CHNG 1 TNG QUAN CC PHNG PHP A TRUY NHP V TUYN V K THUT TRI PH 1.1.

Cc ch c trnh by trong chng Tng quan FDMA Tng quan TDMA Tng quan CDMA Tng quan SDMA So snh dung lng cc h thng FDMA, TDMA v CDMA Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di ng. Trong chng ny ta s xt tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp c s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. Ngoi ra ta cng xt k thut tri ph nh l k thut c s cho cc h thng thng tin di ng CDMA. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.1.

Cc trm mt t

Di ng

Trm gc

My di ng

Hnh 1.1. Cc h thng a truy nhp: a) cc u cui mt t v b pht p, b) cc trm di ng v cc trm gc. Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu ngc li. Theo quy c chung
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ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access) a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access).

Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt phng php a truy nhp mi. Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn cho cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau. Nguyn l ca ba phng php a truy nhp c bn u tin c cho hnh 1.2. Mi knh ngi s dng v tuyn trong h thng v tuyn t ong mt t hay mt tram u cui trong h thng thng tin v tinh a trm s dng mt sng mang c ph nm trong bng tn ca knh vo thi im hot ng ca knh. Ti nguyn dnh cho knh c th c trnh by dng mt hnh ch nht trong mt phng thi gian v tn s. Hnh ch nht ny th hin rng ca knh v thi gian hot ng ca n (hnh 1.2). Khi khng c mt quy nh trc cc sng mang ng thi chim hnh ch nht ny v gy nhiu cho nhau. trnh c can nhiu ny cc my thu ca trm gc (hay cc phy thu cu cc trm pht p trn v tinh) v cc my thu ca cc trm u cui phi c kh nng phn bit cc sng mang thu c. t c s phn bit ny cc ti nguyn phi c phn chia: Nh l hm s ca v tr nng lng sng mang vng tn s. Nu ph ca sng mang chim cc bng tn con khc nhau, my thu c th phn bit cc sng mang bng cch lc. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access, hnh 1.2a). Nh l hm v tr thi gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ln lt cc song mang cng tn s theo thi gian v phn tch chng bng cch m cng ln lt theo thi gian thm ch c khi cc sng mang ny chim cng mt bng tn s. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2b). Nh l hm ph thuc m ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ng thi cc sng mang cng tn s v phn tch chng bng cch gii m cc sng mang ny theo m m chng c pht. Do mi knh hay ngun pht c mt m ring nn my thu c th phn bit c sng mang thm ch tt c cc sng mang ng thi chim cng mt tn s. M phn bit knh hay ngun pht thng c thc hin bng cc m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo Noise Code). Phng php ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code
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Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.2c). Vic s dng cc m ny dn n s m rng ng k ph tn ca sng mang so vi ph m n c th c khi ch c iu ch bi thng tin hu ch. y cng l l do m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA: Spread Spectrum Multiple Access). Nh l hm ph thuc vo khng gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. Nng lng sng mang ca cc knh hay cc ngun pht khc nhau c phn b hp l trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. V cc knh hay cc ngun pht ch s dng khng gian c quy nh trc nn my thu c th thu c sng mang ca ngun pht cn thu thm ch khi tt c cc sng mang khc ng thi pht v pht trong cng mt bng tn. Phng php ny c gi l phng php a truy nhp theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Multiple Access). C nhiu bin php thc hin SDMA nh:

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 1.2. Nguyn l a truy nhp: a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn cha theo m (CDMA) 1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian n chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php ti s dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy nhiu cho nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng ti s dng tn s cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh truyn dn s dng chung tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau. 2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy nhiu cho cc my thu khc. 1.3. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S, FDMA 1.3.1. Nguyn l FDMA
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Trong phng php a truy nhp ny rng bng tn cp pht cho h thng B Mhz c chia thnh n bng tn con, mi bng tn con c n nh cho mt knh ring c rng bng tn l B/n MHz (hnh 1.4). Trong dng a truy nhp ny cc my v tuyn u cui pht lien tc mt s sng mang ng thi trn cc tn s khc nhau. Cn m bo cc khong bo v gia tng knh b sng mang chim phng nga s khng hon thin ca cc b lc v cc b dao ng. My thu ng xung hoc dng ln chn sng mang cn thit theo tn s ph hp. Nh vy FDMA l phng thc a truy nhp m trong mi knh c cp pht mt tn s c nh. m bo FDMA tt tn s phi c phn chia v quy hoch thng nht trn ton th gii.
on bo v B/n MHZ

...

2 Nhiu knh ln cn

B MHZ

Hnh 1.4. FDMA v nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn

m bo thng tin song cng tn hiu pht thu ca mt my thu bao phi hoc c pht hai tn s khc nhau hay mt tn s nhng khong thi gian pht thu khc nhau. Phng php th nht c gi l ghp song cng theo tn s (FDMA/FDD, FDD: Frequency Division Duplex) cn phng php th hai c gi l ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD, TDD: Time Division Duplex). Phng php th nht c m t hnh 1.5. Trong phng php ny bng tn dnh cho h thng c chia thnh hai na: mt na thp (Lower Half Band) v mt na cao (Upper Half Band). Trong mi na bng tn ngi ta b tr cc tn s cho cc knh (xem hnh 1.5a) . Trong hnh 1.5a cc cp tn s na bng thp v na bng cao c cng ch s c gi l cp tn s thu pht hay song cng, mt tn s s c s dng cho my pht cn mt tn s c s dng cho my thu ca cng mt knh, khong cch gia hai tn s ny c gi l khong cch thu pht hay song cng. Khong cch gn nht gia hai tn s trong cng mt na bng c gi l khong cch gia hai knh ln cn (x), khong cch
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ny phi c chn ln i vi mt t s tn hiu trn tp m cho trc (SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio) hai knh cnh nhau khng th gy nhiu cho nhau. Nh vy mi knh bao gm mt cp tn s: mt tn s bng tn thp v mt tn s bng tn cao m bo thu pht song cng. Thng thng ng pht i t trm gc (hay b pht p) xung trm u cui (thu trm u cui) c gi l ng xung, cn ng pht i t trm u cui n trm gc (hay trm pht p) c gi l ng ln. Khong cch gia hai tn s ng xung v ng ln l Y nh thy trn hnh v. Trong thng tin di dng tn s ng xung bao gi cng cao hn tn s ng ln suy hao ng ln thp hn ng xung do cng sut pht t my cm tay khng th ln. Trong trong thng tin v tinh th tu thuc vo h thng, tn s ng xung c th thp hoc cao hn tn s ng ln, chng hn cc h thng s dng cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t ln ngi ta thng s ng tn s ng ln cao hn ng xung, ngc li cc h thng thng tin v tinh (nh di ng chng hn) do trm mt t nh nn tn s ng ln c s dng thp hn tn s ng xung.
Na bng thp a) f1 f2 f3 fn-1 fn f0 f1 f2 Na bng cao f3 fn-1 fn

b)

MS1

MS2

Trm gc

MS3

K hiu x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn y: Khong cch tn s thu pht
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B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng f0: Tn s trung tm fi: Tn s ng xung fi: Tn s ng ln Hnh 1.5. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/FDD Trong phng php th hai (FDMA/TDD) c my thu v my pht c th s dng chung mt tn s (nhng phn chia theo thi gian) khi ny bng tn ch l mt v mi knh c th chn mt tn s bt k trong bng tn (phng php ghp song cng theo thi gian: TDD). Phng php ny c m t hnh 1.6. Hnh 1.6 cho thy knh v tuyn gi trm gc v my u cui ch s dng mt tn s fi cho c pht v thu. Tuy nhin pht thu lun phin, chng hn trc tin trm gc pht xung my thu u cui khe thi gian c k hiu l Tx, sau n ngng pht v thu tn hiu pht i t trm u cui khe thi gian c k hiu l Rx, sau n li pht khe Tx ...

a)

f1

f2

f3

fn-1

fn

...

...

b)
MS1 RX TX RX TX f1

RX MS2

TX

RX

TX

f2

Trm gc

MS3

RX

TX

RX

TX

f3

K hiu x: Khong cch tn s gia hai knh ln cn B: Bng thng cp pht cho h thng fi: Tn s chung cho c ng xung v ng ln Hnh 1.6. Phn b tn s v phng php FDMA/TDD 1.3.2. Nhiu giao thoa knh ln cn T hnh 1.4 ta thy rng ca knh b chim dng bi mt s sng mang cc tn s khc nhau. Cc sng mang ny c pht i t mt trm gc n tt c cc my v tuyn u cui nm trong vng ph ca anten trm ny. My thu ca cc my v tuyn u cui phi lc ra cc sng mang tng ng vi chng, vic lc s c thc hin d dng hn khi ph ca cc song mang c phn cch vi nhau bi mt bng tn bo v rng. Tuy nhin vic s dng bng tn bo v rng s dn n vic s dng khng hu qu rng bng tn ca knh. V th phi thc hin s dung ha gia k thut v tit kim ph tn. D c chn mt gii php dung ha no i na th mt phn cng sut ca sng mang ln cn vi mt sng mang cho trc s b thu bi my thu c iu hng n tn s ca sng mang cho trc ni trn. iu ny dn n nhiu do s giao thoa c gi l nhiu knh ln cn (ACI: Adjacent Channel Interference). Dung lng truyn dn ca tng knh (tc bit Rb) xc nh rng bng tn iu ch (Bm) cn thit nhng phi c thm mt khong bo v trnh nhiu giao thoa gia cc knh ln cn nn Bm < B/n. Do vy dung lng thc t ln hn dung lng cc i nhn c bi mt k thut iu ch cho trc.V vy hiu sut s dng tn s thc s s l n/B knh lu lng trn MHz. Trong cc h thng in thoi khng dy FDMA in hnh ca chu u hiu sut s dng tn s thc ca cc h thng in thoi khng dy l 20 knh/Mhz cn i vi in thoi khng dy s l 10 knh/MHz. V mt kt cu, FDMA c nhc im l mi sng mang tn s v tuyn ch truyn c mt Erlang v th nu cc trm gc cn cung cp N Erlang dung lng th phi cn N b thu pht cho mi trm. Ngoi ra cng phi cn kt hp tn s v tuyn cho cc knh ny. tng hiu sut s dng tn s c th s dng FDMA kt hp vi ghp song cng theo thi gian (FDMA/TDD). phng php ny mt my thu pht ch s dng mt tn s v thi gian pht thu lun phin (hnh 1.6).
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Phng php FDMA t nhy cm vi s phn tn thi gian do truyn lan sng, khng cn ng b v khng xy ra tr do khng cn x l tn hiu nhiu, v vy gim tr hi m. 1.4. A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO THI GIAN (TDMA) 1.4.1. Nguyn l TDMA Hnh 1.7 cho thy hot ng ca mt h thng theo nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian. Cc my u cui v tuyn pht khng lin tc trong thi gian TB. S truyn dn ny c gi l cm. S pht i mt cm c a vo mt cu trc thi gian di hn c gi l chu k khung, tt c cc my u cui v tuyn phi pht theo cu trc ny. Mi sng mang th hin mt cm s chim ton b rng ca knh v tuyn c mang bi tn s sng mang fi.

TB MS1

fi
Trm gc TB

MS2

fi
TB

MS3

fi

TB MSn

fi

K hiu TSi : khe thi gian ginh cho ngi s dng i TB : thi gian ca mt cm TF : thi gian ca mt khung Hnh 1.7 nguyn l TDMA