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    17 views9 pages

    Blechner Analysis 01

    Uploaded by

    Yulia Greyman

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    CHAPTER 2 THE ANALYSIS AND: ‘CREATION OF DREAM MEANING “The name generally given to widely accepted eros lion, Chutes Rosen Tire consent at besween pryshoenayss and neurobiology did mot exist when paychonnalyss was founded, Feu’ fist sient esearch (1877) was on animal neurology, the development ofthe nervous sy tem ofthe eel. Later, oe of Freud's major works was the Pec ‘Scaife Bychalog (199), which atempte to crete a model of human ‘mental fctioning based on the neurological knowledge of is time “Tis work ie ill appreciated and admired by leading cogstve neuro ‘sie ody (Bilder and LeFever, 1998), Pribram (1998) ays that “we find hat Feu, 100 yeas ago, was ia Kita good scientist ad eat his science ad to offer—eve in considerable detail not oo dif. ent from what we today cam oer" (pp 18-19) But over the years, psy ‘oan, cognitive science, and neurobiology have become relate {soared fom one another althouph some communication among te fields has cominued especialy in the area of dreams “The psychoanalytic view of dreams has changed dramatically in the hundred years since Freud published The Zmpretation of Dre “Many psychoanalyst, om Jung to the presen, have questioned Fred's conclusion that all dreams are the fulilment of washes In 1944 the Sco prchoanalyt Ronald Pashirn angued tht “dreams are een ‘ily, wot wish falfliment, but dramatizations or shorts (ate ine ‘matographic sense) of situations existing in inne reality" I 1950, Frieda PromamReichmana, transplanted to the United States fh 16 Chapter? Germany, ange tht thee were many dreams that do not del wits wis Fltiment (ie als Sclorow and Atwood, 1982; Fosshage 1985) Fisher and Greenberg (1986) surveyed dozens of dream tutes, and once! that while ther is ood evidence hat dream eoarent as psy- ‘ological meaning, here is none hat sport Prewd's wish Flillment theory [Even Freud questioned whether all ream are the produc wi fui, Already inthe Dora case (1905), be wrote that the mean- ing ofa creams could be “of many ferent sorts a he process of| ‘waking thought... In onecase it would bea flied wish In anccer 2 realize fear; of again a election persisting into sleep, or an ten tion: ora pece of creative though" (p68). Then, in 1933, he cons fred whether creams should be sen, ot always as wish allies, ‘but ther as atone wish flillments. Finally, nthe Outine of ‘yon, writen near the end of his ie (reed, 1940, Fre pro- oved two kinds of dreams: [Wh the nlp of he uncamsciosevery deca thal ia process fof formation makes 4 demand pom the ego lor the suiaae tion ofa latin, f Che deen crgiate om te fr the elution of confi, th remade the forming fn ruowson of eda erga fom a ode prac ae ‘yin vain if Ip 169 ales nie). re Freed is sugnesting tat only some dears aim fo the satis faction oan intinetOnber dreams ty try to sae a confit, remove 2 dot, or form an intention ‘In ie 1968 an. 1998 books, nearobiologe Alan Hobson contn- see t0 wrestle with Fras erie iea that ancenacious wits Int fate the dreaming proces. He writes (1988) “Once REM sleep and ‘reaming have Been choinercal gered, wishes maybe expresed sndmay even shape dream ploy, but hey aren no sense causative of| ‘he dream procen {p. 202) Many contemporary prychonaly would tare with this fremation. Fran «cline satepoiet, the motives teh the formation of 2 particular dream aze mach move imporant than the instigators of dreaming ie Bu that mach ould already be "surmised from the firs studies tht found dreaming to be a regularly ‘ccuring experience during the night. ‘Contemporary psychoanalyst ave suggested many motiators for ream formation. Erch Prom (1981) sw inthe dear an aterpt ‘pres pryehological mught en renbole language without he nae” of cunaralsomention Pal Lippmann (1998) ser dreams a eepord- tng otk private concerns and social factors. Edgar Levenson (1983, 1981) as shown how dreams often portray the max simple truths about the dreamers experience, truths 50 blunt that, nthe clinical seting, ether patient nor analyst may fll understand them without fis re ‘cing them during the process of Sream interpretation. [have aged (Becher, 1983) tha reams may expres things that are not express Ibe by anyother means, and T wil expand that iewpoint inthis book. All of these resins have one thing in common they cha ge our theory of how dreams cary meaning and how bes to understand that ‘meaning. In this chapter, we will therefore address three mai gues- tions (2) Where isthe meaning ofthe dean? (2) How da we ase ‘that meaning when we do clineal dream analysis, nd to what degree ie that meaning dicovered or created? and (3) What ithe signe ‘of izarenes In rears? Frey ew wast the mind starts withthe latent eam hoashe, ‘whichis represented something lke « grammtial, understandable sen- tence Because the tent deer thought i threatening and upaccepe able dhe deamwork disguises it though various mechanisms, such Symboltzation, condensnion, and displacement. The rest the man ifest ream. which coma the atnt dream thoght a Joga that takes ir scem less sensibe and ondersandable. This Sisguive allows ‘the unacceprablelten dream thought, and its source in unacceptable Infante impute, wb dicharped witout dsurtng the dreamers seep "Tothe question “Where ithe meaning ofthe dream?” Freud would answer hat starts ithe unconscious, as thought that is ogi ad (rammatical but unaccepeae, andi then dasuised by the dean ‘work ito the maniest dreams. To the question “How do we arrive at ‘that meaning when we do clinical dream analysis?” Prev answer ‘would be that by using the dreamer’ fee associations combination ‘with symbol translation, we can undo the disguise of the dreamwork {ied mete cg lntent rene hough "othe queaton, "Wat [the stgnicance of bizarreness in deans?” Freud would answer hat itis byproduct ofthe drensnwodk's transformation aad digi ofthe laren dream thought. ‘This bask Frets theory ofthe formation of dreams, which dom named paychoanalss daring its ft haf centr, hasbeen seriously ‘questioned during the last haf century, pot ony by clinical psychoan Alyse ut alo by laboratory dream researchers reo thought of reams ‘2 mun pathological events, but ths viewpoint bad tbe revised when ‘Aserinsy, Dement ad Kleiman discovered that we dream gully @) 18% Chapter 2 ‘througout the nigh, and mach more often than we consciously real ine (Aternsky and Kleiman, 1985, Dement and Kleiman, 1987, 6) Usually we are dreaming during periods of "ead Eye Movement (REN sleep which occur throughout the night, about every 99 min ites, We also ean be dreaming during nonREM petiods of sleep, though les equenty and often less wy “Tre fact tha eum occur regula, along with oer new find ing, has ed some dream researches to postulate that dreams do start with fly formed vital thought Oneaf the kest known of these ‘heosies is that of Hobson and McCarley (1977), who call the “Ac ‘ation ymthesis hypothesis” They propose thatthe Basic stimlus of| the dream i an age produced during KEM sleep by pesos fring fof the pons, structure in the brainstem. Such image, which Hobo dane McCarey believe tobe andor, ae then syhesized bythe higher levels of the bain ito a ongoing narrative The process very mich like the brain administering 0 itself a TAT (Thematic Apperception ‘Tsp, showing self an imape and then elaborating a story based on tha image Anirobus (191) sugges that the priniary ingot may be ‘ven more obscure, for expe os a visual feature, which the con: ‘eprual ot higher perceptual modules transform into a recognizable ‘objet or person “There are many objections that can be raised about Hobson and McC’ orginal theory I's Enown that LO 0 18 dream sepors ‘fom nonREM sleep are inditingshable fom REM dreams (Foulkes, 1962) Solms (1997, studying panents with brain infunes, found that fatiens with mage tothe pons sil dream, whereas patent with lesions othe ventromedial quadrant ofthe onal lobes inthe white ‘matter permanently stop dreaming These data suggest tbat the ac ‘ation Syuthesis hypothesis may fave 10 be revised Teed, McCarley (1991 fats acknowledged that the activation synthesis hypotheris does oe pose a threat to the psychological inerpeation of dreams tis pr maria theory ofthe bsgtion of dreams, ad he argues that the final ream integrates "the ran stem indaced motor and tesory activation Sith the parislae memerses and personality characiersticy of the Sreamar(p. $2). Tis more in ine with Solms’s (1939) proposal that REM is a instigator of dream, although not the only ane Hobson ema ear eet of hat clr rain opi (Sent tow Goce, ured out bea aceon yo Sra The Anaya and Creston of Drees Messing $19 (1998) hae ato proposed a revision of activation syathenis that give | ‘greater role to forebrain mechanisms and allows lor increased post ‘iy that dreams are meaning TB ler us consider what Habron and McCarty’ orignal theory implies about our fist two quesions; To the fit, "wheres the mean ‘ng ofthe dream” the activation synthesis hypothesis says thar we do ‘or start with meaning. We sar with a eativly meaningless image that as been generates by neural ting. Then, i the sythese eae, the higher levels of the mind construct a more coherent native out ‘of sch isernaly generate stil So the dream arts ae meaning. fees and then becomer more meaning ‘Wit sles histheary say about our second question, ramet, “how ‘do we arrive at tha meaning when we do clinical deeam analysis? In ‘my wen ic suggests that when we interpret x dream, we ay be can "Snuing the bans proces of creating meaning, In her words, deat Interpreation not taking the dear back tos riginal sources he Liteer dreams thought. Acoring 4 activation synthe, there 90 lhtent dream thought atthe tat of the reaming process. Ftd, if ‘he dream nerpeation dors decode meaning. the meaning comes nly From the sythess stage of dears formation “Another theory of dreaming i that of Panis Crick, the Noel Prise winner for DNA research, and Graeme Mitchisoa (1983, 1986) ‘They have proposed the theory hat dreams are st reaninglinaead, they are waste products. They deaw the analogy wit arg computer systems, which at night perform certain operation clear ou spur, ‘ous materia. Tn patil, they eliminate “parasitic oclaons” inthe ‘conex, wich are a kindof neural anaoe ro obsessional thoughts? (Crick and Mitchison see this srt of housecleaning as the function of

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