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Giao Trinh Lanh Cong Nghiep
Giao Trinh Lanh Cong Nghiep
Giao Trinh Lanh Cong Nghiep
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221
TI
TI
l m l nh co2
l m l nh t ank l n men v t h n h ph m
l m l nh t a n k men g i n g
c c h t i u t h k h c
t h i t b l m l n h n h a n h n - c 1C
N C V O
N C RA 1C b h g l y c o l n -5 _ -7c b h g l y c o l n -2 _ 0c
1- My nn; 2- Bnh cha cao p; 3- Dn ngng; 4- Tch du; 5- Bnh bay hi; 6- Bnh thu hi du; 7Bm glycol n cc h tiu th; 8- Bm glycol tun hon; 9- Thng glycol
Hnh 5-1 : S nguyn l h thng lnh nh my bia 222
1- o nc; 2- Thn bnh; 3- Tch lng; 4- Gas ra; 5- Tm chn lng; 6- ng trao i nhit; 7- Nc ra; 8- Nc vo; 9- Chn bnh; 10- Rn bnh; 11- ng ni van phao Hnh 5-2 : Bnh bay hi lm lnh glycol
Trn hnh 5-2 trnh by cu to ca bnh bay hi lm lnh glycol. V cu to bnh bay hi ging bnh ngng ng chm nm ngang. y glycol chuyn ng bn trong ng trao i nhit, mi cht si bn ngoi ng. Pha trn bnh bay hi c gn sn bnh tch lng, m bo s chuyn ng ca gas bn trong bnh bay hi ngi ta b tr 02 ng ht 2 pha ca bnh. Pha di c rn gom du v bnh thu hi du. m bo lng trong bnh khng qu cao gy ngp lng my nn ngi ta s dng van phao khng ch mc dch trong bnh bay hi nm trong gii hn cho php.
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hot ng ph thuc vo hot ng ca h thng lm lnh glycol nn hin nay t s dng glycol lm mt m chuyn sang s dng nc.
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Hi nu c Nu c ngung
TI PI PI TI PI
Khng kh
PI
PI
PI
PI
1
LSLS+
4 2
PI
5 6 7 8 9
CO2 t TANK n
11 10
N- c s ch
12
PI PI
PI
14 19 20 15 16 17 18
21
CO2 c c h ti u th n
g h i c h : Van ch n
13
Van an ton Van mt chi u ng h p sut Van 3 ng
1- Ba lng CO2; Thp ra; 3- My nn CO2; 4,5- Bnh lm mt cp 1 v cp 2; 6,8- Thp hp th; 7,9- Thp lm kh; 10- Bo v ba lng; 11- Tch lng h CO2; 12- Ho hi CO2; 13- Bnh cha CO2 lng; 14- Bnh ngng CO2; 15- Tch lng HT lnh; 16- Tch du; 17- My lnh; 18- B lm mt trung gian HT lnh; 19- Bnh ngng; 20- Bnh cha; 21Thp GN
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Nguyn l thhot ng ca h thng thu hi CO2 nh sau: Kh CO2 t cc tank ln men c dn n balon (1), sau c a qua thp ra (2), y cc bt bia b cun theo c ra sch, ch cn kh CO2 v c dn sang bnh tch lng tch cc git nc b cun theo dng. Kh CO2 c nn qua 2 cp, mi cp u c lm mt bng nc cc bnh 4, 5. Kh CO2 c a qua bnh hp th (6) hp th ht cc mi v cc cht cn bn v sau n bnh lm kh (7) lm kh trc khi a n lm lnh bnh ngng t CO2 (14). bnh ngng t CO2 c lm lnh v ngng t li thnh lng v chy xung bnh cha (13). Trong qu trnh bo qun, nu CO2 trong bnh ho hi bc ln pha trn s c lm lnh v ngng chy li xung bnh. Khi cn s dng, lng CO2 c dn sang dn ho hi (12) ho hi trc khi a n cc h tiu th. H thng c trang b 02 b bnh hp th v lm kh, mc ch l trong khi cc bnh (6) v (7) ang hot ng th cc bnh (8) v (9) tin hnh hon nguyn. hon nguyn ngi ta s dng hi t l hi i vo phn v bn ngoi cc bnh sy kh cc bnh nhm thc hin hon nguyn.
- Cc tank ln men v tank thnh phm; - Bnh bay hi lm lnh glycol; - Thng glycol; - Thng nc 1oC; - Cc thng men ging; Vic tnh tn tht nhit cc thit b ny c c im tng t nhau, l tn tht nhit ch yu qua vch c dng hnh tr, bn ngoi tip xc khng kh, bn trong l mi trng lnh (Mi cht lnh, glycol, dch bia hoc nc lnh) Khi tnh tn tht nhit qua kt cu bao che ca tank ln men, tank thnh phm v thng men ging chng ta gp kh khn v 2 vn : - Dc theo b mt bn trong ca tank c v tr tip xc vi dch bia, c v tr tip xc vi glycol v c ni tip xc vi khng kh nn kh xc nh h s to nhit bn trong. V vy, mt cch gn ng c th coi nh tn tht t dch bia ra mi trng xung quanh. - Phn thn hnh tr, phn y v nh c th hnh cn hoc hnh elip kh kh xc nh. n gin bi ton tm qui i din tch ton b ra dng hnh tr v bn trong coi nh tip xc vi mt mi trng lnh nht nh no . Tn tht do truyn nhit qua thn tr c th c tnh theo cng thc sau : Q = k.h.t (5-1) trong :
k= 1 d 1 1 1 + ln i +1 + .d 1 . 1 di .d 2 . 2 2. . i
, W/m2.K
(5-2) h - Chiu cao hay di qui i ca bnh, m; d1, d2 l ng knh ngoi cng v trong cng ca lp vt liu v, m; 1 - H s to nhit bn trong, W/m2.K; 2 - H s to nhit bn ngoi, W/m2.K; t = t1 - t2 : Hiu nhit khng kh bn ngoi v mi cht bn trong;
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1. Tank ln men, thnh Dch bia ng yn phm, men ging 2. Thng glycol Glycol c chuyn ng 3. Bnh bay hi Lng NH3 ang si 4. Thng nc 1oC Nc lnh ng yn Bng 5-2 :Thng s cch nhit cc thit b
STT 1 2 3
5.1.2.2 Tn tht nhit do lm lnh dch ng Nhit cn lm lnh dch ng t nhit ban u n nhit bo qun c thc hin qua hai giai on: - Giai on 1: Lm lnh dch bia sau h thng nu (khong o 80 C) xung 20oC bng nc lnh 1oC. - Lm lnh tip bng glycol t 20oC xung 8oC Tt c cc tn tht do lm lnh ny u l ph ti ca my nn lnh do khng cn phn bit giai on, m c tnh t 80oC xung 8oC: Vic tnh ph ti lnh my nn s rt khc nhau tu thuc vo quan im v cch thit k h thng lnh. h nhanh dch ng hp lng ho sau h thng nu nu s dng phng php lm lnh trc tip, s i hi my lnh c cng sut rt ln. Ngc li nu s dng nc lnh 1oC lm lnh, nh qu trnh tch lnh th cng sut lnh yu cu s b hn nhiu. Theo quan im ny, ph ti nhit cn thit lm lnh dch ng hp lng ho c tnh nh sau:
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Q2 =
G d .C p .(t1 t 2 ) 24 x3600
,W
(5-3) + Gd Lng dch ng hp lng ho trong mt ngy m, kg/ngy m; + Cp Nhit dung ring ca dch ng hp lng ho. Dch ng sau hp lng ho l mt hn hp rt phc tp ph thuc vo loi nguyn liu v thit b cng ngh sn xut. V vy nhit dung ring ca dch ng hp lng ho khng c gi tr c nh v chnh xc cho tt c cc h thng. Mt cch gn ng c th ly theo nhit dung ring ca nc; + t1, t2- Nhit ca dch ng trc v sau khi c lm lnh. Sau khi qua h thng nu v c a hp lng ho nhit si 100oC, dch ng c a sang thit b lc v thng lng xoy trc khi c lm lnh, v vy nhit t1 khong 80oC, nhit u ra phi t nhit bo qun trong tank ln men, tc t2 = 8oC.
Qtg1, Qtg2 Cng sut lm mt trung gian ca my nn CO2, W 2. Bo qun hoa Q32 Hoa hp lng su khi sy c tin hnh phn loi v sau xng SO2. Cng vic xng hi c tin hnh trong bung kn. Liu lng lu hunh em s dng khong 0,5 1 kg /100 kg hoa. Mc ch l hn ch qu trnh xi ho v s pht trin ca vi sinh. Sau khi xng hi hoa c p cht thnh bnh v xp vo ti polyetylen, hn kn v cho vo thng kim loi em i bo qun. Hoa hp lng c bo qun ch nhit khong 0,5 o 2 C. Tn tht nhit kho bo qun hoa hp lng bao gm tt c cc tn tht tng t nh cc kho bo qun khc. 3. iu ho khng kh Q33 Trong mt s nh my, ngi ta tn dng lnh ca h thng lm lnh glycol iu ho cho mt s khu vc nht nh ca nh my, chng hn nh khu vn phng, cc phng th nghim, cc phng lm vic khc trong khu ch bin. y l mt phng n rt kinh t v hiu qu. Tn tht nhit do iu ho c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q33 = QT . IC IO ,W I T TO
(5-5) IC, IV , IT En tanpi trng thi khng kh trc khi vo, ra dn lnh v trong bung iu ho khng kh. QT Nhit tha ca cc phng iu ho, W Nhit tha QT c xc nh nh tnh cn bng nhit ca cc phng.
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NG MAO TIT L U
nu c ngung
DX
M Y NN K N
Hnh 5-4: S nguyn l h thng lnh my iu ho khng kh cng sut nh Trn hnh 5-4 l s khai trin ca h thng lnh cc my iu ho cng sut nh. y thit b tit lu l cc ng mao. Mi h thng lnh trong my iu ho u b iu khin. Cc b iu khin cho php iu chnh v chn cc ch lm vic khc nhau, c th : - Bt tt ngun in ON-OFF - Chn tc qut, c 3 ch : Nhanh, va v chm (Hight, Medium, Low)
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- Chn ch lm vic: Ch lm lnh, ch thng gi, ch ht m.. - t nhit phng. Khi nhit phng t yu cu thermostat tc ng ngng my, khi nhit phng ln cao th khi ng my hot ng li. - Hn gi
Hnh 5-5: S h thng lnh my iu ho cng sut trung bnh Trn hnh 5- 5 l s nguyn l mt h thng lnh s dng trong iu ho khng kh cng sut trung bnh. S ny c th thy cc my iu ho dng t. My nn lnh c th l my nn kn hoc na kn. Trong h thng ngoi dn lnh v dn ngng, cc thit b cn li tng i n gin gm c van tit lu, b lc m v van in t.
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Hnh 5-6 s nguyn l h thng lnh trong cc my iu ho kiu lm lnh bng nc (water chiller) vi my nn piston na kn v gii nhit bng nc. Trong s ny cm my chiller c s dng lm lnh nc n c 7oC, sau c cc bm dn n cc dn lnh gi l cc FCU (fan coil unit ) lm lnh khng kh. Nc c s dng lm cht ti lnh. H thng c th l loi gii nhit bng nc hoc gii nhit bng khng kh. My gii nhit bng nc c hiu qu cao v hot ng n nh nn thng hay c s dng.
n - c l n h v o n- c l nh r a
LP
OP HP
CONTROL PANEL
LP
OP HP
b h n bay h i
n - c g i i n h it
b h n g - n g n
5.2.2.2 Tnh chn cm water chiller Bng 5-3 di y l thng s ca cc cm chiller ca Carrier, kiu 30HKA
Bng 5-3: Thng s nhit ca cm chiller Carrier
Model Qo, kW 30HKA015 45,4 30HKA020 61,3 30HKA030 78,5 30HKA040 114 30HKA050 153 30HKA060 184 30HKA080 228 30HKA100 302 30HKA120 343 30HKA140 422 30HKA160 461 - Xc nh lu lng nc lnh :
G nl = Qo C pn .t nl
Qk, kW 57,1 75,8 97,3 146 195 230 291 377 438 530 588
Ns, kW 11,8 14,5 18,8 31,6 42,9 45,8 63,2 75,1 94,8 108 126
(5-7) Gnl, Ggn - Lu lng nc lnh v nc gii nhit, kg/s; tnl, tgn - chnh nhit nc lnh v gii nhit u vo v u ra thit b, oK; Cpn - Nhit dung ring ca nc, Cp = 4186 J/kg.K.
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f cu
f cu
ls
ts tI
f cu
WP
WP
1- My nn; 2- Bnh cha cao p; 3- Dn ngng; 4- Bnh tch du; 5- Bnh gia mc; 6- Bnh thu hi du; 7Thng nc lnh; 8- Bm nc tun hon; 9- Bm nc s dng; 10- Dn lm lnh khng kh
Hnh 5-7: S nguyn l h thng HKK lm lnh bng nc trong cc NM ch bin thc phm
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iu ho khu vc ch bin c th s dng h thng iu ho c lp. Tuy nhin do trong nh my thng c sn cc h thng lnh khc, c bit h thng lm lnh nc ch bin c th s dng iu ho cho gian ch bin. Bin php kt hp ny s mang li hiu qu kinh t rt cao nn hin nay hay c s dng. Di y chng ti xin gii thiu phng php s dng nc c lm lnh t cm my lnh trung tm iu ho gian ch bin. V bn cht y chnh l h thng iu ho kiu lm lnh bng nc.
5.2.3.1 S nguyn l
Trn hnh 5-7 l s nguyn l h thng iu ho lm lnh bng nc trong cc nh my ch bin thc phm. V mt nguyn l, h thng khng khc h thng lnh my water chiller, y ch c mt s im khc l s dng dn bay hi kiu tm bn lm lnh nc. Nc sau khi ra khi dn lnh c tr vo thng nc lnh v c th c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Tuy nhin cn lu n yu t cht lng nc khi s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Nu nc c s dng iu ho khng bao gi c s dng ch bin thc phm. Nc s dng ch bin xong, khng thc hin tun hon ngc lm lnh m c loi b.
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c tnh Lu lng gi - Tc cao - Tc trung bnh - Tc thp Qut S lng qut Kch thc qut Vt liu in ngun S lng qut Cng sut - ng nc vo / ra - ng nc ngng - Cm trao i nhit - S dy - Mt cnh - Din tch b mt - ng trao i nhit - p sut lm vic - Khi lng + 42 CLA + 42 VLA + 42 CMA - Cng sut lnh + Nhit hin + Nhit ton phn tnl=7oC,tkk=26oC, =55%
n v 002 m3/h m3/h m3/h Dng Ci mm 449 380 317 003 513 440 337 004
010
520 827 1066 1274 457 744 945 1153 387 599 783 950 Qut ly tm lng sc 1 1 1 2 2 3 144 x 165,5L Thp trng km 220V / 1Ph / 50Hz 1 1 1 1 1 2 W 32 38 49 63 94 100 3/4 42CLA ng knh trong ng 26mm 42VLA/VMA ng mm ng knh ngoi 20mm ng ng, cnh nhm gn sng Dy 2 3 3 3 3 3 S cnh /1 in 12 12 12 12 12 12 m2 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,15 0,192 0,226 inch 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 kG/cm2 10 kG/cm2 kg kg kg W W 26 24 18 184 8 230 3 27 25 19 193 1 332 2 27 25 19 34 31 24 38 35 27 4844 7641 47 43 33
2 135
3 12 0,262 3/8 52 48 38
tnl - Nhit nc lnh vo FCU tkk - Nhit khng kh vo * Cc loi FCU : CLA : Loi giu, VLA, VMA t nn
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b l c m
h i n h i t d n l n h n g dn ngung t
m y n n sy d u
t ch l ng
dn l m l nh t m v d n b a y h i n u c
v a n i n t x b n g
5.3.2 H thng lnh cc bung bo qun thc phm thng nghip (Show case)
T lnh thng nghip (show case) c s dng bo qun thc phm trong cc siu th, nh hng. Thc phm gm 2 loi v yu cu bo qun cc ch khc nhau, l thc phm c ngun gc ng vt v rau qu. V th, t lnh thng nghip thng c 02 ngn : Ngn bo qun tht, c v ngn bo qun rau qu. Ch nhit bo qun ca tht c l -20oC v rau qa nhit +5oC. to ra cc ch nhit khc nhau ngi ta chn gii php, duy tr hai ch bay hi cho cc dn lnh. lm vic hai p sut bay hi trn s nguyn l cn
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phi c trang b van iu chnh p sut ht KVP. Van ny c t u ra ca dn lnh c nhit bay hi cao (tc p sut bay hi cao). Nh vy khi lm vic p sut ht ca my nn tng ng vi p sut dn c nhit thp (hnh 5-9). Mi dn lnh hot ng hon ton c lp v c iu khin bng thermostat KP 61, nhm khng ch nhit ca cc ngn cho ph hp yu cu bo qun thc phm. Thermostat iu khin vic ng m van in t cp dch cho cc dn lnh. My lnh s dng thng l my nn kn hoc na kn. H thng c trang b y cc thit b bo v v iu khin.
M M KVP
KP 61
+5C
TE EVR M M NRV KVL KVR NRD KP 15
KP 61
-20C
TE EVR SGI BM
E C
DX BM
Hnh 5-9 : S nguyn l h thng lnh ca t lnh thng nghip (show case)
Trn hnh 5-10 l s h thng lnh hot ng nhiu ch bay hi khc nhau., thng c s dng cho cc t lnh thng nghip, bo qun cc thc phm nng sn c nhit yu cu khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny c 03 ngn vi 3 ch nhit khc nhau l 0, +5 v +8oC. u ra cc dn lnh cc bung +5 v +8oC c trang b cc van iu p KVP , ring dn lnh c ch nhit thp
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nht 0oC l ch lm vic ca my nn nn khng cn. Mi dn lnh c trang b 01 thit b hi nhit HE.
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3 7 2 4 sv sv sv 5 6
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ls
ts tI
1- My nn; 2- Bnh cha cao p; 3- Dn ngng; 4- Bnh tch du; 5- Bnh trng trn; 6- B lm lnh nc; 7Bn cha nc lnh; 8- Bm tun hon; 9- Bm tiu th Hnh 5-12: S nguyn l h thng lm lnh nc ch bin 247
V nguyn tc c th s dng cm my lnh chiller lm lnh nc, tuy nhin phng php ny thng khng kinh t v phi nhp nguyn cm chiller kh t tin. V th trn thc t nhiu nh my ch bin la chn phng n lp t h thng ri bng cch ch nhp my nn lnh v mt s trang thit b c bit cn cc thit b khc ch to trong nc gim gi thnh sn phm, nhng vn m bo hot ng rt hiu qu, bn v p. Trn hnh 5-12 l s nguyn l h thng lm lnh nc ch bin. im c bit trong s ny l dn lnh s dng thit b trao i nhit kiu tm bn ca Alfalaval, cp dch theo kiu ngp lng v do thi gian lm lnh rt nhanh m bo yu cu sn xut v nhu cu ln v nc lnh trong cc nh my ch bin thc phm.
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Nhit tn, oC 25 30 35
Nhit nc ra, tn, oC 3 5 7 10 12 15 25,581 23,256 20,930 17,442 15,116 11,628 31,395 29,069 26,744 23,256 20,930 17,442 37,209 34,883 32,558 29,069 26,744 23,256
1
d 1 1 1 + ln i +1 + .d 1 . 1 di .d 2 . 2 2.. i
,W/m2.K;
(5-10)
h - Chiu cao qui i ca thng, m; d1, dn+1 l ng knh trong cng v ngoi cng ca thng, m; 1 - H s to nhit bn trong thng ra nc lnh , W/m2.K; 2 - H s to nhit bn ngoi thng, W/m2.K; t = t1 - t2: Hiu nhit khng kh bn ngoi v nc lnh bn trong bnh, oC; i - H s dn nhit ca cc lp vt liu, W/m.K. STT 1 2 3 Tn lp vt liu Lp inox v ngoi Lp polyurethan Lp v inox thng dy, mm 0,5 0,6 100 150 34 H s dn nhit W/m.K 45,3 0,018 0,020 45,3
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