia cac nha quan tr trong mot to chc thanh 03 cap quan tr nh sau (hnh 1.3): Hnh 1.3 : Cac cap quan tr trong to chc Cap cao giai phap ln : Vach chien lc, muc tieu dai han,
Cap gia : Cu the hoa muc tieu cua cap cao, khien cap di Cap c s : ieu khien, on oc cong nhan, nhan vien.. Ngi tha hanh a- Cac nha quan tr cap c s (first line manager): Nha quan tr cap c s la nhng nha quan tr cap bac cuoi cung trong he thong cap bac cua nha quan tr trong mot to chc. Nhiem vu cua ho la thng xuyen hng dan, on oc, ieu khien ngi tha hanh va ho cung tham gia trc tiep thc hien cac cong viec cu the nh nhng ngi di quyen ho. V du trong cac doanh nghiep ta de thay ho la nhng to trng, trng nhom, trng ca . b- Cac nha quan tr cap trung gian (middle manager): Nha quan tr cap trung gian la nhng nha quan tr cap ch huy trung gian, ng tren cac nha quan tr cap c s va di cac nha quan tr cap cao. Ho cu the hoa cac muc tieu cua cap cao, thc hien cac ke hoach va chnh sach cua to chc, ho va quan tr cac quan tr vien cap c s va ieu khien cac nhan vien khac. V du nh cac trng phong, quan oc phan xng. c- Cac nha quan tr cap cao (super manager) : Nha quan tr cap cao la nhng nha quan tr cap bac toi cao trong to chc, ho chu trach nhiem ve thanh qua cuoi cung cua to chc. Cong viec cua ho tap trung xay dng chien lc hanh ong va phat trien to chc, vach ra cac muc tieu dai han, thiet lap cac giai phap ln e thc hien. V du nh Chu tch hoi ong
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quan tr, tong giam oc, giam oc .Trong hau het cac to chc, nha quan tr cap cao la nhom nho so vi cac cap quan tr khac (tr cac to chc oan the co tnh chnh tr). 3/ Ky nang cua nha quan tr: e thc hien tot 04 chc nang quan tr, theo Robert Katz th nha quan tr can co 03 loai ky nang quan tr nh sau: a- Ky nang ky thuat (technical skills): Ky nang ky thuat chnh la trnh o chuyen mon nghiep vu cua nha quan tr, hay la nhng kha nang can thiet cua ho nham thc hien mot cong viec cu the nao o. Ky nang nay nha quan tr co c bang cach thong qua con ng hoc tap, boi dng ma co. V du nh thiet ke may moc cua trng phong ky thuat, to chc cong tac ke toan cua ke toan trng, lap trnh ien toan cua trng phong may tnh, xay dng chng trnh nghien cu th trng cua trng phong Marketing Cap quan tr cang cao, ky nang nay giam dan va ngc lai cap quan tr cang thap ky nang nay la can thiet, bi v cap cang thap th nha quan tr thng tiep xuc trc tiep vi cong viec cu the, vi tien trnh san xuat, ay chnh la moi trng ma tai nang ky thuat ac biet s dung nhieu hn. b- Ky nang nhan s (human skills): Ky nang nhan s phan anh kha nang cung lam viec, ong vien va ieu khien con ngi va tap the trong to chc nham tao ieu kien thuan li va thuc ay hoan thanh cong viec chung. Chang han nh ky nang thong at hu hieu (viet & noi), co thai o quan tam
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en ngi khac, xay dng bau khong kh hp tac gia moi ngi, ong vien nhan vien di quyen oi vi ky nang nhan s th yeu cau can thiet oi vi ca 03 cap quan tr, v du thuoc cap nao, nha quan tr cung phai cung lam viec vi tat ca moi ngi. c- Ky nang t duy: Ky nang t duy yeu cau nha quan tr phai hieu ro mc o phc tap cua moi trng va giam thieu s phc tap o xuong mc ma to chc co the oi pho va thch ng c. Ky nang t duy la mot ky nang kho tiep thu nhat va rat quan trong oi vi nha quan tr cap cao. Cac chien lc, ke hoach, chnh sach va quyet nh cua nha quan tr cap cao thng phu thuoc vao t duy chien lc cua ho. Hnh 1.4 sau dien ta ky nang quan tr cua cac cap nh sau: Hnh 1.4 : Ky nang quan tr cua cac cap quan tr Nha QT cap c s Ky nang ky Nha QT cap trung gian Ky nang nhan s Nha QT cap cao Ky nang t duy
thuat 4/ Vai tro cua nha quan tr: e lam ro cac cong viec cua cac nha quan tr, cung nh cac cach ng x khac nhau cua ho oi vi moi ngi va moi to chc khac, Henry Mentzberg a a ra 10 loai vai tro khac nhau nh sau ma nha quan tr phai thc hien va chia chung thanh 03 nhom ln: a- Nhom vai tro quan he vi con ngi (gom 03 vai tro) : Vai tro ai dien, hay tng trng, co tnh chat nghi le trong to chc : Co ngha la bat c mot to chc nao
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cung eu phai co ngi ai dien cho to chc o nham thc hien cac giao dch, oi thoai vi cac ca nhan va to chc ben ngoai. Ngay ca tng bo phan trong to chc cung phai co ngi ng au bo phan o e lnh hoi cac y kien, chnh sach, ke hoach cua cap tren. Vai tro lanh ao: Vai tro nay phan anh s phoi hp va kiem tra cua nha quan tr oi vi cap di cua mnh. Vai tro lien lac: The hien moi quan he cua nha quan tr oi vi ngi khac ca ben trong va ben ngoai to chc b- Nhom vai tro thong tin (gom 03 vai tro) : Vai tro tiep nhan va thu thap thong tin lien quan en to chc : Nha quan tr phai thng xuyen xem xet, phan tch moi trng xung quanh to chc nham xac nh moi trng tao ra nhng c hoi g cho to chc, cung nh nhng moi e doa nao oi vi to chc. Vai tro nay c thc hien thong qua viec oc sach bao, van ban hoac qua trao oi tiep xuc vi moi ngi Vai tro pho bien thong tin : Co nhng thong tin can tuyet oi gi b mat, nhng cung co nhng thong tin ma cac nha quan tr can pho bien en cho cac bo phan, cac thanh vien co lien quan trong to chc, tham ch pho bien en cho nhng ngi ong cap hay cap tren cua mnh nham lam cho moi ngi cung c chia se thong tin e gop phan hoan thanh muc tieu chung cua to chc. Vai tro cung cap thong tin cho ben ngoai: Tc nha quan tr thay mat cho to chc cua mnh cung cap cac thong tin cho ben ngoai nham e giai thch, bao ve hay tranh thu mot s ong tnh, ung ho nao o.
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c- Nhom vai tro quyet nh (gom 04 vai tro) : Vai tro doanh nhan : ay la vai tro phan anh viec nha quan tr tm moi cach cai tien to chc nham lam cho hoat ong cua to chc ngay cang co hieu qua. Chang han ieu chnh ky thuat ma to chc ang ap dung hay ap dung mot ky thuat mi nao o Vai tro giai quyet xao tron: Bat c mot to chc nao cung co nhng trng hp xung ot xay ra trong noi bo dan ti xao tron to chc nh s nh cong cua cong nhan san xuat, s mau thuan va mat oan ket gia cac thanh vien, bo phan .Nha quan tr phai kp thi oi pho, giai quyet nhng xao tron o e a to chc sm tr lai s on nh Vai tro phan phoi cac nguon lc: Neu cac nguon lc doi dao (tien bac, thi gian, quyen hanh, may moc, nguyen vat lieu, con ngi ) th nha quan tr se tien hanh phan phoi mot cach de dang; Nhng ngay nay, khi cac nguon lc ngay cang can kiet oi hoi nha quan tr phai phan bo cac nguon lc o cho cac thanh vien, tng bo phan sao cho hp ly nham am bao cho cac thanh vien, bo phan hoat ong mot cach on nh va hieu qua. Vai tro thng thuyet : Tc phan anh viec thng thuyet, am phan thay mat cho to chc trong cac giao dch vi cac ca nhan, to chc ben ngoai. V du am phan ky ket hp ong lao ong, hp ong kinh te III OI TNG, PHAM VI, PHNG PHAP NGHIEN CU
CUA QUAN TR 1/ Cac ac iem cua quan tr : a- Quan tr la mot hoat ong kho khan va phc tap. MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
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* Trc het la cac yeu to ve con ngi Quan tr suy cho en cung la quan tr con ngi, trong moi con ngi hay nhom ngi eu co nhng ac iem tam sinh ly khac nhau. Muon quan tr co hieu qua th trc het phai hieu ve ho; hieu c ho la ieu khong de, nhng e thoa man c nhng nhu cau cua ho lai cang kho khan va phc tap hn nhieu lan, no luon luon la muc ch vn ti cua cac nha quan tr. Tam ly con ngi thng hay thay oi theo s bien oi cua hien thc khach quan, do o lam cho hoat ong quan tr von a kho khan phc tap lai cang lam them kho khan va phc tap. Mat khac, con ngi la tong hoa cho cac moi quan he xa hoi, song trong mot to chc, o moi ngi co moi quan he nhieu mat vi cong ong mang tnh xa hoi nh: quan he chnh tr, quan he kinh te, quan he ban be ong nghiep chung an xen vao nhau tao thanh nhng moi quan he phc hp, tac ong thng xuyen va chi phoi lan nhau. * Cac yeu to moi trng hoat ong cua to chc Cac yeu to nay luon bien ong, cung mot luc co the co nhieu yeu to tac ong bat li tao nen nhng rui ro thach thc to ln oi vi to chc, trong o co nhng yeu to vt khoi tam kiem soat cua cac nha quan tr. Nh vay, quan tr co hieu qua la mot cong viec kho khan va phc tap nhat trong nhng cong viec kho khan va phc tap. b- Lao ong quan tr la lao ong sang tao
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Khac vi lao ong thong thng, lao ong quan tr chu yeu la lao ong bang tr lc. San pham cua lao ong quan tr trc het la cac quyet nh cua nha quan tr, trong bat c mot quyet nh quan tr nao cung cha ng mot ham lng khoa hoc nhat nh. S phu hp trong cac tnh huong, trong tng giai oan khac nhau cua cac quyet nh quan tr lam cho no mang tnh kha thi, tat yeu, cac san pham o phai bang s lao ong sang tao. c- Quan tr va la khoa hoc va la mot nghe thuat Bi quan tr khong nhng oi hoi phai hoan thanh cac muc tieu a e ra ma phai hoan thanh chung vi hieu qua cao nhat. * Tnh khoa hoc cua quan tr the hien: + Th nhat, quan tr phai am bao phu hp vi s van ong cua cac quy luat khach quan. ieu o, oi hoi viec quan tr phai da tren s hieu biet sau sac cac quy luat chung va rieng cua t nhien va xa hoi. + Th hai, tren c s am hieu cac quy luat khach quan ma van dung tot nhat cac thanh tu khoa hoc. Trc het la triet hoc, kinh te hoc, tam ly hoc, xa hoi hoc, toan hoc, tin hoc, ieu khien hoc, cong nghe hoc Cung vi nhng kinh nghiem trong thc te vao thc hanh quan tr. + Th ba, quan tr phai am bao phu hp vi ieu kien, hoan canh cua moi to chc trong tng giai oan cu the. ieu o, oi hoi cac nha quan tr va kien tr
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cac nguyen tac va phai van dung mot cach linh hoat cac phng phap, hnh thc va cac ky nang quan tr phu hp cho tng ieu kien hoan canh nhat nh. * Tnh nghe thuat quan tr the hien: Ky nang, ky xao, b quyet, cai meo cua quan tr. Neu khoa hoc la s hieu biet kien thc co he thong, th nghe thuat la s tinh loc kien thc e van dung cho phu hp trong tng lnh vc, trong tng tnh huong. Sau ay la nhng v du ve nghe thuat mot so lnh vc cu the: + Nghe thuat dung ngi: Noi ve thuat dung ngi, Khong T a co day:
Dung nhan nh dung moc . Moi con ngi eu co nhng u nhc iem khac nhau, neu biet s dung th ngi nao cung eu co ch, ho se cong hien nhieu nhat cho xa hoi, cho cong ong ma ho ang sinh song. ieu o, oi hoi nha quan tr phai am hieu cac ac iem tam ly cua tng ngi, nen s dung hoc vao viec g, au la phu hp nhat. Co nh vay, moi ca nhan mi co ieu kien, c hoi phat huy het kha nang cua mnh, cong hien nhieu nhat cho tap the. + Nghe thuat giao duc con ngi. e giao duc con ngi, thong thng ngi ta s dung cac hnh thc: khen, che, thuyet phuc, t phe bnh va phe bnh, khen thng va ky luat Nhng khong phai luc nao cung co tac dung tch cc.Vi ai, nen ap dung hnh thc nao, bien phap g, mc o cao hay thap, va no c tien hanh trong khong gian va thi gian nao ?
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eu la nhng van e mang tnh nghe thuat. Bi moi quyet nh khac nhau se cho ra cac ket qua khong giong nhau. S khong phu hp chang nhng khong giup cho con ngi ta phat trien theo chieu hng tch cc ma trai lai se lam tang them tnh tieu cc trong t tng lan hanh vi cua ho. + Nghe thuat ng x trong giao tiep: c the hien trong qua trnh giao tiep. S la chon li noi, cach noi va thai o phu hp vi ngi nghe la nghe thuat ng x trong giao tiep. Ca dao Viet Nam co cau: Li noi chang mat tien mua, la li ma noi cho va long nhau o la t tng c ban cua thuat la li trong giao tiep. Cach noi thang, noi tnh thai, noi gi y, noi triet ly, noi hien ngon, noi ham ngon la nhng cach noi can la chon cho phu hp vi tng trnh o, tam ly cua ngi nghe. Thai o ton trong, thanh y, khiem ton, vui ve, hoa nha, t tin, iem am, linh hoat ng x la nghe thuat giao tiep khong the thieu trong qua trnh giao tiep. Tom lai: khoa hoc ch ton tai trong ly thuyet con nghe thuat hien dien trong thc te. Hay noi cach khac, nghe thuat xuat hien trong qua trnh van dung cac khoa hoc o vao thc tien. 2/ oi tng, pham vi va phng phap nghien cu quan tr hoc : oi tng nghien cu: Qua trnh quan tr dien ra trong mot to chc, mot doanh nghiep.
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Pham vi nghien cu: Nghien cu nhng van e quan tr cap vi mo to chc, doanh nghiep. Khong nghien cu quan ly v mo nha nc. Phng phap nghien cu: Da tren phng phap luan cua duy vat bien chng, phng phap lch s, phng phap tong hp, phng phap he thong . CHNG II S PHAT TRIEN CUA CAC LY THUYET QUAN TR ---oooOooo--I BOI CANH RA I. Co the noi hoat ong quan tr ra i t rat lau trong xa hoi nguyen thuy, nhng ly thuyet quan tr thuoc ve san pham cua xa hoi hien ai. Viec nghien cu s phat trien cac ly thuyet quan tr co y ngha rat quan trong oi vi nha quan tr, v qua o giup cho cac nha quan tr hieu c s phat trien o va giup cho ho tm c cac cac phng phap e quan tr to chc mnh nham at muc tieu vi hieu qua cao nhat. Trong thi ky Trung co, ly thuyet ve quan tr cha c phat trien, v n v san xuat kinh doanh ch gii han trong pham vi gia nh, ngi cha ch truyen nghe lai cho con cai. Hoat ong san xuat kinh doanh cua moi gia nh chu yeu bang ky thuat va thng hieu ac biet cua ho. en the ky 18, ay la thi ky tao nen cuoc cach mang cong nghiep nh hai cu hch manh nhat la t tng kinh te th trng t do canh tranh cua Adam Smith va phat minh ra ong c hi nc cua Jame Watt, viec san xuat luc nay chuyen t gia nh en nha may, ay la
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mot to chc co quy mo ln hn. Chu nhan cua nha may t mnh ng ra ieu khien hoat ong san xuat, ho khong phan biet c chc nang cua ngi s hu va chc nang cua ngi quan tr, qua trnh quan ly hoat ong san xuat cung ch tap trung chu yeu vao kha canh ky thuat san xuat hn la vao cac noi dung cua hoat ong quan tr thc chat (hoach nh, to chc, ieu khien va kiem tra). Nh vay, trong giai oan au cua cuoc cach mang cong nghiep cha co nhng ly thuyet quan tr. Cho en gia the ky 19, luat phap cac nc Chau Au chnh thc cho phep thanh lap to chc cong ty kinh doanh, ac biet la cong ty co phan. ay la mot hnh thc cong ty ma trong o co nhieu ngi gop von, tc co nhieu chu s hu, co chu s hu tham gia quan ly cong ty va co chu s hu khong tham gia quan ly cong ty; Tc giai oan nay a phan biet chc nang cua ngi s hu va chc nang cua ngi quan tr mot cach ro ret. Chnh s phan biet nay a tao ieu kien cho cac nha nghien cu tap trung vao cac hoat ong quan tr mot cach manh me hn. en cuoi the ky 19, cac ly thuyet quan tr a ra i, nhng van con mi me va chu yeu van tap trung vao ky thuat san xuat la chnh. Mai en cuoi the ky 19 au the ky 20, nhng kha canh khac cua hoat ong quan tr mi c cac ly thuyet quan tr nghien cu mot cach sau sac hn. Va Frederich Taylor chnh la ngi a at nen mong au tien cho quan tr hoc hien ai. Co the chia s phat trien cac ly thuyet quan tr theo cac giai oan nh sau: + Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan biet lap, ay la giai oan can c vao trnh o va yeu cau cua nha
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quan tr, ho xay dng ly thuyet phuc vu cho mnh, sau o pho bien rong rai + Cac ly thuyet quan tr trong giai oan hoi nhap (sau 1960) + Cac khao hng quan tr hien ai II GIAI OAN BIET LAP. A- NHOM CAC LY THUYET CO IEN VE QUAN TR. 1/ Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc cua Taylor ngi My (1856-1915): Ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc co nhieu tac gia, nhng ai bieu u tu nhat chnh la Frederich Winslow Taylor. Taylor c goi la cha e cua nganh quan tr va quyen sach noi tieng cua ong ve quan tr la Cac nguyen tac quan ly theo khoa hoc xuat hien vao nam 1911. Noi dung hoc thuyet quan ly theo khoa hoc cua Frederich Winslow Taylor co the tom tac nh sau: a.Cai tao cac quan he quan ly gia chu va th : Taylor cho rang hoc thuyet cua ong la mot cuoc cach mang tinh than v ai, v no khong ch la mot he thong cac giai phap ky thuat, ma con e ra cac t tng triet hoc va ao c mi. No lam thay oi tinh than va thai o cua hai ben (ngi chu va ngi th), thay chien tranh bang hoa bnh, thay s mau thuan bang s hp tac, thay tnh a nghi canh giac bang niem tin gia oi ben. b.Tieu chuan hoa cong viec: Tieu chuan hoa cong viec la cach thc phan chia cong viec thanh nhng bo phan va cong oan chnh va nh mc lao ong hp ly, tao cho cong nhan co ieu
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kien tang them thu nhap va ong thi e hoan thanh cong viec mot cach tot nhat; Co ngha la phan chia cong viec cua moi ca nhan thanh nhieu thao tac n gian, ap dung phng phap tot nhat mot cach khoa hoc e thc hien cac thao tac o, qua o tang nang suat lao ong c.Chuyen mon hoa lao ong: Trc het chuyen mon hoa oi vi lao ong quan ly, ay la mot quan iem tien bo hn so vi nhng quan iem trc o cho rang toan bo cong viec thc hien ra sao la do cong nhan phai chu trach nhiem Ke en la chuyen mon hoa oi vi cong nhan, co ngha la chon va huan luyen cong nhan mot cach khoa hoc, moi cong nhan chuyen ve mot thao tac e anh ta thc hien no mot cach co hieu qua nhat. Nh ap dung phng phap quan ly khoa hoc tai Hang Symond Rolling Machine ma ong a ch ra c mot ieu la 35 co gai a lam c cong viec cua 120 co gai. Ngoai ra ong con ch ra la phai tm ra ngi gioi nhat trong so cong nhan, nham giup cho nha quan tr e ra cac nh mc hp ly va con la tam gng thuc ay nhng ngi khac phan au tang nang suat lao ong va thu nhap cua ho. Taylor a th nghiem chat che 75 cong nhan tai Cong ty thep Bethleham, sau o chon ra 4 ngi kha nhat, nhng ngi nay c ong kiem tra rat ky lng ve the lc, tnh kh, tieu s, hoai baova ngi cuoi cung c chon la Schmidt, mot ngi khoe manh va muon kiem c nhieu tien. Taylor a huan luyen Schmidt cac thao tac toi u, ket hp lam viec va ngh ngi hp ly, ket qua Schmidt co the khuan
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vac 47.5 tan gang/ngay so vi nh mc cu 12.5 tan/ngay. d.La chon cong cu lao ong thch hp va moi trng lao ong phu hp: Theo Taylor, ngay ca ngi cong nhan gioi nhat cung can co nhng cong cu va moi trng lao ong thch hp e tang nang suat lao ong va o la nghiep vu quan trong ma nha quan tr phai tm ra. Ong cung cho rang mot to chc tot vi mot nha may toi tan se cho ket qua tot hn la mot nha may hien ai nhat vi mot to chc ngheo nan. ieu nay co ngha la vai tro cua quan ly, nang lc to chc at len tren may moc, ky thuat va nhan to con ngi co vai tro quan trong oi vi s thanh bai cua doanh nghiep. e.Ve quan niem con ngi kinh te: Taylor cho rang s hoa hp gia chu va th suy cho cung la xuat phat t nhu cau kinh te, la kiem tien, lam giau. Ngoai ra con ngi thng lam bieng, tron viec v the can a anh ta vao khuon phep ky luat, lam viec theo c che thng-phat, t o ong a ra chnh sach tra lng theo san pham va thng cho nhng san pham vt nh mc . Qua ly thuyet quan tr cuaTaylor ta co the rut ra mot so u iem va khuyet iem sau: * u iem: Lam viec chuyen mon hoa Tuyen dung va ao tao nhan vien mot cach chuyen nghiep Ha gia thanh Xem quan tr nh mot nghe va la oi tng khoa hoc.
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T o tang nang suat lao ong va co hieu qua. * Nhc iem: Quan niem khong ay u ve to chc, ve hieu qua, ve nang suat lao ong Cha chu trong nhu cau xa hoi va nhu cau tinh than con ngi Trong tam cua quan tr la ngi tha hanh 2/ Ly thuyet quan tr hanh chnh cua Henry Fayol ngi Phap (1841-1925): Thuyet quan tr hanh chnh c a ra Phap bi Henry Fayol, co the goi ong la mot Taylor cua Chau Au, ngi cha cua mot trong nhng ly thuyet quan ly hien ai quan trong nhat Thuyet quan ly hanh chnh, nam 1916 ong xuat ban cuon sach noi tieng Quan ly hanh chnh chung va trong cong nghiep (Administration Industrielle et Generale) e cap en cac nguyen tac quan tr. Noi dung thuyet Quan ly hanh chnh cua ong co the tom tac nh sau: a.Quan niem va cach tiep can: Cach tiep can nghien cu ve quan ly cua Fayol khac vi Taylor. Taylor nghien cu moi quan he quan ly chu yeu cap oc cong va ngi th, t nac thang thap nhat cua quan ly cong nghiep roi tien len va hng ra. Con Fayol xem xet quan ly t tren xuong di, tap trung vao bo may lanh ao, ong chng minh rang quan ly hanh chnh la mot hoat ong chung cho bat ky to chc nao. Fayol phan loai cac hoat ong cua bat ky mot to chc thanh 06 nhom hoat ong nh sau: 1. Cac hoat ong ky thuat; 2. Thng mai; 3. Tai chnh; 4. An ninh; 5. Hach
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toan-thong ke; 6. Quan ly hanh chnh. Trong o hoat ong Quan ly hanh chnh se ket noi 05 hoat ong con lai tao ra sc manh cho to chc. Ong nh ngha Quan ly hanh chnh la : d tnh (d oan + ke hoach), to chc, ieu khien, phoi hp va kiem tra. ay chnh la 05 chc nang cua nha quan tr. oi vi cap quan tr cang cao th yeu cau kha nang quan tr hanh chnh cang ln va ngc lai cap quan tr thap th kha nang chuyen mon ky thuat la quan trong nhat b. 14 nguyen tac quan tr hanh chnh: 1.Chuyen mon hoa: Phan chia cong viec (ca ky thuat lan quan ly) 2.Quyen han i oi vi trach nhiem: Nha quan tr co quyen a ra menh lenh e hoan thanh nhiem vu nhng phai chu trach nhiem ve chung. 3.Tnh ky luat cao: Moi thanh vien phai chap hanh cac nguyen tac cua to chc nham tao ieu kien cho to chc van hanh thong suot. 4.Thong nhat ch huy, ieu khien: Ngi tha hanh ch nhan menh lenh t mot cap tren trc tiep, tranh mau thuan gia cac menh lenh 5.Thong nhat lanh ao: Moi hoat ong cua tat ca cac thanh vien, cac bo phan phai hng ve muc tieu chung cua to chc va ch do mot nha quan tr phoi hp va ieu hanh. 6.Li ch ca nhan phu thuoc vao li ch to chc: Phai at li ch to chc len tren li ch cua ca nhan. Neu mau thuan ve 02 li ch nay, nha quan tr phai lam nhiem vu hoa giai.
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7.Thu lao tng xng vi cong viec: Nen lam sao e thoa man tat ca 8.S tap trung: Fayol ung ho van e tap trung quyen lc, va xem ay la trat t t nhien 9.Trat t th bac : Pham vi quyen lc xuat phat t ban lanh ao cap cao xuong ti nhng cong nhan cap thap nhat 10.Trat t : vat nao cho ay va bieu o to chc la mot cong cu quan ly quy gia nhat oi vi to chc 11.Tnh cong bang hp ly: Nha quan tr can oi x cong bang va than thien vi cap di cua mnh 12.On nh nhiem vu: Luan chuyen nhan s cao se khong em lai hieu qua 13.Sang kien: Cap di phai c phep thc hien nhng sang kien 14.oan ket: oan ket se mang lai s hoa hp, thong nhat t o lam cho to chc cang co sc manh. c-Van e con ngi va ao tao trong quan ly: Khac vi Taylor ch yeu cau ngi lao ong tnh ky luat va s tuan lenh, Fayol yeu cau cac nha quan ly phai oi x tot ep va ky cac thoa thuan lao ong vi ho, ong thi chu y en mat tinh than va khuyen khch tai nang cua ngi lao ong. oi vi lao ong quan ly ong yeu cau phai la ngi va co tai va va co c. Ong cung thay ro tac dung cua giao duc va ao tao e phat trien mot nguon nhan lc manh cho to chc. Qua ly thuyet quan tr cua Fayol ta co the rut cac u iem va khuyet iem nh sau: * u iem :
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C cau ro rang, am bao nguyen tac Khong e cap en tac ong cua moi trng Khong chu trong tnh hp ly trong hanh ong cua nha quan tr Trong tam cua quan tr la nha quan tr XA HOI QUAN HE CON NGI). 1920s, 1930s cac nc cong nghiep phat trien, i
* Nhc iem:
B- NHOM CAC LY THUYET TAC PHONG (TAM LY
song ngi dan nang cao, nang suat lao ong tang, gi lao ong giam xuong di 50 gi/tuan, chnh phu can thiep manh vao cac doanh nghiep, s phat trien cua cac nghiep oan lao ong cua cong nhan, ly thuyet quan tr co ien khong con phu hp; t o xuat hien ly tuyet tac phong, ly thuyet nhan manh en nhu cau va nguyen vong cac thanh vien, moi quan he con ngi. 1/ T tng quan tr cua ba Mary Parker Follet ngi My (1868-1933): Nhng t tng quan tr cua Follet nhan manh en cac noi dung sau: a- Nha quan tr phai quan tam en nhng ngi lao ong trong qua trnh giai quyet van e, co ngha phai chu y en toan bo i song cua ho, bao gom ca yeu to kinh te, tinh than va tnh cam b- Nha quan tr phai nang ong thay v ap dung cac nguyen tac cng nhac, trong qua trnh giai quyet cong viec ho can phai co s phoi hp va ba cho rang s phoi hp se gi vai tro quyet nh oi vi cac hoat ong quan tr. Ba a ra cac cach thc phoi hp sau:
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+ S phoi hp se c thc hien hu hieu nhat khi nha quan tr ra quyet nh co s tiep xuc trc tiep. + S phoi hp gi vai tro rat quan trong suot giai oan au cua hoach nh va thc hien cac nhiem vu + S phoi hp phai nham en moi yeu to trong moi tnh huong cu the. + S phoi hp phai c tien hanh lien tuc c- Follet cho rang nha quan tr cap c s se la cap quan tr a ra nhng quyet nh tot nhat, bi ho co the gia tang s truyen thong vi cac ong nghiep, vi cong nhan nen co nhng thong tin xac thc nhat phuc vu cho viec ra quyet nh. Ba con cho rang cac cap quan tr can thiet lap moi quan he vi nhau va vi cap di, ay la mot qua trnh se gap nhieu kho khan ve mat tam ly va xa hoi. T tng quan tr cua Follet co cac u iem va nhc iem sau
u iem: Chu trong en ngi lao ong va toan bo i song
cua ho (kinh te, tinh than, tnh cam), nen tao ong lc cho to chc phat trien
Nhc iem: Do ng dung triet hoc va tam ly hoc vao kinh doanh
ma khong qua th nhiem nen t tng quan tr cua ba cha tr thanh mot hoc thuyet ay u. 2/ Hoc thuyet cua Elton Mayo-ngi Uc (1880-1949): Mayo a co cong trnh nghien cu tai nha may Hawthorne thuoc Cong ty ien lc mien tay Chicago-My va co the tom tac nh sau: Ong chia thanh 02 nhom cong nhan, nhom th nhat la nhom th nghiem, nhom
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th hai la nhom oi chng lam viec trong ieu kien bnh thng. Nhom th nghiem lam viec trong ieu kien co nhieu thay oi nhieu lan, cong nhan c phep t chon gi giai lao, c uong ca phe, c trao oi khi lam viec va ket qua la san lng cua nhom tang len. Chnh ket qua nghien cu nay, ong cung cac ong s a ra ly thuyet quan tr hanh vi vi cuon sach Nhng van e con ngi cua nen van minh cong nghiep xuat ban vao nam 1933. Co the tom gon noi dung chnh cua ly thuyet cua ong nh sau a. Nang suat lao ong khong ch phu thuoc vao cac yeu to vat chat ma no con phu thuoc vao cac tap hp tam ly xa hoi rat phc tap khac cua con ngi, ong nhan nh rang Khi cong nhan co s chu y ac biet th nang suat lao ong se tang len rat ro ret bat ke cac ieu kien lam viec co thay oi hay khong khong thay oi. Hien tng nay goi la hieu ng Hawthorne b.S hnh thanh cac nhom khong chnh thc la nguyen nhan tang nang suat lao ong, Mayo a phong van nhieu cong nhan va cung nhan c cau tra li : Cuoc song ben trong va ngoai nha may la buon te va thieu y ngha, ban be tai ni lam viec a em lai cho cuoc song va lam viec cua ho co y ngha hn. Do o chnh s thuc ay cua cac ong nghiep a tac ong manh en tang nang suat lao ong. Mot so u iem va nhc iem ve ly thuyet quan tr cua Mayo: * u iem : Giong vi t tng quan tr cua Follet
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* Nhc: Th nghiem gii han trong nha may, cha kham pha ra pham vi nen tang xa hoi rong hn. e cao thc nghiem ma bo qua ly thuyet. 3/ Ly thuyet ve ban chat con ngi cua Douglas Mc Gregor - Ly thuyet Y- ngi My (1906-1964): Vao nam 1960, Gregor xuat ban cuon Kha canh con ngi cua to chc kinh doanh a a ra mot tap hp nhng nhan nh rat lac quan ve ban chat con ngi. Ly thuyet ve con ngi cua ong c goi la ly thuyet Y. Sau ay la bang so sanh ve ac iem con ngi gia ly thuyet Y va ly thuyet X (ly thuyet co ien) qua bang 2.1 sau. Bang 2.1 : Bang so sanh ac iem con ngi gia thuyet X va thuyet Y Thuyet X Thuyet Y + Con ngi thng khong + Lam viec la mot hoat thch lam viec, li bieng ong ban nang, mot nhu va se lang tranh cong cau khong the thieu cua viec khi ieu kien cho phep con ngi. + Con ngi ch lam viec + Con ngi eu co nang khi b bat buoc va khi ho lc t ieu khien, t kiem lam viec phai co s giam soat ban than neu ho c sat chat che ieu khien. uy quyen. Ho luon tm cac muc tieu cua to chc neu ho c khen + Con ngi eu muon b + Con ngi se gan bo vi cach lan tron trach nhiem, hn muon c yen on ang + Con ngi bnh thng co the am nhan nhng trong
co rat t khat vong va thng kp thi va xng
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trach va dam chu trach nhiem + Nhieu ngi bnh thng co kha nang sang tao T o cach thc quan tr ve con ngi gia 02
thuyet X va Y cung co s khac nhau nh sau: a. Thuyet X : ong vien con ngi co ban chat X thong qua vat chat, giao viec cu the & kiem tra on oc ho b. Thuyet Y : ong vien con ngi co ban chat Y bang cach danh cho ho nhieu quyet nh trong cong viec, ton trong sang kien cua ho, tao ieu kien e ho chng to nang lc hn la on oc va kiem tra 4- Ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con ngi cua Maslow (1908-1970) : Co the noi ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con ngi cua Maslow la ly thuyet noi troi nhat trong nhom cac ly thuyet tac phong. a. Nam nhu cau cua con ngi: Maslow a ra 05 nhu cau cua con ngi theo th t t thap en cao nh sau: Nhu cau sinh ly: an uong, ngu, tnh duc Nhu cau ve an ninh, an toan: Tranh cac moi nguy hiem than the, tai san Nhu cau co tnh chat xa hoi: Tham gia cau lac bo, ang phai Nhu cau ve t trong: Thch danh tieng, tang danh hieu Nhu cau ve t than van ong (t khang nh mnh): muon hoan thien, phat trien nhan cach, sang tao
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Nam nhu cau tren c phan thanh 02 cap bac cao va thap : Nhu cau bac cao: tac ong ben trong con ngi, gom nhu cau t khang nh va nhu cau ve t trong Nhu cau bac thap: tac ong ben ngoai con ngi, nhu cau ve xa hoi, nhu cau an toan va nhu cau vat chat b. Cach thc ong vien con ngi: T 05 nhu cau tren, Maslow a ra chnh sach ong vien con ngi oi vi cac nha quan tr nh sau: Loai nhu cau Tao ra nhng thach thc trong cong viec oi T the hien mnh vi ho Tao c hoi tien bo Tao c hoi sang tao Tao ong c e at thanh tch cao Tao ra nhng hoat ong quan trong trong cong viec S ton trong Ten cong viec phai anh bong ra sao e moi ngi knh ne Tao ra s co trach nhiem cho ho S tha nhan cong viec o mot cach cong khai Tao ra cho ho nhu cau giao tiep trong xa hoi Xa hoi S on nh cac nhom lam viec S khuyen khch hp tac ieu kien lam viec toi u hoa An toan Phai am bao co viec lam Phu cap ve long Chnh sach ong vien cua nha quan tr
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Vat chat C -
ieu kien lam viec, nhiet o, anh sang, LY TO CHC CUA
tien lng LY THUYET QUAN
BARNARD Ngi MY (1886-1961). Cac tac pham ve quan tr cua Barnard gom co To chc va quan ly, ac biet tac pham noi tieng Chc nang cua ngi quan ly. Nhng noi dung chnh cua ly thuyet quan ly to chc cua ong gom cac noi dung sau: 1. Quan iem quan tr: Khai niem ve to chc: o la mot he thong co s tac ong cua nhieu ngi tren c s phoi hp vi nhau. Ly thuyet cua ong co 02 tnh cach mang ln, gom: Th nhat, ong ch ra c moi quan he hu c co he thong gia cac bo phan trong mot to chc Th hai, can khai thac cac tnh troi cua he thong to chc. Co ngha la to chc se tao c ket qua ln hn ket qua cua tng bo phan trong to chc cong lai, chang han NSL cua tap the bao gi cung ln hn NSL cua tng ca nhan, bo phan cong lai. Hoac tao ra nhng kha nang mi cua he thong, v du chiec ong ho, neu cac linh kien nam ri rac th khong ch thi gian c va ngc lai neu cac linh kien c sap xep lai (lap rap) th no se co kha nang ch ung thi gian. Quan tr la cong viec chuyen mon e duy tr he thong to chc hoat ong va nham phat trien sc manh cho he thong to chc o. 2. 03 noi dung c ban cua to chc: Theo ong moi to chc phai co 03 noi dung c ban sau: Trc het, o la s san sang hp tac, bao gom cac kha canh hp tac sau:
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Hp tac gia nha quan tr vi nhan vien, gia nha quan tr vi nha quan tr, gia nhan vien vi nhan vien.
Hp tac mang tnh ch ao. Hp tac mang tnh ho tr bo sung cho nhau Cng o va mc o hp tac cua moi bo phan la khac nhau
Th hai, muc tieu chung cua to chc phai co cac ieu kien sau mi kha thi: Muc tieu phai mang tnh pho bien & moi thanh vien phai hieu ro. am bao muc tieu to chc va muc tieu ca nhan khong mau thuan nhau. Th ba, thong tin can am bao cac nguyen tac sau: Nha quan tr ong vai tro trung tam cua he thong thong tin Cac kenh thong tin phai c cu the hoa thong qua viec cong khai hoa quyen han va chc vu cua moi ca nhan Phai xac nh v tr cua moi thanh vien trong to chc e giup ho xac nh c cac nguon tin can nhan c & cac thong tin can cung cap cho bo phan khac. Cac tuyen thong tin phai ngan gon, trc tiep, lien tuc Thong tin phai xac thc
3. Cac cong cu e quan tr to chc: + Co s chuyen mon hoa + Chnh sach ong vien nhan vien : ong vien bang vat chat lan tinh than + Quyen hanh + Ra quyet nh
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+ He thong chc v + ao c cua nha quan tr Qua o ta thay ly thuyet cua ong co cac u iem va nhc iem sau: * u iem : + e cao vai tro ca nhan, khai thac sc manh ca nhan e hnh thanh sc manh cua to chc tren c s thoa man li ch ca nhan t o thoa man li ch cua to chc + e ra c cac cong cu quan tr e thc hien tot muc tieu chung + Co cac yeu to ao c trong quan tr ben canh cac yeu to kinh te va tam ly khac. * Nhc iem: + Nhan manh nhieu ve kinh nghiem va linh cam cua ngi ra quyet nh + Cha xet en moi trng ben ngoai ma ch da vao nguon lc ben trong to chc e ra quyet nh. + Trong thc te kho co li ch ca nhan phu hp vi li ch tap the. C- LY THUYET QUAN TR NH LNG. Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng thnh hanh trong 02 thap nien 1970s+1980s, nhng ngi e xng ly thuyet nay chu trng s dung cac ky thuat nh lng thong qua s ho tr cua may ien toan e phuc vu cho viec la chon quyet nh toi u . Ly thuyet quan tr nh lng gom 04 ac trng c ban sau: + Trong tam chu yeu la phuc vu cho viec ra quyet nh, giai phap tot nhat la nh cac ky thuat phan tch nh lng
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+ Lng hoa cac tieu chuan kinh te e co hanh ong la chon quyet nh toi u, nh lng hoa chi ph, doanh thu, ty le hoan von au t va nhng tac ong cua thue vv + Dung cac mo hnh toan hoc e tm giai phap toi u + Can co may ien toan Tuy nhien ly thuyet nay cung co cac u va nhc iem sau * u iem: + Giai quyet van e mot cach nhanh chong va chnh xac, + Chp c thi c nhanh chong * Nhc iem: + S dung cac cong cu ra quyet nh qua phc tap & oi hoi ngi s dung phai co trnh o chuyen mon rat cao + Chc nang hoach nh va kiem soat th co the s dung cac cong cu toan, nhng chc nang to chc va ieu khien th khong the s dung cac cong cu toan, nen tnh pho bien khong cao. III GIAI OAN HOI NHAP (sau 1960). 1/ Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh (Management by process- MBP): Nhng ly thuyet trc ay thng lay cong nghe lam trong tam phan tch va c cau to chc co hnh kim t thap (hnh 2.1) Hnh 2.1 : Mo hnh to chc hnh Kim t thap
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Ly thuyet quan tr theo qua trnh MBP (Tac gia tieu bieu la Harold Koontz) th lay khach hang lam trong tam phan tch va c cau to chc theo kieu dan ngang (mo hnh cai chan giay paper weight organization- hnh 2.2), cac cap quan tr trung gian giam toi a, nhan vien trang b kien thc tong hp e co kha nang a ra nhng quyet nh oc lap. Hnh 2.2 : Mo hnh to chc kieu cai chan giay
2/ Ly thuyet he thong: Trng phai quan tr he thong xem to chc la mot he thong m, gom nhieu phan t tap hp thanh, c sap xep mot cach co he thong, tac ong qua lai vi nhau, tao ra nang lc mi, tnh chat mi cho ca he thong. Thong qua cac phan t cua he thong co the giam bt cac bat trac hoac tan dung cac c hoi e t o hoan thanh muc tieu chung cua to chc vi hieu qua cao nhat. Hnh 2.3 cho thay tong quan ve he thong cua mot to chc. Hnh 2.3 : He thong cua mot to chc
To chc Moi trng a u vao Bien oi Phan hoi MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
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a u ra
3/ Ly thuyet Z cua William Ouchi: Da tren s phan biet gia thuyet X va thuyet Y, Ouchi a a ra mot thuyet mi Thuyet Z. Ong cho xuat ban Thuyet Z vao 1981, cuon sach c xep vao loai ban chay nhat nc My. So sanh gia doanh nghiep Nhat ban va doanh nghiep phng Tay, ong tm ra s tng phan gia chung qua bang 2.2 sau: Bang 2.2 : Bang so sanh doanh nghiep kieu Z va doanh nghiep kieu A DN Nhat (kieu Z) Viec lam suot i DN Phng Tay (kieu A) Viec lam gii han trong va e bat
thi gian anh gia va e bat cham anh gia (tham nien) nhanh Nghe nghiep khong chuyen Nghe mon hoa C che kiem tra mac nhien Quyet nh tap the Trach nhiem tap the Quyen li toan cuc
nghiep
chuyen tra hien
mon hoa C che kiem
nhien Quyet nh ca nhan Trach nhiem ca nhan Quyen li co gii han
Gia tr cua thuyet Z noi len nh s trnh bay ve vai tro cua mot nen van hoa kieu Z oi vi s phat trien nhanh va vng chac cua mot doanh nghiep, ong cho rang van hoa cua doanh nghiep bao gom mot tap hp bieu tng, nghi le,huyen thoai, triet ly cho phep truyen at en ngi lam viec cac gia tr va niem tin noi than cua doanh nghiep, hat nhan cua van hoa mot doanh nghiep la triet ly kinh doanh cua no. Ong ac
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biet chu trong en tinh than va gia tr tap the cua phng phap quan ly Nhat ban. Trong tam va muc tieu c ban cua thuyet Z la qua trnh cong nghe chuyen t doanh nghiep kieu A en kieu Z. Mot so cong ty ln cua My nh Kodak, General Motors a thanh cong khi ap dung thuyet Z cua ong. 4/ Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien: Trng phai quan tr ngau nhien chu trng quan tr theo tnh huong ngau nhien khong rap khuon may moc cac nguyen tac, trai lai phai het sc linh hoat, sang tao, van dung phoi hp cac ly thuyet quan tr vao tng tnh huong cu the.
Van dung Ly thuyet quan tr Tnh huong quan tr phu hp IV CAC KHAO HNG QUAN TR HIEN AI. 1/ Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao Waterman & Peter (My): Vao thap nien 1980s, Robert H.Waterman va Thomas J.Peter a a ra mot ly thuyet nham thuc ay cac hoat ong quan tr at en s tuyet hao, hai ong a e ra 08 nguyen tac em lai s tuyet hao nh sau: 1/ Khuynh hng hoat ong : Quy mo nho se hieu qua hn 2/ Khach hang: Thoa man cao nhat cua khach hang la y thc chung cua moi thanh vien, bo phan, cua ca to chc
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3/ T quan & mao hiem : Chap nhan rui ro-that bai, phai luon oi mi & au tranh, c cau linh hoat, khuyen khch t do sang tao. 4/ Coi trong nhan to con ngi: Pham gia con ngi c xem trong; biet nuoi dng long nhiet tnh, long tin va tnh cam gia nh cua moi ngi; khuyen khch moi ngi gi bau khong kh lam viec vui ve, thoai mai va cam thu c y ngha ve s hoan thanh nhiem vu 5/ Pho bien va thuc ay cac gia tr chung cua to chc nh triet ly cua to chc, pham chat ca nhan c thao luan cong khai trc tap the, cung co cac he thong tn ieu cua cong ty, nha quan tr phai tch cc va li noi phai i oi vi viec lam 6/ Sau sat va gan bo chat che cong ty: Nha quan tr phai luon gan bo cong ty, chu trong phat trien t ben trong, khong thon tnh hoac mua lai 7/ Hnh thc to chc n gian, nhan s gon nhe: Quyen lc cang phan tan cang tot, nhan s hanh chnh gon nhe, nhan tai c tung vao thng trng 8/ Quan ly tai san chat che va hp ly Khao hng quan tr tuyet hao cua 02 ong co cac u, nhc iem sau: * u iem : e cao nhan to con ngi * Nhc iem: Nhan manh s phat trien t than, xem trong nhng noi lc ben trong to chc ma cha anh gia ung mc moi trng ben ngoai. 2/ Khao hng quan tr sang tao (cua cac nha nghien cu Nhat): Cac nha nghien cu Nhat Ban thuoc Vien nghien cu Nomura cho rang quan tr sang tao la phong cach
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quan tr cua the ky 21. Nhng ac trng chu yeu cua khao hng quan tr sang tao bao gom: + Chien lc kinh doanh phai ro rang, biet c hng i cua tng lai nham phan bo nguon lc hp ly & d bao c moi trng ben ngoai + C cau to chc theo mo hnh mang li (hnh 2.4), lay moi thanh vien la mot n v c s, cho phep cac n v thanh vien toi a hoa cac quan he trao oi trong to chc. Hnh 2.4 : Mo hnh to chc mang li
+ Quan tr nguon nhan lc, xem nguon nhan lc la quan trong nhat, cac chnh sach tuyen dung, ao tao, phat trien va ong vien nhan vien can het sc c chu trong + Quan tr thong tin, phai chia se nhng thong tin ve khach hang, ve cong ty cho cac thanh vien. Toi k oi thong tin trong cac thanh vien, bo phan trong to chc. Tom lai khoa hoc quan tr la mot dong chay lien tuc, mang tnh ke tha. Nhng ly thuyet quan tr ra i nhng giai oan sau se ke tha, bo sung va hoan thien
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cho nhng ly thuyet trc, t o lam cho bc tranh khoa hoc quan tr ngay cang sinh ong va nhieu mau sac. CHNG III MOI TRNG CUA TO CHC ---oooOooo--I MOI TRNG LA G ? Trong ly thuyet quan tr he thong co mot ong gop het sc quan trong cho nganh quan tr o la khong co mot to chc nao ng hoan toan biet lap vi moi trng ben ngoai, ma hoat ong cua mot to chc va phu thuoc cac yeu to noi tai ben trong cua no va chu tac ong cua cac yeu to ben ngoai. Nhan nh nay chung ta co the thay rat ro qua cac s kien sau: Tnh hnh gia ca nhien lieu (dau mo) tai cac nc OPEC To chc cac nc xuat khau dau mo gan ay co chieu hng ngay cang tang va ieu nay lam anh hng en tat ca cac quoc gia va cac to chc tren the gii . Hoac cac vu khung bo hien nay ang dien ra cac nc nh My, Anh, Nga, Irac, Indonesia vv a co nhng tac ong rat ln khong ch cho rieng kinh te, chnh tr cac quoc gia o ma con lam cho cac quoc gia khac, to chc khac phai co nhng bien phap e phong. Hoac trong lnh vc Vien thong ve kinh doanh dch vu ien thoai di ong Viet Nam, trc ay Tong cong ty Bu chnh Vien thong Viet nam (VNPT) oc quyen trong van e gia cc qua mang Vinaphone va Mobiphone th ke t khi co cac oi thu canh tranh mi nh Cong ty Co phan dch vu Bu chnh Vien thong Sai gon (SPT) vi mang di ong S-Fone va Cong ty Vien thong Quan oi vi mang
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di ong Viettel th gia cc ien thoai di ong a tuot xuong mot cach ro ret. Nh vay tac ong cua cac yeu to moi trng len to chc la khong tranh khoi, co the co nhng tac ong tao ra cac c hoi cho to chc va cung co nhng tac ong gay nen nhng moi nguy c, e doa oi vi to chc. Nh vay, moi trng la g? Co may loai moi trng va cac yeu to cua no la g? Cac noi dung sau se giai ap cho chung ta nhng van e o. 1/ Khai niem ve moi trng : Moi trng cua mot to chc la cac yeu to, cac lc lng, nhng the che nam ben ngoai to chc ma nha quan tr kho kiem soat c, nhng chung co anh hng trc tiep hoac gian tiep en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc. 2/ Cac loai moi trng : Cac nha kinh te hoc chia moi trng cua mot to chc thanh hai loai : Moi trng v mo con goi la moi trng tong quat va moi trng vi mo con goi la moi trng ac thu. II MOI TRNG V MO (MOI TRNG TONG
QUAT) 1-Khai niem: Moi trng v mo gom cac yeu to, lc lng, the che nam ben ngoai to chc ma nha quan tr kho kiem soat c, nhng chung co anh hng gian tiep en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc. 2-ac iem moi trng v mo: Moi trng v mo co ba ac iem sau:
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+ Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo thng co tac ong gian tiep en hoat ong ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc + Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo thng co moi quan he tng tac vi nhau e cung tac ong en to chc + Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo co anh hng en tat ca cac nganh khac nhau, cac lnh vc khac nhau va tat ca moi to chc. 3-Cac yeu to c ban cua moi trng v mo (hnh 3.1) : Hnh 3.1 : Moi trng v mo cua to chc
Yeu to kinh te Yeu to chnh tr, chnh phu Yeu to xa hoi
To ch c
Yeu to t nhien
Yeu to ky thuat cong nghe
a) Yeu to kinh te: Tang trng kinh te, phat trien kinh te: Tang trng kinh te la s tang them (hay gia tang) ve quy mo san lng cua nen kinh te trong mot thi ky nhat nh. o la ket qua cua tat ca cac hoat ong san xuat va dch vu cua nen kinh te tao ra. e bieu th s tang trng kinh te ngi ta dung mc tang them
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cua tong san lng nen kinh te (tnh toan bo hay tnh bnh quan au ngi) cua thi ky sau so vi thi ky trc; Hoac mc tang phan tram (%) hay tuyet oi hang nam, hay bnh quan trong mot giai oan. S tang trng kinh te ch co y ngha khi no em lai s phat trien kinh te. Phat trien kinh te la mot qua trnh ln len (hay tang tien) ve moi mat cua nen kinh te trong mot thi ky nhat nh. Trong o bao gom ca s tang them ve quy mo san lng (tang trng) va s tien bo ve c cau kinh te xa hoi. Phat trien kinh te la mot khai niem chung nhat ve mot s chuyen bien nen kinh te t trang thai thap len trang thai cao hn. Do o khong co tieu chuan chung ve s phat trien, e ch trnh o phat trien cao, thap khac nhau gia cac nen kinh te trong moi thi ky cac nha kinh te hoc phan qua trnh nay thanh cac nac thang: kem phat trien, ang phat trien va phat trien. Cac ai lng c ban o lng s tang trng kinh te hien nay bao gom: + Ch tieu GDP : Tong san pham quoc noi (tong san pham trong nc), la toan bo san pham va dch vu mi c tao ra hang nam trong pham vi lanh tho quoc gia. + Ch tieu GNP : Tong san pham quoc dan, la toan bo san pham va dch vu cuoi cung ma tat ca cong dan mot nc tao ra khong phan biet san xuat c thc hien trong nc hay ngoai nc GNP = GDP + thu nhap tai san rong t nc ngoai + Ch tieu NNP (NI) : San pham quoc dan thuan tuy (thu nhap quoc dan san xuat), la gia tr con lai cua tong
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san pham quoc dan sau khi tr i gia tr khau hao TSC (Dp) trong ky NNP = GNP - Dp + Ch tieu NDI : Thu nhap quoc dan s dung, la phan ma nhan dan nhan c va co the tieu dung, hay la phan thu nhap rong sau khi a tr i thue gian thu (Ti), thue trc thu (Td) va cong vi tr cap Sd. NDI = NNP (Ti + Td) + Sd + Ch tieu GDP/ngi hoac GNP/ngi : Phan anh thu nhap bnh quan au ngi cua mot quoc gia Nh vay, trong tien trnh tang trng va phat trien kinh te, doanh nghiep se ong vai tro chu ao, ong thi mc tang trng kinh te va phat trien kinh te se co nhng tac ong tch cc hay tieu cc oi vi tat ca cac to chc noi chung. Chnh sach kinh te cua quoc gia: Chnh sach kinh te the hien quan iem, nh hng phat trien cua Nha nc thong qua cac chu trng, chnh sach ieu hanh va quan ly nen kinh te. Cac chnh sach kinh te tao ra mot moi trng kinh doanh va tac ong len tat ca cac to chc theo hai khuynh hng sau: + Tac ong khuyen khch, u ai mot so nganh, mot so lnh vc hoac khu vc nao o, v du nhng ac khu kinh te se co nhng u ai ac biet so vi nhng khu vc khac hay nhng nganh Nha nc oc quyen quan ly se co li the hn nhng nganh khac. + Chnh phu a ra nhng bien phap che tai nh nhng nganh b cam hay han che kinh doanh Cac cong cu thng c Nha nc s dung e khuyen khch hay che tai la cac luat thue, lai suat,
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chnh sach gia ca, chnh sach tien lng, ty gia hoi oai Chu ky kinh te: Chu ky kinh te c hieu o la s thang tram ve kha nang tao ra cua cai cua nen kinh te trong nhng giai oan nhat nh. Cac nha kinh te chia chu ky kinh te thanh bon giai oan sau ay: Giai oan phat trien, la giai oan nen kinh te co toc o tang trng nhanh va ong thi co s m rong ve quy mo. Trong giai oan nay cac doanh nghiep co ieu kien, c hoi phat trien m rong quy mo va gia tang th phan cua mnh len Giai oan trng thanh, la thi iem nen kinh te phat trien cao nhat cua no va bat au i vao giai oan suy thoai. Giai oan suy giam, la thi ky nen kinh te co mc tang trng cham va ky sau thap hn ky trc. Trong giai oan nay quy mo doanh nghiep thng b thu hep lai so vi trc. Giai oan tieu ieu cc iem, la thi iem suy thoai cua nen kinh te xuong mc cc tieu, giai oan nay co the thay co hang loat cac doanh nghiep b pha san. Nh vay, co the thay chu ky kinh te co anh hng rat manh me en s ton tai va phat trien cua tat ca cac doanh nghiep va cac quyet nh cua cac nha quan tr. Khuynh hng toan cau hoa kinh te: Ngay nay, the gii ang dien ra mot khuynh hng ngay cang manh me o la xu hng khu vc hoa va toan cau hoa kinh te. Nh vay, cac doanh nghiep trong
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moi quoc gia muon ton tai va thanh cong tat yeu phai khong ngng oi mi cong nghe, nang cao chat lng san pham, tang nang suat lao ong va ha gia thanh san pham nham ng au vi qua trnh canh tranh ngay cang khoc liet. b) Yeu to chnh tr va chnh phu: The che chnh tr gi vai tro nh hng va chi phoi toan bo hoat ong cua xa hoi, trong o co hoat ong kinh doanh. No c the hien qua cac yeu to nh tnh on nh cua he thong chnh quyen, he thong luat phap cua Nha nc, ng loi va chu trng cua ang, cac chnh sach quan he vi cac to chc va cac quoc gia khac tren the gii. Trong thc te nhieu cuoc chien tranh thng mai a tng no ra gia cac quoc gia nham gianh u the trong canh tranh kinh te va ngay nay cac cuoc chien tranh ve sac toc, ton giaosuy cho cung cung v muc ch kinh te. Trong nhng cuoc chien tranh nh vay se co mot so doanh nghiep hng li va tat nhien cung co mot so doanh nghiep ng au vi nhng bat trac va kho khan. Qua o co the thay rang gia cac lnh vc chnh tr, chnh phu va kinh te co moi lien he hu c vi nhau. S tac ong cua chnh tr va chnh phu oi vi kinh te the hien mot so phng dien sau: Vai tro cua chnh phu oi vi kinh te: Vai tro cua chnh phu oi vi kinh te the hien qua cac ac trng sau: + Tao lap va thuc ay quyet tam sau: Gia tang tiet kiem tieu dung e au t cho san xuat
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y ch
tang trng va phat
trien kinh te cho toan dan thong qua cac hanh ong va
Chong quan lieu, tham nhung va buon lau Duy tr trat t ky cng xa hoi va cac hoat ong kinh te.
+ Duy tr s on nh kinh te v mo thong qua viec kiem soat 03 yeu to : Bao am s can oi thu, chi ngan sach nha nc nham km gi lam phat mc co the kiem soat c. Bao am can oi trong can can thng mai thong qua s dung ty gia hoi oai hp ly gia ong noi te va cac loai ngoai te. Bao am can oi gia tch luy va au t nham tranh s le thuoc oi vi ben ngoai + Ton trong cac quy luat cua nen kinh te th trng nh quy luat gia tr, quy luat cung cau, quy luat canh tranh bang cac bien phap sau: M rong va thuc ay canh tranh lanh manh Bao am mot c cau hp ly gia cac loai hnh doanh nghiep, chong hanh vi thon tnh, sat nhap mot cach bat hp phap. Bao am gia ca phan anh chnh xac chi ph xa hoi + Bao am can oi c cau tch luy von trong va ngoai nc, co nghia la can duy tr mc huy ong von t noi bo nen kinh te mot ty le thch hp va ieu quan trong la s dung nhng nguon von noi bo vao nhng khu vc (he thong c s ha tang, phat trien cong nghe cao, phat trien nguon nhan lc) tao ra tang trng va phat trien ben vng cho nen kinh te. Con cac nguon von ben ngoai ch co tac dung khi ong nen kinh te trong giai oan au phat trien va no can c lien ket chat
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che vi nguon von trong nc e xac nh lnh vc au t thch hp. Cac tac ong cua chnh tr, chnh phu oi vi kinh te: C che bao ho san xuat trong nc thong qua cac bien phap nh thue quan, han ngach, tr gia hang trong ncnham giup cac to chc trong nc tranh hoac giam bt s canh tranh va nhng bat li t ben ngoai. am bao mot s on nh chnh tr nham tao ra long tin va hap dan cho cac to chc kinh doanh trong nc lan ngoai nc. Muon vay moi quoc gia can phai thc hien cac van e sau: Tranh nhng bat on trong nc nh khung hoang chnh phu, lat o chnh quyen, ao chnh Tranh xung ot, thu ch vi cac quoc gia khac.. Xu hng chnh tr phai phuc vu cho viec phat trien kinh te va xa hoi. Can co nhng nh hng chung ve nen kinh te mot cach hp ly nh chnh sach kiem soat ve tai chnh, ve th trng, chnh sach moi trng-tai nguyen c) Yeu to xa hoi: Gia cac to chc va moi trng xa hoi co nhng moi lien he chat che, tac ong qua lai vi nhau, cac to chc eu hoat ong trong mot moi trng xa hoi. Xa hoi chung cap cho cac to chc nhng nguon lc au vao, ngc lai san pham dch vu cua cac doanh nghiep tao ra se ap ng cho nhu cau ngay cang tang cua ngi tieu dung noi rieng va cua xa hoi noi chung. Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng xa hoi tac ong len cac hoat ong va ket qua cua to chc bao gom:
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Dan so va thu nhap: Ta thay cac tieu chuan ve dan so va thu nhap nh o tuoi, gii tnh, mat o, thu nhap, nghe nghiep, trnh o van hoa, tnh trang hon nhan, tn ngng, ong c, thoi quen, s thch, hanh vi mua sam .ay la cac tieu chuan giup doanh nghiep lam can c e phan khuc th trng, hoach nh ke hoach nh v nha may, san xuat, phan phoi san phamChang han nhng vung co nhieu ngi ln tuoi th se co nhu cau cao oi vi cac dch vu y te bao ve sc khoe, con nhng vung co nhieu tre em th se co nhu cau cao oi vi cac dch vu giao duc, san pham quan ao-o chi .Hoac nhng vung ma thu nhap va i song ngi dan c nang cao th sc mua cua ngi dan tang len rat nhanh, ieu nay tao ra nhng c hoi thuan li cho cac nha san xuat Thai o oi vi cong viec: Thai o cua ngi lao ong oi vi cong viec the hien thong qua 02 tieu thc c ban la ao c lam viec va long trung thanh vi to chc. Thai o nay cua ngi lao ong c chia thanh 02 xu hng nh sau: Th nhat, ngi lao ong gan bo, trung thanh oi vi to chc, ho em het tam huyet, sc lc phuc vu cho to chc nham am bao mot s an toan ve cho lam viec va e co c hoi thang tienXu hng nay thng thay trong cac cong ty Nhat ban (ap dung che o lam viec suot i), mot so nc Chau A khac. ay chuan mc gia tr ao c c e cao hn tai nang cua ngi lao ong Th hai, do quy luat canh tranh, quy luat cua s ao thaingi lao ong thng t gan bo va t trung thanh
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vi mot to chc, ho quan tam en cuoc song rieng va gia nh nhieu hn, ho chu y trau doi ky nang nghe nghiep ban than cua mnh nham thch nghi vi nhieu ieu kien thay oi khi b sa thai cho lamXu hng nay thng thay trong nen kinh te th trng hien nay, ac biet la cac cong ty My va mot so nc phng Tay, o tai nang cua ngi lao ong c xem trong hn cac cac chuan mc gia tr ve ao c Chnh nhng xu hng thai o tren co the em lai c hoi cho doanh nghiep nay ma cung co the em lai nguy c cho cac doanh nghiep khac. d) Yeu to t nhien: T xa en nay, cac yeu to thuoc ve t nhien co tac ong khong nho en to chc, bao gom cac yeu to sau: Thuy van, ieu kien thi tiet, a hnh, a chat, tai nguyen va o nhiem moi trng.No co the tao ra nhng thuan li hoac cung co the gay ra nhng hau qua khon lng oi vi mot to chc. Moi to chc va quoc gia t xa en nay a co nhng bien phap tan dung hoac e phong oi pho vi cac yeu to t nhien, ac biet hien nay co cac chnh sach quan ly chat che nham bao ve cac nguon tai nguyen ngay cang can kiet va bao ve moi trng sau: + Tang mc au t cho tham do va ay manh cac hoat ong nghien cu, phat trien nham tm kiem nhng nguon tai nguyen mi, tai sinh nguon tai nguyen, s dung hieu qua nguon tai nguyen, han che lang ph tai nguyen. + Thiet ke san pham tren c s hp ly hoa s dung cac yeu to au vao
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+ Tang cng s dung lai cac chat thai cong nghiep va sinh hoat nham bao ve moi trng va tiet kiem nguyen lieu. + Tm kiem va s dung cac nguon nang lng va nguyen lieu thay the, chang han thuy tinh dan thay the cho kim loai, gom s s dung nhieu trong cong nghiep ien lc va hang khong e) Yeu to ky thuat cong nghe: Ngay nay yeu to ky thuat va cong nghe la yeu to nang ong nhat trong cac yeu to moi trng kinh doanh. Yeu to nay luon luon bien oi va tac ong rat ln en cac doanh nghiep. S bien oi nay c the hien : Chu ky bien oi cong nghe ngay cang rut ngan buoc cac doanh nghiep phai tan dung toi a cong nghe nham thu hoi von au t, ong thi phai thay oi cong nghe lien tuc e ng vng trong canh tranh Vong i san pham ngay cang ngan hn, do cong nghe bien oi lien tuc va chu ky bien oi cong nghe ngay cang ngan nen ngay cang co nhieu san pham mi va chu ky song cua no cung ngan hn, chnh ieu nay buoc cac doanh nghiep phai co chien lc ve san pham mot cach hp ly va thc te ngay nay ta thay a so cac doanh nghiep theo uoi chien lc a dang hoa san pham hn la kinh doanh ch mot hoac mot vai san pham nao o. Tac ong cua cuoc cach mang cong nghiep mi a tao nen nhng cong cu va he thong hoat ong tien tien nh may vi tnh, robot, t ong hoat o tao c nhng mat tch cc nh giam chi ph, tang NSL, tang hieu qua cho doanh nghiep, nhng cung e lai nhng mat trai
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cua no ma cac to chc va xa hoi phai ng au giai quyet nh nan that nghiep gia tang, chnh sach ao tao lai nguon nhan lc ra sao .. Chnh sach cua Nha nc ve nghien cu va phat trien, chuyen giao cong nghe, bao ve bang phat minhsang checung can c chu trong III - MOI TRNG VI MO (MOI TRNG AC THU) 1-Khai niem: Moi trng vi mo gom cac yeu to, lc lng, the che nam ben ngoai to chc ma nha quan tr kho kiem soat c, nhng chung co anh hng trc tiep en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc. 2-ac iem: + Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng vi mo thng tac ong trc tiep en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc + Cac yeu to thuoc moi trng vi mo tac ong oc lap len to chc + Moi to chc dng nh ch co mot moi trng vi mo ac thu. 3-Cac yeu to c ban: Moi trng vi mo bao gom cac yeu to trong nganh va la cac yeu to ngoai canh cua mot doanh nghiep, no quyet nh tnh chat va mc o canh tranh cua doanh nghiep trong nganh san xuat kinh doanh o. Moi trng vi mo bao gom cac yeu to c ban sau: oi thu canh tranh hien tai, oi thu canh tranh tiem an, khach hang, nha cung cap va san pham thay the.
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Hnh 3.2 : S o moi trng vi mo trong nganh tac ong len to chc Cac oi thu tiem an Nguy c e doa t nhng ngi mi vao cuoc
- Cac oi
Ngi ban mac ca ngi mua
thu canh tranh Quyen mac ca trong nganh - Cuoc canh tranh gia cua ngi ban cac oi thu hien
Ng Quyen i mua cua
Nguy c e doa t san pham va dch vu thay the San pham thay the a) oi thu canh tranh hien tai: Tm hieu va phan tch ve cac oi thu canh tranh hien tai co mot y nghia quan trong oi vi cac doanh nghiep, bi v s hoat ong cua cac oi thu canh tranh co anh hng trc tiep en hoat ong va ket qua cua doanh nghiep. Thng phan tch oi thu qua cac noi dung sau: Muc tieu cua oi thu? Nhan nh cua oi thu ve doanh nghiep chung ta? Chien lc cua oi thu ang thc hien? Nhng tiem nang cua oi thu? Cac bien phap phan ng cua oi thu? Ngoai ra can xac nh so lng oi thu tham gia canh tranh la bao nhieu? ac biet can xac
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nh ro cac oi thu ln la ai va ty suat li nhuan cua nganh la bao nhieu? b) oi thu canh tranh tiem an: oi thu canh tranh tiem an bao gom cac oi thu tiem an (se xuat hien trong tng lai) va cac oi thu mi tham gia th trng, ay cung la nhng oi thu gay nguy c oi vi doanh nghiep. e oi pho vi nhng oi thu nay, doanh nghiep can nang cao v the canh tranh cua mnh, ong thi s dung nhng hang rao hp phap ngan can s xam nhap t ben ngoai nh : duy tr li the do san xuat tren quy mo ln, a dang hoa san pham, tao ra nguon tai chnh ln, kha nang chuyen oi mat hang cao, kha nang han che trong viec xam nhap cac kenh tieu thu, u the ve gia thanh ma oi thu khong tao ra c va s chong tra manh me cua cac oi thu a ng vng. c) Khach hang : Doanh nghiep can tao c s tn nhiem cua khach hang, ay co the xem la tai san quy gia cua doanh nghiep. Muon vay, phai xem khach hang la thng e, phai thoa man nhu cau va th hieu cua khach hang hn cac oi thu canh tranh. Muon at c ieu nay doanh nghiep phai xac nh ro cac van e sau: + Xac nh ro khach hang muc tieu, khach hang tiem nang cua doanh nghiep. + Xac nh nhu cau va hanh vi mua hang cua khach hang bang cach phan tch cac ac tnh cua khach hang thong qua cac yeu to nh : yeu to mang tnh ia ly (vung, mien), yeu to mang tnh xa hoi, dan so (la tuoi, nghe nghiep, trnh o, thu nhap, tn ngng.); Hoac
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phan tch thai o cua khach hang qua cac yeu to nh : yeu to thuoc ve tam ly (ong c, thoi quen, s thch, phong cach, ca tnh, van hoa), yeu to mang tnh hanh vi tieu dung (tm kiem li ch, mc o s dung, tnh trung thanh trong tieu thu). d) Nha cung cap: Cac yeu to au vao (nguyen vat lieu, may moc thiet b ) cua mot doanh nghiep c quyet nh bi cac nha cung cap. e cho qua trnh hoat ong cua mot doanh nghiep dien ra mot cach thuan li, th cac yeu to au vao phai c cung cap on nh vi mot gia ca hp ly, muon vay doanh nghiep can phai tao ra moi quan he gan bo vi cac nha cung ng hoac tm nhieu nha cung ng khac nhau cho cung mot loai nguon lc. e) San pham thay the : Sc ep do co san pham thay the se lam han che tiem nang li nhuan cua nganh do mc gia cao nhat b khong che. Phan ln cac san pham thay the la ket qua cua cuoc cach mang cong nghe. Do o doanh nghiep can chu y va phan tch en cac san pham thay the e co cac bien phap d phong. IV CAC YEU TO NOI TAI CUA TO CHC. Ngoai cac yeu to thuoc moi trng tac ong en to chc con co cac yeu to noi bo (yeu to ben trong to chc) tac ong mot cach trc tiep en hoat ong va ket qua hoat ong cua mot to chc. Cac yeu to noi tai la nhng yeu to ben trong to chc ma nha quan tr co the kiem soat, ieu chnh c va chung co anh hng trc tiep en hoat ong
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va ket qua hoat ong cua to chc. Cac yeu to noi tai cua mot to chc thng bao gom cac yeu to nh sau: Nguon nhan lc: Nguon nhan lc cua mot doanh nghiep manh hay yeu the hien so lng va chat lng nhan s, van e sap xep, bo tr, ao tao-phat trien, cac chnh sach ong vien Nghien cu va phat trien (R/D): The hien kha nang nghien cu va ng dung khoa hoc ky thuat, san pham mi, cong nghe mi, mc von au t cho cong tac nghien cu va phat trien San xuat: Phan anh nang lc san xuat, quy trnh san xuat, trnh o cong nghe ap dung vao san xuat, to chc san xuat, ty le phe pham Tai chnh - ke toan: Phan anh tnh hnh tai chnh doanh nghiep qua cac ch tieu c cau von, tnh hnh cong n va to chc cong tac ke toan tai doanh nghiep Marketing: Phan anh viec nghien cu th trng, khach hang, san pham dch vu, gia ca, he thong phan phoi va chieu th.
Van hoa to chc: Phan anh cac gia tr, chuan mc, nhng niem tin, huyen thoai, nghi thc cua mot to chc. vv..
Tom lai: 1.Viec tm hieu va phan tch cac yeu to moi trng (vi mo + v mo) nham giup cho to chc xac nh cac van e sau ay: + Xac nh cac c hoi - Opportunnities (O) oi vi to chc : Tm cach tan dung c hoi + Xac nh cac moi nguy c, e doa Threats (T) oi vi to chc : Tm cach han che, oi pho
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2. Viec tm hieu va phan tch cac yeu to noi tai nham giup cho to chc xac nh cac van e sau ay: + Xac nh nhng iem manh Strengths (S) cua to chc : Khai thac va phat huy iem manh + Xac nh nhng iem yeu Weaknesses (W) cua to chc : Can khac phuc, han che iem yeu Qua xac nh cac iem S, W, O, T cac nha quan tr se phoi hp chung hnh thanh nhng chien lc cho to chc thong qua ma tran SWOT (se e cap ky chng chc nang hoach nh) V QUAN TR S BAT TRAC CUA MOI TRNG 1/ Xac nh v tr cua to chc trong moi trng: Cac yeu to moi trng co the tao ra nhng bat trac cho to chc, ngi ta chia mc o bat trac thanh 02 yeu to : + Mc o thay oi (on nh hay nang ong) + Mc o phc tap (n gian hay phc tap). Moi to chc eu co moi trng cua no va can phai xac nh mnh ng v tr nao, mc o bat trac ra sao e giup to chc co nhng bien phap quan tr cac bat trac ay. Thong thng ngi ta s dung cong cu ma tran bat trac cua moi trng e nh v tr cho to chc (bang 3.1): Bang 3.1 : Ma tran bat trac cua moi trng Mc thay oi On nh (1) Nang ong (2)
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A=1+3 n gia
B=2+3
+ MT on nh, t + MT nang ong, t yeu to, tien oan yeu to, khong tien c oan c
n (3) + t can kien thc + Can kien thc phc tap ve cac phc tap ve cac o phc tap c tap (4) + MT yeu to C=1+4 on nh, Ph nhieu yeu to, tien oan c + Rat can kien thc phc tap ve cac yeu to yeu to D=2+4 + MT nang ong, nhieu khong c + Rat can kien thc phc tap ve cac yeu to yeu tien to, oan
Qua bang tren ta thay neu to chc v tr A, ay la v tr ly tng, t bat trac; ngc lai neu ri vao v tr D, ay la v tr rat kho chu, nhieu bat trac nen can nhieu bien phap quan tr bat trac hn. 2/ Cac bien phap quan tr cac bat trac cua moi trng: 1.Dung em: La nham giam bt hay thu hut nhng cu soc do anh hng cua moi trng gay ra cho ca 02 pha au vao va au ra. au vao: V du ton tr vat t, thc hien bao tr phong nga, tuyen va huan luyen nhng nhan vien mi.muc ch d phong cac bat trac xay ra.
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au ra: V du nha san xuat ao ma ch phan phoi hang cho nhng ca hang e ban vao mua ma. Tat nhien ao ma van c san xuat quanh nam (Neu e en mua ma san xuat th se co the thieu hang, khong ap ng kp thi cho nhu cau th trng) 2.San bang: San eu anh hng cua moi trng. Chang han, trong nganh BC-VT, quy nh gia cc cao vao cac gi cao iem va gia cc thap vao cac thi iem ve khuya, gan sang. 3.Tien oan: Kha nang oan trc nhng bien oi va anh hng cua moi trng e giam bt s bat trac 4.Cap han che: Khi nhu cau vt qua mc cung cap th s dung cap han che cac san pham-dch vu hoac cap phat co u tien. Th du, trng hp thien tai xay ra nh hoa hoan, bao lutth ging benh ch u tien cho nhng ca nang nhat. 5.Hp ong: Hp ong nham giam bat trac au vao, au ra. V du ky hp ong mua NVL dai han (nham tranh bien ong gia, bao am so lng cho san xuat lien tuc..), ky hp ong lao ong (e co ke hoach ve s dung lao ong on nh) 6.Ket nap: Thu hut nhng ca nhan, to chc co the la cac moi e doa t moi trng. V du cac doanh nghiep kho khan ve tai chnh co the mi nha Ngan hang tham gia vao HQT cua doanh nghiep. 7.Lien ket: Nhieu to chc hp lai trong mot hanh ong chung nao o. V du thoa thuan phan chia th trng, nh gia, phan chia lanh tho a ly, hp nhat, hoat ong chung, ieu khien chung
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8.Qua trung gian: S dung ca nhan va to chc khac e giup ho at ket qua thuan li. Chang han tranh thu s ung ho cua bao ch, chnh quyen 9.Quang cao: La phng tien quen thuoc e quan tr moi trng. Thng ho tao s d biet hoa san pham hay gia thap so vi oi thu trong y thc cua khach hang, qua o nham on nh th trng cua ho va giam c bat trac.
CHNG IV CHC NANG HOACH NH I KHAI NIEM VA TAC DUNG 1/ Khai niem: Hoach nh la qua trnh xac nh nhng muc tieu va e ra cac chien lc, ke hoach, bien phap tot nhat e thc hien muc tieu o. Hoach nh ay la mot thuat ng e ch hoach nh chnh thc, no c xay dng tren nhng ky thuat ro rang va thu tuc chnh xac va hng ti tng lai, no vach ro con ng e i en muc tieu a nh. 2/ Tac dung (vai tro): Trong ieu kien ngay nay ta thay moi trng luon bien ong, noi bo cac to chc luon cha ng nhng rui ro tiem an cua no, e thch nghi vi nhng bien ong cua moi trng cung nh toi thieu hoa nhng rui ro ben trong trc het nha quan tr can s dung en
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chc nang hoach nh v no em lai cho to chc 04 li ch (tac dung) sau ay: + td1: Nhan dien cac thi c kinh doanh trong tng lai Theo quan iem cua cac nha kinh doanh Nhat ban, thi c kinh doanh co anh hng 80% en s thanh bai cua doanh nghiep. Thi c la mot khoan thi gian ngan xuat hien s giao thoa gia kha nang cua doanh nghiep va cac c hoi co c tren thi trng, co ngha la : Thi c KD = Kha nang cua DN + cac c hoi co c tren th trng Thi c kinh doanh xuat hien khi hoi u cac yeu to sau (bang 4.1): Nhom cac yeu to thuoc ve ieu kien can Nhom cac yeu to thuoc ve ieu kien u Bang 4.1 : ieu kien can va u e xuat hien thi c kinh doanh 1/ ieu kien can (cac yeu to au ra) Nhu cau Th trng 2/ ieu kien u (cac yeu to au vao) Von, CSVC, mm-tb, cong nghe Trnh o va ky nang quan
ly Chat lng sp Trnh o lao ong Kha nang dch vu. vv Qua trnh hoach nh se xac nh c cac ieu kien can va u tren, t o giup doanh nghiep nhan dien c thi c kinh doanh, chp lay thi c e hanh ong hng ti muc tieu chung vi hieu qua cao nhat. + td2: D kien trc va ne tranh cac nguy c, kho khan.
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+ td3: Trien khai kp thi cac chng trnh hanh ong, co ngha la tao tnh chu ong trong thc hien, v cac ke hoach, chng trnh a thiet ke sannen viec thc hien se kp thi nhanh chong. + td4: Do hoach nh at ra nhng muc tieu, do o tao ieu kien thuan li cho cong tac kiem tra, kiem soat c de dang, thuan li. 3/ Phan loai hoach nh: Gom hai loai hoach nh c so sanh bang sau Bang 4.2 : So sanh gia hoach nh chien lc va hoach nh tac nghiep Ch tieu Giong Hoach nh chien lc Ban chat Hoach nh tac nghiep Ban chat
nhau Khac nhau Cap hoach Quan tr gia cap Quan nh Thi han Pham vi cao Vai nam tr len di Hang
tr
gia
cap tuan, va
ngay,
thang Bao quat lnh vc Lnh vc xac nh Muc tieu dai han
hep
rong va t chi tiet nhieu chi tiet xac Muc tieu nh Muc tieu ngan han
hn II MUC TIEU LA NEN TANG CUA HOACH NH Moi chc nang cua quan tr eu hng ve muc tieu, nhng chc nang hoach nh gi vai tro chu ao, do o muc tieu la nen tang cua hoach nh 1/ Khai niem muc tieu: chng I 2/ Phan loai:
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Can c vao thi gian: Muc tieu dai han ( > 01 nam), ngan han ( < 01 nam) Can c vao tnh chat cua muc tieu, gom 03 loai sau: * Muc tieu tang trng (phat trien): Tang trng kinh te la s gia tang kha nang san xuat ra hang hoa, dch vu nham nang cao mc song cho toan xa hoi.Phat trien kinh te la qua trnh bien oi ve lng, ve chat san xuat & i song cua mot nen kinh te xa hoi len mot tam cao hn trc. * Muc tieu on nh: v du dan so phat trien cua nganh gia tang 20%, va doanh nghiep cung muon phat trien gia tang 20% nh vay * Muc tieu suy giam: Phan anh mot s phat trien co y nh cham hn phat trien cua nganh Can c vao s lng hoa: Muc tieu nh lng va muc tieu nh tnh (khong o lng c hoac rat kho o lng) Can c theo cap o quan ly: Muc tieu chung cua doanh nghiep va muc tieu cua cac bo phan chc nang, cac thanh vien trong doanh nghiep. Can c theo ban chat: Muc tieu kinh te, muc tieu chnh tr, muc tieu xa hoi 3/ Yeu cau cua muc tieu: + am bao tnh thong nhat, lien tuc va ke tha + am bao tnh tien tien, hien thc. + Phai ro rang bang cac ch tieu nh lng la chu yeu + Co ket qua cu the bang cac ch tieu nh lng la chnh + Xac nh ro thi gian thc hien
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4/ Cac yeu to anh hng en muc tieu (bang 4.3): Bang 4.3 : Cac yeu to anh hng en muc tieu Cac yeu to anh hng ben trong + Nguon lc + Quan iem lanh ao + Thanh tch kh + Cac oi tng hu tap quan the ben cong trong : co ong, nhan vien chc 5/ Vai tro cua muc tieu: V quan tr va la c cau co tnh cach tnh va la qua trnh co tnh cach ong nen vai tro cua muc tieu quan tr cung the hien hai mat tnh va ong. Mat tnh, khi xac nh muc tieu cho to chc th muc tieu phai gi vai tro nen tang cua hoach nh, nham xay dng he thong quan tr. Mat ong, muc tieu khong phai la co nh ma linh hoat phat trien vi nhng ket qua mong i ngay cang cao tren c s cac nguon lc cua to chc, do o muc qua MUC TIEU TOCH C + Cac yeu to anh hng ben ngoai Cac ieu tong kien cua moi trng quat + ben khach oi tranh, thu ap Cac oi ngoai: hang, canh lc
tng hu quan
xa hoi
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tieu gi vai tro quyet nh toan bo dien tien cua tien trnh quan tr 6/ Quan tr bang muc tieu (MBO Management by Objectives):
a) Khai niem MBO:
Quan tr bang muc tieu la cach quan tr thong qua viec moi thanh vien, bo phan t mnh xac nh muc tieu, t mnh quan ly va thc hien cac muc tieu ma ho e ra. b) Trnh t tien hanh MBO (bang 4.4): Bang 4.4 : Trnh t tien hanh cua MBO Cac bc + Xac nh nhng + ay la nhng muc D thao muc tieu cap cao nhat muc tieu chung cho tieu d kien, no co toan cong ty the ieu chnh lai sau + Xac nh vai tro khi xem xet va can oi cua cac n v cap vi cac muc tieu cua di tieu. Cung + Cap tren thong + Cap tren ong vai cho cap di tro la co van vi cap bao tham gia vao cap di. viec thc hien muc Noi dung ac iem
di e ve nhng muc tieu, + Muc tieu c e ra 1 ra muc chien lc cua toan cach chu ong cua tieu n v. cap di cua ho + Cung vi di thao cap + Muc tieu c thong luan qua la nhng ieu se
nhng muc tieu ma ho tr cho nhng muc

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ho thc hien cung tieu cao hn vi cac ieu kien e hoan thanh muc tieu o. + Muc tieu c cap di e ra, cam ket vi qua. + Cap tren cung cap + phng tien tot nhat cap e tieu + Cap di chu thc hien Cap di tren trong danh viec nhng ieu kien va quyen han toi a cho Thc hien muc tieu muc thc hien nhiem vu cap tren va c cap tren thong
ong xay dng va th/hien ke hoach. + nh ky kiem tra + Kiem tra ch nham Tien hanh kiem tra chnh Tong ket va anh gia nham phat hien kp giup thi nhng kp thi cap di thc kho hien tot hn hoan toan thc gia va ket luan. bien
khan hoac sai lech khong a ra s anh hien nhng
va ieu e
phap ieu chnh. + Can c vao muc + Thanh tch se can c tieu a cam ket va vao ket cap qua tren thc se tien ket. mc o hoan te, thanh muc tieu a cam
hanh anh gia cong
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viec cua cap di c) Tac dung cua MBO: MBO la c s cho viec hoach nh muc tieu chung cua to chc, qua o lam cho muc tieu to chc va muc tieu cac thanh vien at c s thong nhat. MBO se kch thch tinh than, nang cao trach nhiem cac thanh vien, bo phan MBO tao c hoi cac thanh vien phat trien nang lc cua mnh MBO tao ieu kien cho cac nha quan tr thay ro hn cac khiem khuyet trong cong tac to chc cua mnh. d) u MBO: + Cung cap cho nha quan tr cac d kien, muc tieu e thc hien hoach nh + Buoc nha quan tr phai la chon muc tieu u tien thc hien trong nhng thi gian nhat nh + Xac nh ro nhiem vu, trach nhiem, quyen han oi vi cac bo phan + Loi keo moi thanh vien to chc tham gia xay dng muc tieu + Gup cho viec kiem tra thc hien thuan li + Tao c hoi thang tien, phat huy nang lc cho moi thanh vien + Giup nha quan tr va cac thanh vien hieu nhau hn + Nang cao chat lng cong tac quan tr va hoat ong cua to chc e) Nhc MBO: + Thi gian xay dng cac muc tieu thng keo dai do hoi hop, ban bac
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+ Trong mot so trng hp, cac muc tieu ca nhan thieu s hng dan, giai thch cu the cua quan tr cap tren + Moi ngi thng tap trung cac van e trc mat, ngan han va tai cho. Nhng ke hoach mang tnh dai han lau dai va chien lc th thng t quan tam ung mc. III QUA TRNH HOACH NH CHIEN LC (Hnh 4.1). Hnh 4.1 : Tien trnh hoach nh chien lc
B1-Phan tch cac yeu to moi trng B3- Xac nh s mang, muc tieu to chc B2-Phan tch cac yeu to noi bo
Bc 4 : Xay dng cac chien lc e la chon Bc 5 : Phan tch cac chien lc kha thi Bc 6 : La chon chien lc toi u Bc 7 : To chc thc hien chien lc Bc 8 : Kiem tra va anh gia ket qua Bc 9 : Lap lai tien trnh hoach nh
Bc 1 Phan tch cac yeu to moi trng (vi mo + v mo): Viec phan tch cac yeu to thuoc moi trng giup doanh nghiep nhan dien cac c hoi va nguy c oi vi
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doanh nghiep (a e cap chng 3), trong phan nay ch e cap ti nhng tac ong manh me nhat en qua trnh hoach nh chien lc cua cac ap lc canh tranh trong nganh (cac yeu to thuoc moi trng vi mo). S canh tranh gia cac doanh nghiep trong nganh: Trong qua trnh hoach nh chien chc, nha quan tr luon luon phan tch cac chien lc va phan ng cua oi thu nh : S tang hay giam gia ban, chien dch quang cao, san pham-dch vu mi tung ra th trng, dch vu khach hangac biet, hai bien so anh hng manh en canh tranh trong nganh la so lng doanh nghiep va ty suat li nhuan bnh quan cua nganh S e doa cua cac oi thu canh tranh mi: S gia nhap cua mot oi thu vao mot nganh kinh doanh thng do ty suat li nhuan cua nganh o hap dan hn nhng nganh khac. Tuy nhien, thng co hai tr ngai ln cho cac oi thu mi khi tham gia vao nganh la : quy mo san xuat va nhu cau von can thiet. Chnh v the nhng nganh oi hoi phai co quy mo san xuat ln va nhu cau von au t ban au cao th mc o e doa se thap t cac oi thu mi (v du nganh che tao may bay, ong tau) Quyen mac ca (thng lng) cua khach hang: Quyen thng lng cua khach hang chnh la s mac ca ve giam gia, chat lng san pham, hay chiet khau thng mai. Quyen nay thng e cao trong nhng trng hp sau: + Co t khach hang mua vi so lng hang ln t mot ngi ban.
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+ Hang hoa ma khach hang mua thuoc loai co mc o di biet hoa thap. + Khach hang co the mua hang de dang t nhieu ngi ban khac nhau. Quyen mac ca (thng lng) cua nha cung cap: Quyen thng lng cua nha cung cap se tang len khi ho co the tang gia hoac giam cac dch vu ho tr ma t lo lang ve s phan ng cua khach hang. Quyen nay se co u the trong nhng trng hp sau: + So lng nha cung cap t, so lng ngi mua th nhieu. + Hang hoa cua nha cung cap thuoc loai thiet yeu va co tnh d biet cao S e doa cua cac san pham-dch vu thay the: o la nhng san pham-dch vu co kha nang thay the cho san pham-dch vu cua nha san xuat trong trng hp tang gia vt qua kha nang cua ngi mua. Neu hang hoa cua nha san xuat khong the thay the bi nhng hang hoa nao th ho t b e doa bi yeu to nay. Bc 2 - Phan tch cac yeu to noi bo: Viec phan tch cac yeu to noi bo (a e cap chng 3) se giup doanh nghiep xac nh ro nhng iem manh va iem yeu cua mnh, t o nhan dien c nhng kha nang chu yeu cua mnh. Thng co 03 tieu chuan e nhan dien nhng kha nang chu yeu cua mot doanh nghiep nh sau: + Kha nang co the tao ra them tiem nang e m rong th phan. + Kha nang em lai cho khach hang nhieu li ch hn t cac san pham ma ho a mua
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+ Kha nang co the tao ra nhng san pham ma oi thu khong the sao chep, bat chc c. Trong tien trnh hoach nh het sc chu y ti cac iem yeu, can tm bien phap khac phuc nham lam cho qua trnh hoach nh dien tien tot hn. Bc 3 - Xay dng s mang va cac muc tieu chung cua to chc: MISSION (S mang, nhiem vu, muc tieu chung): Bat c to chc nao, khi thanh lap eu mong muon at c mot cai g o, gan nh la cuoi cung (ac biet oi vi nha sang lap ra to chc) va cai o phai mang tnh lau dai, co tnh van hoa cua to chc goi la MISSION. MISSION mang tnh chat nh tnh, e xac nh s mang can giai ap cac cau hoi sau : Phuc vu cho ai? au? Mc o quan tam cong nghe? Mc o quan tam s ton tai? Nguyen vong & triet ly hoat ong ? Hnh anh oi vi cong chung? Chnh sach oi vi CBCNV? T anh gia ve li the? Muc tieu : a e cap chng 1. Qua trnh xac nh s mang va muc tieu cho to chc khong c tien hanh mot cach biet lap ma no phai c phat trien trong suot qua trnh phan tch bc 1 va bc 2 noi tren. Bc 4 - e xuat cac chien lc e la chon (hoach nh chien lc): e xay dng chien lc ngi ta thng s dung cac cong cu nh: Ma tran SWOT, chu ky i song cua san pham, ma tran phat trien va tham gia th trng, ma tran BCG mi, chien lc cua M.Porter
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Chien lc la g (STRATEGY)? : Chien lc la con ng, giai phap, phng thc, si ch o xuyen suot e i en muc tieu chung cua to chc. Pho bien co cac chien lc sau: Chien lc tham nhap th trng: ay la chien lc nham vao viec tm kiem c hoi phat trien trong cac th trng ma doanh nghiep ang hoat ong vi nhng san pham hien co, thong qua viec gia tang th phan bang cach: + Kch thch sc mua oi vi san pham + Thu hut khach hang cua oi thu canh tranh : giam gia, quang cao + Bien khach hang tiem nang thanh khach hang hien tai Chien lc m rong th trng: La chien lc nham vao viec tm kiem nhng th trng mi cho nhng san pham hien co, bang cach: + Tm nhng khu vc th trng mi + Tm nhng th trng muc tieu mi + Tm nhng ngi tieu dung mi. Chien lc phat trien san pham: La chien lc phat trien nhng san pham mi, hay cai tien nhng san pham hien co nh nang cao chat lng, tang them tnh nang s dung, thay oi mau ma, quy cach, bao b san pham. Chien lc a dang hoa: La chien lc a nhng san pham mi hay lnh vc kinh doanh mi tham nhap vao nhng th trng mi Bc 5, 6- Phan tch cac chien lc kha thi, la chon chien lc toi u :
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Can can c vao cac yeu cau sau e phan tch va la chon chien lc toi u: + Can c vao sc manh cua nganh va cac doanh nghiep trong nganh + Xem xet cac nguon lc: tai lc, vat lc, nhan lc + Mc o phu thuoc ben ngoai + ac iem ca nhan cua nha quan tr Bc 7 - To chc thc hien chien lc: Thong qua nhng hoach nh tac nghiep cu the (se e cap phan sau) e thc hien, ac biet chu trong thc hien nhng noi dung sau: a) Ve quan tr: + Cu the hoa muc tieu dai han thanh cac muc tieu ngan han + Phan bo cac nguon lc + e ra 1 so chnh sach e thc hien chien lc + Gan lien c cau to chc vi chien lc a) Ve Marketing: Chu trong nghien cu th trng va phan tch oi thu b) Ve tai chnh To chc nguon von nh the nao? Chnh sach s dung von ra sao e co hieu qua? c) Ve R/D: San pham va dch vu mi nh the nao? Bc 8 - Kiem tra & anh gia ket qua: Cac hoat ong kiem tra phai tien hanh song song vi qua trnh hoach nh chien lc va tac nghiep e am bao s thc hien cac ke hoach va anh gia cac ket qua thc hien. Qua kiem tra va anh gia se tm ra nhng khiem khuyet phai khac phuc hoac co the lap lai tien trnh hoach nh vi nhng ieu chnh can thiet Bc 9 Lap lai tien trnh hoach nh.
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Nhng ngi tham gia hoach nh phai san sang ieu chnh, oi mi cac chien lc bang cach lap lai tien trnh hoach nh v nhng lc lng anh hng en doanh nghiep luon luon thay oi khong ngng va luon co nhng yeu to bat ng Do o, co the noi hoach nh la mot tien trnh lien tuc, la phng tien e at muc ch IV CAC CONG CU HOACH NH CHIEN LC. 1/ Growth Share Matrix (ma tran phat trien & tham gia th trng): Nhom t van Boston (BCG) mot cong ty t van ve quan tr hang au a phat trien va pho bien Ma tran phat trien va tham gia th trng : STARS QUESTION MARK
4 3 5 2 1
CASH COW
CAO
Hnh 4.2 : Ma tran Growth Share Matrix hoat ong kinh doanh cua doanh nghiep
PHAN PHAN CHIA TH TRNG
8 vong tron ch ro tam c hien tai va v tr cua 8 Tam c tng hoat ong kinh doanh ty le thuan vi dien tch hnh tron Vay hoat ong kinh doanh so 5 va 6 la ln nhat
S PHAT TRIEN CUA TH TRNG
CAO
DOGS
THAP
6 7 8
THAP
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V tr cua tng hoat ong ch ra s phat trien ve th trng va phan tham gia th trng cua no O QUESTION MARK (dau hoi): San pham thuoc o nay la cac san pham mi xuat hien mot th trng ang phat trien manh, nhng th phan cua no con thap, do o li nhuan con thap. Can co chien lc au t trang b may moc, von, nhan s e tang th phan . Neu hoat ong o nay thanh cong no se thanh mot STAR STARS (ngoi sao): San pham o nay la san pham tot, a noi tieng, tieu thu tot, th phan cao, cac STARTS thng co kha nang sinh li va se tr thanh CASH COW tng lai. Can co chien lc au t chiem lnh th trng. CASH COW (bo sinh ra tien): San pham tieu thu tot, co th phan ln, cong ty khong can cung cap nhieu tai chnh cho no v suat tang trng cua th trng a giam xuong. Can co chien lc duy tr v the tren c s gia ca tieu thu thap. Khi mat dan phan tham gia th trng th no se tr thanh mot dog businiess (con cho) DOGS: San pham om, kho ban, th phan thap, can co chien lc t bo au t va chuyen sang lnh vc au t mi 2/ Lifecyle pattems (Nhng khuon mau chu ky i song): Hang t van Arthur D.Little Inc a tm ra khuon mau chu ky i song san pham cho viec hoach nh chien lc (hnh 4.3). Gom co 4 giai oan nh sau: D-thu (P) Doanh thu Li nhuan
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Trien khai thoai
Tang trng Thi gian
Bao hoa
Suy
Hnh 4.3 : Chu ky song san pham a) Thi ky trien khai (a san pham vao th trng): Trong thi ky nay. San pham cha c nhieu ngi biet en, nen khoi lng tieu thu tang cham, doanh nghiep can bo them chi ph e hoan thien san pham, nghien cu cai tien, khao sat th trng do o li nhuan thap hoac co the lo. Ve mat gia ap dung trong thi ky nay : thng thap so oi thu canh tranh (neu chat lng ngang bang) hoac gia co the cao hn (neu chat lng nhnh hn) b) Thi ky tang trng: Thi ky nay so lng tieu thu tang manh do th trng a chap nhan san pham mi, chi ph san xuat va gia thanh giam ang ke, li nhuan cao.Viec m rong th trng trong thi ky nay rat thuan li. Tuy nhien, van phai tiep tuc bo them chi ph e hoan thien san pham, nghien cu cai tien, khao sat th trng. c) Thi ky bao hoa: La thi ky san pham ong cac kenh phan phoi, san xuat ngng tre. ay la thi ky thng dien ra canh tranh gay gat. Nen co chnh sach gia ca thap hoac cai tien san pham, chat lng san pham se quyet nh thi ky nay d) Thi ky suy thoai:
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Khoi lng tieu thu va li nhuan giam nghiem trong, can nh ch san xuat, cat giam moi chi ph chieu th, nhng bt mot phan th trng cho oi thu va thc hien chnh sach gia thap e tieu thu san pham, thu hoi von e chuyen sang lnh vc kinh doanh khac 3/ Chien lc canh tranh chung cua Michael Porter: Giao s Michael Porter a a ra 03 cach tiep can chien lc canh tranh nh sau: chien lc ng au ve chi ph, chien lc d biet hoa san pham va chien lc trong tam hoa. a-Chien lc ng au ve chi ph: Chien lc ng au ve chi ph la mot chien lc ma trong o mot doanh nghiep phan au e co chi ph thap nhat trong nganh kinh doanh cua mnh va san xuat nhng san pham co c s khach hang rong. Chi ph thap mang lai cho doanh nghiep ty suat li nhuan cao hn mc bnh quan trong nganh bat chap s hien dien cua cac lc lng canh tranh khac. Khi co chi ph thap nhat trong nganh, doanh nghiep co the ban san pham vi gia thap nhat ma van thu c li nhuan. Khi co chien lc canh tranh ve gia xay ra, doanh nghiep co chi ph thap nhat tat nhien se thuoc v the tot hn va tiep tuc van co lai. Theo uoi chien lc nay, can co cac ieu kien sau ay: + San xuat san pham vi so lng ln. Khong co chu trng phat trien sau rong cac mat hang, khong co nhng thay oi ve san pham va dch vu, khong da tren nhng c s khac nhau ve san pham v se rat ton kem . + Th phan ln.
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+ Nguon cung ng au vao on nh, thng xuyen vi so lng cung ng ln, giam thieu cac chi ph an trong qua trnh san xuat kinh doanh. + Co khach hang tieu thu san pham vi so lng ln va on nh. Chien lc nay phu hp oi vi nhng doanh nghiep ln, dan au th trng. Cac doanh nghiep mi hay cac doanh nghiep san xuat san pham thay the rat kho khi ap dung chien lc nay. Chien lc nay cung co cac nhc iem sau: + Do qua chu trong en chi ph, nen thieu kha nang nhn thay nhng oi hoi ve thay oi san pham hay Marketing. + Cac oi thu canh tranh se de dang bat chc thong qua kha nang au t vao nhng phng tien may moc, thiet b ky xao cua ho. + Cac thay oi ve cong nghe hien ai se vo hieu hoa nhng au t cua kinh nghiem trong qua kh. b-Chien lc d biet hoa san pham: Chien lc d biet hoa san pham la chien lc trong o doanh nghiep canh tranh cung cap san pham, dch vu oc nhat vi nhng ac iem ma khach hang anh gia cao, nhan biet la khac biet va san sang tra gia them cho s khac biet o. Mc tra them nay tao ra cho doanh nghiep co c mc li nhuan khuyen khch canh tranh tren c s cua s d biet hoa san pham, dch vu. Cac phng phap khac biet hoa ve san pham, dch vu c the hien di nhieu hnh thc: s ien hnh ve thiet ke, danh tieng cua san pham, ac tnh cua cac san pham, dch vu khach hang, he thong phan phoi va
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nhng mat khac. Theo uoi chien lc nay can chu y cac ac iem sau: + u tien va chu trong cong tac nghien cu, thiet ke san pham va dch vu. + Khong nhat thiet phai chiem lnh th trng ln. + Can nhan manh cong tac Marketing. + Chu trong cong tac xay dng thng hieu, hnh anh doanh nghiep. Chien lc nay co mot so nhc iem sau: + Rat kho gi c tnh oc nhat cua san pham, dch vu di s cam nhan t pha khach hang. Khi ngi mua tinh vi hn, nhu cau cua ho ve nhng khac biet o cua san pham se b giam va ho se khong muon phai tra gia cao e co no na. + Khi nhng khac biet cua san pham tr nen t quan trong hn, th khach hang thng tr nen nhay cam hn vi gia + S bat chc lam han che s nhan thc ve khac biet hoa. c-Chien lc trong tam hoa: La chien lc, trong o doanh nghiep theo uoi hoac li the ve chi ph, hoac li the do d biet san pham, nhng ch trong nhom khach hang muc tieu hoac phan khuc th trng hay nhng th trng goc canh mot cach tch cc va co hieu qua hn cac oi thu canh tranh ang phuc vu cho nhng th trng rong ln. Chien lc nay tap trung vao 03 cach phan oan th trng sau :V tr a ly, tc mot vung th trng nhat nh; Loai khach hang; Dong san pham rieng biet.
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Chien lc nay giup cho doanh nghiep hieu ro ve th trng cua mnh, gan gui hn vi khach hang va phan ng nhanh trc nhng thay oi nhu cau cua khach hang, t o xay dng s trung thanh cua khach hang oi vi san pham cua doanh nghiep, thng hieu cua doanh nghiep. Tuy nhien, chien lc nay cung boc lo mot so nhc iem sau ay: + Do hoat ong vi quy mo nho nen kho cho phep giam c chi ph mot cach manh me. Tuy nhien, vi nhng tien bo cong nghe hien nay, nhc iem nay khong tram trong so vi trc ay. + Khach hang cua th trng nho de thay oi s thch va nhu cau cua ho. Bi v doanh nghiep theo uoi chien lc nay kho thay oi th trng mot cach nhanh chong va de dang, nen ay la mot van e nghiem trong. + Cac oi thu canh tranh tm ra nhng th trng hep trong th trng chien lc cua ho, hay noi cach khac doanh nghiep theo uoi chien lc tap trung tr thanh ngi khong tap trung bi cac oi thu canh tranh cua no. 4/ New BCG Matrix (Ma tran BCG mi): ay la cong cu mi e thiet ke chien lc, no c trien khai t 02 tien e : + Mot cong ty phai at c thang li canh tranh th mi co lai, s tien trien cua san xuat se lam thay oi tam c va ban chat cua thang li (kch thc thang li : nho hay ln)
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+ ng loi ma mot thang li co the at c va o ln cua thang li thay oi theo moi nganh san xuat (so ng loi : t hay nhieu) Ta co the xac nh nhng ac tnh cua mot nganh san xuat bang cach c lng so ng loi e co the at c thang li va kch thc cua thang li o. The hien ma tran BCG mi sau (bang 4.5): Kch thc thang li Nho (1) Ln (2) SX manh mun SX chuyen mon =1+3 vt troi, Nhie c u (3) Nhn g n g loi e at than g li t (4) thang nho li hoa =2+3 nhng vt troi, khong ke cach => c ln Nen tm + Nhieu ng loi + Nhieu ng loi tc tc thang li ang ngan c chan nhng
ang ke
=> Ch au t toi oi thu canh tranh thieu, than trong co khuyech trng SX b loi =1+4 + t ng loi vt troi, c nho tc thang li khong ang ke => Cat giam chi ph, ban DN, chien lc rut lui khoi nganh san xuat thang li nh ta SX khoi lng ln =2+4 + t ng loi vt troi, nhng c ln tc thang li ang ke => Chien lc giam gia e ay manh canh tranh
Bang 4.5 : New BCG Matrix
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5/ SWOT Matrix: Bang 4.6 : Ma tran SWOT Liet ke cac c hoi O CHIEN LC SO: Liet ke g Liet ke cac nguy c - T CHIEN LC ST: + Tan dung cac iem e vt qua + S dung cac iem manh
manh e tan dung nhng bat trac + V du, manh ve he du, bao tai hoa chnh thong phan phoi & cac => giam => Chien lc a hoa, mi a vao san th pham + V
nhn c hoi
iem manh & th trng quy nh cua chnh phu manh cha -S Chien lc phat dang
trien th trng
CHIEN LC WO: + Tan dung cac c Liet ke g hoi e han che cac iem yeu V du, mon thieu ky chuyen
trng mi CHIEN LC WT: + Toi thieu hoa nhng iem yeu e thoat khoi cac nguy c. + V du, chat lng san pham kem & cac nha phan phoi khong ang tin cay => Chien lc ket hp ve pha sau, cai tien lai chat lng san pham, lien ket vi cac nha phan phoi
84
nhn +
iem thuat & nhu cau dch yeu - vu may vi tnh tang W => Chien lc mua lai mot cong ty ien toan ky thuat cao
Noi dung cua ma tran SWOT (bang 4.6) co the tom tac nh sau: Phan tch cac yeu to moi trng ben ngoai giup doanh nghiep xac nh c nhng c hoi (O) va e doa (T). Ket hp phan tch cac yeu to ben trong doanh nghiep e xac nh c nhng iem manh (S) va iem yeu (W) cua doanh nghiep. T o ket hp cac S,W, O, T e hnh thanh cac chien lc nh sau: Chien lc SO : Phai s dung mat manh nao e khai thac tot nhat c hoi co c t ben ngoai ? Chien lc ST: Phai s dung mat manh nao e oi pho vi nguy c ? Chien lc WO: Phai khac phuc iem yeu nao e tan dung tot nhat c hoi ang co t ben ngoai hoac s dung c hoi nao e khac phuc nhng yeu kem hien nay? Chien lc WT: Phai khac phuc nhng yeu kem nao e giam bt nguy c ? Chien lc ket hp ca S, O, W, T: S dung mat manh e khai thac tot nhat c hoi, lap dan nhng yeu kem va giam bt nhng nguy c. Qua cac chien lc trong SWOT, ta se la chon ra cac chien lc kha thi nhat e thc hien V HOACH NH TAC NGHIEP. 1/ Khai niem: La nhng hoach nh lien quan en viec trien khai cac chien lc trong nhng tnh huong cu the va nhng thi gian ngan (thang, quy, nam). Noi dung la nhng chng trnh hoat ong ngan, s dung cac nguon lc a phan bo e hoan thanh muc tieu e ra 2/ Tien trnh & noi dung cu the:
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Hoach nh tac nghiep c mo ta bang qua trnh xac nh cac ke hoach: Ke hoach cho nhng hoat ong khong lap lai (ch s dung 01 lan) Ke hoach thng xuyen 2.1- Ke hoach ch s dung mot lan: Nham vao nhng hoat ong khong co kha nang lap lai tng lai, gom: a.Chng trnh (quy mo ln): a ngi len mat trang, xoa oi giam ngheo. b.D an (quy mo nho): La mot phan tach ri t chng trnh, c gii han nghiem ngat ve nguon lc s dung va thi gian hoan thanh. c.Ke hoach Ngan sach: La mot bieu mau ve cac nguon tai chnh phan bo cho nhng hoat ong a nh, trong khoang thi gian a xac nh. ay la thanh to quan trong cua chng trnh va d an, la cong cu kiem soat hieu qua cua n v. 2.2- Ke hoach thng xuyen: Hng vao nhng hoat ong co kha nang hoac chac chan lap lai tng lai, gom: a.Chnh sach: La nhng ng loi ch ao tong quat e lam quyet nh, v du chnh sach ai ngo chat xam, chnh sach khuyen khch au t nc ngoai, chnh sach tang lng cho CNV co them bang cap ngoai ng. b.Thu tuc: La nhng hng dan chi tiet e thc hien chnh sach c.Quy nh: Cac tuyen bo ve mot so viec c phep hay khong c phep lam CHNG V
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CHC NANG TO CHC ---oooOooo--I KHAI NIEM VA CAC NGUYEN TAC XAY DNG C CAU MOT TO CHC . 1/ Khai niem chc nang to chc: o la chuyen mon hoa cac ca nhan, bo phan e thc hien muc tieu, ong thi cu the hoa muc tieu, tao moi quan he gia cac ca nhan, bo phan vi nhau. Dick Cacson, mot nha quan tr noi tieng cua My a nhan xet, co t 70 80% nhng khiem khuyet trong qua trnh thc hien muc tieu la do anh hng cua cong tac to chc va thc te a chng minh ieu nay. Chnh v vay cac nha quan tr can chu y van e to chc oi vi n v cua mnh. 2/ Muc tieu cua chc nang to chc: Tao moi trng noi bo thuan li cho moi ca nhan, bo phan phat huy c nang lc va nhiet tnh, ong gop tot nhat vao viec hoan thanh muc tieu chung 3/ Nguyen tac c ban cua to chc quan tr: Nguyen tac thong nhat ch huy: moi ngi tha hanh ch co mot ngi cap tren & ch bao cao, nhan lenh cua ngi o ma thoi. Nguyen tac gan lien vi muc tieu: bo may to chc c xay dng khi chung ta co muc tieu, nhiem vu cho to chc o. Nguyen tac hieu qua: bo may phai co ket qua hoat ong cao nhat vi chi ph thap nhat. Nguyen tac can oi: cac bo phan xay dng phai can oi gia quyen hanh va trach nhiem; ong thi phai can oi khoi lng cong viec gia cac bo phan
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Nguyen tac linh hoat: to chc phai thch nghi, ap ng c vi nhng bien ong cua ben ngoai. II MOT SO VAN E KHOA HOC TRONG CONG TAC TO CHC 1/ Tam han quan tr (tam han kiem soat): Khai niem tam han quan tr: La khai niem dung ch so lng nhan vien cap di ma mot nha QT co the ieu khien mot cach tot ep nhat. Khi xac nh mot tam han quan tr hp ly phai can c vao mc o phc tap cua hoat ong va so lng nhan vien : 1 3 l/1QT < 3 9 l/1QT 15 l/1QT Hoat ong phc tap Hoat ong bnh thng Hoat ong n gian Tam han quan tr co lien quan mat thiet en so lng cac tang nac trung gian. V du, doanh nghiep co 20 nhan vien, neu tam han quan tr la 20 th doanh nghiep co 02 cap la giam oc va nhan vien (hnh 5.1). Neu tam han quan tr la 3 th co the chia 04 cap giam oc, p.giam oc, quan oc, cong nhan (hnh 5.2). Hnh 5.1 : To chc co 02 cap (20 nhan vien)
G NV1 NV2
<
10
Hnh 5.2 :
vv .
To chc co 04
G
NV20
cap (20 nhan vien)
PG MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
PG
88
Q 03 NV
Q 03 NV 03 NV
Q 03 NV
Q 03 NV
Q 03 NV
Bo cap,
may nhieu
goi la
bo
may
to
chc cao va co tam han quan tr thap va ngc lai. Tam han quan tr phu thuoc quy mo doanh nghiep va trnh o cua nha quan tr. Tam han rong oi hoi nha quan tr co trnh o cao va ngc lai. Nh vay ta co mot so nhan xet sau ve tam han quan tr: Tam han quan tr rong: + t tang nac trung gian trong bo may to chc + Thong tin nhanh chong + Hieu qua ( t ton kem ve chi ph trong quan tr ) Tam han quan tr hep: + Nhieu tang nac trung gian trong bo may to chc + Thong tin thng b meo mo, khuc xa. + Chi ph quan ly ln do o tnh hieu qua thap 2/ Quyen hanh trong quan tr: Quyen hanh trong quan tr la nang lc cho phep yeu cau ngi khac phai hanh ong theo ch ao cua mnh. Nha quan tr muon co quyen hanh ay u, yeu cau phai co u 03 yeu to sau: Phai co t cach, chc danh cua nha quan tr; Phai c cap di chap nhan; Phai co trnh o, t cach ao c ca nhan. Mot so hnh thc quyen hanh cua cac nha quan tr thng s dung bao gom: + Ra lenh & yeu cau ngi khac thc hien : Nhanh, kp thi, nhng oc oan va khong mang tnh sang tao
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+ Ra lenh, neu thc hien tot se co tng thng: Mang tnh sang tao, nhng e cao li ch ca nhan cao hn li ch tap the. + Lang nghe y kien cap di trc khi ra quyet nh: Dan chu, ton trong cap di, co thai o hp tac. Mac du nha quan tr can phai co ay u quyen hanh e phuc vu cho viec quan tr, nhng quyen hanh phai co gii han cua no, gii han cua quyen hanh chu s han che bi cac yeu to nh : Luat phap cua nha nc, ao c xa hoi, gii han cua cap bac quan tr, ieu kien sinh hoc cua con ngi . 3/ Phan cap trong quan tr: Phan cap quan tr la s phan chia hay uy thac bt quyen han va trach nhiem cua nha quan tr cap tren cho nha quan tr cap di. Muc ch cua viec phan cap: + Tao ieu kien cho doanh nghiep ng pho kp thi vi nhng thay oi cua moi trng ben ngoai. V neu tap trung het cho cap tren th se gay ra s cham tre va khong ap ng c vi oi hoi cua thc te, ac biet la cac doanh nghiep co nhieu chi nhanh khap ni + Giai phong bt khoi lng cho nha quan tr cap cao, e ho tap trung vao cac cong viec ln hn; ong thi qua o tao ieu kien e ao tao oi ngu ke can chuan b thay the cac nha quan tr cap cao khi can thiet. III XAY DNG C CAU TO CHC (CCTC). 1/ Khai niem CCTC: CCTC la tong hp cac bo phan khac nhau co moi lien he phu thuoc lan nhau, c chuyen mon hoa, c giao nhng nhiem vu, trach nhiem, quyen han nhat nh
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va bo tr theo tng cap nham thc hien cac chc nang quan tr doanh nghiep 2/ Nguyen tac xay dng c cau to chc: + Phai phu hp luat phap Nha nc + Phai phu hp vi c che quan tr cua doanh nghiep + Phai phu hp vi nganh nghe kinh doanh & quy mo doanh nghiep + Co muc tieu thong nhat + Che o trach nhiem, quyen han, quyen li ro rang + Co tnh tap trung thong nhat + Co c che kiem soat hu hieu + Mang tnh hieu qua 3/ Cac bo phan va cac cap trong c cau to chc (CCTC): CCTC & c cau san xuat co quan he hu c vi nhau: c cau san xuat la oi tng quan ly, CCTC la chu the quan ly. CCTC hnh thanh bi cac bo phan quan tr va cac cap quan tr sau: Bo phan quan tr: Bo phan quan tr la mot bo phan rieng biet co cac chc nang quan ly nhat nh (v du: phong ke hoach, phong ke toan). So bo phan quan tr phan anh s phan chia chc nang quan tr theo chieu ngang, the hien trnh o chuyen mon hoa trong phan cong lao ong quan tr. Cap quan tr: Cap quan tr la s thong nhat tat ca cac bo phan quan tr mot trnh o nhat nh nao o (v du: cap doanh nghiep, cap phong ban chc nang, cap phan xng). So cap quan tr phan anh s phan chia chc
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nang quan tr theo chieu doc , the hien trnh o tap trung quan tr & lien quan en van e ch huy trc tuyen va he thong cap bac. 4/ Cac tieu chuan e hnh thanh cac bo phan trong to chc: Theo so lng nhan vien: xep cac nhan vien co cong viec nh nhau vao 1 bo phan, khi chuyen mon hoa cao th tieu chuan nay khong phu hp Theo thi gian lam viec: v du theo ca lam viec (ca ngay, ca em) Theo cac chc nang cua doanh nghiep nh: Marketing, ke toan, ky thuatnhc iem la cac bo phan thng theo uoi chc nang rieng cua mnh ma quen i muc tieu chung cua to chc Theo lanh tho, a ly: ap dung doanh nghiep co pham vi hoat ong rong. Theo san pham: hnh thanh cac bo phan chuyen doanh theo tng san pham Theo khach hang: nham thoa man cac yeu cau khac nhau cua tng loai khach hang khac nhau Theo quy trnh (thiet b): v du doanh nghiep co bo phan uc, bo phan cat got, bo phan lap rap 5/ Cac mo hnh CCTC: 5.1- Mo hnh c cau to chc quan tr khong on nh: Khong co mo hnh on nh. Mo hnh c cau luon luon thay oi do cac nhan to bien ong anh hng nh sau: Chien lc cua doanh nghiep, muc tieu cua doanh nghiep, tnh hnh bien ong cua moi trng, tnh hnh cong nghe,
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moi trng van hoa, quy mo doanh nghiep, phng phap quan tr, ac iem cua lao ong 5.2- Mo hnh c cau trc tuyen (hnh 5.3): Hnh 5.3 : Mo hnh c cau trc tuyen
PG G PG
TP
TP
TP
TP
CAC PX
ac iem cua mo hnh CC trc tuyen: + Quan he gia cac nhan vien trong to chc c thc hien theo ng thang, t tren xuong. + Ngi tha hanh ch nhan & thc hanh menh lenh cua ngi phu trach cap tren trc tiep cua mnh + Ngi phu trach chu trach nhiem hoan toan ve ket qua cong viec cua nhng ngi di quyen mnh. u iem: + Tranh hien tng ngi tha hanh thi hanh nhieu menh lenh khac nhau t nhieu ngi phu trach cap tren khac nhau, tham ch co nhng menh lenh trai ngc nhau. + Phu hp vi che o 1 thu trng, tang cng trach nhiem ca nhan. Nhc iem: + oi hoi moi thu trng phai co kien thc toan dien . + Khong tan dung chuyen gia co trnh o cao ve tng chc nang quan tr.
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+ Ch phu hp pham vi hep (To, oi san xuat) 5.3- Mo hnh c cau chc nang (hnh 5.4): Hnh 5.4 : Mo hnh c cau chc nang
PG G PG
TP
TP
TP
TP
CAC PX
ac iem cua mo hnh CC chc nang: Can bo phu trach cac phong ban chc nang co quyen ra cac ch th, menh lenh va cac van e co lien quan en chuyen mon cua ho oi vi cac phan xng, bo phan san xuat u iem: + Thu hut cac chuyen gia vao cong tac lanh ao, giai quyet cac van e chuyen mon tot hn. + Giam bt ganh nang cho can bo ch huy chung cua doanh nghiep Nhc iem: + Vi pham che o mot thu trng + De phat sinh trach nhiem khong ro rang, thieu tnh ky luat. 5.4- Mo hnh c cau trc tuyen - chc nang (hnh 5.5): ac iem cua mo hnh CC trc tuyen-chc nang: + Thu trng c s tham mu cua cac phong chc nang, cac chuyen gia, cac hoi ong t van e chon cac quyet nh toi u.
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Quyen quyet nh van thuoc ve thu trng, am
bao che o 1 thu trng + Cac phong chc nang ch tham mu ma khong co quyen ra menh lenh cho cac phan xng va bo phan san xuat Hnh 5.5 : Mo hnh c cau trc tuyen-chc nang
PG G PG
TP
TP
TP
TP
Tham mu :
CAC PX
u iem : Va am bao che o 1 thu trng, va phat huy nang lc chuyen mon cua cac phong ban chc nang.
5.5- Mo hnh c cau to chc theo d an (CCTC ma tran): ay la mo hnh CCTC ngay cang c s dung nhieu. Thc chat la ket hp 02 cach thc phan cong va thanh lap n v, chu yeu la ket hp cac n v chc nang vi cac n v thanh lap theo san pham (hay theo khach hang). Chang han, mot cong ty au t co 02 d an theo 02 loai san pham A, B hoan toan khac nhau. Thay v to chc moi d an co ay u cac bo phan e thc hien cac cong viec nh: nghien cu Marketing, lap luan chng kinh te-ky thuat, lap thu tuc hanh chnh th theo mo hnh nay, CCTC nh sau: S dung cac n v chc nang co
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san trong cong ty e thc hien cac cong viec tren cho tat ca cac d an. Sau ay la mot so dang cau truc ac biet: Hnh 5.6: Cau truc theo san pham:
Pho chu tch Marketing
Ap dung trong trng hp : Nhieu san pham hoac san pham khac biet; san pham hoac th trng la phc tap Hnh 5.7 : Cau truc theo khach hang
SP A
SP B
SP
SP ..
Ap dung trong trng hp: Nhng nhu cau cua khach hang la quan trong; cac dang khach hang la khac nhau.
Bo phan ban hang cong nghiep
Bo phan ban hang cho chnh phu
Bo phan ban hang tieu dung
Hnh 5.8: Cau truc theo a ly

Khu vc pha Khu vc pha bac tay MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh
Khu vc pha ong

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Ap dung trong trng hp: Cac nang lc bo tr phan tan, cac hoat ong oc lap vi nhau, nhu cau a phng co s khac biet Hnh 5.9 : Cau truc theo d an
Chu tch
Nguon nhan lc
Ban han g
Tai chnh
Ky thua t
Kiem tra chat lng
San xuat
Giam oc d an 1
Ky s ong lc
Ky s th nghie m
Ky thuat vien
Giam oc d an 2
Ky s ong lc
Ky s th nghie m
Ky thuat vien
Hnh 5.10: Cau truc ket hp ( phu hp vi nhng

CHU TCH cong ty ln va phc tap )
Pho chu Pho tch san chu xuat tch
Pho chu tch tai chnh
Pho chu tch marketing
Pho chu tch ky thuat
Pho chu tch nhan s
Tong giam oc cac san pham cong nghiep
Tong giam oc cac san pham tieu dung

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6/ Tien trnh xay dng c cau to chc chc
Nha quan tr bo phan pha bac
Nha quan tr bo phan pha nam
Nha quan tr bo phan pha ong
Nha quan tr bo phan pha tay
Bc 1: Nhan thc ro muc ch va muc tieu cua to Bc 2: Xac nh nhng hoat ong quan trong can thc hien Bc 3: Xep loai cac hoat ong theo chc nang san xuat kinh doanh Bc 4: Ket hp cac chc nang quan trong thanh mot he thong vng chac Bc 5: Tham nh va tai to chc 7/ Cong tac to chc cua cac cap bac quan tr : Muc tieu Cap QT cua cong tac to chc + Can thanh lap hay loai bo cap nao, Gan CAP CAO vi ke hoach chien lc phong ban nao ? + Phan quyen cho cap di nh the nao ? + Can ban hanh nhng che o, chnh sach chung g ? + Phan phoi va chuyen giao nguon lc cho cap di nh the nao ? + Nhng hoat ong nao can tien hanh ? + Phan cong quyen han & trach nhiem
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Cac kha canh c ban
CAP GI A
Gan hoach
vi ke + To chc hoat ong theo hng nao ?
chien thuat Gan CAP C S hoach tac
nh the nao ? + Can phai xay dng nguon lc ra sao ? + Nhng cong viec cu the nao can phai lam ? ai lam, luc nao lam ? + To chc cong viec, thiet ke cong viec, quy trnh thc hien cac cong viec
vi ke + Can nhng phng tien g ?
nghiep nh the nao nham am bao nang suat, chat lng va trach nhiem cao nhat ? IV UY QUYEN. 1/ Khai niem: La viec tao cho ngi khac quyen hanh & trach nhiem e thc hien mot hoat ong nhat nh 2/ Yeu cau: 2.1- am bao tnh khoa hoc: a) Ton trong quy trnh uy quyen qua 04 bc sau: (uy quyen co the bang mieng hoac bang van ban) + Xac nh ket qua mong muon cua viec uy quyen + Giao nhiem vu cho ngi c uy quyen + Giao quyen han va yeu cau trach nhiem oi vi ngi c uy quyen + Thng xuyen kiem tra theo doi va anh gia b) Thc hien ung cac nguyen tac ve uy quyen: + Giao cap di co kha nang thc hien trc tiep cong viec c uy quyen + Khong lam mat i hoac thu nho trach nhiem cua ngi uy quyen + Noi dung, ranh gii nhiem vu c uy quyen phai c xac nh ro rang + Uy quyen phai t giac, khong c ap at + Ngi c uy quyen co ay u thong tin trc khi bat tay vao cong viec
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+ Thng xuyen kiem tra theo doi va anh gia 2.2- am bao tnh nghe thuat: + Ngi uy quyen phai that s san long tao cho ngi c uy quyen chu ong, suy ngh e thc hien cong viec + Ngi uy quyen phai biet san se cong viec vi ngi c uy quyen + Biet chap nhan that bai neu s uy quyen khong thanh cong + Tao long tin, tin tng cho cap di nhan uy quyen va khac phuc cac sai sot cua ho. + S uy quyen can phu hp vi ac iem ca nhan cua ngi c uy quyen, co s kiem tra thng xuyen, cung cap ay u cac thong tin cho ho. CHNG VI CHC NANG IEU KHIEN ---oooOooo--I KHAI NIEM VA CAC YEU CAU. 1/ Khai niem chc nang ieu khien: ay la chc nang lien quan en cac hoat ong tuyen chon, ao tao, phat trien, ong vien va lanh ao cac thanh vien trong to chc lam viec vi hieu qua cao e at c muc tieu chung cua to chc. 2/ Yeu cau oi vi nha quan tr: + Phai hieu biet tam ly, giao te, thng lng + Phai co ky thuat tot e chan oan cac nguyen nhan ve nhan s + Co nhng phng phap hu hieu e bo tr, tuyen chon, ao taonhan vien + Phai co phong cach lanh ao rieng
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II TUYEN CHON NHAN S. 1/ Khai niem : Tuyen chon nhan s la tm mot ngi phu hp e giao pho mot cong viec, mot chc vu ang can (trong). 2/ Nguyen tac tuyen chon:
Xuat phat t nhu cau nhan lc va nguon cung cap: e xac nh nhu cau nhan s can can c vao d
bao th trng ve san pham, ke hoach san xuat, tnh hnh bien ong cua lc lng lao ong trong doanh nghiep. Nguon cung cap co the nguon ben trong (kch thch ngi lao ong ben trong, giam thi gian huan luyen, ao tao) hoac tuyen dung t ben ngoai (tao nhan to mi, em lai sinh kh mi cho doanh nghiep) qua quang cao, trung tam moi gii, cac trng, t en Xac nh yeu cau cua cong viec: Viec gan cong viec vi con ngi thng dien ra 02 cach: Cach 1 : Xuat phat t con ngi tm cong viec, ay la cach khong khoa hoc, khong hp ly, khong am bao hieu qua Cach 2 : Xuat phat t cong viec tm ngi lao ong phu hp, ay la cach lam khoa hoc, am bao hieu qua. e xac nh yeu cau cong viec phai thu thap va phan tch cac thong tin lien quan en cong viec bang bang mo ta cong viec gom nhng noi dung nh sau: Chc nang va chc danh cong viec? So lng lao ong? V tr cong viec o trong doanh nghiep? Ten va chc danh cap ch huy trc tiep?
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Cong cu lam viec? He thong thong tin? Thi gian lam viec, mc lng?
Xac nh tieu chuan cua ngi tuyen chon: Tieu chuan tuyen chon thng bao gom: Tieu chuan ve the chat : sc khoe, dang mao, an noi Tieu chuan ve tnh nang: thong minh, nhanh nhen Tieu chuan ve ky nang: hieu biet nghiep vu Tieu chuan ly lch, truyen thong gia nh, dong ho
3/ Cac nhan to anh hng en ket qua tuyen chon: Ket qua tuyen chon ngi lao ong tot hay cha tot thng phu thuoc vao cac nhan to sau: Hnh anh va uy tn cua doanh nghiep. Tnh hap dan cua cong viec. Cac chnh sach, che o lao ong cua doanh nghiep va chnh phu. Chi ph tuyen chon. So lng & chat lng ng vien
4/ Quy trnh tuyen chon: Quy trnh tuyen chon trai qua 04 bc nh sau bc1: Xac nh so lng lao ong can tuyen chon bc2: Mo ta cong viec, chc danh cong viec bc3: Thu thap va sang loc ng vien bc4: Tuyen chon. 5/ Cong cu tuyen chon: Cac cong cu tuyen chon thng dung : Ho s xin viec. Cac phep th nghe nghiep
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Phong van ieu tra ve qua trnh ao tao Th viec
6/ Tieu thc anh gia ket qua tuyen chon: o gia tr: Phan anh moi tng quan ve mc o chnh xac gia cong cu tuyen chon va mot so ch tieu thch hp. o tin cay: Phan anh iem so thong nhat cua ng vien tai bat ky thi iem tuyen chon nao.V du ch so IQ cua ng vien ngay th nhat 100 , ngay th nam 110 th at, neu ngay th nam 45 th khong at III AO TAO VA PHAT TRIEN NHAN S Trc het can phan biet gia ao tao va phat trien qua bang 6.1 sau: Bang 6.1 : Phan biet gia ao tao & phat trien nhan s So sanh Giong nhau ban chat Nang cao trnh o Giong ao tao va gan lien vi hoc tap nh hng cho hien nh hng cho tng tai, tap trung vao lai, tap trung cho s Khac nhau ve nh hng cong viec hien tai, phat trien ca nhan, tang nang cng thc ky ap ng muc tieu hien chien lc con ngi ao tao nhan s Phat trien nhan s
cong viec cua ca Khac nhau ve oi nhan Ngi b thieu hut Ngi a co nang kien thc, ky nang lc, co kha nang
tng thc hien cong viec phat trien cao hn 1/ Phng phap ao tao nhan s:
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a-Nguyen tac ao tao: ao tao nhan s phai tuan theo cac nguyen tac sau ay: + Xac nh ung oi tng ao tao + ao tao ly luan ket hp thc hanh + Ket hp chat gia ao tao vi nang cao kha nang t boi dng, + ao tao la mot qua trnh lien tuc . b- Phng phap ao tao: ao tao trong cong viec: Thong qua chuyen gia kem cap, huan luyen ao tao bang gii thieu cong viec: Trc het phai trnh bay cac yeu cau ngi c ao tao can at ti nh the nao? Gii thieu va mo ta cong viec cho ho, ke en cho ngi c ao tao th nghiem cong viec va sau cung a vao lam thc te kem theo bo tr ngi giup . ao tao ngoai cong viec: ao tao bang cac bai giang tren lp, chieu phimvideo, x ly cac bai tap tnh huong, s dung cac cong cu tin hoc. Hoac ao tao thong qua viec cho tham quan, khao sat trong va ngoai nc, cho tham gia to chc dien an va cac hoi ngh khoa hoc 2/ Phng phap phat trien nhan s: Phat trien trong cong viec: Luan phien thay oi cong viec (chieu ngang lan chieu doc) va thay oi v tr lam viec, a v, am ng chc vu cao hn Phat trien ngoai cong viec:
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Thong qua cac bai giang va hoi thao, nghien cu tnh huong, tro chi quyet nh, to chc cac hoat ong ngoai khoa IV ONG VIEN NHAN VIEN 1/ Khai niem ong vien: ong vien la tao ra s hang hai, nhiet tnh , phan khi va trach nhiem hn trong qua trnh thc hien cong viec cua cac thuoc cap, qua o lam cho cong viec c hoan thanh mot cach co hieu qua cao. ong vien bao gom ca ong vien ve vat chat lan ong vien ve mat tinh than. Muon ong vien c thuoc cap th can tao ra ong c lam viec cua ho. ong c thuc ay la xu hng va s co gang e thoa man mot mong muon hoac mot muc tieu nhat nh. ong c thuc ay la mot phan ng noi tiep nh sau: Nhu thoi thuc cau hanh ong mong s thoa man. muon
Trong lch s phat trien quan tr gom co cac ly thuyet ong vien sau: 2/ Ly thuyet khoa hoc: Xuat phat t quan iem : ban chat ngi lao ong la li bieng & nha quan tr hieu biet ve cong viec hn cong nhan, do o nha quan tr can dung chnh sach tien lng va thng e ong vien cong nhan thc hien cac cong viec lap i lap lai mot cach nham chan nham at hieu qua cao. Chnh sach ong vien thng nhan manh en nhu cau vat chat ma khong chu trong en nhu cau tinh than 3/ Ly thuyet tam ly xa hoi:
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Xuat phat t quan iem: quan he xa hoi trong qua trnh lam viec a co tac dung thuc ay hoac km ham s hang hai lam viec cua cong nhan. Con ngi se nham chan khi thc hien nhng cong viec nham chan, do o ong vien lao ong bang cach tha nhan nhu cau xa hoi cua ho & tao ieu kien cho ho cam thay hanh dien ve s hu ch va quan trong cua ho trong cong viec, tao cho ho nhieu t do hn e lam cac quyet nh lien quan en cong viec c giao, quan tam hn en cac nhom khong chnh thc, thong tin nhieu hn cho ho biet cac ke hoach va hoat ong cua to chc. Chnh sach nay nhan manh nhu cau tam ly xa hoi ma bo quen nhu cau vat chat 4/ Cac ly thuyet hien ai ve s ong vien: 4.1- Ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau con ngi cua Maslow
Hnh 6.1 : S o phan cap nhu cau con ngi cua MASLOW:
T THE HIEN
T TRONG
XA HOI AN TOAN SINH LY
Cac nhu cau bac thap: gom nhu cau sinh ly va nhu cau an toan. Nhu cau bac thap la co gii han va c
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thoa man chu yeu t ben ngoai (viec thoa man thng de hn). Cac nhu cau bac cao: gom cac nhu cau xa hoi, t trong va t the hien, c thoa man chu yeu t ben trong (viec thoa man thng kho hn) Trnh t thoa man nhu cau la i t thap en cao (trc tien la cac nhu cau bac thap), khi cac nhu cau bac thap c thoa man th no khong con tnh chat ong vien na, luc o nhu cau bac cao se xuat hien. Muon ong vien co hieu qua, nha quan tr can phai biet c thuoc cap ang cap o nhu cau nao va ban chat lau dai cua qua trnh ong vien la can chu trong en cac nhu cau bac cao. 4.2- Ly thuyet ve ban chat con ngi cua Douglas Mc Gregor (Ly thuyet Y): Theo ly thuyet co ien, ong vien con ngi co ban chat X (li bieng, khong muon nhan trach nhiem, lam viec do ngi khac bat buoc) bang vat chat, giao viec cu the & kiem tra on oc . Theo ly thuyet cua Gregor, ong vien con ngi co ban chat Y (sieng nang, chap nhan trach nhiem, sang tao trong cong viec) bang cach danh cho ho nhieu quyet nh trong cong viec, ton trong sang kien, tao ieu kien e ho chng to nang lc hn la on oc, kiem tra . 4.3- Ly thuyet ong vien cua Herzberg: Ong chia 02 mc o khac nhau cua thai o lao ong: Mc o lam viec bnh thng (yeu to bnh thng): Cac yeu to lam viec bnh thng (nh ieu kien lam viec, lng bong, cac chnh sach cua to chc, quan he vi cap tren, s giam sat) la cac bien phap cua nha quan tr khong em lai s hang hai hn trong khi lam
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viec. Nhng neu cac yeu to lam viec bnh thng khong thoa man th nhan vien se bat man va kem hang hai lam viec. Mc o lam viec hang hai (yeu to ong vien): Yeu to ong vien (nh tran trong ong gop cua nhan vien, giao pho trach nhiem cho ho, tao ieu kien cho ho phat trien, cho ho lam nhng cong viec ho thch va co y ngha) la cac bien phap quan tr thuc ay ngi lao ong lam viec hang hai hn e tang nang suat lao ong. Neu nhng yeu to ong vien khong co th ho se lam viec bnh thng. Ly thuyet ong vien cua ong co y ngha la lu y cac nha quan tr ng lan lon gia nhng bien phap khong co gia tr ong vien va nhng bien phap co tac dung ong vien thc s. 4.4- Ly thuyet E.R.G ( Giao S Claytonalderfer ) Ong tien hanh sap xep lai nghien cu cua Maslow. Ong cung cho rang hanh ong cua con ngi la bat nguon t nhu cau, xong co 3 loai nhu cau nh sau: 1.Nhu cau ton tai: gom nhu cau sinh ly va nhu cau an toan. 2.Nhu cau quan he: nhu cau quan he qua lai gia cac ca nhan, nhu cau quan he xa hoi (nhu cau nay gom nhu cau xa hoi va mot phan nhu cau t trong) 3.Nhu cau phat trien: la nhu cau t the hien va mot phan nhu cau t trong. Ong cho rang con ngi cung mot luc theo uoi tat ca cac nhu cau ch khong phai ch mot nhu cau nh
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Maslow a noi. Hn the na khi mot nhu cau nao o b can tr ho se don no lc sang mot nhu cau khac. 5/ Mot so kha canh nham ng dung cac thuyet ong vien trong cong tac quan tr : Thiet ke va bo tr cong viec. Cac phan thng. S tham gia cua ngi lao ong. Thi gian bieu linh hoat hoac giam bt thi gian lam viec trong tuan ai tho viec hoc hanh ai tho cho cac ky ngh, i du lch theo nh ky hang nam Cac dch vu ho tr gia nh ( nha tre tai c quan ). Cac ky thuat khac.
V LANH AO VA PHONG CACH LANH AO. 1/ Khai niem lanh ao: Theo TS.Yves Enregle th lanh ao la lam cho ngi khac thc hien cong viec cua ho va hieu biet cong viec e giao cho ngi khac lam. 2/ Yeu cau oi vi ngi lanh ao: + Lac quan, ben b & hng en muc tieu cua to chc + Co mat moi ni, nam bat moi viec, lang nghe moi ngi nhng khong lam viec cua ngi khac. + Co nhng pham chat ac biet + Hng ve cac gia tr + Biet ngi va dung ngi ung cho + Phai hieu biet tam ly, giao te, thng lng + Co uy tn lanh ao 3/ Phong cach lanh ao:
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Phong cach lanh ao la cach thc theo o ngi lanh ao c x oi vi cap di va pham vi cac van e ma ho c phep ra cac quyet nh. Phong cach lanh ao bao gom cac loai nh sau:
Lanh ao oc oan ( chuyen quyen ) : c ac trng bi s ap at cua nha quan tr oi
vi nhan vien. Cac nhiem vu ch thuan tuy la ngi nhan va thi hanh menh lenh. Nha quan tr cung thng xuyen kiem tra, giam sat cha cap di trong qua trnh thc hien nhiem vu (thong tin c lanh ao cung cap cho cap di mc toi thieu can thiet e thc hien nhiem vu, thong tin la mot chieu t cap tren xuong cap di). Lanh ao dan chu : Nha quan tr thng tham khao, ban bac, lang nghe y kien va i en s thong nhat vi cac thuoc cap trc khi ra quyet nh, s dung nguyen tac a so. Noi dung cua quyet nh phu thuoc vao y kien a so cua cac thanh vien trong to chc. Trong phong cach nay ngi lanh ao co s phan giao quyen lc cho cap di nhieu hn ( thong tin 2 chieu ).
Lanh ao t do : Nha quan tr s dung rat t quyen lc, ma danh cho
cap di mc o t do cao. Vai tro cua nha quan tr ay la giup , tao ieu kien cho cap di thong qua viec cung cap thong tin va cac phng tien khac, va hanh ong nh mot moi lien he vi moi trng ben ngoai ( thong tin ngang ).
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4/ La chon phong cach lanh ao : Tuy thuoc ac iem cua nha quan tr: trnh o nang lc, s hieu biet, phong cach cua nha quan tr Tuy thuoc ac iem cua nhan vien: trnh o, nang lc, pham chat cua nhan vien cap di Tuy thuoc ac iem cua cong viec : tnh cap bach, mc o phc tap, tam quan trong, mc o b mat, cua cong viec
CHNG VII CHC NANG KIEM TRA ---oooOooo--I KHAI NIEM, MUC CH & TAC DUNG CUA KIEM TRA. 1- Khai niem kiem tra: Kiem tra la viec da vao cac nh mc, cac chuan mc, cac ke hoach .e anh gia hieu qua cua hoat ong cua to chc va e ra cac giai phap quan tr thch hp nham at c muc tieu cua doanh nghiep. Nh vay, kiem tra bao ham ca kiem tra cai A lam va qua o ieu chnh cai SE lam. 2/ Muc ch va tac dung cua kiem tra: + Xac nh ro cac muc tieu, ket qua a at theo ke hoach a nh + Bao am cac nguon lc c s dung mot cach hu hieu + Xac nh va d oan s bien ong cua cac yeu to au vao lan au ra
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+ Xac nh chnh xac, kp thi cac sai sot va trach nhiem cua tng ca nhan, bo phan trong to chc + Tao ieu kien thc hien thuan li cac chc nang uy quyen, ch huy, quyen hanh va che o trach nhiem. + Hnh thanh he thong thong ke, bao cao theo nhng bieu mau thch hp + uc rut, pho bien kinh nghiem, cai tien cong tac quan tr II CAC NGUYEN TAC E XAY DNG C CHE KIEM TRA 1.Phai tren c s muc tieu, chien lc cua to chc & phai phu hp vi cap bac cua oi tng c kiem tra. V du kiem tra hoat ong ban hang se khac kiem tra bo phan tai chn, kiem tra cong tac PG khac kiem tra cong tac cua CH trng 2.Phai phu hp theo ac iem ca nhan cua nha quan tr: Tc thong tin kiem tra phai c nha quan tr thong hieu, neu khong th viec kiem tra se khong con y nghia. 3.Phai quan tam thc hien tai nhng iem trong yeu, nhng yeu to co y nghia oi vi hoat ong cua to chc (o la cac iem phan anh ro nhat muc tieu, tnh trang khong at muc tieu, o lng tot nhat s sai lech, biet c ai la ngi chu trach nhiem ve s that bai, t ton kem nhat, tieu chuan kiem tra hieu qua nhat) 4.Phai khach quan da vao cac tieu chuan thch hp, khong mang tnh nh kien, thien v 5.Phai phu hp vi van hoa to chc, phu hp vi bau khong kh cua to chc
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6.Phai hieu qua, cong viec kiem tra phai tng ng vi chi ph cua no 7.Phai a en cac hanh ong sa sai, ieu chnh oi vi cac sai lech, neu khong th viec kiem tra se tr nen vo ngha. III QUY TRNH KIEM TRA (hnh 7.1). Hnh 7.1 : Qua trnh kiem soat la mot he thong phan hoi
Phat hien sai lech So sanh vi cac tieu chuan a ra chng trnh ieu chnh o lng Ket qua thc te
Phan tch nguyen nhan cua sai lech
Thc hien s ieu chnh
Ket qua mong muon
1/ Bc 01 : Thiet lap tieu chuan kiem tra. Tieu chuan kiem soat la nhng cot moc ma da vao o cac nha quan tr tien hanh anh gia va kiem nh oi tng b quan tr. o la nhng nh mc, nhng chuan mc, nhng ke hoach cu the Tieu chuan kiem soat c at ra khac nhau tuy thuoc vao ac tnh cua oi tng can kiem soat. No co the bieu hien di dang nh tnh hoac di dang nh lng. Tieu chuan nh lng la nhng tieu chuan o c bang lng nh so lng san pham, chi ph, gia ca, so gi lam viec do o nhng thong tin mang tnh nh lng thng de kiem soat. Tieu chuan nh tnh thi khong o c bang lng nh y thc trach nhiem, thai o lao ongnen rat kho
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kiem soat va thng anh gia chung qua cac nhan to trung gian (v du dung tieu chuan pham chat e anh gia mat ao c cua con ngi) Cac yeu cau oi vi tieu chuan kiem soat: Tieu chuan phai mang tnh thc hien (khong qua cao, khong qua thap) Phan anh ung ban chat van ong cua oi tng b quan tr. De dang cho viec o lng. 2/ Bc 02 : o lng thanh qua va so sanh vi cac tieu chuan kiem tra. Tien hanh o lng mot cach khach quan oi vi nhng hoat ong ang xay ra hoac a xay ra hoac lng trc oi vi nhng s viec sap xay ra, sau o so sanh vi nhng tieu chuan bc 1 e phat hien ra s sai lech hoac nguy c co s sai lech lam c s cho viec xac nh cac bien phap sa cha va ieu chnh trong bc 3. Hieu qua viec o lng se phu thuoc vao phng phap o lng va cong cu o lng. oi vi nhng tieu chuan kiem soat bieu hien di dang nh lng th viec o lng co the n gian, nhng oi vi nhng tieu chuan la nh tnh hoac la nhng tieu chuan m th viec o lng rat phc tap. 3/ Bc 03 : ieu chnh cac sai lech : Sau khi phat hien cac sai lech bc 2, can phan tch nguyen nhan cua s sai lech o, ong thi a ra cac bien phap sa cha va ieu chnh khac phuc can thiet .
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IV - CAC LOAI HNH KIEM SOAT 1- Kiem soat lng trc (kiem soat trc khi thc hien): Bang cach tien lieu cac van e co the phat sinh e tm cach ngan nga trc. Tac dung cua kiem soat lng trc se giup cho doanh nghiep chu ong oi pho vi nhng bat trac trong tng lai va chu ong tranh sai lam ngay t au. ay la hnh thc kiem soat t ton kem nhat. 2- Kiem soat hien hanh ( kiem soat trong khi thc hien ): Bang cach giam sat trc tiep ngay trong khi thc hien, nam bat nhng lech lac va a ra nhng bien phap thao g kp thi, am bao viec thc hien ke hoach. 3- Kiem soat sau khi thc hien ( kiem soat phan hoi ) : ay la loai kiem soat c thc hien sau khi hoat ong a xay ra. Muc ch cua loai kiem soat nay la nham xac nh xem ke hoach co hoan thanh khong? Neu khong th phai tm hieu nguyen nhan? Rut ra nhng bai hoc kinh nghiem cho nhng lan tiep theo sau.Nhc iem cua loai kiem soat nay la tre ve thi gian. V - CAC CAP BAC QUAN TR VA VAN E KIEM SOAT (bang 7.1) : 1/ Chc nang kiem soat cua cac cap quan tr: Bang 7.1 : Bang so sanh chc nang kiem soat gia cac cap quan tr So sanh Ve hnh thc Cap cao thc Cap gia Cap c s soat
S dung hnh Kiem
soat Kiem
kiem trc tiep la trc tiep.

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soat tiep, kiem soat
gian chu yeu, co thong ket hp vi thc soat
qua so sach, hnh van ban bao kiem hp mot phan kiem trc tiep Rat coi trong Chu Loai hnh kiem soat kiem lng sau hien. Trong tam kiem soat Chu kiem moi chnh khi soat kiem trc hien soat
cao co ket gian tiep
trong Chu soat kiem soat
trong soat
hanh hien hanh
va kiem soat (kiem hien ) trong Chu soat kiem
thc trong khi thc trong Chu soat kiem tac k/soat nghiep. trong soat tac
trng, nhan s va nhan s va nghiep
kiem soat tai k/soat
2/ Noi dung kiem soat va phng phap kiem soat: Noi dung kiem soat thng tap trung vao cac noi dung sau: + Kiem soat tai chnh: Doanh thu, chi ph, lai lo, cac ch tieu tai chnh + Kiem soat thong qua s dung cong cu ke toan kiem toan. + Kiem soat nhan s, kiem soat ve ky luat lao ong. + Kiem soat ve tnh trang th trng: phan oan th trng, oi thu, gia, san pham, khach hang .
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+ Kiem soat san xuat: Cong nghe, may moc thiet b, nang suat lao ong, chat lng san pham + Kiem soat viec thc hien cac d an au t + vv Cac noi dung noi tren, se c cac nha quan tr trong tng lnh vc cua mnh kiem tra e phat hien nhng lech lac trong tng chc nang rieng biet nay, tren c s o co nhng e xuat xac thc. Va cac phng phap ho thng dung bao gom cac phng phap sau: + Cac phng phap co truyen: Phng phap da vao so lieu thong ke. Phng phap da vao cac ban bao cao va phan tch Phng phap da vao phan tch iem hoa von. Phng phap kiem tra cac nguon lc Phng phap s o mang Ap dung may ien toan . Cac noi dung va phng phap noi tren cac ban se c nghien cu sau cac mon hoc chuyen nganh sau nay.
CHNG VIII
+ Cac phng phap hien ai :
VAN HOA VI QUAN TR CUA TO CHC ---oooOooo--I VAN HOA DAN TOC & CAC LOAI HNH VAN HOA. 1/ Khai niem: Co nhieu khai niem ve van hoa, sau ay xin trch dan cac khai niem cua mot so tac gia sau:
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Theo Amadou M.Bow (nguyen TG Unesco): Van hoa la yeu to c ban cho sc song dan toc, no tong hp nhng hoat ong sang tao cua mot dan toc, nhng phng thc san xuat va s hu, nhng cua cai vat chat, nhng hnh thai to chc, nhng tn ngng va nhng au thng, nhng s nghiep ang lam va nhng giai tr, nhng m c va khat vong Theo Federico Mayor (nguyen TG Unesco): Van hoa bao gom tat ca nhng g lam cho mot dan toc nay khac vi mot dan toc khac, t nhng san pham tinh vi hien ai nhat cho en tn ngng, phong tuc, tap quan, loi song va lao ong. (Khai niem nay c cong ong quoc te chap nhan va phe chuan nam 1982) Theo PGS.TS Tran Ngoc Them: Van hoa la mot he thong hu c cac gia tr vat chat va tinh than cua con ngi sang tao va tch luy qua qua trnh hoat ong thc tien, trong s tng tac gia con ngi vi moi trng t nhien va xa hoi. Theo TS Le Van Chng: Van hoa la tong the ve nhng thanh tu, nhng gia tr vat chat va tinh than do con ngi kien tao trong qua trnh quan he vi t nhien, xa hoi va i song tinh than co tnh ac thu cua moi dan toc. Tuy cac khai niem tren co nhng iem khac nhau nhng eu co nhng iem giong nhau c ban sau: Th nhat, van hoa la nhng bieu hien c ban cua con ngi trong qua trnh au tranh sinh ton va phat trien, ong thi la nhng hoat ong nhan thc thc tien nham tao ra nhng bien oi cua xa hoi, cua moi trng xung quanh va ban than con ngi .
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Th hai, van hoa tac ong theo ba qua trnh: qua trnh cai tao vat chat, qua trnh cai tao c cau xa hoi, qua trnh cai tao tam ly xa hoi (quan he gia con ngi vi con ngi). Th ba, van hoa la san pham co tnh cong ong, t o trien khai thanh mot san pham co tnh ca nhan vi t cach la mot thanh vien cua cong ong. Th t, van hoa co cac ac trng rieng va nhng chc nang khac nhau: + Van hoa co tnh he thong, bao gom cac moi lien he mat thiet gia cac hien tng va s kien trong mot nen van hoa. ac trng he thong nay tao cho van hoa chc nang to chc xa hoi, lam nen tang on nh cho xa hoi. + Van hoa co tnh gia tr, bao gom gia tr vat chat va tinh than, gia tr s dung, gia tr ao c, gia tr tham my, gia tr ong ai, gia tr lch ai. ac trng gia tr tao cho van hoa co chc nang ieu chnh xa hoi, giup xa hoi duy tr trang thai can bang ong. + Van hoa co tnh nhan sinh, phan biet hien tng van hoa xa hoi va van hoa t nhien. ac tnh nhan sinh tao cho van hoa chc nang giao tiep. + Van hoa co tnh lch s, no c hnh thanh va tch luy qua nhieu thi ai va c duy tr bang truyen thong van hoa. ac tnh nay tao cho van hoa co chc nang giao duc va chc nang phat sinh. 2/ Cac loai hnh van hoa: 2.1-Phan loai theo vung van hoa: Theo cach phan loai nay, cac dan toc tren cung mot lanh tho th co nhng tng ong ve van hoa.
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2.2-Phan loai theo tieu thc kinh te: Van hoa du muc va van hoa nong nghiep. Trong chng nay ch chu trong en cach phan loai nay va no tac ong en quan tr to chc nh the nao? Trc het, nhng iem khac nhau gia chung nh sau: a) ieu kien hnh thanh: Van hoa du muc: Van hoa du muc gan lien vi s ton tai va phat trien cua nghe chan nuoi cua con ngi, moi trng song thng tap trung cac vung thao nguyen, vung co kh hau lanh va kho nh Tay Au, Bac My. Nguon goc cho s phat trien kinh te la da vao san ban va chan nuoi la chu yeu, do o phu thuoc rat nhieu vao thien nhien t o tao cho con ngi co thoi quen di chuyen nhanh chong, gon nhe. Co the xem kinh te du muc luon luon trong trang thai ong bat on. Van hoa nong nghiep: Van hoa nong nghiep gan lien vi s ton tai va phat trien cua nganh trong trot cua con ngi, moi trng song thng tap trung cac vung ong bang, khu vc phng ong, co ieu kien t nhien va kh hau on nh. Nguon goc kinh te la da vao trong trot la chu yeu, t o tao cho con ngi co thoi quen thch on nh va song nh c. Co the xem kinh te nong nghiep thuoc trang thai tnh on nh. b) ac iem nhan thc: Van hoa du muc: Do van hoa du muc gan lien vi cong ong san ban va chan nuoi, quen vi ieu kien t nhien khac kho, nen con ngi co t tng xem thng t nhien, co tham
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vong che ng t nhien, t o tao cho ho co t duy phan tch khach quan, mang tnh thc nghiem va ly tnh cao. Khi phan tch van e ho thng tru tng hoa chung len va s dung nhng phng phap sieu hnh, van dung phng phap sieu hnh e phat trien khoa hoc, sau o dung thc nghiem e kiem chng. Van hoa nong nghiep: Do van hoa nong nghiep gan lien vi cong ong trong trot, mang tnh on nh, ch s dung nhng nguon lc san co cua t nhien, t o tao cho ho khong thch mao hiem, t t duy sang tao, nhng lai co tnh tap the cao (do song nh c) va thng phan oi s canh tranh gia cac thanh vien v muc ch rieng. Ho thng co thoi quen vo ky luat, thch song bnh quan, theo triet ly am dng, t duy lng hp va ton trong kinh nghiem. c) To chc cong ong, to chc xa hoi: Van hoa du muc: Ap dung nguyen tac trong ly, trong tai, e cao vai tro sc manh va t do ca nhan. Do o cong ong va to chc xa hoi c to chc chat che, mang tnh ky cng, luat le nghiem minh, tuy nhien x ly cac cong viec mot cach may moc, nguyen tac. Nha nc thng thc hien cac chc nang xem trong quoc phong va tao hanh lang phap ly cho cac thanh vien trong xa hoi canh tranh bnh ang, Nha nc chu trong cong tac xa hoi nhng khong can thiep sau vao nen kinh te va han che lap cac doanh nghiep Nha nc. Van hoa nong nghiep: Ap dung nguyen tac trong tnh, trong c, trong hieu hoa, quyen li ca nhan thng khong xem trong va e
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cao li ch tap the. Do o cong ong va to chc xa hoi c to chc linh hoat e thch hp vi nhng hoan canh cu the, nen thng thieu tnh chat che va tnh ky luat khong cao. Nha nc chu trong en giao duc, phuc li xa hoi, chu tam en xay dng c s ha tang va lap cac doanh nghiep Nha nc (chu yeu), bao ho kinh te. d) ng x vi t nhien, cong ong - xa hoi: Van hoa du muc: Mang tnh tham vong chinh phuc t nhien bang chnh kha nang va sc manh cua mnh, xem t nhien la oi tng nghien cu e chinh phuc va qua o phat trien khoa hoc. oi vi cong ong - xa hoi, do tnh ca nhan c ton trong, nen nguyen tac chiem oat trong tiep nhan va cng ran trong oi pho, song phang trong cac moi quan he, thng the hien s bat ong quan iem mot cach trc tiep va cng quyet bao ve quan iem cua mnh neu la ung. Van hoa nong nghiep: Song le thuoc vao t nhien, ton trong hoa hp vi t nhien, iem tnh va cham rai trong thao tac lam viec, trong ng x vi t nhien, do o con ngi thng co tam ly rut re, e ngai, t tham vong. oi vi cong ong xa hoi, dung hoa trong tiep nhan, mem deo trong ng pho, ton trong kinh nghiem, e cao ao hieu, le ngha, t khi boc lo s bat ong mot cach cc oan nong nay ma giai quyet no mot cach kheo leo. II VAN HOA CUA MOT TO CHC: 1/ Khai niem : Van hoa cua mot to chc la mat nhan thc (ch ton tai trong mot to chc khong phai trong mot ca nhan), nhan thc ch mang tnh mo ta
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thong qua cac ac iem nh phan biet to chc nay vi to chc khac, la c s e anh gia va ong vien cac thanh vien trong to chc, phan biet khoang cach gia cac nha quan tr vi nhan vien, la c s e ng x vi cac rui ro. 2/ Chc nang cua van hoa to chc: Chc nang th nhat: Lam cho cac thanh vien thch ng vi moi trng ben ngoai va hoi nhap vi noi bo to chc, qua o giup to chc thch ng vi moi trng hoat ong cua mnh. Chc nang th hai: ieu chnh hanh vi cua cac thanh vien phu hp vi hanh vi c chap nhan trong to chc. 3/ Cac yeu to c ban cua van hoa to chc: Nhng gia tr cot loi (core values): La cac gia tr lien quan en cong viec cua mot xa hoi, mot cong ong ma trong o to chc ang hoat ong. Nhng chuan mc (norms): La nhng quy tac khong chnh thc ve nhng hanh vi ng x c cac thanh vien trong nhom chia se va b rang buoc tuan thu. Nhng niem tin (beliefs): La nhng ieu ma ngi ta tin la ung, la trung thcva no thng en t ben ngoai to chc (nh ton giao, tn ngng..) va no co tac ong en gia tr chung. Nhng huyen thoai (legends/myths): La nhng cau chuyen lien quan en nhng s kien tieu bieu co that va thng c h cau them e tao thanh nhng hnh anh ly tng. Nhng nghi thc tap the (collective rites): cac hoat ong tinh than cua tap the nh le hoic lap i lap
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lai e tao s ong tam hiep lc gia cac thanh vien va tao cho cac thanh vien cam thay ho la mot phan cua to chc. Nhng ieu cam k (taboos): La nhng tap quan van hoa cua to chc ngan cam cac thanh vien khong c phep lam hay noi ve ieu g o (v du : cam hut thuoc ni lam viec, cam cong nhan mang tui xach vao nha may) 4/ C s hnh thanh van hoa to chc: Trc het, van hoa to chc hnh thanh phu thuoc vao net lanh ao cua nha quan tr, tc nha quan tr lam cho mnh noi troi len va tat ca cac hoat ong cua to chc hnh nh c thc hien qua vai tro cua nha quan tr o (v du Cong ty Microsoft va bieu tng Bill Gate, Hang Honda va ngh lc cua Solchino Honda) Th hai, van hoa to chc hnh thanh phu thuoc vao nghe nghiep cua to chc Th ba, van hoa to chc hnh thanh do nhng thanh vien au tien cua to chc tao thanh (thng mang tnh huyet thong gia nh). III S ANH HNG CUA VAN HOA EN HOAT ONG QUAN TR TO CHC. 1/ Van hoa va chc nang hoach nh: Van hoa nong nghiep: Coi trong kinh nghiem cao hn t duy sang tao trong hoach nh. ac biet oi vi hoach nh chien lc th thng thay oi theo hng cai tien nhieu hn la thay oi sang tao mi hoan toan. Hoach nh thng s dung nang lc va tr tue cua ca tap the. Hoach nh thng a ra nhng muc tieu dai han ma t co muc tieu ngan han. t
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khi xac nh trach nhiem ca nhan va thng phai co nhieu thanh vien, bo phan tham gia vao qua trnh hoach nh nen mat nhieu thi gian. Van hoa du muc: Hoach nh mang tnh ot pha, sang tao, chap nhan rui ro, mao hiem, thng co nhieu ke hoach ngan han, muc tieu ro rang, trach nhiem tng thanh vien, tng bo phan rat ro rang, t mat thi gian cho qua trnh hoach nh. Tuy nhien khi thc hien th thng de b chong oi va thi gian thc hien keo dai. 2/ Van hoa vi chc nang to chc: Van hoa nong nghiep: Do mang tnh cong ong cao, ton trong s hai hoa va tnh thong nhat, nen to chc cong viec mang tnh tap the, t phat sinh mau thuan gia cac thanh vien, bo phan. Co nhieu quan he rong va cheo gia cac bo phan. Khong thch s phan cong cong viec mang tnh chuyen mon hoa cao ma trai lai thch mot ngi a dang hoa lam nhieu cong viec. Thng phat sinh tnh cuc bo, a phng, tuyen chon nhan vien trong qua trnh phat trien to chc, kho s dung nhan vien tai. Van hoa du muc: Do e cao chu ngha ca nhan, t duy vt troi nen to chc thc hien theo tuyen quan he quyen hanh phu hp vi c cau trc tuyen. Cac thanh vien phat trien nghe nghiep mot cach chieu sau. 3/ Van hoa vi chc nang ieu khien: a) Van hoa vi tuyen dung: Van hoa nong nghiep:
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Tuyen dung ngi theo mong muon s dung lau dai va suot i. Trong qua trnh tuyen dung t chu trong ve chuyen mon hoa sau, ma chu y en la tuoi va trnh o nhat nh, tuyen lap vao cho trong. Chat lng cua lao ong va tuyen dung thng tng quan vi quy mo cua to chc. Van hoa du muc: Tuyen dung mang tnh ngan han, khong co mot cam ket bao am lam viec lau dai trong to chc. Tuyen dung chu trong vao chuyen mon hoa sau. Chat lng cua lao ong khong phu thuoc nhieu vao quy mo cua to chc. b) Van hoa vi ong vien: Van hoa nong nghiep: Chnh sach lng bong phu thuoc vao tham nien la chu yeu. Khi anh gia qua trnh lao ong thng dung hnh thc t kiem iem la chnh va ket hp vi ap lc cua tap the e au tranh cho nhng gia tr, ao c ma to chc phai co. S anh gia t can c vao nhng tieu chuan rach roi do o t lam cho nhieu ngi hai long. Quyen li va s e bat thng phu thuoc vao tham nien, quyen li ca nhan c giai quyet trong moi quan he hai hoa vi quyen li tap the va s lau dai.
Van hoa du muc: He thong lng bong t can c vao tuoi tac, tham nien, gii tnh va viec anh gia thng can c vao nhng tieu chuan nh lng hn nhng tieu chuan nh
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tnh, noi chung chnh sach ong vien thng ngc lai vi van hoa nong nghiep. c) Van hoa vi ao tao va phat trien nghe nghiep: Van hoa nong nghiep: Xem ni lam viec la moi trng ao tao tot nhat, khuyen khch ao tao con ngi biet nhieu cong viec, qua o giup to chc phat trien toan dien tranh c nhng rui ro tuy nhien khong ap ng chieu sau Van hoa du muc: ao tao co tnh chuyen mon sau, thng s dung lao ong ngan han khi co nhu cau oi vi cong viec khac, san sang sa thai nhan vien cu va tuyen nhan vien mi. Xem ni lam viec la ni thi tho tai nang gia cac ca nhan. d) Van hoa vi thong tin trong to chc: Van hoa nong nghiep: Thong tin thng a chieu khac nhau, thong tin gia cac thanh vien da tren cong viec, da tren cac moi quan he tham tnh vi nhau. Thong tin bao gom ca thong tin chnh thc va thong tin khong chnh thc. Khoang cach gia nha quan tr va nhan vien rat gan gui. Van hoa du muc: Thong tin thng ch mot chieu (t tren xuong hoac t di len), thng s dung thong tin chnh thc, t co nhng tin on cua thong tin khong chnh thc. Khoang cach gia nha quan tr va nhan vien rat xa. e) Van hoa vi giai quyet cac mau thuan trong to chc: Van hoa nong nghiep:
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Giai quyet mau thuan te nh tren c s thau tnh at ly, hieu biet thong cam lan nhau, nhan nhng e i en thong nhat. Tc dung ly e phan tch, dung tnh e giai quyet (to chc phi chnh thc). Van hoa du muc: Dung ly e phan tch, dung toa an (to chc chnh thc) la c quan phap ly e giai quyet mau thuan. 4/ Van hoa vi chc nang kiem tra:
Van hoa nong nghiep:

He thong kiem tra mang tnh mac nhien, tc e cao hnh thc t kiem tra, t sa cha, phe bnh va t phe bnh, thng kiem tra t mang tnh giup , t s dung ben ngoai kiem tra. Cach kiem tra khong a ra nhng nh lng cu the. Van hoa du muc: Kiem tra can c vao tieu chuan nh lng, muc tieu, nhiem vu a giao cho tng ca nhan nen thng co o chnh xac cao. Thng s dung he thong kiem tra mang tnh hien nhien, tc s dung hnh thc kiem tra mang tnh trng phat t ben ngoai, bo phan nay lam se co bo phan khac kiem tra.
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CHNG IX THONG TIN VA QUYET NH QUAN TR ---oooOooo--A/ THONG TIN TRONG QUAN TR. 1/ Khai niem-yeu cau oi vi thong tin: Khai niem ve thong tin : La qua trnh trao oi gia ngi gi va ngi nhan. KN thong tin trong quan tr: La nhng tin tc mi c thu nhan, c hieu va anh gia co ch trong viec ra quyet nh ve hoat ong cua to chc. Dien trnh thong tin c phan anh qua s o 7 phan nh
Nguon thong tin Tho ng iep Ma ho Mach chuye n Gia i ma Ng i nha Thong tin phan
sau: Nguon thong tin bat au bi mot thong iep bang cach ma hoa no. Mach thong tin la trung gian (li noi, c ch, ch viet, kenh truyen) e chuyen thong iep. Thong iep en ngi nhan phai c giai ma e ngi nhan hieu. Thong tin phan hoi, la thong tin phan hoi ve tnh trang thc hien e biet ma theo doi, ieu chnh. Trong thc te, thong tin thng ton tai di cac hnh thc : Li noi, ch viet (van ban), cac bieu lo bang c ong-c ch-thai o-ve mat, bang iaYeu cau cua thong tin trong quan tr: Chnh xac, kp thi, ay u, co tnh he thong va tnh tong hp, hieu qua va b mat.
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2/ Vai tro cua thong tin trong quan tr: + Vai tro ieu phoi va thay oi: Phng tien e thong nhat moi hoat ong co to chc Phng tien e cung cap cac yeu to au vao cua to chc Phng tien e lien he vi nhau trong to chc e at muc tieu chung. + Vai tro phuc vu cho viec thc hien cac chc nang quan tr + Vai tro phuc vu cho viec ra quyet nh quan tr + Tac ong to chc thanh mot he thong m tng ho vi moi trng ben ngoai 3/ Thong tin trong to chc: a-Thong tin chnh thc va khong chnh thc: Thong tin chnh thc: la nhng thong tin theo cap he, chang han nha quan tr ra lenh cho nhan vien cap di hay nhan vien thuoc cap bao cao ket qua len cho nha quan tr. Thong tin khong chnh thc: la nhng thong tin do nhan vien tao ra bi nhng giao lu roi thanh nhng nhom, phe. Thong tin khong chnh thc thng khong c quan tr chap nhan nhng van phai chu y v no luon ton tai trong to chc do nhng nhu cau cua nhan vien. b-Chieu thong tin: Thong tin chieu tren xuong: Thong tin t cap tren xuong, thong tin nay co the bang li, giap mat hay cac but lenh va th. Thong tin chieu di len: Thng la cac bao cao cua cap di hay la nhng sang kien nao o ve cong viec.
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Thong tin chieu ngang: La thong tin gia cac thanh vien cung nhom, gia cac bo phan ngang cap nhau c-Cac mang thong tin thong dung : Mang day chuyen: Bieu th cac cap cua he cap doc, trong o ch co thong tin t tren xuong hay di len va khong co s chech hng. Mang ch Y: Bieu th 2 cap di bao cao cho cung mot nha quan tr cap tren va tren nha quan tr nay con nhieu cap quan tr cao hn na. Mang banh xe: He thong co nhieu thuoc cap khong co thong tin hang ngang. Moi thong tin eu phai thong qua nha quan tr. Mach vong tron: Mot quan tr vi nhieu thuoc cap, moi thuoc cap ch trc tiep quan he vi hai thuoc cap khac ke can. Mach u mach: Trong o moi thanh phan eu t do thong tin vi nhng thanh phan khac trong mach, cac thanh phan eu ngang nhau. 4/ Nhng tr ngai trong thong tin: Nhng tr ngai cho viec truyen tin co hieu qua bao gom: Th nhat, thong tin truyen i von a co nhng sai lech ve noi dung: Noi dung sai se lam cho ngi nhan tin khong hieu hoac hieu sai thong tin, t o khong the ra quyet nh hoac ra quyet nh de b mac sai lam. Th hai, thieu ke hoach oi vi thong tin: Co ngha la mot thong tin tot t khi xay ra mot cach ngau nhien ma
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can phai co s suy ngh trc, chuan b trc, tc can co ke hoach trc. Th ba, nhng gia thiet khong c lam ro: Co nhng gia thiet rat quan trong, la c s cho viec thong bao nhng lai thng b bo qua va khong lam ro, dan en ngi nhan va ngi gi thong tin hieu lam nhau Th t, cac thong tin dien ta kem ve y tng, cau truc vung ve, cho tha, cho thieu, khong rach roi y ngha Th nam, ng ngha khong ro rang, map m mot cach co y hay ngau nhien. Th sau, s mat mat do truyen at va ghi nhan thong tin kem. Th bay, t lang nghe va anh gia voi va. Th tam, s khong tin cay, e doa va s hai se pha hoai thong tin lien lac. Th chn, thi gian khong u cho s ieu chnh thay oi v muc ch cua thong tin la phan anh cac thay oi xay ra. 5/ Quan tr thong tin vt qua nhng tr ngai: a-ieu chnh dong tin tc: Nha quan tr phai thiet lap mot he thong loc thong tin theo cac cach sau: Cach 1: Giao so thong tin cho cap di, ch nhng thong tin nao khong ung muc tieu mi trnh len nha quan tr. Cach 2: Thong tin en nha quan tr phai het sc co ong Cach 3: Phan loai thong tin thanh nhng ten, hanh ong theo th t u tien
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Muc ch ieu chnh dong tin tc la tranh cho nha quan tr b qua tai ve thong tin, ca ve so lng lan chat lng thong tin b-S dung s phan hoi : Trong tien trnh thong tin, e tranh s hieu sai va khong chnh xac, nha quan tr s dung vong phan hoi e anh gia tac dung cua thong tin en ngi nhan nh the nao? c-n gian hoa ngon ng : Ngon ng cang n gian cang de hieu, ngon ng phai phu hp vi ngi nhan d-Tch cc lang nghe : oi hoi tap trung cao o khi nghe, phai at mnh trong v tr cua ngi phat bieu, e de dang hieu ung va hieu het van e. f- Han che cam xuc: Han che moi cam xuc trong viec tao thong tin e- S dung d luan: Nha quan tr can s dung d luan vao li ch cua mnh mac du d luan von cha ng nhng nhan to bat li can loai bo. B/ QUYET NH TRONG QUAN TR. 1/ Khai niem: Quyet nh quan tr la san pham sang tao cua nha quan tr, nham nh ra chng trnh va tnh chat hoat ong cua to chc, e giai quyet mot van e nao o tren c s hieu biet cac quy luat van ong khach quan cua he thong b quan tr va viec phan tch cac thong tin ve hien trang cua to chc. 2/ Vai tro cua quyet nh quan tr: + Vai tro nh hng cac hoat ong cua to chc + Vai tro hp tac ve phoi hp va rang buoc cac hoat ong cua cac bo phan
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+ Vai tro ap at cng bc hoac ong vien oi vi he thong b quan tr + Vai tro am bao cac ieu kien , nguon lc cho viec thc hien muc tieu chung. 3/ Yeu cau oi vi cac quyet nh trong quan tr; Bao am tnh khoa hoc: quyet nh phai co can c, co c s, co thong tin, co nhan thc va kinh nghiem cua nha quan tr, phu hp vi cac quy luat khach quan. Bao am tnh phap ly: quyet nh phai ung tham quyen, hp phap, oi hoi cap di phai thc hien Bao am tnh he thong, nh hng: quyet nh phai the hien viec thc hien nhiem vu, muc tieu cua to chc va phai co ia ch ro rang Bao am tnh cu the: quyet nh phai ngan gon, de hieu, cu the chi tiet va quy nh ro thi gian thc hien. Bao am tnh toi u: va chnh xac, va hieu qua tot nhat Bao am tnh linh hoat: de dang ieu chnh 4/ Phan loai quyet nh quan tr : (bang 9.1) 5/ Tien trnh ra quyet nh va to chc thc hien : (bang 9.2) 6/ Cac mo hnh ra quyet nh : a) Cac mo hnh : (bang 9.3) b) La chon mo hnh; e la chon mo hnh ra quyet nh phu hp nha quan tr can tra li cac cau hoi sau: Van e ra quyet nh co cap bach khong ? Chung ta co u thong tin hay tai nang can thiet e t giai quyet c van e hay cha ?
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Van e a c hieu thau ao cha ? Chung ta co biet mnh can tm kiem nhng thong tin g va kiem chung au cha ?
S chap nhan cua tap the co thuan li cho s thanh cong cua quyet nh hay khong ? Bang 9.1 : Phan loai quyet nh quan tr Tieu thc Cac loai quyet nh Quyet chien lc Theo tnh chat Quyet chien thuat
Nhan Xet
nh Lien quan en cac muc tieu tong quat hoac dai han cua to chc nh Lien quan muc tieu hep, nh muc tieu cac bo phan, chc nang. Lien quan en viec ieu hanh
Quyet nh tac cac cong viec hang ngay. nghiep Quyet nh dai Hn mot chu ky hoat ong Theo thi gian han han Quyet nh ngan han Quyet nh ke Lien quan en nhng muc tieu, phng hng hoat ong Bo may to chc, phan quyen Quyet nh to Cach thc lanh ao va ong chc Quyet ieu khien vien nh Tieu chuan kiem soat, hnh thc kiem soat Trong mot chu ky Quyet nh trung Ngan hn mot chu ky
Theo nan g qua n tr
chc hoach
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Quyet
nh Cac hoat ong lap lai, t thay oi co the lap trnh gan vi ke hoach chuan. Nhng van e bien ong phc tap, khong chac chan, khong lap lai, Quyet nh co tnh rui ro cao. Thng gan vi quan tr cap cao, thch hp vi ke hoach chuyen biet.
kiem soat Quyet nh theo chng trnh san Theo cach soan thao Quyet nh khong theo chng trnh ( cac hoat ong khong lap lai. )
Bang 9.2: Tien trnh ra quyet nh va to chc thc hien quyet nh Tuy tng TIEN TRNH RA QUYET NH trng
Xac nh van e
hp ma so lng cac bc co the nhieu hoac t. Ve ly thuyet quyet nh
Xac nh cac tieu chuan
hng ti s toi u, nhng tren thc te thng hng en s thoa man. Quyet nh va mang tnh chu quan va mang tnh khach quan. Cac yeu to anh
Ra quyet nh
Chon phng an toi u
Xac nh cac phng an
anh gia cac phng an
hng en viec ra quyet nh :
136
Thanh kien va Tnh cau toan S lieu lnh Kinh nghiem S phat trien
nh kien
cua khoa hoc ky thuat.
TO CHC THC HIEN QUYET NH Xay dng ke hoach thc hien va pho bien quyet nh. To chc thc hien. Kiem tra, theo doi va anh gia. Bang 9.3 : Cac mo hnh ra quyet nh Cac mo hnh Nha quan tr oc lap ra quyet nh da MO HNH 1 tren nhng hieu biet cua mnh, hoan toan khong co s tham khao vi cac thuoc cap khac. Nha quan tr e ngh cac nhan vien cung MO HNH 2 MO HNH 3 cap cac thong tin, sau o oc lap a ra giai phap cho van e can quyet nh. Nha quan tr trao oi vi cac nhan vien Noi dung
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co lien quan e lang nghe y kien va e ngh cua ho ma khong can tap trung ho lai, sau o nha quan tr ra quyet nh co the b anh hng hoac khong b anh hng bi cac y kien tren. Cac nha quan tr trao oi vi tap the e lay y kien va e ngh chung cua ho. MO HNH 4 Sau o nha quan tr se a ra quyet nh vi noi dung co the b anh hng hoac khong b anh hng bi cac y kien tap the. Nha quan tr trao oi vi tap the, lay y MO HNH 5 kien va i en mot s nhat tr chung. a ra quyet nh b phu thuoc vao y kien a so cua tap the. 7/ Quyet nh nhom : Quyet nh nhom, tan dung c sc manh cua tap the v tap hp nhieu trnh o, nhieu giai phap, nhieu cach tiep can. Quyet nh nhom se phat huy tac dung neu chu y en cac yeu to anh hng. Cac yeu to anh hng en hieu qua quyet nh nhom, bao gom: + Quy mo va thanh phan cua nhom phai thch hp vi tng tnh huong. + S khac biet ve a v se ngan can s trao oi thong tin va s lng gia cac phng an. + Tnh cach, kien thc va kinh nghiem gia cac thanh vien. + Khung canh buoi hop (khong kh, tam ly cuoc hop, cach bay bien trong phong) + Vai tro cua nha quan tr chu tr cuoc hop.
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8/ Mot so van e thng xay ra khi ra quyet nh + Te liet do s phan tch + S ra quyet nh sai + Tam ly cau toan + Qua tin tng kinh nghiem qua kh + Ra quyet nh khi lng thong tin cha ay u + Tam nhn han hep, chu quan. + Anh hng cua xu the trong qua kh + Anh hng cua van hoa to chc + vv
A PHAN CAU HOI ON TAP CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG I: 1/ Trnh bay khai niem ve quan tr. 2/ Phan tch tnh pho bien cua quan tr 3/ Cong viec quan tr mot to chc kinh te co giong vi mot to chc phi kinh te khong ? Tai sao ? 4/ Cong viec cua mot nha quan tr thay oi nh the nao theo cap bac QTr?
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5/ Ky nang cua nha quan tr thay oi nh the nao theo cap bac quan tr? 6/ Phan tch cac vai tro cua nha quan tr 7/ Phan biet nha quan tr va doanh nhan CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG II 1/ Trnh bay tom tac cac ly thuyet quan tr chng II 2/ So sanh nhng iem giong nhau va khac nhau gia ly thuyet quan tr khoa hoc cua Taylor va ly thuyet quan tr hanh chnh cua Fayol ? 3/ Nhng nguyen tac nao trong 14 nguyen tac quan tr cua Fayol kho ap dung trong thc tien quan tr ngay nay ? 4/ Ba Mary P.Follet a khuyen cac nha quan tr thi o nhng noi dung g? Ngay nay no con hu ch khong ? 5/ Giai thch the nao la hieu ng Hawthone ? 6/ Neu nhng iem giong nhau gia ly thuyet Y cua Gregor va ly thuyet ve he thong nhu cau cua Maslow ? 7/ Phan tch tnh troi cua he thong to chc cua ly thuyet quan ly to chc cua Barnard ? 8/ Phan tch tai sao ly thuyet q-tr nh lng khong co tnh pho bien cao? 9/ Ly thuyet phan tch he thong nham giai quyet nhng van e g? 10/ Tai sao noi s chu y en nhan to con ngi la mot bc ngoac trong lch s quan tr? Mc Gregor a nhan manh tam quan trong cua nhan to con ngi nh the nao? 11/ Phan tch nhng u iem va nhc iem cua cac doanh nghiep kieu A va cac doanh nghiep kieu Z? Theo ban cac doanh nghiep Viet nam nen theo kieu nao?
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12/ Ng-tac nao cua quan tr tuyet hao khong phu hp vi thc te hien nay? 13/ Tai sao cac nha nghien cu Nhat Ban thuoc Vien nghien cu Nomura cho rang quan tr sang tao la phong cach quan tr cua the ky 21 ? Ban thay ung khong? Tai sao? CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG III 1/ Moi trng cua to chc la g? Phan biet moi trng vi mo va v mo? 2/ Tai sao moi trng lai quan trong oi vi nha quan tr? 3/ Neu s tac ong cua moi trng en n v anh ch cong tac (hay quan tam). Neu giai phap nham han che nguy c va tan dung c c hoi cua moi trng em en cho n v 4/ Phan tch tac ong cua cac yeu to thuoc moi trng v mo len to chc. 5/ Phan tch tac ong cua cac yeu to thuoc moi trng vi mo len to chc. 6/ Phan tch cac bien phap quan tr moi trng. CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG IV 1/ Neu khai niem va tac dung cua hoach nh quan tr ? 2/ So sanh hoach nh tac nghiep va hoach nh chien lc? 3/ MBO la g? Tien trnh xay dng va tac dung cua MBO? 4/ Trnh bay qua trnh hoach nh chien lc? 5/ Trnh bay ngan gon cac cong cu hoach ch chien lc 6/ Phan tch SWOT cua n v ban ang cong tac (n v ban quan tam) & xay dng cac chien lc, chien lc nao ban cho la kha thi nhat?
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7/ Trnh bay nhng noi dung c ban cua hoach nh tac nghiep? CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG V 1/ Trnh bay cac nguyen tac cua to chc quan tr? Tai sao nguyen tac thong nhat ch huy lai quan trong? Trong thc te tai sao ay la nguyen tac kho thc hien? 2/ Ban hieu the nao ve tam han quan tr? 3/ Phan biet cau truc chc nang va cau truc trc tuyen? 4/ Muon xoa bo cac tang nac trung gian trong mot to chc can giai quyet cac van e g? 5/ Trnh bay cong tac to chc cua cac bac quan tr? 6/ Nhng u va nhc iem cua cau truc ma tran? 7/ Tai sao phai uy quyen? Cac yeu cau oi vi uy quyen la g? 8/ Phan tch nhan xet cua Dick Cacson: co t 70 en 80% nhng khiem khuyet trong qua trnh thc hien muc tieu la do anh hng cua cong tac to chc ? CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG VI 1/ Trnh bay khai niem ieu khien va phan tch cac nguyen tac cua no? 2/ Phan tch cac nguyen tac tuyen chon NS? Phan biet gia tuyen chon va tuyen dung NS? 3/ Phan biet gia ao tao va phat trien NS? Cac phng phap cua no? 4/ ong vien la g? Trnh bay tom lc cac ly thuyet ong vien? 5/ Trong quan tr hien nay, to chc can xay dng nhng chnh sach ong vien g? 6/ Lanh ao la g? Phan tch cac nguyen tac lanh ao?
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7/ Theo ban phong cach lanh ao nao la toi u nhat cua nha quan tr? CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG VII 1/ Trnh bay khai niem va muc ch kiem tra ? 2/ Phan tch cac nguyen tac kiem tra? 3/ Trinh bay quy trnh kiem tra? 4/ Cong viec kiem tra cua cac cap quan tr trong mot to chc. 5/ Cach xac nh cac iem trong yeu? 6/ Co phai tieu chuan nh lng c chu trong nhieu hn tieu chuan nh tnh trong qua trnh kiem tra? CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG VIII 1/ Neu cac ac iem cua van hoa du muc va van hoa nong nghiep? 2/ Khai niem va cac thanh to cua van hoa to chc? 3/ Trnh bay van hoa to chc tac ong en cac chc nang q-tr nh the nao? 4/ Co phai cac to chc san xuat kinh doanh Viet nam eu mang tnh van hoa nong nghiep CAU HOI ON TAP CHNG IX 1/ Thong tin trong quan tr la g? Yeu cau cua thong tin? 2/ Phan tch tac dung cua thong tin? 3/ Trnh bay nhng tr ngai cua thong tin? Nha quan tr can lam g e khac phuc nhng tr ngai o? 4/ Khai niem, yeu cau va vai tro cua quyet nh quan tr? 5/ Trnh bay tien rnh ra quyet nh? 6/ Trnh bay cac mo hnh ra quyet nh ? Cho nhan xet cua ban mo hnh nao la toi u nhat?
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7/ So sanh gia quyet nh quan tr ca nhan va quyet nh quan tr tap the ? 8/ Tai sao quyet nh quan tr phai luon la s sang tao cua nha quan tr? B PHAN CAC BAI TAP TNH HUONG TNH HUONG 1 Ban vi cng v la giam oc mot cong ty, nhng cong viec c e cap di ay, ban se trc tiep giai quyet nhng cong viec nao? Nhng cong viec nao ban giao cho thuoc cap cua ban? Hay giai thch? 1.Cung vi mot cong s, en tham ngi phu trach bo phan quang cao e cho anh ta thay rang ban lanh ao co quan tam en anh ta ? 2.Quyet nh co tao nen mot chc vu mi hay khong ? 3.Duyet mot khoang chi thong thng cua mot ngi cong s ? 4.Xem nhng bao cao hang thang e biet trong lnh vc ma mnh phu trach cong viec a ti au ? 5.Quyet nh cac khoang chi trong lnh vc ma mnh phu trach ? 6.Chat van mot ngi en xin viec ( do cap tren gii thieu ) 7.D mot cuoc hop e nam nhng phat trien mi nhat ve ky thuat 8.Gap mot chuyen gia ben ngoai e thoa thuan ve mot p/an chia li nhuan. 9.Giai thch cho mot can bo biet v sao anh ta c tang lng 10.Hoi mot can bo xem anh ta ngh g ve y kien cua ban ve cong tac cua anh ta phu trach
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11.ai cm ngi ai dien mot x nghiep cung cap hang quan trong ma ban ang giao dch. 12.Noi chuyen vi phong thng mai ve ke hoach muc tieu cua x nghiep. TNH HUONG 2 Ong An la giam oc mot cong ty thuoc loai ln tai thanh pho HCM, trong qua trnh cong tac ong thng gap mot van nan o la s ban ron ve thi gian. Hang ngay ong co mat tai c quan t 7 gi sang en 19 gi, tuy nhien ap lc cong viec van khong giam, trai lai ngay cang tang. Ong An a mi mot co van e nghien cu va cho ong nhng li khuyen ve van e nay. Sau khi trc tiep thong ke va ghi lai nhng cong viec trong ngay cua ong An, ngi co van a ghi lai ket qua nh sau: Noi dung cong viec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cong viec lien quan en lap ke Ty le thi gian (%) 10 8 10 2 20 20 10 10 10 ong An
hoach Bao cao va kiem tra Hop vi ngi cong tac Lam viec vi th ky ien thoai Tiep khach oc cac cong van va bao cao i xuong x nghiep trc thuoc cong ty Ky giay t trong ngay Ban nhan nh nh the nao ve van nan ma
ang gap phai ? Neu c hoi y kien ban se a ra nhng li khuyen nh the nao giup cho ong An giai quyen van nan hien nay ve thi gian ? TNH HUONG 3
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Ban la ngi quan ly mot ca hang an uong (tai thanh pho HCM). Trong nhieu nam ca hang hoat ong rat thanh cong va tao c an tng tot vi khach hang, ac biet la nhng mon an cua ca hang rat phu hp vi khau v cua ai a so khach hang, mat khac gia ca phai chang phu hp vi nhng ngi co thu nhap trung bnh, cach phuc vu cua nhan vien la kha an can va lch s a tao ra c nhieu thien cam vi khach hang, ca hang lai toa lac tai mot v tr kha thuan li. Chnh nhng yeu to tren a lam cho so lng khach en vi ca hang ngay cang ong hn va doanh thu cung ngay cang tang len, the nhng trong vai thang tr lai ay doanh so cua ca hang bong nhien b sut han ( giam 30%). Sau mot thi gian tm hieu, ban a xac nh c nguyen nhan cua van e la do nha hang cua mnh b canh tranh (trong thang trc co mot nha hang gan o mi khai trng va i vao hoat ong, nha hang nay co ve hap dan hn va co nhieu bien phap rat tinh vi ang loi keo khach hang cua ban sang vi nha hang cua ho). CAU HOI: 1. Hay van dung quy trnh ra quyet nh e giai quyen van e nay 2. Hay van dung ky thuat phan tch SWOT e giai quyet van e nay TNH HUONG 4 Ban ang tren mot con tau t nhan, lenh enh tren mat bien Nam Thai bnh dng. Con tau cua ban ang gap song d, co kha nang chm xuong ay bien. Luc nay, ban a co san mot chiec thuyen cao su cu nan (a
146
bm ay khong kh). Tren thuyen a co san mot bao thuoc la, mot bao diem. Ngoai cac th tren, ban con co 15 vat dung sau ay tren tau. Ban phai quyet nh tc thi chon th t u tien 15 vat dung o e cu nan neu ban vao c at lien hoang vu bang thuyen cao su. Thi gian luc nay vo cung quy gia, ban khong c chan ch. Cac vat dung nh sau: 1. La ban 2. Gng va hop cao rau 3. 1 thung nc ngot 4. Man chong muoi 5. M an lien 6. Ban o Thai bnh dng 7. Phao cu nan 8. 1 thung dau chay may 9. Radio nho 10.Hoa chat chong ca map 11.10 tui nha ln (1mx1,4m) 12.Thung 50 lt ri Rum 13.Day thng nylon 20m 14.02 hop Socola 15.Bo o cau ca CAU HOI: Hay xep th t 15 vat dung tren theo th` t hieu biet cua ban. TNH HUONG 5 Ban la th ky giam oc, co nhiem vu to chc mot buoi tiec cuoi nam cho 100 nhan vien vi kinh ph khong han che. Thi gian chuan b toi a1 thang, vi s hp
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tac cua cac phong ban khac nhau. Hay lap ke hoach x ly cong viec qua cac bc sau: 1. Lap ke hoach s bo ( 10 phut ) 2. Chi tiet cong viec ( 15 phut ) 3. Nhan xet va anh gia ket qua. ( 15 phut ) KE HOACH X LY CONG VIEC Phan I: Lap ke hoach s bo Nhiem vu: a iem: oi tng: .Thi gian: Muc tieu: ..Chng trnh: ..................................................................................................... Kho khan: ............................................................................... Thuan . Kinh ph d toan: .......................................... Thi gian chuan b:......................... Bao Phan II: Lap ke hoach chi tiet u tien 1 2 3 4 5 6 . . ... Chi tiet cong viec Cac bc tien hanh Ky nan g Thi gian Moi lien he cao cho: li:
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III Nhan xet va anh gia ket qua: TNH HUONG 6 Ban trong cng v la trng bo phan ban hang cua cong ty A, trc tiep ch huy 20 nhan vien ban hang, cac mat hang cua cong ty cua ban la rat a dang thuoc ve nganh van phong pham (but, giay, cac dung cu van phong), th trng cua ban la cac cong ty, cong s, trng hoc va dan c. T trc en nay viec ban hang c trien khai t ban en trc tiep nhan vien ban hang, tat ca nhan vien ban hang c khuyen khch ban tat ca cac mat hang cho tat ca cac oi tng khach hang nao ma ho lien he c, cach ban hang nay tao ra c s linh hoat trong giao tiep cua nhan vien ban hang vi khach hang, tuy nhien cung co nhng han che nhat nh. Trog phng hng hoat ong sap ti, ban ang ban khoan gia 3 phng an: Phng an 1: Tiep tuc duy tr cach to chc nh hien nay. Phng an 2: Phan chia bo phan ban hang thanh nhng to chuyen trach theo tng oi tng khach hang ( bo phan ban hang cho trng hoc, bo phan ban hang cho cong s, bo phan ban hang cho dan c ). Phng an 3: Phan chia bo phan ban hang thanh nhng to chuyen trach theo tng nhom mat hang van phong pham. CAU HOI: 1. Hay cho biet u va nhc iem cua tng phng an to chc noi tren ? 2. Ban se quyet nh van e nay nh the nao? Nhng yeu to can can nhac cho quyet nh nay ?
149
TNH HUONG 7 Ong Minh la doanh nhan trc giai phong, sau nam 1975 ong tam ngh khong kinh doanh. Nam 1994 do tnh hnh kinh te at nc co nhieu bien chuyen tch cc, ong a thanh lap cong ty xay dng cau ng, trong qua trnh thanh lap cua cong ty, ong a cho rang: khong can to chc bat ky bo phan nao ca ma moi hoat ong cua cong ty phai qua s ieu khien cua ong va con trai ong la anh Hung. Quan iem cua ong Minh la viec xay dung c cau to chc du n gian en may cung rat ton kem va khong can thiet. Ong noi rang trc giai phong hoat ong kinh doanh cua ong ch can 2 th ky giup viec ma cong viec van troi chay, ngc lai, anh Hung a tot nghiep ky s cau ng va quan tr kinh doanh phan oi, quyet nh cua anh nhat nh can phai co mot cau truc to chc cho du n gian nhat, anh giai thch doanh nghiep muon hoat ong co hieu qua th to chc phai on nh, co quan he ro rang va chat che, y tng cua anh con xa hn khi anh noi en s phat trien cua cong ty tr thanh mot tap oan xay dng ln, hn na a ban hoat ong cua cong ty la khap ca nc th viec ieu hanh qua la rat kho khan.Vi lap luan va quan iem tren th anh Hung nhat nh phai co mot c cau to chc thch hp, con ong Minh gi nguyen y kien. Cau hoi: Ban ngh g ve y kien cua 2 cha con, neu ban la covan cua ong Minh ban se giai quyet ra sao TNH HUONG 8 Ba Hng la quan ly xng san xuat banh keo Vnh Hng co 40 cong nhan di quyen, ay la xng san
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xuat co quy mo va, hoat ong linh hoat theo nhu cau giong nh kieu san xuat gia nh nen to chc bo may n gian va gon nhe. Giup viec cho ba Hng trong cong tac co 3 ngi, co Thanh phu trach ke toan, anh Hung phu trach giao vat t san pham va ong Thnh phu trach ky thuat, trong 3 ngi giup viec, ong Thnh la ngi ln tuoi nhat va co kinh nghiem lam banh keo gia truyen nen c ba Hng tin tng ban giao phu trach toan bo hoat ong san xuat cua xng. Xng co mot ca hang ban banh keo ong thi la van phong giao dch cua xng, thong thng ba Hng ch co mat ca hang e nam bat th trng, x ly n hang va lam cong viec oi ngoai, moi viec ni phan xng eu giao cho ong Thnh. Mot hom ong Thnh quyet nh nh ch cong viec cua mot cong nhan van hanh may anh bot, bao cao ky thuat noi rang cong nhan nay a t choi van hanh may theo lenh cua ong Thnh ang can san xuat gap mot lng banh ln. Ba Hng a xuong e giai quyet s viec va nhan thay mot bau khong kh khac thng nhng cong nhan, ba lap tc tiep xuc vi ho va c biet rang tat ca cac cong nhan ang rat quan tam en vu ky luat nay, nhng cong nhan thay vu ky luat tren la khong ung va vo ly. Ho noi rang ong Thnh a ra lenh van hanh trong nhng ieu kien vi pham quy tac an toan lao ong cho nen ngi cong nhan a t choi van hanh, dan en viec ong Thnh quyet nh ky luat. Moi ngi cho rang ong Thnh co ac cam vi ngi cong nhan kia. Qua noi chuyen vi cong nhan ba Hng con biet them la co vai ngi a b thng khi van hanh may anh bot o.
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Ho a phan anh tnh trang vi ong Thnh nhng khong thay ong giai quyet. 1. Ba Hng phai lam g e giai quyet tnh huong tren ? 2. Tnh huong xay ra co lien quan en viec to chc khong ? 3. Ban co ngh rang ba Hng co pham loi trong tnh huong tren khong ? 4. Neu ong Thnh gi nguyen y kien cho rang phan sai hoan toan thuoc ve pha cong nhan, ban se phan ng ra sao khi ban la cong nhan ay. TNH HUONG 9 Tai mot t tap huan cho giam oc cac benh vien trc thuoc s y te thanh pho X, mot giao s quan tr c mi en e trnh bay mot so van e can ban trong viec quan tr cac to chc. Bai bao cao cua giao s keo dai gan 2 ngay, ong a trnh bay nhng kha canh c ban trong quan tr trong cac to chc chang han nh : Muc tieu cua quan tr, cac ky thuat quan tr, cac chc nang c ban cua quan tr ngoai ra, v giao s con gii thieu mot so xu hng mi trong quan tr hien nay tren the gii. Sau khi bai bao cao cua v giao s ket thuc, bac sy Nguyen Van Hung la hoc vien cua lp hoc, hien tai ong gi chc giam oc benh vien A a co mot phat bieu nh sau; Tha giao s, chung toi rat thu v ve nhng g ma ngai noi va tham ch trong o co the co mot so noi dung tr thc rong ln. Nhng tha ngai, nhng van e ma ngai noi ch thc s can cho nhng to chc kinh doanh con ay chung toi la benh vien mot to chc phi li nhuan. Muc tieu cua chung toi la cu ngi, va ieu ma chung toi quan
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tam la can co nhng bac s gioi ve chuyen mon va nhng phng tien thiet b hien ai, nhng van e ma ngai noi khong can vi chung toi. CAU HOI: 1. Ban anh gia nh the nao ve y kien cua ong Hung ? 2. Neu ban la v giao s, ban se tra li the nao ve y kien o cua ong Hung TNH HUONG 10: CUA CAC V TR BNH LUAN U VA NHC IEM
Cay xang o go
Cong ty mai tang
Nha hang Cong ty a oc Sieu th
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1/ Quan tr hoc - PGS.TS Nguyen Th Lien Diep - NXB Thong Ke 1997. 2/ Chien lc canh tranh GS.Michael E.Porter NXB Thong Ke 1998.
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3/ Chien lc va chnh sach kinh doanh PGS.TS Nguyen Th Lien Diep, ThS Pham Van Nam NXB Thong Ke 1998 4/ Marketing can ban PGS.TS Nguyen Th Lien Diep, PGS.TS Ho c Hung, Th.S Pham Van Nam NXB Thong Ke 1996. 5/ i tm s tuyet hao Thomas J.Peter, Robert H.Waterman, Jr NXB TPHCM 1992 6/ C s van hoa Viet nam Tran Ngoc Them NXB Giao Duc 1998 7/ Cac cong ty Nhat Ban Rodney Clark NXB Khoa hoc Xa hoi 1990 -----
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Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management

MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh

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Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management

MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh

Giao trnh Quan tr hoc - Management

ieu kien lam viec, nhiet o, anh sang, LY TO CHC CUA

tien lng LY THUYET QUAN

MBA Tran Quoc Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc Hanh