:

Integrated Water Resource Management IWRM (concept) (approaches) , , IWRM

1.
() 2 5 Allan (2003)

 1 200 (demand oriented) (supply oriented) multi-functional adaptive framework (Jeffrey and Geary, 2004 p.2) (holistic) (integrated) (Wallace et al., 2003)

IWRM

( 1 2

 100 )

2. (IWRM) :

2002 Johannesburg, (the GWP-TAC) IWRM Technical Advisory Committee of Global Water Partnership ;

(GWP-TAC, 2000) IWRM UN Mar del Plata 1977 incorporate the multiple competing and conflicting uses of water resources 3

 10 Water and Environment Dublin

on

1992 International Conference

IWRM

IWRM

International Conference on Water and the Environment,

Dublin,1992

(http://www.wmo.ch/web/ho,s/documents/english/icwedece.htm) Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 (see

United Nations Conference on Environment and

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/ for more information) 2

nd

World Water Forum, The Hague,2000

IWRM Global Water Partnership (GWP) The World Water Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB) the only sustainable solution al., 2002, p333)

Council (WWC), Global Water Partnership (GWP), the World

(Durham et

 IWRM GWP (European Commission, 2006)

IWRM IWRM (Biswas ,2004 Biswas et al., 2005) IWRM

2

Allan (2003) Gyawali (2003)

Jonker (2002 p.719) IWRM (complex and complicated) IWRM

European Commission (2006) (neo-liberal democracy)

Jonker

sustainable development

IWRM (meso-level) (micro level) managing peoples activities in a manner that IWRM Jonker promotes sustainable development (improving livelihoods without disrupting the water cycle)

IWRM GWP IWRM Grigg (1999)

IWRM adaptive management

Pahl-Wostl et al (2004)

Grigg (1999) 6

IWRM IWRM Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management (IWRPM), Integrated Catchment Management (ICM), Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) Integrated

River Basin Management (IRBM)

1 IWRM (Tim Jones et al, 2006 Jnch-Clausen and Fugl, 2001) IWRM Tiffen and Gichuki

ICM, IRBM IWM

(2000) A catchment is the area of land from which rainwater can drain, as surface runoff, via a specific stream or river system to a common outlet point which may be a dam, irrigation system or municipal / urban water supply off take catchment watershed Bruneau, R. (2005) point, or where the stream / river discharges into a larger

 1 IWRM / ICM / IRBM / IWM

/ /

GWP-TAC, 2000

IWRM

Grigg, 1999 Koudstaal, Rijsberman, Savenije, 1992 Thomas and Durham, 2003 Newson, 2000; Ohlson, 1999 Ballweber 1995

IWRM IWRM

Process promoting coordinated development & management of water, land and other resources, in order to maximize resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems Framework for planning, organising & controlling water systems to balance all relevant views and goals of stakeholders Framework for management of water resources as an integral part of a nations social and economic development Sustainable approach to water management recognising its multidimensional character and the necessity to address, embrace and relate these dimensions holistically to find sustainable solutions Process of planning & implementing water and other natural resources management strategies in watersheds with an emphasis on integrating the biophysical, socio-economic and institutional aspects A method to encompass and coordinate all of a watersheds potential uses, services and values in management decisions and

X X

X X

X X

IWRM

IWM

IWM

regulatory activities rather than attempting to maximize selected resources or regulate individual pollutants

/ /

Matondo, 2002

IWRM

Matondo, 2002

ICM

Tim Jones, Peter Newborne and

IRBM

Through incorporation of socio human factors, economic issues and the ecological system and by linking more than one sectoral interest at both operational and strategic levels, societies will continue to benefit from utilization of water resources while maintaining the environment and the resource base to meet the needs of the future generations To integrate, in a systems approach, all environmental, economic, and social issues, within the bounds of a river basin aimed at delivering the optimum possible mix of sustainable benefits for future generations and the communities in the area of concern, whilst protecting the natural resources which are used by the communities and minimising possible adverse social economic and environmental consequences Integrated river basin management (IRBM) is the process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources across sectors within a given

Bill Phillips (2006)

river basin, in order to maximise the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while preserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems.

: Wietske Medema and Paul Jeffrey (2005)

10

 ? Biswas (2004) IWRM 35 IWRM

? ? ? ?

IWRM (Odendaal, 2002)

IWRM GWP ?

IWRM IWRM ? ? ?

IWRM

11

 European Commission (2006) IWRM EU 1994-2006 67 EU 4 EU (Constructively Engage Integrated Water Resources Allocation and Management)

()

(Constructive engagement) Allan (2003) IWRM integrated water resources allocation and management (IWRAM) (integration) (management) (political)

12

- - -

- - (political process)

: European Commission (2006) p.2

13

14

35
1. objectives that are not mutually exclusive (economic efficiency, regional

income redistribution, environmental quality, and social welfare); 2. water supply and water demand; 3. surface water and groundwater; 5. water and land related issues; 4. water quantity and water quality;
6. different types of water uses: domestic, industrial, agricultural,

navigational, recreational, environmental, and hydropower generation; 7. rivers, aquifers, estuaries, and coastal waters; 8. water, environment, and ecosystems;
9. water supply and wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal;

10.macro, meso and micro water projects and programs; 11.urban and rural water issues;
12. water-related institutions at national, regional, municipal, and local levels;

13.public and private sectors; 14.government and NGOs;

15. timing of water release from the reservoirs to meet domestic, industrial,

agricultural, navigational, environmental, and hydropower generation needs;

16. all legal and regulatory frameworks relating to water, not only directly

from the water sector, but also from other sectors that have implications on the water sector;
17. all economic instruments that can be used for water management;

18.upstream and downstream issues and interests; 19.interests of all different stakeholders; 20.national, regional, and international issues; 21.water projects, programs, and policies;

15

22. policies of all different sectors that have implications for water, both in

terms of quantity and quality, and also direct and indirect (sectors include agriculture, industry, energy, transportation, health, environment, education, gender, etc.); 23.intra-state, interstate, and international rivers; 24.bottom-up and top-down approaches; 25.centralization and decentralization;

26.national, state, and municipal water policies; 27.national and international water policies;
28. timings of water release for municipal, hydropower, agricultural,

navigational, recreational, and environmental water uses;

29. climatic, physical, biological, human, and environmental impacts;

30.all social groups, rich and poor;

31. beneficiaries of the projects and those who pay the costs;

32.present and future generations; 33.all gender-related issues; 34.present and future technologies; and 35.water development and regional development.

16

3. IWRM

3 watershed

river-basin catchment

1) 20 (Heathcote,1998) 17

 Vernooy (1999) (social construction of watershed) Richard Bruneau (2005) IDRC (Canada)

multi-scale and (scale) Rambo (1991:81) Lovelace

... (

) 18

 2 2)

(Jewitt 2002; Matondo 2002) 10

(Biswas 2004)

2 19

Manfred Pope (2004 p.73) 4 (spatial or territorial orientation)

/ 20 ecosystem base management

Eco-hydrology and Phytotechnology

 UNESCO UNEP ( download

2004

http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/publications/freshwater/watershed_manual/)

Bruce L. Rhoads et al (1999) John Gutrich et al (2005) Science in the public process Coop, Ian Reeve (2006) Eco-civic optimization of ecosystem management David Brunckhorst, Phillip

Bruce L. Rhoads

21

IWRM IWRM (political agenda) (Muhammad Misanur Rahaman and Olli Varis, 2005 ; Claudia Pahl-Wostl and Jan Sendzimir , 2005)

() IWRM IWRM 22

IWRM (1) (2) (Jeffrey and Geary, 2004)

(3)

IWRM

(holistic approach) IWRM (Grigg. 1999; Jeffrey and

Geary, 2004) (post-modernism)

predict and prepare adaptive management

23

 IWRM

IWRM 1 multidisciplinary (scientific)

(scientism) (science)

3. / / / inclusive and participatory

24

 (Bruns and Meinzen-Dick 1997; Van der Lee 2002)

(Duda and ElAshry 2000)

Murray-Darling Basin (Blackmore 1995) 25

()

Cooke and Kotharis (2001) (new tyranny of participation) (Dube and Swatuk 2002; Van der Lee 2002; Jane Adams et al 2005) (Montree Chantawong 2002) ADB (multi stakeholder consultation) (civil society involvement)

(Participatory irrigation management) 26

 (ASPL)
1)

2)

Thomas Webler and Seth Tuler (2001) how best to involve the public in watershed planning emerged? 4

1 27 2

 3 4

(goals)

28

 , 2005) (Fiona Miller (territory) (

and Phillip Hirsch, 2003 p.8)

ADB

29

(Bakker 2003) (misconceptions) (McIntosh and Yniguez 2002 ; Budds and McGranahan 2003)

(Walker and Walker 2000) (Walker and Walker 2000)

30

- Conformity with legislation /

- - Price signals

- / - Voter ratepayer opinion

(share movements or bond ratings) -

- -

- State authority
-

- -

- -

backed by coercion

31


- Litigation /

- Litigation

- Litigation (

: Bakker (2003)

32

4. IWRM (Approach)
IWRM demand management ecosystem approach river basin management, water

IWRM

river basin management IWRM (Jnch-Clausen, T. and Fugl, J., 2001) IWRM IWRM GWP IWRM 2004 GWP 10 (GWP-TAC 2004, TAC Background Paper 10) IWRM 3 1) IWRM IWRM

2) Institutional Framework 33

3) management instruments Institutions

5 IWRM Global
Water Partnership

(approach) ) 3 34 IWRM


(situation) : EMAP (Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program) indicator design DPSIR (Driving forces Pressures, State, Impacts, Response) indicator framework design Guidelines for ecological risk assessment Framework for the ecological benefits

Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistrys ecological risk management framework Framework for environmental health risk management

U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers project planning World Commission on Dams planning and project development framework USEPAs watershed project guidance

economic assessment of

Monitoring Program with cyclical redesign

Clean Water Act watershed management cycle 2000 U.S Forest Service land and resource framework management planning

: Randall J.F.Bruins and Matthew T.Heberling (2005) (ed.)

35

2001-2004 GWP (Tool Box) IWRM 17 (theme) 3 Christiansen Barlebo, 2006) NeWater Project

IWRM (Heidi

Heidi Christiansen Barlebo (2006) 3

level)

1 / ( meso 2 () 3 () 6 IWRM

36

 4 IWRM
Ambig uity Scenarios monitorin programs g /

IWRM
Evaluation of strategies / approach Trans rency paLearni ng Uncertai nty

missin

37

 GWP

g X x x

( 13)

http://www.usf.uni-osnabrueck.de/projects/newater/downloads/newater_rs15.pdf

John Cobourn (2001) 4 C communication, cooperation, coordination and collaboration 2 GWP

38

 2 GWP (GWP TAC 2003)

Sullivan, C.A., 2003)

(Wallace, J.S., Acreman, M.C. and IWRM IWRM

39

 White (1998)

IWRM

GWP IWRM IWRM a)

3

(Bandaragoda D.J., 2006

18 2549

IWRM

40

 ( ) (IWMI) (1) non-availability of reliable data related to extraction of water from river basins, (2)

inadequate planning, (3) absence of well-defined water rights, and (4) (Bandaragoda D.J., 2006 a p.13)

(donor-driven institutional change) (Bandaragoda D.J., 2006 b p.19)

(institutional adaptation) (Bandaragoda D.J., 2006 b p.14)

41

42

5.

(catchment management, watershed management) (integrated water resource management) 3

5
1

Beak International (2001) Richard D. Margerum (1995) Bruce Mitchell (2006)

/
2

Herminia A. Francisco and Agnes C. Rola (2004), Delia Catacutan 43

and Caroline Duque (2006) and Thierry Facon (2001) Manfred Poppe (2004) William Blomquist Kemper (2005) Le Huu Ti

Ariel Dinar and Karin

3

Bruneau, R. 2005, (2005), Brent M.

Swallow, Dennis P. Garrity, and Meine van Noordwijk (2001)

1 44

1. 2. ( )

3. 4. 5. 2 6. 7.

1. - - 2. 3. 4. 5.

3 45

1.

( ) 2.

(CPR) 3. (collective action) 4.

NeWater IWRM

46

 6
IWRM

( )
Radif, Adil Al (1999) Ohlson (1999) GWP-TAC (2000)

/
A prerequisite to effective implementation is the provision of the required data which incorporate the assessment of water resources including the identification of potential sources of fresh water supplies, extent, dependability, and quality of water resources and of the human activities that affect those resources Process of IWRM is often long, difficult and controversial. Improvement will require new approaches to planning and management, not just science.Many tools are currently available as aids to IWRM, but many of them have relatively narrow range of application. However, two approaches that Start the IWRM process with the national context and urgent issues to be pragmatic; Experience shows that implementation processes are facilitated by: strong political will, often motivated by a need to address burning and high profile issues; clear distribution of roles and responsibilities among the stakeholders; highly motivated drivers maintaining commitment throughout the process; exchange of knowledge and experience between countries at various stages of the process; setting clear milestones for the achievement; and, monitoring and evaluation of progress, performance and impact; Important is to realise that IWRM processes will differ from country to country, and there is no one size fits all. Reactive and retrospective action, applied piecemeal as a form of sticking plaster after damage has occurred, appears wholly inadequate to control the growing pressures of a population that places increasing demands on resources. There is a pressing need to move from a reactive and parochial approach to river management, towards a recognition of the dynamic and complex systems that catchments represent and upon which socio-economic benefits are based. There is an overwhelming need for a more far-sighted and appropriate framework for decision-making about human activities relating to river catchments. Flawed demarcation of responsibilities between actors; inadequate coordination mechanisms; jurisdictional gaps or overlaps; the failure to match responsibilities, authority and capacities for action are major sources of difficulty in implementing IWRM. The agencies involved in water resources management have to be considered in their various geographical settings, taking into account the political structure of the country, the unity of the resource in a basin or aquifer and the existence and capacities of community organizations. 6 obstacles have been identified for succesful implementation of IWRM: lack of understanding of and attention to the positive contribution that innovative work-place approaches can play in achieving IWRM objectives; potential complexity of the IWRM concept; need for reference projects; lack of adequate skills, expertise and awareness; lack of adequate and reliable data; gaps in available knowledge and technology; They advise a phased and simplified approach involving an AM approach, based on incremental gains, an initial focus on key issues of importance to all stakeholders, and responding to changes in information, understanding and circumstances. It does not imply that the vision of comprehensive IWRM be abandoned, rather that a step-wise approach towards the ultimate goal be used. Ecosystem is not regarded as a user, but as the base from which the resource is derived and upon which development is planned. A goal of IWRM should be to maintain, and whenever necessary, restore ecosystem health and biodiversity. Achieving the sustainable use of water resources and thus the maintenance of ecosystem services requires a rediscovery of the hydrological cycle and the water resources system.

Everard et al. (2001)

JnchClausen and Fugl (2001)

IWA and UNEP (2002)

Jewitt (2002)

47


( )
Matondo (2002)

/
The highly integrative nature of air, land and water resources necessitates the need for multipurpose IWRM; Both conventional and IWRM approaches for sustainable development have failed to deliver the end results due to a missing link: the institutional framework, that coordinates water resources planning and management responsibilities and activities at all levels of government; IWRM has failed to lead to sustainable water resources development especially in developing countries where environmental preservation has received less attention to communities who have to deal with the immediate realities of poverty; Stakeholder participation, which is the key factor in IWRM is also not possible in developing countries due to their usually fragmented institutional setup; institutional bottle necks occurring in implementation; lack of human resources; sectoral ministries opposing the concept; poor coordinated administrative bodies and/ or organizations in the water sector, etc Information generated to manage the system by individual agencies needs to be widely shared so that planning, regulation, monitoring and infrastructure investments can occur systematically and systemically. Unfortunately, data sharing arrangements between water providers, water regulators and the public have yet to be established in most countries. This not only adversely affects service delivery, it undermines public accountability. It is important to create partnerships and institutional arrangements that facilitate information flows, which will provide a valuable impetus for integrated and sustainable water management. The development and implementation of IWRM projects is complex and difficult because of the different disciplines that are involved. To make sure that the solutions proposed are sustainable in an economic, environment and socially acceptable way, it is necessary to: (1) develop solutions in context of IWRM where thinking globally before acting locally; (2) clearly understand the real water cycle and its relation with the urban area; (3) use methodology for decision-making process that integrate the complexity of the system to manage, and in particular the socio-technico-economic aspects; (4) integrate and communicate with all the stakeholders in decision-making process to avoid future problems. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) has some clear mismatches compared with the guidelines that are the focus of the Dublin principles, Bonn Keys, Statements of the Second World Water Forum and in the WSSD Plan of Implementation, to make an effective water policy for IWRM. Q is whether the outcome of the international events regarding IWRM are not effective and efficient enough to influence EU policies for better water management? Or, whether there is a requirement for different principles of IWRM for developing countries and developed countries?

Keen (2003)

Thomas and Durham (2003)

Rahaman, Varis and Kajander (2004)

: Wietske Medema and Paul Jeffrey (2005)

48

6.
IWRM , IWRM

IWRM IWRM Water framework Directive (GWP-TAC 2000)

EU

IWRM IWRM Johannesberg 2005 108

7
Johannesbergs IWRM 2005

49


Africa Asia and the Pacific Latin America Total 108 14 51 43 22 3 14 5 45 41 6 5 17 20 22 16

: 2nd World Water Development Report, 2006 57 IWRM Jeffrey and Geary (2004)

IWRM UNEP (IWA/UNEP, 2002) IWRM

50

 ( Bruce Hooper, 2006 p.5-6) difference? How can the implementation of these factors be accelerated? 1) Which implementation factors of IWRM make the

2) There is a fundamental difference between developed

versus developing countries experiences in IWRM. Should there be a generic template of best practice IWRM? 3) To what scale is IWRM best devolved? Is the New

Zealand regional council or the Canadian conservation authority model the best? 4) Are evidence-based solutions rather than experts

opinions of what is good IWRM the best? How can we tell what works best? What indicators should we use? 5) Foundational water institutions (formal water governance

structures in a nation) appear to drive good governance from requirements of water policy, water law, water pricing, and funding national water initiatives?

the top down. What are the basic organizational and functional

6) Do we have enough knowledge to already adaptively 7) How can we separate IWRM practice in a river basin

manage? How much further governance research is required? from overall change in environmental

conditions from that caused by regional economic development? Knowing the forces that affect landscape change, how we can tell that IWRM has made a difference?

51

8) Who pays for IWRM? Should there always be a private sector partner when the common resource (water) is publicly owned in most countries? 9) Knowing toolboxes for IWRM (such as those prepared

by the Global Water Partnership), how is IWRM best taught for a coming generation of water resources managers? Workshops, masters-level programs, in-service training, or combinations of these? 10) What is the appropriate time frame for integrated

adaptive management? Can we see results in generational time frames? 11) How do the contextual dynamics of integrated

watershed management and the broader approach, IWRM, influence outcomes? 12) How does the need for national water security

(including terrorist risk and risks imposed by extreme events that use an integrated adaptive approach?

such as droughts and floods) interact with national water plans

52

 (Institutional arrangement) Bandaragoda D.J., ( 2006 b))

(institutional adaptation) IWRM IRBM 1)

2)

/ / 3) ()

4) (scale-up)

) 53

 top-down ( ) 5) 6)

1) platform 2) - 3) - 4) 5)

( )

6) -

/ /

54

1) 2) ecosystem public 3)
4)

( ) (the lowest appropriate level) 2) / 1)

3) (

55

 IWRM

IWRM

(Donor driven)

56


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