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    1) The document discusses causal relationships and proposes 4 types of causality: direct causality, indirect causality, common cause, and spurious relationships. 2) It also analyzes the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, concluding that smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer based on several criteria including strength of association, consistency across studies, specificity of association, temporality between cause and effect, and consideration of alternative explanations. 3) Additionally, the document presents 7 guidelines for making causal inferences between variables, including properly defining potential causes and effects, considering time order, ruling out third variables, and conducting statistical analysis of association.

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    1) The document discusses causal relationships and proposes 4 types of causality: direct causality, indirect causality, common cause, and spurious relationships. 2) It also analyzes the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, concluding that smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer based on several criteria including strength of association, consistency across studies, specificity of association, temporality between cause and effect, and consideration of alternative explanations. 3) Additionally, the document presents 7 guidelines for making causal inferences between variables, including properly defining potential causes and effects, considering time order, ruling out third variables, and conducting statistical analysis of association.

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    41 views1 page

    Img 0001

    Uploaded by

    Bengility ณ ติงเกว
    1) The document discusses causal relationships and proposes 4 types of causality: direct causality, indirect causality, common cause, and spurious relationships. 2) It also analyzes the relationship between smoking and lung cancer, concluding that smoking is a direct cause of lung cancer based on several criteria including strength of association, consistency across studies, specificity of association, temporality between cause and effect, and consideration of alternative explanations. 3) Additionally, the document presents 7 guidelines for making causal inferences between variables, including properly defining potential causes and effects, considering time order, ruling out third variables, and conducting statistical analysis of association.

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