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13 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ kU
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19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jo{ BB jAs
19 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nB] kM jn nj B BB]
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43 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BTvQ B\ L{
44 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /L~ L{
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53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bpq
53 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ Moa c{oU
56 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / pT @ c{oU
57 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ c{oU BkAo: oBw
58 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ i BwQ RBL oU vB=
59 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / c{oU Aq BTvQ nBz:
61 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / y{j RB:j A:
63 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BB jo zi
64 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B @B y{j
64 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ jo jApC
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69 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jo{ L6 d
70 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ppC
71 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Apn RAo_U
72 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kM XAo{ zi nj
73 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BAp B nj B %w
74 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kM p
74 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / TvMC
75 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Xd
75 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / SM6n Bj
76 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B{n nj 6
76 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bw ~:
78 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jAj ]@Ani ]@A ni
78 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ Moa nAk=
79 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Moa kM kB] jA %UoQ nAk=
79 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BBT k jA ojB=
80 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jBT:A ]@A ni pA
80 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bn
80 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (%UoQoU) nAjk %pB @
80 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BUoQoU
83 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{n n

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85 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {jo{ %{B
86 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / i
88 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {jo{ %{B Aq]A
88 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ Bo] Aq oM oY A
92 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / %{B BM {jo{
92 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / y{j AoM B jo jBC
99 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jo{ BB y{j Sow
99 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BM S\ BM o{ kU
100 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ LDB B6
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103 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /{jo{ B{n vB=
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104 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nBw BBU xn
104 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BB] nj z @
105 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {jo{ %Bw
105 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / xjo{ %Bw SiBw eAo6 nj o`jn KA]
105 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / xjo{ }h{ M SLv BB B\UnA
105 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / :o6 j BBw MB= nj :oD BBw
106 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / xjo{ keA o AoM BBB] jAkU
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107 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kU pC
108 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B]oi Bjn
109 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nB`TA d
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109 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {jo{ B{n MBpnA
110 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {jo{ BnB B\A AoM p Bp
110 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /xjo{ keA Bp Rk
111 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /onB o ApA M keA jAkU
111 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A K oU
112 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / xjo{ %Bw AA
112 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kBU B nB Jnj BM BBw
114 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / M o BBw
118 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / G ka B { p BBw
118 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / { XX B G w BBw
118 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / xjo{ BBw jo nB ji
119 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / \U Bnj
119 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BTvQ nB ji { Sv{
120 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nB ji k @Ak] BkeA
121 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ({: M) y{j pA kM BTwj nB ji { Sv{
122 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / jo nB ji Bw oj
122 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{ nB ji [BT
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127 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BTvQ n AA
131 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BTvQ n }hzU
132 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BTvQ n k oT @BM B=TA
133 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BM BTvQ n S\ Aq oM oY A
136 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /kk] BS\ poM BTeA Bp
137 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BTvQ n nB BBoM
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325 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / roA BpB k %U A
329 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / roA oL: DMAn
329 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /%UoQ
332 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Mo y=
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334 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / UoQ BpB k %U A
335 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B%pn BMoa
336 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /k jA
337 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /A k jA
339 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / JB k jA
341 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B%BT
341 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A %BT
342 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / D %BT
342 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / E %BT
342 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /JC

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345 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Lo=U q\U
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348 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / SMB- %U BzBpC Bxn
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351 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BoTBv @
351 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Rp BAj
355 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / %UoQ B
357 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o: BjnCo:
359 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bjq:A

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368 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /B: BjnCo: w
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374 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / UAo Sok
375 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{ joi qLw :
376 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{ nBLA : m_U
377 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Rnl w
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379 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Rnl w Bjq:A
380 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /A: Amp BoM onB M
381 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / : q\U B{n
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386 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / : B] M oTBv jo %qB]
387 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ BB o] `U
387 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (1 eo) Amp RB]BTeA LwBd
387 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (2 eo) zi jB 7o~ %hU
388 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (3 eo) : 7o~ nAk= %U
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391 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (6 eo) k jA jBU wnoM
391 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (7 eo) oL: zi jB nAk= wnoM
391 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / (TzAow B ) Mo\U %A394 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oTBv m_U AoM BjoLAn
394 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /o{ jLM BpBw Am_U BjoLAn
395 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Di qn BoM
396 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aeo m_U
398 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kM SG nAm@o
398 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oTBv m_U B{n
399 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /pBM B TvM jAo\A BBB] nj m_U
399 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /{jo{ %Bw nj m_U
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402 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /v6B_ BniAmp
403 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o@BwB{ jn nj BM BniAmp
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407 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / pT @
407 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
408 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A
410 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / }hzU
410 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bnj
411 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ozQ
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412 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / S
413 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bnj
414 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /oyQ
415 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ KU
415 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
416 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / S
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417 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ozQ
419 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Ajo{ B] MB]
419 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
419 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A
419 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ozQ
420 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Joa kL GnB
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420 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / }hzU
420 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bnj
420 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ozQ
421 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /pkwA
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421 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ozQ

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424 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /eBF cozU
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429 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /d: w
431 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /TvMC
432 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o wBU BTwj
434 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / v] BM jpBM Kv @
434 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / yAp pA kM oT\] %A BoM `U
434 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k{ MBd: BB knj
437 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / TvMC knj
438 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /TvMC }hzU
438 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / X kU M cMo BnBM
438 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / pwoM
439 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / poL
440 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / poPwTP
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441 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / B wo BwA
441 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BB B M \ nU
442 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / MC BMp
442 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / X kU M cMo Rz oBw

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445 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / `hnBU k=
446 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / KB BAq
447 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oPwA nC] B{n
450 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oPwA MBpnA
452 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oPwA nC
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454 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / %] B=TA
457 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / d: jo Bq
460 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BnC%: oBw

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464 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ BB Bjn n
465 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BwB{
467 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Ae Aj jn n
467 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /BAp oT\] Bjn n
469 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / T{AkM Bjn n
469 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kU Bjn n
470 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / m_U Bjn n
470 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oj Bjn n
470 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ jLM vw BoM
472 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bjn n
473 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /Bjn n pA jB\TwA
474 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nAjB Bjn nj BBAn pA jB\TwA

BvU BBw xnoQ : y{ SvM ~

478 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bw xnA BTwj
479 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BAp B nj Sok
480 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ppC
483 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / oo{ BU kU pA BBw xnoQ
483 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /B B]@Ani BM m_U
485 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / UM TC
485 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /k o{ yQ
486 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / JC
486 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bw k o{
487 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BB]
489 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Sok
489 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bw BnBM
492 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Bw BU oo{ Bp pA Bw xnoQ
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497 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / k\w S{ kU
498 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / o{ jAs T{ B@
499 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BvU xnoQjAjnAo-

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501 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / nAjB BTiBw A Aq]A

501 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / {jo{ q o
502 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / A JC A pA SFB\e
502 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / Aj jAj ]@A ni xn
503 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /j B R: :j
509 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /jo{ BB BB] BzhM oBw
510 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / BB] AA
510 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /nAjnhzMC TvM BBB]
513 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / joz: oTvM BM pBM LDA
514 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /jApC nAjnhzMC TvM BBB]
517 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / pBM 6d BM BB]
518 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /jo{ BB BBB] k o_U B kk] eAo6
518 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / S:oo` nj kBM A
519 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kk] BTiBw B k o_U
519 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / RB6A MB
519 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /T{AkM BpB
519 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / kM]jM Bq
521 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / wnB: M vA BrA
541 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / JBrA
549 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / ]Ao

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13

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

Aq ,Moa nAk7 oM ,j] nAmS[ B{n pA ZM /kB AoN C roA

jAs bA vw nj olBe Be nj /kj nAo[ jBTwA jn q An kB] jA  UoQ
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/ko nAo[ jBTwA jn TNB wU o{ MAoi ,jM L7U
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1895 Bw nj o{ nj j] AqnBM BoT@BM joM M pA AoM wAqnTwBQ UnB\U
SNo B\A BSBN o{ B nj pwoM nB AoM AkTMA B pA a o@A /k{ TiBw
B{n onB M ` o{ B nj nBM A }hzU kk] BzBpC
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/j  o{ S k{n M q oj RBAoTiA RBz ,BTNozQ ,BA oM
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1985 Bw nj Th BSBA nj ({o @

jo{ BB xnoQ A

14

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nj BnAjB BNAoP] S[ nj Ak RAoPU T{m j ka V nj `
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nj yAqNA knj a o@A /kAk{ qoT nqM BaBnj M Mo eA Mo BSBA
A M kU o{ d pA a yhM }7N SwA jBp nBvM BTv BSBA
q BSBA nj oza yAqNA 1985 BU 1975 Bw pA /jnAj |B~TiA eA

15

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

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16

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WV , VA

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17

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

2-1 k] AjA

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jo{ BB xnoQ A

18

(o @) L BjnCo2 o{ Aow ?o~ nj o6U : 2-2 k]

oPU knj

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@o~ nj yB S M TvM Bi B o{ jB @o~ nj yB uA yhM
kwn 1984 Bw nj o 1.7 M 195 Bw nj }h{ o AoM o 4.2 pA  jM o@
/SwA pB jn o o kU AoM knj 3.5 Moa BM o{ o 23 HLo7U /SwA
o{ @o~ nj o 55.2 jB ,}h{ o o @o~ nj o 2.4 yB AoMBM
/k{BM
/SwA nBnB SMB[n BC oT  kC j] M jkT j M o @o~ yB@
xpnA , BQ S[ KLw M jB A /SwA T{Aj yAqNA jBp Aq M nBnB xoN
jn nj jo /SwA o BM 7Tv SMB[n nj qP{C ni nj |Ai Bv Am
Moa  U~d @o~ yB M Fv A  kAk{ BTd nBvM ji No~ oB@
nj j] mBL{A Joa BkwA jBp HTLv @o~ , AoM /SwA kjo o\ knAj jBp
No BvA i oTv cew yAqNA nj oY A pA A M Ae BMoa
jM }LUo i Bo nj Moa B \U BM i BM oTv /SwA k{
Joa BkwA M 7Tv eMAn /kC JBve M L[ BnBM poM nj w A pA
A AoM RBPLU ,kz SMBY jAoNA KA AoM i BM oTv BM oTv mBL{A
[A ZM nj o @o~ yB /SwA k{ o\ o{ o @o~ yB M BTeA Fv
/(2-2 k]) SwA Tz AoL] oQ @o~ yAqNA BM
,1965 Bw nj /kj nAo[ oYFU SdU An o{ @o~ ,jB~T[A Sl u] , w

19

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

,(197,o) jAj Bz kdT RBA nj jo p 145 Am @o~pAApo onBC

oTzM Bw 19 BU 9 M Bjo B nj L Bk{ o{ Apn @o~ ,AjAp pA o
o{ @o~ Bw 19 w pA kM Ajo AoM A] Anj pA kM Bp AoM /jM 7M pA
joN o TvM Bi @o~ /kT{Aj An @o~ oT v Bp /SNB yB C BjnCoN
AoM  nV M /jM SiA BM nBvM ke BU u\ v Bo BU AoM
/jM oT Bw 19 BU 3 Bj AoM s M o{ Aow @o~ kCnj  Bo@
knj  SwA jz bl M jM TNo nAo[ ou jn jAs ,~7dU C nj ao@A
jAoNA A /(A ~N) knAj pT@ dU k z BBwC BTwQ n pA BM
@o~ SM nj jBp nAk7 o@A |~i M ,k dU An o{ jBp ojB7 kAU
/(2-3 k]) jnAj jAoNA A o{ @o~ oM jBp oYFU Fv A /k@
o{ pA jB$TwA ( S)

jBTwA oQ Bi ,o ,B o{ Rn M kdT RBA o{ knj 8 pA yM

 knj 28.6 oQ knj 15.9 o ,knj 37.4 Bi B o{ 1984 Bw nj /j{
zi o{ ,SwB ,r o{ ,TvM X oj BjnAoN /SwA jAj zU An @o~
195 Bw pA /SwA k{ B{ An kB[BM knj 18.1 A TvM Moa kM
knj ,TNB yB jke BU (knj 37.4 M 45.1) Bi B o{ pA jBTwA knj
Bw pA  SwA Be nj A ,(knj 15.9 M 28.1) T{Aj yB Rk{ M o pA jBTwA
/SwA TNB yAqNA knj 28.6 M 1.1 oQ pA jBTwA knj 195
o{ BB jAs

AoM knAj voTz JBvA  j{ B{ An RBAe pA o o{ B jAs

 o{ BjAs BB }iB{ Bs pA jn w /kAk{ bA |Bi @AkA B @k
o{ KoU kU nj @TiA ,n ,X] ,kASA qBe kdT RBA nj @A
/k{BM
nB] kM jn nj B BB]

An Am  UBAe) BknAhz TwAn op pA zhM op , 1kM jABi M ~T B@

TNB{ S] Bw  UBAe) T@AjUnC TwAn pA (k] nBMj knC BM
pA  qM qM ,kw kM jABi BZA oj pA ioM /k{BM (knAj
U B o B oQU Aj BfB{ T{Aj ewA M oT{ C X oj BknAhz

1- Bovidae

jo{ BB xnoQ A

20

1982 1962 Bw nj BoC kdT RBA nj Bk{ Aow ?o~ SLv : 2-3 k]
1982

1962

2.3

29

o{

18.3

33.4

29.7

14.1

MB{

18.3

13.2

\MC

1.3

8.2

JC

3.1

53.3

432.4

k{

A RBMoz
]
(oT) k{ Aow @o~

BU B{  jM 1uM u] BC pA  jnAj u] ka kM jABi /kTv qBT

uM u] pA 2tnBU u] op M ~T A BB /k{BM A ze BB@
j] ze nV M oiAA BU B7oNC B{ BwC ,BQnA nj u] op A BZA /kTv
, Q BzQ ,ow ZBU d nj pA nj AATwA BfB{ RBAe A /kAT{Aj
op /knAj fB{ pA oU BQ i Bza BU B ,SwAn o ,M kM BAhTwA
RBAe BU B{ j /SwA 4tPU 3 tkA SwA j B{ tnBU u]
Lp BB B{ tkA /k{BM nAjB RBAe B{ A B kM
pp M L{ BC Ak knAj jBTNA kM B{ Bk] n oM B  SwA
kdT RBA BQnA nj kk] BB BjAs KA B{ tPU /SwA (nAvi)
B(T) /kTv poA o{ BB jAs Fz tPU tnBU op nBa /SwA
op BB /kAjM o{ BjAs xoTv B B(T) Longifrons Primigenius
AnAj [ kM BfB{ ,Bk] pA BQ 7 BU 6 k[ AnAj , [ nBvM A
op BB MB7 nj /kjM nBM kM Rn BzQ ,] @oV M ki
kM BzQ a Rn fB{ ,jM oj B op pA oTa i j
/kT{Aj oU Q

1- Bos

2- Taurus

3- Indicus

4- Typicus

21

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

1SBA jB$TwA tBwAoM kM 3L5

j T{ ,o{ M j{ BC pA  BjBTwA tBwAoM AU An B BjAs

BBw V ,k{ 7U nu j BB q] L[ n Rn{ /jo v7U nu
oM /k k@FU jAs o{ RB~hz n oM  kATNo ~U Bkj xnoQ oiA
,qo ,uw AoM ,oB{oA , oj A o{ jAs _Q ,o{ n Rn{
 3o 2oTvj BB pA  jAkU /j{ SNB q kdT RBA nj wo] BTz
nj  SwA jAs BBB] N /j{ SNB BoC B{ nj j{ 7U o{ jAs
jAs A M kw fow jAs ka 4 jjn ,BQnA nj /SwA k{ bA BBB] oq]
6j BB /SwA o{ jAs A BTwk nj 5kwjn jAs /SwA k{ 7U o{
/kC JBve M nu j BjAs 7kQjn
BU AU An C JBvA   B /j kM7LV q SBA tBwAoM AU An BB@
{ jAs A pA kM /kwB{ A jAs B A M j MBjn BQ BB@
s RB~hz  BB M C nj kjo uwFU q SLY oTNj ,SNo
/k{ jAj SLY pB]A kT{Aj jAs
pB]A kz SLY C JBvA  Aj M oj BjBdUA oBw BTz jAs jBdUA BXTwA M
kA RBNTiA ou A pA olBe Be nj kj pBM `MBT BBoM ~oV pA An SLY
BM ,knAj An [ jn jAs BS oj RB~hz BB a /SwA j]
nj  k{ jp hU ,196 Bw nj /k{ Jvd A jAs k{ o@l L[  oU
kAkwn SLY M jAs BjBdUA nj o{ BB (knj 8.2) 1.44 kdT RBA
jAkU a o /(knj 14.6) kwn 1.58 M jAkU A 1985 Bw nj /(1986 ,v@A n)
yB S M k{ SLY BB knj jz yAqNA SNB yAqNA k{ SLY BB@
/jM 1985 Bw nj 1.8 M 196 Bw nj 17.6 pA o{ BB jAkU kk{
jnAj An jAs A RB~hz  A o B A M k{ 8}Bi HLo7U B
k{BM A BB pA kAp  j{ VA B M ,jnA KA nj j{ oU
jAs j xqC oYA oM  SwA B nj B /SwA kz B SLY jAs jBdUA }wU
konj jAs j pA yM Bnj o{ nj /j{ Be RBT B@

1- Purity

2- Dexter

3- Kerry

4- Red

5- Red

sandhi

6- Devon

7- Red

Polled

8- Grade

Dine

jo{ BB xnoQ A

22

 B M rA A /jnAj UBT B " 1JAowA" rA /k{ 7U nj p

ioM nj A j] BM /jjo VA jnAk q An jAs A RB~hz Sv nj
jAs jM }Bi Rn nj Te ,jnAj JeB RB~i  B U AoM [A
/jn nB M q
BjAs k6@AoQ

/SwA TNo B\A kdT RBA mnAq nj BjAs k@A oQ pA 7[j jnCoM oiA BBw nj
, AoMBM /jnAk AjA o{ BB BjAs xnB{ oj poA  SwA C pA {B Fv A
BU 196 Bw pA o{ BjAs pU jnCoM /SwA toTwj nj 7Tvo B hU }7N
/SwA k{ jAj Bz 2-4 k] nj 1985
jz wo] qo BjAs yB BTz BB knj kk{ yAqNA ,k] nj
Tvw /SwA o{ nApBM C oT  j{ BM wBwA ]U j Fv A AoM /SwA
oUoM BTz jAs tBwA oM SwA jBp o{ kU nAkNoV kdT RBA nj nAmS[
dU Aop ,j{ T{Aj B M] BSBA nj wo] BB oTzM /SwA TNB
kAU B BTz  SwA k{ }hz A j] BM /SwA BTz pA oTzM BC Bo@
B BTz \T nj /kB RjB oUo }d M Je d M KwB Tok SdU
M BTz wo] BjAs /k{ Bwo] pA jBp jAkU qB] q J] nj kTvAU
BSBA nj oTzM oB{oA qo BjAs /kAk{ k@AoQ kdT RBA nj SiA nV
SNB Mo eA nj oTzM uw AoM o{ n Rn{ /j{ SNB [o{ B{
/jnAj An uw AoM BB jAkU oTzM vn ` ,k{
BjAs ~hz RB$

k{ AnA 2-5 k] nj kdT RBA nj j] o{ jAs y{ Bs pA AnBQ

o{ BB nAm@o BRnB pA BB n o B o{ B CkA X] /SwA
oBM HUnol ,SwA k{ jnC jAs AoM Je p /SwA k{ TNo zAkdT
/SwA oT nAk7  B BTz AoM |~i M ,Sv jAs p B
BTz M kdT RBA nj ,SwA jAs wn wA qoN BTz

: ;nq( -;BTz

M BTz knAj BQnA jAk]A  BB M qoN BQnA nj /kA@o

oQ oTnqM BTz /j{ VA SwA B{ BoC pA BC jAk]A  BB@
/kj Bz An oUoM BTz B ,2-3 o~U /SwA kdT SBAnj jAs oUjAkU

1- Scrub

23

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

o{ jAs y{ BB knj : 2-4 k]

Bw
Sl
1985

198

197

k{ SLY

.5

.5

kz SLY

.5
63

.5

.5

.5

k{ SLY
3

uw AoM

kz SLY

5.5

12

k{ SLY

1.5

1.5

kzSLY

78.5

76

64

51

k{ SLY

95

95

84

71

kzSLY

93

92

82

69

13

15

k{ SLY

6.5

11

kzSLY

11

2.5

oB{oA

2.5

jAs

196

qo@
BTz

3.5

3.5

7.5

k{ SLY

< .25

< .25

.5

kzSLY

< .25

< .25

.5

wo]

]
o{ n Rn{

source : J.M. ROCK, 1986, Hoard's Dairyman, 131, 305.

BM /k{BM o 68 1 KUoU M BM jB o BTz BB Je p

M BTz BB /SwA oT jke BU jAs A BM BB AoM p B A j]
BM Moa knj oT /kATNB Ro{ Moa knj oT BM o{ k kU oTzM
kM kB] jA knj o@A , nV M /SwA Ao q Moa kM kB] jA knj oT@
/k{ kAi (jBp B)  q C Moa knj ,k{BM (jBp B)  jAs o{ nj Moa
 BC /k{BM kw qo[ B kw Bw clA nV M kBM k{ SLY B BTz n
/j{ T{ BC k{ SLY wA nj S A M "qo[" rA kBM knAj kw qo[ n
jn q S{ AoM Je nBvM { kU ow HTLv k{n KLw M BTz
/jo nAo[ jBTwA

jo{ BB xnoQ A

24

kdT RBA nj o{ A jAs y{ RB~i : 2-5 k]

o{ n Rn{ wo]

BTz

qo@

uw AoM oB{oA

RB~hz
Je p

636

454

682

636

545

jB B

955

682

773

99

841

o B

A[

B qo[

kw,qo[

BBMBe

kwBw

kw Be

oUfowB kw kM kwqo[B

qo[ M B

Ji

Ji

}wT

Ji

oj

jp

oj

jp

oj

}wT

Aoa Rnk[

34

27

43

34

41

34

BBw p

Ji

l

l

Ji

S{ xpnA

3.65

4.85

3.65

4.67

4.1

5126

4957

7245

525

5939

5685

o{ kU

BTvA

wo]

qo@

uw

kUBwA

3.96 (%) 1o{ Moa

/1984 Bw nj DHI wn BSvU nj BB B -1

A /knAj An p oUBM kU B nj o{ BjAs oBw B nj jAs A BBw@

KwB Bw 1kw S{ kU AoM An BC ,kM Moa kw n BM Ao s
/j{ BM oB{oA B qo ,wo] pA oUoj BTz /jpBw
@iA pA BTz /SwA BTz V k nj Mo kqoN ` B{ BBTwA
2 AoM [Ake k nj k{ Jvd tPU tnBU tM ze jAk]A k{ bA
M jBp knBM ,qhBe Bp pA nAjnioM S] M k /SwA k{ jAj xnoQ Bw
Aoa Rnk[  UBAe eAo{ a nj AoMBM /jnAj Ro{ B UAo T{Aj BA BLj
j M /kB SMB[n Ji Bk@A oa BM kTvAU Mi M kT{Aj l
s M oj BjAs Aoa Rnk[ ,j] }Ao{ S M  S{Ak nBL]A BTz
~N A nj BB jM jow HTLv BBTvp k nj /k{BM T{Aj An uw AoM oB{oA
BLeA v pB KA  B\C pA /knAj (V LeA) BQow M pB
BB kk{ k{j Uo n oM BB KA ` kjM }LUo BM B nAk

1- Veal

25

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

AkTMA nj kwn B\A M jAs A AoM jAsM BBoM  T[ /kAT{Aj Sd]nA An e

, AoMBM ,jnAj pB jBp o{ M oQ /SNo nAo[ jBTwA jn oQ TiBw AoM C kU o{
/k{ k@FU Moa  o{ BM kU oQ BB n oM k nV M
kU AoM ,jnp Moa T{Aj j M  SwA wo] o{ BB jAs oTa : wo]
BjAs oBw BM vB7 nj Bwo] o{ /jnAk Aka xpnABw kw S{ qo[ S{@
M SLv wo]  B\C pA /jnAj An Moa kM kB] jA ` Moa knj oTzM
Tvw T{Aj M ,kj Bz y@A Sow M jM tBve nBvM ed RBodU
oUjp oj BjAs BU M SLv Bwo] /SwA TNB Ro{ TNB wU nBvM L~
/kwn o{ kU ZA M oTow k{ BM
jB7TA B77d jM B. (T). T. Longifrons ze jAk]A @iA pA wo] BB@
pA jAs A jAsM BTBN /k{BM kBn BToM m op M ~T  knAj
oq] SeBv /SwA k{ pBC (BTvA vAoN M BB Boq] pA ) wo] oq]
,pKw kU M o~d pnBz BTBN k yhM /SwA Mo B 62 HLo7U N
nAkMC nBvM BN pA k nV M BB Am /SwA ABh BjnAoN ,oN]@
nAk7 pA j Aoa k{ nB Rn M UAo n oM BB /j{ FU UAo
o{ jnAoN oUA AM o jAsM kn V nj /k mPU q oTBv jkd

pA yM k{ TiB{ B ,97 oBM NBTz B : 2-3 {

/SwA T{Aj kU jo{ nj nj o{ o 218

jo{ BB xnoQ A

26

nj nj k{ TiB{ B ,92 o BM wo] B : 2-4 {

/SwA j kU o{ o 1486 jo{

jAs o{ /SwA jM BM Moa knj BM BB n oM k@FU \T nj /jM oujn kU

nj A BT M UnB kLU Rnk[ /k{BM njnp ,jBp UnB S M wo]
jAs j A o{ ke nj BC o{ jnp n Rk{ Am jM qo wo] pA yM ojBjAs
/k{BM a@
RB~hz  B M wo] oq] nj Aop knAj Ro{ jAs |i M wo] BB@
jAs A nj  An BB pA A 2-4 o~U /k{ jAj kB pB]A ,S{Aj JeB
/kj Bz knAj B oB nBTiBw
SwA oTnqM wo] pA jke BU qo k{ jAj Bz 2-5 { nj  B` : qo@
jA  knj ` Moa knj /jnAj wo] M jBp SBL{ C o{ RB~hz m
j] S M C o{ n BA ,SwA wo] pA oT kA jAs A o{ nj Moa kM kB]
BBw pA yM  kU B qo BBw p /SwA oUjnp UnB oTzM nAk7
q BA  j{ K] { Moa jnp n oTa pAkA /(2-5 k]) SwA wo]
BM Bwo] pA oUoj Bqo /k{BL KwB Bw kw S{ qo[ S{ kU AoM
/Sv Bwo] Mi M BC Aoa Rnk[ k{
oAq] pA oj ) qo qq] nj , B.(T).T.Longifrons ze op pA Bqo@
,wo] ` q qo  SwA AoM jB7TA /kATNo Fz (BTvA vAoN M BB@
BN nj HLo7U Mo B 24 SeBv BM qo oq] /k{BM kBn BToM op
M oTzM xoTv j M oq] A /SwA k{ [A wo] oq] Mo B{ B 22

27

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

136 pA yM jo{ nj nj qo B : 2-5 {

/SwA j kU o{ o @

B{ ,pnBz A nB /SwA wo] oq] pA oUjow A JC AnAj B{ Sw

BM MBz oq] A nj BB Sok Uo }Ao{ /k{BM ABh RAkU
ke BU qo BB /kTv k{ nBvNA BB a B /SwA wo] qq] Sl
/knAjnioM oT SBA pA Bwo] M SLv BB A /k{BM An e BM nBvM
AoM , 183 Bw nj /SwA k{ TiB{ |i S M q qo jAs A j] BM
o AoM AkTMA BB A o{ /k{ l jkT BnB oq] nj B SLY pA L[ B MB{pnA
/SNonAo[jAsMBSA q] o{ Moa BM knjMMBTwj ,pBC pAAmk{ jBTwA
ze op pA  SwA uw AoM o{ jAs oUk[ : uw AoM
uw AoM SwA X jBp BTeA M  BAhTwA /k{BM B.(T).T.Longifrons
AoM /jjooM j pA L[ Bw 4 M C gnBU  k{ AkQ uw nj ,SwA poA
BU {ni pAuwAoM A[n/SwAj B7 qBe BTzpAkM poupAuw
xnoQkvQjnj }w { BM nj kw Bj] /SwARBT oU i
HTLv pAkAKLw M jAs A /SwA pBL\  An Ae uw AoM /Sv A Bkj
ke nj Bw kw S{ kMnAoQ AoM kM kw Moa ,BBw jBp p ,nqM
oj o{ BjAs M SLv j{ BMoj uw AoM /SwA TNB SL7 BTz
/SwAk{jAj Bz 2-6 o~U nj Je uw AoM B /kwn kU ZA M oUoj

jo{ BB xnoQ A

28

113 jo{ nj nj uw AoM B : 2-6 {

/SwA jo kU o{ o @

nj  Aj nj jo Aoa  B] ,SwA k{ bA uw B nj uw AoM

,qBQ nj /SwA TNB AjA  BM Aj @oV M BTvMBU V nj k{ mo{ nBM
~N V nj AoMBM /kAk{ nAk C nj BTvp V kAjooM BTwn M BB@
B Aj n Aoa /SwA jM Aj n B M o~d BC Am qBQ BTvMBU ,nBM
oQ kU AoM AkTMA nj jAs A  B\C pA /SwA k{ jAs A nj oUoM Aoa Rnk[ M o\
/SwA k{ @e  Moa knj BM jBp o{ kU AoM ,oTzM k@FU Am ,jM k{ bA
/kTv uoN tsoQ tPU tnBU tM oB{oA jAs ze jAk]A : oB{oA
,175 Bw pA kM C jAsM k BTBN /SwA k{ bA jAs oiC oB{oA
kUBwA Mo J] nj oA 7e nj oB{oA jAs /SNo B\A oj BjAs pA kM i
BQ RBAe BTvA B{ oUAqU BB ,B{ Boq] ,k BB /k{ bA
/kjM jAs A AoM
V nj oB{oA BB /SwA v@B jow Bw pA jBp Sv[ nj oA 7e nj A JC
nj N kA HTLv nAk7 ,7e Bp qhBe k j M ji jAs bA kn
j] M An Ji Aoa Rnk[ AnAj M [ RBAe B7M Sl A /kAT{Aj toTwj
/SwA jnC

29

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

M B A[ BU qo[ pA BC n jM wo] qqBB pA oTnqM oB{oA BB@

oTzM o BB nj qo[ M B A[ kw n KoU AAoN /SwA oPT kw qo[
Bw kw S{ kU AoM BQ HTLv kU p j M jAs A BBw /SwA
xpnA AnAj S{ kU AoM q jApB BB Nme BB /knAj ewT xpnA
A o{ Moa /kTv kw Moa AnAj k{ Ba ow i Aop ,k{BM ewT
/SwA wo] qo pA oT BC o{ Moa kM kB] jA knj 4 HLo7U jAs
Ro{ ,|Bi _Q BM BfB{ ` ,KwBT BTvQ kM ,OU Bd M oB{oA jAs
BfB{ k{n B d M A w nj Bkj xnoQ KA poA /(2-7 {) jnAj
BTvQ { n oM BB A jAs bA nj /j{ kj oT ,_Q BM BfB{ Am k{
oj BjAs KA BM vB7 nj oB{oA Bd A pA Am /SwA k{ mL nBvM k@FU
/k{BM oTM
/jM k{ TiB{ nu j jAs A M BBw o{ n Rn{ : o{ n Rn{
Bw nj /k{BM o{ jAs kBM n Rn{  kjo A Bkj xnoQ ,1969 Bw nj
/k{ A o{ BB \A pA Tv[ o{ n Rn{ \A ,1972
Jvd n Rn{ jAs pA zhM kTv AB@Ak] jAs o{ BnRn{

W nj k{ TiB{ B ,91 o BM oB{oA B : 2-7 {

/SwA j kU o{ o 472 xo

jo{ BB xnoQ A

30

B{ nj n Rn{ BB /SwA k{ TiB{ BjAs oUk[ pA  k{

/kAk{ bA B.(T).T.Primigenius ze jAk]A pA nnqU 7e nj BTvA [o{
Bnj /kjM @o 1Bnj BB M kAk{ njB kdT SBA M  BB pA nBvM
TNo Rn B\C nj n Rn{ jAs AkTMA bA  SwA BTvA Bd pA
UBU _ T{ o{ BB M ,SLY AoM kdT RBA nj 1935 Bw BU /SwA
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uwFU BoC o{ n Rn{ \A ,1948 Bw nj /k{ NBlA B A B SLY vnAk
,1967 Bw nj /S{Aj jAs A SNozQ nj AqvM oYFU oA A  ,j BB SLY M mo{
jAk]A pA zhM AnA BB A /k{ jnA kdT RBA M BAoTwA pA AnA n Rn{
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pAkA /SwA @o S{ o{ kU AoM nu j jAs A M n Rn{ jAs
Nme BB AoM BM S[ SiAjoQ S{ kU AoM SLX pBTA BC nqM HTLv
BM vB7 nj (o 36 BU 24) kU B nj BQ p j M jAs A BBw /SwA
BC o{ /knAj oT oUoM kw S{ kU AoM uw AoM BTz BBw@
oPT qo[ BU kw HLo7U pA Ae n /SwA KwB B oQ U 7Tv @o~ AoM
/SwA @o oU fow n M  k{BM n j o pA LoU AnAj oTzM SwA
k{ JBhTA o{ T{ kB7 AoM BBw n Rn{ jAs  B\C pA
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Be o{ OU nj Ak SNozQ kk{ C o{ jAs jB\A M ~ Bkj xnoQ
B 2-8 { nj /kTv oTAAoN BoC Mo BSBA nj RBAe A /SwA k{
/SwA k{ jAj Bz jAs A Je
jAs SLY B;\A

RBA nj B \A A oTzM /S{Aj SLY B \A xoTv M pB BB SBA re

S BM BB SLY B \A A A @k /k{ uwFU jp o[ oiC Bw 25 V kdT
BB Bk jnA MB7 nj B 77e Bk jnA pA SBe nu M }hz jAs
/k{ U RBAe 2B@B RB~hz SLY AoM k nV M A B`MBT /jM L7U
/kjM k{ jnA BQnA pA  kjM BB k{ SLY BC RB~hz AkTMA nj  BB KA
SZ ~e SNBnj BM  kjM A o{ BB BLeB pA zT jAs B \A
,kU pC ,BAj SLY ] pA Th BBoM nj So{ AoM p Bq
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1- Durham

2- Pedigree

31

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9538 jo{ nj nj o{ n Rn{ B : 2-8 {

/SwA j kU o{ o @

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k{ SLY \A nj B{njB nkQ  k B SLY kAU An BB }7N B \A A
BB pA jkd jAkU SLY pB]A , BTz \A q\M B \A BU A j] BM /k{BM
/k njB q kAkz SLY BC njB nkQ  An Je
A oM /k SLY An A BB SB B7TA ` jAs B \A
ou jn jAs BB RAkU m MBpnA M Mo RB~hz SLY  N B \A
/kT{Aj k oM q An ji
;j{ B\A wBwA BoM j nu A M /SwA jAs wU jAs \A A @k
BjnAkBTwA DHI pA jBTwA }7N olBe Be nj  SwA kU Bjnn pA nAk
pC BBoM A SNozQ nj An y7 jAs B \A /k jnCoM An pB jn
/j{ B\A |Bi OU TNomQ BM  SwA OU jLM ,@k j /kAj BA kU
,oiA BBw V /k MBpnA jAs Je OU BM vB7 nj An BB BoM A nj
A /jo nAo[ MBpnA jn Aj Th BTv[ C nj  k{ AnA OU ei BoM
MB[ RBVA kLM An B o l R[ RB  kj pB]A AnAjB M ml

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32

B \A /knC Swj M o BB AoM |~i M ,Tr MBpnA AoM oTzM jBTwA

- A7e BBoM KB[ nj An BAj yB BnAz] ,OU jLM AoM ` jAs
/kB ~zU TBA
OU kM7LV oM /SwA jAs NoU ,jAs \A o A @AkA pA oj
jAs NoU jLM AoM BBoM |~h qA] B \A oTzM ,kU pC BBoM
\ NBa ,Bkj xnoQ BB AoM qA] |B~TiA AU ] C pA  knAj
An BzBB SNozQ jLM AoM AnAjB M  AoM o ka B AkhTwA ,jAs
/jo{oM
o{ A BB ;\A

/kjAj zU An o{ A BB \A o{ jAs B \A BZA ,194 Bw nj

C oM /SwA jM o{ BB SNozQ AoM ,B v xU \A A @k
jM A o{ BB Bkj xnoQ [ oujn  An TiA BBoM
BRnB (1 :jo{oM An jnA A AU kj vnAkU BBoM ] pA /kAjAj xoTv@
AoM B A[ \ (2 ,o B o{ BB AoM B nAm@nB{
pA jBTwA BM  BB SLY AoM B RAno7 A[ \ (3 ,wn BpC
ByB AoM o{ BB 1Bo SwoN (4 ,kAk{ oT] ~ c7U
B{oN AoM [iA Bv \ SwoN (5 , TBA ,A7e
/~i
jAs JBhTA

jAs JBhTA ,BC oT /jAj nAo[ ouk kBM An jkT A jAs JBhTA nj
BA BM o{ kU BM BjAs T{m nj /jpBw jnCoM An kC N nApBM }Ao{ kATM  SwA
o@A /SwA q AnAjB pA ZM AoM ~h{ RBU /jM kvQ jn oTzM , Moa
RBU mB[A Aop ,kB JBhTA An C kBM uQ k{ BlnA jAs BM }7N |Bh{A
/SwA i o{ BB BM jonB AoM ~h{
BM ,SwA oj SLX T jApB Aj xoN koi nj ,7e nj [An jAs JBhTA
JC /jnAk jBp SA Fv A ,RB7TA 7 Sw AoM poA joTv RBBA
olBe Be nj A j] BM /SwA M] o ~VB |~i M ~VB pA ZM nj A
Bo M SLv dU [Ake AnAj  An BjAs ,KwB Sok onB M BM AU
[Ake kBM BB  Un nj /jAj xnoQ KwB jpBM BM zhM SBln nV M kTv

1- Classes

33

BoC kdT RBA nj o{ S

jM [ /jo nAo[ ou jn kBM Aoa Rnk[ ,kAnmM Uo n oM An Bw pATv[

a o /jnAj TvM BAp [ nj BBw p M  SwA oj FvBBw@
BBw ,Ji Sok BM /SwA oTzM BC kB kp uB{ ,k{BM oTnqM BBw@
/kBM kp Mi B M kAU oTa jAs

BTvQ k
pB pA yM o{ kU AoM AnAkBTvQ pA ioM BTvQ jk BAU BL oM o{ S
k{n a wB{ S%BM ,cozU ,yhM *A nj /SwA k{ BM BzA] Akpo%
/S%o kAi nAo0 WdM jn BTvQ jk
BTvQ jk cozU
BTvQ oB {

/kAk{ 0A MB4 eB nj 8 k{ zU ;Tv BTvQ k nBa pA o{ B BTvQ

> nB\ ,BoBw ,Boiow C pA 8 MB4 Ao\ BoC pA DBMn ka BM BTvQ
Oa j M B ; DBMn nj BTvQ /SwA ~T kM o>e M k8 nL JB~A
* ,jnAj B@Ak] nB\ L{ Ak8 o *zQ *vQ 1 BoUnA8 /SwA k{ v;U SwAn
kU o{ knj 6 HLo;U K; BoUnA8 /kB Ak] pA An BC Bz _
/k8 kU An kB0BM knj 4 ] BoUnA8@
BTvQ /k8 o4U SYAn *w ,kU BAU BM jBp Aq M BTvQ { pAkA
kenj k{ c{oU o{ 8 k{BM nqM nk0 M kBM ,o{ c{oU AoM p S%BM jM AnAj oM
23 SBw 12 C kUoQ B nC M /jnAj B ji nj An y{j j B%
o8 5 pA yM y{j pA L0 B *a d{oU S%BM o{ /k8 c{oU o{ o8@
/SwA pB jn 0 nBvM ; RC ,nAk AoM *AoMBM /jnAj p
ioM /j{ hU BTvQ { c_w nj BTvQow BM BTvQ k nBa pA Ak8 o
ow /ko nAo0 K; BTvQ ow j SzQ 8 knAj q %BaA BBTvQ BB pA
AoM Aop knAjoM eAo] BoC pA SwA A] Aj 8 0 An %BaA BBTvQ
1- Quarters B BTvQ k nBa pA o

jo{ BB xnoQ A

36

(a) B 
BMn : 3-1 {

BTvQ kAU BTvQ

/kB jBA An jBT B@

/k{BM kTv BTvQ n poM C BLj M BoT8@BM A M k{ jC

BTvQ knAk BS BM

S%BM *oUd_w SwQ /kB SBe nAk An BTvQ cTh S%BM S>
S%BM BM SwQ /jnAj BTvQ BdTwA nAk AoM oT8 BAU 8 SwA BTvQ Be
M ,jnAj BTvQ nAk AoM 8kA AU SwQ ` q C 8 TwQ op ;e coe
B0% c_w *M An Tvw B~UA , 1kB JBC S%BM /SwA ~T BTvQ *op
/k8 jB\A { BQ nAj ] BoUnA8@
nAj pA j *A ,k8 Ak] pA B\UnA S%BM d j An BTvQ j
*A ,(3-1 {) kjo ~T M jk BQ c_v b_w nj k{ Kz {
M BU kTwo% k nj M An jkT B kj zU An B ; DBMn 8 j
/kTv oTAAo% BTvQ BQ yhM nj B /jjo ~T k kL S%BM JanBa
c_w pA 8 SwA BTvQ knAk BT%BM pA oj (3-2 {) 2op Qjnp
H;Tv 3SwA LB] ; B DBMn Fz T%o zaow AhTwA {

1- Cord

like tissue

3- Lateral

suspensory ligament

2- Subpelvic

tendon

37

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(a) op Qjnp : 3-2 {

o AoM LB] 
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Kz C pA BTvQ pA Sv0
/j{

j M o 8 k{ 0A LB] DBMn BTvQ koC o nj /kB SBe An BTvQ

BDBMn /SwA oUha 8kA j ,; d_w ;j{ v;U Sv0
; BDBMn pA o d_w B /kTv B ; BDBMn pA oUoL% LB]
/kjooM An MB; iAj c_w M T%B jAkTA BTvQ ] *BQ koC M LB]
BTvQ LB] c_w M T%B jAkTA BTvQ BM nj LB] ; BDBMn B B
BTvQ iAj kL S%BM BM 8 k{ Kz C pA jkT B ,*` /k{ ~T
Sv0 8 kB JBC S%BM j{ C LB] B ; BDBMn o@A /SwA k{ BjA
pA AqC { M BTvQ SBe *A nj ,j{ kz8 q k8 ~T nAj M An BTvQ ]
/kwn om M
nB\ L{

Ao\ /kB hU k8 c{oU oUnA8 B 8 An o{ n;% oUnA8 o BTvQow

jo{ BB xnoQ A

38

BMn : 3-3 {
pA Tv0 (a) LB] 
/ (b) B 
BMn

j M AqC BTvQ : 3-4 {

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BMn k{ 8
M 9Ao{ :A nj /LB] B
k{j An BTvQ AU Thw
/kM k oUSeAn BTvQ

39

BTvQ k

oT>wA BU 8 k{ 0A BTvQow o BTA nj oTTBw .6-1.3 C M 1a8@

Jkd kCoM 5 BU 3 pA BTvQow Ao\ /jnAj nAo0 C AkTMA nj BTvQ k o r
BkCoM ,kj zU An kB nBTw kB{ T%o nAo0 ok nB8 8 k{ zU
j *M o{ Zoi pA BTvQow m> /kAT{Aj B TvM jAnAo ;e B`B An
Sow /j{ BTvQ iAj M ]nBi jA oT8@BM jn B j o] y{j
k{ k{j ow 8 BB /jnAj TvM BTvQow m> pAkA M ke BU B y{j
Bz jni *a 8 B 7 BTvQow m> BM Swnj /kTv oTnqM m> AnAj
*a *A k{ o WBM o{ \U pA {B nBz% /jnAj nAo0 2oLTwn% M ko
nj o>e) 3BTvQow qh /k8 8 o{ Zoi pA o] M k{ Bjni

BTvQow 8 xoM : 3-5 {

C 8 B:a
1- Teat

meatus

3- Teat

cistern

2- Furstenburg's

rosette

jo{ BB xnoQ A

40

BnAj /kj B] ji nj An o{ uA 11 BU 1 pA BTvQow pAkA M TvM (BTvQow

2 2
v8 jAkU k{ o nBz% oYA oM 8 jnAj jkT ;e C B*a BTvQow qh
8 SwA * BAj pA ioM nj /knC j] M BTvQow iAj nAj nj An o>e
o{ Zoi pA SB BM jnC j] M BTvQ ow o nj An B8 joQ B*a*A
*a) a8 kCoM BTvQow qh BM nj /k{ oUnA8 Aj n8 K]
jkd An o{ Bo] SwA * q *A 8 k{ zU 8@AoT kL S%BM pA 1(;e
/kB
~T BTvQow qh B qj M T%o nAo0 BTvQ k iAj nj 2k qj B qh
BU 15 o{ nC ] C nB8 SwA xT nBvM yB\ { ,pAkA om pA qj *A /SwA
/k{BM C M T a8 Ao\ 2
d{oU S%BM M q BC 8 k{ T a8 nB\ M T B jkT RBMBzA A nB\
M nB\ L{ BoC pA j{ c{oU B`MBLe iAj nj 8 o{ /kjo T
o o{ knj 4 HLo;U /j{ ;T ,*{B B Swj BM o{ S{AjoM d BTvQow
/kTv B`MBLe nj kB0BM knj 6 knAj B] k BTvQow Bqj nj k
kAk{ CBeA z{Q S%BM pA j BM nqM Ao\ *` k BTvQow Bqj
Bw pA BM a8 nB\ B`MBLe /knAk z; o{ c{oU nj Ak8 _ 8@
a8 Ao\ ,A Ao\ pA 8 d nj /kAk{ k{Q o{ k8 c{oU z{Q
8 jnAj j] C jk\ JBzA pA L0 ,a8 Ao\ o_0 nj kCoM ,j{ Kz
nB\ L{ nj o{ jBT%A Bo] M pA 8 (3-6 {) j{ T kB 3v8 o>e M
o{ ,nB\ L{ BoC pA BU j{ jnA TLX nBz% B`MBLe oM kBM *AoMBM /k8 o]
kAo% BM SLX nBz% *A /kj B;TA k BTvQow qh iAj M d{oU S%BM pA An
/j{ BA 4o{ pBwjApC
i 1FU

*FU ( BTvQ pA o AoM) A oiow j HLo;U An BTvQ pB jn i

jnA MB4 Ao\ BoC pA 5(]nBi Bo{ BBo{),Boiow *A /k8
Bo{ BBo{BJBzA]nBi AoBiBBo{/k{ BTvQ
/k{ Jvd { RnC pA BJBzA ji 8 kTv 6]nBi

1- Annular
3- Sinus

fold

like enlargement

5- External

iliac arteries

2- Gland
4- Milk

cistern

ejection

6- External

pudendal arteries

41

BTvQ k

,d{oU SCBM /B BTvQ pA oUnA nB L{ o~U : 3-6 {

BM kj zU An (M = 3BP) 2B{i  (BC) 1B`MBLe
/kAk{ 8BeA kL SCBM pA z{Q

kLU BTvQ BBo{ M MB4 Ao\ pA nL K0BT ]nBi Bo{ BBo{

kM RBMBzA k{ Kz BTvQ *zQ *vQ BBo{ M BTvQ BBo{ /k{
,kAT%ooM nj An B`MBLe 8 a8 Bo M SB nj 8 T%B AjA ke BU BC
MB4 Ao\ BoC pA BTvQ M jn d M Bo{ BBo{ /kjo T
1- Alveoli
3- Lobules

2- Cluster

jo{ BB xnoQ A

42

o{ c{oU rq

o{ c{oU wB{ TiB

nj /jo B\A `MBLe z{Q Bw nj  SwA o{ c{oU BTvQ jk# A &'

HTLv ATv ,z{Q w o /SwA k{ jAj Bz z{Q w o~U 4-1 {
wQkC L{ M  ]nBi Bz# ,jnAj Bz# j Tv /jnAj Tv ka B BM nqM
/jnAj wQTw M Tv pA jA nL AoM mCB iAj Bz# SwA ~T 1s BTwj
o{ BFUoQqTw ,w oXU AoM p RBKA Be Tv nj j] FUBo jA
/k{BM o{ Aq]A oBw qTw AoM p BqC
/jnAj nqM s BTwj w wQkC L{ d{oU Bw pA o
nj jkT Moa RAoPQ B`MBLe o&e s BTwj nj UoQ RAnl pA jBp nAkS
jAkU nj AkAqC yAqCA ,o{ c{oU AoM k{ jBC Bp nj /jnAj j] o&e w tEn
Bz z{Q w Qwo o~U 4-2 { nj /jomQ Rn BnkT
/SwA k{ jAj
2(Bq@An) nkT

q |~i M ,RB&T B FTv{ v w nj j] BnkT

ATP nj j] roA /k{BM ATP { M Be roA pBwoil ohvU RBTwA
M nkT /jo nAoQ jB&TwA jn o{ c{oU AoM p qTw B LoU By@A nj
/jnAj Ro{ w Bi nU

1- Golgi

2- Mitochondria

jo{ BB xnoQ A

,( FD) Moa o
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; (TJ) d B~UA ; (V) &@A ; (G ) s BTwj (LY ) pq)
; (ER) wQkC L{ (NV) Tv ; (N) Tv ; (R) pLn
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o
 (N) Tv , (L) o e /z{Q w Qwo o~U : 4-2 {
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52

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o{ c{oU rqC
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cPw n oM  k{ k{Q pLn M bo @AoT RAnl BM wQkC L{ pA TvQ
pA cM /kTv w FUoQ k yhM SiBw v TCo nAoQ Bz# oM
/k{BM k@AoQ wQTw owAow nj kTv ~T wQkC L{ M BpLn
TiBw Tv nj w o /SwA ij FUoQ SiBw nj RNA e w
pA oLBQ RNA B /kMB BSTA FUoQ SiBw d M wQTw foK pA k{
RNA /k{BM pLn RNA , RNA j e Be  TCB BSTA pLn M Tv
zU An |Bi FUoQ  knAj C BkwA KUoU AoM Bqn oLBQ
Tv DNA nj j] qn n pA jnAj j] oLBQ RNA n oM  qn /kj
QB RNA B M RNA w e BM wQTw nj j] C BkwA /j{ nAjoMhv
j] qn ,QB RNA /k{ e oLBQ RNA B~UA d B BpLn M k{ BC
/kj nAoQ xji |~h B] nj An C kwA BwB{ An oLBQ RNA n oM
jAj nAoQ yB] nj oLBQ RNA n oM j] qn fLK An oj C kwA ,oj QB RNA
BU j{ nAoU nkSC kn FA /jjo zU C kwA j FM 1kTPQ kQ
L{ M wQkC L{ Ao\ foK pA FUoQ /jjo zU FUoQ
@AoT @A nj o{ BFUoQ  B] s BTwj M uPw bB wQkC
/j{ jAj BSTA /jjo hU `MBLe Ao\ nj BU k{
tEn Sw M SwA pT@ FUoQ RAnl Be  SwBz# AnAj Av ,@A
4-1 { nj ,k hU `MBLe Ao\ nj An ji jA B\C nj BU kB Soe w
/SwA k{ jAj Bz jkT B@A
Bpq

M oTnqM B jo {T AoM BqC w nj j] Bpq

Rn nj  kTv LohU BqC Be Bpq F` /knAj oTa B
BU An jo{ k&e Bpq /k{ w o k{ {T K] ,k{ Bn
/kB o] w iAj M LohU BqC Zoi pA k oT ApAkA
/kB B&A ji A SBe M BTvQ 2SzoM nj An yS BTeA Bpq
o{ Moa c{oU

Moa qn BoPQ ,k{ qC n Moa nj d Bn BM BTvQ jk#  Un nj

1-

eptide bond

2- In

olution

jo{ BB xnoQ A

54

boK M Moa RAoPQ FA Soe BM /(4-1 {) k{ kj z{Q Bw kBQ nj

jnC jnA nBzC w nAj oM uPw Moa oPQ /k{ oTnqM [nkU M BoPQ ,BM
,j{ jApC Moa oPQ  TQ /jooM nj An Moa oPQ j{ kz w Bz#
o] `MBLe Ao\ BM wQTw tBU pA KUoU FkM TwQ M w BBz#
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nj  SwA UoQ BoPQ j] S M BTeA j{ SCB o{ Moa nj  kA
An Moa oPQ 4-3 { /kAk{ c{oU Moa BoPQ BM Ao jBTCA Aj M Bz# iAj
/SwA k{ U oTA Nwo BM  kj Bz
w FTwQ pA kov oU /SwA k{ zU BkovoU pA o{ Moa BU HLoSU
Moa BkwA /(4-4 {) SwA k{ TiBw ov M Joa kwA
/knAj RB&T K BM FMo Bo\p knAj j] kov oU BTiBw nj @
o{ Moa /SwA k{ jAj Bz 4-1 k] nj Aj e nBa o{ Moa FMo Bo\p K
oTzM BU -o\p Joa BkwA BknAhz o# o{ Moa M SLv Bk nAhz

`MBLe (A) o e pA oTA Nwo BM k{ U o~U : 4-3 {

qn nBvM BpoQ /k{BM k{ c{oU Be nj & (C) Moa o
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w kB noM

55

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NBL{Ao? ]nj PMo& RB T
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BkovoU nj knj
B@

qM

ui

BvA

FMo K

3
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oUM

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13

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12

12

14

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21

24

29

23

16

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11

18

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31

17

35

34

18:1

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eBL{A

eBL{Ao#

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/k{BM ( A
A L j AnAj kj zU oTwA kQ ov BM  Moa BkwA
pA zhM Mo 14 Joa BkwA BU BU o\p Joa BkwA |A yhM /k{BM
RBTwA BkeA pA Joa BkwA FA /k{ qTw BTvQ k# nj Mo 16 Joa BkwA

jo{ BB xnoQ A

56

TiBw knAj FMo nBa  1RAoUM vnkBTM kwA B knAj FMo j @

AoM /k{ TiBw L{ ohU BkAoC pA ,BU FMo o\p BM BkeA /k{
/j{ jB&TwA RBTwA pA oTzM ,(RAoUM vnkBTM BM vBS nj) o{ Moa qTw
BkwA pA Mo 16 Joa BkwA pA nBvM Mo 18 Joa BkwA BU HLoSU
14 Joa BkwA pA cM /kC Swj M kAk{ Jm] i pA { F M  Moa
Swj M Mo 18 16 Joa BkwA pA FMo keA nBa B j bme foK pA Mo 16
eBL{Ao# An BC Mo 18 Joa BkwA pA rnk B FT{AjoM BM BTvQ jk# /kC
pA j{ AkQ o{ nj  An A BkwA pA  nAkS BTvQ jk# /k
oTzM /SwA eBL{Ao# BTvQ jk# nj j] BMoa pA nAkS FAoMBM ,k Jm] i
nj j] ov pA nAkS BA k{ qTw q pA ov B
/j{ AoC i pA k{ Jm] BkovoU BTiBw
pT@ c{oU

zU Bo] nj /(4-5 {) SwA k{ zU pT@B q jBw kQ j pA pT@

Fj M pT@B uPw k{ kLU pT@B M q ,pT@
jjo BTvQ jnA  q pA knj 5 jke /kj zU An pT@ jkQ q@
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SvQ j pA ji  SwA nBTTw pT@ ,kB qBUB An pT@ zU eo FoiC
o{ [An BFUoQ pA  SwA 2FLCT@B&C BTvQ C pA /j{ zU
nAkS ,BAp pA LQ /SwA n SAk SdU FLCT@B&C zU x nj /k{BM
njB LQ ioTwroQyBpAkM}SC SwAFBQnBvMxBTvQjk#FLCT@ B&C
}wU ApAkABU x nj jo{ eo{ SwA FA oM jBSTA /kMB yAqCA BAp B
F A /j{ pBTTw pT@ pA TvQ GkM ji  jo B\A FLCT@B&C
/SwAkz}hzTwnjM k o{BBnjBnBpBw
pA k{qTw BpLnnj FLCT@B&CAop,j{ zUsBTwjnj pT@ GoB'
pBTTw pT@ keAopFj nced sBTwjboK M wQkCL{ Ao\
jBSTA,jjozUsBTwjnjpBTTw pT@  B\CpA/kSoe3(Fo&vAoUpT@B@)
/jjohU@AfoKpAFUoQRAnlBM Ao k{zUB\CnjqpT@ SwAFAoM
F,SwAo{ qwAnBzCk oT jB FoUApT@ /SwASMBY HTLv o{ pT@ nAkS
Bv B BU JC /knAj yS p FA nj q kw wBTQ ,kAoB
1- b-hydroxybutyric
3- Galactose

- Transferin

2- a-Lactoalbumin

57

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/pT&@ oI : 4-5 {
M (a) pT&@B
~T (b) q&
/j{

pA j{ &~U JC |A SvQ /jjo ST `MBLe M i o{ qwA nBzC k{

/jjo o{ jnA z{Q Bw foK
o{ c{oU BkAo6 oBw

z{Q Bw F ,k{ Be &~U kAoC pA o{ BFBT k jA

jk# nj /kB `MBLe Ao\ M i pA RAnl k e B Bz#kw A M
B\A kA &~U jnAj j] z{Q Bw FM 1Shw B~UA a Bw BTvQ
/k KoU C jA BM An k jA pA nAkS z{Q Bw /(4-1 {) jo
RAoTw RB&vC ,FpB BM B{ B qC Rn M o{ v knj 75 BX AoM
FBT B /j{ KoU FpB BM o{ o&vC pA pA yM k{ KoU
s M BFBT cM S|# /k{ ST i pA oU kM ,o{ nj j]
/jAj yAqCA i BwQ FBT nAkS yAqCA BM AU An Moa nj d BFBT
,JC c{oU AoM  2 &~U kAoC ;jnAj j] BTvQ k# nj c{oU kAoC j FAoMBM
,Moa  , 3w SSe pBw Siw oj jn nB M k jA BFBT
/k kU An BFUoQ oTzM pT@
kjM nBM FAoM jp oQ AozsQ ,j{ SCB o{ nj q w Aq]A  B\C pA
,Moa c{oU  k{ jAj Bz C pA uQ /SwA w q\U qTw B{ c{oU kAoC @
ATv RBLoU j] /kTv c{oU SSe BkAoC FUoQ pT@
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jo{ ZA pA kM j{ FqB] jo{ Anj nj Bw FA pA  jAkU /SwA o{
/SwBw FA jAkU nj yB j M jBp jke BU j{  kU @
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1- Tight

Junction

3- True

cell metabolism

2- Filteration

process

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pA  Moa BkwA BXTwA M ,knAj MBz BpBw yQ q knAhz o# RBAe

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nj  MCnAkS /SwA k{ jAj Bz 4-2 k] nj o{ i BwQ RBLoU vBS

S|# kBM JC o{ c{oU Fe nj FAoMBM /SwA i BwQ JC pA oT jnAj j] o{
SwA o{ nj pT@ S|# pA oUFBQ i BwQ nj q S|# /k{BM T{Aj TMBY
/SwA i Moa S|# pA oUBM i o{ Moa S|#
FLC ,FLCT@ ,FMT@ F` nAjFpB jB nBa pA o{ BFUoQ
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nj k{ Be i &~U pA BFMA i ow FLC /SwA o{ FUoQ
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59

o{ c{oU rqC

c{oU Aq BTvQ nBz6

\&wA SCBM nj kBvQ o{ A M o{ knj 15 jke ,LK y{ j pA kM

y{j pA kM i nj FwU v@A fnqU C jnC Swj M An BU /kB QBM BTvQ
nj VAnU  kC o| M /2k{BM {n  ,SwA B jk\ k{j LK
knj  BB nj jo{ AkU /SwA oY BTvQ \&wA SCBM nj kBvQ o{ nAkS
/SwA oTBU ,SwA oT BC kBvQ o{ knj  BB pA SwA oTzM BC kBvQ o{
bioM kBM z{Q Bw ,B`MBLe Ao\ s M BTvQ nj o{ \U BM Bq
i B`MBLe Ao\ nBzC  B /kj AjA An o{ Aq]A c{oU ,yAqCA Be nj nBzC
BTvQ nBzC FM PMAn y\w AoM jBp By{ /kMB yB c{oU Aq ,j{ jBp
nBzC o@pAkA AoM xn _ oBe Be nj F ,kAjAj B\A o{ c{oU Aq
1- Residual

milk

(]oT) SwA B\A Be nj jn FA nj jBp RBSSdU oBe Be nj -2

jo{ BB xnoQ A

60

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qh nj j] BnBzC  oC FA BM jo B\A k# BTvQow Bqh
/k{BM `MBLe Ao\ nj nBzC pA wBA ,k# BTvQow
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pA kM RBBw FA K nj BTvQ nBzC jBp yAqCA /SwA k{ jAj Bz 4-7 { nj
opAow BTvQow k# Bqh M d{oU SCBM pA  SwA o{ j M y{j
BU kMB yAqCA \nkU nK M nBzC ,BTvQ nBzC nj A ow yAqCA FA pA kM /j{
,C pA kM /kTCA B&UA nBzC nj oj yAqCA y{j FoiC pA kM SBw 1 BU 9 A
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1 jke nj o{ c{oU Aq /jnAj j] o{ BB i nj  SwA pB pT@
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jke o{ c{oU B QU BU yB FA  ,kMB yB Rk{ M c{oU ,SBw 14
BTvQ nBzC BB ,y{j pA kM Bp o nj /kMB AjA y{j FoiC pA kM SBw 35
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/knAj nBzC keA o
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/o{ c{oU Aq BM BTvQ nj nBzI

MAn : 4-7 {

61

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j yBpC nj /jM knj 3.5 yB ,y{j BBC k{ oUK j M j yBpC
1
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nBM 2 BM vBS nj pn nj BB y{j nBM 3B4  SwA k{ jAj Bz jkT BzBpC
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knj 2 BU 15 Aq M o{ kU yAqCA K] ,y{j nBM j BM vBS nj pn nj
6-25 WBM ,pn njy{j nBM w  kAjAj Bz kk] k{ oT BzBpC /j{
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FC (1985) AnB tC yBpC nj A { BB Aop ,k{BM aMo kU
,(1986) AnB
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Bp BC

jo{ BB xnoQ A

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kk{ jAj BSTA roA }wT o] M roAoQ o] pA kjo kU o{ o 31  BB -2
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poTQj yBpC BM vBS nj ,o{ kU knj nj oTzM yAqCA jo kU oT o{

Am# { ka A { BB AnB tC yBpC nj ,kAT{Aj (1985) AnB
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63

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mU BU jo B\A ,knAj cd Sok  B nj }SC kBM pn nj y{j nBM w BoM
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j M SwA F SM jM BTvQ nj nBzC yB j M knj 5-1  kj Bz
nj yAqCA , }Ao{ SdU /k{BM Am# jA pA jB&TwA kSU a LQ pA oj A
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nBzC yB \T nj C pA  nAkS SwA BB FA oTM Sok mU j M BTeA
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BB jo zi

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jo{ BB xnoQ A

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yB j M , 1B@B y{j /SwA JP B B k{ zi Bp BU y{j \nkU
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B@B y{j

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S M F` knAj B ji nj y{j pA LQ An o{ oTzM  d{oU
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BUwBzAjnj 1941 Bw nj yAnB oTQ /k{BM onjj o n

1- Incomplete
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milking

hold up

2- Milk

let down

4- Milk

ejection

65

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1- Myoepithelial

Cells.

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67

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BM {juQ pA L1

(oH@)

(01j)

(01j) {B

oET
i
Kpa

] _A

3.7

.6

12

4.9

.8

18

4.8

1.6

2.8

24

nUBw Q Aq
4.4

1.1

3.4

4.5

3.3

4.4

1.1

4.3

.9

3.5

1:1

4.9

1.2

3:1

4
8
12
nUBw Q SLv

M jp k pA o] AoM Nj o nj nUBw Q BMo_ 4 jAkU Ake ,jnA

Rk ,j{ jBCTwA kk] xjo{ {B pA B B /j{ U BBTvQow
oXB@Ake M BU ,SwA p S TC Ake /kB RjB C M BB BU kzB 2 Bp
nUBwQ BMo_ jAkU , i Aq o{U M BLUnA wnoM ni M /kwn o{ Bo] Aq
n BTvQ SC , 1kM Bw xnB{ BM oj {B A nUBwQ SLv
A M AkMAn _ ,jnA K>A nj /SwA To B\A jBp RBBk BM BTvQ
/SwA kz SB BzBpC k{ oTB hAo{ nj ,BTvQ n {jo{ {B M Mo
,BnAjB oM B@Be hAo{ nj P jnA M BLUnA j] k B j] jn nj 
/Sv Swj nj BB RB2A
1- Somatic

Cell Count

jo{ BB xnoQ A

92

{B BM {jo{

B tEn o M joB ]U pA ,KwB y{j B\A B j{ n~U BLT{A M HLB>

kCnj KvB AoM o{ oTzM jpBM kU BnAjB K>A *k B B\C pA /kB o]
/jjo tU kAo{ o nj oTzM kU BU S{Aj BB ]U B tEn o M kBM ,SwA oTzM
 ,jnAj UBU BLUnA B tEn o M jo ]U BM T{AkM o> K_ y{j B\A
]U Ake BM y{j KwB B{n onBB M BA oTzM kU M kwn AoM p
o M ]U Aq Ake BM Ao KwB y{j xn onBB M /jnAj j] B o M
L2 k{ jApC pA kM o{ BU B~dTwA -1 :SwA op A [Q SBn qTv B tEn
BTvQ kj k pA o] -3 ,]nBi RAnl pA nB o{ kU -2 ,o{
M C UnBB pA BTvQ n k BoTB@BM BNTA pA o] -4 ,BBTvQow
/Bw onBB pA cd jBCTwA -5 Co> UnBB@
jAkU B SBn tBwAoM qCSN {jo{ B\A AoM BU oTzM
Au a SB nj o{ BB kM rq Tnj P jnA pA oTzM
B Aoa ,knAj An p ]U xpnA P jnA /SwA nATwA kd KTh hAo{ M BB A
p UBNNdU RAnBLTA kB a o@A ,k{ kFU jkT RAkBz BM P RB pA tM
/k{BM
y{j AoM B jo+ jBC

jAj yB {Sv{ ,KwB y{j Ao]A AoM k A : BTvQ jo+ zi Tv{

KA {) SwA BY 3 BU 15 Rk AoM o JC kB Ck_ B BM ,BTvQ
B A AoM An C TeAn M xjo{ }h{ Swj B k{BM nk M kBM JC Bo /(6-3
zi AoM kBM /kBM BM n2 B C RnAoe ]nj BB BU AoM kB dU
M B pA oTB@BM nBzTA pA BU joB jBCTwA AB@Ak] BBTwj B BTwj B o BTvQ joB@
k{ C k_ y{j o M B Un nj AanBQ BBTwj /j{ o] oj B@
An m>BB BBTwj /Sv Fv A BnAjB K>A nj  ,kTv jBCTwA MB
BTwj jBp jAkU  ,joB jBCTwA U ApnA HTLv T BM B o jBCTwA AoM AU
Aop j jBCTwA kBL An [An \CwA BoMA /SwA p KXB BB joB qU AoM
kM /kB NT oj B M B pA An oTB@BM ,joB Ck_ AU An [CwA
{) joB zi AB@Ak] m>BB BBTwj BM kBM An BBTvQow ,BTvQ Tv{ pA
/(6-3 J
j] y{j AkTMA nj BTvQ joB zi { Sv{ ]U AoM wBwA j j
BTvQow *Ao2A nj o{ c{oU WBM xjo{ B{B oTzM A A /jnAj
qU /kB jnA o{ iAj M An jnAj j] BTvQow n oM B Ao]A B k{

93

{B BM {jo{

2A

BmLBH BM BTvQ Tv{ ;B{ KwB y{j nj A BAk1A : 6-3 {

BM BBTvQ BH joH zi (OA) kH ,kQ d To~ nBM
(J) { Sv{ pA kM To~ nBM BmLBH@

B SwA rBwB BTvQ Tv{ A j /kB o] oA A pA BTvQow jM

RBNNdU /kB NU o{ TiBw jApC AoM T An C B jnAj kMAn y{j BM
M To B\A o{ KwB k{ jApC S] BTvQ Tv{ AoM p Bp Rk nBM nj jBp
jBp SA oj y{j M y{j pA {Sv{ Bp jM SiA B kwn oi
Pk BjAs BU AoM BTeA BTz kUoQ BB AoM |~i M ,oA A /jnAj
Rk A k{BM BB BTvQop Sv BTvQow joB qU AoM BY 1 o@A /kB
o{ KwB k{ jApC WBM oA A ,k{BM T{Aj AkU oj y{j BU y{j pA Bp
o{ k{ jApC pA uQ BUB Rk nj xjo{ {B j A oM /jjo
pA L }hz Bp nj AU An B BTvQ Tv{ B B\C pA /SwA nBvM
/kB jBCTwA o{ k{ jApC AoM BTvQ Tv{ pA B jAj U An B kBM ,jAj B\A {B joB@
OQ k{ {n B ,{jo{ Bw nj B A m{U BM An o{ k{ jApC BB BU o@A
B w B j M An xjo{ {B AU o{ k{ jApC pA kM Nj 2 ,kB pB>C i
i nj pBwjApC j M BB NM nj o{ L2 S{AjoM AoM Rn A nj /j
pA kM Nj ka o nj An j k{ jApC kAU B B Fv A /SwA pB y{j
/SwA kz }hz p ,oi B k{BM T{Aj A
T{AjoM BTvQop BBTvQow pA An { Sv{ pA kBBM JC ,BTvQ joB zi
B jo B\A {B {Sv{ B B /kB o] o{ jC pA AoMBM
zi ,kB xqn xjo{ {B B nj BBTvQow pA ok ok JC B Bp

jo{ BB xnoQ A

94

kAU y{j i nj BTvQ ckw jC JC /SwA nBvM BTvQ BBTvQow joB@

kp hd nj j] BvBnA oYAoM BTvQ SC yAqA K] j{ B jnA
/jjo@
B\A BBTvQow BTvQ Tv{ pA uQ kBM SQ OoTwA pA jBCTwA : 1SQ OoTwA pA jB9TwA
qn BiAnw BM nU AnAj B Bw *oc nj oUnAB o pA o{ BkA /(6-4 {) jo@
kBz /jo nAo wnoM jn L2 o> BTh ,RAnl n /j{ k{j SwA
L2o> o{ kj /SwA nU n oM C kBz pA oUjBw SQ n oM L2o> n
L2o> o{ xo pA kBM /j{ Bnj kAU B SwA BBTvQ M KwC B BTvQ n Bz
kAh yQ z j{ Thn nj oUnAB o o{ A Bo] w B j o@A /j nAjji
yBB kAU An o{ BoTB@BM jAkU SwA B HTLv Moa AnAj o{ A Aop ,kC
2 nj o{ S{AjoM /kBwn BBw *o~ M AU An SQ OoTwA o{ /kj
jApC A u B j{ NU BBTvQow n oM B_A rBwB kAU SQOoTwA
{ Sv{ Bp jM jkd Rn nj |~i M ,oA A /kB oTzM An o{ k{
w /jnAj oTzM SA j{ { Sv{ nBBji n2 M BTvQ B jnA nj B BTvQ
BM kC M RBBk /kzM 2 B o AoM BY 3 BU 25 pA yM kBL A eo
o@A TeAn o{ L2 kU k{ jApC BB A B SwA jAj Bz BTz kUoQ BB@
jM kAi oTBQ o{ Bo] Aq ,S{Aj kAi ,kz odU BTvQ Tv{ BM
GoBc jn A nj /k{BM ~T B BTvQ M oU2 Rk AoM kBM xjo{ {B
/k{ NU o{ hU S] Tod A BBTvQ rBwB BB B~UA
k{ jApC M Bp B /(6-5 {) SwBB B~UA ,eo nBa : B+ B~UA
,kz 2 Nj 4 BU 3 pA yM Tz jkd  Ake M kBM {B B~UA o{
Nj ka pA kM i wUvB@A Si> /SwA Jk Nj pA oTB Bp B
ji SeAoTwA jB SBe M z{Q - t Bw kB yBB M po{
oCe M Gjk\ o{ Nj 8 B 7 2 nj o{ S{AjoM k Rn nj ,AoMBM /kjooM
k{BM pB S Nj 6 BU 5 M {B BM o{ S{AjoM AoM o@A /jjooM B`MBLe
p M o{ kU nj yBB ,j{ o{ k{ jApC pA kM Nj 4 BU 3 xjo{ {B
BB B~UA /k{BM o k{ B kBM xjo{ {B ` /kkQ
jApC nj k{ B M T{ kC jnA K] SwA  ,BTvp nj |~i M jow
/kBjB\ATiA o{ k{
o{ BkA BTvQ n }hzU AoM jnAj qn BiAnw BM nU C n B As *oc -1
Strip Plate

/j{ k{j C n

95

{B BM {jo{

joH zi Tv{ pA kM : 6-4 {

o{ Bo] w B j oUnAH o pA ,BTvQ
j{ k{j NBH OoTwA iAj nj
/jjo BwB{ LXoL o{ BU

nj kBM xjo{ {B : 6-5 {

zTv{ pA kM 01j ka o
/jjo BBTvQ

jo{ BB xnoQ A

96

noM BQ *o2 M nBz BA pA RnBL ,{B BM {juQ : 1 {B BM {j uQ

BU ,k{BM oj Swj BM BQ Sw M BTvQ yB Swj BM B 2aoi
Bqj M Bt k{ pBM M A /(6-6 {) kC Swj M oTzM o{ y{j BBQnj
uQ Bo@pAkA K>A /kB B BC jM TvM Rn nj BTvQ BTvQow
Ak{ oTB BzBpC nj /jo B\A o{ Bo] BB KU pA L ,{B BM {j
nj BkA nBvM yAqA M o{ BB KU pA kM {B BM {j uQ B SwA kjo }hz
,nBBji kB@Ak] BkeA M q\ xjo{ BBw nj ,` /j{ o\ o{ kU
AU An {B BM {j uQ B kwn oi M /jo B\A oj {B BM {j uQ
BkeA BM k{j B /j *me B AoM LwC B o{ kUoM oYA _ kM
kBM BTvQ wnoM (UBUA) nBBji kB@Ak] BkeA kM BBw nj B nAj kM
B BB jkd jAkU AoM kBM An {B BM {juQ /jjo {B BM {juQ qB]
nAkN Bd pA oMAoMB BoUnAB B BC B k{ k{j BB n2M {juQ kM
/jAj B\A ,knAj o{
BU 2 B o {juQ Aop ,jnAj SA nBB o pA M jBCTwA AoM {j uQ *me
BU 5 M Rk A yBB /SwA y{j nj eo oUoS jnAj p Bp BY 6
o nj k{ k{j BB jAkU yAqA K] ]U MB Aq M B o AoM BY 1

k{ BH AoM kBM BTvQ : 6-6 {

{j uQ `Ba /j{ wnoM y{j
nBz BM An nBH A k{BM pB {B BM
jAj yB aoi noM jnC
/jAj B\A AU BQ ToX M BTvQ

1- Machine

stripping

2- Teat

cup claw

97

{B BM {jo{

kBM xjo{ {B : 6-7 {

BUA pA kM oTow ao
/j{ T{AjoM y{j

/jjo xjo{ nqM BBw nj ,SBw

/SwA xjo{ {B joB Ak] y{j kn nj eo z{ : xjo{ {B jo+ Ak]
Mo\U kA{ AkN >n ,jjo Ak] o{ Bo] KU d M kBM xjo{ {B
BTvQ n BTvQ SC nj B SwA  ,pAkA pA yM y{j ,kB B
]U AoM j _ j{ o\ {B jpBM SA M pAkA pA yM y{j /k{BM BM
pA {B ,kepA yM y{j /jnAk j] o{ S{AjoM kM C {B B~UA AjA
{B Bp M Bkenj nAjB /SwA y{j BkeA jBp jAkU T{Aj nBTiA nj
keA pA jBCTwA BM jnA oTzM nj /kj B\A kBM jBp BnBB C joB Ak] Bp
By{j nAkN k{j SBw nj An B jAkU B ATM SwA  oTB xjo{
xj o{ {B i ,nBB p M TvM p y{j BkeA jAkU /jAj yBB An pAkA pA yM
/SwA RBCT nAjB BAU
k_ B nj BBTvQow joM o ,y{j kn nj eo oiC : BTvQow jo+ 9 kA
k{BM BTvQ n kk] BSC p yBB ni M y{j BUA pA uQ C
BoTB@BM ,joM M pA An BBTvQow n oM kBBM o{ , A B\A /(6-8 {)

jo{ BB xnoQ A

98

d nj kBM An B BBTvQow y{j BUA pA uQ : 6-8 {

M pA BBTvQow n oM j] BoTH@BM BU joM o 1 kH ,kQ
/joM

BTvQow noMAn B{ jA pA jpBw jMB An BTvQow BTA oM j]

/jjoy{j j M B ke nj AqnBM BoTB@BM Tn M pA K]BjnAm B]M
AoM ,kzM 2 B o AoM Nj 2 pA yM kBL ,k{ oB@l B@BU B eAo \
o@A /k{BM jBC pB  nj {B \v kBM y{j eAo ,ni A M MBTwj
11 M y{j eAo Bp Rk yBB BA ,k{BM  Bp Ake nj {j uQ
4
1
k{ TC jnA /jnAj j] SBw o nj oTzM BB y{j \T nj Nj 1BU
2
S o *o kM qU o{ kU oXB@Ake M MBTwj AoM p eAo Ake
/k{BM B_A
B\A qAn Swj BM {j uQ B{ji ,{B BM {j uQ pAkM p AnAjB pA ioM
uQ AoMBM ,k{j An o{ BB n2 M BB pAkA M {B B B\C pA /kj
An nBB o pA jBCTwA jpBM SCB BM nBvM Aq M SwA oS nBvM Swj BM {j
pA An BTvQ n B oTB@BM kAU xjo{ }h{ Swj ,C oM /kj yBB@
/kj BNTA jCo> B M jC B@

99

{B BM {jo{

o{ BB 1 y{j Sow

A (B M Mo) rq A o j M y{j Sow kB U A

mC ,rq B oT /k{ vNU (xjo{ {B M Mo) B
BM yBpC nj /j{ iU C *Ao2A Ne B`B Thw BM B SwA BTvQow
RBCT Nj nj o{ oB 1.3 BU .5 pA oUnAB Sz y{j Aq BwBQ B 47 i
Gjk\ k{ jAj nAo BB BU BBTvQow mC nj ok 2BB uPw /jM
mC BB KUoU A M /kk{ k{j i B BM A {B B BM BoUnAB@
Nj o nj oB 1.4 BU 1.2 pA hN y{j Aq /joB Bv An BB BU BTvQow
nj A B ,BTvQow mC pAkA B kj Bz b_ M p_ A /jM RBCT
/SwA o{ Bo] Aq
B SwA BTvQ nj j] o{ nAkN o{ Bo] Sow oM oY rq B j
BTvQow mC 2 nj nBz yAqA y{j po{ nj BTvQ iAj nBz yAqA WBM
yAqA pA {B Fv A B SwA oTow o{ Bo] Sow kUoQ BB nj /jjo
B BB M SLv An y{j Bp B ,o{ jBp \e ,A j] BM /SwA BTvQ nj nBz
oY B A ] pA q nUBw Q SLv Aq i nAkN /kj yAqA kU
/k{ A WdM jn L B SwA o{ Bo] oM
BM S9+ BM o{ kU

kBM nAjB hN xo nApBM Rk2 Ce qC SN nAjB T{Aj AoM
RBvw /kB kU SCB BM o{ kBM M k{BM T{Aj B o ApA M BM HTLv kU
,Jwn BzBpC ,oTB@BM xnB{ pA ,o{ SCB Aq o@pAkA S] ,SCB oTB@
jnA oi pA L MB RB~i a BM o{  /kB jBCTwA kM Bw xnB{
*o~ /k{BM JkB B2 oBw pAkvB@A ,kwA 2 AnAj p SwA  P
SCB BM o{ /kB jBCTwA Ahj jn o{ U AoM nB oTM A M 2 pA kB@
2 , B kM Bw AnAj ,]nBi jA pA nB ,oTB@BM BkA jAkU Be kBM Ji
/SwA MM o{ B , L2 BB o{ 2 /k{BM Ahj
C BB] /k{BM cd m{U AnAj ,Bw ,qU B SwA p SCB BM o{ kU AoM
,k{ Ck_ ,qU kBM Bw ` /k{BM KwB U AnAj zi ,qU kBM
y{j pA uQ Ak n2 M i Sow M kBM o{ /k{BM u pA o> v] pA ,*B
hAo{ oj B nBM o BTvQ n ,SB KU ,w pA nB Bw BB /j{ SiBd
Tio Sow M kBM SB KU w M TL BB /k{BM o{ L2 kU pA B
1- Rate

of milking

2- Cannula

jo{ BB xnoQ A

100

pA {B L2o> o{ /jomQ B\A nj BnBM nB wnoM AoM p BAkA k{

/jz B_A o{ BU M j{ Thn nj kBM BTvQ n
BB] 2d qU BB T{Aj p /k{BM qU kBM BC BBTvQ s M BB@
wo2 pA SwA  kM BM pA ioM Aop ,j{ U Mi M kBM BB] /SwA qU
Aj nBTiA nj y{j pA kM kBM MkM BAm> /j{ o{ jnA uPw i jnA uCU BTwj
Bw pA SwA p ` SCB BM o{ kU AoM /jjo o{ jnA kM M BU ,ko nAo
j{ B\A Sw M BC C k_ SBi BU joB jBCTwA Ap { kM *B
A Aop ,jo nAo C B u o nj kBL o{ /kBwoM Ake M An o{ nj oTB@BM j]
d M kBM o{ e nAk Bw /knC j] M o{ nj An kvB@A 2 kAU jA
A jo Aop ,k{BM  nAkN Ake nj BC jni BU A jn B kMB nAoNTwA
/kkM o{ M An k{oU 2 kAU A
2 BU j{ i jAoTBw ]nj 4.4 nj ,y{j BUA pA kM SBw 2 2 kBM o{
M An BoTB@BM k{n ,RnAoe ]nj A /kB Ce oU2 Rk AoM An ji SCB@
Bo ,RBBXB ,nBL>jo ,BoTB@BM jC pA Ak n2 M kBM o{ /kBwn Ake
o\ o{ SCB yBB M B ~ kk{ Bn ,B{n ,jBp Bow
/j{ SiBd k{
o{ DLFB BI

Am> RAnl ,jM xoU ,wAkvB@A AU o{ SCB kB JkB B2 B nj

>n ,AN q M wAkvB@A 2 /jo{oM An n{ TB 2 ,jM jC , po K
/jnAj SBL{ RAq B ,Ae
nAo B ,B m{Uw ,C ,u RAq o nj o{ To nAo ,2 A KLv [An j
BU tBwA AoM /SwA ~ n B L2 B{n o nj 2 Rk M o{ To@
kk{ n pA kBM o{ nAk *oc o@pAkA *oc ,o{ BNTA B nj j] o{
kBM kj yAqA An wAkvB@A 2 jB\A C u RAq B B\C pA /k{ SiBd
nAk AoM Tw B TwQ ,z{ ,pk_ Bj pA k{ TiBw Bw *oc
qU AoM jBCTwA jn JC nj u C  Ake j] /jo nAo jBCTwA jn o{
qLw Am> Aop ,SwA oU[An BTvp nj wAkvB@A 2 /k{BM no_ Bw joB@
TiAkA oiFU M AoM (E BT s M) jA Be j{ jBCTwA BTvMBU nj B ApBU
/k{BM o{ wAkvB@A
SwA 2 oUkM BTeA SwA o{ [An JkB B2 oj pA 1k{oU 2
1- Rancid

milk

101

{B BM {jo{

/SwA k{ nB{A C M MB kU 2 A M k{oU 2 /SB o{ nj AU B@

kTv ji jo{ Anj oiAA nj B BB kU B BB nj oTzM k{oU 2
jAj BNTA nAjK{ B nj B SwA [An Bo{ nj oTzM k{oU 2 / SwA [An
kBz knAj jBp mB o{ BNTA A ki B Bo{ nj ` k{
/kB kU oTzM k{oU 2 BM o{ oj BB M SLv BB ioM /j{
/jnAj oYFU k{oU 2 jB\A nj kB nBB o{ j] kM B {jo{ {B BOQ
j] M j{ o{ BMoa k{ Tv{ WBM B pBP qC hwU k{oU 2
An BL B Bz> hwU o{ BMoa BA ,jnAj j] o{ nj qC A /kC
o nj Bz> k{ Tv{ WBM kk{ jni BU /j{ SiBd joB 2BeA Moa
kM ,AoMBM ,j{ qC Tn M pA WBM joB qnTwBQ /j{ BMoa To nAo pBP
AoM /j{ B_A k{ qnTwBQ o{ M Bio{ o j{ jB\A z k{ qnTwBQ pA
A ki /j{ o] kBM o{ kk{ jni BU pA JkB 2 A pA o]
nj B BB /j{ To kBM RB~UA mB BU k{BM T{Aj kU K{ kBL o{ BNTA
4.5 pA oTB B BB o{ /ko nAo oi SdU Sj M kBM kTv jo{ nj oiAA
o@A /j{ jBCTwA kBL ,kB BC BAp M TC 6 pA oTB B BB B k{BM pn nj oB@
jow o{ M o o{ jqA kMB yAqA joB jow pA L jAoTBw 26.6 M o{ RnAoe ]nj
1 pA oUBQ o{ RnAoe ]nj BA Rn nj /jM kAi ij k{oU 2 nj q
/j{ Ce jAoTBw ]nj
B X UB\qLw Rnl w B BC ,m{U nj B@B RAo{U BM 1Am> B2
po BC oj ,ze pBQ ,ow *o~ BM ,po K B2 /j{ jB\A {{
An BC M B kB *o~ An po BC B BAm> A BB B Un nj /j{ jB\A
w m{U ,po BC Am> 2 A j /j{ jB\A B2 A kB PBzTwA
AoM xn oTM /k{BM B Am> B BB]  BM PBzTwA y{j pA L
Ao y{j pA L SBw 4 BU 2 B o] pA MkM BAm> *me B2 A pA o]
pA kBM joB nB AT An M kB kU RB\qLw po BC `Ba /SwA BB U joB@
/j{ o] B M Uo noM B Tn
M kBM oj Ao] M Ao] pA BB o{U jomQ Rn o] nj kBL B@B RAo{U
/j{ B\A [nkU
AoM Rk{ M B2 A /SwA k{ BM "B@" B BB] 2 A M q 2jC 2
/k{BM BB] nj BB U k jC 2 A S /k{BM JkB kB*o~
oTM /kB jnA o{ M An BM A joB PBzTwA An T@B KXB BBB] BM B@
1- Feed

flavor

2- Unclean

flavor

jo{ BB xnoQ A

102

BB pAkA M BTvQ Tv{ BB] nj Q A pA nAjji X A pA o] AoM xn

/j{ C k_ zi qU kBM jBCTwA pA L {jo{ Bw /SwA y{j pA L
/j{ o{ nj jC 2 jB\A WBM TB Bv]A jBp nAkN j M q pTB@
/SwA k{ BM kU 2 B 2nA Tv L{ 2 A M q 1kwA B TB 2
Bp j{ jB\A o{ K_ joB i B KXB Bw BM o{ e oYAoM 2 A
,2 A pA o] AoM /k{BM T{Aj j] o{ nj oTB@BM jBp jAkU B kTA PBCUA
]nj
BU kBM o{ j{ Ck_ qU jBCTwA pA L kBM {jo{ Bw
/j{ jow y{j pA kM SBw 2 o nj jAoTBw
B kTv jo{ nj oiAA nj B BB o{ nj B SwA n{ 2 oj 2
kB] jA B Moa B ojBN j M qM o{ /j{ jB\A knAj BTvQ n B BB@
jA B ,w ,nAj jB~U jqA BM kAU oj B2 /SwA qM Moa kM
/j{ o] Bv a pA BU jM KcA kBM /j{ jB\A o{ M kB Ck_

1- Flat

milk

2- Grapenuts

{jo{ B{n
kdT RBA nj k{ Be kA RAoU BB y{j nAk xn nj ao@A
{jo{ BBw nj q zAq*A M n jAkU ,TvM jAo/A BBB] nj BB K3A p
BBB] nj k{ k{j {jo{ BBw nj  BB K3A /k{ k{j
yAq*A An onB pA jB/TwA CnB xjo{ Bw pA jB/TwA /kjo nAk jApC jAo/A
Bv ji xjo{ BBw ,oj :o; pA /k oT An BB y{j Sep kj
/k :o~ *B oTBv , Bw nj BB  SwA A BC oT  k jB\A
BBw pA oTzM TvM jAo/A BBB] nj  k tBveA BnAjB pA ioM AoM
/jo ]U BB M AU {jo{
A\ kBM y{j oA nj SF* AoM ,jB/TwA jn y{j xn G pA oH :o
BTvQow M jo jnA k kM -1 : pA kARnBL BC OAke  j{ jnCoM BpB pA
toTwj nj qU o{ U AoM LwB Bw -2 ,k{BM Ao* B y{j BA BTvQ
n; M  k{ U Bw -4 k{BM Ao* Bw nj UBBA onB TeAn AoM -3 ,k{BM
*B SO kBM Bw nj BB mU Rn nj /k{ qU Sep OAke BM ow B@
/kB :o~ An p oTBv kATM BU k{BM j] kUoQ BB AoM
{jo{ B{n vB

nj BB k{j /k{ k{j {jo{ Bw nj B ji BB] nj B BB@

:jAj B\A op Yo; w pA M AU An 1TvM jAo/A BBB]
nj k{j -2 ,o{ qh BU Swj BM o{ e (kM) o{ B*o] nj k{j -1
A BL{ nj FTv k{j -3 nBw BBU nj o{ Thn o{ B:o]
/xjo{
1- Stanchion

barn

jo{ BB xnoQ A

104

1 w xn

BkeA M `F*  SwA ApnA {n -1 ;] pA ,jnAj Sq ka xn A

-3 ;jnAk pB BB] pA B BFTA M -2 ;jnAj pB e MBO i B i `i y{j
j oj :o] jnA *B pA o{ cBUA nj AU oTnqM BBU M pB kM An o{
nj An pB jn oTBv BU kAU BB -4 ,(k{BM [An Aka A poA)
/j wnoM y{j o nj An B o o{ kU AU -5 kB :o~ y{j i
~h{ BB Aop ,jnAj pB jBp kM BTB* M : pA kARnBL q xn A KB
qTv BM nBvM Aq M Gf A knAj nAoO p pA chw nj k{j An o{ @
nj B j{ jAj BFTA o{ cBUA M kBM o{ -2 ;k{BM B jo* k{ j B qi
BB] pA B jB/TwA M pB y{j AoM Uo ~* nj -3 j{ Thn o{ BFTA L{
/k{BM
2 nBw BBU xn

FT o{ cBUA M Swj BM o{ A f jnAj An hw xn wBd BU xn A

o nj An B o kU SwA oTApnA ihi xn pA  SwA C oj SLX T /jjo
/j MBpnA AU y{j
pAkA -2 ,jnAj pB jBp q* BA M q xn A -1 : pA kARnBL xn A KB
jB/TwA BB] pA kBM Aoa ~* nj -3 ;jAj yAq*A BB] j *BfA kM AU An @
/SwA ; Bw { Sv{ Bp ,Anj { Sv{ BA 3n -4 j{
3 BB] nj z@

,k e nAjB An o{ -1 ;kARnBL BC oT  jnAj wBd xn A

BTiBw -4 SwA omQBA *B nkO M oTBv :o~ -3 ,Sv p BB BFTA -2
/Sv p {jo{ Bw AoM oj
M \T nj ,j{ B\A chw nj B y{j -1 ; pA kARnBL xn A KB
hw xn pA oTzM Bw Bq nAm@Bow -2 ,jnAj pB oTzM kM BnB@
BkFw BBB] pA ioM -4 ;SwA ZBTeA oTzM T{AkM Bw JC M -3 ;SwA
jB/TwA koMBM pA L{ AoM o@A kTv KwB B cd K~ AoM  knAj BU@
pA o{ BFTA -6 ,SwA oTz o{ Apn pU -5 ,jjo o\ o{ k{ xoU M j{
SLv -7 ;j{ o\ BTvQow nj i yB M kAU /Uo ihi M B BTvQ
1- Bucket
3- Around

system
the barn pipeline

2- Transfer

system

105

{jo{ B{n

; nj -8 /jnAj pB oUnhO i B oTnqM i OQ M pB oj B{n M

/j{ jB/TwA BB] pA BB k{j AoM kBM ,Aoa ~*
1 {jo{ !Bw

,SwA pB BB k{j AoM kM nB oT M -1 : pA kARnBL {jo{ Bw wBd

yAq*A kM AU An oTzM BB Aop ,SwA omQBA Sw M pAkA oU -2
A AoM j kU AU An oUqU o{ -3 ;k{j Bw BTiBw Bq
AoM oTBU B pA jB/TwA -4 ,jnAk j] B op nj oTvM _ y{j B
sBd pA xn oUAnB -5 ;k jB\A i ; sBd pA An oT Rz ,o{ i
SBw o ; An oTzM BB oj B{n BM vBF nj kAU onBo Aop ,SwA onB@
/Sv BB] nj BB k{j M ZBTeA ;Aoa ~* ; -6 kB y{j
RBvwFU BTiBw M Aop ,A q jM BM -1 : pA kARnBL xjo{ BBw KB
;j{ T{Aj B qU kBM \U d xjo{ Bw Bu* -2 ;jnAj pB Aq\
,j nAjA AU Thw M BBw pA uM nj An zi BB xjoj BB-3
/xjo{ BBw K3A nj oTBv *B@B :o~-4
xjo{ !Bw SiBw eAo& nj o'jn KA]
xjo{ }h{ M SLv BB .B/UnA

; nj AonB k{ SwAn i RBoe :me ,xjo{ Bw SLX RB pA

GB/UnA /jnAj nAoO xjo{ }h{ BTwj chw nj B BTvQ ,xn A nj Aop ,SwA y{j
AoM oTzM jApC BB  Bw nj /jnAj TvM Bw G xjo{ }h{ kO M KwB
}h{ BTwj jq BTvQ  2 M o Bw M SLv  SwA nof ,knAj Soe
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K3A AoM ,Rn o nj /ko nAoO kO BU |Bh{A AoM pB jn chw pA oUBM  BB@
/ko nAoO {jo{ Ba k pA oUBM oTTBw 91 BU 81 kBM BB ,|Bh{A
0o& j BBw MB nj 0o BBw

oT k ; *o; j Bw nj B o k{j AoM xjo{ }h{  AB*

j Bw nj BB] j AoM xjo{ keA pA jB/TwA ` /SwA *oh Bw pA
o@A |~i M ,k{BM *oh Bw nj xjo{ keA B pA jB/TwA pA oUjBw *o;
/k{BM T*o nAoO BB BTvQ BM , ihi

1- Milking

parlor

2- Herringbone

parlor

jo{ BB xnoQ A

106

1xjo{ keA o AoM BBB] jAkU

OA ioM /knAj xjo{ keA o AoM 2BB] j B xjo{ BBw

nBa AnAj BX A M knAj xjo{ BkeA pA oTzM BB] {jo{ BBw
oM xjo{ keA M SLv BB] jM oTzM /kTv {jo{ keA 3 MBF nj BB]
xjo{ keA o AoM BB] T{Aj /jnAm oYFU , Bw A q onB jpBM
pA C Zoi B pA aoi B~/A Bp pA xjo{ keA kB jB/TwAM K]
AoM BB] j j] Rn nj /jjo y{j AoM kM B pBw jBC jn BU Bw
Am j j B M B pA B*M An xjo{ AU xjo{ keA o
BB ,S] M /j{ xjo{ keA kB ;B Bp kk{ yB K]
SLv keA AoM BB] j j] BM SBw nj xjo{ keA ApA M AU An oTzM
SwA A xjo{ keA o ApA M BB] j T{Aj oj Sq /j y{j BB] M
B o Aop ,k :o~ An pB jn oTBv BU j{ B BB AoM oTzM So* @
Bw nj q An oj B y{j M T*B |B~TiA Bp Rk ji y{j Bp oM
BB] o ApA M y{j keA AnAj j{ TiBw poA  BBw oTzM /kB
BB] o AoM  SwA oTM Bw BQ SvO nj o{ ihi nAoFTwA Rn nj /SwA
Rn nj A oM /BBB] BU AoM JC ,{BM T{Aj AB@Ak] JC
xjo{ keA pA BB] o AoM  SwA oTM nBji k@Ak] BkeA BM Bw q\U
pB oj BB] M BB] pA aoi U AoM *BfA So* M BU ,j{ jB/TwA
/k{BL
xjo{ !Bw nj oTBv m8U

Rk ,o{ kU ,BT{A Aq M ,kB :o~ Bw nj kAU B  AoTBv nAkF

.34 BU .3 M FOj o njB , n;M /jnAjTvM B LOJnB\U BwnjnueBp
M An :o~Aq SwA AjM JCj*BfA/k:o~zi- AoTBvo@
3 BU 2 An oTBv:o~ Aq q joSQ /kj yAq*A FOj nj o.68 BU .45
/k{:o~oUowo BAjM SLvoMpBAj/kjyAq*Aknj
Apn kAU ,j{ k{j KwB eAo; BM Bw nj  B jB `Ao{ nj
FOj o nj kATM B A o* BM ,k :o~ Bw nj oTBv o 1.9 BU 9.1 pA
y{j o nj B j{ k{j pn nj nBMj ` kB :o~ oTBv o .45
Bw M AoTBv :o~ a M MBTwj AoM) ,kBM Bw nj FOj 12 BU 1
pB FOj 6 BU 5 M y{j o Bp Rk BB] j AoM y{j keA BM {jo{
1- Milking

unit

2- Stall

107

{jo{ B{n

pA ZnBi nj oTBv :o~ B pn nj y{j nBM 3 , oTBv oTzM nAkF :o~ AoM /SwA
/SwA pB Bw
,k :o~ *B oTBv ,xjo{ BBw oTzM nj kUoQ BB a
Be o nj kBM *BfA oTBv  B\C pA /k qoQ Bw nj oTBv mU pA BnAjB@
B o] Rn M Bw pA ZnBi An oTBv BU BnAjB ,j{ :o~ Bw pA ZnBi
, Bw nj oTBv mU k /kBwn :o~ M oUPB kjAm3 B ih
A oM /kj yB An Bw nj B G*k nAnjA nAkF oTBv pA {B nBL3jo@
, Bw nj oTBv mU :me BM /j{ oT Bw nAk ` SiBw A q
/kj Bz Bw M jn AoM oT BU BB@
kU pC

kU pC BBoM SdU BB AoM B o o{ KoU U kU o@pAkA

BBoM pA ZnBi B BU AoM ` /SwA nof oA 1o{ jLM BpBw LO pA
pA o] AoM /k{BM Jh Tok oHhF pA Bo@pAkA A B\A ,kU pC
/k{BM q\ o@pAkA Bw M kBM BBw ,kU pC |Bi Bpn nj *BfA nB@
/jnAj j] A B\A AoM xn ka
jAj Bz 7-1 o~U nj ,j{ jB/TwA BBw nj  o@pAkA :o] GAA pA ioM
pA kM o{ KoU MBpnA AoM SwA C \e tBwAoM o{ kU Aq U /SwA k{
AoM o@pAkA :o] pA AU ` /j{ T*o o{ pA ,y{j BUA
nj SiA i jB\A o{ :o] oj Sq /j jB/TwA o{ kU Apn RAkBz
oj Sq /j{ joM BM :o; M ihi BM o{ o@A |~i M ,SwA BTvQow BTA
BU M C jn pA kBz An L;o3 o{ y{j BUA pA kM AU  SwA A C
AoM BC wn kFU pA B;A S] kBM o@pAkA :o] koi pA LO /jo o] o{
/S*o tBU o{ jLM BpBw AnBz BM ,o{ o@pAkA
nj pC BBoM SdU BB AoM jB/TwA S] o{ o@pAkA jkT BBTwj
ioM \e U tBwAoM :o] pA uM /SwA T*o nAoO kFU jn o{ jLM BpBw
AoM o{ T*o AoM Aw :o] A BU /k nB p U tBwA oM oj
BBTwj A jn nj /knAj kM Bw xnB{ ` o{ UoQ Moa }hzU
/j Rnz wn kFU pA B;A S] o{ jLM BpBw AnBz BM koi pA LOkBM q
o{ pU Bp B pC B\A pn nj {jo{ Bhw pA jB/TwA ,w An
/Sv GnAq K3A nj xn A /SwA
1- Dairy

Herd Improvement (DHI)

jo{ BB xnoQ A

108

o : 7-1 {
/o{ o@pAkA

B]oi Bjn

B \U d pA FTv jn `i kBM B tEn o jn Bp kBwn OAke M S]

q Bw pA BB Zoi AoM Gf A /k{BM T{Aj j] xjo{ Bw BU BB nBHTA
jAjnAoO o@A /k{BM z HLoFU y{j BBw K3A nj A B\A ,SwA cjB
/{BM T{Aj Zoi B An C  SwA oTM k{BM pB jn BB Zoi jn AoM _Q
nj /kwoM OAke M k{j }h{ nB Bp BU k{BM nBji kBM ]oi jn Bnj
nj /k{BM T{Aj j] SzoM `i j SwA oTM ,SzoM `i B] M oTnqM BBw
pA Bw ] pA kBM BB pA o Bw oU O nj SzoM `i jn Rn
/knmM oj BB MBF

109

{jo{ B{n

1nB'TA d

Bw M BB jn d K] nBHTA d kBM , Bw M FTv jn T{Aj AoM

Bw jnA oUSeAn i BB ,k{BM xjo{ Bw pA TvO nBHTA d o@A /jo nAoO
jB/TwA A z nj pA AU ,y{j d pA nBHTA d jo Ak] AoM /k{
/kj B] ji nj An kMnBM BB jAkU  k{BM nqM ApAkA M kBM nBHTA d /j
Bw pAkA BM kBM kMnBM BB jAkU /SwA p B o AoM Bu* K R* 15 HLoFU
jAkU oMAoM 8 kBM T/] Sz M o Bw BX A M /k{BM T{Aj KwBU
; nj /(k{BM SMBY 8 Kof) kj B] ji nj B (8*8=64) {jo{ BkeA
nBHTA d nj SBw 2 pA yM ~* oBw nj ,SBw pA yM kBL BB Bo ~*
S] BB jo Ak] ] pA oj :AkA AoM nBHTA d  Un nj /k{ T{Aj B
nBHTA d K] oj d SwA p ,j{ jB/TwA kU o oU B Bnj ,oS/]
/j{ jB\A
2 B@B rBT

Mo\U An B@B rBT pA {B o{ kU yB T{AkM Rz ,BnAjB pA ioM

j M AhF nj MhB Rk{ BM rBT  jjo VjBe Bp Fv A ,kAjo@
k`Q RB/T k@AoQ rBT MB j ,xjo{ Bw nj /kT*A cB/UA Ae
nBM yAq*A OoM Bw L{ k{ jwo* , pAkA yAq*A BM z A /SwA
nAjB Fv A GO B nj /SwA M yQ MBO ,BBTwn zw BL{ oTA
coM BM kk] xjo{ Bw TiBw pA LO kBM /joM tBU AFh coM BM  AoM kBM
/j{ Rnz AFh
{jo{ B{n MBpnA

oTM BTeA /jo MBpnA /Th B{n M AU An {jo{ BBw jo

jAkU  B\C pA ,SwA SBw o nj k{ S{AjoM o{ o nAkF MBpnA nB
o  BB jAkU M oTzM ,SwA }hz k{kM y{j o nj kBM nAjB  BB@
,jB/TwA jn nB AoMBM /kj SA ,kB y{j SBw nj kAU }h{
/k{j SBw nj jo* o  SwA BB jAkU
BnB B\A Bp Rk (1 ; pA kARnBL onB pA jB/TwA jpBM oM oY A B w
jAkU (3 ,B o AoM y{j Bp M iMo Bp Rk (2 ,Bo AoM {jo{ nj [An
/jAj nAoO jB/TwA jn jAo/A BBB] AoM AU An A A /xjo{ BkeA

1- Holding

area

2- Stray

voltage

jo{ BB xnoQ A

110

1 {jo{ BnB B\A AoM p Bp

,B tEn o AoM *o~ Bp M ,y{j jB RB vw Ao]A AoM p Bp Rk

BnB B\A AoM p Bp /j{ c;A ,y{j BkeA B BB jAkU M ]U kM
jAj @Ani AoM pB jn Bp , Bw pA B Zoi jn AoM p Bp : B{
{j uQ Bp , {B pBwAk] AoM p Bp ,BTvQ pBwjBC Bp ,(oTBv@)
,oj BnB B\A AoM p Bp ,BTvQow jo / kf AoM p Bp , {B BM
/k{BM oj B M jo S] aoi /kf o{ kU pA nAjoMjnn X
B BB Bnj LO pA Tn* BnB AoM An *BfA Bp knj 2 BU 15 kBM BA oM
SO A M SO A pA /j *BfA c* Bp M q Bw M jn AoM BC K3oU
B B*o3 SO *BfA M BnB B\A Bp /koM B jB/TwAM B B*o3
/kB koU (MRT) " 2 BnB B\A k{ bA Bp" A M An jB/TwAM
o AoM FOj 11 nBji o3 BTwj BM KwB y{j B\A AoM Bp OAke
4
Bp oM {B BM {j uQ /j{ {B BM {j uQ B{ Bp A /SwA B@
Bp B  Un nj /jM kAi FOj 2 HLoFU ,B o AoM ,k{ bA
1
B jAkU A /k{j AU An B 48 `F* SBw o nj k{BM FOj 1k{
bA
4
2 k{ bA Bp B o@A (6:1 1 = 48) SwBkeA jAkU T*o oH nj kM
4
/(6:2 =3 ) k{j An B 3 AU `F* SBw o nj ,k{BM FOj
3xjo{ keA Bp Rk

B o M BTwj B~UA Bp Rk M B o ApA M "( UT ) xjo{ keA Bp Rk"

c;A oj B M B pA C BFTA e nj BTwj kB jB/TwA M Bp Rk `
Tr AU ,B o o{ kU M SwA ~T Bo M BTwj  Bp Rk /j{
B K3A nj /jnAj TvM nUBw Q SLv i Aq X {B A ,B jo{
Bp A kUoQ B nj ,k{BM FOj 6 BU 5 M B o y{j Bp Rk kBM
/k{BM oTzM kAU
nj BBB] jAkU M jBp nBvM ke BU kB OBM jB/TwAM {B  Bp Rk
/jnAj TvM ,jo B\A xjo{ keA n oM  BSB* xjo{ keA o ApA
HFTv An xjo{ keA AU k{BM T{Aj j] xjo{ keA o ApA M BB] j o@A
; nj ,keA o ApA M BB] j] BM  Be nj ,j FT oj M B pA

1- Routine
3- Unit

time

time (UT)

2- Modified

routine time

111

{jo{ B{n

y{j keA ,j{ k{j jBC jnA kM B k oU An Bw A B  Bp

{B  Bp Rk ,y{j keA o AoM BB] j T{Aj BM /kB OBM jB/TwAM
Rk ,keA o ApA nj BB] BM kMB yB BY 3 BU SwA kB jB/TwAM
o@pAkA :o] hU/kzM ; FOj 3BU 2 SwA {B kB jB/TwAM Bp
yAq*A An {B kB jB/TwAM Bp q B o y{j pA kM B jo /kf
/kj
6 BM SwA oMAoM ,k{j xjo{ keA BM AU SBw o nj  An BB jAkU
keA Bp o@A ,oj RnBL M /(UT) xjo{ keA Bp Rk oM vFU (SBw nj FOj)
Bp o@A /(6:6=1) k{j SBw o nj An B 1 AU k{BM FOj 6 (UT ) xjo{
/(6:8=7.5) j y{j SBw o nj An B 7.5 AU `F* k{BM FOj 8 (UT ) c*
1onB o ApA M keA jAkU

o@A /j{ U xjo{ Bw G pAkA M ]U BM (N) onB o ApA M BkeA jAkU

xjo{ keA jk 8 BU 4 pA nAjB ,k{BM T/] nBa M o BBw G pA Bw
nB oTM jnAj j] LO pA  Bw MBpnA B kk] Bw eAo; nj /k jB/TwA
B B~UA Bp Rk j vFU k nAjA kAU }h{  BkeA U AoM
AoM Gf A /(RT) SwA y{j kn Ao]A AoM Bp oM {B jM {n
BUA M y{j  Bp nj , {B jo Ak] AoM kBM }h{  SwA k{ o* tBwA
SA qBe nBji k@Ak] BTwj pA jB/TwA Rn nj Fv A /k{BM ofBe kwn
/k{BM oT@
A KoU

pA jB/TwA BM AU An SBw nj k{ k{j BB jAkU Kve oM ;( P) 2 Bw jo

(N) BkeAjAkU (UT ) xjo{keABp Rk (k{bA Bp) MRT BnB
A pA o@A ,P= 6:UT *N (2 p=6:MRT (1 : jnAjj]o* j nB AAoM /jp hU
/joB\Aj o* Aq]Anj q nBL]AoU kB oU P yBB yAq*A AoM o*
pAk{ kAiRnBL2 o* pA jB/TwABM joSwA N =3 U.T =6  j{ o*BX AoM
jM kAipAkABM 1 o* pA jB/TwABM jo,k{BM 2 BM oMAoM MRT o@A /(6: 6*3=3)
An B 2 `F* ,k{BM MRT =3 o@A /k{j AU SBw o nj An B 3 , AoMBM /(6: 2=3)
,k{ kAi2 BM oMAoM 2 o*njq p ,jn Anj/(6: 3=2) k{jSBwonjAU
AoM xjo{ {B B jn A nj /(6:9*3=2) S*B kAiyAq*A 9 BU HLoFU UT A

1- Unit

per person

2- Performance

jo{ BB xnoQ A

112

/SwA kB jB/TwAM oU; Rk AoM B jM ~T B M oU; Rk

FOj 6 (UT ) {jo{ keA Bp BM keA 3 xjo{ Bw nAjB  Un nj
KLw M AoMBM /k{kM kAU SBw nj An B 3 `F* k{BM T{Aj FOj MRT
/(6:6*3=3) kT*A cB/UA jBU k pA oj G "2" o* BSjkd
,jn A nj /(6:1.5 =4) kj An SBw nj B 4 k{j pB]A "1" o* C Be
yAq*A FOj 2 BU B o AoM MRT kB nBM y{j BUA BU xjo{ }h{
o nj B 4 k{j pB]A "2" o* j{ jB/TwA keA 4 pA keA 3 B] M o@A /kMB
/k{ kAi jBT AFOj 1.5 MRT BM  (6:6*4=4) kj An SBw
B Aop SwA SMBY k{j AU xjo{ keA o ApA nj  An BB jAkU
kBM BM jpBM BM Bw TiBw AoM /jAj oU i AU An BTvQ n {B B~UA Bp
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1- Mastitis

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1- S.epidermidis

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1- S.dysgalactia

2- E.

3- Cloacae

4- Entro

5- Klebsiella

6- Citrobacter

7- Clinical

mastitis

coli
bacter

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1- Acute
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2- Peracute

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1- Subclinical

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pABo]w B j/SwASQB NBOoTwAyBpC,L9oL o{BwB{ xnHoT
nAo2 yBpCjn C RBLY B L9oL n j{ k{jNB n oM oUnAo A o{
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1- Chronic

mastitis

3- Somatic

cell count

2- Plate

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1- Modified
3- Wisconsin

whitside test
mastitis test

2- California

mastitis test

133

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1- Immunological

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1- Lactoferrin
3- Cell-mediated

2- Humoral
immune system

4- T-lymphocytes

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136

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kU M Ae nj r j o j] jnAk L[ oj oM n B kBw r j pA Ak!@
/j{ o\ n kBw B pA L!oU
nBvM  BOU@ BOUr jAkU k{BM T{Aj j] C j pA yM ! Un nj
/SwA jkT BC B{ i BrTC B Tvw : BX A M /k{BM oTzM
a ,k{ kAi nB{A kA }hzU AoM Tr BpC yhM nj ! B`
nkQ B Kv A }hzU Rnow /A nj kTv C jBp jAkU AnAj ! BTvw
OUr OU@ ,k{BM SLB[ k MAn AnAj C Br ! B /kTv kB njB
jAkU BM oMAoM Swnj 0Th BOU@ jAkU ,oj RnBL M ,knAj SDMB HD/j
BOUr jAkU k{BM J; KB[ C Br ! jnA nj /SwA 0Th BOUr
BM MBz PU@ AnAj tpoT OUr o Aop SwBOU@ jAkU pA yM 0Th
/SwA KB[ tp OUr
RB( K+oU
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OU@ ! Un nj ?k{BM a SB pA yM AoM nBsTA jn [BT

` (k{ cozU L/ ! B`) U C Br ewU B@Ak] nQ M SB o
!@Be oj jBw B/ k{BM RBB oBw Br pA DTv SB k! U Br
kBL ,Br OUr ! SwA Fv A oBM "jM DTv" A BM B/ A : SwA
/kj nAo/ oYFU SdU An oj Br OUr nBTiBw K!oU

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\T BX AoM /k{ Jow oj Br nBsTA jn [BT nj Br nBsTA jn [BT
tpoT fB{M oj nAjfB{ BC pA ! xoMA n Rn{ B j xqC
Br AoM nBsTA jn [BT /
,oj RnBL M ;koM os nj ,k{BM
: pA kARnBL n

: pA kARnBL q fB{ Sw Br AoM nBsTA jn [BT

: pA kARnBL L!oU [BT

jn BAAo@ /k{BM RBBT L!oU OUr y{ nBsTA jn BAAo@ BA

Swj M MBz BOUr BAAo@ j ] BM AU An L!oU BOU@ nBsTA
j] BM /k{BM PUr BAAo@ BM oMAoM Swnj PU@ BAAo@ BX A nj /jnC
,BM jn nj o@A ,BX A M ,k{BL nAo/oM z ! SwA  AMAn a ,A
kBw Bw n A AoM tpoT BTz BB BM xoMA n Rn{ BB@
/jM kAh Bv PU@ PUr BAo@ k{ qB]

151

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1 pBTvQA

nAo/ oYFU SdU An oj Br Br PU@ oBsU Br Br ! Un nj

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poM B jM tp Rn nj ! SwA 2Ap SB J; r ,jn A nj BX
B j o@A /j{ Ap KLw c ,n kU M njB/ C ! k! o@ /j{ n o
kBw AoM oj Bw n AoM ` Ap r AoM j o ! BTz
RnBL Bw kBw Br AoM nBsTA jn [BT ,k{ jAj xqC k{BM tpoT
B{ Ap Br [BT ` ,
pA SwA
/k{BM
:(jo! Jow BM) pA jM kAi RnBL L!oU PUr BAAo@

: pA jM kAi RnBL q PU@ BAAo@

kBw Bw
kBw qo/
Ap

! r UBTvQA k{ k{Q r M SLv kB{Q An oj Br nj r oYA ! r

Bw qo/ n Br M SLv Ap r) j{ kB UBTwP ,k{ k{Q C oYA
/(k{BM UBTvQA
3TwQ Br

PUr [BT jnC Swj M AoM An AjBw Bo@ AU ,k{BM TwQ BBr o@A
nj j] Br kwn VnA M BM BU SwA RnBL TwQ /joM nB! M jkT BBr
1- Epistasis
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genes

2- Albino

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nj Bpo! SB] M 1nAwAo! kkQ /k{BM k{ /A M jq
o\ RBBT TwQ BBr nj j] Br L!oU M v] Bw kU B
BkeA jAkU /jnAj BBr M AzD B@ M TvM L!oU 3AA AAo@ /jjo
! k! o@ ,BX AoM /j }hz Tr BzBpC ToQ pA AU An BBr zD
BM kAk{ /A po! n oM BBr A (b , B a , A ) knAj BC Br j
An Bj RpoT AoM po! BTiBw 9-4 { /knAj B@ AzD keA 2
/SwA jo! S@Bnj oj kA pA An b a Br kA pA An B A Br ! kj Bz
/jM kAi Bv AAo@ BM ab , aB , Ab , AB  BSB k{BL TwQ Br o@A
BSB M SLv oTzM AAo@ BM ab AB BSB ,kTv TwQ Br ! Bp BA
nB! nj Br BC Aop k{ kB K!oU o[ ab AB SB /kT@A nBBUA aB Ab
An BTB ! knj8 BTB Ak{BM keA2 AzDB@! Bp /(9-5 {)kAkB/BM

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LCoU o4 BSB : 9-5 {

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AB .4 kj zU
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zU An kB/BM K!oU o[ BTB ! knj 4 K!oU BTB ,k{BM keA 4
keA 5 po! n oM j] BBr M AzD B@ ! Un nj /kj
BBr C nj j] Br ,k{BM BTh Bpo! n oM BBr o@A B k{BM AzD
nj ,SwA po! SB] 3 AnAj eD@ B ! B\C pA /kwn VnA M DTv nQ M
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7kA }hzU AoM Tr BpC

kA jM \ B `z B nj ,jBw VnAU BM RBB pA jBBTwA oUjoMnB!@

Ae kA kAU AA k{ TiB{ OUr BM Ae BX AoM /kC nB! M Ae
/k{BM aa OUr BM
j] BC pA {B i rq@ RB~i pA nBvM nj 3U ! k{ }hz
/kAk{ TiB{ i BrTC oT! AoM jkT BBr /k{BM |Bi BBr nj
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A }hzU AoM jnAkBTwA B{n ! SwA A T  ,SwA k`Q RBq]
jn BBr nj Ae OUr jnA nBvM nj C LU M Ae nj j] rTC
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/kTv |Bi Br M TvMA Ak! o ! kj Bz
kj fn q o{ i BUoQ pA jn ka nj Tr A pA {B 3U
po! n oM pB! BBr ! SwA k{ jAj Bz jnA A nj /(9-4 k])

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/o{ B/UoQ i
o{ BUoQ
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i BUoQ
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Br jB

i rTC BTvw
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M

MT!@-BTM

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A

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pB!@BTM

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knj B o{ kU ` kU RBB k{ jAj }hzU BwC HTLv ! B r
kwn os M  /SwA ZBTTwA MB/ H o;T Be [BT /SwA k{ xU Moa
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/SwA qaB nBvM d Tr
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nAo/ yBpC jn i BUoQ 3AA pA ioM ` jkT i BTvw
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o@A AoMBM ;k{BM SLB[ k MAn AnAj r BTvw A nj j] BC oTzM
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kA i Sw eD@ o@A /SwA rTC BTvw ioM UoQ BTvw
kB \ kA U nj kAU knAj SLB[ k MAn ! Br eD@ ,k{BM }hz
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155

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oTzM ~BU k!@FU BM kBM Tr A A tBwAoM Kv U BpC A B/

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BM /kC JBve M oj Ae kA kAU Ae ! kBwn RBLYA M AU eD@ /SwA
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/S@omQ jM kA BjqB pA A M eD@ AU
BjB BM BC B\A nj /j Ai cozU An Kv U BpC d BX BM
k] nj ! B` ,AoM B k{ kAh jAj Bz BC ji |Bi Q
Br [Q nj ,knAj SLB[ k MAn ! 0Th BC jAj Bz AoM kjo AnA 9-5
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LEo$ RB( r Be RBAe }hzU

jBBTwA ~ cDU pA ! jo{ B xnoQ BkeA Aok pA nBvM BTeA

pU w nBvM cw nj ! o B oPwA /kTv n Mn l BAo BM kB
B Be ! j{ }hz Q Bp Rk pA kM ,jo nAo/ jBBTwA jn
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1- Erythrocyte
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martin

mosaicism

2- Anastomosis

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J; r pA {B ,njB

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2- Adenohypophysial

3- Arthrogryposis

4- Artesia

5- Cerebellar

6- Cryptorchidism

hypoplasia

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8- Epileptic

9- Hydrocephalus
11- Ichtyosis

aplasis

ilei

cogenita

10- Hypotrichosis

and anodontia

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tBwAoM  ,j cd~U An Ae Bjn4n AU q ,(mo ) B 42 B ( yr) Bw
/SwA TPo nAoT cd~U BL `BM BB kU ,AkT kn
a jAk B\A Rn nj 4 SwA A ,w AoM Bjn4n cd~U B\A A j
1- Mature

e uivalent

jo{ BB xnoQ A

200

jBp BB'i ,kU eo{B nj RBAe w pA {B BUBfU SwA  UBdd~U

eo{ B B jB j o@A ;BX A M /jnC j]M jB o BB Tr MBpnA nj
An BC pA Ak4 TA Bjn4n tBwAoM ,k{BM T{Aj Bw 6 oj B 24 kU
Aw A AoM B] oj ,S{Aj oTzM kU HTA oTA] B jB o@A ?j JBhTA kBM
BjAsoTzM nj 4 nM M ,jnAj oTzM kU oUv B jnA K#A nj , /kB TBM
a vB An BU /knAj kU Bw 2 BB pA yM knj 5 BU 2 Bw 6 BB@
/SwA HoTz w jB BM BC Bjn4n[L'U BB@
,BB jB jo{ A nj Bjn4n vB B M w cd~U KAoY BA RnoY
WTh Bnj M ?Mo Bjn4n vB AoM nB4 A B\A SA B M HLoU
K#A kdT RBA nj a o@A /kB {n An RnoY A jBw BX /SwA jo{
SwA  Bjn4nA  ,k{ pB#CB 29 BU 24 nj jo{ A njBjn4n
B AoM w cd~U |Bi KoY /k{BM k{ eo{ B 36 pA kM Te B 22 pA LT
B AoM ME KoY /SwA 1.38 HLoU j kU M eo{ B 23 nj 4 BTz
jo{ A nj Bjn4n vB B AnAjB K#A /k{BM 1.21 B 36 BTz
/ko o nj An Bv a BTeA ,kTv kU RBfT w nj 4 BB jB
SwA  ,w AoM A v AoTij Bjn4n cd~U o BB ZBT pC nj
Swj M WTh BnkQ pA 4 AoTij w B Aop ,k{BM T{Ak Aka SA
,oTij 2 TAke BM Ak4 o ,o B M /SwA Bv HLoU ,BAp A B M ,kAkC
TPo o nj BM 4 SwA B 3 BU 25 pA BTeA kU A eo{ B M AoTij w Aj
k4 oP /k{BM 1.25 1.33 KUoU M BC M ?Mo wcd~U KAoY BTz jAs
kU o{ kQ 15 xwT nM M Ak4 o oTij 2 Bo A pA jn j 4@
kAh kBz BnkQ M UBfU _ ,k{BM c'w A nj q kU o@A ,k{BM jo4@
kU M eo{ B 25 nj 4 BB jB ,M jB w BL oM ,A j] BM /k{
ji kU B 3 nj 4 BC ,(1.33*15) ME 2 B AnAj kAj
o B ,ME BL oM4 kwn o M /jM kAi ME 1875 B AnAj ,kAjo4 pB#C An
/k{BM T{Aj jBp oUoM oj M SLv oTA] AoTij BM
yQ BoTij Bo M nj Rnk M ,BAp w B nj zeBP BUBfU a
ooPwA AoM jp i A] o BB SwA  TA ioM ,A j] BM /kC
Bv HLoU Bp nj q AoTij BU Rn A nj ,k{ JBhTA ~ cU S]
?Mo oTij Bo ,j{ JBhTA oj pA kM B 5 B 4 oB o@A /k{ kAi kT
Aop ,kwoM kU M (BMC) oLA B (o) oLT4@A ,(no{) oLBTPw nj SwA  j o M
nj BoTij o j KUoU A M /k{BM BjB A nj BvU kwn kU M Bp
/S{Aj kAi wRBfU B 5 kU eo{ B

201

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kUAoM An B T xpnA  ApA oM  o : 12-1 {

/knAjk{Q o{
w cd~U AU xn

BB kU jnCoM j vU ,|Bi w cd~U B M MBTwj AoM xn

: SwA o jn w nj BB kU jnCoM oM `BM
`BM BBAoMkU jnCoM
= B 24 AoM ME B
kAjkU M eo{B 24 nj 4 BBAoM kUjnCoM
C M jB jn4n LwBd AoM ,k{BM k{ pB#CB 24 nj B kU 4 jnA nj
/j JoY B 24 w cd~U B nj An Ae TA jn4nAU
nj /jnAj j] WTh w Bo kU jnCoM AoM jkT B{n : 1 vB) xn

nj ,A j] BM ,jjo jBfTwA jBw B pA wo nj BB BU AoM4 vB xn

b'w 4 B o@A /jo nAoT ]U jn SwA  q B kU c'w jnA ioM
pA jBfTwA Rn nj ,k{BM T{Aj w Bd pA UBfT BL4oU knAj WTh kU
1- Gross comparison

method

jo{ BB xnoQ A

202

xn nj /k{ B#jA nj,q] Rn M o w RAoYA ,jBw B

k{ JBhTA o A oUv BB Aop SwA jBp B'i BTeA 4 vB
 ,knAj jo{ A nj nj An kU jn4n oT4 4 BB jB /k{BM
BB B AoMBM /kB TBM nj oUBM w Bjn4n jnC Swj M BU SwA
BB AoM ME A \T nj /jo nAoT ]Ujn TA ke pA oT4 oUv
/j{ oTzM nBvM A]
/jomQ Rn LT xn WBh S] nj B'i SwA  xn Anj : 1T+] vB) xn
BM BB BU AoM uPw /SwA WTh w nj B jn4n vB ,xn A BL
SB nj BU j{ LwBd w o M ?Mo BvB B ,nBC B{n pA jBfTwA
o{ kU omQnAoU 4 B\C pA /j{ Be w oYA cd~U KAoY pA B4 \
HLoU 4 jn nBTA) k{BM B'i o nj BvB pBM AoMBM Sv knj 1
,w yAqPA pA {B kU jBjpA xn A nj AoMBM /(j{ nAoU B oUoM pA xP
A] BB AoM M jB KAoY \T nj j{ TPo o nj TA ke pA oT4@
/k{ kAi jnCoM oT4 nBvM
BS] nj Tf] vB 4 vB xn j BB'i nU o pA 4 B\CpA
KA oY \ j B pA jBfTwA 4 kAT{Aj BlA Bd ioM,k{BM WBh
/jM kAi oUKwB BU M BC Ak4 opA jBfTwA M SLv ,w cd~U
AoM nBC xn A /SwA xn oTM ,L4oU k xn nU o pA : 2 LoU k xn
RAoYA AoM ` kM nj M jo{ nj pA o{ Bjn4n }TB omQ nAoU
B` uPw /kB BTA An ] j oUv BB jB Bjn4n n oMJBhTA
/kjo w cd~U KAoY pA A\ M kLU w RAoYA BjnCoM,k{ o4@l LT 4@
k{ jAj Bz 12-2 o~U nj BTz BB AoM KAoY A pA A\ BnAj
M ?Mo nAj /kAj kU M eo{ (o) oLT4@A BU (oU) ] pA BB A /SwA
/jnAj MBz A q ,kAjpB#C An ji kU (jAjoi)r BU (BMC) oLA pA 4 BB@
oU Sow M Ba C xd Aop knBTA ke pA oTnqM ,Tf] vB pA Be KAoY
K] ,o{kU }TB omQnAoU pBw jBT pA yM 'd RAoYA KBT nj 4 kMB
AoM nBTA jn [BT 12-2 o~U nj xi oUBQ /jjo oUBM w nj kU yAqPA
kU yAqPA AoM KAoY A cd~U pA kM Tf] vB xn nj An w cd~U KAoY
nj L4oU k xn pA Be KAoY A \T /kj Bz xd jLM pA {B
/k{BM B{n oBw pA Be KAoY xwA ke

1- Paried comparison

method

2- Mixed model

method

203

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

SBA nj  BBjB AoM&Th B{nBM KAo*LwBd : 12-2 {

/kAjkUM /o{(o) oLT@A BU (oU) ]pA 5n
K#A o{ Bjn4nAoM AjBB4 nj 4 wcd~U xn : 1 w jAs B xn
(BAA) w jAs B knj jo nAoT jBfTwA jn OU Bo e\ BM Ao
nB4 BL A M |Bi jAs w BB BU Bjn4n B xn A nj /SwA
BM w jAs B pA knj A M w C nj Bo jn4n uPw /j{ LwBd
w jAs BB 4 SwA A xn A BM ?BLUnA nj omQB JBT]A z /jjo
Gjk\ AU Bw ka AoM K#A An Bknj LwBd AoMBL A M jBfTwA jn
knj 1 pA oUBM BB jAkU ,kU nj yAqPA eT Rn nj /jo4 LwBd
M ,xn A pA jBfTwA oj o'i /jM kAi knj 1 op BB pAoTzM nBvM
/(B 1 BM vB nj B 3-6 kB) SwA w BP k{
jo nAoT jBfTwA jn BQnA oj Bnz4 pA ioM BTvA nj 4 {n
BB jB BM xP BoTij ,o B MBpnA AoM xn A nj/SwA BAA xn BM MBz
4 SwA B\A z /k{ vB ,knAj Bw B nj Bjn4n 4 v
1- Breed-age-average

method

jo{ BB xnoQ A

204

/kTv jo{ A nj nj4 k{BM UBAe B{ w o A SwA 

BB BM SwA  k{ eo{ B 24 njBC kU 4 BB jB Rn A nj
AoM TLA /k{ vB jM oTzM B B 3 BC kU eo{ w xwT nM M 4@
B{n /jnAj RnoY B jB PB4 jAkU j] BM w AP a BM jo4 vB
o4@l B{n MBz BC K#A  ,jnAj j] w cd~U KAoY TPB AoM oj
/k{BM k{
w cd~U KAo M nj j] BUB+U

a4 z ka SwA  w cd~U KAoY pA jBfTwA B nj : A Tr BUB+U

oBw AoTij BM vB nj 4 k{BM T{Aj AoTij SwA  o BB pA ioM /kC yQ
a BoTij Bjn4n 4 kC yQ WdM A AoMBM /kwoM M M oUoj ,BB@
nB4 A AoM /k{BM BB oBw AoTij M SLv oUBM w cd~U KoY kBM o BB@
w cd~U KoY AnAj kBM BB a A C jnAj j] o# B
jB a o /k{BM ApkCnj ji KeB AoM 4 kTv BB e C pA Aop /k{BM oUBQ
/S{Aj kAi Ao M An oTzM kCnj ,j{ BM c'w BM kU ioa jnA oUjp oTA] B@
BA M SLv k{ `BMoj 4 BB jB kj Bz 4 jnAk j] kB{ _
jB Se nj /kB TBM nj oUM Rk AoM k{ `BM jp 4 ji
]me kTv tnjp MAnAj 4 BB jB pA oUjpK#A knAj tnoj M 4 BB@
nAk ]U AoM PB4 kCnj AoMBM k4 kU o{ PB4 Aq M Aop ,k{
/jnAk j] M M kwn B BU BC
w cd~U KAoY A ;4 kB bo' An Aw A nAjB SwA  oj ]oM pA
BC /Sv xwT ke nj  BA k{BM xwT ke nj C kU 4 SwA KwB A AoM
4 kAjAj Bz RBB' ioM ?{BM T{Aj UBfT KAoY ji kU oQ AoM  kBL
M MBTwj AoM4 jBp Sep M ]U BM , o AoM B@Ak] w cd~U A LwBd
w cd~U A onBM pA {B STj yB4 /knAk Aka xpnA SwA p BC
o nj Bjn4n jAkU , /jnAk TA Aka , o |Bi A BM vB nj ,B@Ak]
Swj cd~U KAoY pA Mi BjnCoM M BC pA jBfTwA BM ATM 4 SwA C pA oT4 @
/SPB
j] pA oT nBvM w cd~U KAoY M ?Mo Rz pA oj ioM : jAs BUB+U
M /knAjpB UBfT wcd~U KAoY M BjAs K#A/k{BM o AoM B~TiAA
cd~U oTzMBw 2uw AoMBBAoM oT4Bw 2 qoBBAoM;BX A
KAoY pA zhMkjBz412-1 k] njAUAn BUBfU A /SwAp M BL oM

205

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

/a&Th BjAs AoM7w cd~U KAo*pA A: 12-1 k]

jAs
uwAoM
1.54
1.51
1.48
1.45
1.43
1.4
1.38
1.36
1.34
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.23
1.26
1.22
1.19
1.17
1.15
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.2
1
1
1
1
1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3

wo]
1.34
1.31
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.26
1.24
1.23
1.21
1.2
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.11
1.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.2
1
1
1
1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5

BTz

qo@

oB{oA

1.38
1.35
1.33
1.31
1.29
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.21
1.19
1.16
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.2
1
1
1
1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4

1.24
1.22
1.2
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.12
1.1
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1

1.3
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.2
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.11
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1
1
1
1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

(B) w
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
3
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
4
42
44
46
48
5
52
54
56
58
6
66
72
78
84
9
96
12
18
114
12

nj ,kU eo{ WTh ~P AoM ,w cd~U A wU pA LT 4 w cd~U KAoY pA zhM : a

/kATPo nAoT jBfTwA jn Hn SBA

jo{ BB xnoQ A

206

BAp B M7w oAoM o{ kU~> o?U : 12-3 {

UBfT w cd~U KAoY ,WTh BjAs jn nBTA /j kBz ,SwA cd~U
,k{BM toTwj nj jn4n jkd jAkU xP jAs AoM 4 jnA nj  ,k{BM T{Aj
/SwA z w cd~U A [Tj jnCoM
A kwn o M j] kA{ tBwAoM : C UoQ Moa Aq o{ kU nj j] BRB+U
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/k{BM p ,BKoY Moa UoQ M ?Mo BzBpC AoMSwA
T{Aj pB RBfT w KAoY M SwA  nz4 WTh eA : A)> BRB+U
To{ B{ BSBA nj BTz BB Bw 2 Bjn4n AoM ME KAoY /k{BM
A /SwA nz4 A Jo# B eA nj xAo{  AoM p KAoY pA oTnqM BoC
BB jB ,o{ B{ BM vB nj BoC Jo# B eA nj 4 SwA j AkM Fv
SwA  BUBfU A /k{ ZnBi kU xi pA oT4 A] BB M SLv `BM
KA oY oYBe Be nj /k{BM BB jB BvU mU nAk WTh B{n pA {B
oBw AoM /ko nAoT jBfTwA jn BTz BB AoM A' w cd~U
KA oY A [Tj U AoM  ,k{BM p A' KAoY SwA  q BjAs
/jnAk j] PB4 Aq M jn4n

207

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

cd~U KAoY ,kU eo{ WTh ~P AoM ,|Bi eB nj Te : ~@ BUB+U

jo ,kU eo{ B a 4 kj Bz 12-3 o~U /k{BM p UBfT w
` ,kj nAoT oYFU SdU An kAj BA p WTh w nj 4 An BTz BB@
/j{ o4mT An BA p B kU eo{B nj w Bq cd~U RnoY P o~U
BTz BB AoM An ~P wBq cd~U AoM p KAoY pA zhM 12-2 k]
jn nB4BL A M AU An ojjnA KAoY A LwBd AoMa o@A /kj A nA
TPo nAoT nB4BL `BM BB jB BU jo xwT B\A nj  ,jAj nAoT jBfTwA
B jL B jM kBv SM' M ]U BM An `BM BB jB jn4n,KAoY A /SwA
jn oBB AoTij K#A ZBT pC ,BoM nj o@A /kB jBp B 4,kU eo{
KA oY pA jo jBfTwA Rn nj ,k{BM jo4 kU M eo{ UBfT BB nj ,pC
a oYFU SdU ,|Bi B oUoM RBLYA oM L pC [BT SwA  ~P
/ko nAoT BUBfU
U B~TiA w cd~U KAoY ~P eB ,jAs ,Sf o AoM kBM 4 nM M
cd~U A T{Aj /jpBw nB{C An BC pA ioM T{Ak SA kA{ A o /jjo@
o BBoTM JBhTA AoMwBwA k{pnA nAqMA BC pA KwB jBfTwA [Tj w
/kC JBve M jB
o{ kU pA oB RB+ oBw

pA kM Bw ka BU /ko nAoT B w oYFU SdU q kU RBf pA o# RBf oBw

B ` /kMB AjA jz B4 nM M kM eBfUnA X] yAqPA ,jo{ eo{
yAqPA WTh Bf WY , TPo ,BQ Swj }TA AAoP ,w yAqPA BM
o{ kU BM vB nj OU RAo ,k{ jAj Bz 12-3 k] nj 4 B` /kMB
/k{BM noY q RBf A cd~U A j] BM ,ko nAoT w oYFU SdU oT4@
?Mo kU M 4 BnBM pA ioM oMAoM nj SwBve kM jo{ Bnj nj
nBM nBM nj B] wnoM pA 12-4 k] nj k{ AnA [BT /j{ oTzM j{
jo{ nj o M nj B oUnA4 o pA wnoM A nj /SwA kC Swj M BTvQ n
n KLv WTh oT4@BM 9 M pA oT4@BM eU n M uPw /SwA k{ U
n BM }hzU jM f Rn nj Te nB4A /kAk{ jAj Sz4 B ,BTvQ
/SwA TPo B\A pBM BTvQ
nj  ,kB poM jo{ nj A nj qo q o{ KU pT4 BnBM
SLv Hn SBA nj ,n /kjo VjBe oTzM nBvM AAoP BM oUv BB@
,ko nAoT BnBM A oYFU SdU WTh jo{ Bnj nj 4 An BTz BB@

jo{ BB xnoQ A

208

209

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

7BTz BBOU RAo BkM Twj AoM 7w cd~U KAo* : 12-3 k]

KoY

(B)w

1.7

24 pA oT4@

1.6

24

1.5

24-27

1.4

28-31

1.3

32-38

1.2

39-46

1.1

47-52

1.

53-17

.98

18-143

.96

144-167

.95

167 pA yM
:miF

R.H. Kilewer, 1971, Proc. NAAB, Natl, P. 54

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25469
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B 36-48

B 36 >

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12392
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J.W. wilton et al., 1972, J. Dairy sci., 55:183

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jo{ BB xnoQ A

210

BjAj A ,SwA k{ jAj Bz 12-5 k] nj jo4 U A 4 nBC /SwA j jnCoM An

Bp pA LT jo{ nj M nj 4 SwA z o oM L ,AnAjB B{nAq B{
k] nj 4 `C BM BTvQ n nBM e{ poM kn /k{BM kC yQ B OU MBpnA
poM BA 4 kj Bz q 12-5 k] /SwA RBfT 4kA ,k{ jAj Bz 12-4
/kMB qP ,w yAqPA BM B AkhU BSv4@
kM ptBwAoMcd~U
tBwA oM ,w cd~U B] M o{ kU Bjn4n 4 kAj jBzQ Bd pA ioM
}iB{ w M SLv kM p SwA  4 BL AoM ,k{ cd~U B jB kM p
nBvM omQ VnAU w o nj kM p ;A j] BM /k{BM rqP M AoM oTM
kM p,kj nAoT oYFU SdU An o{ kU 4 Br pA nBvM ,A oM /jnAjBM
xpnA Bq nM M ,kM p AoM cd~U ,AoMBM /kpBw oYFT q An k{n Sow B
cd~U 4 kAjAj Bz jkT BzBpC /kB cd~U q An o{ kU AoM Tr
/kM p ,k{BM w tBwAoMkBM
zinjJtBwAoMcd~U
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jo{ nj nj kU yAqPA M 4 nMM /k{BM T{Aj SA B B jB JBhTA nj SwA
nj  /SwA nAoToM 'i ?BLUnA pn 6 A 5 BU zi nj M yAqPA kM
nj /jnAk kM jo{ njnj kU yAqPA nj oYFU _ pn 6 pA oUM zi
B ke nj BC yAp BP  ,knAj M zi Bnj 4 BB jB ,Se
pA oT4 ,pn 35 jo{ nj BL oM BC k{ cd~U B e o{ kU ,SwA @
j] BM TvL kU Aq BM jo{ Bpn jAkU M Aop ,k{BM xwT
kU cd~U ,kU BM zi nj M Tr ?BLUnA ,kM p tBwAoMcd~U kB /jnAj
oM zi nj M cd~U /kB k`Q LT zi nj tBwAoM An
jke BU 3 pA zi nj M ,KwB Sok BA BM /jomQ B\A HoTz BL
/k{BM J' q jB~TTA o pA SwA oU MBT pn 6
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oYFU SdU nB] jo{ nj nj TvMC Bpn jAkU` yAp BP BM o{ kU
M Bpn jAkUB ,jjo oPw pn 6 oTf] A BA p M o@A /jo nAoT
pn 9 BU 75 dP Bp oTf] nAoU BA pA kM ,oj TvMC eo{ BU BAp

211

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

BTvQ n ,o{ KU ,pT j]  7BTz BB pATLv : 12-5 k]

/SwAk{ xpAo BCnjAkhUBSv@
jo{BnjjAkU
9-1

7-8

5-6

3-4

.23
.25
.6
.17

.2
.15
.48
.15

.15
.7
.39
.1

.9
.2
.3
.9

2
.4
.1
.19
.6

H.D. Norman, 1970, ph. D. thesis, cornell university.

1
.2

.1
.3

MBTTiA B nBMe
pT4@
o{KU
BTvQ n
AkhUBSv4@
miF

1 pBM njM 4 kwn o M ,SwA k{ jAjBz 12-4 o~U nj 4 B` /jM kAi

/j{ oB kM M nBa B pA kU n oM TvMC oYA /k{BM J' pn 9 BU 6
jn oT4 B pn 2 jo{ njBjn4n Tr MBpnA AoM 4 Un nj ,AoMBM
yAp BP nj j] BUBfU /Sv noY yAp tBwAoM cd~U ,jo nAoT jBfTwA
kU vB nj nAk A 4 ;k{BM kU RBPTiA pA knj 1 BU 5 Fz SwA  BB@
BP n oM Tr A oYFU 4 B\CpA /k{BM SA qBe B jB pn 35 o{
q kU Tr MBpnA jLM M yAp BP tBwAoM cd~U AoMBM ,Sv jBp yAp
Un nj /SwA k{ AnA cd~U KAoY pA A\ 12-6 k] nj /k{ kAi o\
BP 4 nBYC PjB~U - 'd SB ,kC JBve M Sok M ?Mo RAoYA 4@
JBhTA M SLv oBB MBpnA nj An B A cd~U ,kj nAoT oYFU SdU An yAp
/kB oUSA 4 BB jB
HLoU BA p j A M ,J' yAp BP 4 kwn o M ,jB~TTA o pA
kU C LU M Apn kU ,AP A Aop ,k{BM B 12 BBAp oBw M B 13
jo{ nj ,joMnB4 U 4 kwn o M /kBwn oX4@Ake M An BB o BU nj
k{ TA xomQ jn Mi M pBM nj pn 6 ` zi Bp pn 6 BM pn 35
/SwA
 ,SwA kz }hz ,j{ oTzM o{ kU BM yAp BP yAqPA AoaA j
kU Rz SwA  ,kUoQ BB /jnAj j] C AoM jkT RB]U
kMqC SPcUB oTf]B\ABU BAp BPkeBpnjAkU-1

jo{ BB xnoQ A

212

oI nj BM pn 35 nj nj o{ kU cd~U KAo* : 12-6 k]

jAs DU MpBM Bpn jAkUAoM M jB 7T>o@
jAs
uwAoM

wo]

BTz

qo@

oB{oA

pBMBpn

1.2
1.15

1.22
1.16

1.2
1.17

1.17
1.15

1.2
1.15

2-29
3-39

1.14

1.14

1.12

1.12

1.12

4-49

1.8

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.1

5-59

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.6

6-69

1.2

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.3

7-79

1.1

1.1

8-89

.99

.99

.99

.98

1-19

.99

.99

.98

.99

.97

11-119

.99

.98

.98

.99

.96

12-129

.99

.97

.97

.97

.96

13-139

.97

.97

.97

.95

.96

14-149

.96

.97

.96

.95

.96

15-159

.95

.96

.96

.95

.94

16-169

.95

.95

.96

.95

.94

17-179

.95

.95

.95

.95

.94

18-189

.94

.94

.95

.94

.94

19-199

.94

.94

.95

.94

.93

2-29

.93

.94

.94

.93

.93

21-219

9-99

BU 9 C pBMnj4BAoMM jBKveoMpn35njM njo{ kUnB4BL: a

/k{BMpn95
L.R. schaeffer, R.W. Everett, and C.R. Henderson, 1973, J. Dairy sci., 56:602
miF

213

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

pn35 nj nj o{ kUk{ cd~U Bjnn7B: 12-4 {

/RBDT pBM BnjtBwAoM
kU 4 B 4 Tow B BM SwA  kUoQ Ae /k{BM T{Aj oTzM X
TvMC AoM oTzM SoP SwA  kU oQ B M /jz cU ,j{ cU
]me SwA  ,dP SzpBM jAkU B BM kU 4B 4 Be nj ,j{ jAj k{
poM An oUWfi dP kU 4 B BM vB nj SwA  kUoQ B /jjo@
/SwA A cU BM oMAoMHLoU w j B cU AoM TvMC knj /kj
Sok c>w tBwAoM cd~U

fTh RBf Se nj /k{BM oYAoj RBf ioM kU oM oY B oT

kU oM A oYFU kjoU kM /k{BM oY oYA o{ nj o{ kU `
|B~TiA Tro# Fv /k{BM Sok mU d nj j] BUBfU ,o{
tBwAoM Tr jn o ,SwA mU B Sok WTh B{n M SA pA A]nj jAj
BB jB vB [oM pA nB4 A 4 ,j{ cd~U B oYFU e\
o Sv z Aka BB jB Tr vB /jjo B\A ok BM keA
nj BC BA p 4 BB jB /k{BM T{Aj SA kU eo{ ~P M ?Mo RAoYFU A
` SwA Bv q BC kU eo{ ~P TPomQ B\A nj Bw
An SwA k{ cd~U yAp BP w M ?Mo RAoYFU tBwAoM BC kU Bjn4n

jo{ BB xnoQ A

214

~P nj BC Bjn4n 4 BB jB vB /j vB BMA BM HTLv AU

B\A ~P BB tBwAoM Bjn4n nj cd~U BM HUnoY ,k{ eo{ fTh
An ~P M ?Mo RAoYFU d M ,o BB MBpnA B{n pA nBvM /jomQ
/kj nAoT ]U jn
pn nj {jo{ RB@j tBwAoM cd~U

SPo B\A pn nj {jo{ nBM nBa B w ,j{ B nB4 o Bq A pA LT BU

q ,mU nj yAqPA BB jB w M TvM ,kU 4 nj yAqPA knj 2 BU 1
jnAkBTwA 4 pn nj y{j nBM j M Bjn4n A kLU tBwAoM cd~U ,AoMBM /jM
o@A/k{ k{j pn nj nBM jpA yM BBpA qaB jAkUxP poA /jM noYSwA
/jMkAinoYcd~U,kjovB k{ k{jpnnjnBMj4BBBM BBA
jo{ eo

AP nj o{ kU  ,SwA RBfT jo{ nj WTh eAo nj o{ kU

nj M nj nBM xP OU kMLUn Bjn4n /j{ ojn4n ~hz Bp
o kj zU q] nBa n oM jBp oYFU jo{ eo /kjo SLY jo{
jo{ eo AoMAn RAo kBM AoMBM /jnAjOU B o ji C LU M OU B
/j cd~U kM LM B nj w `
cd~U ApA jB+TwA d AoM BX

kAj kU o{ kQ 14 pn35 jo{ nj M nj ,BTz B jB j

/SwA jM Bv q eo{ ~P Bw - o pA BC xAo{

{jo{ RBPj jAkU

pn nj

eo{ BU Bpn jAkU

kM jo{ nj

BAp B M w M nj e kU
(B)

pn35

B jB

455

24

14

375

14

A _ M  ,SwA jM Bv Sok SdU Bp nj B j A kU a o@A

kU oUvBB M SLv oTA] BB /kAT{Ak nBTiA nj kU AoM Bv SoP
jAkU f M B yAp BP jM oTBU4 /(B B oUoM L] ) knAj oT4@

215

Tro# A AoM Bjn4n cd~U

nBM w 4 BB / (A B Sq L] ) k{BM TvMC oTow pB#C oT4 pBM Bpn

) knAj oTzM kU ,kjo y{j nBM j 4 BC M SLv ,k{ k{j pnnj
/(A B oUoM L]
pA jBfTwA AoM /k{BM 1.2 1.35 KUoU M (12-2 k]) M jB cd~U KAoY
Bp M xwT n kM ,j kLU pBM njM An yAp BP AU 12-6 k]
:j{ 4 yAp BP pA (pn 28) TvMC
.96 cd~U KoY BM ,455-28=175 : A B AoMpBM Bpn jAkU
1. cd~U KoY BM ,375-28=95 : BB AoMpBM Bpn jAkU
A /k{BM pn 99 BU 9 pBM Bpn jAkUBL 12-6 k] nj 4 k{BM T{Aj ]U
jnAkBTwA cd~U  ,kAkz jnCoM Mi M {jo{ RBPj jAkU cd~U AoM p
/k{BM .85 nBM j M pnnj y{j nBM w kLU AoM
SA cd~U j B\A KUoU AoMBM ,kn nB4 M KoY Rn M A A
;jnAk Aka
(14 kQ)(1.35) (.96)(.85) = 15.422 : A B jnAkBTwA jn4noUBM
(14 kQ)(1.2) (1.)(1.) = 14.28

: B B jnAkBTwA jn4n oUBM

99 BU 9 pBM Bpn,M jB) jnAkBTwA xAo{SdU B A BB kU Bjn4n o@A

1428 15422 kBM BC kU jnCoM Rn A nj ,k{ TPo pn nj (y{j nBMj pn
M Ae TA kU ,Bjn4n A /jM A B AoMoTzM kQ 1 oM `BM ,kQ
kAi oYFT An BC Bjn4nkk] PjB~U ST 'd RAoYA /jM kAh M B
Bv k{ cd~U Bjn4n BM Ae TA Bjn4n B _ 4 nM M SiBw
/jM kAh
KUoU ,jo nAoT jBfTwA jn 2 MoY B LoU 1zA qPA B ] A pA L4oU o@A
] BM 4 j{ LwB B o B{ zA qPA A /SPB kAi SA BC pA jBfTwA
K] TvMC pno 4 k4 oP ,BX A M /jo nAoTjBfTwA jn j [ofU B
pn 13 ji pn 35 jo{ nj M nj A B AoMBM /j{ o{ kU nj yB4 kQ 2
Bp M nj TvMC Bpn jAkU q B B AoM /(35-175=13) SwA jM TvMC
Bpn jAkU jo4 4BM TvMC Bpn jAkU /(35-95=21) k{BM pn21 jo{
, A B AoM zAqPA B /kC Swj M (pn35) jo{ nj jnAkBTwA Bp pA pBM
nj /jM kAi [(-(2)(21) ] = -42 kQ , B B AoM , [(-(2)(13) ] = -26 kQ
kB oP 4@A /SwA pn of jo{ nj M nj TvMC BpnjAkU BL jn A
1- Additive

2- Mutiplicative

jo{ BB xnoQ A

216

jn {jo{ RBPj jAkU w LoU A uPw k{ B\A cd~U A AkTMA 4@

/jo nAoT jBfTwA
(14

26) (1.35)(.85) = 15767 : A B AoM k{ cd~U jn4noUBM

(14

42) (1.2) (1.) = 13852 : B B AoM k{ cd~U jn4noUBM

(14

26) (1.35)-26 = 1585 : A B AoM k{ cd~U jn4n oUBM

;jo B\A TvMC Bpn jAkUAoM cd~U AkTMA o@A

(14)(1.2) (1.) -42 = 1386 : B B AoM k{ cd~U jn4noUBM
oMBi M kBM /jnAk Aka SA Bcd~U B\A KUoU , ]AkA AoM BX A nj
xP ,BThL{i /SwA RBfT nB4B\A KUoU M TvM cd~U \T 4 S{Aj
M nM M Bcd~U a Se nj ,ko nAoT jBfTwA jn LoU A
BMBpnA tBwAoM Bjn4n onB4M pA LT ,o{ BB Bjn4n xpAjoQ q4@Ao 4@
/ko B\A ,Tr
RBdd~UpA Ai
BM kBM An o{ kU tBwAoMBB jB Tr xpnA M yQ S] jBfTwA jn Bjn4n
cd~U yAp BP kU eo{ B ,w tBwAoM KwB cd~U A onB4 M
BM ,kU eo{ ~P Bw - AoM q oj oT RBdd~U ` /j
Rn MBz nBC B{n BM B ~P - Bw - BB tBwAoM Bjn4ncd~U
M kBM An SY o  /j{ U A oBw AoM cd~U /jomQ
k 'd A tBwAoM RBf oBw cd~U B{n /j MBpnA B@Ak] Rn
A BA pA kM /jo nAoT ]U jn oTzM w AoM cd~U K#A /k{BM Bv
o BB MBpnA z oM ,BM BB'i eT pA oT4 Ao BM AU ,RBdd~U
/kC KB# jB

13

jB BJBhTA MBpnA
kARnBL BC oT pA jn w /j MBpnA AU jkT AkA AoM An BB jB
X kU AoM BB jB JBhTA (2) , nj BC ./e AoM BB jB JBhTA (1) : pA
M MBTwj n3 M X kU S] BB jB JBhTA (3) ,qB] BvU M MBTwj
JBhTA MBpnAnj,A oM /~ c>UB L?oS/]njjB/TwAAoMo Akpo@
tBwAoMSwA  JBhTA,BX A M /k{BM T{Aj SAjkTRB/ SwA BB@
Aq yAq@AB BTvQn oMAoM njSB> yAq@A ,{jo{Bp yBJ,o{ kU yAq@A
JB\ARB/ oBw BM vB> njo{ kU LvjB~TLAxpnA,A j] BM /k{BMo{ Moa
aWdM,\T nj/JR o{ xpnAB o{ kU noM An kJ@FUk J kB
oQ kUkB S/ AoMMBpnA B{nwnoMBM AkTMA An jB o BBJBhTA
/ko nAoL WdMjn 15 ~@ njS/kaAoM BqJBhTAKB BAq ,A/J
o@ A BM kM ~@ ` ~@ A nj Tr MBpnA JBhTA a wnoM
B kAk{ cd~U w ` SMBY Rd A AoM BjnJn J SwA Ao
A A Aop ,T@o B\A kU \o{ ~@ Bw , oYFU AoM BjnJn cd~U LAke
/k{BM SA qBe o{ BjnJn AoM J Swj
M BUB/U T@o o3 nj BM AU An ~@ -Bw - RAoYFU tBwAoMBjnJn cd~U
jB \ , J SwA _jB Un nj Fv A TLA /jAj B\A B BjnJn
K`A /k{BM j kU M \o{ Bw pA ~@ nj nj J j{ >U BB@
/kj B\A MBz xn BM An BjnJncd~U ,nBC B{n
RBeRA \ AnAj Tr xpnA BM bBLUnA nj o{ BB jAs bA B~~hT
AkTMA nj ,BLT{A o pA o] AoM /k{BM jAoT BC pA nBvM J kTv ji |Bi
/j Ai wnoM An RBeRA A
B YnA xpnA /knAj kU n oM Ae Br J SwA oYA pA RnBL Tr xpnA
oYFU BM AoM K`A J RB/U A BM jnAj Tr xpnA BM Bv B eA xpnA

jo{ BB xnoQ A

218

J B\C pA /j{ jB/TwA jn kj B>TA ji ZBT M An BC kAU B J Br

r RAoYFU BM Ao) An ji Br pA B{ @jB~U A kAU i>@ Ae
M K`A j B>TA AU B j B>TA RnkL bRA AoMBM ,kj B>TA ji ZBT M (bMo
AoMBM /jo nAoL jB/TwA jn YnA xpnA j~ qB] A
YnA xpnA = j B>TA AU
2
Tr xpnA = eA B YnA xpnA
/j{ jnCoM hU n? M kBM Sv ov lLj n? M Tr xpnA BwB{
bRA j( ETA ) 2 hU j B>TA BAU (EBV ) 1 hU eA B YnA xpnA
,jn nB3TA J B` /ko nAoL jB/TwA jn joTv n? M J kTv oj

J S{Aj o?Bi M kBM  ,joM nBJ M ok B] M AU An

,\T nj
BQ oM kU AoMB jB oTr AU J kj Bz EBV /SwA EBV j~ H>Lj
xoTij M J SwA B kU AU pA zhM oBM ETA ,SwA nATwA C Tr nBTiBw
/kMB B>TA
nB j A AoM RBAe kMLUn ,SwA EBV j~ BM oMAoM H>Lj ETA J B\C pA
hU xpnA jq Aq BM AoM/k{BM Bv q BC jnCoMSLj ,kMB onU
J B\C pA /j{ A jnCoM o AoM B?A Aj LA xpnAM
xpnA B?A Aj j~ BM oMAoM H>Lj j B>TA AU B?A Aj ,

/k{BM YnA
jAs bA RBvw iwU J SwA eRA ( CI) "3 B jB }iB{ B uJkA"
/k{BM ETA BMjAoT kj nAoLjB/TwA jn
kdT RBA nj o{ BB@
[An (EATA) " 4hU j B>TA AU B" rA ,nMq nzJ SBA nj LAke
Tr xpnA pA iwT n? M J jnAj kJ@FU T A oM"B" @BwA Sn /SwA
B B pA oTM Tr nBYC pA A SwA  ZBT pA o  ,kMB B>TA
EBV/ 2 , ETA BrA BB jB MBpnA AoMAoMBM /kB S@Bnj An B pA oUjw
/k{BM jAoT EATA CI ,
 ,SwA Bv jB BB AoMJ@Be A BM oBB AoMTr A ao@A
1-Estimated
3-Cow index

breeding value

2-Estimated

transmitting ability

4-Estimatted

average transmitting ability

219

jB B JBhTA MBpnA

B BJ@ USDA AoM /jo B\A ji |Bi RBeRA BM o BB BMBpnA

"k{ MyQ BUB/U" oUoM oBB @o MBpnA S] o3 jn B{pnA

BnB /k{BM (MCCs) " 1Bq T@B kU BvB>" LA ioM
2
nATwA " BnkQ M BvB>" BL oM Lo{ B{ jAs bA jBdUA o3jn
BdA M BC BvB>  ,kB jnCoM An "j B>TA AU" ,BA BU /SwA
MBpnA AoM AoMBM /k{BM T{Aj UB/T Bs SwA  T@o Rn /Th
/k{BM jAoT EBV/ 2 ETA , SC , MCC , PD RBeRA o BB@
kU AAU BAoM jB BBJBhTA MBpnA
nj nB3TA jn o{ kU Aq tBwAoMB AU An nj BC ./e S] BB jB JBhTA
B jB Tr oUoM jnCoMBL oM B (B jB kU LA AU) kM jo{ nj
AnjBJBhTA AoM A ,kBwn B\A M (B jB YnA B Tr xpnA)o{ kU AoM
/k{BM "kU LA AU" jB "YnA xpnA" rA /SwA SA qBe qB] BvU
LAAU Mjz RMAn ,SwA k{ jAjBz o{ kU AoM13-1 o~U nj J B`
M k{ cd~Uw tBwAoM J jnJn)B pAjnJn oAoM /jnAjj]YnA xpnAkU
M TrxpnAB{ kU LAAU (k{BMk{ BM ~@ Bw, B pA AodARn
LAAU iwTn?M /kBLBM Co BBQBUB BMAoJ SwAAjRd nBYC
j{ Jvd BpA CjnJnAodA pA HLo>U ,o{ kU AoM BjB kU
RAonU oj KLv,uB{ SL Rd A /(jnAjB "omQVnAU"yhM A)
LA AUuBnA j~jke TrB{pnAnj j]BUB/U pA {B uBnA /k{BM
,An J uBnATryhM /kjzUAn o{BjnJnJ uBnA nBa jkeB kU
/kB omQVnAU
SwnjSwA kU LA AU AoMk{ JBhTABBjB J kj Bz 13-1 o~U
njBBjB kM LUn jnAK`A nj/k{BLYnA xpnAAoMk{ JBhTABBB
nj/jMkAiMBz (ERPA) kU LA AUjnCoMB (EBV) hU YnA xpnAtBwAoM@
BjnCoMa o@A ,k{BM Bv kMLUn,k{BM toTwjnjB jiBjnJni>@o@A ,S>>e
J k{BM RB/T kAUUnnji>@ ERPA EBV tBwAoMkM LUn /jM kAiRB/T
/jonAoLjB/TwAjn MBpnAnjq AkBziBjnJn
/SwA z Tr xpnAB kU AU BL oM JBhTA AoM o~U nj
>>e AU tBwAoMJBhTA) Rk BUJ S@ozQ L] j pA An ji RB~U kBM nAjB o
o ;BX A M /kB MBpnA (YnA xpnA tBwAoM JBhTA) Rk kM S@ozQ B (kU
1-Modified

contemporary comparisons

2-Sire comparisons

jo{ BB xnoQ A

220

B pA oU
BQ oUBMBUBUnj U KLv A U : 13-1 {

BpnjAkU
woYFU S]BpBTA cd~U pA kM ,o{ kU AoM @
/jo{ nj6nj TvMC
) kj B>TA yAoTij M An ji YnA xpnA pA oMTz A kAU B jB
omQ B>TA ,njB BM Ao Aj Rd nBYC /(j{ T{Am SJnBz M o B lo? pA oj
/SwA w A kU AU nj SwA kp J AjB BU  ,jn M pA A o BM Sv
,|Bi Bp nj ? nj @B kBwn oXJ@Ake M AoM SwA  ,jnA ioM nj
S] xn /k{BM JR YnA xpnA kU LA AU pA LJoU AoM JBhTA
/SwA JBTJ A B\ pA ZnBi k`Q ,KJoU oTM M MBTwj
A kU jnCoM S j

kM jo{ nj nj kU AU oXJ@Ake BLoM An BB jB kAhM J nAjB o

RB>>dU/kB kMLUn BC kU AU tBwAoM An BB BU jnAj BL M pB ,kJ JBhTA
nBCB{n` "}iB{ BL oM JBhTA" B " 1JBhTA }iB{"xn Tr
M An RBAecdkMLUnBTeA J kAjnCAo@ BBkMLUnS]An MBz
kM LUn nBCxn oTMBM Te Sv}>kM {n _,TLA /kBwnoXJ@Ake
/jM kAi BRiBM EUyMBJ@
,kM jo{ njjnJn BM (w tBwAoM k{ cd~U) o{ jnJn A ,iwT n? M
njAvU o@A /(SwA knj 5 omQnAoU oj RnBL M) jnAj TvL knj 5 HLo>U
,kB kU o{ ji BpA yM kQ1 M jBBLoM ,jijo{njA
BpA oUBM o{ kQ5 HLo>U B n?M kM jo{ njnjJ jn nB3TA
(wtBwAoMk{ cd~U)kQ1 Co{kU J A {vU MBz n? M /k{BM T{Aj
BU /k{BMBpA oTJkQ 5 HLo>U qBjnJn>M njJ jnnB3TA ,k{BMB op
1-Selection

index method

221

jB B JBhTA MBpnA

8 o:
A BM o{ kU BLoM kU;A AU jnCoM S;j : 13-2 {

k{BMknj5 omQnAoU
kAi Sd HLo>U _@ jnA  ,joJ kAh kU An jn nB3TA J An `C BB@
/S{Aj
iAo{  ,S{Aj kAi An LL kU LA AU B kM jo{ nj nj B jB o
o BjnJn AoM SL Rd iAo{J B\CpA /j kAi Mo\U q An kk] Rd
,k{ kAi jq o/ M BC oYFU B SB nj k{ jBT BM RkpAnj nj B@
C kU LA AU AU ,B BjnJnpA @BJ jAkU M woTwj Rn nj AoMBM
jo{ njj BjnJn pA jB/TwA BM B kC kU jnCoM /j U BM SLjBM An
w BpBTA ,MBz n? M /SwA nj BjnJn BM A B\A pA oT>Lj KUAo M
nj oMAoM j ,o3 A pA nj j BjnJn xpnA  ;SwA nj j pA oTM nj
,knAk jBp i oUoM nj nBa BM vB> nj nj [Q BjnJnS>>e nj /k{BM
pA RnBL , SBe o AoM jnCoM SLj ,k{ jAj Bz 13-2 o~U nj J B`
C kU LA AU B pA B BjnJnRB/U B M TvL knj
o@ lo? pA AU An B BjnJn pA jB/TwA BM kU LA AU jnCoM SLj /k{BM
:j U op
SLj =
C jnJn n B B jB kU LA AU M TvL BM oMAoM ,SLj jB A nj
BjnJn M TvL ,omQnAoU /SwA o3 jn S/ omQ nAoU q r k{BM
M \U pA zhM C oBM SwA AT jo{ nj j nj B o{ kU
BAU nj j] BUB/U pA {B J SwA jTh {jo{ Bnj BjnJn

jo{ BB xnoQ A

222

/SwA kU LA
kU;A AU jnCoM a
LA AU pA BjnC oM n? M ,o{ BB BjnJnxpAjoQ qJ@Ao pA nBvM
B kdT RBA jTh eA nj SwA  jnCoM A /kB Ao@ kU
(RPA) kU hU AU , (ERPA) kU LA AU jnCoM :k{BM T{Aj UB/T
/(MPPA ) kU AU BTeA oTzM
J A pA ioMC nj J ,SwA kC B\A nj kU >>e AU jnCoM jBw xn
B jB BjnJnxn A nj /SwA kjo oJ@l q j{ jB/TwA oUk`Q B{n nj
RBLYA j AkBzi oj BjnJnpA /k{ kAi jB/TwA C A BBoBw
qBe kU AU jnCoM nj jnA A  ,j jB/TwA AU q B jB nkQ oUoM
/k{BM Aka SA
kBL B a /kB LwBd An B jB pA jnJno M bMo ~@ - B -1
jB w tBwAoM k{ cd~U BjnJn oM Tz kBM M ,k{BM B jB A jnJn
ojnJn BBoM /kAj kU M \o{ Bq n? M HLo>U J k{BM BB@
A M ,@BJ RB?A jL Rn nj /kB U An UB?A akATM SwA 
B /SwA j kU M \o{ (jAjoi) r B nj A B J koM o3 nj BX
(jno@) nC M J k{BM BB oBw BjnJn B{ kAU A M bMo
/kAjoJ kU M \o{ Bw B (oU) ]
/kJ AkQ bMo B BM An o3 jn B jB BjnJnpA AkJ o M RB/U -2
B ,BjnJn jAkU oM C BjnJn RB/U \\ j v>U BM ,B o AoM -3
/kJ LwBd An TiA
/kB Jow op nTJ@B@ nj An k{ LwBd TiA B -4

BQ B oUBM ,kC jo{ nj nj o3 jn B J SwA o{ nAk> jnCoM \T

: i n? M /(ERPA) kB kU B pA oU
( B pA B BjnJnRB@TiA B)
kMLUn kU LA AU jnCoMtBwAoM C B , A BB J kJ o@ ,BX A M
, -2 BM jnJn 3 B B /jnAj B pA oUBM keA +1 BM jnJn A B /kAk{

223

jB B JBhTA MBpnA

jnJn j C B /jnAj B pA oUBM keA +2 iwT n? M keA +3 +5

A oM ERPA jnCoM/jnAj B pA oUBM keA+85 iwT n? M ,+9 +8 BM
; pA SwA RnBL B w
AoM ERPA = .5 * 1 = +5
AoM ERPA = .75 * 2 = +15
C AoM ERPA = .67 * 85 = +57
/k{BM
,BC kM Twj KUoU AoMBM
kU LA AU pA kC M jnCoM tBwAoM JBhTA B me AoM AU An BB@
bA An kMLUn xn A J SwA now jnA ioM nj ,A j] BM /j kMLUn
B B>MA oMA] B jB ./e ,qB] BvU jAkU jMJ Rn nj /j
Ahj ke nj An pAkA AU oTzM Sw BM Aop jnAj oUoM BM LUn AnAj BA ,v
A { BvU SwA  knAj BQ LUn J BB K`A ,AoM @BwA /S{Aj
knAj nAoL me o nj oTzM oj w Bo BM vB> nj oTA] BBAop ,k{BM
o k{ JBhTA SwA  ,me eo ka B pA nL `n M oUvBB
kBM ,k{BM A k Tr S@ozQ o@A /k{ vB> oTA] BB jB B BM oUoM
pA kC M jnCoMBL oM kBM oj RnBL M ;j{ T@o o3 nj ZBT Tr xpnA
/B ji ERPA tBwAoM jomQ B\A njB j B>TA AU
A
B

j B)TAAU AoM JBhTA MBpnA

An BB ,kU LA AU pA jB/TwA B] M ,o{ BB Bkj xnoQ pA nBvM
,kB JBhTA kU BLoM Tr AU tBwAoMoj RnBL M B ,YnA xpnA tBwAoM
B>TA y]BT M SwA  J k{BM (j B>TA AU) yBr j~ pA A A J@
/kj
j B)TA AU jnCoM S j

jnJn o /k{BM C j B>TA xpnA jn nj RB?A oTM B BjnJn

n? M BC jAkU yAq@A BM jnJn o jq@A SLj  ,kj yAq@A An jnCoM SLj @BwA
ji BjnJnBL oM k{ jnCoMB ETA SLj ,13-3 o~U nj /kMB yBJ Lv
Aq M TvM jnCoM SLj J B\CpA /SwA k{ jAj Bz ynqMnjB njB BjnJn ,B@
BjnJn BM jnCoMnj SLj AoMBM ,jnAj MBpnA jn jnJn KeB BB kBzi
` /jnAj xpnA ynqM njB BjnJnoMAoMnBa njB BjnJnoMAoM j B ji
SLj yAq@A C ,jn jB pA yM M BjnJnyAq@A BM J kj Bz 13-3 o~U
/jjo kJ

jo{ BB xnoQ A

224

Rnnj BBjB Tr xpnA jnCoM S;j Aq vBH : 13-3 {

omQ VnAU8
AoM o:BM nqMnjB njB ,Bji Bjn8npAjBTwA
/k{BM knj5 25 SLUoU MomQ nAoU
` B ji BjnJn pA jB/TwA Rn nj , SLj nAk> 13-4 o~U nj
M _@ o~U /SwA k{ jAj Bz vB> S] ,yAoTij B nqMnjB ,njB BjnJn
Bz Tr xpnA jnCoM nj An jq AkBzi BjnJn pA jB/TwA SA Mi
nBvM Aq M An SLj njB nkQ B ZBT BjnJn BM vB> nj jAk]A BjnJn /kj
/kj yAq@A oTJ@
oTM yBjnJn ,SwA knjk xji BM B kBzi RMAn J B\C pA
/k{BM C YnA xpnAAoQ RB?A L
jBTwA M jkT AoTij pA nAjnioM j M nkQ oUoM kFU J B\C pA
pA yM nkQ oUoM RBLYA j kA{ AoMBM ,jo B\A BM SLj BM ,BC BjnJn
/kAq@A B jB YnA xpnA jnCoM SLj M ,AoTij Te nqMnjB ,njB BjnJn
Aq B BM nkQ oUoM kFU pA jB/TwA ,SwA k{ jAj Bz 13-5 o~U nj B`
nj /kj yAq@A An C YnA xpnA jnCoMSLj ,B jB ji BjnJn SMR SA
jBTwA M SwA  nkQ oUoM RBLYA jo B\A L? Rn M oT/] J
BM SwA  oA A ~ c>U BM J Be nj ,jo B\A oTij 1 jke BjnJn
Be oTij 1 BjnJn jBTwA M J oUoM RBLYA pA jB/TwA /jomQ Rn oTij 5 jke

225

jB B JBhTA MBpnA

BM BBjB Tr xpnA jnCoM nj S;j Aq vBH : 13-4 {

pA jn8n y{:BOAM xjiBjn8n,B ji Bjn8npA jBTwA
/yBoTijpA jn y{ AoM jn8n xnjBpA jn8ny{,ynqMnjB
/SwA k{o:%5 %25 KUoU MomQnAoU omQVnAUAoM
J oUoM RBLYA JC Be /kj yAq@A AAo@ Aq M An YnA xpnAjnCoM SLj ,j{
/kj yAq@A LL jn oMAoMj pA oTJ An jnCoM SLjj{ Be oTij 5 BjnJnpA
yAq@A jBp nAk> M An jnCoM SLj o B oUoM RBLYA nj jnJn 5 pA yM T@o nBJ M
M oTij jnJn15 pA jB/TwA ,k{BM }hz B ji pA jnJn J Un nj /kj
pA jnJn y{ J Un nj ;kj yAq@A knj 2 An SLjHLo>U (2 jke BU) BM
/SwA knj 1 i>@ SLj nj yAq@A Aq ,k{BM Swj nj B jB ji
jnCoM nj BC SA ]nj KveoM An AkBzi BjnJn AU B jB AoM
:j jjn op nAoL M Tr xpnA
B jB ji BjnJn-1
nkQ oUoM RBLYA j kA{ -2
AoTij BjnJn-3
njB BjnJn-4
nqMnkQ oUoM RBLYA j kA{ -5
nqM njB BjnJn-6

jo{ BB xnoQ A

226

pA jBTwA BMB jB Tr xpnA jnCoM S;j vBH : 13-5 {

xnkQRBLYA j BM Ao xjiBjn8n
` xjiBjn8n
M knj5 25 ojBH ,UB oAi2 5 ,1 Bjn8ntBwAoM
/SwAk{ o:omQ nAoU omQVnAUAoM KUoU
Ao@ jAs bA qJ@Ao y{Q SdU B AoM n? M B>TA AU jnCoM
BjnJn ` v BB B ABvB> pA _@ qJ@A o pA nBvM /j{
AU pA USDA qJo J jnCoM,kB jB/TwA ,nkQ oUoM RBLYA j njB , B ji
An jnCoM  q oj qJ@Ao /j{ kB (CI) B }iB{ jnC M ,j B>TA
q Aoj /k{BM (EATA) j B>TA AU B jnCoM A SdU kj B\A
BLoM kdT RBA _o{ B{ jAsbAqJo xn /kB jB/TwA ETA B pA
jnCoM S] nj j] kBzi iMAn BU pA k{BM oUk`Q nBC B{n
/kB jB/TwA ETA
jo{ nj A BjnJn pA ioM M MBTwj pA LL BU An BvU ,J n? M
AU njB nkQ B ETA pA jB/TwA BM  ,j MBpnA BM SLj BM AU
RBLYA j pA o@A /[ (xnjB ETA + xnkQ ETA ) .2 ] :j LwBd vU AoM An ETA
o@A [ xnjB ETA ).2] pA SwA RnBL vU ETA ,k{BL Swj nj nB _ nkQ oUoM
B BL ETA o@A [xnkQETA ).2 ] BMSwAoMAoMvU ETA ,k{BL Ao@ xnjBpA jnJn_
B] M AU An BL C,k{BL o/ BnjBB BnkQ ETA LwBd AoM jB/TwAjn B
RB/U pA SwARnBL ,nkQ ETA /jqB]_@o@ jnjkA pA TiB{B ETA
/j{LAWdMjnkM ~@ nj~/UM Fv A,SwBoTijoUoMB nkQk{ MyQ

14

oBJBhTA MBpnA

VnAU pA  SwB kM "SwA ~ nkQ" RnBL  kAj AnAjB oTzM

~ pA yM ,S))e nj /SwA C BS/] 1o2 pA oj nkQ KB] pA kC @
Rk{ ,BB jB BM vB) nj Aop ,k{BM oBB M 9Mo B K:A Tr S=ozQ
B B nj oUoM BB jB kB{) j BA Bo AoM AU An oTzM JBhTA
,jM boCo BB MBpnA SDjjM BQ z T{m nj /(k{BM BXTwA nz nj j]
Jvd o B C AoM j] RB2A BU ,o B njB jo jnA K:A nj Aop
/k{
nBMTA ,C pA Bk jB/TwA ,~ c)U nC= xoTv BLj M ,A j] BM
o BBMBpnA ,Th B nj j] jkT AoTij Bjnn onBM BM  kT{Aj
An k{ jB/TwA ~ c)U nj  o BB /jomQ Rn oUBM HTLv SDj BM
HDA AU  o BB JBhTA pA  n2 M ,j JBhTA oTzM B2A BM AU
T\ nj oUoM AnkQ a w /j{ Be B B2A ,knAj jLM AoM BM
/k{BM knj 9 pA oTzM SwA  ,Tr S=ozQ
Bjnn  SwA Ao o= A BM ,~= A nj o BB JBhTA MBpnA wnoM
oM k@FU WdM A 2 nj ` ,kAk{ cd~U k{ TiB{ nBYC AoM LD AoTij
pA yM AoM JBhTA /k{BM BC kU xpnA B o{ kU AoM oBB JBhTA
/j{ WdM 15 ~= nj ,kU - OU B}iB{ AoMBX A M ,S/
wnoM ZBT Bjnn 1o2 pA o BB MBpnA B{n AkTMA ~= A nj
BnkQ M MBTwj AoMk{ U Aeo j JBhTA kn C BLj M uPw ,jjo
|Bi Rz/jjono ,knAj oUoM Tr xpnA ~ c)U nj jB/TwA AoM @

jo{ BB xnoQ A

228

L2 oT/]1o2 pA pC , njAkpo=jo 1o2pA oB (pC)1 ooQ

/k{kAi wnoMq,j{ kB
BL

vB) xn B USDA rwU (PD) 2 nBMTA jn RB/U LwBd ` ,Tr MBpnA

M BUB/U kAU r)= (NEAISC ) BoC so{ B{ ~ c)U jBdUA o BB@
r)= M ,knAk TA xpnA B}iB{ nqM Aq /kB MyQ An o BB@
C AoM AU An {pnA B}iB{ A j] BM /k{BM / AnAj BUB/U

jn q K:A  {n nM A AoM/j jnAkBTwA ,j{ kB SMBY BL  qa

AkQ nBC e An ,o B xpnA B}iB{ AoM AkTMA  SwA A ,jo nAoD jB/TwA
pC k{ cd~U B ,k{BM 1974 Bw BL BX A M o@A ,uPw ,B
AoMuPw /j{ LwBd ,kAj kU M To{ 1974 Bw nj BC AoTij  o BB@
A /jo B\A p RBdd~U ,kAj kU M To{ (1974) A Bw nj  AoTij
/j{  kM BBw nj Be {pnA B}iB{ BU pA kBM BL B k{ cd~U B
B ,kAj kU M To{ 1974 Bw nj  BB AoM ,cd~U A B\A pA kM
/jM kAi o/ k{ cd~U
oUoM B}iB{ Bp S{m BM ,j{ Be Tr S=ozQ  Un nj
BM 1974 Bw BL oM kA{ A `Ba /S=B kAi yAq=A oBB (BooQ)
HLB: AnAjB /k{ kAi oTzM B kQ 1 oUoM AnAj Sow M BB K:A ,k{
(BooQ) oUoM B}iB{ M BUB/U r)=  ,koM kjB An T A kAB
` qCodw jk pA yM oUoM }iB{  o BB BU /k{BM o BB@
 n2 M ,k{ jAkD Ji BB A M BLT{A M SwA  ,knAj kQ 1
/kBM SMBY Tr S=ozQ Sow nj ,9Mo yB BM JBhTA BjnAkBTwA
TvBM o/ jke BU (ooQ) oUoM }iB{ B oTzM a o yB AoM AoMBM
AoMAn BL 1984 Bw nj USDA jBdUA ,tBwA A oM/k{ x kk] BL
B] M o BBoUoM }iB{ uQ /jAj oyU ,jM 1982 Bw nj BC kU A  BB@
jke BU An BTz oBB oUoM B}iB{ ,BL oyU /k{ }hz
,
BMBpnAnjoMjn kk]BjnnAoM q],o BBM RB/U /jAjyBo{kQ 9
B AoTijBjnn1o2pA AojBMvB) nj oB kFUM MBTwjAoM xU:

Proof

-1

/SwAojB{n
2- Predicted

difference (PD)

229

o B JBhTA MBpnA

/jo oyU ,kM

1 AB oBk{cd~UvB
 SwA o BB Swo= ,kdT RBA nj o{ oBB MBpnA xnAq oUk
jo LwBd , DHI Bjnn pA jB/TwA BM , USDA jBdUA jAsM BBoM BzBpC
,ko Fz A pA oj B{nAq BU HLo)U /kMB nBzTA nBM j Bw SwA
LwBd )Tv n2M , NEAISC BL oM so{ B{ jAsM jBdUA xnAq BXTwA M
197 Bw BU /kMB nBzTA nBM B y{ o BoC Do{ B{ BSBA AoM k{
BM Sow pA so{ B{ jBdUA kM M C pA  ,jM MBz xnAq jo AoM xn
nj o BB MBpnA AoM oU=BxA A jAj SBij S] ,T=ozQ BoUPB CnB@
,1974 Bw nj /Sv] oM "o BB vB)" M w LoU k xn KBD
vB) xn ,o BB MBpnA nj oj A ]U AoM xU nj USDA jBdUA
A k{ cd~U vB) M w oj xn BM ,UBeA BA BM An A
/j qB] ( MCC)
AoTij oUoM jnCoM

jo oM pA BB oj BM o B RB/U jnCoM oBB MBpnA B{n BU ok

o B j Tr BxpnA pA M RB/U jnCoM BM oMAoM DA nj  ,SwA AoTij
vB) (PD) MyM RB/U BA USDA vw MBpnA M /k{BM
j B)TA AU jnCoM BM oMAoM MBpnA A /j{ s2A (MCC) A k{ cd~U
/SwA ( EB V.2) YnA xpnAjnCoMpA B (ETA )
BSMBY RBdd~U

M jB w pn nj {jo{ nBMj ,pn 35 jo{ nj2 tBwAoMBjnn BU

/kTv RB/T ,Th B=Aoy] eA AoMw cd~U KAox /k{ cd~U
pn 35 BU ,k{BM }DB ,B jB ome B ] r)w ] pA j M  Bjnn
B MBpnA nj  BBCi B BKnA yB AoMRBdd~U A B\A /kMB MBpnA
/SwA nBvM o
nox eAo pA T=o Rn nAjoMjnnC nj  A AoM jnn o cd~U
B pA oAodA Rn M An B o jnn jn A nj ,j{ Jvd MBpnA
w nj  SwA BB jB BA pA nM) kB BM ji BA@
1-Modified

contemporary comparison

jo{ BB xnoQ A

230

dd~U a B\A AoM /(kAj kU M To{ Bw pA MBz yMB Bp nj ,@

k{ cd~U w AoM BC BjnnAop j{ jB/TwA w pA oMoo ,BA BU
Kox ,knAj MBz jo{ nj jAkU  BB jB Bjnn A j] BM ,SwA
,Bq vB) xn BM o BB MBpnA AoM /knAj S=Bnj vB) nj An oUBM
jAo=A jAkU tBwA oM Bq vB) o ,A oMBM /kB U An BA RB/U
cd~U BC BnkQ xpnA Aq tBwAoM q B A B /j{ cd~U A@
BU BA jAkU /kC JBve M A BL BA B pA /jjo
o: B JBvTeA BM BA T=B kU B RB/U k{pnA ]nj jke
jnn A M ,(Th jo{ Bnj jAkU BM A BB@) BA
BM A { A [Q ,A { vU o@A AoMBM /j{ LwBd A
{ j BM A 15 ` A jo{ nj nj kQ 12 o{ kU B
T=B kU B ,k{BM T{Aj kQ 15 o{ kU B yAp
:SwA RnBL yBA@

BM BA Rn A nj ,jM yAp { j BM BB M nj oM jn B jB o@A

:kjo S=Bnj An oUBM MCA yAp { j

A k{ bAvB MBpnA xn

ioM nj v BB ke pA yM JBhTA BTeA pA {B Rz yB AoM xn A

AoM w A jM KwBB pA {B Bv ` ,oBw M SLv B@
B AoM AU An (MCA) A k{ cd~U B /SwA k{ eAo2 |Bi
M LwB nAk) j ov BM nBA ,j cd~U A BB BnkQ  xpnA
B\A
A jAo=A BnkQ k{ MyQ xpnA 1k{ pAT B A
/jo
A jAo=A T=B kU oAodA ,A jAo=A T=B kU vB) A BL

1-Weighted

average

231

o B JBhTA MBpnA

: pA SwA RnBL  k{BM

BB T=B kU AB BM oMAoM MCA ,B jB jnnpA RnBL D o= A nj

BB AnkQ j B)TA AU B cd~U kjBz
oB xAA
AoTij SMBDn nj An Tr BUB/U y) BU kB xU cd~U A /k{BM A
/kB ]U ,k{BM UB/T B nj SwA  Th o BB@
B AoM kBM q An (b) oj cd~U Kox : omQVnAU A q AoTij jAkU AoM cd~U
,AoTij jAkU AoM cd~U knAjoM nj KAox A ,joM nB M A BoTij RB/U
nj  nkQ UB AoAi M Cd TvL ,y{Q SdU B jAkU,omQ VnAU
,k{ bA BA jAkU,jo{ Bnj 2 ,knAj Bv Bjnn
M /k{BM BA AoTij BnkQ k{ MyQ BUB/U AoM jB/TwA jn KAox
o) oUBM Kox ,BUB B }DB Bjnn BM vB) nj B jnn ,BX A
BU ,jnn pA yM BM oTij j] ,nkQ MBpnA AoM /j kAi S=Bnj An (qaB ka
Ko)U BM AU An B cd~U B /jnAjjnn r)=  SwA oTij pA oT jke
:j BM Rn A M

jAkU j AU T\ oBM
o B oY AoTij  jAkU pA RnBL N o= A nj
AoM USD jBdUA rwU  SwA jnCoM SwA .2 BM oMAoM ,k{BM o AoTij
jnCoM oBM .14 BM oMAoM
SB nj kC M o{ kU S/ omQ VnAU
/k{BM nj nkQ UB AoAi M Cd TvL
, jo{ Bnj 2 ` ,oTij o BjnnjAkU AoM cd~U B\A j M
j]  SwB AkM A SwA RB/T AoTij jAkU BM AoTij oY jAkU DA ioM
jnn r)=  SwA AoTij ne pA oUk{pnA jke BU jn pA yM BM AoTij
/knAj
RnBL o B PD AoM k{ B\A RBLwBd \ i :k{ MyQ RB7U LwBd
: pA SwA

,(kB omQ nAoU An C K:A USDA  ) cd~U Kox pA RnBL b o= A nj

jo{ BB xnoQ A

232

T=B kU BB pA AoTij BUB/U B kj Bz

o ( G ) Tr B S] nj cd~U AoM B q PD j RnBL /k{BM A
,o B jn nj RB2A Aq yAq=A BM /jnAj1U C M oM jn o B  SwA AB] B
nB{ BM  A PD /jjo oT oT PD n oMo B oYFU Sw M b
,kB oyU vB) BL  B /j{ jB/TwA BL A M jjo }hz Bw
/(
,
: BX A M) ko ji M An kk] Bw nB{ BPD
k{M yQ RB7U omQ nAoU

cd~U B nm] BM oMAoM C

o B AoM AoTij ))e RB/U M TvL
RB/U M TvL j AU Rn M An omQnAoU USDA /k{BM (b ) B
/SwA j oU ( b) PD BM oTij ))e
nj (B BU AoM
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A z /j{ <A oY SR 0A AoM JBhTA k{BM jBp nk<C SwA 0 ,BTvQ
poM jo{A njnjRnkM BTvQ n , SwA 0ABTvQ n oMAoMnjSB&AoM JBhTA
kj Bz kAU,BoTijjo{ A njjo tBwAoM BnkQJBhTA 0AoMBM/kB
knAjjo{ nj0ka oTij jAkUM MBTwj AoMnBWTA /k{BMBTvQ n oMAoM njSB&
/kj yB An o{kU AoMTrS'ozQ yAq'AAn vB' q
j] BM /knAj jB~T<A xpnA nAmS< nj oYFU oW pA (0UoQ Moa) o{ Aq]A
T'o oWnj o{ 0UoQ MoaAq]A nB jiRn M ,~d xpnAAoMJBhTA BM 0A
BCnAk& B Aq j{ Be BA k{ RnBWkBM B\CBU Aq]A 0ABTeA /k{
Bp M SLv o{RBL oUkU AoMoTzMAm{ Aoa,jo nAo< p b_w<Ake pAoUBM
BBoMnjSwA 0 UBRpA ioM nBMnj /SwAp j{ kU RBL oUkM o{
/j'B|A pBM AUAn jAkUCoMAoM 0ka,SwAk{WdML< ,k{T'ooWnjjAsM
nBMnjUBd|U omQVnAUBjnCoMAo M An RBR 0ApA AnBQSwo'15-1 k]
/SwA jAnA BC jB~T<AxpnA
RBR oBw RBL oU jAkU 0 ,SwA jAsM BBoM nj SR 0oT o{ kU
pA ZnBi RBL oU 0A BU %vM bo{ /k{BM jBp nBvM ,BC Lv jB~T<A B{pnA
SR o{ AoM JBhTA ~' 0A kM WeBL nj /SwA JBT 0A | jkd
/k{ kAi <A wnoM jn (OU) oj
OU kUAoM JBhTA
jL 0o'C jB\ qAoM WdM OU pAkA M qa _ ,o BB jAsM BTB' nj
AoMAn JBhTA B n M ,o{ B xnoQ BkeA Aok pA _ BTeA /SwA
BxpnASwA 0 ,0A j] BM /kj B\A OU B o{ kU RBR pA H'o
o@A ,BX A M /k{BMRBRT oj M ApAkU OUAoM k{}hzjB~T<ALv
kU AoMnBWTA jnS'ozQ j{ bo_Aw0A,k{BMOU M a_jB~T<Ak @FU BU
A jnnjo~UnjSwA0 ,Cu AwB Aw0AgwBQ?jM kAink&ao{
/k jnAmMkU B OUnoM k @FUAq anAjB
TvL j{ o' /SwA knj 25 HLo&U kU OU SR j o omQVnAU
OU o 0A o{ kU nB aAodA ,knj 1 jn j o nj BC 0M PU' Tr
jB~T<A Lv B{pnA j{ 0U kBM qa /k{BM knj 3.7 kQ 25 KUoU M

jo{ BB xnoQ A

264

o{ BBRB*pA ioM AoMomQVAnU BjnCoM : 15-1 k]

jB~T<A xpnA

omQVnAU

SR

.2-.35

o{ kU

o{ kU
&Tv
&Tv
&Tv

.2-.35
.2-.35

Moa kU
o{kB]jA

S< RBRU
S< RBRU
S< RBRU

.45-.6
.45-.6
.45-.6

(Moaknj) Moa pC
(0UoQknj) 0UoQ pC
(kB]jAknj) o{ kB]jA pC

onB q

.2-.35

xo' B nj no|
nBM

.5-.1

BTvQ pA o{ ka

{qPAj Bq
xo' B nj no|

.5-.15

BTvQ qi

onB q

.1-.2

mU Sow

o{,kMBKwC,onB @

o{ BB Sok
y{j Sow

.5-.2

(nBT'n)i` i

{qPAj Bq
xo' B nj no|

.2-.35
.2-.35

BTvQ n oMAoM nj SB&

pT oMAoM nj SB&

jo 0qB] q
xo' B nj Bp

.-.1

oTR] z

??
???

.15-.25
.15-.25

??
??

.5-.2
.5-.15

??

.5-.15

xo'

.15-.3

xo'
0qB] q

.15-.3
.-.1

jo

BTvQ RB~i
`
BTvQ j jM c_v
BB~UA BdTwA
{
BBTvQow S| S<

OU
jM o{ S~i
o 

OU y\w BkeA kBM A /SwA kU B OU AoM Be S'ozQ oM kU OU

/jo jnAkBTwA kU o{ kQ M SLv OU RAo knj jo jB AoMAn kU
jB~TA Lv B{pnA

:SwA KUoU 0kMnBaAodAtBwAoMjB~T<AB{pnASLv 0U AoM jBwHTLv xn

265

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

Jo| kQ 25 C nB aAodA nj knC Swj M An o{ kQ o }Bi xpnA (1)

xpnA BA Rn nj k AkQ An OU o nj oU knj 1 jB xpnA (2) /kB
kLU knj 1 jB M An xpnAC kM knC Swj M An OU o nj knj 5oU ]nj
o }Bi S< k o' ,BX A M /kB Jo| knj 3.7 nj An C uPw /k @
k{BM nj 15 o{ kU yAq'A nB aAodA S< BC ;SwA nj .6 o{ kQ
B OU o pBTA 5jB xpnA kB o' /(kQ oAoMnj .6 *kQ25)
M keA o S< nj 4 pBTA o S< Rn 0A nj /k{BM nj 2 BM oMAoM
kU OU kwn oW M 0AoMBM /k{BM ( nj 4 * 3.7 knj) nj 148 OU
knj
/k AkQ xpnA pAkA M HLo&U
M An BzBB pA jBp jAkU eA B AoM ,UB&&dU BT'B jBTwA M
k @FU ,UnB\U B nj jn nBWTA /jM kAi KwB 1 M 4SLv ,kBwn xo'
kU AoM nBWTA jn S'ozQ Aq 15-2 { /j{ a_ kU oM oTzM jB~T<A
M a_ 0 k @FU BU o@A ,k BM SR j o AoMJBhTA B M An OU B o{
o@A 0 /jM kAi o{ AoM0 nAk& oX @Ake pA knj 1 Be S'ozQ ,k{BM kU
SBe knj 1 %&' o{ kU AoMBe S'ozQ ,jjomL OU AoM 0 k @FU BU
/jM kAi L<

o{ keA jnAkBTwA xpnA :OU keA jnAkBTwA xpnA

OU keA jnAkBTwA xpnA :o{ keA jnAkBTwA xpnA

EUJBhTA Rn nj)o{ kUAoM Be SozQ vB< : 15-2 {

/(o{ AoM =<JBhTAB\A Rnnj)kU(kU OUS* jo AoM
o{ kU AoM JBhTAB\A Rnnj OU AoM BeSozQ vB<
/BqTAoQ iAj k{ jAjSozQ B{pnApA jB*TwA BM OU~e
Pinciples of Dairy Science by G.H. Schmidt and L.D. Van Vleck.
Copy right

1974

W.H. Freeman and Company

(p\miA)

jo{ BB xnoQ A

266

HLo&U o{ kU AoMBe S'ozQ ,k{BM o{ kU noM k @FU (oTzM B) oMAoM w o@A

oBi M /(1 M 5 AoM knj 98 jke 1 M 2 SLv AoM knj 9) jjo knj 1
o{ kU AoM knj 1 M jq S'ozQ M 1 M 2 1 M 1 BSLv k{BM T{Aj
/jjo o\
AoMBe S'ozQ nj jBp yB ,OU AoM MBhTA k @FU pA zhM 0T'o oW nj 0AoMBM
MBhTA k @FU pA yM B oMAoMOU AoMoW jn k @FU o@A /jo kAh jB\A o{ kU
/kMB yB Rk{ M o{ kU AoM Be S'ozQ ,jjo o{ kU AoM
pA jBRTwA BM SwA 0 kT'A <BRUA aOU AoM k{BM 0A M k< ok o@A
An MBz o~U (OU AoM S'ozQ) (o{ kU M OU) KveoM k{ }hz BkeA
BU o@A 0AoMBM /j{ t B S| pBv B MBo< `o pA /kB eAo
jM kAi TBe knj 1 %&' OU AoM Be S'ozQ ,jjo a_ o{ kU M k @FU
/jjoOU ao k @FU BU @
An o{ kU /SwA o@pAkA xn ,OU AoM Be S'ozQ MBpnA nj A z
nAk& oX @Ake ,0 /j SLY o@pAkAoTzM B nAq4 3 ,2 BU kQ KveoM AU
Bw M Bw pA An OUo 0BSjkd 0A/SwA pBTA 1 nB jinM OUBo
/k{BM k{Be jBpS'ozQ H<Ao@A Te ,jnAm<BMBv HLo&U oj
tBwAoM) yQ Bw 3 B 2 BB jB 0B M SLv ,poA BB jB OU ,TLA
o@A /SwA jo Aka oU BTeA OU o 0B ,0A j] BM ,k{ oTM (BnB ioM
OU o@pAkA AoM oj xn,k{BM oW jn nAjR xn BMOU jLM MBpnA
/SwA p
i o{ kU AoM Be S'ozQ ,jomQ Rn JBhTA OU pA q] 0ka AoMo@A
o@A ,BX A M /k{BM T{Aj An oTzM KUAo M k @FU ,o{ kU A o ,SwA k @
Lv Ko| 1:1:1:1:1 pA RnBL OU pA (yhMop) RBR Twj [Q AoM Lv KAo|
kTv Bv yMB o{ kU OU KAo| kC yQ T| ,k{BM 5 o{ kU
AoMH'o JBhTA TBe BM vB& nj o{ kU AoM Be S'ozQ nj yB knj 26)
OU q] [Q pA Ak o M kU BM oMAoM Lv xpnAjAj |B~TiA BM /(jomQ B\A o{ kU
|B~TiA p kU oMAoM [Q OU M jM kAi 0A X OU M k{ jAj |B~TiA p
An kU M SLv OU jTh Aq]A AoM &_ B{pnA }~hU SA /j{ jAj
/jAj nAo< ke pA yM k @FU jn AU
kU OU B}iB{
k xU kU OU SR j o jLM AoM jAs bA q @Ao pA nBvM
KB< nj kU OU BMBpnA K oU AoM K{A ,ji BA M A M

267

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

OU jB~T<A KAo| ,jB~T<A %Ao{ oU Rn nj /kB ozT An LAo| ,}iB{

0BTz vw 198 j %wAA BU 197 jnj ,BX AoM /k{ jAjoU q kU
jB~T<A KAo| KUoU M OU B o ,Moa knj ,o{ kU RBR AoM,BoC nj
total performance index ) jo }iB{ M w ~iB{ KB< nj An 1:1:3 Lv
RBR q BpBw 0A ,198 j %wAA nj o{ S< oU BM /jAj |B~TiA ( TPI B
Moa Aq) o{ m jA ATd oM oTzM k @FU S] nj An BC jB~T<A KAo|
: pASwA RnBLjo }iB{o'/jAjoU ,OUoMoT k @FU(o{pA kQonj0UoQ
2PD (Moa)
TPI = [___________
22.5

2 PD(0UoQ) PD(OU)
+ ____________ + ________ ] * 5 +234
19
.7

Ko|) kM RnBL j kTv }iB{ kpBw A Aq]A ,}' o' A RnBL w

8 BU 3 jke pA AAj nj BU kB KwBT Ba An TPI ojB& (234 jk 5
B 1 2 , 2 pA RnBL k{ jAj |B~TiA jB~T<A KAo| ,0AoMBM /ko nAo<
.7 19 22.5
BnkQ pC nB aAodA Bov Zoh jAkA /k{BM 1.42857 .1526 ,.8888
/kTv OU o 0UoQ ,Moa kU AoM
nB aAodA tBwAoM xpnA A M B{pnA 0A ,jB~T<A Lv B{pnA Sv< nj
MBTwj AoM/kk{ joU ,k{ MyQ BUBRU nB aAodA tBwAoMxpnA ,PU'
PU' nB aAodA nj An TPI AoM Be KAo| AU ,Lv jB~T<A B{pnA M
0UoQ kU ,Moa kU AoM PU' BnB aAodA o@A /j Jo| BC M yMo
,Moa AoM jB~T<A KAo| ,k{BM knj 3.7 kQ 8 ,kQ 1 KUoU M OU o
v&U 5.29 oM An jAkA 0A o@A /jM kAi 5.29 8.42 ,8.89 KUoU M OU 0UoQ
KUoU M (knj) OU (kQ) 0UoQ ,(kQ) Moa AoM Lv jB~T<A KAo| ,B
j M ,S&&e nj /knAj RBRU 1 : 2 : 2 SLv BM jke BU k{ 1 1.59 ,1.68
,OU M SLv kU AoM jB~T<A Ko| ,0UoQ Moa 0M BM HTLv TvL
,k{ jAj Bz yhM 0A nj L< B` /1:4 Ko| BU jnAj 1:3 BM oTzM SBL{ BTeA
jAsbA BBpBw oBw /jnAk Aka SA jB~T<A k @FU nj qaB BUBRU 0a
/ko oW nj OU kU AoM An 1:6 B 1:5 Lv jB~T<A KAo|
Q xpnAB ~dxpnA AoM }iB{
BL oM An kk] BoM ,kjo ozT An oUoM o BB Swo' UBvw ,197 j nj
`o pA ~d xpnA MBpnA nj Moa o{ kU AoM kC M BMBpnA K oU
xpnA ,BMBpnA 0A /kj pB{C BC }BiB BS< tBwAoM Moa o{ M jAj Ko|
SdU An MBpnA 0A USDA vw ,BX A M /k{ kB kU xpnAB Q
B] HLo&U xoTv BM ,198 j nj /j AnA ( PD nj) k{ MyQ Q RBRU A

jo{ BB xnoQ A

268

pA ioM nj q oQ kU B 0UoQ kU AoM BnkQ MBpnA ,0UoQ knj 0hU

/k{ jAj nAo< ~d xpnA0U AoM RBvw BSwo'
ATd k{ jBp B M o{ xpnAnj Be RAoU ,~d xpnA BMBpnA
knj MoakU ,o{ kU 0M %MAn ,BX AoM /kj Bz An C 0UoQ Moa
pA k poM B\A pA z /kAkz TiB{ B p TiB{ Svp Bkj pA Moa
0M BTvL /o{ kU oM v&U Moa kU BM SwA oMAoMo{ Moa knj |Bn oW
/j ]U BwC M AU An C Aq]A SLv 0A
0 /j{ nAmS< 0UoQ knj HM Moa knj tBwAoM o{ K{A
Moa kU 0` o{ kU Aq tBwAoM ,~d xpnA BMBpnA
HM o{ BxnoQ BkeA Aok \T nj /0UoQ Moa knj ,kTv 0UoQ
o{ Moa knj kU xpnA tBwAoM An o BB HLB{ k{ njow nBaj
\T /SwA k{ nW ~d xpnA nj Moa knj L< Un nj kB JBhTA
Un nj /jnAj S'Bnj An J_ ke pA oTzM jB~T<A Ko| ,Moa knj A
,k{BM T{Aj RBRU jAs0B BM jBp nAk& M Moa knj o{ kU AoM 0B
aTiA Moa kU o{ kU BL oM ~d xpnA0hU ,Ao'A i jnA nj %&'
kU B] M ,Moa knj o{ kU AoM Be BnB K oU &Tv xn BM jBp
BBpBw K{A SwA 0A j{ unj qa /jnAj Moa kU o{
pA jBRTwABM&Tv o{ nM AnMoaknj AoMoBpC ,oUoMoBBSwo' k ozT
: &Tvo{MBpnA BM,BX AoM/k LwBdMoa kU o{ kU AoMoB pC
PD

(Moaknj)=

PD (Moa)+ Moa kUAoMjAs0B

_____________________________________
PD (o{) + o{ kUAoMjAs0B

xn pA jBRTwA j /k AkQ SA jAs B0B SBij ,LwBd 0A nj

omQ SYAn nAk& jM MBz j M SwA 0A Moa knj MBpnA AoM &Tvo{
0A /jo jBRTwA j o AoM AU Bv UBLwBd B{n pA ,Moa kU o{ kU
o{ kU omQ SYAn nAk& oMAoM j HLo&U Moa knj omQ SYAn , SwA Be nj
BM ~d xpnA BMBpnA LwBd xn %&' ~' 0A kM WeBL nj /SwA
AoM0UoQ Bknj jAj SBij S] xn 0` Moa o{ kU pA jBRTwA
/k{ kAi cozU o{ jnA
o{ S jB

j{ o\ jAo'A njow M k A o{ nAmS< d AoM o{ nApBM {n

M S< Rn M o{ xpnA/k jBRTwA KUo n M RBe_A 0A pA @
A M /j{ 0U knj .1 KveoM Moa |BRU BM (CWt) o{ kQ k o ApA

269

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

/k{BM nj .16 Moa |BRU keA o S< nj 12 o{ kQ k o S< ,BX

pA RBRU knj .1 o yAq'A j M o{ kQ k o S< nj oU WBM Moa |BRU
/j{ SwA knj 3.5 BQ Moa knj
Moa knj pA Moa knj k{ 'B|A BM kQ o ApA M o{ xpnAM MBTwj AoM
: BX AoM /j AnA jkT BdA M AU An nAmS< Tvw ,BQ
o{ : nj 12
kQ1

: 1

kQoAoMnj .12

Moa |BRU: nj .16 . kQ 1. knj.1

kQo BLoMkLU AoM

: 1

knj.1 o ApA M kQo AoMnj .16

B knjBLoMkLU AoM

* 1

nj .16 .kQ. knj

: j{ o{ S< jB ,KUoU 0A M
o{(kQ)[kQoAoMnj.12+(.16.kQ.knj)(Moaknj-knj3.5)
] (1)jB
(kQ) o{ nAk& KveoM AjB M AU (kQ) o{ nAk& nj 1 jB jo Jo| BM
: kwn (kQ) MoanAk&
(kQ)o{nAk& [ kQoAoM nj.12 + (nj.16.kQ.knj)(-3.5%)]
+(kQ)o{nAk&(nj .16.kQ.knj)(Moaknj)
; j RnBL nj
Moaknj= [ (kQ)Moa nAk&. (kQ)o{ nAk&)] *1
: j{ j RnBL 0AoMBM
(kQ)MoanAk&(nj 1.6) . kQ

jo{ BB xnoQ A

270

: A RnBL nj
(nj .16. kQ . knj)(-knj3.5)= kQo ApA M nj -.56
; oj RnBL M
(kQoApA M nj.12) - (kQo ApA M nj - .56)= (kQoApA M nj.64)
;j{ o{ S< jB 0AoMBM /SwA Moa kM o{ S< 0A @
(kQoA
pAMnj.64)((kQ)o{nAk&)+ (kQoApA M nj1.6)(kQ)Moa
nAk&) (2)jB
(o{) PD jo 0qB] BM An 2 jB oUoM oBB Swo' k ozT BBpBw
/k jBRTwA Moa nAk& B] M (Moa) PD o{ nAk& B] M
nj PD = (nj .64)* PD (o{) + (nj1.6)* PD (Moa)

(3)jB

Moa o{ kU BLoM xpnA

oR BM oMAoMMoa PD o{ PD BM oB RBRU jB ,B o AoM ~d xpnA0A

nj AoTij jn n AoM nBWTA jn kU xpnA LwBd AoM,' oW pA /k{BM
nj (Moa) PD + (Moa) jAs 0B (o{) PD + (o{ kU) jAs 0B ,%wT ke
oTij jn n AoM~d nBWTA jn xpnA LwBd AoMuPw /j{ jAj nAo< 2 jB
0B oR 'B|A M (o{) jAs0B ,oR BM oMAoMMoa PD o{ PD BM o B pA
o{ PD o B pA RBRU /j{ 0qB] 2 jB nj oR 'B|A M (Moa) jAs
/k{BM 3 jB BM oMAoM ,jnAj oR jB Moa
KveoM o{ kU AoM) 0B jo 0qB] %&' AoM oU`<j xn
(Moa knj) PD + (o{ Moa knj AoM) 0B (kQ KveoMo{) PD + (kQ
o kU xpnA Be jB /k{BM 1 jB nj (knj ,Moa) (kQ ,o{) B] M
o{ PD o B M yMo BL 0U AoM /kB jnCoM An C AoTij pA Ak @
0B oR 'B|A M (kQ KveoMo{) 0B ,1 jB nj ,jnAjoR BM oMAoMMoa
/k{ 0qB] ,oR 'B|A M (knj KveoM Moa) @
Un nj /jM kAi Bv 2 B 1 jB tBwAoMo BBkMLUn ,jnA K{A nj
nAk& M Moa knj AoM jAs0B pA oT jBp nAk& M o{ kU AoM 0B @
B}iB{ BM oBB ,kB }k Fv 0A u B k{BM 0B pA oUBM jBp
0 ,BM Moa knj o{ kU BMB 0BQ o{ Moa knj BM o{ kU TvB{
/k{BM T{Aj UBRT kMLUn }' xn j BM SwA
7UoQ Moa o{ kU BL oM xpnA

jB o BB JBhTA AoMkBM k{ nAkoi UBRT KAo| BMMoa 0UoQ o@A

271

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

An L< WdL nj k{ cozU RjB /jo jBRTwA (0UoQ - Moa - o{) kU xpnA pA
/jAj %vM q 0UoQ 0T'o oW nj AoM AU
j{ o' /k{ kAi <A wnoM jn L< BX ,}' RjB xoTv cozU AoM
0UoQ knj nj .12 knj .1 o ApA M o{ kQ 1 o AoM 0UoQ |BRU
:k{ kAi KUoU 0kM 1 jB Rn 0A nj /k{BM knj 3.1 BQ
(kQ)o{kU[nj.12.o{kQ+ (nj.16.kQ.knj)
(Moaknj-knj.35) (4) jB
+(nj.12.kQ.knj)(0UoQknj- knj3.1)]
M B|BRU BM AoM ,jB SwAn Sw nj k{ AnA B|BRU nj j] BnBzA
RnBL 2 jB /k{ ame (knj o Rn M BM B] M) knj .1 o ApA
: pA jM kAi
(kQ)o{kU [nj .12 + nj.16 (-3.5) + nj .12 (-3.1)]
+ nj 1.6 [ kQKveoMMoa kU] + nj 1.2 [ kQKveoM0UoQkU]
: pA k{ kAi RnBL 3 jB KUoU 0kM
(5)jB
nj .268(o{ PD ) + nj1.6 (MoakU PD) + nj 1.2 (0UoQkUPD )
AoMo BBk MBpnA BBpBw nj Moa - o{ kU xpnA ` 5jB
jAj nAo< BM AU An 4 jB 0 ,k{ jBRTwA %wT nj kU xpnA jnCoM
BXTwA 0B BM B AoM0UoQ knj Moa knj ,o{ kU PD + 0B
/jo jBRTwA
M ,kU xpnApC B}iB{ SwA 0A j{ jk\ k @FU C oM T
M ,kU xpnAoM o@A/jpBw jnAo BMBpnA njAn 0UoQ MoaAq nB jin
/SwAo{ kU AoMTr S'ozQyB CoYA ,j{ ]Uq 0UoQMoaBknj
OU}iB{kU }BixpnA
oW nj An C zT Aq]A o{ kU xpnA ,~d B kU xpnAoM TL BMBpnA
xpnA AoM k{ jnAkBTwA o{ kU pC B}iB{ An BC AU 0AoMBM ,ko
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/kB 0U ,JBhTA pA Be jB~T<AkCnj kwn oX @Ake M S] ,C kjzU
/(kBo' kBz An (15-3 WdL)
JBhTAjB~TA
RBR S] Tr BMBpnA B{ JBhTA xqC B\A AoM oWjn nB
q BnB 0A nAm@Bow xpnA q M kBM Sv 0TR M p 0 ,SwA jB~T<A
nj B jB 0A AoM;SwA bo_ Aw j nAjB AoM BX A M /j{ ]U
C B B 0A oPwA kBM ?B SiAjoQ q AU nk&a ,B jB C BM vB&
BC ] pA jnAj jkT A M TvM UAw 0a M gwBQ HTL ?ohM An oB@
0kA kU ,B jB kU o  jo{ nj o AoM nBWTA jn kU AU
yMo Bq nAmBow nj,BoM fo ,kU }Bi S< ,oW jn B jAk]A
oY RAw 0A AoM gwBQ A nA nj jkT RB|o' /jo{oM An BB jB B oPwA M
B&TA /knAj nAo< jBp BB_i o nj BgwBQ ,RB|o' 0A Bd M \T nj ,SwA
Bjn n jkT A SwA nATwA RBTeA 0A< BL oM 0kA pA Tr RAoYFU
jn nBWTA ,RB|o' Sd Rn nj ,0AoMBM /jpBw oYFT An 'jB~U B< oMTz
nBvM B oTM nBvM SwA 0 |Bi ~U /k{BM " %wT n M" HLB{ BgwBQ @
[BT ,jjo %wT kenj jkT RB~U 0B o@A ,0A j] BM /jjo nBWTA ke pA oUkM
/jM kAi jq nBvM nBWTA jn [BT M ,Be
Sw M B ;j LwBd `o j pA AU An Tok B~U pA nBWTA jn jpBM
0T'o oW nj BM ,Ho{ Bp BU K& Sw M B BBQ SMBY Bp BU Ho{ Bp pA ]
0 ,SwA SwAnow ] Sw M LwBd /BBQ SMBY Bp BU AkTMA pA Be BjpBM BU

281

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

( NPV ) 1' }Bi xpnA ovRU AoM HLB{ BAjjB~T<A An TzoM B K& Sw M LwBd
kAi wnoM }' xn j pAU AkTMA WdM AjA nj /k jBRTwA Tok RB~U
kAi jBRTwA MBhTA {qC Bz %i MBpnA S] NPV xn pA uPw ,k{
/k{
}BixpnA
M nj 1 k o' /SwA k{ TiB{ Mi M &Tv B ] M n LwBd xn
o BBQ nj \U B{pnA /SwA k{ nAm@Bow .1 Bw oM fo BM Bw 4 Rk
: (d oM foBM nj X nAm@Bow :jB c|U oW pA) pA kARnBL Bw
Ho{
1

1 BwBBQ

2 BwBBQ

3 BwBBQ

4BwBBQ

1+.1(1)=11
11+.1(11)=121
121+.1(121)=131.1
131.1+.1(131.1)=146.41

i
1

1(1.1) = 11

X (1+ d )

1(1.1) 2 = 121
X (1+ d )2

1(1.1) 3 = 131.1
X(1+ d) 3

(1)(1.1) 4 = 146.41
X (1+ d )4

Bp nj o nj An A nAm@Bow xpnAAU a kj Bz oiC %i j

nj
BM oMAoM ,A n Bw BBQ nj A nAm@Bow nj X xpnA /j LwBd
/j{
/j{ 0{n ,Be xpnA M kLU (TzoM) K& M n LwBd xn @A
n BBQ nj
xpnA \U M SwA jM a Ho{ Bp nj nAm@Bow Aq
/k{BM
oM n Bw nj xpnA j v&U LwBd xn ?SwA k{ o\ Bw
njAU knj1oMBMnAm@Bow,AqaBM,BXAM0AoMBM/
:SwA KUoU 0A M gwBQ ?S{Aj Bow nj 131.1 Bw 3 BBQ
(131.1).(1.1) 3 = 1nj
T{Aj Bw oj Bw M Bw pA SwA 0 jAsM BoM AoM nBWTA jn kCnj
1-Net

Present Value

jo{ BB xnoQ A

282

' xpnA LwBd /SwA op nAo< M Bw nBWTA jn kC nj k o' ,BX AoM /k{BM
/SwA oW jn (knj 1 X) |Bi oM fo BM BjpBM C
BwBBQ
BwC nj kCnj
BwC AoM'xpnA
xpnALwBd o'
Bw C AoM'
1
2
3
' xpnA

nj

oM oR Bw nj yMo xpnA j v&U BM An i Bw AoM kCnj nAk& AU

Bw j] ojB& AU ,Bw w oBe BxpnA] LwBd AoM /j LwBd
1
kB Bow A M qU <A ioM ,
oM j v&U xn /jo ] An

/j{
knj 1 oM fo BM j{ LwBd w Bw BBQ nj Bw kCnj }' BX nj o@A
: jM kAi op bo{ M nB [BT ,k{BM T'B nBLTA yAq'A
/S'o kAi `U oM Bw 2 Rk M 1 Bw kCnj M /S'o kAi `U oM Bw 1 Rk M 2 Bw kCnj M /j{ LB_ Bw BBQ nj kCnj Aop ,jo `U AoM 3 Bw kCnj M : pA kARnBL jk RBLwBd
(nj1)(1.1)2+ (nj 2)(1.1)1 + (nj14)(1.1) = nj 121
+ nj 22+ nj 14= nj 481

oR pA o{ N jk o j{ LwBd |Bn 0A< pA jBRTwA BM (1.1) ;w RnBL nj

:BX A M SwA 1 BM oMAoM oR AU M
An (knj 481) w Bw BBQ nj kCnj H\ AU ' xpnA M MBTwj AoM
\T /j LwBd Ho{ Bp BU K& M q Rn M
oM j v&U BM
] BM oMAoM Sv nBWTA pA nj Aka (nj 481 . (1.1) 3 = nj 361.38 Be
/k{BM Bw w k{ qU BkCnj
1-Discounting

back to the initial investment

283

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

nj 9.91 + nj165.29 + nj 15.18= nj 361.38

B |Bi Bp BBQ nj Be oM \U kCnj 0M jBU jBw RBLwBd 0A
oM fo jM oMAoM Rn nj ,nAm@Bow nj Ho{ BU Bw o AoM k{ qU kCnj
Bz An ,A Rn M k{ S'Bnj Q oM fo k{ nAm@Bow Q AoM TiAjoQ
fo SwA 0A "&&e" oM fo AoM jq Lo&U xn ,A oiC c|U /kj
/ nU fo pA An BA AoM LB_ jn
nj o~U BM AU z An BB jB JBhTA z :B jB j AoM }Bi xpnA vBC
kCnj %&' ,BX 0A AoM /jAj yB oj ame JBhTA oML B jB j jn
o~UnjAn y&Akpo' kU ,jM kAi oWjn B jB ji pA nBWTA jn
(1) ,pAkARnBL oWjnBu@ oBw,qU fonAm@BownjoM/S{Aj kAh
(3) ,oj jo{Bnj0T{AjAoMkB kpuB{ (2) ,jo{njo njnBWTA jnkU
/j{T'ooWnjo{ kU %&',BX k{jBwAoM/kUAoM}BiS<
Sok c_w M BM nBvM ke BU ,B jB pA nBWTA jn M jB kU nAk&
nM AU (jM kAi Bv pAoR BjB SR] oAoM @) jnAj TvM @
/j jnCoMB jB o AoM k{M yQ aAodA 'B|A M M jB 0BAn CLo&U
nj/k{BM CpA(EPA ) 1 nBWTAjn kUAU pARnBL B jBo AoMk{MyQ aAodA
/jjnCoM ETA njB+ PD nkQBMAn CAU,EPA jM}hzBRn
:0AoMBM /k{BM M jB BL oM j B&TA AU BjnCoM BU
nBWTA jnMjBjn n= 0B (ME)

+ EPA

:pA SwA RnBL o{ kU jn n AoM EPA Lo&U & xn

EPA = {nr/[ 1

+ (n- 1) r]} (AB0BpA RBRU0B)

omQnAoU kj Bz r B jB k{ o@pAkA Bjn n jAkU oBM n n M

cd~U Ko| ,k{BM .5 BM oMAoM r Unnj /k{BM (.5jke) o{ kU
/k{ kAi jBw n Rn M
(n+ 1 )
AoM /M jB kU k q Ae <A kU AoM ok ,0A j] BM
j v&U BMkBM An k{ M yQ M jB jn n nBWTA jn &&e kU M MBTwj

1- Expected

producing ability

jo{ BB xnoQ A

284

AoM /j cd~U ,yBjn n miA B M B jB 0w M yMo cd~U Ko| oM

Ho{ oUBM B 6 ,5 ,4 ,3 ,2 0w nj BB jB S] 0w KAo| ,UBLwBd aAkA
o M yMo KAo| SwA 1. 1.1 ,1.5 ,1.18 ,1.37 ,k{BM jo kU M
,

KUoU M <A BL oMM jB Bjn ncd~U AoM

/k{BM

BUA M An ' jo{ nj jo BA p pBU B jB o jM kAi 0A o'

TvM B 0w M SwA 0 oj Bjn n0T{Aj AoM kB kp uB{ /kBwn kAi
uB{ kj Bz SwA }o{ B{ eA B<nA jAkA BLoM 15-7 k] /k{BM T{Aj
/k{BM ' nj Ho{ nj A 0w M ]U BM ,kM jn n SR 0T{Aj AoMB jB
/|Bijo{ nj k _o{ BBjB kBkp BTeA : 15-7 k]
nB]jo{nj
'jo{Bnj
5 B4
3
2
1
kM

1.
.65
.48
.31
.21
.14
.1
.5

1.
.76
.5
.37
.24
.16
.11
.6

1.
.83
.63
.41
.3
.2
.13
.8

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
11

1.
.82
.68
.52
.34
.25
.16
.11

u@Ani M yMo Bq ov pA uQ o{kQ xpnA j{ o' ,BX A M

B jB j /k{BM d=.1 oM B qU fo Bw 5 nAm@Bow nj ,(nj .6)
:knAj An op RBA
M jB jn n

nBWTAjnMjB

B L< jn n M jB

jo{ nj

(Bw) 0w

B jB

+7

-6

nBWTA jn

0BA oM

0B M jB

175

14

11

14

285

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

nBWTA jnMjBjn n= 0BnBWTAjnM jB+ EPA (1

r=.5 n= 1 ,jn 0A nj
EPA (A AoM) = [n/(n +1)] (7) = 35
EPA (B AoM) = [n/(n +1 )] ( -6) = -3
nBWTA jnMjBjn n (A AoM) = 14+ 35 = 175
nBWTAjnM jBjn n(B AoM) = 14 3 = 11
:pA SwA RnBLHo{Bp pA k{qUnBWTA MB<&&e }BikCnj ,jo{nj o AoM(2
(o{}BiS<) (nBWTAjnMjBjn n)(B&M BTeA)(0wKwBKo|)] .
/k{BM 1 BM oMAoM 0pB{Cjo{ njAoM i Be nj
A B@

0pB{Cjo{ nj
Bw 0j
Bw0w
Bw0nBa
Bw0\Q
k{qUH\

= 2232 nj
B B@

0pB{Cjo{ nj
Bw 0j
Bw0w
Bw0nBa
Bw0\Q
k{qUH\

=1552 nj

jB j pA nBWTA jn kU AU RBRU /SwA jB~T<A A oBM BX 0A

nj 68 %&' BC Be }Bi xpnA RBRU C Be /jM kAi kQ 65 jke B@
pA nBWTA jn kU j M) B B jB BM vB& nj A B jB SwB AkM 0A /k{BM
M yoz TLA ,jnAjxpnA oTzM nj 68 %&' xo' B M (Bw 5 k{oPw pA uQ ,C
knAjAn k& 0ABTeA joK{A/k{BM%wT ke njBjB j okB kpBTeAA
/SwA njBjB 0oUj|0oTMk }hz,koiS<njoUBM RBRU

jo{ BB xnoQ A

286

o{ }Bi S< ,Bw o AoM SwA 0A Be }Bi xpnALwBd nj A

kp BTeA ] Be jo Jo| BM ,0AoMBM /k{ jnARBLwBd nj ,nBWTA jn jn n
xpnA nj oW jn BBw  nj 1oM Ko| B qU Ko| 0w cd~U B ,kB
kC Swj M ] Be /j i An RBLwBd AU nBWTA jn jn n o{ }Bi
}' Ko| , B BB kB kp BTeA jM oUBM j M /kB qU Ko| AU An
/SwA (2.1254) A B jB pA oUBM (2.3518) B B jB AoM
,BU Bp nj 0a AoM /SwA kz nW Akpo' kU RBRU ,BX 0A nj
ZBT kU ,o BBoPwA xpnA0U B M /jM kAi a HTLv , A B jB Sq
/k{ kAi nW
oQ AoM B jB koi jn nj o~U AoM An C AU ,xn 0A bA oU BM
jB kU AU jnCoMa o@A /j jBRTwAjo{ BB jjn nj j] Bi B]jo @
q k{BM oW jn kBM oj B BU 0 ,SwA nBWTA jn 0B B@
kAi no|B Rn 0A o{ nj j{ T'o oTzM kBM nAk q /SwA B nAk
/jAj
M ]U BM ,k{BM nj 4 B jB nAk oT q j{ o' ,BX A M
kU nAk& 0A M jM kAi o{ kQ 6667 jB (nj .6 .kQ) o{ kQ o S<
: pA SwA RnBL Bw 0A i kU qU xpnA 0AoMBM /2 j{ ow M ow jnAj pB
(kBkpBTeA)[ (o{}BiS<)(nBWTAjnjn n)(&&eBLoM0w cd~U)
owM ow_&kU] .
AU nAk q AoM k{ cd~U Be }Bi xpnA M MBTwj nW M
/j ] nAm@Bow nj  nj An BBw qU B{pnA
cd~U kU xpnAjnCoM ,j{ nAmS< 0UoQ Moa Aq]A tBwAoM o{ o@A
}Bi S< 0qB] kBM An (knj 5 BU 4 BX A M) kU yAq'A q AoMk{
/j nBWTA jn o{ jn nnj Jo| o{
oPwA q nj nAm@Bow pA Be jpBM

jnjpBMpA RnBL oB pA%wT 0BBMoTij AoMnBWTAjn kU '}BixpnA

2 jke nj SwA oTijM jAj \T AoMoPwA 'B nAk& njnAm@BowpA Be nBWTA
/jMkAi nBM6 jkep c&URB'j jAkU/kBpB{CAn jikU Bw

1-Discount

factor

2-Break

even

287

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

:kU AoM jBC vU BL oM

oPwA AoMnAm@BowjpBM=ZBT vUqUkU - B~dTwAAoMoPwA q
Bwj vU
jAkU Bw j vU M MBTwj AoM p BTvMC jAkU M TvM oPwA q
kp BBw kU M BTvMC .8 Un nj /jnAj TvMC o ApA M c&U RB'j
vU 6 pA BU 5 B&MA SwA p TvMC w (jM kAi jB BBw knj 5) ;jjo o\
o\ Bw 2 vU kUM BTvMC SLv ,jo{njpB{C AoM Bw jpA kM
:pA SwA RnBL ,j{
TvM TvMC o ApA M c&U RB'j jAkU ,k{ jAj Bz 15-8 k] nj B`
0oiC 0A AoMTvMC SLv SwA 0A oMo') jnAj c&U oApA M TvMC SLv M
o ApA M c&U j %wT n M knj 5 TvMC Aq BM o B /(k{BM Bv c&U
1
c&U jAkU HLo&U AU (
) TvMC SLv oM1 j v&U BM /jnAjpB TvMC
TvMC Aq
M ,c&U RB'j BU AoM ~ c&U AnF pA ioM /jo JBve An TvMC o ApA M
S] AU 15-8 k] jjn 0oiC pA /knAj S'Bnj jqTwj ,LUo 0j BXTwA
/jo jBRTwA "c&U 0j pA o{" c&U RB'j jAkU jnCoM
oPwA q= 3* (TvMCo ApA M q)
:jM kAi
q. TvMC= (c&UjAkU. TvMC)(q.oPwAkeA)+ (k{SiAjoQRB'jjAkU.TvMC)(jqTwj)
: AppBU Bw j vU BL oM 0AoMBM
oPwAq= 3[(c&UjAkU.TvMC)(oPwAq)+ (k{ SiAjoQRBd&U)(c&UojqTwj)
]
B BM oTij kU AoM k{ jBRTwA oPwA Tr xpnApA {B nBWTA jn kU jpBM
o~U nj /j{ 0U ,oTij Akpo' M r B&TA 'B|A M L< yhM nj k{ cozU A
kB kp Rnk< AoM jo{ nj 0ka  nj Akpo' oTij S nBz ,15-3
B jB o /SwA k{ jnAmyB M kjo cd~U (MjB B]M) &&e kU
ke nj oTij pA jn no /k Ho{ An kU kM Bw 2 yAoTij 1 k BA p @
3
BM oTij 0` /SwA (Tr xpnA pA ) ji nkQ j B&TA AU oBM ,%wT
kjBz kM v woTij ,ji nkQTrxpnAnBa oBMkM v j%wT kU

jo{ BB xnoQ A

288

pA o`" Bc<UjAkU TvMC o ApAM c<U RBjjAkU : 15-8 k]

/c<U nBM oApA MGThTvMC BTLvAoM "LUo %j
(nBM0j pAo{) Bc&UjAkU

o ApAMc&URB'j jAkU

c&U o ApA M TvMCSLv

( C)TvMC
1.13

1.43

.7

1.15

1.47

.68

1.18

1.52

.66

1.2

1.56

.64

1.23

1.61

.62

1.27

1.67

.6

1.3

1.72

.58

1.35

1.79

.56

1.39

1.85

.54

1.44

1.92

.52

1.5

2.

.5

1.54

2.8

.48

1.63

2.17

.46

1.71

2.27

.44

1.8

2.38

.42

1.9

2.5

.4

2.1

2.63

.38

2.14

2.78

.36

2.28

2.94

.34

2.44

3.12

.32

q kCnj jM kAi 0AoM o'RBLwBd nj/k{BM nkQTr xpnATz

0 oPwAkoipA uQ Bw 0z{BBQnj,0AoMBM/jjojnCoMjo{Bw BBQnjkU
/k{BMj oPwAn jo{ nj %&',kMv joTij jo{ njwoTij SwA
oPwA xo'Bp BU qU fo cd~U <A BL oM MjB B] M nBWTA jn kU
/k{ kAi LwBd
fo ,0w cd~U Ko| ,kB kp RBTeA ,k{ o @l L< ByhM nj B`
LwBd AU k n oTij Akpo' nj An nkQ oUoM pA zhM BA oM qU
nj ,qU Ko| /S'o oW nj nAm@Bow nj AoM ,qU Ko| An BC H\ j

289

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

1 /AkpooTij BjnnM (G) nkQBr Bo] : 15-3 {

Bz ()
3
j{AvU
kUMTjn =<TvMCwo pA SwA %A kj
Oa Sw nj BjB kBkp BTeA /kB kU M_o{ Bw2 nj @
G
G B
G B )
G Tr RAnBL
jn Tr RnBL /SwAk{ T{ (B
16 8 4 2
Bz B%ai< /j cd~U w BL AoM kBM An M BL oM nBlTA
/k{BM [A kj
o B o{ AoM nBWTA jn RBRU nj Jo| o{ }Bi S< B oB }Bi kU xpnA
Bnj jTh qU Bfo AoM KwB qU KAo| 15-9 k] nj /jjo
/SwA k{ o @l RBRT nAm@Bow
(NPV ) ' }BixpnA= (qUKo|)(kU}BixpnA)- (oPwA q)
j oTij M MBTwj AoM oPwA 'B nAk& BL oM LwBd k{BM T{Aj ]U
KUoU 0kM oPwA keA NPV o' ,k{BM p oPwA keA y{ o@A /k{BM Bw
: jM kAi
oPwAkeAo}BijpBM= (1 )(qUKo|)(~d}BixpnA)- (c&USMqoPwA)
6
,jnAj j] MBz UB|o' BL oM oPwA xpnA LwBd AoM jkT ABAn BBoM
/j{ T'o kjB jA kU SwA SMBY nAm@Bow njBC K{A nj 0

jo{ BB xnoQ A

oPwAkeAq
nj5
nj1

290

:koM oW nj op RBA BM An oB j ,BX AoM

TvMCSLv
kUxpnA
o B@
.5
nj15
A
.6

nj 1

pA nBlTAjn jB<TA AU njjB B o B oUoM pA zhM :15-9 k]

/ a AAkpo jo{ oTij
&&e oM fo
nAm@Bownj

.16
.
.
.
.4
.74
1.5
1.31
1.5
1.67
1.79
1.89
1.96
2.2
2.6
2.1
2.12
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.2
2.2
2.21
2.21

.14
.
.
.
.43
.79
1.14
1.43
1.66
1.85
2.
2.12
2.21
2.28
2.33
2.38
2.42
2.44
2.47
2.48
2.5
2.51
2.52
2.52
2.53
2.53

.12
.
.
.
.46
.86
1.25
1.58
1.84
2.6
2.24
2.39
2.49
2.58
2.65
2.71
2.76
2.8
2.83
2.85
2.87
2.89
2.9
2.91
2.92
2.93

.1
.
.
.
.5
.93
1.36
1.74
2.4
2.3
2.51
2.69
2.82
2.94
3.3
3.11
3.17
3.22
3.27
3.3
3.33
3.35
3.37
3.39
3.4
3.41

.8
.
.
.
.54
1.1
1.49
1.92
2.27
2.57
2.83
3.5
3.21
3.36
3.48
3.58
3.67
3.74
3.8
3.85
3.89
3.92
3.95
3.98
4.
4.1

.6
.
.
.
.58
1.1
1.74
2.12
2.53
2.89
3.2
3.48
3.68
3.86
4.2
4.15
4.27
4.36
4.45
4.52
4.58
4.63
4.67
4.71
4.74
4.77

.4
.
.
.
.62
1.2
1.8
2.35
2.82
3.26
3.63
3.97
4.22
4.46
4.66
4.84
5.
5.13
5.25
5.35
5.44
5.52
5.59
5.64
5.69
5.74

.2
.
.
.
.67
1.31
1.99
2.62
3.17
3.68
4.14
4.56
4.88
5.18
5.45
5.69
5.9
6.9
6.26
6.4
6.53
6.65
6.75
6.84
6.92
6.99

.
.
.
.
.73
1.43
2.19
2.92
3.57
4.18
4.74
5.26
5.66
6.5
6.41
6.73
7.2
7.29
7.52
7.74
7.93
8.1
8.26
8.41
8.53
8.65

(Bw)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
2
21
22
23
24
25

jke nAm@Bow nj AoM TvMC Bp BU K& M n q LwBd kB kp BTeA ,0w A oM k{ cd~U: a

(nU fo B oM fo) q oM fo 9 AoM Bw 25

291

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

kU jpBM BM .6 qU fo Bw 22 nAm@Bow nj j{ o' 0AoM

/k{BM nj 6 c&U SM o jqTwj knj 6 u@Ani q B
( A o B@)}BijpBM= (4.67) (.6)(nj 15)- 3 [ 2 (nj5) + 2 (nj6)]
= nj 42.3- nj 336= nj 84.3
( B oB@) }BijpBM= (4.67) (.6)(nj 1)- 3 [ 1.67 (nj 1) + 1.67 (nj 6)]
= nj 28.2- nj8.16 = nj 2.4
pA oTzM B o B oPwA xo' AoMnAm@Bow jpBM ,kU xpnABLoM , SwA c|A
oTzM Be jw ,oTBU nAm@Bow nj nj /k{BM A o B pA Be jpBM
/kC `B' oPwA oTzM q oM kAU A o B M yMo kU oUoM /jM kAi
1 k{Sv] 7U oPwA AoM nAm@Bow jpBM
jn nAm@Bow jpBMLwBd AoMAU An nAm@Bow jpBM AoM k{ o @l Bo'
Sv] RU 0U /jo jBRTwA q SwA k{ Sv] 0U BoPwA AoM nBWTA
oW nj q C jB~T<A KA] kBM ,B\A Rn nj 0 ,2 k{BM omQBA ' oPwA
jB~T<A jpBM SBe j nj jTh Sv] BM BoPwA pA jBRTwA Rn nj /j{ T'o@
vU k kU oPwA BM oUoM BB jB xqC SBe ;jjo kB oTzM
k kU BoPwA BM(%wT ke op %5) J_B BB jB xqC oj SBe
o BBBkj xnoQ jk jnA BXTwA M) k{BM nAoQ S] oBw@
0B /k jBRTwA ~ c&U nj Ji nBvM BB jB pA ovQ kU AoM
/jnC Swj M 15-1 k] pA AU An oUoM BBjB oUoM
nj oUoM 0B ,k{BM knj 1 oPwA Sv] 0U nj S<j o@A ,BX A M
kAi o{kQ 43 BBjB BU 0BBM vB& nj,oUoM BBjB j B&TA AU
/S'BkAiB&TA qAoTij M ,o BBoPwApA kC Ao' SLvBBM oUoM0A /jM
/k{BM T{Aj (nj .6 * 43) nj 25.8 }Bi xpnAo{ kQ 43 k o'
RBRU 'B|A M njB jB&TA AU 0B BM oMAoM %wT ke nj oTij Tr xpnA
,pA jM kAi RnBL nAm@Bow jpBM 0AoMBM /jM kAi xnkQ k{ MyQ
jpBM= (njB}BijB&TAAU + nkQ}BiPD ) (qUKo|) -oPwA q
nj ,knjk Sv] 0U S<j :koM oW nj An RB|oR 0A ,BX A M
1-Sexed

semen

(]oT) SwAkz |oUnB\U RnM p k{BMomQBAo|BeBenj -2

jo{ BB xnoQ A

292

BM c<U S]k{ JBhTA BBjB jB<TA AU %B :15-1 k]

/ a Sv] %U njSRj GThRB]nj AoM ,k{ Sv] %U oPwA
o{A oMjB&TAAU0B

JBhTA oUoM BB jB knj

(kQ)k{ JBhTA BB jB

B0qB]kUA oMk{

k{ c&U BB jB knj
k{ Sv] 0U oPwA BM

Sv] 0U S<j
BvU knj

43

45

39

56

34

57

63

29

64

71

75

83

/k{BM kQ 75 jB&TA AU nB aAodA .65 &&e j B&TA AU jnC oM S<j SwA 0A oM o' a
:L

L.D. VanVleck and R.W. Everett, 1976, J.Dairy. Sci. 59 : 1802

vU B~dTwA AoM/knj 5 TvMC SLv .6 qU fo ,Bw 22 nAm@Bow

M Bc&U j~ Aop ,SwAp k{ Sv] 0U oPwA BM c&U SM w %&' Bw j
BzBBw BC q]) &M ,0A j] BM /jn nk oBBw kU Rn
,0qB] A M k{ kU BvU ,k{ c&U d M kBM (knAj jBp xpnA
/kB AoL] q An Bc&U oBw q
q ,nj 1 oPwA S< ,nj 1 oB }Bi kU xpnA k o'
jqTwj nj 2 T{ B oPwA B oPwA q ,nj 5 k{ Sv] 0U oPwA
:k{ Sv] 0U oPwA AoM/k{BM nj 6 c&U jn o
jpBM= (4.67) (1+ 25.8)-3 (56)-3 (8) = 587.49- 192 = nj 395.49
: oPwA AoM
jpBM= 4.67 (1+)- 6(16) = 467 - 96 = 371 nj
5 AoMonB M Rn nj k{ Sv] 0U oPwA AoM nAm@Bow ,BX 0A nj
nCjw ,Sv] 0U S<j jM knjk M yoz oUoM BB jB knj
3 AoM nBWTA jn }Bijw /k{BM L< MB< kAU jo vn ,0AoMBM /jM kAi
,KUoU 0A M /SwA (nj 395.49 - nj 371) nj 24.49 ,k{ Sv] 0U oPwA keA
0U knjk oPwA pA jBRTwA Bp jw AoL] AoM kBM 'TiA nj 4 oM
0U oPwA keA o S< ,j{ SiAjoQ oUoM BB jB knj 5 AoM k{ Sv]

293

JBhTA jB~T<A jB~T<A xpnA AoM JBhTA

/SwA oTzM nj 8 k{ Sv]

1 7] BCTA
oUjBp jAkU AU BC M kTv B{n 0] B&TA Bka nAmhU
,S] tB& nj /j B~dTwA BB jB 0oTM pA An 0qB] vU
jn o BB AnjB JBhTA nj oYFU 0oTzM AnAj 0] B&TA Bka nAmhU
,A tB& nj /kjo Bw Tr S'ozQ 0oTzM K] C LU M jM jBRTwA
Bka nAmhU `o pA ,kU AoM Tr yAq'A BC SwA bo_ Aw 0A
jnCoM AoM jBRTwA jn RjB /SwA jB~T<A xn ,oUoM BB jB 0] B&TA
nj nAm@Bow pA Be jpBM jnCoM S] AU An oPwA AoM nAm@Bow jpBM
,oUoM BB jB j B&TA AU nj oUoM /joMnB M q 0] B&TA Bka nAmhU
/j{ oB oUnjAkpo' ,oTij B ,AoTij nj ,o B Br oYFU ` Swnj
B] M AU An ~d xpnA B kU AoM B jB ( ETA ) jB&TA AU jnCoM
Bv ,jo B\A |o' B\A nj /j 0qB] jB nj ,k{ MyQ RBRU
k{ jBRTwA Rn nj o' 0A ,k{BM B JBhTA pA Be jpBM oPwA Bq jM
/SwA @Be 0] B&TA Bka nAmhU pA kz B
0B pA SwAnqM BAAj AnAj B jB jAoRA ETA B]M AUjB nj
M An BBjB 0ApA BeB0]/jo jBRTwAoUoM BBjB AoMnBWTAjn jB&TA AU
0] w opA HLo&U /jAjkAiB&TA BBjB BU M 0qB]BvUkU nW
/k pB{C An jikU Bw jnj j{ o\ AvUkU M ,k{ jAj B&TA
/jM kAi] UB&TA q oMAoM wjke 0Aq 0AoMBM
0] k Ao' BB jB 0oTM pA jAkU a jnAj 0A M TvM nBWTA jn jpBM
xpnA o{ AoMAn oUoM BB jB nBWTA jn oUoM pA Two' 15-11 k] /kTv
qU BfoAoMBe qU xpnA (kQ o ApA M nj .6 Lo&U S< BM) kU
/kB AnA ,Bw 2 5 nAm@Bow Bnj .4 .1
/jo jBRTwA 0] q k{ ow M ow _& jnCoM AoM AU Be qU B{pnA pA
A M /jnAj B&TA w jke jB Aq ,Be xpnAAoM k] nj k{ o @l ojB&
2 nAm@Bow nj  nj ,.4 oM fo BM BL{i RBe K{A nj ,BX
BBjB BUpA Be jw,joB\A oUoMBBjBpA knj1 AoMJBhTA%&',Bw
/SwA nj 295.5 B&TA wq BM AojpBM BexpnAjnA0a nj,j{ ] BM
o@A /k{BM nj 295.5 = 98.5 ,j{ ov kBM Bp jw k{ owM ow AoM Aq jnCoM
3
1- Embryo

transfer

jo{ BB xnoQ A

294

}BiSR BM kUxpnA ) o{ kU AoM nBlTA jn jB<TA AU : 15-11 k]

/a q Be xpnA (kQo ApAM nj.6

nAm@Bow nj AoM/j{ o\ jB~T<A Bp M ,k{BM nj 98.5 pA oTzM q

pA oT 0] B&TA Bka qn hU pA {B kU yAq'A pA nBWTA jn jpBM ,BU @
/SwA nAk& 0A pA oT nBvM jnA K{A nj jnAj xpnA nj 1

16

o@ThC
196 j pA i Bkj xnoQ M pBM oj pA (qCjAs B o$U) 1 o@ThC
p nj UBzBpC ao /SwA T{Aj ZAn T{ BB Bkj xnoQ M nj 197
Aka BU o{ BB Bkj xnoQ ,8 n9 M  SwA T<o B\A o@ThC
/kAjAk Bz o@ThC pA jB@TwA AoM
nj BA ;SwA jAs j M xqC j{ BBLTwA o@ThC bEA pA `C 8 n9 M
BM Bv HLoJU {n B xqC /knAj SBij jAs j pA yM HLBM o@ThC BoM
jAs pA kBzi oM h B M xqC B\A nj  ,SwA o@ThC
BM /SwA Bv B xqC o@ThC xn j o AoM  BAq /jomQ Rn
A nAk BM q j M h B xqC A RBAe AoM ,A j]
/SwA jL ,h yAq<A pA {B nnBM yB8 \T nj B
o@ThCSAj
upoT

ThC RBAe RB@U A M An C AU SwA o@ThC nBYC pA nB upoT

B SLX SwA  upoT /j [oU BC }Bi jAskA B pA (nj)
pA oUBQ o] jn S@ AoM }Bi jAs kA jo B A SBe nj) k{BM @
BM op { M knjBLoM An upoT /(SwBC pA oUBM j SBe nj nj ZBT
;kB
1-Crossbreeding

jo{ BB xnoQ A

296

upoT =
awT oBM AB kTv B A kA BjAs BB kj Bz B A o< A nj
,kAThC nj B jAs pA njB A jAs pA nkQ C nj 8 SwA {qC pA Be nj jo
BM AoM k{BM c< SBe MBJT xqC pA Be nj jo B BA
/SwA k{ Joe 1 nj kA jo awT pA TLv Rn M RB@U ,knj
,oB{oA BjAs M xqC pA Be upoT BjnCoM pA Two< ,16-1 k] nj
nCjo j /A/n An Swo< A /SwA kjo AnA wo] BTz ,uwA oM
/SwA jo8@
RBAe oTM pA <B8 jAkU o@A /SwA SLX upoT M MBTwj o@ThC pA A gk
M ,Sv upoT j] k B j] ,k{BM toTwj nj oS@]AoM}Bi jAs
B k{BM oUoM }Bi jAsRBAe oTM pA ThC B n j RBAe BC 8 SwA A
}Bi jAs ThC RBAe pA jAkU vBJ BM AU An Aw A ,S@ AoM/
AoM BThC o@A Te /SwA oUk`Q gwBQ 8 jB~T$A xpnA AoM  ,jAj gwBQ
xpnA o] pA SwA  ,k{BL oUBM xpnA AnAj ji kA BjAsM SLv S@
kA jAs j o pA oUBM p (BThC jB~T$A RB@ BU T<o o] nj BM) 8 jB~T$A
/k{ oBm ji
1

( ko NC) joM BM

ow RAooU A /SwA B] RB~i ow ooU o@ThC gAkA oj ] pA

nj JBhTA po9 pA 8 UB@ nj ooU B M BB kU AU pBwM AoM
Mn ,jAs njr BUB@U jL j M X) j{ Be jLM BC nj ,jAs
/SwA k@ (jAs M r RB<TiA j]
kk] jAs j{

/k{BM B jAs B kk] jAskU AoMjBM jB\A BjAs o@ThC gk w

pA uQ /k{ JBhTA kk] jAs M JE RB@ BJTA AoM ,kA BjAs ,jn A nj
/kMB AjA ThC RBAe kk] S] M nj yq A o@ThC
upoTo%BL
/jo nAo$ o w nj 8 n9 M j{ o\ upoT M o@ThC Aoa A j

1-Upgrading

297

o@ThC

j BxqCAoM upoTk{ p BB BAj: 16-1 k]

/wo] BTz,uw AoM ,oB{oA BjAs MB jAs
MB Aj
(%)Bo@

cd~UB

Bo jAkU

upoT k{

jAs

(%)

jAkU

S@

B
kU RB@

18.9 BU -9

5.1

14

17.5 BU -5

6.6

14

16.6 BU -2

5.5

14

18.1 BU -17

5.2

11

3. BU -1

5.7

17.3 BU -5.1

5.

3. BU -2.5

-.3

14

.4 BU -5

-1.1

11

1 BU -3.4

-1.5

o{ kU
Moa tBwA oM k{ cd~Uo{ kU
Moa kU
Moa kM o{ kB] jA kU
UoQ kU
kB] jA tBwA oM k{ cd~U o{ kU
o{ K8oU
(knj) Moa
(knj) Moa kM o{ kB] jA
(knj) UoQ
jo{ Bs
BA p Tvh nj w

6.1 BU -3

.2

14

6 BU -1
8 BU -4.3

1.
2.3

14
11

4
3

13.9 BU .9

5.8

pn Tvh o{ kU

jo{ nj 9
o{ kU AkU

8.4 BU 4.1

6.8

Apn o{ kU ZA

2 BU13.9

17.8

pn  A 3 nj kU

1.4

kU ZA pn

8.4 BU 6.8

-6.9

jo{ nj Tvh nj p

7 BU -8

-3.

jo{ nj Tvh nj p yA q<A

2.3 BU -9.8

-3.9

{juQ zo{ Bp

6.6 BU -1.7

1.4

J$j nj o8 Kve oM {juQ A q

3.8 BU -1.3

.6

{juQ Bp 8 AoM J$j nj o{ o8@

4 BU -2.

1.2

6 BU -1.

1.5

(oB8@B) <o~ roA M ( Kg) FCM SLv

3 BU 1.

1.3

(oB8@B) <o~ roA M (Kg) SCM SLv

7.9 BU -7.4

-7.7

27.2BU-15.8

-5.2

jo{ S~i

2.1 BU 2.2

9.

kM {

12.9 BU -5.4

{jo{

Sow

@A ni go~ jpBM
(oB8@B)<o~

roA M (oB8@B) o{ roA SLv

kM Bs
($Ba)jo{

Tvh nj kM Se o

jo{ BB xnoQ A

298
16-1 k]AjA

MB Aj
(%)Bo@

cd~U B Bo jAkU
upoT k{

jAs

(%)

jAkU

S@

B
BTvQ RB~i

9.8 BU -3.3

6.6

8.3 BU -4.6

-3.7

BBTvQow nAoJTwA Se

18.7 BU -4.1

17

kM jBMA o{ kU M TvL

2.4 BU -1.7

.9

11.2 BU -.1

4.6

14

27.6BU-12.3

6.2

14

9.6 BU 3.2

3.7

14

17.8BU-11.4

-1.

14

9.4 BU -8.7
4.7 BU -7.6

-1.2
.1

14
14

4
4

25.3 BU -33

1.8

BAp BU kU pA

41 BU -33

-2.3

jo{ nj A
X kU jpBM

33 BU -21.1

1.7

14

pBM nj 9

5.7 BU -12.1
7 BU -8.1

2.7
3.5

14
14

4
4

yAp B<
d< A BU BAp M pn jAkU

4.1 BU -9

2.2

14

TvMC BU oT@] M pn jAkU

4.9 BU -3.1

.8

14

TvMC o A pA M cJU jAkU

12 BU -14

5.

14

7 BU -13

4.2

14

pn 12 pA yM

6 BU -13
1 BU-16

2.3
2.1

14
14

4
4

pn 145 pA yM
pn 2 pA yM

3.6 BU -6.4

3.2

14

XkU BkA n 8@

11.6 BU -8.7

2.3

14

ApB j M gme

8.9 BU -6.1
5.6 BU -17.4

-1.4
1.3

14
14

4
4

X kU RTiA
ApShw

5.7
3.4

9
9

1
1

kU
pn 6 BU 2

RBe Rnk$
TvMC nj 9
B w BU Bw BJM Rnk$
BA p Tvh BU BJM knj
k{ kT jo 8 BBw@
jo{ nj BBQ nj
Tw
ApB
o
Tw RTiA

TvMC SLv
pn 9 pA yM

k{n Sow
p
1 BU3
6.5 BU

299

o@ThC
16-1 k]AjA

MB Aj

cd~U B Bo jAkU

jAkU

(%)Bo@

upoT k{

jAs

(%)

S@

pn 16 BU 8

6.2 BU 1.5

3.2

6.6 BU -.6

3.

B 6

7.7 BU 2.5

4.6

B 12

5.8 BU 3.4

4.9

4.7 BU 2.4

3.5

B 18
B 3
TwA (jBMA) BpAkA

3.2 BU -.8

.9

B 6

2.3 BU -.9

.9

B 12

2.7 BU -.2

1.4

B 18

2.8 BU -.8

1.1

B 3
:L

R.E. McDowell, 1982, South, Coop, Series Serv. Bull. 259, Louisiana Agricultural Expriment
Station, Baton, Baton Rouge, LA, Table 36

1 SLB[Bh 8 SwA ( out Crossing ) qCoj B T@] njSB pA A o@ThC SJJe nj

nj kj yAq<A An tp Br S@] SLv qC yi /k{BM qCyi
nBYC a AAo< yAq<A M qCyi ,k{BM nBLBp nBYC B Jo Br 8 Un
/k{ kAi o\ JEB
BU HUnoe  ,kTv tp BBr BU AoM }Bi jAsM w RBAe ao@A
@U K] o@ThC /SiB{ pBM BjAsoBw pA An BC ATM 8 kTv }Bi pAkA C
oM upoT (oa) SLBM nU /jjo o\ upoT M k{ Tr |i A
/SwA k{ jB BM Jo tp Br S@] BM BBr SLv yB8 BL
2

(AnB L-) oaAo1

M SLv tApoT xpnA jM oUAo< tBwAoM "oaAo<" A SdU ,MBz o]

BBrjAkU oX8@Ake j] o@ThC /k{BM nATwA tp r S@] oTM xpnA

1-Dominance

2-Overdominance

jo{ BB xnoQ A

300

/jjoo\ oUoM RBAekU M oaAo<jM Rnnjk8U An tpoT

o] A\TnjSv[An kwnVnAM BJT TeAn M 8 UB@njoaAo< 8 B\CpA
/jnAkCnB8jkTBBrnjj]BrpA oYFT RB@ ]U AoM
1 pBTvQA
Br kk] RBL8oU pA {B JE nBYC pA 8@Be pBTvQA B (MBJT oYA) yoM o]
oJTv r BM Ao Br nj j] r ,BX A M /SwA [Th BBr nj j]
a /k{ kAi o\ nB]TA jn ke pA yM A u poM M oj Br nj
/k{BM JEB B JE SwA  UBTvQA Au
BzBpC [BT

nj o{ BB o@ThC nBM nj T<B nBzTA B{nAq (1968) j woQ

(i gioM) BzBpC a BM q j M /kj wnoM An kT p9B
/SwA kwn B\A M o{ BB n oM 8kA nBvM o@ThC BroQ
njB RB@ 8 Un nj  ,kTv jAs j BThC Mi M jAs w BThC
pA }Bi jAs AnjB BM vBJ nj SwA  ThC AnjB ,jo nAo$ upoT oYFU SdU
/k{BM nAjnioM oTzM njB BAU
M kU RB@ o] pA ji }Bi jAs kA M SLv BThC ,RBBE KMA nj
o~U) kAjL oUoM Aka o{ kU o] pA jM BTz kA BjAs pA 8 Bp s
8 jnAj BA ,nnBM kB kp Rnk$ M BMo RB@ AoM ,A j] BM /(16-1
kA BjAs ,8 n A pA k{BM T{AjoM nj ~hz BAq BThC AoM upoT
` ,k{n M BMo RB@ AoM upoT /knAj MBz BB o] A pA
/jnAj oUnpBMj BBQ eAo M SLv kp A eAo nj ,oj RB@ KMA
ThC 137 n oMko vTM nj (1968) Aj j 8 ABE [BT
BL oM ,8 xpnA8 SwA C pA 8@Be kjAj B\A uw AoM ,oB{oA pA jAs w B j
[BT BM SwA  ,}Bi BjAs BMvBJ nj BThC [Th RB@ jB~T$A B{pnA
An [Th Aq K8oU 15 BJJd A /k{BM RB@T nBvM jo@ RB@ BLoM Be
M BMo Tw Bq ` kj BE o{ K8oU o{ kU ,@A ni AoM
SzpBM }Bi ojBJ B 16-2 k] nj /kj }hz An Bnj {qPAj kjpBM
BM o@ThC [BT /SwA k{ jAj Bz @Ani Bq RBL8oU jn nj Bow
kA BU BTz z pA jB@TwA BM vBJ nj "@A ni q oM jApBkCnj" BL oM BTz
1-Epistasis

301

o@ThC

BM Mi M ,jM BTz BB pA BC VnAU pA 8 BThC /jAj Bz UB@U

Te BThC oj pA Ak8 _ }Bi jpBM a o,kjM vBJ MB$ ji kA BBTz
RBAe jAkU jM 8 yBpC A A jAoA /jL BBTz }Bi xpnA M jq
jAsoUnC jw U AoM 8 jAj Bz yBpC A [BT z\ nj /SwA k{ wnoM
/k{ $A o]k RB@ BU kBM |Bi aAo{pA A\ S] B@
BTvA nj BTz qoBjAsM o@ThC Bw 2 M BMo RB9A pA Ai
BBw BM vBJ nj /kj Bz An kU jn 215 qA pnBz8 RBJJdU
kM SBw 24 B BA p e nj (knj 9 MBJ nj 6.2) BThC pA oT8 jAkU ,}Bi

BTz ,uw AoM ,oB{oA BjAs AoM jo{ Bd : 16-1 {

/BCpABe +ThBThC
Source: R.E. McDowel, 1982, South. coop. ser. Bull., 259 Louisiana Agricultural
Expriments station, Baton Rouge, LA.

jo{ BB xnoQ A

302

tBwAoM nj KveoMk{ LwBd ,jo{ BnjAAoM Bow SzpBM: 16-2 k]

/BTzBBBM RB7U
SzpBM

B Bq

RB@U jAkU

o ApA M Tw Bq

oM jApB kC nj

}Bi

zi

jo{ nj nj

jo{ nj

@A ni q

jAso@

-47

-62

(A) oB{oA

-112

-4

-27

-8

-73

(S ) uw AoM

11

12

-11

A*H

-2

S*H

-93

-16

-11

-69

A*S

-39

-23

-25

A*(S* H)

-13

16

-95

-38

14

S*(A* H)

-11

H*(A *S)

pn nj nj .5 * pBM Bpn B RB@U : a

@A ni q oM jApB kC nj BUB@U B pA jB@TwA BM ,BBTz M SLv BM jo{ B ApA M BSzpBM : b
:L
R.E. McDowell, and B.T. McDaniel, 1968, J. Dairy Sci., 51 : 1649

jB BBw M SLv ThC jB BBw pA oTzM nBvM jAkU ` /kk{ [U

,knj 85 71 MBJ nj KUoU M ThC knj 92) kkB kp BAp w BU }Bi jAs
j] BM ,jM %7 HLoJU kU RB@ AoMupoT Aq /(BTz qoBjAsAoM
Moa kM kB] jA ,Moa ,o{) kU RB@ pA Ak8 _ AoM BThC B ,A
/jL BBTz B pA oUBM (UoQ
BLoM Q B{pnA LwBd BM ThC }Bi jAs Bo jo BUB@U
pA kM /k{ MBpnA kU k{n ,kB kp Rnk$ o] pA BC BUB@U jB~T$A xpnA
k@w S{ k8 kU BBw ,o{ kU Bq BS$ jo8 }hz
jB pA wEn 1 B AoM 16-3 k] nj k{ jAj yB B$nA ,@A ni Bq
Rnk$ AoM kC Swj M zBpC [BT tBwAoM ,BC BThC BTz ,qo BB@
w 8 SwA C pA 8@Be RB9A dU q\U /kjo jnCoM kU k{n kB kp
A Aq KUoU A M /SwA jM upoT M BMo BThC Q SzpBM pA MBT
BM TzoM $U pA Be BThC nj %22 , 1 SLv BM BThC nj SzpBM
2
jAs kA Q SzpBM B pA oUBM %16 Aq M BTz 5 qo 3 BSLv
8
8
M SLv oUBM B{pnA AnAj BThC pA Ak8 _ yBpC A nj /SwBC }Bi
M SLv BThC upoT B$nA jnCoM BM (197) oM^BU ,A j] BM /kjL BBTz
8kA BBTz M SLv BThC 8 jAj Bz qA nj qo BTz DHIA awT
/knAj oUoM

303

o@ThC

,B jB tEn 1 BAoM Bow SzoM Bq : 16-3 k]

(nj KveoM) qA o@ThC roQtBwAoM
BBTz

-1.61
2.161
5.439

ThC
5 3
8 8
-1.26
2.22
6.357

ThC
1
2
-79
2.264
6.19

Bqo@

LwBd jn B

jo BBw@

-2.351
1.595

BAp w pA L$ k{ Tio<BBw@

2.213

jo B k{ Tio< BB@

-8.639

-8.747

-8.885

-5.796

vU nAk

-23.252

-2.842

-21.134

-16.754

BB jB A oM @A ni Bq

64.913

55.547

56.62

4.5

o{ xpnA

39.2

33.547

35.265

18.957

8 xpnA

R.W. Touchberry, 1970 Proc 19 th Annu. Natl. Breed. Roundtalble

: L

,wo] ,qo BB jAj $U 8 jo8 o@\T a oM^BU ,A oM

kjw BTz BM (}Bi Ae pA Be B grade) }BiB uw A oM oB{oA
BBoM 8 jM kAi k@ Un nj aJ< BBTz pA jB@TwA  ,jM kAi
B) k{BM kwn B\A M jB@TwA jn BjAs oj o BB n oMkk{ jAsM
Lv jAkU T<o o] nj BM /(SwA T<o B\A BTz jAs BB n oM 8@BU 8 n9
BB jAsM BBoM nj BTz BM BP kAU jAs _ ,o{ BjAs BB@
/j{ p< A]o
nj USDA o@ThC roQ X kU Bjn8npA Be RB9A (1971) w
B{ BnB8 v8 ;B]n] pkn : BBq Rn ] ;ko vTM ;JE nBa
AoM ,BTz pA kjM RnBL o@ThC BoM nj jB@TwA jn BjAs /j kL] An
GoBm  ,jM ji z pA k{ B\A wnoM oTnqM ,BE A a o@A /wo] uw
kA{ A j] BM ,jnB nBM M oza \T X kU BAU jLM nj o@ThC
/kC Swj M }Bi kA BM vBJ nj BThC yAp B< jM oT8 oM L
n] M 8 (B{ JE M BMo s 49 UBJJdU roQ) jAsM roQ 9
BQnA BjAs BM $U nj ovo aAo{ BM 1 Mp BjAsomQ xpBw pA jB@TwA
pA Be \T /kB Swj M BThC Sq oM Aj kA{ _ jM k{ qnbo9
M SLv BQnA BjAs q nj ,BoC M] BSBA nj 8 jM A roQ A

1-Zebu

jo{ BB xnoQ A

304

ao /jnAj oUoM 2BoM B 1kw jn jAsj pA Ak8 o BM BjAsA M o@ThC

,kT{Aj oTzM SBJ Bo BA oMAoM nj ,Mp r K8oU 3 1 BM ThC Bo@
4 2
Bo /jM oT8 uw AoM wo] ,BTz BjAs M SLv BC jo BA
jo BQnA BjAs M SLv BQnA BjAs r K8oU [~ pA yM BM ThC
pAkA M HLoJU ovo aA o{ BM BC omQ xpBw AU  kT{Aj oUBQ
/jM BQnA BjAs
kj xnoQ Aop ,j Ao< o@ThC q JU AoM An {n ~ cJU
,kB miA oPwA ,}Bi o BB pA ,BjAs BU nAk q dU kM kAU
/k{ nAk {noQ }Bi BB ThC BB aJ< 8 o< A BM TLA
n] M zioa o@ThC BBoM Ao]A BA ,ThC BB jB nAk
[BT ,BX A M /kB Ao< An [Th BjAspA VnAU M BSLv M MBTwj
BB YnA Bs pA oTzM w o@A 8 kj Bz qA vTM BzBpC
BC A C kB gwBQ kM Aw B\A nj /SwA oUk@ j{ @e BTz
jAs nj ,BX A nj) }Bi jAs nj q nj BM vBJ nj SwA  o@ThC
Bz 16-4 k] nj 8 B` /kB Ao< An oTzM kCnj v ka 9 nj (BTz
BC nj 8 o@ThC BBoM pA Be [BT \ (1982) Aj ,SwA k{ jAj
oM 8@Be Se awT BM MBz EAo{ nj [Th BjAspA Be kCnj kU wnoM
kCnj aJ< ,wnoM jn BThC pA /SwA j kL] An jM o] jn kdT RBA
/jM BTz pA oTzM oB{oA nj BTz ThC }Bi
o@ThCB{n
BjAsnAk @e qTv 8 kTv BC o@ThC B{n A o j pA
pA uQ) ThC BB jB 8 kM SwA 3 zioa oj o C Be /SwA }Bi
/k{ jAj xqC }Bi o BB BM ($U A
}BiBjAs <M =U

gAkA AoM Be ZBT j{ jAj xqC BM jAs j xn A nj : 4 LB] j B=U

jo8 Ao< nj j] Rz j M /jjo jB@TwA (jAsM gAkA ) kU
A ,BThC ` }Bi jAsj o B <B8 jAkU @e AoM <B8 BqB]
/jnAk joMnB8 Aka o{ BB eA BBoM nj xn
1-Red

sindhi

3-Rotational

2-Brahman
4- Two-way crosses

305

o@ThC

kCnjjnCoM ,(MjB tBwAoM) k{ MyQ jo : 16-4 k]

oM ,jAs j BThCAoM FCM Bw kU nBITA jn Aq ,}BiB
/1975 , USDA oBBOo SwoO njkABjAs B BL

b Bw FCM

a kC nj

Moa

FCM

Moa

o{

(kQ)

(nj)

(knj)

(kQ)

(kQ)

(kQ)

137

1912

3.77

1397

535

1464

BTz

oB{oA

1143

1651

3.79

1221

477

1261

oB{oA

BTz

1231

1689

4.27

1316

53

1274

BTz

wo]

1166

1629

4.3

1246

539

1228

wo]

BTz

1259

1811

3.77

1346

519

1385

1255

1766

3.8

1343

515

1349

uw A oM

BTz

183

1531

3.93

1157

46

1166

uw A oM

oB{oA

186

157

3.92

116

466

1147

oB{oA uw AoM

112

1451

4.41

1197

56

189

wo] uw AoM

953

1382

3.95

145

416

152

185

156

4.3

119

477

1184

1216

1839

3.63

1333

513

141

BTz

BTz

929

1195

5.5

118

444

878

wo]

wo]

njB jAs

nkQ jA s

BThC

BTz uw AoM

}BiBjA s
oB{oA

oB{oA

uw A oM uw AoM

/knj 3.5 BL pA oUjBp Moa knj o A pA M nj .166 BM kQ 1 o ApA M nj 13 ,o{ S$ : a

FCM / Bw = jBw B< . 365 * jo{ nj FCM : b
(pn 39 BThC A oM pn 4 }Bi BjAs AoM jBw B<)
:L
R.E. McDowell, 1982 South. coop. Seru. Bull. 259, Louisiana Agricultural Expriment station,
Baton Rouge. LA, table 39

j M (Bnj oUoM Rnk$) upoT pA jB@TwA n] M xn A nj : 1 LB] w B=U

jAj $U w jAsoBB BM jAs j ThC BB jB ,ThC BnjB njB BAU
<B8 jAkU ,jz jAj qB] kU pB]A ThC BB jB M 8 Un nj /k{
/jM kAh Swj nj jAsM M BoM AjA AoMqB]
j ThC o BB BM jAs j ThC BB jB xn A nj : 2BBD LB] j B=U
/jnAj ne jAsnBa r K8oU xqC nj KUoU A M ,k{ jAj $U jAs
BM An xnA (h)zji B pA jB@TwA BM n9 Rnl Ao Bk8bA ao@A
1-Three-way

crosses

2-Doule

two-way crosses

jo{ BB xnoQ A

306

A M jAs 4 ne Rnoe jnA nj q] 8 kwn o] M  ,kAjpC SJ<

BBoM nj xn A pA jB@TwA AoM oj ]U ,kk] jAs jB\A AoM BQ RBAe
/k{BM T{Ak j] o{ BBjAsM
zioa B=U

,SwA ( backcross) TzoM o@ThC MBz xn A : LB] j yi oa B 1 tAoH uoH xn

jB@TwA JBT n9 M v o nj (kA) nBLU jAs j jB o RBAe pA A q]
kU AoMThC AnjB pA jB@TwA BA j Ao< e Bo@ThC a /j{
T<ooM Br w ,v ka pA kM /kB @e q An jAsj M upoT ,qB]
w 16-5 k] nj /j kAi .33 .67 Sw M KUoU M nkQ jAsoiC pA
/SwA k{ jAj Bz AT v ka AoMjAs oBr
ThC AnjB BM AT Bv 9 nj jAsw oBB xn A nj : 2 LB]

w zi oa xn

v ,v oiC nj nkQ BQ A M 8 o B Brw /k{ jAj xqC L$ v

/kwn .14 .29 ,.57 M KUoU M ;k{ jB@TwA oiC pA L$ v j oiC L$B
nBa j <BeA /kB ooU BThC nj r w oTzM AnAj jAs ,v o nj
.53 M kj ooU 8kA Aq M aJ< An nkQ jAs oiC w zioa BoM M jAs
,(TwpoT) r B @e AoM HLoJU LB] w zi oa xn AoMBM /kBwn
/SwA JE
BjAs BB pA ,r B oX8@Ake @e S] yhM A nj : 3 JwA ke

zi oa xn

tAoP uoP xqC v kaR njjAs o pATOooM VnAUw: 16-5 k]

Ae w
A Ae w
$U
v nB{
1
.5
.5
.25
.75
2
.625
.375
3
.3125
.6875
4
5
.65625
.34375
.33333
.66667
(ThC)
.66667
.33333
(ThC)
jkd

1-Crisscrosses
3-Intermediate

2-Three-way
rotation

rotation

307

o@ThC

BQ oiC r S8nBz w /k{ kAi jB@TwA ThC BB jB BM xqC AoMkk]

w jooM KJ M 8 v otBwA AoM SwA .25 .5 KUoU M C L$ B nkQ
jp i ,o{ BB Bkj xnoQ ,8 SwA kM /kwn kM nkQ [~ M nkQ
/k{ kAi nkQ BQ L A M jB@TwA S] LwB kk] jAs k$B<
1(NC ko@) Ak TzoM =U
kk] jAs o BB /j{ jB@TwA oj jAs M jAs pA ow ooU AoM xn A
k] /k{ jAj TzoM $U L$ v pA Be BB jB BM Ak n9 M JE
jAs Br BM k{ qB] Sw M S] Br Tow a M 8 kj Bz 16-6
Tr jA M 8kA RB@U v [Q B nBa pA uQ /k{ jAj cw nkQ BBQ
NCko kCo< BM EU kBM yq /S{Aj kAi j] }Bi jAs BM k{ NCko BB@
aAo{ ,jnA pA nBvM nj /Sv }hz ,SwA JE yq jAkU a BU A BA ,k{BM
AU kATM k{ NCko RBAe kk] JE jAsBU kMB ooU no n9 M kBM Ed
JBhTA jn kU AU jLM AoM Ed nj M BB /kB oBm An ji Tr
/kj An kk] jAs M BJM pB]A aAo{A 8 k{ $A
o@ThCAoM jAs JBhTA
gk ,8 n9 M /SwA o] jn ze pA B@C ,JBhTA B o@ThC BoM o tBwA
JBhTA ,RB@ oBw T{Aj SA Rn nj  /SwA oTzM o{ kU M MBTwj ,A

(AkTzoM VU)NCko pA jB7TwA BM BeVnAUwnj oZU : 16-6 k]

B

jAsw
.5

jAsw
.5

.25
.125

.75
.875

.625
.3125

.9375
.96875

(1 )n
2

1-Grading-up

1*(1 )n
2

NCko$U
A *B
A *( A * B)
A *( AAB )
A *( AAAB )
A *( AAAAB )
A

*ThCA n

v
1
2
3
4
5
n

jo{ BB xnoQ A

308

o] nj kBM An |Bi RAkU AnBQ n] kM 8 j{ boE S@ ka Bq

8 UB@ AoM jAso kU AU TvAj ,o@ThC S] BjAsJBhTA AoM /S<o@
BM An [Th BThC jo kBM n] A AoM /k{BM noe ,knAj jB~T$A xpnA
MyQ UoT nBYC pA {B yAq<A pA jnCoM <BeA M nBLU BjAsB pA jB@TwA
jB~T$A xpnA BM S@ ka AoM An kdT RBA o{ BjAs Aj /j
AoMAU An SwA k{ jAj Bz 16-7 k] nj 8 nB8 [BT /SwA j kMLUn
kAi Swj M JE [BT o@ThC Rn nj 8 BjAsyq jn nj o~U
UoQ knj SwA nAo$ BA SwA gk oT o{ kU o@A BX A M /j jB@TwA jAj
jw BTz uw AoM M o@ThC pA kBM ,k] A pL9 ,kMB yAq<A o{
uw AoM UoQ Aq o] pA  ,knAj An o{ kU BM BLUn jAsj o /Sv]
uw AoM -BTz ThC ,A oMBM /SwA [jn oiC nj BTz j LUn k]A
/kzhM jLM An UoQ Aq ,o{ kU 8 nj jBp yB8 kM kBM
,k{BM Svp AU yAq<A yAp B< yB8 ,o{ kU oM o@A ,oj go9 pA
X kUjpBM Svp AU jLM K] oB{oA BTz M $U 8 jn nB]TA
,Moa kM jA ,Moa ojBJ jLM o] pA BThC a ,A j] BM /jjo BTz
/S{Aj kAh Aka AnB8 ,o{ UoQ B Moa kM kB] jA
jnA oM ,|Bi Ed aAo{ BM ovo Bnz8 nj k] a pA jB@TwA
pA rq< B}iB{ AnBQ o@pAkA qTv Bad A nj AU MBpnA AoM p
/jM kAi BA BooMAoMnj SBJ ]
ovoBnzHnjBe [BT
M An kU oX8@Ake pB]A SwA  q KwB Ed aAo{ Te ovo p9B nj
jAs VnAU pA JE w SwA  KwB Ed aAo{ nj /kk }Bi jAs
,jAs j BThC jo 8 kT<Bnj (1967) ] LC /k{BM 5 B 1 jke }Bi
8 2
BB BM BQnA BjAsYnAU K8oU pA oj RBe BM vBJ nj (BTz B oB{oA)
p9B M BBpA nBvM/SwA oUoYpA ,k nj 1ABw` ,nBep9B M
M BwneB Bww M o{ pBwjApCodU M pB o{ pBwjApCAoMovo@
/k{ kAipB< YnAUnBT<n AoMBQnAjAs BM$U nBM ,GoBm /knAj{jo{ B
B S{ kU ,kB kp Rnk$ AoM k n9 M ,BB JBhTA ovo eA nj
8@) 2Bwj M BB BE BM (1972) B /SwA jMkp nA{j aAo{ SdU nB8@
ze A k nj wo] - Bwj BThC (SwA kQ 45 aJ< BC M pawT
1-Sahiwal

2-Deshi

309

o@ThC

jo{ BB xnoQ A

310

M BB jo B M BMo RAkBz pA AnBQ /SwA kBwn RBLYA M An

BBnB jAsM BTvA nj RB9A A ;SwA k{ jAj Bz 16-8 k] nj c< ThC
/SwA kC Swj M
JBhTA S] nj j] AU BM vBJ nj |~i M ,o@ThC pA Be S<ozQ
Rk{ ,Tr zU 8 kj Bz B wnoM /k{BM jBp nBvM ,Bwj jAs nj
omQ BA %1 Aq M o{ kU AoM An Tr yAq<A v B<  JBhTA
,k{BM jo{ nj nj kQ 824 }Bi Bwj jAsAoM kU B o@A /jpBw
qTv BThC cEw BU jAs kU yAq<A ,tBwA AoM /j{ kQ 8 aJ< ,Bw yAq<A
j{ kBM 8 SwA A j] z /jM kAi S$ Bw 24 pA yM go
C AoM Bwo] %5 jke YnAU w j{ w TzoM B$U B{qC BM kBM BC
o nj xqC M ad C AoM jB~T$A <o BM M kU AoM B jjo@e ad
/kB Ak$A BThC yq BM Ao
/jo{nj Anj wo]* Bwj BThC Bwj MBBvB] : 16-8 k]
ThC
2858

Bwj
824

S@
(kQ)jo{nj9 o{kU

317

276

(pn)jo{nj9

32

47

(B) BAp A B w

91

187

pBM BpnjAkU

368

452

(pn)yAp B<
:L

S.K. Moulick, R.E. McDowell, L.D. VanVleck, and H. Guha, 1972, J. Dairy Sci., 55 : 1148

17

o{ BBmU wBwAA

MB q BBvA AoM  SwA o{ M Am kLU ,Am o\p nj o{ B A %&

kLU BAU BknAhz oBw o{ B pBT Bs pA /k{BM 2o~
T o6 BjnCo6 Uo ,k{ w jA ,zi B6 ` BAm
q\U \T BAU =A /SwA BvA AoM 2o~ MB BAm M BvA AoM2o~ MBo
jB%TwA BknAhz k yQ nj j] BJo  M @Ani jA
jn /k{BM ji rq6 BA B\A S] B R~d pA BknAhz
BTwj nj Am  An UAoKU \ /knAj yL Am jA kLU nj q nqM a@
/k P ,kj B\A kM jB%TwA Jm] AoM ,xnA@
BknAhzknj 
CnB jn =A nj BL jnC Bj iAj M An Am  SwA BMp Am S6Bnj A P
/kM RAqM nAkL BM Ao j]  k 2o~  An Am B /knAk jBp
17-1 { nj /kB Soe 2 nB 1 L{ Sw M o XoY pA k{ kM jA
An L{ /(17-2 {) k{BM 4Ajo{ 3 nAq ,BknAhz k oj Sv j
j M , nAq /kB q " 5v k B{" C nAj SLY S M An nB v@
pA  Ao{ Aop SwA A k Ajo{ /SwA 2o B =A M jkT BKU jM AnAj
/jnAjqC nko kwA ,j{ c{oU C
L{ /jjo jq6A nB L{ nj j] B jU M RAqM k{ kM Am
1-Rumen

2-Reticulum

3-Omasum

4-Abomasum

5-Honeycomb

jo{ BB xnoQ A

312

To nAo po : 17-1 {

/nB L{nj

k SwAn Sw : 17-2 {
o xoM,Bk&nAhz
jn *o{ Ajo{ , nAq
/a&@

B (BoC =B 6 BU 4) oT 227 BU 151 nAk M njB dBM RBAe nj nB

jA k{ eh K] nB L{ (nBM Lj o HLoLU) h BLLA /kTv
kCo6 Y An C Gjk\ B ,Am 2o~ pA kM /j{ L{ nj j] jA BM k{ kM
j] B Am pAzhM ,e o =A nj /j] nBMj kAjooM Bj iAj M nAhz
nBMj Lj Rk AoM B\Cnj kMB BLTA Bj M o XoY pA nB L{ nj
Apn ,Am o] k ji Sl M ]U BM B /j{ kM k]
/kB nAhz 2o S SBw 1 BU 8 HLoLU
n  BB (1971 NBTwA) wnoM nj /k c{oU RAqM jBp nAkL BB@
c{oU RAqM oT 18 ,148 ,178 ojBL Apn KUoU M ,kjo mKU w B tAo ,zi
M o] L{ nj n zU pA s =A  jnAj  drw yz RAqM /kj
jA ow q\U M L{ BJo  M kB  jA ow k{ ui
/jjo o\ k{nAhz

313

o{ BB mKU wBwA A

=A Y /kB BM nB L{ nj pn =ka BU SBw =ka Rk AoM Am

k yhM BJo /kB B%A An yL C P nj BJo Rk
kLU =Mo kv@A j BT ,nAo6 Joa BkwA M An Am nj j] BRAnkMo@
QoQ kwA ,(knj 7 BU 5) TwA kwA B{ oTzM nAo6 Joa BkwA /k
kwA  nAkL ,=` /k{BM (knj 15 BU 1) oUM kwA (knj 3 BU 2)
Joa BkwA =A /j{ kU q knAj BU Mo o\p  BkwA oj oA
nAj iAj nj k{ Jm] 1poQ M w BU BkCoM M BU o\p nAo6
M TwA kwA /jjo i Jm] B R~d kpAjoQ pBw Siw M L{
M kL iAj nj QoQ kwA /j{ jB%TwA roA =FU AoM A`B S6BM @
jB%TwA o{ pT@ pBw yQ roA=FU AoM Ae q pA /jjo kLU i q@
kLU RAoUM vnkBTM M L{ z{Q Bw B kL nj oUM kwA /j{
=Mo kv@A j /jo nAo jB%TwA jn o{ Moa zU AoM BTvQ XoY pA j{
XoY jpA BpB =A /k{ jApCP B nj  kTv L{ A BpB ,BT
nj BpB =A \U Rn nj /kjo ZnBixnA wd pA ,k{ i Jm] jp nC
B BU L{ /j{ o\ Aj o M jM kk{ Rn nj  j{ jB\A g% L{
RAnl M nAhzBM L{ nj j] oTnqM RAnl /k Am nBLA A M BAm q\U
/k C n kATM jn k nj P Bo{ BU j{ kLU qn
/kB B%A ,=UoQqTw BRAnkMo P nj yL L{ BJo
BkwA BU kB jB%TwA UoQ UoQo MB roT pA Mnl RAj] =A
Soe jn 2oY M Am BM Ao BMo  nY B /k qTw An ji jB%TwA jn C
jn Ae Am BpB 6n AoMBC nj j] C BkwA k{ P k
BpB pA zhM kAU k nAhz RBAe KUoU =kM /ko nAo jB%TwA
/knC Swj M ,|@BC nA ` UoQ o Am MB XoY pA An ji UoQ
oY B o B=BT |~i M ,B=BT qTw nj L{ nj j] BJo
P B M = ,k qTw ji RB]BTeA AoMAn B=BT =A B Jo /kTv
k nAhz Ae jB%TwA jn k{ jApC B o B=BT ,a jn nj BC
/j{ qTw q k =BT L{ nj /ko nAo
SAk nAq k yhM =w M k q\U L{ BMo  An jA
 SwA k{ zU JBT BoM L{ A BS6BM jBp jAkU pA Sv =A /kjo
/SwA k{ P jA pA JC Jm] C BA pA jnAj An B oT 18 jke yB\@

1-Papilli

jo{ BB xnoQ A

314

kwA Be  An k o{ Ajo{ /kn (A k) Ajo{ M nAq pA jA

/j{ 2.5 jke M Ajo{ ATd pH yB K] k c{oU SwA onk
 SwA C nqBUB , qC /jjo c{oU Ajo{ nj =n =vPQ qC j=A oM
BM oKU B q\U kM y@A BBQ nj ,ji k  C jA nj oKU jB\A M
Ajo{ ATd =BQ pH ,jnAj kwA rd M pB y@A AoM =vPQ  B\C pA /kB
TPQ) k nY M oUjBw jA M An B=UoQ kATM BU k Ao6 C AoM An BA =A
A] BBw 6o~ o{ k{ Th B k{ j WBM =n /kB q\U (BkTPQ
/jjo o\ C oTM PM SB nj  j{
Bjnnj 
4 HLoLU B a jn /j{ kB 1 t kn Bjn M k pA  Am jA
a BkAp BM jn BnAj /jnAj An B oT 37 nAk yB\ Y oT
yhM /kj yAq6A An Jm] crw  SwA k{ k{Q 2 poQ M w kB SzA
jA Jm] M oTzM C BQ yhM BqC c{oU M k nY M a jn AkTMA
/jnAj |B~TiA k{ PAm
jn pA Jm] AoM Am Aq]A k{ dT RAoKU a jn nj t@
RBd{oU =` Ao% tAoBQ Bo{  M t P /j{ jBC a@
M w ,jnAj B] k op nj  nBM Ak pA tAoBQ o{ /jo B\A Ajn
kC Ajo{ pA  An kwA t SwA B tAoBQ o{ /j{ c{oU tAoBQ
c{oU WBM jnAm oYFU jn nAj Bw n oM kwA t /kB Xi
nj  jjo e tAoBQ M k Jm] i An =Uow /j{ =Uow n
/j{ a jn nj tAoBQ o{ c{oU WBM B\C
3 rvPoU BqC =A pA /jnAj =UoQ k q\U qC kw tAoBQ o{
C B6 { M kLU ,j{ c{oU jn nAj pA  pBoTC qC XoY pA  SwA
B o{ j] Rnol BM pH =A /SwA 8 =vPoU AoM KwB pH /jjo =vPoU

=j rvPoU /jpBw ={n k kwA t j Xi AoM An tAoBQ

An B=UoQ =vPoU /j{ kLU =vPoU M =vPoU XoY pA SwA qC
BkTPQ M w BU o\p C BkwA C BkwA M /kAkz 4S6BMC B @
vMo /jjo q o{ k{ Th K] =vPQoU /kB kLU C BkwA M

1-Chyme

2 Villi

3-Trypsinogen

4-Hydrolysis JC M B{q\U

315

o{ BB mKU wBwA A

jnAm oYA BkTPQ noM k q\U An =UoQ  SwA qC =w pAkTPQ

/k c{oU An C tAoBQ  SwA oj qC pBP /k Ak] pA An C BkwA
nj Moa P hA yhM =AoMBM /SwA  HTLv Bk nAhz k nj Moa P Aq
BC M k q\U ov Joa BkwA M An BMoa pBP /jomQ Rn Bjn
k{ jApC jn wd nj  Joa BkwA /kj An a jn nAj pA nL pB]A
M Bv ,Ao% B BM Joa BkwA =A KoU Rn nj BA ,kAdB
tBwA nj jnAk P BqC Ao% /k{ zU JC nj d jA Rn
kATM pBP BU j{ Moa RAnl crw yAq6A WBM k (Ao{) qn An Moa RAor
/k q\U oTBwC An BMoa
BM Ao% /j{ oil Ao% v nj c{oU kL pA  SwA nqLw Xn B Ao%
j Xi M SwA B Ao% ,jjo jApCAo% v pA ,tAoBQ { BM MBz kn
BkwA BM  SwA B Be Ao% =` /kB  k kwA t@
jn nAj pA oTzM Sw BM kATM BkwA =A BU kj v zU KoU Joa
/k{ Jm]
/kB kLU pTB M An TwBz  SwA pC tAoBQ o{ nj j] qC =w
,k nAhzo RBAe nj /jnAj  nBvM nAkL B jnAk 1 =BTQ Bk nAhz RAqM
/kB kLU pTB M An TwBz =BTQ
tBU j{ c{oU jn nAj pA  qC ka BM jn =BQ 2oY M Soe BM t@
3
2
M  pC ,pBP ,pTB , pAkTPQ , pBoTC ; pA kARnBL B qC =A /kB Be

M An BMoa ,q M An pTB ,C BkwA M An BkTPQ ,=vPoU M An rvPoU KUoU

=` /kB kLU pTB M An TwBz pC SB nj ov Joa BkwA
/k q\U An C M eMo B=UoQ  BkwA  jnAj BqC jno{
nAj XoY pA k jA ,B=BT ,jBw Bk ,BTPQ ,BkTPQ ,C BkwA
jA =A /kMB BLTA kL M i BM k Soe i Bo] nj /k{ Jm] jn
/k{ e kM BTv BU M kL pA rq6 BA jB%TwA AoM
BkwA /k{ Jm] jA oBw pA RB%T {n BM ov Joa BkwA KA
jB\A d ,a jn z{Q Bw BpoQ 2oY M ov Joa
/kj { An Moa BU ,k Soe ov Joa BkwA =M oTwA BkQ
/k Soe BpoQ % Bo 2oY M kn BS6BM M Bw pA Moa RAor

1-Ptyalin
3-Peptidase

2-Enterokinase

jo{ BB xnoQ A

316

i Tvw M C jn d M ,nk nB\ M % nB\ XoY pA n ,uPw

C M kAk{ Jm] n nj  Moa qn Bv /j{ jAj BLTA K pA yQ kn
/j{ kB 1a  kj o{ oB&
k{ jnA nqMjn M k |oU An Sv =A a jn nj kz Jm] jA LM
jnAk P o{ _ nqM jn/kB BM B\Cnj Y HTLv Bp Rk AoM
kjw P eAo /knAk P MB Am jA q kwn Sv =A M  jA
jn nj kz P n oMBoT@BM ohU /j{ B a jn nj HLoLU Ae AoM
JC 2 njn nqM jn/j{ k6k nj kM M WBM  jo B\A njn nqM
M =` nqM jn,k Jm] An k{ P jA pA Be BoT@BM R~d
/kB 6j jA AoMqh A

m jA pA jB"TwA
3 m jB%oU
RBe AjA M  j{ RYA MBz KoU BM Am Aq]ApA o B q] o M mK jB
,k jA ,BMoa ,BRAnkMo ,B=UoQ M mK jA /kB  Ae
P SwA mK jA pA zhM PMB mK jB /kAk{ kM LLY B=BT
/SwA k{ kM Jm]
mK jB ,k{ kMLLY nolo nol o j M mK jA
/j{ B Am o] XoY pA kBM j{ qTw 6B pAkA M kM XoY pA kAU nol
BpB jo 2oYoM AoM qTw Aq = ,k{ qTw kM nj mK jA A ioM
nj SwA p Ae rq6 BA AoM nolo mK jA /Sv 6B Apn
BA S] 6B nAkL M xnABTwj nj j] Mo nY B kM BS6BM
/j{ qTw Ae rq6
/jnAj C k{n eo Ae kM TvM mK jB jM nol o B nol
B B=BT 6B pAkA M dBM Bk nAhz L{ nj j] Mo nY BX AoM
nY p C nj  A] Bw MBL nj ,k qTw Ae Am BpB =FU AoMAn
/k{BM T o] nj j] B B=BT Aq M kBM ,kz jB\A L{ Mo
ji o] M B B B=BT nol C BkwA =FU AoM Ak U RBAe
/kATvMA

1- Chyle
2-Cecum SwA k{A anqMBjn=MYBLU nj  nv
3-Nutrient

317

o{ BB mKU wBwA A
Bk nAhz njm jA pA jB"TwA

Ajo{ ,nAq ,nB ,L{ nj P kCo6 k \T nj jkT B{ RBLoU

QoQ ,TwA BkwA /jo nAo Ae kM jB%TwA jn ,a jn
,jz ohU L{ nj `Ba q /k{ Jm] L{ pA ,oUM vnk
/k{ Jm] a jnpA ov Joa BkwA ,B=BT ,C BkwA
yQ kLU SwQ M k{ni n yMBU XoY pA Am XoY pA kAU D =BT
BA cd B\A AoM q oj mK jA /kC Swj M D =BT M C jB
jA pA oT KUAo M jA =A Jm] Aq = ,SwA nol Ae kM rq6
/k{BM A mK
XoY pA  Moa BXTwA M ,k{ Jm] a jn L{ pA  mK jA
e ,kMB { oKU jA PM  B] kL M ,j{ e B% Tvw
kM nTh BSv M kL pA rq6 @B BA B\A AoM mK jA /k{
/kMB BLTA
_ B\A kM kM LY BkAo6 nAk AoMk jA BBT ,=UoQ ,roA
RB]BTeA" M kM nAk AoM p mK jA /k{BM p Aj wwU kU nB@
BMol ,`B BLLA ,u%U X rq6 BA AoMroA /SwA 2o 1"nAk
oU AoM pn o q =UoQ /SwA nol Soe jA P ,kM Bj %e ,K
kk] Bw SiBw AoM q k jA /SwA pB jn T6n =M pA Bw qB]
=UoQ ,roA Aqo@A /SwA ZBTeA AhTwA nj T6n Swj pA k jA j =qB]
oA =A  k q\U M ko{ kM BS6BM k{BL 6B nAk AoM mK jA oBw
/jjo o\ kM p=T6n Swj pA M SB nj
,o{ kU ,LY rq6 BA %e AoM Am M o{ B A BpB
k{n nAk AoMwL6 A] Bw BX A M /SwA A] BB nj k{n ,Bw@
/k =FUAnX kU ,k{n,nAkRB]BTeAkBM =TvMCvU CBe ,jnAjpBAmjA M
Am* BpB,U

rq6 BA AoM RBAe Am BpB jnCoM ,v o] AoM : BjL kBz

nj j] mK jA RBLoU BB Am BpB p nj UBYA =T{Aj ,@B@
=ka pA @A ni jA Am xpnA Ae BpB }hzU AoM /SwA nol |@Ani
S] o] M jA jq6A BjL k kBz xn /j{ jB%TwA xn
=U xn =A BM ,B=BT k jA M RBAe Am BpB /SwBjL 6n
1- Maintenance

requirement

jo{ BB xnoQ A

318

j{ =U AmKU yBpC nj kBM SwA p o] nj  Am jA nAkL /j{

nAkL C Y  j{ RYA k{ oT zBpC M AmKU yBpC : 1 Am U ByBpC
oh pA C rq6 A u o@pAkA k 2o~ Ae  @A ni KoU
An |@A ni k j ByBpC =A nj /j{ =U X kU ,k{n ,o{ kU ,nAk
jB kB6 B Be |@A ni oj kB{ A M BC pA  j vBL AU
wBL A M AU An o] j pA o M SLv A u /SwA oh jn Am
/S6ooh nj Ae BZBTeA j jnCoM S] jB C pA pB jn nAkL AoM
Am jA B{ RBLoU P SMB =U AoM P yBpC : 2  ByBpC

BAm B Am kBwn 2o~ M pA SwA RnBL P yBpC =oUjBw /j{ jB%TwA
nAkL ,P yBpC A yhM nj /k RjB C M Ae BU = Rk AoM s
Ae k6k pn o /jjo =U C B{ KoU j{ 2o~ A pn  Am
jo  BM o~ o AoM An Am oB P SMB /jjo q\U =pU ,nC ]
/jnC Swj M AU jo 2o~ Ae  Am nj j] nAkL pA k6k nj j] Aq
nj j] Am jB pA k{ 2o~ nAkL =M lB%U pA RnBL Am jB o P SMB
SMB yBpC BX AoM WdM =A AjA nj ,k{BM Am nj C nAkL oM vLU k6k
=UoQ knj 12  zi n o1 BMA pnTiAo B /SwA k{ jnC P
o@A /SwA k{ 2o~ pn nj =UoQ (%12*1) o 1.2 =AoMBM /j{ mKU jnAj
6j o.35 H] /k 6j jnAj =UoQ knj 1.4  k6k o 25 pnnj Ae
(.35 Kg) k6k nj j] =UoQ nAkL =M 2TiA /(%1.4*25=.35) SwA k{
1.2 oM .85 vLU BM /k{BM (1.2-.35=.85 Kg) kM nj k{ Jm] =UoQ nAkL
7.8 6 =A AoM  ,kC Swj M knj KveoMP Kol 1 nj j Jol
BX =A MBz A{ BM AU Am Aq]A oBw P SMB LwBd AoM /SwA knj
/j
SwA P ByBpC M L{ Am jA jBU ByBpC : 3Am* jA jBU ByBpC
jBU =U AoM /j{ o@pAkA k{ 6j jA BU nj Am jA  RB%U =ABM
,o{ BB jn nj /j{ o@pAkA j o k6k nAnjA nj j] roT kBM roT
pA k{ 6jnAkL) k{BM % Ae kM njroT pA o@A /jjo =U kBM o{ roT
RB]BTeA =TiBw jBT S] (k{BM oTzM k{ 2o~ nAkL pA o{ k6k ,nAjA XoY
=UoQ pB Aq AU KUoU =kM /j{ 6BlA o] M =UoQ nAkL kBM ,2o~
kM KoU nj , SwA =A z ,k jA jBU jn nj /j }hz An Ae

1- Feeding

trials

3- Balance

trials

2- Digestion

trials

319

o{ BB mKU wBwA A

An (kM SwA nj o%v6 v s M) RAoKU =A  nY M ,kC j] M UAoKU

/jo o@pAkA oM BtBL BM AU
o@pAkA Am jA oM An Mo P q\U oYFU BLLd :L{ nj  B{
1
/j o@pAkA Am Mo B6o pA jB%TwA BM AU An RAoKU =A ,k

T@AjA n oB , 3 BNUqA BM AU An 2 RBB qB] Sow L{ \e

B] a jn L{ nj  4B /jo LwBd pBwXn B{n P MBo
Ao6 An Ajo{ pA k{ ZnBi jA =` L{ jA pA nAjoM BA k{ jAj
4 BU 2) qn nBvM BiAnw BM (oTTBw 5*15) 5TwQ Bv /jpBw
/jAj B] L{ iAj njTv6 pA jB%TwA BM AU An Am jA Be (oTo

=AoMBM ,k nL Bv =A Bpn pA  kTv njB L{ BoT@BM RBB

(SBw 24 12 ,8 ,4 ,2) nTh BBp njv =T{AjoM BM /kB q\U An Am
oM B{ q\U B\A BM /j ZnBi L{ wd pA An kz q\U jA LM AU
KoU =UoQ omQ q\U B P SMB AU v nj kBBM jA n
An C jA e SMB oL6 P SMB =` kz q\U =UoQ C BkwA
/j =U
KoU k{n nj RAoKU M  An jBU mKU BzBpC ,nBTz BzBpC : nBTz ByBpC

,kM SwA nj o] pA {B RAoKU BzBpC =A BM /k U knAj ]U kM

jn nj BzBpC =A B\A  nY M /jo o@pAkA AU An Moa KoU ,B`B
/SwA o]A MB ,nAoQ k{n Be nj RBAe
BT6BM q\U kn wnoM XoY pA nAk RB]BTeA : 6Am* 3o~ 67 pA {B T8BM q\U
pA od Ae nj /j{ =U (wo@) |@Ani 2o~ r KBT (vMBUB@)
BBLLA %e ,i Bo] ,u%U pA SBe AoM pB jn mK jA ,|@A ni
q\U XoY pA kM omQB JBT]A BSB6 oBw ,iAj RBd{oU kU ,A`B
nAkL =U BM |@Ani 2o~ r pA {B T6BM q\U o@pAkA /j{ Ao6 BT6BM
k{ Ae  roA /k{BM ov nTh d{oU BAn pA k{ ZnBiRBBl KoU
An C AU j{ 6j RnAoe Rn M k 2o~ R6 BkCo6 AoM|@A ni pA
Rk Y  UnAoe /jo o@pAkA LTv o oT oB B v%U oT oB w M
 j{ kB Ae 7 BQ pBw Siw nAkL ,jjo jApC|@A ni pA Ae Sod
1-Marker

2- Fluid turnover

3- Isotopes

4-Cannula

5- Nylon

6- Fasting

7-Basal

bags

metabolic rate

rates

catabolism

jo{ BB xnoQ A

320

pA {B T6BM q\U ojBL pA yM LLe nAk RB]BTeA /jnAjTvM kM crw pAkA M

6BlA Am jA ,=UoQ ,roA M kM Soe AoMRBAe Aop ,SwAm 2o~ r
/knAj pB oj
MBTwj tBwA Am BZBTeA A oQ nTh MB pA Be RBYA : Am* BjnAkBTwA
Am jB nAkL  SwA Bk] Am BjnAkBTwA /SwA Am BjnAkBTwA M
,k{n ,nAk rq6 BnB B\A AoM An RBAe nTh kAA S] pB jn
/kj Bz jo{ ,X kU ,kMnAoQ
=@Ani nBTiA 3o~

%e oMw  rq6 BnB pBw  M k nAhz RBAe |@Ani 2o~

BnB pBw BM |@Ani 2o~ oT oM@Be nBpBw /j{ oT knAj iAj wd
jBU /jnAjeBLUnA kM KoU RnAoe ]nj ,BwQ C BkwA ,i q k hU
M nAjA An Ae  j{ hU MBT RAoKU pA A\ |@A ni BM ,roA
/kB Am jo 2o~ B jo 2o~
njB An |@Ani 2o~ nU ko{  jnAj q@Ao qK tBUP L~ qo
j] (jni qo) tBUP LB] Sv nj  BK~ SB6 yAq6A /k
B Sv nj BK~ SB6 yAq6A k njB An Am 2o~ Bo6 jnAj
/kpBw nT An C 2o~ (ow qo) 1 tBUP
oQ  k oT An BknAhz Am 2o~ jkT MBT q6 A
BC ] pA L{ ohU pA {B nAo6 Joa BkwA @AoU (eBvLA) a jn jM
/kMB yAq6A C pA kM |@Ani 2o~ B L{ nAo6 Joa BkwA Sh /k{BM
kL wwU QoQ kwA kU yAq6A L{ nAj wwU TwA kwA Sh yAq6A
MBT RBYA Ao M j{ jBTwo6 tBUP M RBYA =A /j{ SLY
RBYA tBUP /j{ nT B ko{ Bp a nj Am 2o~  k =U oj
|@Ani 2o~ oT S] q An SwA 2roA jBU a oBM  ,kM oBil A oQ
SLv M ]U BM An Am 2o~ nB L{ eBvLA =` /kB nC]
kU |@A ni 2o~ Y nj  UnAoe i q /kB jkd o] 6 S%@
2o~ oM  B j /jnAj BknAhz nj |@A ni 2o~ hU oM kA oYFU ,j{
oj SwA (L{ oQ B eBvLA) q6 BSjkd jnAm oYFU |@Ani
nj /(17-3{) knAj eBLUnA |@A ni k Am jA Jm] BM  MBT R~d
eBLUnA P =A eBvLA BM ,A6 Bo] |~i M Am 2o~ ,L{ jM oQ SBe
1-Hypothalamus

2- Homeostasis

321

o{ BB mKU wBwA A

/roA zi jB 4o~ Bo] Am:xpnA
M <MAn : 17-3 {

jB Am xpnA  B ,kMB yAq6A C 2o~ |@Ani PSMB yAq6A BM /jnAj
,kMB yB zi jB 2o~ ,kMB yAq6A oTBv j 6BlA BM @A ni
L{ jM oQ 1UnAoe -B{ jkd nj /kB BM SMBY roA 2o~
An Am 2o~ UnAoe - B{ BnBpBw pA ioM= ,k jkd An 2o~oj
/j kAi oT@
k] nj /j{ Jvd Sjkd zi jB 2o~ kUoQ o{ BB nj
k{ AnA SwA p o{ kU kM p tBwAoM BB AoM zi jB Aq 21-3
T% 4) jo{ njAA nj kBM |@Ani 2o~ \nkU yAq6A j M BnA =A /SwA
AU zi jB 2o~ yAq6A oM oY jkT A pA /j{ jAj yB (BA p pA kM
jAj ,Am k o nj oTBv  nAkL 2o~ ,Am 2o~ RB6j ;jo{ oM An op jnA
jM toTwj nj ,( 2eh B Bo]) 6 oTBv jo eh ,AkTMA nj 6
/=T{Aj knj 5 pA oT kenj An o] SMYn SB nj @A ni xi yAq6A ,Am
pA) |@A ni SMYn nj knj 1 yAq6A BM  kjAj Bz (1979 uva) n BLLd
zi jB 2o~ nj yB o .1 ,kM po 45 o ApA M ,(knj 5 M 4
` A M ,SMYn yAq6A j M zi jB 2o~  nj yB /j{ jB\A
BAm pA Be ohU R~d ,oT RAqM kU ,Am RAnl jM oUqn ,Am pH
/jnAj eBLUnA JYo

1-Chemostatic-thermostatic

range

2- Total mixed

rations

18

o{ B AmBpB
roA /SwA p rq BA cd kn B\A AoM Am" jA &A yhM
nBvM ke nj B,BT k jA M /k{ Jvd m2 jA ,oT ,UoQ
o{ Moa kU L{ KwB jo AoM =@A ni nj oL j] /SwA pB oTA@
/j{ To o& nj m2 jB A M , /SwA p q JC /jnAj RnoG
roA
pA roA MBpnA AoM /SwA roA ,o{ B AoM v o] nj m2 jB ,oT
RBJT BkAo AoM p KAo{ AnAj kBM tBM o /j{ jBJTwA jBp BtBM
/kB jnCoM An B]BTeA kATM BU k{BM T{Aj An p BA@A ni roAB{pnA rq
1 MB mjA \
P MBR m2 jA \ ,j{ jBJTwA kdT RBA nj A [An BwBM pA
vn /J /U ,196 Bw nj /j{ BM p B knj Rn M ,A SwA ( TDN )
nj An Be RB\A joA nC ] An Bp C BU Am" ByBpC pA nBvM RB\A
nAjnioM Sq ,A pA TDN tBM /jAj nAoR toTwj nj , "jAj =@Ani =@Ani" JBTA@
/k{BM Am" roA xpnA,hU B{n ,oUjBw pA A SwA
,2.25 nj JoG P MBR Moa ] Be Rn M =@Ani TDN nAkM
k{ coU ( NFE ) P MBR RpA pA nB nB~ P MBR oL ,P MBR ,UoQ
p keA o nj roAoMAoM 2.25 RAnkMoA B ,UoQ BM vBM nj Moa roA/SwA
nAkM M eMo RB\A /j{ BM knj M =@Ani TDN xpnA/k{BM
/kC Swj M gk =@Ani B{ q\U P ByBpC pA B=@A ni TDN

1- Total

Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

jo{ BB xnoQ A

324

/wA jo o
o{ B  AmpA jBTwA roA UA : 18-1 {
Aj A Un nj ,jnAj nAoR knj 7 BU 45 pA AAj nj B TDN
/k{BM knj 9 BU 65 ,M zi jB tBwAoM BoTBvA@
cU roAAop /Sv rq BkAo AoM toTwj MBR roA nAkM , TDN tBM
TDN B{n /jo o& nj An Am" jA ( HI) UnAoe UUA yAqA B BpB oYA oM k{
SLv  TDN oA Aop ,kj Swj M Am" nj j] roA pA MRj MBpnA
/kB Ao rq BkAo AoM oTA roAoTBvA TDN oA M
MBR roA , 1P MBR roA` ojBvBM pA ,roA oTM MBpnA AoM,AoMBM
Bz (18-1) { nj BvBM ,A eBLUnA /j{ jBJTwA 3}Bi roA 2 pBw Siw
/SwA k{ jAj
TDN

MB roA

BA n\ M A B nj k{jApC RnAoe nAkM A pA SwA RnBL =@Ani 4 Bi roA

roA nAkM /kC Swj M 5 oToBA KM nj Am" kApw BM nAkM ,A /jpw
jnC Swj M AoM A BzBpC MBz) P BzBpC pA jBJTwA BM Am" P MBR
An Am" jA pA nAjoMoM ,yhM) j{ }hz (j{ jBJTwA =@A ni TDN B{pnA
pA /j{ LwBd k{ Uo~ Bi roA joA A BM P MBR roA /(kLM 17 ~ nj
/jnAjAn RR cG eBM B ,AoMBM SwA =@Ani TDN xpnAM L{ tBM ,A A B\C

1- Digestible
3- Net

energy

energy

5- Bomb

calorimeter

2- Metabolizable
4- Gross energy

energy

325

o{ B Am" BpB
pBw Siw MB roA

qAoTeA MBR BpB nAnjA nj k{ cU roAjoA A BM=@A ni pBw Siw MBR roA
B nj Ae AoM nAjA roA UUA /kC Swj M P MBR roApA (BT)
A qAoTeA MBR BpB nAkM /kA Uo~ oTBvA A SwA RA pA oTzM  Uo~
oToBA pA /j o@pAkA vJU qBUA B vJU oToBA BM AU An kA j Ae
/j{ jBJTwA kA jB qBzTwA Ae A pB nAkM o@pAkA AoMvJU
}BiroA

Swj M pBw Siw MBR roA ( HI ) UnAoe UUA GBJU pA }Bi B s roA
jA ,TiBw jBJTwA MBR AoM Ae A SwA UnAoe nAkM pA RnBL UnAoe UUA /kC
,k{n ,v] BA AoM =@Ani RA xpnA oBM }Bi roA/kj Swj pA Am"
/SwA Moa kU o{ kU ,nAk
/j{ BM zi jB oA nj oBA@B KveoM Am" }Bi roA xpnA
Aq M JC oA 1 Bj yAqA AoM p RnAoe nAkM pA RnBL oBA@B
,SwA qoQ cTh BAm" }Bi roA LwBd a /SwA jAoTBw ]nj
M eMo RBMMdU pA Be RB\A pA jBJTwA BMAn BAm" }Bi roA ojBM vn
An kk] nB Aj m2U AoM /j jnCoM ,kU BnBA AoM BAm" Lv xpnA
roA nB /joA nAm BQ TDN nB ` BAm" 1 (ENE) }Bi roA,hU S]
BGA ,kB jnCoMkU BnBA S] An Am" xpnA pA Ak{ bA pAkA,}Bi
Am" roA nAkM /kj AnA oTBvA  Am" xpnAAoMoTMRj MBpnA ,A oM
qo U A M SwA oTA ENE BRnA A n\ M Sv }Bi xn BMoMAoM ENE xn nj
/j{ BM roA 2

roA BpB k' (U A

roA nAkM ,kU o{ nAkM ,nAk RB]BTeA Aq M o{ B roABpB

Rn njAe k{n Aq v] BpB ,j{ }hz Moa nAkM pA A o{
pB RAke tBwAoM Ae o AoMk{ U Am"jA nAkM /jnAj TvM ,jL vBM
,BGA M ,j{ ,U P Am" RBzBpC pA A rq S]
/j{ ,U BAm" nj UTiA Ae j ,M RBJU jAj y{Q S] BGA nAkM
Am" jA BU wBd pA A SwA o] nj ZBTeA jn Am" nAkM ,pB RAke
KA o{ nj|Bi Ae AoM ,kM cd B\A pA SBe S]
1- Estimated

Net Energy

2- Therms

jo{ BB xnoQ A

326

/kB SBJA Jz
BjnC o ,UoQ B ,BoTBvA ,B }Bi roA TDN xpnA
}Bi roA xpnA /SwA k{ jAj Bz 19-3 19-2 Bk] nj cTh o
M }Bi roA /jnAj TvM o{ kU B k{n ,nAk S] CpA jBJTwA g M =@A ni
BA tBwAoM An BpB (1968) Ro ,o xn /SwA k{ BM {o\ j
AnA ,p yAqA AoM }Bi roA B nAk AoM }Bi roA LR pA rq
A UBJT BA tBwAoM An }Bi roA BpB (1969) R xn /kA
AoM o{ BB cTh BAm" roA nAkM /kA AnA ,SwA p o{ kU AoM
k{ AnA 19-3 19-2 Bk] nj (o{ kU B TvMC ,nAk) jBJTwA g o
o{ kU ,nAk S] pB jn Am" nAkM LwBd AoM AU An BRnA ,A /SwA
p yA qA AoM }Bi roA nAkM B{ Bk] ,A /jAjnAoR jBJTwA jn X kU
/k{BM q k{n Be nj RBAe
roA nAkM A BzBpC B\A BM ,Am" BnB nj nAk BRnA : nAk BpB
o2U A Un nj /SwA kC Swj M kA LwBd An kM p}Je S] p ,UoQ
KAoU nj o2U o gR BM k{BM nAk RB]BTeA o@pAkA AoM nB BU kM p
kAU RBAe jnA pA nBvM nj /j{ jnCoM RA ke pA oTA nAk ZBTeA ,kM
/kA ,qB] An BzkM p { joA oQ B JC joA BGA BM kkM Swj pA An kM SBM
Am" Uo~ zR pA {B (SiBwo) vMBUBA wnoM B\A BM nAk BpB oBw
SBe nj pB jn roA ,M TvM Ae nAk ZBTeA /j{ LwBd
Aoa A Ae nAk ZBTeA /jnAj q SB ,` Am" pA SeAoTwA
/j{ jAj Am" (Twj m2U) LzA nj A SwA Ae pA yM kA (Uo m2U)
nj A SwA BB AoM p roA kA B A An nAk BpB pA Two 18-1 k]
BpB o] kA Aoa Uo nj Ae o@A /SwA jnC k{ nAk jAoJA BBB]
/kMB yAqA knj 1 BU 25 kBM C nAk
jnC 18-1 k] nj Moa RBJT Bknj BM o{ kU AoM roABpB : kU BpB
/ (NRC) SwA RBMMdU TA BnB M {T 18-1 k] BRnA /SwA k{
p Am" jA nAkM /kMB yAqA,UoQ roA BpB TvMC \ nj :X kU BpB
K"A /jnAj TvM en pAkA SJ] B pAkA ,,] B \e ,,] pAkA M
k{ U o] /kA U An ABGA =@A ni _ B w BU ,Am" Bo]
,cd BB /SwA k{ jAj Bz 18-1 k] nj TvMC oiC B 2 \ nAk AoM
oTzM roA kBM kM Boil joA ,qB] S] ,v] nAk BpB oM
/(18-1 k]) knAj SBnj

327

o{ B Am" BpB

/m jA M o{ BBApn pB : 18-1 k]

oJv
(o@)

vA@
(o@)

11
14
17
2
23

16
2
24
28
32

16
2
24
28
32

26
33
39
46
52

roA
TDN

(oA@)
1

3.13
3.7
4.24
4.76
5.26

}BiroA
(oBA@B)

nAkBpB

7.16
8.46
9.7
1.89
12.3

Bi,UoQ
(oA@)

.39
.49
.59
.68
.77

kMp
(oA@)

4
5
6
7
8

(zinjB TvMCoiC B2) TvMC nAkpB

4.8
4.82
5.53
6.2
6.85

9.3
11
12.61
14.16
15.64

.69
.8
.94
1.7
1.21

4
5
6
7
8

(MoaRBJTBknjBMo{ oAApA M Am" jB)o{ kUAoMAm" pB

1.68
1.83
1.93
2.13
2.28
2.43

2.73
2.97
3.21
3.45
3.69
3.93

.28
.31
.322
.343
.364
.385

.64
.69
.74
.78
.83
.88

.72
.79
.84
.91
.99
.14

3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5

(kMpnj o2UoAo ApA M Am" jB)jo{ Rknj kM pRAo2U

-2.17
-4.92
-.32
pyBA@
+2.26
+5.12
+.5
pyAqA
jo{ nj,A nj A BBAoMknj2 AqM nAkpB ,A] BBk{n AoM-1
/kAAkQyAqAkTv jo{,j nj A BBAoMknj1 knAj nAoR
nj BvU nAk RB]BTeA n S] Apn pB jn Am" jA nAkM : k{n BpB
kCo ,A AoM roA pA jBJTwA nj Aop k{BM k{n AoM p nAkM pA Ak] k{n Be
BzBpB oM jo{ nj,j ,A nj BB /(18-2 k]) jnAj j] UTiA
U tBwAoM /knAj pB k{n AoM oTzM roA X kU nAk S]

jo{ BB xnoQ A

328

jAs = S ) mjA M k{nBe nj BvUApn BpB : 18-2 k]

/(nqM jAs= L ,a@
oJv vA@ TDN NEm NEm Bi ,UoQzi jBUo~ pBGA kM p
(g)
(g)
(kg)
(Mcal)
(Mcal)
(Kg)
(Kg)
(kg) pnnj (Kg)
8 15
1.67
.91 2.72
.39
2.4
.4
(s)1
9 17
1.98
1.4 2.72
.46
2.9
.6
(s)1
9 17
1.84
1.22 2.72
.42
2.6
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(L)1
(L)1
1 18
2.11
1.66 2.72
.48
3
.8
(s)2

13
14
14

19
2
2

2.76
3.23
2.95

1.26 4.57
1.95 4.57
1.65 4.57

.58
.72
.7

4.2
5
4.4

.4
.6
.6

(L)2

15

22

3.34

2.25 4.57

.8

.8

(L)2

16
17
17

22
23
23

3.87
4.52
4.1

1.56 6.2
2.43 6.2
2.2 6.2

.76
.89
.75

6.3
7.4
6.3

.4
.6
.6

(s)3
(L)3

19

25

4.52

2.77 6.2

.88

7.1

.8

(L)3

18
19

24
25

5.12
6

1.84 7.69
2.87 7.69

1.8
1.26

9.
1.5

.4
.6

(s)4

19
21

25
26

5.12
5.77

2.37 7.69
3.24 7.69

1.1
1.14

8.4
9.5

.6
.8

(L)4

(s)2

(s)3

(s)4

(L)4

28

6.34

2.69 9.9

1.31

1.9

.6

(L)5

21

29

7.16

3.68 9.9

1.48

12.3

.8

(L)5

2 KUoU M j A { BB nAk pB Aq kBM k{n RB]BTeA nAoM, NRC

/j{ To o& nj BGA knj 1

329

o{ B Am" BpB
roA oL3 4MAn

o] nj C j] , ,j{ To o& nj m2 jB A M BU M oL a o@A

,oL j] /SwA RBJT ,C q] ka nBTiBw S M oL B{ KAoU /SwA noG
oTA Jz ke nj An P pH nAhz odU ,Am" Uo~ ` A
oUTvC xnA BTwj pA C nL j{ P oTA oL ,k{BM oL o@A /kA
jApB B jLA o pA SB AoM /j{ zi jB Uo~ yBA KLw SwA
B j SQ BM RAnl pAkA o@A /k{BM Am" o] nj kBM oL LwB nAkM roA Uo~
qaB nAhz S] o] nj oL nPe oYFU ,kMB yBA pAkA pA yM  joA oQBa
/jM kAi
uQ SwA xn ,oTkR Bi oL :jnAjj] Am" oLAq o@pAkA AoM xn w
Bi oL SwA BioL Aq pBM {Rn kwA BM AT k{] pA uQ =@Ani kB
qw kooM nj BioL Aop ,k{BM w nAj nAkM B oL A pA MRj o@pAkA
,Aj =@Ani BBzBpC K"A /SwA ,TQ Bw ,, ,qw pA o2T nAkM
BKvaoM n oM Aq]A knj oA@l , ,kj nAoR B{ q\U jn An BioL
oTzM B knj 18 RAke A BAm" ,NCR Swo nj /SwA noG Am" jA koi
/kAk{ kM vMU Lzi jA B  A M ,knAj BioL
roT RBLAoU ,, ,qw B{ 1( ADF ) qw kM w nAj
/SwA e MBR o" oTvA@Bi jA (k{BM kj k RnAoe BM A UoQ) k{
M yQ AoM AU An ADF /Sv Am" nj j] oL A oBM ADF ,Bi oL kB
/jAj nAoR jBJTwA jn Am" jA roA PSMBR
ADF B{ kj Swj M An oL A pA ,hU ,oTM 2 (NDF ) w nAj
zMAn k] Bp A ,nAhz ,Am" Uo~ BM jBp nAkM M NDF /SwA qw
/SwA o{ BB v o] AoMoL o@pAkA xn ,oTM jnAj MTv
oL a o ,A nj /SwA RBJT k{n KAo{ k{n eo B B g M TvM oL nAkM
k] nj oL k{ U ojBM Swo /SwA oTA C roAxpnA ,k{BM oTzM Am"
/SwA kC 18-3
(UoQ
rq BA AoM p C BkwA U S] RBAe o] nj ,UoQ j]
ojBM nj ,C BkwA U nj C AU M ,UoQ TiB{ Svp xpnA/SwA noG
/jnAjTvM kM s AoM ,Ae pB jn Lv
1- Acid Detergent

Fiber

2- Neutral

Detergent Fiber

jo{ BB xnoQ A

330

331

o{ B Am" BpB

jo{ BB xnoQ A

332

L{nj roT UB{q\U Bo] : 18-2 {

j] BvBnAo Aop ,kTv TvMA o] ,UoQ M BA kA nAhz RBAe

kLU C BkwA M An (NPN) UoQo" MB Am" nj j] roT L{ nj
C BkwA Ae ,k{ P aA jnnj BvBnAo A B /kB
nAkM M vBM kA nAhz Ae UoQ ZBTeA /kj nAoR jBJTwA jn An k{ jApC
jo nAoR jBJTwA jn ,UoQ A M kAU A jnAj TvM j{ Ao A roT
M Mo P BM o{ B o] nj j] roT knj 6 HLoMU /(18-2 {)
kA kLU Mo ,UoQ M An =@BC kBM L{ BJo /j{ kLU =@BC
MBR roA kBM BvBnAo ,A B\A AoM /kB jBJTwA C pA kATM Ae BU
L{ =@BC o@A /k{BM T{Aj toTwj nj noG C BkwA qTw k{n AoMohU
BU /j{ j nA { M B kC nj xjo M nBMj j{ i Jm] k{BM jBp
/(19-3 k]) kTv P MBR pAkA M L{ nj Am" ,UoQ MB
qTw oXA@Ake AoM pB jn roT A SwA Ao] KwB o] ,,UoQ ATd o& pA
o] L{ nj BGA =@BC M eMo RBBG pA ,kB Ao Mo ,UoQ
Ao An (Am" ,UoQ knj 4 ) q\U MBRo" ,UoQ BA Aq kA
,Am" Uo~ ] pA jkT A M L{ BvBnAo BM ,UoQ qTw /kB
o{ B /jnAj TvM jAj Am" xn ,UoQ nAkM ,Am" g,C jA P SMBR
MB pA kBM p ,UoQ MM /kA qTw ,UoQ oA 1.6 HLoMU Apn kUoQ

333

o{ B Am" BpB

Am KvaoM : 18-3 {

, kU oQ BB k{oA ow A] BvU /jjo ,FU q\U MBRo" UoQ
M oTzM pB ,ji o] oM ji UoQ ZBTeA A ,FU S] A SwA
1 R" ohU kBvQ ,\ zi  /k{BM T{Aj q\U MBR o" UoQ MB
] pA k{ jAj RnAoe Bw B ,Rnl ,U jnC B\A 2 R" A ozMU kBvQ
MBRo" UoQ MB Mo ,UoQ qTw Sjkd RA nj A kTv BAm"
/k{BM kU jpBM yAqA M njBR , q\U
UoQ o; RpA MB

kwAC nBTiBw A kTv nAjroT jA BU B{ ( NPN ) UoQ o" RpA MB

zU (oJv RA PM) rnk svA@A ,roT ,,MoA pA NPN RBLAoU K"A /knAk
: pA kARnBL j{ jAj o{ BB M A NPN [An RBLAoU pA ioM Swo /kAk{
281 roT knj 45 AnAj A ,SwA q gU n kJw ,~ AjnCo ;nA
/(%45*6.25) k{BM jB ,UoQ knj
LR MBR roT L a o@A A k{BM nA jAj RnAoepA Be jnCo ;RnM
/jAj o{ BB M An C AU ,j{ oB o{ nj A j M , SwA
] pA A k{BM =@BC BM k{ " B k{ Tz"C BAm" ;k{ A@BC R~d
RAoYFU j M /jo{oM An Rnl w RBLAo BJU ,k{ A@BC k AU BC
pA k{ A@BC BAm" ,Uo~ roT nAkM ,oL PSMBR yAqA oM =@BC SLX
/knAjni
26 roT knj 11) SwA oJv k jB AoM B L ;C RBJv
B nA ,t pA A kTv UoQ o" RpA MB oj ] pA ;UnB\U B B
,A (roT jB tBwAoM) ,UoQ Aq /kAk{ zU B,BT k jA ,=@BC
1- Brewer's

grain

2- Distiller's

grain

jo{ BB xnoQ A

334

nAkM kTv =@Ani xi B B /SwA RBJT knj 6 BU 2 pA R~d

Uo~ xn /SwA RBJT j{ T{Am Aj nBTiA nj jApC Rn M A TR BC Uo~
/SwA k{ U oTBvA B  BM eh nj B B k{ oTA@
Am" ,UoQ MB pA oTApnA oMAoM4 BU 2 (NPN ) UoQo" RpA MB A B\C pA
oM /j{ jBJTwA BkAnAhz Am" o] nj ,AoMBM ,SwA roT keA ooMAoM nj
M jA ,A kLU AoML{ BJo AU M TvM BC jM kjw o M
/jnAjMo ,UoQ L
knj 1 M nA joA jkd (1 : UoQo" RpA MB Uo~ AoM BBA n
,nA Be BAm" JBT m2U (2 ,pn nj B tEn o AoM nA oA .2 B oTBvA@
BGA (4 k{ joi Rnl B Rnl w X ,roA oQ BAm" BM Ao
\U pA SB n& M) knAj Bi ,UoQ knj 13 pA oTA A Bo] M
,UoQo" RpA MB A ,UoQ UnB\U B KvaoM n oM /(L{ nj =@BC
36 xyz ,BX jn Am" KvaoM /(18-3 {) j{ T{ BC ,UoQ kBM knAj
,A nj j] nA Aq /SwA joA ,FU NPN An C knj 11.2 A jnAj Bi ,UoQ knj
joA LwBd 281 oM 11.2 j vMU BM AU An KAoU
,Apn kA Uo~ An xyz pA oA 2 o{ B o@A
/SwA joA Uo~ nA oA.8
UoQBpBk' (UA
UUA kM {o\ pA UoQ UUA kBM ,Ae UoQ BpB LwBd B
C roT nAkM j JoG BM Am" Bi ,UoQ nAkM /j{ To o& nj gk {o\ pA
P SMBR /SwA roT knj 16 AnAj HLoMU ,UoQ Aop ,j{ ,U 6.25 jk nj
A BM j{ Jm] Ae kMnj A SwA UoQ nAkM pA RnBL Am" ,UoQ oB
/kC Swj M k{ Uo~ Bi ,UoQ nAkM pA gk roT joA@
BoTA@BM B,UoQ B{ A SwA k{ zU MBT jA pA oTzM gk roT
BnAj Bw BX AoM /k{ j gk nj B kAk{ q\U kM nj A j{
nAkM /j{ oB gk nj jo Bw ,UoQ k{ ,qB] TwQ jn Ao\
nj UoQ UUA oM /jnAj TvM kM pAkA o~ Am" nAkM M gk roT
/jnAj j] nAnjA nj q j{ {B kM pA A UoQ UUA ,gk
/SwA k{ jnC Bi ,UoQ Rn M 18-1 k] nj o{ BB ,UoQ BpB
jn oTA poA , ,k{ jBJTwA P MBR ,UoQ pA v o] AoM T{m nj
nj Fz T{Ak Am" Bz A gk roT pA zhM Aop ,jo nAoR jBJTwA
,UoQ AoMB{ q\U j jnCoM ke pA oTA An RA PSMBR ,jnAjMo

335

o{ B Am" BpB

M P MBR ,UoQ oY L A M NPN ,` /Sv omQ BA P MBR

BkwA BM pBw Siw MBR ,UoQ tBM A kwn o& M j{ MBpnA Sw
,A A Bp BU /k{BM UoQ BpB MBpnA xn ,oUKwB ,jn pA Jm] MBR C
/SwA v o] AoMxn ,oTM Bi ,UoQ ,ko nAoR toTwj nj B{n
M /j{ LwBd o] RpA jBU Am2U ByBpC pA ,UoQ nAk BpB
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Am2U ByBpC BM o{ BB UoQ BZBTeA ,hU ,joA Ak] o{ kU S]
o{ kU AoMAU An kM ,UoQ pA nAkM ,,A oM /Sv nAjnioMjBp SRjpA
(18-1 k]) /j jBJTwA
Aop ,j{ ,U nAnjA nj j] roT nAkM BM nAk AoM ,UoQ B]BTeA
,UoQ BpB /k{BM kM UBe BA AoM k{ q\U ,UoQ nAkM kj Bz
,UoQ Aq o{ kU nAkM BM ,jnAj TvM SwQ BfB{ , ,Bw k{n M ,`
/(18-1 k]) jnAj q MTv zMAn C Moa
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BRnA BB rq BA S] pB jn ,UoQ nAkM AoM18-1 k] nj /j{
/j{ jBJTwA q o{ BB v o] AoM A AU A M A SwA k{ AnA
joA Ak] AoM BGA roA Uo~ jM Ao j M ,UoQ pAkA pA yM Uo~ pA
,MoA SwA pA /j JBT]A kBM ,nA { M roT j C BkwA pA B,C
nAkM ,roT pAkA pA yM Uo~ /joA jBJTwA roA ,FU AoM AU C BkwA
pA kAU BA A kj yAqA An i en roT RBLAoU oj nA ,=@BC
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/kj nAoR oYFU SdU An X
o" o] nj ,A (k{A nC ,) noG Joa BkwA j]
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pA jBJTwA BM An Joa BkwA SiBw AU vBM Ae L{ nj j] BvBnAo
AoM noG Joa BkwA U Bkj pA /knAj oj BMoa BRAnkMoA@
RBLAoU ,A pA BA pAkA M L\ BAm" Aop ,jnAk As ]U M pB o{ BB@
k{ B\A kA nAhz RBAe o] nj BMoa oYFU n oMjkT RBMMdU /knAj
xn BM vBM nj e A M ,"n ZAohTwA kAo A Bp pA |~i M ,SwA
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/jnAm B] oM,"n knj 5 BU 4 ,M nk
B Moa joA BGA A jAj Bz (1985 ,SwBQ) So B\A BA nj A ABz
/kj yAqA knj 7 BU 5 An o{ kU kAU (pn nj B tEn o AoMoA .7) ,"n
Aop ,kB pB\U zi jB A knj 7 BU 6 pA kBL o] ,"n Moa nAkM g\
AU o] M jA ,A yAqA BM jnAj roA BRAnkMoA oMAoM 2.25 ,"n B Moa
B B{ ,"n Moa MB /joM BM An roAczw ,oL yBA TwBz yAqA kM
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B B Ae k{ zi BjnCo ,(=i B@) Ae BMoa , (JAk ,p
/k{BM oPwA Rn M (,"n B Moa knj 8 BU 2 pA RBJT ojBM Be)
M knAj oTzM gBL{A Joa BkwA Aop ,knAj oUoM UBL B"n M Ae BMoa
j BGA B /kj yBA An oL P gBL{Ao" B"n pAkA M j ,
MBRo" ,UoQ oL ,q ,vA pA oTzM ojBM A j{ U ,,"n B Moa
k] nj Moa cTh MB "n BAj Am" KAoU /j{ jnA o] nj q\U
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B vA RBMoA LR pA C o" k jA /jo nAoRoYFU SdU BAm" ,M KMAn Kd
B C KAoU KBR nj 1k{ SA k jB /jnAj j] { M u noA@
nj SA jM d Rn nj /SwA k{ jAj B] n ,BT X Me KAoU
BknBA@Bw Q C BkwA [An TA jA /j{ MU k{Ak] jB ,JC
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/SwA oUjBp k jA ,A SR RBJT
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nAkM A Un nj BB /j{ T{Aj SMBY jkd Aj nj D ,BT
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knj 55 BU 22 pA RA Jm] Sw /kMB yBA Am" vA Jm] ,Ae ,w yAqA BM
/SwA knj 4 ,B BM
nj kM vA pA knj 1 jke /j{ Jvd vA ,oT AhTwA zU
B A`B JB~A omQ odU ,KR `B ,B`B BLMA ,i jBMA
vA j RBJv C w ,B B{ vA MB /jnAjSB BqC joA@
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ji M ji BA vA kRB BAhTwA /jpBw cRT An kM k{n kB
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vA pBw Siw nj TiA Be ,o{ KU /kMB yBA o{ nj o~ ,A Aq
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/j{ jApC [nkU M jnAj nAoR BAhTwA nj kM q A pA knj 6 M KoR
17 BU (o{ BBw nj) knj 7 pA jM toTwj MBR wBd pA q Am" MB
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k{ C ,pAkA pA yM B\ ,p yBA ,BT{A jAj Swj pA q jLA
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M kAU ,kAT{Aj SBnj wBTQ roT jA jBp nAkM M A k{oA ow JC

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BB TMA BA /kTv kTv P - L~ L\ o" RBAoe [zU M TMA
nj /SwA AhTwA pA q joA jApCnj yBA j M oTzM J pAqA GnB M vBM
/Sv \An z q Sv
,C A yM oM /j{ SB n M jApCo" { M SL\ nj o~ ,A
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nj SwA A BkwA pA q] ,jnAj SBij Moa ,UoQ ,roA ,B`B
5 BU Bw nj knj 9 pA oJv jM toTwj MBR /jnAjSBij q qCA BTvw
` An (B oJv) 2 STB BkA nAhz /kMB yBA ,v RBAe nj knj
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/joA Uo~ BB o] nj oJv RB]BTeA k{ jnCoM B BU An oJv M vA pA BM
C RBJv vA j RBJv ,o BjnCo ,UoQ B
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AhTwA nj oJv pAkA pA yM Jm] WBM kAU jBp oJv /k{BM Am" kLU jpBM
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kAU A JC RAnBvi /k{ kAi jBp wBTQ AnAj B ,KwB jjA@
J /SwA k jB ,A AoM [An L wBTQkoA /kj yBA An  wBTQ
pA nAk qC ByA@A ,pBM kwA jBU ,qwA jBU nj SAo{ wBTQ A
/k{BM A KR SBM
,o{ kU nj yBA ,p yBA ,Am" Uo~ nj yBA B{ o~ ,A jLA
SdU wBTQ Sv gR /SwA kM y{Q SBJ{ jAj Swj pA (BQ) nAik@
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/kj yAqA An o{ kU Am" Uo~ kAU
o{ BB AoM noG k jA ] pA oA kw ; ( BB ) o kw
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kw MB oj ,k jA BoBM /SwA k{ B\A (qk jB jL ,oU[An)
nj SwA w ZnBi RBB qwA nBz &U nj ij ,oUA kw /kTv
nj q oA/jnAj TvM kw M L~ RBodU KR nBA /jnAj SBij kM RBB jBU
/j{ jBJTwA k nkoAkwA kU AoM SwA ij kM RBB jBU
pA ,josQ oB ,BT{A jAj Swj pA ,BQ M kk{ BU ,oA kw jLA
yBA An o{ kU B\ jBp Uo~ /k{BM o{ kU yBA p jAj Swj
o{ BB nj p jAj Swj pA BTvQ qi jB\A WBM kj yAqA An JC Uo~
pA BB /kA dU An jBp nAkM kAU B BA JC M woTwj Rn nj /j{
/kA jBJTwA B=M pA oTzM jApC
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yAqA kj yBA An o{ kU P SMBR ,Am" Uo~ ,jo jLA /k{BM p
pBw Siw kj yBA An Am" Uo~ q jojBp Uo~ /kA A An Apn p
nj An A@A ni jo jApB pA oUBM bzw o{ BB /kB Th An k jA oj
/kB dU o~ ,A k gAA BM vBM
SiBw AoM L{ BJo Aop ,SwA noG BkA nAhz AoM o~ ,A
SwA M L{
,BT SBLAjLA /kA jBJTwA C pA
,BT
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p u M TvMA BqC pA oXA jAkU SB ,M zU AoM u
BwA ,o{ kU k{n yBA KLw kTv As K"A u jLA /SwA
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Sv A SwA , jC BAm" B u B pA jBp nAkM Uo~ B M

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u MB /j{ o\ ,M k{ Ak] qoR BL q\U M kTJM qBJUA o~ ,A

u kL /k{BM u RAoT u RBMoA ,u RBJw B{
PPM 6 kL Uo~ nAkMoXA@Ake /SwA M L{ nBvM j ,A jLA kB
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eB nj k jLA /SwA koU k" Bn SiBw AoM k j] A RnoG
TL BB /SwA B{ (oUA kMoA M Uo) BoC Mo" B{ {\B
jo B cG SwA , BC AjAp knAj (oUA@) nqM koU Bk" k jLA M
nj /j{ o\ vkoUP o{ kU yBA M kAU k Rk pAnj jLA /k{BM
k{BM oT onj oo 2 BU 1 B ow oT o nj o 4 pA oTA k S&" A Un
ApoUA jA 2{ A ,Bw B\A ,Rnl w /jM kAi o~ ,A jLA kj Bz
Sv poM kAU jBp k /k{BM k A@AoT MB nAjk B /knAj
A j{ c{oU o{ nj o~ k knj 1 HLoMU /jjo o\ Bza pA qn{A ow
/kA jB\A z kAU
ioM ,MB ,,M /SwA oY w uJU svA@A BMTA nj o~ ,A
i ,M Aq jM ,BQ i A /knAj ,CqC BTvw pA oj
nj /k{BM BT{A yBA AnCB ,k{n yBA oj SwA ,C jLA A
kB poM i A ,C jLA j M k{BM k{ m2U o{ BM KM A BBw@
q A BnBM /j{ 2 (Bw kJw S{ M Uo) S{ n M WBM
M njBR BB kA poM ,C jLA A TR /k{ ,C jLA i A WBM kAU
JC nj ,C jBp nAkM , ,Sv B{ z ,CjBp Uo~ /k{BM o~ ,A oil
RBMoA To w ,CkoA ,To w ,CkvA@A /k{BM T{Aj AkzA oYFU kAU
,CkoA ,C RBJw MB pA oTzM poA kTv ,C pA Mi MB To j ,C
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/SwA noG L\ BBw kU X kU AoM =@A ni nj q j]
o~ ,A jLA kC Bj M }RB A BBw L\o" SwA ,k{n yBA@
k{ cG K] kAU knAj q jLA A Bo] ,A oM /kTv
_ kM An =@Ani q BM bzw kAU BB /k{ TvMC Aq yBA d
/kB dU kM nBYC @
o C BkBQ Sv AoQ oTzM o~ ,A n oMA RBMMdU
Sv /SwA jM qAoT (BwA nAoMM ,uJ U) BzoQ B B@B
nj /SwA j B xqn }RB Bw ,P TA ,o" ,y w ,q
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o\ A] BBw nj kJw P nBM M w jLA /SwA pAkvA@AoQ UBU@
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w jLA Rn nj /jjo o\ KM BBQ [ KR AUB M kn
jLM ,Bw kB kp BA yAqA ,kB SJ] gR yBA K] kAU jB ,A
AU B nj w SG MBpnA AoM /jjoBTvQ n Rk{ yBA X kU jpBM
yBA M (knj .5 pA oTA B knj pA yM) o]vA /joA o@pAkA An i w
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pA q] SwA noG BqC pA ioMk{ B L\ k{n AoM o~ ,A
jLM k{ ip ow ,jo,BBQ SwQ tBC n jLA /SwA qCBT BTiBw
SdU |~i M n pA k{ TiBw Uo nj JC Am" jAjnAoR BM /k{BM Bip kA@
K"A , k{BM kzA kAU jC ,A /kC yQ o~ ,A BM jC , kwA KA o{
RnBL n w BTeA MB oj /jjo {nA BTeAnB BT{AM WBM
MB nB K"A /k{BM T BjC ByA ^nBR ,B yA oze pA SwA
w Thw A SwA n C KAoU n,BT /kTv n toTwj MBR TiB{ Svp
/kzhM Sow An ip jLM
L{ BvBnAo /SwA RBAe oBw BM MBz o{ BB BT BpB
Moa nj d B,BT /kA qTw An C ,BT kM BSBM
/(18-3 k]) k{ BGA o] M n\ M (
RAqM Bk" ,vJU nB\ z{Q Bw ,Tn ,M pA M BB nj
,M pA j{ o\ en L ,BA ,xnA BTwj ,Bza {A Bk" ,Bj
A ,BT kk{ jLA ,A oM BGA /jpBw kTv SJ AoM An Kd Bw ,A ,Tn
pBwyQ ,BT { M A ,BT /j{ o" BT{A jAj Swj pA ,BwA WBM
Rnl w X ,qLw BAm" nj jBp nAkM M |~i M cTh Am" MB nj (,UnBA@)
A ,BT (IU) A ,M keA 4 BM oMAoM ,UnBA o /j{ SB 
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/kA poM A ,BT jLA ,knAjSBnj o{ B oTvA@
AhTwA cd zU k{n ,jo{ ,X kU ,nAk AoM
,o{ KU ,22 ~ M)SwA oY xnA BTwj pA vA Jm] nj D ,BT
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KwB MB k A] ,"n k{ zi \ njQ ,A nj k{ zi B
AU q An Am" nAj B pA k{ kU BoTBvA /kC JBve M
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/kjyBA An o{ pAkvA@A q kAU
JC /SwA RBe }Je nj B ,oUwBwA , j{ To o& nj m2 jB JC ao@A
}Je ,kAp jA Ume ,kM RBB jBU }Je B{ kp wBwA kAo ,ka AoM
BGA /SwA noG Am" jA pBw Siw Jm] ,P M A ,B cd jBU
jnAj JC knj 87 o{ /kA B ,] k{n AoM B Kd JC ,TvMC \ nj BA oM
BMMd /kB Ao BTvQ k" M Am" jA BMTA AoM B Kd JC nAkM ,A A@
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kUoQ BB /kA kU q oTzM o{ k{ oTzM JC knAj JC M MBTwj
o{ kU nj oTzM yAqA ,JC k{ RBj yAqA BM kU A BB BM vBM nj
]nj oJ pA oUBM A A MC BM vBM nj ,jow Bpn nj JC jM o /kj Bz
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M , Sv oP Ae Tw AoMJC nj j] q vA /k{BM T{Aj (7 L\
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BM JC joA J kG /kB RjB (PPM 2 BU 25) JC nj j] RBJw BM
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19

B@Ani AmxpnA
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1AA 2` B$@Ani 4Th 1AA ~ 2A nj /SwA k{ B\A o{ kU B ,kMnAoQ
/k{ kAi >A WdM jn BAm q\U B{n RBBT
q\UB{n
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kM nB~ An kB>BM j{ ov ,zi jB \ pA oTv@Bi ,B2UoQ ,BMoa
/kB (NFE) RpA
MB>  ,Bi oL ojB, kBM ,$@A ni (TDN ) Am xpnAnAk, jnC Swj M AoM
JoK pA MMB> Aq /j{ }hz B2UoQ ,BMoa ,RpA kM nB~ ,kTv M
SMB> B>nA 2B ,v o] AoM /kC Swj M RBAe n Am M ByBpC
jAj $@Ani $@A ni Ak] nj kC Swj M jkT UB,,dU ByBpC pA M
BSMB> k{ AnA B>nA /SwA j] (NRC) RB,,dU T (196) vn
/k{BM cd jA 2A M SMB> nj  1U j M , MB nj BoTBv M
j] RpA kM nB~ BioL Aq]A nj s M ,B M SMB> nj jBp BUBBU
1-Total

Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

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/jnAj
kwA BM $@Ani jo jh /jnAj BSjkd Lo,U q\U TDN tB,
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/jnAj oTzM M SMB> ,SwA $@Ani M MB> BRAnkMo mA yhM Td
v,U M MB>o MMB> BzhM M An B oL yhM J>j nKM TDN xn
/k
q\U AUB S M /j{ SB BoTBv pA oTzM B nj MMB>o 2
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1 k{ d BM q\U
M BwC  Am jA pA An M  Am jA J>j nK M TDN xn  B\C pA
BTiBw B{ KoU BwB{ AoM ]U 2oTzM ,kB BU k{
nB2A /SwA k{ op ,B$@A ni Am xpnAk 2U B A M ,BB q
nj qUo n BzAj nj ko nj vTM U.S.D.A BzBpC nj Sww An
/kjo 1o{ 2vBv 2vk o{ U.S.D.A  BzBpC
ATd yhM j M An B RAnkMo Aq]A ,BioL k{ d pA jBBTwA xn
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Xi k{ nj d yhM /j{ kB{] SB pH nj Xi k{ d
,JC nj d k jA ,C BkwA ,Bk> ,BMoa L> pA Bw RBTd B{
M An BC B nK M HLo,U Ae  SwA UoQ o e MB> roT ,TwBz ,2TQ
k{ zU w nAj pA Xi k{ d BM kB{] pA kM kB uQ /k
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k{ kB{] kwA k{ d BM $@A ni uPw /k{BM $@Ani oo~
SwAMMB>ApAkABU BTv>2A/k eAn B2UoQM ~T BoL Bqw
SwAoo 3 ADF M kwAk{ njdojA/jnAjBC jM ]njM TvM

1-Detergent
3-Acid

analysis

Detergent Fiber

2-Neurtal

Detergent Fiber

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/kB
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kjRnAoe2UoQ

dB kjA
a-Neutral Detergent Fiber
b-Acid Detergent Fiber

Bw /k{BM Bw 2T ,2 ,qw ,RnAoe pA kj k 2UoQ pA Kh

oTzM B 2w yAqA BM k{ Aq /kj yB An BB M SMB> 2
BTwAn nj w nAj Bw  kwn om M /kj yB An M SMB> j{
ovBU M B nj Bw 2 nAk, 2U /kAqA B BdTwA M 2 Bv
kT JKB B /SwA jo  ovo kT JKB B 2M BTiA
B M SLv ,Bi 2UoQ d BRA nkMo ,M SMB> om pA
/knAj oTzM w nAj ovo JKB B Aop ,koUoM ovo JKB
, ADF NDF B{n pA jBBTwA Rn nj |~i M ,BB B{KoU q\U pA
19-2 Ak] nj /jjo jBBTwA B$@Ani }Bi roAxpnA MSMB> jnCoMAoM
M /SwA k{ jnCoM B$@A ni pA ioM B{ KoU q\U M jMo B>nA jAkA 19-3
ABBwnAj M oTzM,(knj98 HLo,U)wATd MSMB>jMBMj
oYA njC kjKwCnAk, jM ]njM w nAjM SMB>/j{ ]U
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(fowo")qo$ jB{ApA jB*TwABM q\U

jBBTwA n ZAA pA C nj  SwA Joh o U {n 1 fowo {A pA jBBTwA

1-Near

infrared

reflectance

jo{ BB xnoQ A

348

jBBTwA mD jA 2hU AoM k{ U pA k{ u B{A pA C nj j{

2M B{ BkBM ,j{ jBTwo Sw M fowo n UoQ  T> /j{
M k{ u n /jjo Jm] n pA nAk, kC nj xpo M nj j] oB
M RBKA j{ SAk n ZAA kAi (tBve Tvw) 1 SBnjqo ooK

BUA BM  SwA RjB ow Be oUPB /kTwo oUPB M An kC Swj

 SwA C Sow BTwj 2A k Sq /kB 2U An B$@A ni Am xpnAkAU BC
jA B BzBpC M pB BTwj 2A /kj B\A ,>j 15 BU 1 K An $@A ni q\U
pB oB }~hT M C pA jBBTwA AoM SwA S,Ao BTwj 2 /jnAk B{
/SwA
- SMB$ 1U

2 BzBpC

Bxn

jBBTwA  4Th B zi jB M SMB> 2U AoM BzBpC Bxn

|d nj ~ }AqM L{ MAo{ BM Ao An k{ joi  pA  nAk, /jjo
BBQ nj /kMB AjA pA o |d nj SBw 48 Rk AoM ohU /kj nAo> Sz@
SLv jjo 2U k{ M w BnAj B zi jB nAk, ,ohU Bp
MB> roA,zi jB M SMB> kB , B}iB{ pA oj MM BM C TvL
MBpnA BAU S M MSMB> 2U BzBpC xn /j{ 2U TDN B ,M
oUoM Ae n oM M SMB> 2U BzBpC oM ,q >Ake BM jBp jAkU
/jnAj
}BiB 3 sroA
roA keA Aop ,SwA C }Bi roA,$@A ni roA o@pAkA xn 2oTLwB
BM }Bi roAxpnA 2U /k{BM  AoM roA keA BM oMAoM oTBv }Bi
,KA B,,d j 2 M /kC Swj M B$@A ni pA  jAkU SwA qoQ oT oB@
/koM nBM }Bi roA2hU AoMAn ,Tvo xn
B"
2UoQ roARB]BTeA BU j{ zU  pA o{ BB Am o] k yhM
kUoQ BB a 2 /knAj 2 >Ake nj An Am q B /jpBw AoAn
1-Sensor
3-Net

energy

2-In-Vitro

349

B$@A ni Am xpnA

/jjo jBBTwA BM SB BM B pA kBM ,k 2FU An ji pB jn roA kAU

nj j{ o\ oTBv M pB yAqA B kU yB M JoB B oo~
kU Aq ` A M  1 JBhTA /j{ kU q yAqA K] SB
Am xpnA/jnAj TvM o{ BB ZBTeA ,kU Bq ,k{n |Ao{ ,nBT o nj
/SwA k{ jnC 19-2 k] nj  1ka
MB 2oTM cd nAjnBLA S{AjoM Rn nj (nkL{ \ BX AoM) B
pA oT B (NDF ) w nAj Aq /kTv 2BT k jA ,2UoQ
w nAj S M BtAo /k{BM oTzM BC 2 Aq SwA 2 BA SwA BtAo@
2UoQ BtAo M SLv  nK M B /knAj oU2BQ MSMB> oTzM Bw
S{AjoM k{n pA Bv eo nj `Ba BtAo B roA bpw /knAj oTzM
kU oTzM zi jB nBT o nj BtAo M SLv B /jM kAi Bv k{
/kB ovU An $@Bi nj B SLXU oA 2A  knAj oTzM Aj zn Rnk> kB
S M kB dU oTM An JKo |Ao{ kj yB An gB z BtAo@
An TB yBwo B@Bi pBwpBM Bp Rk kB $@Bi yBwo pA zn oLTvw
/kj yB@
roAB L SwA zi jB tBwAoMAj knj 5 BU 4 Be Rnl w
An C pA jBp nAk, BB ,$@A ni 2A A cd U Rn nj /kC JBve M
M k jA 2UoQ jqA oTzM o{ kU M MBTwj AoM /k oo~
/SwA noO Rnl w
Swj M AoM /k{BM Rnl 12oTM w AoM,Aj jAkU 2oTzM BM koL BRnl
B\A rq M B nj kBM ,Rnl S{AjoM ,Rnl w pA kU oX@Ake jnC
Sv> M AjB~UA d kn o iAj M B nK M BAj  B ,jomQ
6 BU 55 {i) knj 35 jke nj kBM w zi jB nAk, /SwA nBw M 2BQ
jB knj 32 BU 3) 1 tnB Rnl w /k{BM (zi jB knj 38 BU 35 B knj
kM An jA 2xAoU pA {B oUA kj yB An nBT nj zi jB  kU (zi
RBBO jo w pA L> Rnl jBp jM zi Rn nj /kj yAqA jo w pA
Mi w jL $@A ni xi jp P ,kz joz j M kMB yAqAS{AjoM
/kC M
onw /jo jBBTwA w AoMAU nw pA SwA K k{n ~  ,KB nj
pA Bvzi >A nj q]AAj Bnw ,SwA oMAoMRnl BM kU Bd pA ,A

1-Immature

2-Seepage

jo{ BB xnoQ A

350

351

B$@A ni Am xpnA

pA oT onw w oo~ Aq roAATd /k{BM nAjnioM TMB> 2a

/SwA Rnl w
o@A ,j jBBTwA  A M AU q(qn AjR) nAjBa k ,] ,o pA
nj kBM An B$@A ni 2A /SwA Rnl B w pA oT nBT nj kU a
S{AjoM 2Tvz Aj M eo nj B jM o{ A eo nj 2UoQ Aq oX@Ake
pA oT knj 5 SwA 2 2Tvz Aj M eo nj k{ S{AjoM zi jB  /j
B BM An BM B jh AU 2UoQ Aq yAqA AoM /k{BM jM oi eo
/j Sz ,qnAj R
M pB Rn nj |, SwA o, B2BT ,k jA ,2UoQ ,roA Bd pA B@
B pA nAk, AU Am jAoj jM B Rn nj /jo jBBTwA C pA kBM BOA oL
/kBwn oU2v BvU zi BB oo~ M An
M oj mD jA cd nKM  Un nj An (Aj S{AjoM pA kM Rnl B@) Rnl B@
2UoQ Bd pA B 2A /kBwn zi BB BvU oo~ M AU ,jjo BOA C
/j{ To om nj  A M SwA o, k jA
BoTBv>@
,k jA ,o R~d ,UoQ B ,BAj B{  oTBv jh
/j{ Jvd o{ BB Am o] pA q] ,SwBjqA B2BT
oUjBp roA Be B BM vB, nj o R~d ,UoQ B ,BAj
SBnj  jApCnK M BB ,Am BBoM oTzM nj /(19-3 k]) k{BM oT oL
BoTBv KA /j{ jBBTwA oTBv pA RBAe BpB ,M 2FU S] ,k
/SwB TDN pA oUBM  kTv knj 9 BU 65 2M TDN AnAj
1RB BAj

$@Ani nj jBBTwA MB> BAj 2oU xpnAoQ pA R AkT MB pA 2k{ joi Rnl
L 2oUjB~T>A  2A ,jnAj j] qC S, S{B BA  ,KB nj /k{BM Aj
kBwn oX@Ake M AoMC no mDU ,jBp TwBz 2T{Aj S M /kC JBve M roA
nL pA o] nm M /SwA p {nA RTiA kBwn >Ake M M SMB>
BAj kBM ,Bw pA oU2v BB AoM (xnA BTwj nj kz M) B BAj
a o@A /SwA Rnl pA jBBTwA oj { (M Ja njQ Rnl) M /jnC An Rnl
pABkB Be An o{ Moa L> MB> cpwkAU C oL 2 ,jnAj roAM
1-Grains

2-Shelled

corn

jo{ BB xnoQ A

352

353

B$@A ni Am xpnA

jo{ BB xnoQ A

354

355

B$@A ni Am xpnA

Ak] pA o] AoM /SwA k{ zU Ja pA M knj 2 Gjke /jjo B @A ni

S{AjoM oj xn /j joi jh pAkA M An M kBM Rnl Aj M Ja k{
nj AU An Rnl Aj/SwA jBp SMKn BM Rnl jo nBLA ,zi Aj Rn M M Rnl
AAj nj 2 SwA knj 28 BU 25 HLo,U AjKwB SMKn /jo oil sv@A kM nBLA
M /j nDM B joi jo nBLA pA L> AU An Rnl Aj/SwA oDT knj 3 BU 24 2M
2A AoM /jo joi za JBwC BM An C kBM j nBLA pA L> ,jo nBLA AU q An
S{AjoM /k{BM knj 35 BU 26 2M C Aj ,SwA knj 28 Jp SMKn jn
o\ L{ nj RAnkMo 2UoQ oTzM q\U M knj 3 pA yM SMKn BM Rnl
/jjo $@Ani oo~ yB KLw kAU ji 2A  ,j{
pA oUjp TB w BU j AU An Rnl 2A /jnAjjkT BAq SMKn oQ Rnl pA jBBTwA
2e nj RBBO jM2BQ j M /k{ nAk pBMn BnBLA nj  jo S{AjoM Unl
oQ Rnl S{AjoM Bq /SwA oT knj 15 BU 5 SMKnoQ Rnl RBBU  ,S{AjoM
oY nK M C pA AU qB mDU BM SwA oT ,jM oo~ jBC j M SMKn
,SwA zi Rnl pA oTM ,zi jB tBwAoM SMKnoQ Rnl Am xpnA /jo jBBTwA
(/j{ To om nj kBM SMKn Aq)
nBLA A Bw B sv@A kM Bw nj AU An SMKnoQ Rnl
A w /SwA oTzM  j 1Bw nj zi jB RBBO BA ,j
/k{BM T{Ak j] A jn BA BU k{ TvM B C Bnj k{BM Mi |Ao{ nj kBM
oA Ja pA Aj k{ Ak] pA o] AoMSMKn oQ M SiA ow jo oQ
yn pA kBM ,dpw B jBv pA SB AoM w k{ oQ pA kM /SwA noO
Apn ,dpw jBv pA o] nm M , Bw nj /j{ jBBTwA TwQ
1 BU 7 BTvMBU nj) jo S{AjoMw pA An SMKn oQ Rnl oTTBw 5.1 BU 3.8 kBM >Ake
nj Te) dpw jBv pA o] SMKn oQ Rnl pA p nAk, oo~ AoM /(oTTBw
/SwA pB B tEn 5 >Ake (oTa Bw
BknAk BM An C AU pBM d nj SMKn oQ Rnl jo nBLA nm M
(QoQ kwA knj ) kwA nAk, /jo jh QoQ kwA kB B{
xi z QoQ kwA BM k{ jh Rnl /jnAj TvM Aj SMKn nAk, M p
jp  Unl jonBLA AoM jB~T>A {n kAU 2A jnAk An nAk @A ni
/k{BM SwA k{ S{AjoM
/j{ T{B kdT RBA M] qo JKB nj  SwA roAoQ AAj ,nw
,j{ Tv{ kBM AjTwQ /SwA nBvM jM Shw o j M nw AjkCo
MSMB> ,jonBLA uPw JC jo BOA /kC M o] C k{ njQ pA
/kj yAqA An nw @A ni xi

jo{ BB xnoQ A

356

TwBz pA oT q o TwBz nAk, /SwA Rnl Ajknj 85 oAj roA xpnA
jh M An C jqA ,o jM \e /(knj 75 MB, nj knj 44) SwA Rnl
@A ni xi ,SBM ,roAoQ oTBv M o jqA 2 ,k jkd oTBv@
/jnAjoTzM Am xpnATwQ kM o /kj yAqA An C M
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nj ow i q C TwBz SwA oT Rnl M SLv ] roA/k k{n Ji Rnl
SwA Rnl pA oUoM 2UoQ Bd pA ] /j{ kLU nAo Joa BkwA M L{
B ] M SLv oo~ M SMB> Bd pA 1k{ T ] /jo 2qB] An C AU
nj j mDU S, BM AU (SMKn knj 25) SMKnoQ ] pA /SwA oUoM k{joi
/jo nBLA sv@A kM Bw
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jnC kBM k Aj/SwA L> MB> AAj k{BM oTBv jh knj 5 M jkd
njQ pA kBM L{ nj oi zU pA o] nm M BA ,j{ Tv{ C TwQ BU j{
/jo jBBTwA o{ BBBo] nj AU An SMKnoQ k /j{ o] C Ajk{
/Sv $@Ani xi j{ jBBTwA RBAe o] nj q nAjBa pA

1UoQ B

KA /SwA kdT RBA nj UoQ 2oUjB~T>A 2oT\An Bw B\@

S] k{ To nBM xn KveoM /knAj Bw B\ jBp nAk, UnB\U B
pA jBBTwA BM Bw z 2n pA Be B\ ,jnAj j] Bw B\ 1 w 2n ZAohTwA
Be B\ ,(j{ kB knj 44 B\ ,2UoQ knj M ]U BM  ) 2 C Be
S] M ) j{ ZAohTwA C Be BM q C 2n  , 3k{ oSwQ Bw pA
ZAohTwA pA Be B\ SB nj (j{ kB knj 48 B\ oTzM 2UoQ
/j{ hU nBz BM Bw pA 2n (Moa knj 5 2UoQ knj 44 AnAj) 4 B
kz nC Bw /jo jBBTwA Bw BAj pA AU jM jB~T>A Rn nj
Aj nAk, /jnAj Moa knj 18 2 ,SwA oUo, Bw B\ M SLv 2UoQ Bd pA
BAj o j BU ) kB pB\U knj 2 oX@Ake pA kBL oTBv KoU nj Bw
BT{AM BwA 1> pA BU (kj RnAoe Bw BAj o 3 BU 2 B Bi Bw
AnAj Bi Bw BAj /k{ jAj RjB Bw M [nkU M kBM BB /j{ o] BC
2AoMBM ,j{ $@BC k{ jApCWBM nA BMk{ jh Rn nj kTv pC nA qC
1-Rolled

barley

3-Dehulled

Soybeanmeal

2-Solvent extract
4-Expeller

process

357

B$@A ni Am xpnA

UnAoe kCo B 2jo joTv@A , 1jo T{oM /j jh BM An Bi Bw nA kBL

pC nA ,yAqA An C @Ani xi yB An L{ nj 2UoQ q\U ,Bw AAj
jB~T>A /kj ,U An C omQ jBv M jMo Rz Bo An 2vPoU knAjpBM
/S{Aj om nj kBM An UnAoe kCo jM
Jvd UoQ Ji L  SwA BT S pA ~d 3BT B\@
SwA C Be pA jBBTwA BM BTBAj z2n Be B\ 2A ,j{
B ZAohTwA pA Be BT B\ /SwA oTAo Bw M SLv C 2UoQ keAo S>
BC kM B kzinj WBM Aop ,j{ jBBTwA BB xo B yB B M
S> jM KwB Rn nj q JAk ,AjoMBTC ,Aj LQ BB\ pA /j{
/jo jBBTwA AU
L{ nj SwA k{ zU sv@A 2Mo ,roT pA  SwA AjBw KoU nA
pA L{ BvBnAo /j{ 2Mo kv@A j $@BC zU WBM q\U
q\U jnnj BJo 2A uPw k jBBTwA Mo 2UoQ qTw AoM $@BC
45 nA /k jBBTwA BC oQ 2UoQ nj j] C BkwA pA Ae k{
Ao roT oTzM oMAoM 2.8 jke B B2UoQ BM vB, nj  jnAj roT knj
a /kj yAqA knj 2.8 An C Bi 2UoQ ,$@A ni M nA knj 1 jqA /k
k{BM C BkwA qTw M njB> BvBnAo A AoM ,jnAk Ap roAxpnA nA
pA o5 AU TzA ow jBw B> A M /jjo jnAo] M BOA roAkBM
roAoQ Am pA o 43 nA o 7 BM An (Bw B\ X) $@A ni 2UoQ
q yB o{ B Bo] nj nA pA jBBTwA A S /jo 2qB] Rnl kB
/SwBM q\U Sow BM nAjroT L jo BOA 2UoQ
Ae AoM $@BC BM ke A j M 2Mo kv@A j $@BC M nA ow kLU
A`B Bxpo ,JAopOA $@BC Sv /k jB\A z ,SwA w
/kTA }BBUA ,jBp nA oo~ pA kM ,>j 3 BU 2  k{BM }AqM c{oU yAqA
U ,Bj JC k{ opAow ,(] BBQ nj s M) jBU 2T{Ak pA RnBL nBM TozQ
opjBQ /SwA SBw 2 BU 1 K o A`B pAq ,jBTvA AoM BAU 2T{Ak ,uB
TwA kwA %5 d) SwA 4O kwA d kAni ,} OnB AoM KwB
uArnA |A o{nj opjBQ 2oUtoTwj MB> /(jM kAi oY pAq pA L> oo~ Rn nj
o .2 pA yM kBL B ,|Ao{ KA nj /SwA Bi ow oT 4 kB{ ,nq nj

1-Roasting
3-Linseed

2-Extruding
meal

jo{ BB xnoQ A

358

ZA j ,j{ oo~ nA Be oTBv nBM j pn nj  Un nj /k oo~ pn nj nA

An k{ jApC $@BC BU kAT BvBnA o o@A /j{ kU L{ nj $@BC nqM
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3
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1-Co

products

2-Dry corn

3-Wet

corn gluten feed

4-Corn

gluten feed

distillers grain

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knj 2A jnAj SMKn knj 85 BU7 pBw\MC Jo kBvQ /jo U KwB T>
~ nj $@Ani 2A 2T{BLA Rn nj /jnAje pA L> ,C kz B k{ toQ M TvM
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2 2
1-By-Pass

protein

2-Hominy

3-Middlings

4-Wet

brewer's grain

5-Malt

6-Top

dreesed

sprouts

7-Linted

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kBM An RBLo BBU /SwA nkDa BBU M L{ Am xpnA Bd pA B,UoQ RBLo zi
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Bw BTwQ/knAkAj $@Ani AoM{pnA1_njAjoMBTC [oMBTwQ
/knAjBi2UoQ knj12 TDN knj71 kTvAm KwBL
3 Bjq"A
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1-Whey
3-Additives

2-Preservative

361

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/k{ kAi >A WdM jn

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1-Bentonite

jo{ BB xnoQ A

362

Am BpBw /jo Rn oUjp BA p kMB jLM $@A ni kLU KoO Apn
> BU BM M o 18 p BM 2qB] BvU AoM An 2v oo~ ( 1 FDA )nAj
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1-Food

and Drug Administration

3-Propylene
5-Force

glycol

feeding

2-Lasalocid
4-Drench

363

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4
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25
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44
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1.37
1.52
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1.99
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(Stand ) BQow \

Milk

DMI

NDF

CP

Milk

DMI

NDF

CP

(Kg)

(Kg)

(%)

(%)

(%)

(Kg)

(Kg)

(%)

(%)

(%)

23.9
16.1
9.7
5.3

19.1 < 4 21
15.9 44
18
13.4 51
16
11.5 56 < 14

64
61
57
54

3.8
21.7
16.4
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2.4
17
15.3
12.6

37
41
48
53

24
2
18
16

71
67
64
62

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12.5

23.7

36.2

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12.7

25.2

37.9

37

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39.6

54

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7.5

31.6

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1- Field

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366

nj tAo -  AoM k{ MyQ zi jB RBB4 : 2-3 k]

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34
26.2
2.4
54.5
31.2
34.2
26.1
3.7

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5.2
5.2
5.2

4
3.8
3.6
1.8

15.3
5.5

14.2
1.7

25
15

11
11
11

21.2
1.1
8.2

2
5
11.5

32.6
25
17.4
13.4

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1.21
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1- Blue

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luteum

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d! w

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1- Luteal

cells

3- Estrus
5- Diestrus

2- Proestrus
4- Metestrus

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pA kM k\ jqB{ Bpn 7M Bo] 7A /j{ 7T5n dU M nAjA k{ jApC en
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1- Mounting

431

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1- Capacitaion
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2- Early

embryonic mortality

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1- Testicle

2- Scrotum

3- Cryptorchidism

4- Seminiferous

5- Inerstitial

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1- Rete

testis

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efferentia

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1- Seminal

vesicles

2- Bulbourethral

glands

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1- Pressure-sensitive

detector

1- Pedometer

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S/C

ADFS

DO

Cl

CR

HDR

DFS

2.16
1.8
1.54
2.16
1.8
1.54
2.16
1.8
1.54
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1.8
1.54
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1.8
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1.8
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81
81
81
74
74
74
7
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11
11
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94
94
94
9
9
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121
11
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111
11
92
13
93
85
141
13
121
131
121
112
123
113
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13.2
12.8
12.5
12.9
12.5
12.2
12.6
12.3
12
13.8
13.5
13.2
13.5
13.2
12.9
13.2
12.9
12.7

45
55
65
45
55
65
45
55
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45
55
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55
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6
7
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6
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1- Chinbal

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1- Silent

heat

2- Anestrus

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1- Hemocytometer
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1- Acrosome

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1- Embryo

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1- Donor
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457

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459

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1- Luteal

2- Estrumate

phase

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2- Enzyme

immunoassay

3- Morula

/k{BM T*ozQ Bnz nj AnAjB jB4TwA jn xn 'A ovBe Be nj -4

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25

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B ,S Bjnn /SwA 2Aj 1 S j j oM Tz o{ Bjnn

1- Temporary

2- Permanent

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BB kBz ; pA SwA RnBL B @A pA ioM /j{ xAo Aj jnn oTj
BB nBM B BB pA ioM BT{AM ,BBAp ,BoTA] ,kj KwC ,d
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/k{BM omQ BA BwC M ,S{Aj kFU M ZBTeA Aj Bjnn
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o S }hzU B BwB{ ,o{ B B njjnn SLY BoM o #Bx pA

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1- Freeze

branding

2- Hot

branding

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466

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pA jBATwA ,BB S }hzU [An B{n pA oj /SwA yAqA Be nj AnAjB@
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1- Ear

2- Neck

tags

3- Ankle

straps

5- Marking

paint

chain

4- Brisket

tags

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nj j] RBbA /j{ pBC M Ae k{ jnA koi Bp pA B Ae kU
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@A oM /j{ B{ q An kU mlU Bjnn BAp ,oTA] Bjnn
pA uQ q BjAj ioM pA ok ,kj zU An Ae o Aj Bjnn pA zhM  jnA
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j] ,kM nj AoM C jBC jo{ nj o BBQ nj B jo zi AoM KwB
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jBATwA ok Apn BnB jo }hz AoM j{ B Aj Bjnn pA zhM kBM
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AoM ,B L Bjnn /j }hz An ,kjo zi kBM  BB B k{ d kBM
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jo{ BB xnoQ A

468

pA BnAjB pA nBvM nj /jnAj j] BAp oTA] Bjnn pA ATh B

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nAjB X kU Sok BoM M XkU Ajo MBU : 25-4 {

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1- Breeding

wheel

469

Bjnn

miA AoM An p RBbA j nAk q Aj Rn M AU An XkU BjAj

jLM BoM pA o@oM k @a M MBTwj AoM Tvw /jo AnA Apn RB~U
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M AU An BnB ,oUPB DHI BBoM BM /SwA z HTLv nB @A nqM B@
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T{AkM Bjnn

Bv M hMo Aj Bjnn B{ kBM o{ BB pA ojnn B BoM

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n ,XkU Rz MBjn nj SwA @ @` Bjnn @A /jnC M BB{
kM Bw xnB{ d Bioa L pA BjAj @T{Aj Rn nj s M ,BTvQ
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B tEn o kU M hMo jnn @T{Aj ,jnn nAk Tvw o #Bx pA oj

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1- Dairy

Herd Improvement

(]oT) SwA jBATwA Be nj nb M jnAj j] @A RBBA @A -2

jo{ BB xnoQ A

470

L pA o{ kU BjAj T{AkM Bv ,X kU BpC ,ByAp gnBU ,njB ,nkQ

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KA nj /k  B tEn o jM nCjw M BjAj @A SLY ,k{ mlU B@Ak]
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M A BjAs Bkj xnoQ /jnAj Bjnn nAk M pB ,RBB SiAjoQ AoM nB\U
pB xo mnAk ,OU Bo ,jAk]A B SLY ^AnA : L pA oj Bjnn nAk
MBpnA nj SwA @ nAjB Bq BkCnj jn nj jBp Bjnn @` /knAj
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pA j{ U (DHI ) o{ jLM nB BM WdM jn Bjnn KA kdT RBA nj

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471

Bjnn

BB q @A SwA nB] BBoM pA zhM p B pC @\A A A

xnB{ @UoQ ,Moa nAk @U AoM ,o{ jo p nAjB pA kjpBM @L ,oA
M hMo BjAj BU k kjpBM ,@A oM /jo C pA A kM Bw
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1- Purebred

dairy cattle associaion

2- National

association of animal breeders

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472

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RBki oTj pA kB ,USDA RBdU vw pA kB ,NAAB AnAkAj
SBA [oU oTj SwoQow o{ BB [oU B~~hT pA kB j , USDA [oU
TBA UBdU oUBj BoM [oU Sv [oU oTj M TBA AknB /k{BM
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1- National

cooperative dairy herd improvemet policy board

473

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Bjnn pA jB TwA

RBdd~U AoM Bjnn pA jBATwA /jnAj jkT BjBATwA DHI nj k{ U Bjnn

M B o AoM jo{ nj B jnn /jo nAo WdM jn K AjA nj Tok
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1- Monthly

herd summary

jo{ BB xnoQ A

474

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B] M nAjB ,xn @A nj /k{BM T{Aj hBLUnA qo nj 3A BAn BM @AU Mob pA BBQ
BAn nj An BjAj pn o kAU kB BAn jnA BB An BjAj nBz BU kBM oUT A
/kB SBnj An k{ pn M BjAj pA BoM pn o kAU nAjB , nj /k pn M
C jo @qB] o M B kAjo @qB] An BAn ,DHI BoM B] M BnAjB M
BM nBji nb M o{ nAjoMjnn Tvw ,Fv @A @TiBw AoM /k{BM
q nB ,Rn @A o nj,k{BM noL HLoU B nB ji BwB{ Tvw
q\U AoM An oLBe Be nj ,a o@A /SwA p o{ kU jnn @pU AoM jBp
M q\U AoM j{ To kBM o{ ,jnAk j] Tv nb M o{ Aq]A
/jnC Swj M An o{ KoU BjAj AU Rn @A o nj j{ jBTwo BzBpC
oU M /kTv BAi An DHI BoM Bjnn nj j] nBLTA AnAjB oX@A C oM
1- Rolling
3- Main

herd average

frame

2- Action

lists

475

Bjnn

BnAjB oX@A AoM nAjB M o~d nAjoMjnn xn jq kC nj  kwn

/k{BM omQ BA i
A kA nBvM nAjB Tok BoM BTv pA oj nBvM nj kAU BBAn
/k{BM kA nAjB B BjAj LwBd nAjnBLA nj kAU ,A /(25-6 { )k{
] pA ,nAjB MBpnA nj nAjB M  AoM 1 "nAqA o" BBoM pA jAkU @`
/SwA k{ AnA kAk{ eAob nAjB AoM |~i M  BBoM
AnA kC oMkU AoM 2"o@A`Ba" oAo{ A SdU oUPB BoM jAkU C oM
kU yAqA ,oTzM @p nAkoi , jo oTnqM B{ BoM @A pA B /SwA k{
/k{ kAi AnA kC BBw nj oTzM BoM jAkU /k{BM @To A ,B@

AoM oUPB0 pA jBATwA : 26-5 {

nj 0 BjAj jo0 oil
Be nj BnAjB nj o~U
/SwA yAqFA

1- Software

2- What

if

26

BvU BBwxnoQ
,o{ BB kC FU jB~TA S M MBTwj AoM Bw BvU LA kU
An B jo{ nj A nj knAj Tr oUoM + BB jo+ B-A /SwA noo{ BB Aok K0A + B\C pA /SwA o{ B Tr AU yAqA
jo+ qB] AoM B+ kenj vU kBM ,k+ ;me An pA knj 35 BU 25 Bw
;me +@) knj 23 + kU : pA RnBL pA BB ;me j /k{BM T{Aj j]
kj k ,knj 8 BTvQ n ,knj 13 X kU Rz ,(j{ kB nBTiA
oj TiB{B pT+ ,kM KwBB K+oU ,knj 8 xo ,knj 5 o ,knj 28
/k{BM knj 15
c]oU BnAjB K0A /SwA oj TnAq pA qB] Aj koi ,Bw xnoQ oj xn
pA oTApnA jAj xnoQ (1) ,Aop kj xnoQ B{ji An qB] BAj + kj
TiB{ BB Tr SMB (3) ,SwA oT+ M nBM B{A BA (2) ,SwA vU koi
An oTW] ~ w (5) ,(kz XBa BU) jo+ nB AU An k{n Aq (4) ,SwA k{
AU An BnBM (7) ,jo+ JBhTA AU An {qC o BB (6) ,jo+ oT+ AU
qB] vU xnoQ ZnBh /jAj B\A  M An wBv+@A BBoM jo+ oT+@
4) oM ,(knj 12) oWT ,(knj 42) Am0 Bq ,(knj 32) SMBY Bq ;B{
/(1984 , 1 ) k{BM (knj 1) onB+ (knj
Rn nj /k{ oTW] jAs B o BB BM kBM qB] BvU BU
nj ,j] BB pA qB] BvU miA BA ,T{ o BB BM BvU oTW]
jBd pA kBM qB] BvU BBw /S{Aj kAh j] jo{ nj A
Tr xpnA kBM BC njB nkQ Aop ,k{BM T{Aj oUoM oj BBw M SLv Tr

1- Luening

jo{ BB xnoQ A

478

kBM BAp Rz pA o] AoM /k{BM T{Aj BB lwT BM vB nj oTzM

BM knj + An o BB oPwA k+ BAp Bw 2 nj + BvU AoM
Rz pA BU k{BM nqM B+ ke M kBM BvU /j JBhTA ,knAj BwC ApBw@
jBd pA + o BB@) TiB{B o BB BM BvU oTW] /j{ o] BAp
BAp Rz M SwA  (k+ oTW] AjB o BM kz MBpnA Tr
SMB + BBw kU ,BvU M nj XkU nBM T{ ,(nqM Bw@)
M d jB\A AoM SwA  n T{B+ B nnqU /j{ o\ knAj BQ Tr
jBWTwA ~ cU jo+ BwC S] d }hzU np M p Bp kBwn Ake
/Sv] oM {qPAj nBz pA kBM d jo+ Bq pA jBWTwA Rn nj /j{
Bw xnA BTwj

L{  ,jnAj Sv nBa qBM B kB SwA k{ kT pBU + ABw k ao@A

/(26-1 {) knAj RBWU ok BM k{n nAk op pA jBp ke BU qBM B Bw nB
L{ C Be ,kj zU An k{ kT pBU Bw k p knj 5 HLoU Ajo{
nj TLv a /k{ B{ An ATW 16 BBw k p knj 67 BU nB
/SwA XjB q BC kM sTh BtA jn
Ajo{ M + o{ /SwA Ak U Ae M L{ k{ kT pBU BBw k

Sw) k{ kT pBU Bw k T BTv v pAkA : 26-1 {

Tv pAkA BM "Aj nj An { 'nqM pAkA /(+a Swj) BM B (SwAn
/k/ Sj Bw nj An Ajo{ 'nqM

479

BvU BBw xnoQ

jA ,o nB{ /jjo nB -nAq i B fAnw jnA 1o nB{ nov pA ,j{ jnA

/kBwn nAq M k Bj pA HTv nB L{ pA nL kM An B B B
A M A] Ae nj jomQ Rn wBA Rn M o nB{ k{ TvM
j{ ;me wBA ,Ae M kwnAo k{n BM Bq /k+ Ao\
nB{ kBpBM Rn nj /k{ nB L{ jnA kAk{ kM + UBB jA
/jqn nB L{ iAj M jA ,o
kBM Am0 TB k{n  pA jBWTwA AoM p nB L{ ,A] Bw nj
jA A Aop ,k{BM T{Aj An C BkwA KwB jBU BM J0o UoQ B BT
Am0 o] /k{ TiBw L{ Lv Mo S] lwU kAU my
BUoQ q\U AoM p {nA BqC Aop ,k{BM o{ kBM k{ kT pBU Bw@
L{ k{n RApA M /j{ TiBw kU pA kM pn 1 A 7 BU ,BRAnkMo+ k`Q
/j pB0C q An Am0 ;o~ AU ,nB
AL{ ohU B R~d /SwA oY nB L{ nj jkT A
BpoQ k{n oM oYFU op pA nAo Joa BkwA /SwA nB L{ BpoQ k{n A |od
nj Bd q+ /k{BM RBTwA RBQoQ ,RAoUM ;SA KUoU M
C nj oL zi jA j] M t A t kTv oY L{ k{n odU
/jnAj TvM
BAp B nj Sok

pB ji o] nj An BBT ,k jA ,roA ,UoQ pA LwB nAk zi BB@

yB+ AoA BM pnBL nj An Bw A Tvw oYFU SwA  k jA jL+ /knAj
B ji k{ kT pBU Bw AoM ,zi B S] jBT o] FU /kj
/SwA no25 BU 16 kBM BzAp /j{ jAj BTA BzAp M BAp pA L TW kBM zi B@
J LU /k{BL kqy k{BM T{Aj KwB oTvM c~w ,{n Bt ,SeBv MooT
tEn 25 o ApA M j{ U /SwA kW kz+ pAnj B jo+ kM AoM sw nj
vd pA /k{ W k- BAp j M kBM BzAp /j{ To op nj yAp BB]
/jo+ jBWTwA nB+ A AoM qCS Rn M AU qU k{ zp Uo
An BBw A pA nBvM /k{ kT jo (kU e nj) BBw knj 5 HLoU
KUo BB M kBM ,BAp BTwC nj /jAj RB\ o pA BAp e nj B jAj nB BM AU
,a+ BB ` jnA nj /jo+ + BC M pB Rn nj BU j z+ow
1- Esophagous

groove

jo{ BB xnoQ A

480

kBM B /k{BM + M pB SwA  ,Apka ,Lvo0 RBe ,nqM BBw@

Ao+@) vBv Bd /j{ z+ow nBM SBw 2 o ,BAp jnj To{ pA kM
/kAj sU kM An BAp eAo (1983 ,AnB
jnj /Sv SeAn kz ,j{ kM Bka pA o B - 1 AnCB : A eo
iAj nj j] kqy kLva jA /SwA kBz MB JC v+ k{ nBQ B M BAp
kT SBw 2 o njBw ,qBM BB nj /SwA no- Lv BAp AoM ,JC v+@
/kzM v oTzM B SBw 4 + SwA  BvU nj  ,k{ kAi
pA kM SBw BU v nj kBM Bw qBM BB nj - 2 ApBw : j eo
/k{BM SBw 2 jke Bp A BvU AoM ,jjo ZnBi en jo Bj nj k{ oB
/kBwn kAi Ake M An j{ jnA B oM + zU ,B`B BLA B nj B rBwB
SW] /j{ ZnBi BAp pA kM SBw 8 BU M SW] - 3 S4] Zoi : w eo
oWv ,w , E , D , A BT myU /kj fnjB BBAp knj 1 BU 8 njkB
/kBwn Ake M An kB SW] v+
BM AU An Bw uWU /kB uWU M To{ ,;B ~ pA uQ BM kBM Bw@
jnA ,C odU AoM yB ,M BfAnw iAj nj j] w+ jA TiBw ZnBi
,~ uWU pA jBWTwA B uWU odU AoM M BiAnw iAj M SzA jo+@
jn pA BU ,j{ jAj o kM oTTBw 5 jke B nj koM kBM ;B kM /jo+ pB0C
o B A pA AU ;B kM jo+ W k- AoM /j{ o] kM iAj M oT+@BM
nT WBM SwA  kM M jq i ;B kM jp o /jo+ jBWTwA |~h TwQ
,k nTU d BM B+ nv M ,;B kM kBM AqnBM Bo] joM M pA np M /j{ ;B
zi AoM AU RBBX+ pA nB zi d M Bw BTA pA L /j{ Wk/j jBWTwA m0B+ B anBQ pA C jo+@
p'C

SwA BUjBQ my jA pA nB{ow + jnAj B p0C yAp pA kM B kU o{ A

Aop ,SwBnBM oMAoM nj SB Rnk kB kU B nj Bw /(26-1 k])
] i xjo BTwj M njB pA (BLA) BUjBQ nL B SW] BnAj
A SB ,BC UjBQ kU AU Bw A Tvw k{n BU p0C BUjBQ /k{
j 3) yAp pA kM SBw 4 o nj /k+ FU BnBM oMAoM nj An A] Bw@
,Bw M p0C kAni jn nj /j{ kAni Bw M p0C oT j kBM (SwA J~
1- Restlessness
3- Expelling the

2- Calf
placenta

delivery

481

BvU BBw xnoQ

/B/ o{ B:TA nj o{ ,p<C K/oU : 26-1 k]

y{j RBj jAkU
(pn nj nBMj)
11

B+ o{

BTA nj M Mo o{

p0C

12.9

13.6

13.9

14.1

17.9

23.9

3.5

4.1

4.2

5.1

8.4

3.5

2.9

3.2

3.8

4.3

4.8

14

zi jB + knj
UoQ + knj
pB+ knj

.9

.1

.2

2.4

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.9

5.4

6.7

Moa knj

4.9

4.7

4.6

4.4

3.9

2.7

pT+@ knj

.74

.81

.82

.87

.95

1.11

1.32

1.33

1.33

1.35

1.4

1.56

MAknj

k jA knj
|~h p

M kU pA kM SBw 24 BU l Bw xnA Ao\ Aop ,jnAj jBp SA Bp

iAj M k{ q\U kM Tv jn pB]A (UoQ S{nj B) BjBMTC
Jm] a+ jn nj B+ nv M kAU BUjBQ ,SBw 24 pA kM /kj An i
,J~ SB M MBTwj AoM /(SwA ;o 1 jn k{ TvM M A) k{
j pA o nj kBM nqM jAs BBw /kB Jm] MA o 6 kBM Bw@
/k+ ;o~ p0C o+ 2 (kM SBw 12 k yAp B nj k ) A k
kU pA kM SBw 6 v nj ,jnAj An jpBM oX+@Ake BAp B M BMA Jm]
M HLoU kM SBw 24 kMB yB+ knj 5 BU SBw 12 v nj knj 2 BU 1
nAk kBM no- Aq Ake ;o~ pA BvA k{ }hz np M /kwn oW
BQ pB]A + SwA  A { BB /kAni BBw M nBL]A Rn M p0C
,kk{ s- j M SwA  Bw B kk Bw M An C jni B o{ kC
kqM An B kM oj BTv B ,Q ,BQ A B k{BM T{Ak An o{ k Rnk
p0C nBL]A kAni AoM Aw kBM nAjB Am /jnhM An AqnBM BvBnA
/k{BM T{Aj toTwj nj o nov pA k{ kU BBw@
M SLv (oTzM B jo{ nj w) v BB p0C /SwA oyT nBvM p0C SW+@
BnBM oMAoM nj SB jB\A AoM An BUjBQ pA oUTT oTzM nAk ,A] BB@
SW+ }hzU AoM LwB nB ,(ABi SWw) SiA jnp n /knAj sTh
1-

Gut closure

jo{ BB xnoQ A

482

nB\U w (jnAjBLUnA UjBQ Sp0 BM +@) p0C |~h p o@pAkA AoM /SwA p0C
jC p0C B BTvQ n M TL Ae p0C /(26-1 k]) jnAj j] 1 [w p0C B M
nj U ,oUv BB pA J0o p0C nAk z kBM /j{ ;o~ kBL i M
e nj + BBw AoM BU oil nqo nj TwQ ;o B o{ oT 2 Bo~M
Zoi pB]A B ,kAjM TL o{ KU B BTvQ n M B kAjAj Swj pA An B{njB BAp
/j{ jBWTwA ,SwA J0oB BC kU p0C B kj An ji o{
jBp Am0 jA a SwA no- BA Rn nj Bw M B-A p0C kAni
,p0C jo+ ohU /k+ ~ BnBM MB nj An xnA Ao\ + jnAj BjBM TC
B B+ o{ B] M jo+ qB] BM + SwA B-A p0C pA jBWTwA AoM jB~TA {n
p0C pA jBWTwA BM /j{ Bwo ApA M ]o nj 2 BU 1 K] o{ qB]
B Am0 pn 3 BU 2 AU A y{j Sz pA Be xo MB o0 o{ B-A
/2j Ao BBw AoM
: j{ U BBw AmyU Sok nj p0C pA oTM jBWTwA AoM op jnA
,knAj TwQ iAj + o B ,qU TwQ ;o nj AU An B-A p0C (1
/(koL nB+ M An qAB q ;o) jo+ oil
k{ Ak] pA o] AoM ,ohU Be nj p0C M kk] jA jo+ B-A pA kM (2
/j h jp M B+ nv M An C kBM HTe ,TvM
k{BM T{Aj UMTC + o{ ,BTvQ n M TL Ae p0C Be ;o (3
/j{ Thn nj kBM (jpBw sT An ohU kAo UMTC)
Sv 3 BU 2 Rn M kBM (kB] jA + knj 2 A 16 BM) B B ~d (5
/j{ nn o JC Sv BM k{ xoU p0C
knj .5) kw RBMo+M jqA ,k{ xoU p0C ;o~ pA BBw TBTA Rn nj (6
/joM M pA An kwA q ,;o~ pA yQ (p
M Lv o0 ohU ,BTvMBU nj pBU p0C M (p knj ) QoQ kwA jqA (7
Jwn pA BU j{ jqA AnC M kBM kwA SBe A nj /kBwn Ake M An kBvB
/j{ o] UoQ
/jqA SwA k{ kwA L + p0C M AU An k{ kwA p0C (8
/j{ ;o~ TW 4 A 3 v nj kBM k{ xoU p0C (9

1- Colostrometer
B-A o{ M An C kAU jnAj jBM TC jBp nAk p0C a TozQ Bnz+ nj -2
(]oT) k{ o] o k+@

483

BvU BBw xnoQ

M ,k{ xoU p0C BM An pBU p0C j h BM AU An k{ ohU Bp0C (1

/k h ,BY ohU jB\A S
oo{ BU kU pA BBw xnoQ
B B/@Ani BM m4U

S] jkT Am0 BBoM ,jo+ SBnj p0C pn 3 Rk M Bw A pA kM

/(26-2 k]) SwA toTwj nj B B+@Ani ;o~
pn 5 BU 3 o BBw o@A /SwA A] BBw AoM M~ Am0 ,k{ xoU p0C
B pA jB BBw AoM B+ nAk M k{ xoU p0C ,kwoM xo M BAp pA kM
xoU p0C pA [nkU M kBM BBw o] /SwA toTwj nj BC To o{ pA  BU kU
/kMB oyU o{ qB] B B+ o{ M k{
1 BU 8 pAkA M kBM BBw /SwBBw AoM BM t SMB BM Am0 ,B+ o{
,j{ To o{ pA TW 8 nj + ABw /kB SBnj o{ BzkM p knj
jA + Bo{ pA jBWTwA Rn nj /k+ jBWTwA o{ o+ 25 nAk A p0C oM
AmyU Rz pA o] AoM ,qo wo] BjAs o{ X ,knAj jBp kB]
yB+ K] ,o{ ke pA yM ;o~ /jo+ nn JC BM 1 M 3.5 SLv M An o{ AU
/j{ {nA BTeAnB poM zi Am0 ;o~
k{ sU o{ +@) jnAj UM TC + o{ B SwTL BTvQ n M + Ae o{
pA kM o{ A B Lv o0 o{ /kBwn BBw ;o~ M AU An ,(k{ kB
BBw ;o~ M kBL SwA kB BM C nj jBp nAj jA + An BTvQ n \B
B ji + j{ jAj pB]A kBL ,kAjAj An BTvQ n M TL B o{ + BBw M /kBwn
pA ,BTvQ n KLv BvBnA o SwA  Aop ,kM B kqM u An oj vU
Be o{ + BBw /j{ jnA jo k{n BTvQ M qBMB BBTvQow nov
M nBTz+ AoM kBL SwA BM BC kM nj UMTC oYA + Bp BU ,kni UMTC
/kwoM xo
/o{ >qB] B/ o{ ,p<C (knj) K/oU AwT : 26-2 k]
qB]
o{
12

o{
B+@
12.1

1 B-A

p0C T\

16

A o{
(p0C)
28.3

Aq]A
zi jB

2.3

3.5

5.5

Moa

2.7

3.3

5.5

18.8

UoQ

A y{j y{ K+oU lwT -1

jo{ BB xnoQ A

484

SwA o{ S s~ C q Aop ,SwA jB~TA xn ,o{ qB] pA jBWTwA

;o~ M nn JC o+ 3.1 BM An njQ A pA o+ .45 /kwn xo M +@
qB] SW+ /k{BM T{Aj kB] jA knj 15 BU 12 kBM h A /kBwn BBw@
p {nA BqC ,kU B M A] BBw /(26-3 k]) SwA nBvM o{
BC my jA K+oU Aq]A ,BAm0 A KvaoM n /knAk Am0 jA t AoM An
/SwA k{ T{
pA nAk) ,UoQ knj 24 B (o{ MB pA HBU) knj 22 Be o{ qB]
AoM /jnAj oYFU Bw k{n oM o{ qB] UoQ SW+ /SwA (B UoQ L
AoM p t BqC kU BM B AU ,knAj TW j pA yM + BBw@
/jAj yAqA An B UoQ nAk ,k`Q BUoQ q\U
jo Moa knj 1 /k{BM knj 25 BU 3 SwA  o{ qB] Moa nAk
jo + j{ K] SwA  (knj 2 BU 15) oTzM Moa /k+ FU An KwB
yAqA yU ,nBM ,T{Aj nAo jow A o nj X Lvo0 lAo{ nj BBw@
Ake M Ajn BKwC U BM An BwA T BA SwA  Moa ` /kMB
B MB (Ae 0n B kWw Moa ,|i Moa) Ae BMoa /kBwoM
k]) knAjnioM oT+ xpnA pA TBL{A o0 UBL B0n + Be nj ,kTv Moa
/(26-3
/SwA o{ o0 jA pA jBWTwA oBM (knj 1 pA yM) o{ qB] nj jBp BioL
TW 3 BU 2 v nj/k{BM BRAnkMo+ t M njB TW 3 A 2 BU A] BBw@
/o{ >qB] nj Moa UoQ MB S4/ : 26-3 k]
J0oB
kznC Bw jnC
T{ Bd
B njQ
A o~U Bd
\MC oh
nAjBa jnC
k jnC
B B B0n

L MB UoQ MB
|~h Bw jnC
Bw oTBv+@
B k{ qnk UoQ

Moa MB
rnkBBB0n

oTM0o
foauQ o{
Bi
oQ JC
B+ oQ JC
pT+@ kB oQ JC
pB+@
o{ LC
k{ lyU oQ JC UoQ
|i Moa
Q
uo@

485

BvU BBw xnoQ

oL BM An o{ BqB] kBM ,Am0 q yB+ np M o] oL yAqA pA L BU A

nj (uP+ B E , D ,A ) BBT k jA jqA /j jBWTwA knj .5 pA oT+@
/j{ o{ qB] oTM k{ h K] ,o JC pA jBWTwA /SwA no- qB]
BkwA np kM /SwA jM Ao S BM kwA o{ qB] pA jBWTwA BQnA nj
B pA Aj myU pB]A BBw /j{ B-A o{ BqB] M knAk jA C
o{ q@B] + B\C pA /knAj |oTz BTvQow BM ~h ;o nov pA An o{ qB]
Rn M SwA jkd k o nj C myU ,j{ ;o~ jow Rn M kwA
BM Bw ,XBUA RnAoe ]nj nj pn w Rk M jnCo A /jo B\A pn nj nBM ka
oQ ,t SMB yAqA ,k pH T{Aj BQ ;kwA o{ qB] BAq /kB
yAqA C BLj M Bw nioQ q C KB /SwA xnA BTwj pAkA pA yM kz
/SwA |@Ani q
UM TC

odU K] Aop ,SwA kjw o{ BBw M UMTC + nAk myU

BwA T yB+ |@Ani q oB jLM ,Am0 jpBM yAqA ,k{n Aq
+ B ,kp A TW 8 v BUM TC SLX oYFU /j{ jniBow
/kTA XBWUA ,jnAj Ajn BBwnB M An SwBve oTzM A] Bw@
myU ,Bp A pA kM ,kzdM jLM B 4 BU An Am0 jpBM k{n Aq BUMTC
Am0 Bk+ To{ o{ nB\U BqB] K0A /jnAj oM nj + oYFU UMTC
SBn kBM UM TC ;o~ BM BLUnA nj k{ U Bp /knAj UMTC BBw@
/j{ o] nBTz+ Bp nj BBw kM nj nAj BkBvQ j] pA BU ,j{
1 k9 :o{ yQ

pA ,o{ qB] ` + kTv zi k{ SQ BAm0 ,nB\U k+ To{ yQ

jA) BjqA ,Moa BjnCo ,kw RBpB+ , 3 foa uQ o{ , 2zi oQ JC
v nj AnBBw ,Bk+ To{ yQ /kAk{ TiBw (BUM TC ,BBT ,k
/k{ L{ k{n pB0C K] kB K0oU zi Am0 jni M pn 4
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JC M jApC nv M + BBw /k+ ;o~ oTzM JC AkTMA nj BBw kjo sT
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stalls

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+ Bp /kMB yAqA oW op jAoTBw ]nj 5 o ApA M knj 1 Aq M o{
jAj yAqA nBM w M An myU Bk jAkU kBM ,kMB yAqA knj 25 RBB ;o~
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/jAj BTA oj ~ M A~ pA KUo nv M nBM M jC

BBB] nj AU q KLB >oUjow nj Te An BBw : 26-2 {

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M kBwn k BTeA j{ B\A TW 4 BU 2 nj BBw p fB{
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xn oM pfB{ : 26-3 {

v :e /k{BM BvA >R
fB{ joM >M pA AoM kBM n
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1- Caustic

potash

jo{ BB xnoQ A

490

ABw BAp B BU k{ myU cd nv M kBM TvMC BB qa o pA L /jnAj

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M o] ApSW Ao]A BTA pA BU jo+ Ak] BBw M pA An C kBM j{ nBM Bw@
i SW ;jnAm oYA A] BBw n + nBM w /kC
ozQ AoM ABoM kBM /k{BM 3oARAl , 2Bw BwA , 1 BwjBe
/j pU {qPAj nB BM BBw Bnj
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kWw n kBvB M Tk k{ nn ,nBM A ~hz S /k+ poM
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/kAjooM Lv SBe M An BBw kM RBB jBU ,SoTA jBT Bd nnqU
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pA oj /j jBWTwA JC oT 4 nj Rnl SMo{ B\ 1.2 nhBa n{B nBa
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JC ,0 S{ JC o 298 v ,kw RBMo+ M nhBa n{B j ,
4 A 3 k o nj oT 2 BU 1 An BSoTA /k{BM oT 2 M C \e kBwn AoM B+@
Swj pA /j{ ;o~ (Bw pAkA M TvM) pn 2 BU 1 Rk M pn o nj k
1- Acute

calf septicemia

3- Pneumonia

2- Common

calf scours

491

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pA jBWTwA /j{ jBWTwA BSoTA BM EU UBWw BnAj UMTC RBL+oU pA
pA o] np M /SwA kW q Bw M njB i nnqU BM Ao oT+@BM k- ow
BB M /j ~o BM An TL Bw kBM oj BBw BM nBM Bw tBU
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k{n RBe Rnk  ,j{ o\ o M jnA K0A nj BwA : BwA
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ABw + B /j{ BwA poM K] SwA  ui BBB] sX+ Bw
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Bw + B M kBM o~ o{ nAk /j{ We BSoTA BM B jBU kMB
yB+ An BwA T ,UBWw BnAj BUMTC /kMB yAqA [nkU M kMB jLM
/kj
pA kM TW 8 A 3 nv M + SwA oARAl BBw o S oTB{ : oA RAl
yAqA ,uWU Aq yAqA ,ow X oj B BwA K0A C pA L /k+ poM kU
M ,kM s- ,BT{A jAj Swj pA ,kM B k{ h- ,BeM ,kM Bj
/jnAj j] M RBd{oU kBvB
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BM myU nj v ,Bw AoM zi ~d jo+ B M oz oARAl pA ozQ
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nBM T{ BA BU ,k{ ~o kBM TL BBw /k{ A kW Bnj AoM SwA
/kwoM Ake M oj BBw M nj

jo{ BB xnoQ A

492

Bw BU oo{ Bp pA Bw xnoQ

BnB+ oUSep + pA ,Bw BU oo{ Bp pA BBw pA SLAo

wEn 1 BU 8 Bo nj An BBw ,oo{ Bp pA kM BU+ Rk /SwA Tok
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ok BU ,k{BM SLAo SdU Aj nv M kBM BBw /jo+ jBWTwA AU q k{ TiBw
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kBM B nBa BU BBw AoM myU BoM /SwA zi qU BBB] /j{
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; o~ ~ pA kM /k{BM T{Aj q E D , A BBT ,JB+ k jA ,oWv
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Bw j BU Ew pA BvU xnoQ

L{ w A nj Aop ,SwA q + BwC Bw pA oUv BvU xnoQ

B ,w ,zi  pA An p UoQ roA kAU BwC M TB B+ k{n Ae
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1- Hay

silage

2- Grass

hay

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lBR, BVD, and Pl - 3

Reo, corona virus, E coli
scours vacccine Johne's
Bruccellosis

B 2-6

lBR and Pl-3 pastcurclla

B 4-6

and Haemophilus somus Pncumonia Blachleg

B 6-8

lBR and BVD

Leptospirosis IBR, BVD, and

(oSW] pA L B 2) B 13

Pl- 3 Vibriosis

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494

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1- Johne's

disease (paratuberculosis)

2- White

muscle disease

3- Goiter

4- Contracted

5- Pink

6- Parasites

eye

tendons

Un za

,RAoze jAp)
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2[

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1- Veal

calf production

3- Fancy

veal calves

2- Bob

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13-

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eather protection

2- Stanchion

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1-

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1- Stall barns
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gate

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1- Rubber

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