النظریة النسبیة الخاصة لاینشتین

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1

http://www.howstuffworks.com/

http://science.howstuffworks.com/relativity.htm

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51

43

10

11,426

11

2008-11-24

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28

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37

: Twin Paradox

41

: Twin Paradox

45

: Time Travel

48

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science fiction Star
Trek


.



.



1000
400,000
.

!
.
Space


x,y,z



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.
.

Time


.







.spacetime
.


. .

Matter
.
.

.

.H2O



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nucleus
.
.
2000 .
.

Motion




.
.

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Mass and Energy




)
( .

.weight




.
.
.


.
.


.
Energy
.work
potential energy kinetic energy .


.

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Light



.
.duality


.
electromagnetic radiation
photons .
.
Photon
.
.




.

) (.

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.

. frequency

.
.
.

Characteristics of Light.

reflection
refraction


.rainbow prism
:

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)(
. .

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.
300,000
.


.
.

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.
.

Frame of reference
.reference frames
.
observer

.

coordinates

.
3 ) (x,y,z

)(x,y,z,t

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.
!

.


.
.


.



.
) (classical mechanics
Newtons law of motion
.

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force = mass acceleration,


F = ma
F m a .


.

v


.


S v
S S .
S O S
O O O

.

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) (
O O v

O u u u
u .O




.v




.

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:
The laws of physics hold true for all frames of reference.

.
.

20




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12
10
)
(.


) (
.
. .


.

.

.

The speed of light is measured as constant in all frames of reference.


!
.

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:

1904




. .


.

.


50 20
70
.
20
.

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A 200km/hr
B 200km/hr A
300km/hr .




) ( 300,000
.
300,050
.
300,000 . .

A B 300,000km/hr

. 60
60 .
.
.
.

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Lorentz Transformations

.



v .
.


.


.


.

length contraction

.

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.

) (
. .length contraction
2


) (.



300,000
.

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.





.

O X
t O
v

: .

%90
O
proper length .

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O

O %90
O 25
O O %90

O 20
%99 18 .
.



. time
.dilation

.

.

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Time Dilation

atomic clocks
.

.
.


.

light clock
.
.


)
(.

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) O
( .
A B

A
2D D
A O

B


O
O
.

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%90
. ) O (
2.29 . ) O
( 1 . O 1
O 2.29.

.
.

. .

.

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:





.

.
.


muons
.
) (
207 .
. 2
)
(O .


450.

.
.O
.
4800
.

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0.99c 16
.
2
16.

O O
.

450 O
10,000 .
1976 CERN
%99
.
.

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:









30
.

Simultaneous events
simultaneity
.



.

100 .
50
.
.

.

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.
.

. .

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.
.
O O
.v

c
) (O
.
) (O



.

.
.

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:
The Unification of Energy and Mass


.E=mc^2

.

.

. .





.
) c^2
( . .
.1945
.



.



.

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http://www.btinternet.com/~j.doyle/SR/Emc2/Einstein_Equation.wav

)(1191Kbytes, .wav file


From the soundtrack of the film, Atomic Physics

1 0.999c


.
0.999c


.



E=mc^2
.


.
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.
.
E=mc^2

.


.

.
. .





.

m=E/c^2
.
4 !!

1
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90000000000000000
..

..
..
.
.

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Doppler Effect


.


.
.


.

.
.

) electromagnetic
(radiation .

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)(
. )(
) (



.




.

.
.

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)
( ) (







.

.
)
( .

.

.


Red Shift .

Blue Shift .

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Edwin Hubble 1929 Quasar



.





) (



Big Bang .1929
.

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: Twin Paradox

Twin Paradox






.


. .twin paradox

. spaceship .
.
%60 .

.
.





.

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.
.
%60

%60 .%60




%60

.



.
. .

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12 12
24 .

.
.c

1


) .
%60 %60 (.


) ( .
.
4 .
. 12 12
12
2 24.

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.
.
30.
12 12
30 6
12 12 .
24 ) (12+12
30 ) (6+24 .
.
.

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: Twin Paradox

Twin Paradox Using Simultaneous Events



.


12 %60
.
3

.


.



.


.

12
12
15) . %60
/.

~~45

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.(%80 12 %80
15 .

12 9.6 ) %80 12( .

15 12.
12 9.6.
simultaneous
9.6
15.
:



. 15
12 .

. 12
20.4.

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9.6 20.4!


.
15 12
9.6.

15 15 + = 30

12 12 + = 24

12 12 + = 24

20.4 9.6 + = 30

.
.
.
.Doppler effect
.time travel

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: Time Travel

Time Travel




1971
,

.

.

1976 10,000

) ( .

4.5
. .
- ,
. )(
.

. %87
%.50 - -
.

.

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.


.


.


.

:

50 49
.
.
.


.

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Conclusion

.
.

.
:

) (1 .
) (2 .
) (3 .
) (4 .
) (5 .
) (6 .
) (7 .
) (8 .
) (9 .

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/.
www.hazemsakeek.com

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~~51

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