Chuyen e 5:

BAT ANG THC

TOM TAT GIAO KHOA

I. So thc dng, so thc am:

Neu x la so thc dng, ta ky hieu x > 0
Neu x la so thc am, ta ky hieu x < 0
Neu x la so thc dng hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong am, ky hieu x 0
Neu x la so thc am hoac x= 0, ta noi x la so thc khong dng, ky hieu x 0
Chu y:
Phu nh cua menh e "a > 0" la menh e " a 0 "
Phu nh cua menh e "a < 0" la menh e " a 0 "
II. Khai niem bat ang thc:
1. nh ngha 1: So thc a goi la ln hn so thc b, ky hieu a > b neu a-b la mot so dng, tc
la a-b > 0. Khi o ta cung ky hieu b < a
a > b ab > 0
Ta co:
Neu a>b hoac a=b, ta viet a b . Ta co:
a b a-b 0
2. nh ngha 2:
Gia s A, B la hai bieu thc bang so
Menh e : " A ln hn B ", ky hieu : A > B
" A nho hn B ", ky hieu :A < B
" A ln hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B
" A nho hn hay bang B " ky hieu A B
c goi la mot bat ang thc
Quy c :
Khi noi ve mot bat ang thc ma khong ch ro g hn th ta hieu rang o la mot bat
ang thc ung.
Chng minh mot bat ang thc la chng minh bat ang thc o ung
III. Cac tnh chat c ban cua bat ang thc :
a > b
a>c
1. Tnh chat 1:

b > c
2. Tnh chat 2:
He qua 1:
He qua 2:
3. Tnh chat 3:
4. Tnh chat 4:
He qua 3:
He qua 4:

a > b a+c > b+c

a > b ac > bc
a+c > b a > bc
a > b
a+c > b+d

c > d
ac > bc neu c > 0
a>b
ac < bc neu c < 0
a > b a < b
a b
c > c neu c > 0
a>b
a < b neu c < 0
c c
19

7. Tnh chat 7:

a > b > 0
ac > bd

c > d > 0
1 1
a>b>00< <
a b
*
n
a > b > 0, n N a > b n

8. Tnh chat 8:

a > b > 0, n N *

5. Tnh chat 5:
6. Tnh chat 6:

a >nb

He qua 5:

Neu a va b la hai so dng th :

a > b a2 > b2
Neu a va b la hai so khong am th :
a b a2 b2
IV. Bat ang thc lien quan en gia tr tuyet oi :
x neu x 0
( x R)
1. nh ngha: x =
x neu x < 0
2. Tnh chat : x 0 ,

x = x 2 , x x , -x x

3. Vi moi a, b R ta co :

a+b a + b

ab a + b

a + b = a + b a.b 0

a b = a + b a.b 0

V. Bat ang thc trong tam giac :

Neu a, b, c la ba canh cua mot tam giac th :
a > 0, b > 0, c > 0
bc < a < b+c

ca < b< c+a

ab < c < a+b

a>b>c A> B >C

VI. Cac bat ang thc c ban :
a. Bat ang thc Cauchy:

a+b
ab
2

Cho hai so khong am a; b ta co :

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b

a+b+c 3
abc
3

Cho ba so khong am a; b; c ta co :
Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a=b=c

Tong quat :
Cho n so khong am a1,a2,...an ta co :

a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1 .a2 ...an
n

20

Dau "=" xay ra khi va ch khi a1 = a2 =...= an

Cac phng phap c ban chng minh bat ang thc :

Ta thng s dung cac phng phap sau
1. Phng phap 1:
Phng phap bien oi tng ng
Bien oi tng ng bat ang thc can chng minh en mot bat ang thc a biet rang ung .
V du:
Chng minh cac bat ang thc sau:
1. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca vi moi so thc a,b,c
2. a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b
vi moi a,b
2. Phng phap 2:

Phng phap tong hp

Xuat phat t cac bat ang thc ung a biet dung suy luan toan hoc e suy ra ieu phai chng
minh.
1
V du 1: a) Cho hai so dng a va b thoa man 3a + 2b = 1 . Chng minh: ab
24
b) Cho hai so dng a va b thoa man ab = 1 . Chng minh: 4a + 9b 12
4 1
5
V du 2: Cho x, y la cac so thc dng thoa man ieu kien x + y = . Chng minh rang: +
5
4
x 4x
x y y z z x
V du 3: Cho x,y,z la cac so dng. Chng minh rang: + + + 8
y z z x x y
a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c
V du 4: Cho ba so dng a, b, c . Chng minh rang :
+
+
9
a
b
c
b+c c+a a+b
V du 5: Cho a,b,c >0 va abc=1. Chng minh rang :
+
+
a + b + c +3
a
b
c

NG DUNG BAT ANG THC TM GTLN & GTNN CUA MOT HAM SO
V du 1: Tm gia tr ln nhat cua ham so : y = (x + 2)(3 x) vi 2 x 3
V du 2: Cho ba so dng x, y, z thoa man xyz = 1 . Tm GTNN cua bieu thc P = (x + 1)(y + 1)(z + 1)
V du 3: Tm GTNN cua cac ham so
a) y = x + 5 + x 3

b) y = x + 1 + x 2 + 2x 5

V du 4: Tm gia tr nho nhat cua bieu thc S = 10x 2 + 5y 2 10xy 10x + 14 vi x, y \

------------------------------------Het-----------------------------------

21

TRAC NGHIEM KHACH QUAN

E SO 1:
Cau 1: Giatr nho nhat cua ham so y = 2x +
(A) 3

(B) 1

1
, x > 0 la
x2

(C) 2 2

(D) 3 3 3

1
, x > 0 la
x3
(A) 2 2
(B) 1
(C) 4
(D) 3 3 4
5
Cau 3: Gia tr nho nhat cua ham so y = x +
, x > 2 la
x2
(A) 2 + 1
(B) 2 1
(C) 5 2 2
(D) 5 + 2
x+3
Cau 4: Gia tr nho nhat cua ham so y = x +
, x > 1 la
x +1
(A) 2 2 + 5
(B) 2 2 5
(C) 2 2
(D) 2 2
2
2
Cau 5: Gia tr ln nhat cua bieu thc S = 4 5x 2y + 2xy + 8x + 2y vi x, y \ la
1
1
(A) 9
(B)
(C)
(D) 9
9
9

Cau 2: Gia tr nho nhat cua ham so y = 3x +

---------------------------Het-------------------------

22

S dng phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s

trong chng minh bt ng thc

L Phi Hng
Trng THPT Nng Khiu H Tnh
Trong cc thi hc sinh gii ca Vit Nam cng nh nhiu nc khc chng
ta gp rt nhiu cc bi ton bt ng thc (BT) c dng nh sau:
Cho s n N* v cc s a1, a2 an D tho mn a1 + a2 + + an = n, vi
D. Chng minh rng f(a1) + f(a2) + + f(an) nf() (hay hon ton tng t l
f(a1) + f(a2) + + f(an) nf()), ng thc xy ra khi a1 = a2 = = an = .
Dng ton ny c tnh cht ni bt: v tri l biu thc i xng i vi cc bin
a1, a2,, an nn thng c nhiu cch gii. Tuy nhin vic tm ra mt phng php
chung c th gii c hng lot bi ton nh th th hon ton khng n gin.
Trong phng php ca bi vit ny chng ta s vn dng gi thit a1 + a2 + +
an = n mt cch linh hot, l ta s tm cc hng s A, B thch hp c nh gi
f(x) Ax + B vi mi x D, ng thc xy ra khi x = . i vi nhiu bi ton, biu
thc y = Ax + B c chn y chnh l phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s
y = f(x) ti x = .
Mt kin thc c bn xin c nhc li y: phng trnh tip tuyn ca th
hm s y = f(x) ti x = l : y = f()(x ) + f() .
Nhn qua phng php ny chng ta s thy n tng t vi phng php s
dng BT Jensen - cn gi l BT hm li. Tht s y phng php ny s tt
hn. Nu s dng BT Jensen c th phng php ny cng s dng c nhng
iu ngc li th c th khng xy ra.
y
Ta c s minh ho bng th:
Hm s y = f(x) khng li trn min
D = [p, q] nhng c th vn nm trn tip
tuyn y = Ax + B ca n ti x = D. Trong
bi ton ny khng th p dng BT hm li
c nhng vn c th dng phng php tip
tuyn gii quyt bi ton.

y = f(x)

O
p

y = Ax + B

Sau y chng ti xin trnh by ng dng

ca phng php gii quyt mt s bi ton c trch dn t mt s thi
Olympic ca nc ta v cc nc trn th gii. Trong mt s bi ton c th chng ta
phi s dng linh hot cc gi thit v tnh cht ca cc biu thc trong bi ton vn
dng phng php mt cch hiu qu nht.
1

Bi ton 1. (Hng Kng, 2005). Cho cc s dng a, b, c, d tho mn a + b + c + d = 1.

Chng minh rng
6(a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + d 3 ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + d 2 +

1
8

(1.1)

Li gii
T gi thit ta c a, b, c, d (0, 1) v BT tng ng vi
f(a) + f(b) + f(c) + f(d)

1
8

(1.2)

trong f(x) = 6x3 x2.

Xt f(x) trn (0, 1). Tip tuyn ca th y = f(x) ti x =

1
c phng trnh
4

5
1
5
1
5
1
1
x - . Mt khc f(x) ( x - ) = 6x3 x2 ( x - ) = (4x 1)2(3x + 1) 0
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
1
vi mi x (0, 1) hay f(x) x - vi mi x (0, 1). T suy ra
8
8

y=

f(a) + f(b) + f(c) + f(d)

5
1
1
.(a + b + c + d) 4. = .
8
8
8

Vy BT c chng minh. ng thc xy ra a = b = c = d =

1
.
4

Bi ton 2. (M, 2003). Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng

(2a + b + c ) 2
(2b + c + a ) 2
(2c + a + b ) 2
+
+
8
2a 2 + (b + c ) 2 2b 2 + (c + a ) 2 2c 2 + (a + b ) 2

(2.1)

Li gii
Do tnh ng cp ca cc s hng VT nn ta c th a v xt vi a + b + c = 3.
Khi s hng u tin s l

(a + 3) 2
a 2 + 6a + 9
v hai s hng tng t ta s
=
2a 2 + (3 a ) 2 3a 2 6a + 9

c BT tng ng
a 2 + 6a + 9
b 2 + 6b + 9
c 2 + 6c + 9
+
+
24
a 2 2a + 3
b 2 2b + 3
c 2 2c + 3

Xt hm s f(x) =

(2.2)

x 2 + 6x + 9
trn (0, 3). Phng trnh tip tuyn ca y = f(x) ti
x 2 2x + 3

x 2 + 6x + 9
- (4x + 4) =
x = 1 l y = 4x + 4. Ta xt hiu f(x) - (4x + 4) = 2
x 2x + 3

(x 1)2 (4x + 3)
0 vi mi x (0, 3). T f(x) 4x + 4 mi x (0, 3).
x 2 2x + 3

p dng cho cc s a, b, c (0, 3) ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 4(a + b + c) + 12 = 24.

BT (2.2) c chng minh. ng thc xy ra (2.2) a = b = c = 1. T BT
(2.1) ng v ng thc xy ra a = b = c.
Bi ton 3. (M rng bi ton thi Olympic Ba Lan, 1996 v Olympic 30 - 4, 1999)
Cho cc s thc a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng
a
b
c
9
+
+

2
2
2
10
1+ a
1+ b
1+ c

(3.1)

Li gii
x
. Khi BT (3.1) tr thnh
1+ x 2
9
f(a) + f(b) + f(c)
10
2
x = 1
1 x
, f(x) = 0
Ta c f(x) =
2 2
(1 + x )
x = 1

t f(x) =

(3.2)

1
3

Bng bin thin (ta s a thm vo mt s gi tr nh x = 3, x = , x = 2 v

gi tr ca hm s f(x) ti so snh)
x
-
f(x)
0
f(x)

-3

-1
0

-1/3
+
-3/10

-3/10

1
0
1/2

2/5

-1/2

( trn BBT th f(3) =

3
3
2
1
, f( ) = v f(2) = )
10
10
5
3

Xt cc trng hp xy ra:
Trng hp 1. C mt s, gi s a (-, -3] b + c 4 nn c mt s, gi s
2
1
9
+ = .
5
2
10
1
3
Trng hp 2. C mt s, gi s a (-3, - ]. Khi f(a) + f(b) + f(c) - +
3
10
1
1
7
9
+ =
< .
2
2
10 10
1
Trng hp 3. C ba s a, b, c (- , + ). Khi tip tuyn ca y = f(x) ti
3
1
18
3
18
3
x
18
3
x = c phng trnh y =
x+
. Ta c f(x) - ( x +
)=
-( x+
)
2
3
25
50
25
50
25
50
1+ x
(3x 1) 2 (4x + 3)
1
18
3
1
0 vi mi x > - hay f(x)
x+
vi mi x > - .
=2
3
25
50
3
50(1 + x )

b 2. Khi ta c: f(a) + f(b) + f(c) < 0 +

p dng BT ny cho cc s a, b, c >

1
v a + b + c = 1 ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c)
3

18
3
9
(a + b + c) + 3.
= .
25
50
10

Vy trong mi trng hp BT (3.2) u ng. Vy bi ton c chng minh,

dng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

1
.
3

Nhn xt cch gii: y l mt bi ton kh, khng th s dng phng php

hm li gii (ngi c c th xem [2]). Chng ta gii bi ton bng cch phn
1
3

1
3

chia trc s thnh cc khong (-, -3], (-3, - ] v (- , + ) v s dng linh hot gi
thit a + b + c = 1 p dng tnh cht ca hm s f(x) cng vi tip tuyn ca n ti
im x =

1
mt cch nh mong mun.
3

Bi ton 4. (Rumania, 2005). Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 3.

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2
2
a b
c

(4.1)

Li gii
Theo gi thit a, b, c > 0 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < (a + b + c)2 = 9. T nu c mt
trong ba s, gi s a <

1
1
1
1
2 + 2 + 2 > 9 > a 2 + b 2 + c 2 nn (1) ng.
3
a b
c

Ta xt trng hp a, b, c

1
7
1 7
. V a + b + c = 3 a, b, c . Vy a, b, c , .
3
3
3 3

BT (4.1)
Xt hm s f(x) =

1
1
1
a2 + 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 0
2
a
b
c

(4.2)

1
1 7
x 2 trn , . Tip tuyn ca th y = f(x) ti x = 1 l
2
x
3 3

y = - 4x + 4. Ta c f(x) - (- 4x + 4) =

1
(x 1)2 (x 2 2x 1)
2
(4x
+
4)
=
0

x
x2
x2
2

1 7
1 7
4
vi mi x , (do g(x) = x2 2x 1 = (x 1)2 2 2 < 0 trn , )
3 3
3 3
3
1 7

hay f(x) - 4x + 4 vi mi x , .
3 3
1 7

p dng cho cc s a, b, c , ta c f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 4(a + b + c) +

3 3
4.3 = 0. Vy BT c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.
4

Nhn xt cch gii: Tng t bi ton trn, t gi thit bi ton ta mi ch c

iu kin a, b, c (0, 3). Vic xt cc trng hp c bit a v xt trng hp
1 7

a, b, c , v p dng tnh cht ca f(x) trn l ht sc cn thit.

3 3
Bi ton 5. (Trung Quc, 2005). Cho cc s khng m a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 1.
Chng minh rng
10(a 3 + b 3 + c 3 ) 9(a 5 + b 5 + c 5 ) 1

(5.1)

Li gii
t f (x ) = 10x 3 9x 5 . Khi BT (5.1) tr thnh
f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 1

(5.2)

Trng hp 1. Trong ba s a, b, c c mt s, gi s a
9

9
. Khi th
10

a ,1 v b, c 0, . Xt hm s f(x) trn ,1 c f(x) = 30x2 45x4 =

10
10
10
9

15x2(2 3x2) 0 vi mi x ,1 . Vy f(x) nghch bin trn ,1 v t

10
10
9

f(a) f(1) = 1 khi a ,1 . Hn na vi b, c 0, th f(b) = 10b3 9b5 0 v

10
10
f(c) = 10c3 9c5 0 nn f(a) + f(b) + f(c) 1 + 0 + 0 = 1 hay (5.2) ng.

1
9
. Khi tip tuyn ca y = f(x) ti x =

10
3
25
16
25
16
25
16
c phng trnh y =
x. Ta c f(x) ( x ) = 10x3 9x5 ( x )=
9
27
9
27
9
27
1
- (3x 1)2(27x3 + 18x2 21x 16). t g(x) = 27x3 + 18x2 21x 16. Xt hm s
27
7
1
9
g(x) trn 0, . Ta c g(x) = 81x2 + 36x 21, g(x) = 0 x = hoc x = - .
9
3
10
9
Bng bin thin ca g(x) trn 0, :
10
x
0
1/3
9/10
g(x)
0
+

Trng hp 2. Cc s a, b, c 0,

g(x)

T BBT v g(0) = -16, g(

trn 0,

25
16
637
9
9
)= g(x) < 0 trn 0, f(x) ( x )0
10
1000
9
27
10

9
25
16
hay l f(x)
xvi mi x

10
9
27
5

9
0, 10 .

p dng cho cc s a, b, c 0,
f(a) + f(b) + f(c)

9
v a + b + c = 1 ta c
10

25
16
.(a + b + c) 3.
= 1 hay (5.2) ng.
9
27

Vy trong mi trng hp BT ng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c =

1
3

hoc (a, b, c) l mt hon v bt k ca (1, 0, 0).

Nhn xt cch gii: y l bi ton rt kh v c bit l ng thc xy ra ti
a=b=c=

1
hoc (a, b, c) l mt hon v bt k ca (1, 0, 0). Hn na hm s xut
3

hin trong bi ton cng l mt hm a thc bc cao (bc 5). gii bi ton ny
chng ta phi chia min gi tr ca cc bin mt cch cht ch. Trong cch gii trn

vic chia tp [0, 1] thnh 0,

9
9
v
10 ,1 l mt cch chia hp l.
10

Bi ton 6. (Moldova, 2005). Cho cc s dng a, b, c tho mn a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = 3 .

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
1
4 ab
4 bc
4 ca

(6.1)

Li gii
V ab

a2 + b 2
1
2
nn

do
2
2
4 ab
8 (a + b 2 )

1
1
1
2
2
2
+
+

+
+
2
2
2
2
4 ab
4 bc
4 ca
8 (a + b )
8 (b + c )
8 (c 2 + a 2 )

vn dng gi thit a 4 + b 4 + c 4 = 3 ta t x = (b2 + c2)2, y = (c2 + a2)2,

z = (a2 + b2)2 th ta c x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = (b2 + c2)2 + (c2 + a2)2 + (a2 + b2)2
4(a4 + b4 + c4) = 12. T 0 < x, y, z < 12.
Ta s chng minh
Xt hm s f(t) =

1
8 x
1
8 t

1
8 y

1
8 z

1
2

(6.2)

trn (0, 12). Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th y = f(t)

1
1
5
1
5
t+
. Hn na ta c :
(
t+
)=
144
36
144
36
8 t
1
1
5
t+
vi mi t (0, 12).

( t 2) 2 ( 4 t ) 0 vi mi t (0, 12). Vy f(t)

144
144
36

ti t = 4 c phng trnh y =

T : f(x) + f(y ) + f(z)

1
5
1
15
1
(x + y + z)+ 3

.12 +
= .
144
36
144
36
2

Vy BT c chng minh. ng thc xy ra x = y = z = 4 a = b = c = 1.

6

T mt s v d c chn, chng ti t gii minh ho c tinh thn

chnh ca phng php. Ngi c c th so snh phng php ny vi vic gii cc
bi ton trn bng nhng phng php khc. Tuy nhin vi nhng hn ch nht nh
ca ngi vit v khun kh bi vit chng ti khng th a ra nhiu hn na cc bi
ton khc. Vic m rng kt qu ca nhng bi ton trn theo nhiu hung hay a
thm cc bi tp v lng gic chc chn s thu c nhiu kt qu th v. Chng ti
rt mong ngi c ng gp nhng kin v b sung nhiu bi tp cho bi vit
ny c y hn. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n! Cui cng l mt s bi tp
cc bn c th rn luyn vic vn dng phng php ny.
Bi ton 7. (Nht Bn, 1997). Cho cc s dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng
3
(b + c a ) 2
(c + a b) 2
(a + b c) 2
+
+

5
(b + c ) 2 + a 2
(c + a ) 2 + b 2
( a + b) 2 + c 2

Bi ton 8. (D b Olympic 30 - 4, 2006). Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c, d tho mn

a + b + c + d 4. Chng minh rng
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
1
2
2
2
(1 + a )
(1 + b)
(1 + c )
(1 + d ) 2

Bi ton 9. (Vasile Cirtoaje). Cho cc s khng m a, b, c tho mn a + b + c 3.

Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
1
b +c+a
c +a+b
a +b+c
2

Bi ton 10. (Trung Quc, 2003).

Cho cc s x1, x2, , x5 0 v

1
= 1 . Chng minh rng

i =1 1 + xi

xi

4+ x
i =1

2
i

1.

Thng 5 nm 2007

Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr.
[2]. Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 4, mn Ton ln th 5, NXB Gio dc, 1999.
[3]. Tuyn tp thi Olympic 30 4, mn Ton ln th 12, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
[4]. thi Olympic Ton cc nc tham kho t Internet.

S DNG TNH LI, LM CA TH HM S VO

CHNG MINH BT NG THC
Chng minh bt ng thc l mt bi ton hay v kh v thng gp trong cc k
thi vo i hc, cao ng v cc k thi hc sinh gii. ng trc mt bt ng thc, hc
sinh thng lng tng khi la chn phng php. Bi vit ny nhm a ra mt k thut
n gin nhng c hiu qu khi gii quyt mt lp bi ton v chng minh bt ng
thc (BT) hay tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca mt biu thc. l s dng tnh
li, lm ca th hm s.
I. C s l thuyt
a) Nu th hm s y = f ( x) li trn khong (a ; b) v y = f '(c)( x c) + f (c) l
tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im M(c ; f (c)), c (a ; b) th
f ( x) f '(c)( x c) + f (c), x (a ; b) (1)
b) i vi th hm s lm ta c bt ng thc vi chiu ngc li ngc li.

Bt ng thc (1) cho php ta nh gi biu thc f ( x) thng qua biu thc bc nht.
Hn na, ta c th chn c sao cho du ng thc xy ra theo ng yu cu ca bi ton.
II. Bi tp p dng
Bi 1 (BT C - si). Cho a1, a2, , an l cc s khng m. Chng minh rng
a1 + a2 + ... + an n
a1a2 ...an
n
Chng minh. Nu c mt s ai = 0 (i = 1, 2, , n) th bt l hin nhin. By gi ta xt

trng hp ai > 0, i {1, 2, , n}. Chia hai v cho a1 + a2 + ... + an ta c

1
a1
a1
a1
.
...
n
n
a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an a1 + a2 + ... + an

t xi =
tr thnh

ai
, i {1, 2, ..., n} th xi > 0 tho mn x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 1 v bt
a1 + a2 + ... + an
n

x1 x2 ...xn

1
1
hay ln x1 + ln x2 + ... + ln xn n ln
n
n

1
1
Xt hm s y = f ( x) = ln x, x > 0 . Ta c f '( x) = , f ''( x) = 2 < 0, x > 0 suy ra th
x
x
hm s li trn khong (0;+) .
1
1 1
Tip tuyn ca ths ti im ;ln c phng trnh l y = nx 1 + ln suy ra
n
n n
1
ln x nx 1 + ln , x (0; +) (1)
n
p dng bt (1) cho x1, x2, , xn v cng v li ta c
ln x1 + ln x2 + ... + ln xn n( x1 + x2 + ... + xn ) n + n ln

1
n

Kt hp vi x1 + x2 + ... + xn = 1 ta c iu phi chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn =

1
hay a1 = a2 = ... = an .
n

Bi 2 (BT Jenxen) Cho hm s y = f ( x) c o hm cp 2 trn khong (a ; b) .

a) Nu f ''( x) > 0, x (a ; b) th x1 , x2 ,..., xn (a ; b) v 1 , 2 ,..., n [0;1]

tho mn 1 + 2 + " + n = 1 ta c
f (1 x1 + 2 x2 + " + n xn ) 1 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x2 ) + " + n f ( xn ) (1)
b) Nu f ''( x) < 0, x (a ; b) th ta c bt ng thc ngc li.
Chng minh.
a) t x = 1 x1 + 2 x2 + " + n xn th x ( a ; b) . Tip tuyn ca ths y = f ( x) ti
im ( x ; f ( x )) c phng trnh l y = f '( x )( x x) + f ( x ) .
Do f ''( x) > 0, x (a ; b) nn th hm s lm trn khong (a ; b) . Bi vy
ti im ( x ; f ( x )) tip tuyn nm di th. T suy ra
f ( x) f '( x)( x x) + f ( x), x ( a ; b)

Thay x = xi ta c f ( xi ) f '( x)( xi x) + f ( x) . Nhn hai v vi i 0 ta c

i f ( xi ) i f '( x ).xi i f '( x).x + i f ( x), i = 1, 2,..., n . Cng v n BT ta c

n

Bi x = i xi v
i =1

i =1
n

f ( xi ) f '( x) i xi f '( x).x i + f ( x) i

i =1

i =1

= 1 nn ta c

i =1

i =1

i =1

f ( xi ) f ( i xi ) l pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x2 = " = xn

b) Chng minh tng t.

i =1

1
th BT (1) tr thnh
n
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 ) + " + f ( xn )
x + x2 + " + xn
f 1

n
n

Nhn xt. y l cch chng minh ngn gn v d hiu nht so vi cc cch chng
minh bit trong cc ti liu.
Bi 3 (BT Bcnuli). Cho x > 1 v s thc . Chng minh rng
Trng hp c bit: Nu 1 = 2 = " = n =

a) (1 + x) 1 + x, (;0) (1; +)
b) (1 + x) 1 + x, (0;1)
Chng minh. Xt hm s y = f ( x) = (1 + x) .

Ta c f '( x) = (1 + x) 1 , f ''( x) = ( 1)(1 + x) 2

Tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im (0 ; 1) c pt l y = x + 1 .
Nu (;0) (1; + ) th f ''( x) > 0, x > 1 , do ths lm trn khong (1; +)
Suy ra (1 + x) x + 1, x > 1.
Nu 0 < < 1 th f ''( x) < 0, x > 1 , do ths li trn khong (1; +)
Suy ra (1 + x) x + 1, x > 1.
ng thc xy ra khi x = 0 hoc = 0 hoc = 1
Bi 4 (T7/374). Cho cc s dng a, b, c tho mn 4(a + b + c) 9 = 0 . Tm gi tr ln
nht ca biu thc

S = a + a2 + 1
Gii.

)(
b

b + b2 + 1

)(
c

c + c2 + 1

Ta c lnS = b ln a + a 2 + 1 + c ln b + b 2 + 1 + a ln c + c 2 + 1

Xt hm s f ( x) = ln( x + x 2 + 1), x > 0 (1). Do c th ca bi ton nn ta c th d

3
on gi tr ln nht t c khi a = b = c = . V vy ta s so snh v tr ca th vi
4
3
1
3 4
tip tuyn ca n ti im ( ;ln 2) .o hm f '( x) =
f '( ) = . Tip tuyn
4
4 5
x2 + 1
3
4
3
ca th hm s (1) ti im ( ;ln 2) c phng trnh y = x + ln 2 .
4
5
5

o hm cp hai f ''( x) =

< 0, x > 0 suy ra th hm s (1) li trn

( x 2 + 1) x 2 + 1
3
khong (0; +) . Do ti im ( ;ln 2) tip tuyn ca th hm s (1) nm pha trn
4
4
3
th hm s (1). T ta c ln( x + x 2 + 1) x + ln 2 , x > 0 . p dng bt
5
5
4
3
ng thc ny cho s dng a ta c ln(a + a 2 + 1) a + ln 2 . Nhn hai v vi
5
5
s b > 0 ta suy ra
4
3

b ln(a + a 2 + 1) ab + ln 2 b .
5
5

4
3

Tng t ta c
c ln(b + b 2 + 1) bc + ln 2 c .
5
5

4
3

a ln(c + c 2 + 1) ca + ln 2 a .
5
5

Cng v ba bt ng thc ny ta c
4
3

lnS (ab + bc + ca ) + ln 2 (a + b + c) .
5
5

1
Cui cng s dng bt ng thc (ab + bc + ca ) (a + b + c) 2 v gi thit
3
9
9
a + b + c = , rt gn ta thu c lnS ln 2 . T S 4 4 2 .
4
4
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = . Vy gi tr ln nht ca S l 4 4 2 .
4
Nhn xt. i khi gi thit li, lm khng c tho mn. Lc ta s so snh v tr ca
tip tuyn v th hm s bng chng minh trc tip.
Bi 5 (2003 USA Math Olympiad)
Cho a, b, c l nhng s dng. Chng minh rng
(2a + b + c) 2
(2b + c + a) 2
(2c + a + b) 2
8
+
+
2a 2 + (b + c ) 2 2b 2 + (c + a ) 2 2c 2 + (a + b) 2
a
b
c
Gii. t x =
; y=
;z=
. Khi x, y, z l nhng s dng
a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
v tho mn x + y + z = 1, v bt ng thc cn chng minh tr thnh
(2 x + y + z ) 2
(2 y + z + x) 2
(2 z + x + y ) 2
8
+
+
2 x 2 + ( y + z ) 2 2 y 2 + ( z + x) 2 2 z 2 + ( x + y ) 2

Hay
( x + 1) 2
( y + 1) 2
( z + 1) 2
+
+
8
2 x 2 + (1 x) 2 2 y 2 + (1 y ) 2 2 z 2 + (1 z ) 2

1
( x + 1) 2
, x (0;1) . V rng ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z =
2
2
3
2 x + (1 x)
1 8
nn ta xt tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im ; . Ta c
3 3
2
2x + x 1
f '( x) = 4. 2
(3 x 2 x + 1) 2
4
1 8
Tip tuyn ca th hm s f ( x) ti im ; c phng trnh l y = 4 x + .
3
3 3
4 x3 + 3x 2 6 x + 1
i du hai ln trn khong (0;1) . Do th hm s
f ''( x ) = 12.
(3 x 2 2 x + 1)3
khng hon ton li trn khong (0;1) . Tuy nhin ta vn c bt ng thc
Xt hm s f ( x) =

( x + 1) 2
4
4 x + , x (0;1)
2
2
2 x + (1 x )
3
2
(V BT ny tng ng vi (3 x 1) (4 x + 1) 0 ).
Tng t ta c cc BT i vi y v z, cng v li v s dng x + y + z = 1 ta thu c
1
pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = , tc l a = b = c .
3
Bi tp t luyn
1) Trong tam gic nhn ABC, chng minh rng
2
1
(sin A + sin B + sin C ) + (tan A + tan B + tan C ) 2 3
3
3
x+ y+ z =9
2) (HSG Hi dng) Cho x, y, z l cc s dng tho mn
x 5; x + y 8
Chng minh rng xyz 15 .

3) (1997 Japanese Math Olympiad) Cho a, b, c l nhng s thc dng.

(b + c a ) 2
(c + a b) 2
(a + b c)2 3
Chng minh rng 2
+
+
.
a + (b + c) 2 b 2 + (c + a ) 2 c 2 + (a + b) 2 5
4) Chng minh rng vi mi tam gic ABC v s a 2 ta c bt ng thc sau
sin A
sin B
sin C
3 3
+
+

.
a + cos A a + cos B a + cos C 2a + 1

L VN LC - HI DNG