JpXzv_

JpXzv_ ]cn-`m-j-bpsS hnj-b-n {][m-\-ambpw aqv Imcy-fmWv ]cn-tim-[n--s-tS--Xv.

1 \_n (k)bpsS Imew apX Ad_n `mj-b-m `mj-bn JpXzv_
\n-ln Ncn-{X-aptm?
2 JpXzv_v {]mtZ-inI `mj \In ]cn-jvI-cn--Xmcv? Ahsc t{]cnn LSIw Fv?
3- JpXzv_ `mjm-cw sNbvXv \n-ln-m alm-`q-cn-]w ]nXa Fv sImv Xm-dm-bn-?
Ch Hmtcmmbn \apv hni-I-e\w sNmw.
JpXzv_; Ncn-{Xhpw hyXn-bm-\hpw
JpXzv_ BZy-ambn \n-lnXv aZo-\-bn shm-bn-cp-p. AkvAZv _v\p kpdm-d(-d)-bmWv BZy-ambn PpapA JpXzp_ \n-ln--Xv. ln-Pvdv apv abn shp Xs JpXzv_ \n-ln-m-\p Amlp-hns I]\ Dm-bn-cpsnepw JpXzv_ \n-ln-m-\p Fm
\n_-\-Ifpw HphXv aZo-\-bn- shm-bn-cp-p.
km[m- c W {]kw- K - - f n \npw `n- a mbn {]tXyI \n_\Ifp t_m[-\-am-bn-cpp PpapA JpXzv_. lwZv, kz-em-v, -{]tXyI D]- t Z- i w, apAvan\pIv thn {]m\ FnhbpsSpXpw kqcy aym-n \npw sXnb tijw \nnX ipn-tbmsS PpapA \nkvIm-c-ns sXmpap-v \nh-ln-p-Xp-amb JpXzv_bmbn-cpp \_n(k) \n-ln-Xpw kz-lm-_n-Isf
]Tn-n-Xpw. \_n(k) kzlm-_n-It- fmSp ]dp: \n Rm \nkvIcn-p-Xv I {]Imcw \nkvI-cn-pI. \_n(k)bpsS kq
Bm\phn-I-fmbn, cq]-`m-h-n Hcp Dt]-bpw hcp-msX
PpapA JpXzv_ AS-a- p Fm- B-cm-[\
- Ifpw Ah Imp t]mp.
{]hm-NI
- (k)-bpsS h^m-n\p tijw Atd-_y D]-Zzo-]pw ISv
Ckvemans kzm[o\w hym]n-p-Ibpw Jpe-^mDdmin-Zp-I-fpsS hcthmsS B{^n-- hIc-b-S--ap hnhn[ A\-d_n tZi--fn-tev
AXv ]Sv ]nSn-pIbpw Xm-_nD-I-fpsS `c-W-Im-ev IqSp-X iam-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \_n(-k) hnti-jn-n aqv Da \qm-p-Ifntem AXn\v tijtam temIv Fhn-sS-sb-n-epw JpXzv_ Ad-t_Xc `mj-bn \n-ln--Xn\v Hcp Ncn{XiIew t]mepw ImWm-\m-hn-.

apgp-h Ncn-{X-tc-J-Ifpw hy-am-p-Xv PpapA JpXzv_ Atd_ybn-bn Xs \n-lnp t]mp Fp Xs-bmWv. bphX {]kno- I - c n apl- Zv saUyqIv ]nm Fgp- X nb CkvemanI
kwkvImcw F IrXn-bn ]d-bp-p: aZo-\-bnse Jeo-^sb t]mse
Xs `c-Wo-bcpw `c-Wm-[n-]cpw Xn-ep KmV-amb _hpw Ah
Ua-kvIk
- nepw kq-vaX
- t- bmsS \ne-\n-
- n-bn-cpp. Ah-cpsS Imev
Jeo^ Xs an-dn Ibdn \nv BgvtXmdp-ap JpXzv_ \S-nbn-cpp. AXn-_p-n-am-\mb Hcp Jeo^ Cu {]{In-bb
- n-ep Xs \noa-amb hymIp-eX ]v shp-Xv InXm-_p ^Jv F {K-n
Cs\ hmbnmw: A_vZp aen-In-t\mSv Hcm ]dp: Av hfsc
t\s Xs \c-p-htm? Atlw adp-]Sn ]dp: an-dn Ibdn
{]kw-Kn-p-tm Ad-_n- `m-j-bn sXp]ptam Fp DXvIWvT
Imc-W-amWv F\nv \c--Xv. Ad-_n-bn sXp ]pI F-Xv Ahsc
kw_-n-n-S-tmfw A{X-bpw `b--camb ]mX-I-am-bn-cpp.
A\y-\m-Sp-If
- n-te-p Ckvemans hym]\Imev A\n-hm-cyhpw
AXy-m-t]-n-Xhpamb L--fn t]mepw Zo ]Tn-n-m thn
Ppap-Av app JpXzv_ kzw tZi-`m-jI-fn \n-ln--Xmbn
Ncn-{X-Im-c-m-cn Bcpw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-n. A-s\-sbmcp kw`hw
Dm-bn-cp-s-n AXv tcJ-s-Sp-m-Xn-cn-m Hcp km[y-Xbpw
ImWp-n. ImcWw aX-Im-cy- FgpXn shm\pw kwc-np
t]mcm\pw Fm Imepw henb {ia- \S-n-pv.
hkvXpX CXm-bn-cns hntZi \mSp-I-fn JpXzv_ Ad-_n-bn
\nln-m apPm-lnZv {]apJ t\Xmhv Da auehn Is-nb
ImcWw Ncn{X]c-ambn ip If-hmWv. Atlw ]d-bpp: kzlm_n-I apX-em-b-hv \mSp-I A[o-\-s--tm P\- BZyw `mj
]Tn-p-I-bm-bn-cpp. ]noSv Ckvemw kzoI-cnp. AXn-\m Ad-_n-bnep JpXzv_ Ahv a\-n-em-bn-cp-p.
CXv kzbw ]S- p- m- nb ]cn- I ]- \ - I pdw Ncn{X
bmYmy-tfm A\p-`-h-tfm A. \apv tIc-f-ns Ncn{Xw
Xs ]cn-tim[nmw. Fm A`n-{]mb `n-X-I ]cn-K-Wn-mepw \_n(k)-bp-sS-tbm k
- z-lm-_- Xm_n-DI
- f
- p-sStbm Imev Ckvemw tIc-f
- n
Fn-bn-pv. tIcf Xocv Zo\ns Zo]-inJ sIms-n-Xv Ad-_nI-fm-bn-cp--phtm? amenIv _v\p Zo\mdpw(d) kwLhpw ]e-bn-S--fn-

embn ]{-tmfw ]n-I \nn-pIbpmbn. Av sXmt

CkvemanI Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS {]`htI{--fmbn Ch ]cn-K-Wn--sp.
\nkvImcw, CAvXnIm^v, PpapA XpSnb aX-ns Fm Bcm-[\-Ifpw AhnsS apd-t]mse \Sp hp. sh-n-bm-gv-I-fn AhnsS
Ppap-Av Hp IqSn-b-h Ad-_n-I-fm-bn-cp-n. Ad-_n-I-fn \npw
Ckvemw kzoI-cn Chn-Sps \mb] amcm-bn-cpp Ah. tIc-f-cb
- n h CkvemanI {]t_m[-I hgn ], \mb XpSnb PmXnk-ap-Zmbfn \nv 9000 Bfp-I Ckvemw Btjn-n-cppshv
{]apJ Ncn-{X-]nX-\m-bn-cp s\n-pv apl--Zen apkven-bm
hyam-p-pv. Da aue-hn-bpsS hmZ-{]-Imcw tIcf apkvenwI-fpsS
aX- ` mj F- X n- e p- ] cn Ah- c psS kwkmc `j t]mepw Ad- _ n
Bthnbncpp. ]t, tIc-f
- n C-s\-sbmcp Ncn{Xw k]nm t]mepw km[y-a.
JpXzv_ `mjm-cw sNm-sa tIc-f-nse \m]Xv ]n-Xm-cpsS ^Xvhbpw Hpw tNv hj-v apv {]kn-o-I-cns \_mn JpXzv_-bpsS Hcp Xpa ]ecpw FSpp ImWn-mdpv. AXvsImv Xs AXns \nP-nXn At\z-jn--s-tS--Xpv.
1915 Unkw- 28\v sshe-q Awiw ]pXnb hon
aplvbno auehn F-bm-fmWv \p_m-n- JpXzv_v bmJq-p
AXzn Aem JpXzv_
- np_m-n _n ep-Kn asse-_m-cn en lnZmb- n afn Fsmcp Xpa Fgp- X n- b Xv. \p_mXn
JpXzp_v Atlw \Inb ]Zm-\p-]Z Aw t\mn HmXm\mWv
AXn \nt-in--s-n-cn-p-Xv. Fm sshe-q--Im-c-\mb Cu
aplvbno auehn hnIeho-W-ap--h\pw Akzo-Im-cy-\p-am-sWv
AXns Bap-J-n \np -Xs hy-amWv. Xm \ne-sImp
Hcp k`sb {]iw-knv Atlw Fgp-Xp-Xv ImWpI: \_n -X-
13 hj-tmfw PnlmZv sNbvXnpw \m]-Xn]cw Bfp-I am{Xta
Zo\n h-n-pq. \psS bmsXmcp PnlmZpw IqSmsX \men ]pdw
hj-n-\p-n 1803 -B-fp-I k`-bn hp hniz-knp-Ibpw Zo\nmb Adnhv ]Tn-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-pp.
\_n(k)sb CIgvnbp hfsc Kpcp-X-c-amb Cu ]cm-aiw
At-l-ns BZit_m[w hcpImWn-ppv. 1916 CXv

]p\x{]kn-o-I-cn--tm BapJw Dt]-nv ]Icw \m]Xv ]n-XcpsS t]cn A\p-Iqe ^Xvhbpw Hpw tNp-I-bm-bn-cpp. Hmw
]Xn-nse BapJw Hgn-hmn \m]Xv ]n-X-cpsS ^Xvhbpw Hpw
tNXv Fn-\m-bn-cppsh tNmZyw ChnsS {]k--amWv.
\m]Xv ]n- X - c psS Hv ssI- S - b n \ImsX H^v^v
FsgpXn shp-I-bm-Wv sN-bvXn-p-Xv. am{X-a, hw A_vZp
JmZn auehn AS--ap ]cn-jvI-cWhmZn-I-fpsS IqsS tIc-f-nse
{]K--cmb ]n-X-cpsS t]cn hymP Ipdn-p-I Xm-dmn I
{]kvXm-h-\-I-sf-gpXn tNp-I-bm-bn-cpp. ]-Xn-s\mv t]Pv \o
AXns BapJw Xs hmbn-m aXn Hpw ^Xzvhbpw I-amsWdn-bm. 14mw \-dp-Im-c-\mbn Hp-sh lpssk X-fpsS
t]cn-ep Ipdnv Cs\ hmbnmw: Cu Xp-asb alm-m-cmb
De-am- ]cn-tim-[n-p-Ibpw CXns\ Ppap-Av \S-m-t--XmsWpw ImWnv Ah H^v^p -sh-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn Rm
AXyw ktm-jn-p-Ibpw AXns\ ]nXmn k-Xn-p-Ibpw
As\ Xs \-Xm-sWv A`n-{]m-bsSpIbpw sNpp Fv
tImgn-tmSv Jmfn lpssk.
1911 G{]n 19\v shn-bmgv knZv lpssk X h^mm-bn-pv. Fm At-l-n-t-Xmbn {]kn-o-I-cn Ipdn-n
alm-m-cmb De-am- ]cn-tim[n-p-Ibpw Hp shp-Ibpw sNbvXXn Rm AXy-[nIw ktm-jn-pp Fv ImWm-a-tm. 1916
A- S n Xp- a sb {]iw- k n- m 1911 h^m- mb Xsf
tNXv Xs ^XvhI--fp-sSbpw Hp-I-fp-sSbpw Akzo-Im-cyX hyam-pp. Cu Xpa {]ap-J-cmb ]n-X-cpsS t]cn hymP-p-dnp-I Xm-dmn {]kn-o-I-cn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-shv Npcpw. Ames ]n-X Xs Cu Xp-asb cq-ambn hnain-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-pv. C-cp-]n Ggmw \-dp-Im-c\
- mbn tN s]m\n s]mfnsIm-ev Ipmh apkvenbmcpsS t]cpw \m]Xv ]n-Xam-cpsS
Iq-n IWmw. \m]-tXmfw al-nse Jmfn-bmbn Ah-tcm-[n-X\
- mb
alm Cs\sbmcp \ntZiw \In-bn-psn Ah-cpsS al-pI-fnepw CXp \S-m-t-n-bn-cp-p. A-s\-sbmcp kw`hw \S-n-tbn.
\_n(-k)-bpw kzlm-_pw \n-lnp ImWnp X-Xv Ad_n

JpXzv_ Xs-bm-bn-cppshv ]n-X

- m hy-am-n-bn-pv. ssiJv
A_vZp--Jv\hn(d) ]d-bp-Xv ImWp-I:
\_n(k)bn \npw kzlm-_
- n \npw A\-c-ambn Innb
\S-n-s\-Xn-cmWv A-\-d-_n-bn-ep JpXp-_-sb--Xn bmsXmcp kwibhpan. AXn-\m CXv ldm-ap Imcy-am-Ipp (Dw-Z-p-cn-B-b:20/
1).(1) Camw imen-bmn(d)bpw Xs ^Xm-h Akvl-cn--bn CXp
]d-bp-pv.(2)
JpXzp_ {]mtZ-inI `mj-bn \nln--p-hv ss]Xr-Itam
]mc--cy-tam -]-d-bm-\n. apAvan\pI-fpsS ]m-hn \nv hyXn-N-env
]qoINcy-s-Xnsc A]-hmZ kzc-ap-bn JpXzv_ `mjm-cw
sNbvXXv BtKmfXe-n Xpn-bnse Iam ]mjbpw tIc-f-n
sImn- b nse amtcn- b n \np- a m- b n- c pp. Cu hmZ- K - X n- I
Dbnn-Sn-p--h-cpsS {]kn-o-I-c-W- Xs AXp kwkm-cnppv. BZ-c-Wob ]n-X\pw {]K--\p-ambn ]db-s-Sp dioZv
dnfm Xs {]kn {K-amb X^vko-dp a\m-dn Ad_n `mj-bpsS
khn-ti-jX ]d-bp-n-Sv Xpn-bnse `c-W-m[n-]-\m-bn-cp Iam
]mj-bmWv BtKmf apkvenwIv ]cn-Nn-X-an-m JpXzv_sb `mjmcw sNbvX-sX-pw AXv temI ]n-X-cpsS ISp hnai\n\v
hnt[bamsbpw ]d-bp-pv. Atlw ]d-bpp: \nkvIm-c-n-sbpw ln-sbpw ZnIvdp-Ifpw Jp-B ]mcm-b-Whpw apw Ad-_nbn Xs-bm-Wv \n-lnv t]mXv. Ppap-A-bp-sSbpw s]cp-m-fp-IfpsSbpw JpXzp-_bpw CXv t]mse Xs. Xpn `c-W-Iq-S-am-Wv CXn\-]h
- m-Za- mbn {]hn-Xv. aX-Iob `mhw FSpv amm thn Xpn
`mj-bn JpXp_ \n-ln-m km Bm-]n-p-I-bm-bn-cpp.
Snjv `mj-bn-ep JpXp_ tItm \nkvIc
- n- m-s\-n-bh
- AXns\-Xnsc {]Xn-tj-[n-p-Ibpw ISp shdpv {]I-Sn-n-p-Ibpw JpXzp_
\n-ln JXo-_p-amsc ]cn-l-kn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp (-X-^vko-dp
a\m:9/313).(3)
\thm-m\ \mb-I-cm-bn hmgv-s aqv ]cn-jvIm--fn
Hcm-fpw knZv A_vZp-hns {]ap-J -in-jy\pw Ah hnti-jnnpw
t]mse Ckvemln Bibw {]N-cn-n {]K--\pamWv dioZv cnfm. Ah
Fgp-Xpp: Pam-ep-o A^vKm\n, ssiJv apl-Zv A_vZp, knZv
dio-Zv cnZm (Amlp Ahsc A\p-{K-ln-s) XpS-n-b-h-cp-SsS Nn-

I-fmWv tIc-f-nse ]cn-jvIm--fn Ghpw IqSp-X kzm[o-\w

sNep-n-bXv (K^v ke-^nkw14).
apPm-ln-Zp-If
- psS {]kn-o-Ic
- W
- a- mb Aa\m-dns t]cv t]mepw
dioZv dnZ-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-n ]pd-n-d-p A a\m-dn \nv
IS-sa-Sp-X
- m-sW-pw apPm-lnZv {]kvm-\
- ns m]I t\Xm-hmb
hw auehn Cu ]{X- ns ncw hmb- \ - m- c - \ m- b ncppshpw(A--a-\m:1995) Ah k-Xn-p-pv.
Ckvemans X\-Xmb Bi-b
- n-\v Gsd thcpd-p tIc-f
- n
BZy]cn-`mj JpXzv_v thZn-bm-bXv sImn-bnse A_vZp tkv
\nn ]pXnb ]n-bn-em-bn-cppshv Da auehn ]d-bpp: ]tcX-\mb lmPn A_vZp tkv sImn-bpsS lrZb `mKv am-t-cnbn Hcp ]n ]Wn-bp-Ibpw AXn-t\m-S\
- p-_
- nv Hcp aZvdk m]np-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pXnb ]n F t]cn Adn-bs
- -Sp {]kvXpX
]nbmWv bYm-n Ckvemlo {]h\w sImn-bnse an
hf-cm\pw hnI-kn-m-\p-ap kml-Ncyw krjvSnXv. P\v {Klnm hn[-n Ppap-A-bpsS JpXzv_ BZy-ambn tIc-f-n \S-nbXv B ]n-b-nemWv (kk-_o: s^{_p-hcn-1972).
1992-- ]me-mSv \S apPm-lnZv ktf\-ns kph-\o Cu
bmYmyw Xpdv ]d-bp-pv: alqw A_vZp lmPn tkv Av
am-t-cn-bnse {]apJ hyh-km-bnbpw Ckvemlo BZimc-\p-am-bncpp. X-hn-j-b-n Atlw CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw Ckvemlo BZi{]N-c-W-n-\p-X-Ip Hcp ]n \nn-p-hm Xocp-am-\n-p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tIc- f - n BZy- a mbn ae- b m- f - n JpXzv_ \S- Xv
A_vZp lmPn tkns Iogn t^mv sInbnep Xpcpn ]nbn-em-bp-cp-p (k-t-f\ kph-\o: FdWmwIpfw Pnm sI.-F.Fw
{]kn-U-v C Al-Zv Xm\n tkns teJ-\w, 304).
Fm, ZnW tIc-f-n \n-ln--s ae-bmf JpXzv_
{]kvXpX ]n \nn \mfn Xs JpXzv_ Bcw-`n-n-p-sv sh-p-I-bm-sW-n AXv ae-_m-dn-se-m Ccp-]-n-sbv hj-sf-Spp FXv hfsc Nn-\o-b-am-Wv. ae-_m-dnse Hcp an-dn aebmf JpXzv_ HmXm C{Xbpw Imew Imn-cn-tn hXv AXnt\m-Sp-m-bn-cp tIc-f- apkvenwI-fpsS s]mXp a\v ad-\on ImWnp-p-v.
apPm-lnZv kwm\ kt-f\ kph-\o 02- tImgn-tmSv ]n-

bpsS Ncn{Xw ]d-bp teJ-\-n ]dbpp: 1943 ae-_m-dn

BZy-ambn JpXzv_ ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-n-bXv (tImgn-tm-Sv) ]mf ]n-bnem-Wv (-t]Pv:146, 147).
JpXzv_ ]cn-`mj ]pXnb ]cn-jv-c-W-am-bn-cp-p-shv sI.-Fw.
auehn 1926 Pqsse 11-\v ]pd-n-d-nb A CimZv Ad_n amkn-Ibn \Inb ^Xvhbpw hyam-p-p-v: A\n-hm-cy-ambpw {int Hcp Imcyw Chn-sS-bp-v. AYhm kzlm-_n-Itfm Xm_n-D-Itfm
Ah-cpsS ]nKm-an-Itfm aX-]-c-amb JpXzv_ \n-ln-p-tm A\p_-- {]mtZ-inI `mj-bn \nh-ln--Xmtbm AIm-\p-I Ad_n-bn ]d tijw ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-n-b-Xmtbm GsX-nepw Hcp
InXm-_n D-Xmbn Rm In-n-. \_n(-k)bpw ke-^p-zm-en-lpIfpw Zo\n-mb JpXzv_I AXns AIm\pw A\p-_--fpw
Ad_n `mj- b n- e m- b n- c pp \nh- l n- n- c p- Xv. am{X- a - , Fm
apkvenwIfpw ]Tn-epw {]N-cn-n-epw \n_--amb Ckvemans `mjbmWv Ad_n. Ad_n `mj-bpsS {]Nm-c-W-n\p thn-bp Fm
amK--fnepw {i sNep-epw apkvenwIv \n_--am-Wv (-A
CimZv: 1926 Pqsse 11).
1936- ]pW-bn s^{_p-hcn 22, 23 XnXnIfn tIc-f PamAp apPm-ln-Zo ]{mw hmjnI kt-f-\-n Ah-X-cn-n
{]tabhpw ]cn-`m-j-bpsS kao-]-Ime s]mnapf--entev hnc Nqpp-v. {]tabw ]d-bpp: Cv \ne-hn \Sv hcp JpXzv_ Ad_n
Bb-Xn-\mepw km[m-c-W-mv a\-n-em-m _pn-ap-p--Xn-\mepw
Cu kt-f\w Fm apX-h-n-am-tcmSpw JXzo_pamtcmSpw shn-bm-gvbnse JpXzv_ t{imm-v Xncn-bp `mj-bn ]cn-`m-js
- -Sp-m
\nt-in-p-pAh-Xm-c-I: sI. Fw. auehn, A\p-hm-NI: ]n. sI.
aqk auehn.
{][m-\-ambpw cv Imcy--fm-Wv {]tabw hy-ambpw ]d-bp-Xv;
1\ne-hn \nh-lnp hcp-Xv Ad-_n-bn-ep JpXzv_bmWv.
2]cn-`m-j-s-Sp-p JpXzv_ ]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n--Xm-Wv. P\-v
{Kln-m-hp `mj-bn ]cn-`m-j-s-Sp--Ww F \ntins
Aw CXp-hscbpXv \ne-\n-\Ww F-tm? ]pXnb coXn
XpS-Ww Ft?
Ad_n `mj-bn JpXzv_ \nh-ln- apKm-an-If
- psS amKn-

s\-Xn-cm-sWv ^Xvh \Inb auehn Xs-bmWv ]v hj-v

tijw Xs ^Xvh Xncpn {]tabw Ah-X-cn-n--Xv. {]mtZinI
`mjbn apKm-an-I JpXzv_ \nh-lnv t]mn-cp hmZw Xopw
\nc-Ia- m-sWv Ah-cpsS {]kn-o-Ic
- W
-
- Xs ChnsS Xpdv
k-Xn-p-p. temI-X-e-nepw {]tZ-inI Xe-nepw BZy-ambn \nhln--s ae-bmf JpXzv_bpsS Imehpw ehpw IrXyambn Fgp-Xp-h AXp hsc Fs\bmbn-cp-p-shv kuI-cy-]qhw adpIfbp-I-bm-Wv.
]cn-`m-jm-hm-Z-n\p ]nnse t{]cIw
PpapA JpXzv_ ]cn-`m-j-s-Spn BZy-ambn \nh-ln--s-Xv
temI-X-e-n Xpn-bnepw {]tZ-inI Xe-n tIc-f-nepamsWv
hyI-vXa- m-bn. AXn-\m Xs Ccp-]Xmw \qm-ns ]mZ-Zi
- b
- n ISph Cu coXnv ]qho-I-cpsS amXr-Itbm {]am-W--fpsS ]n_-etam
ImWm Ign-bn-. Fn ]ns kzlm-_n-I-sfbpw D-a-\q-m-p-Imscbpw Ah-KW
- nv Hcp {]ta-b
- n-eqsS JpXzv_bpsS ]mc-c
- y-co-Xnsb
s]mfn-s-gp-Xm ]cn-jv-c-W-hm-Zn-I-sfbpw Iam ]mj-sbbpw t{]cnn LSIw Fm-bn-cnpw?
temI apkvenw Ncn-{X-n BZy-ambn JpXzv_v {]mtZ-inI `mj
\Inb Xpn-bnse Iam ]mj-bpsS eyw XnI aX-\n-cm-k-ambn-cp-p. 1923- Dkvam-\nm Jnem-^ns\ XImWv Iam ]mj
A[n-Imc Itk-c-bn-tev IS-p-h-cp--Xv. tZm\pa F PqX IpSpw_- n- e m- b n- c pp At- l - ns P\- \ w. Xpn- b nse ]mc- cy
CkvemanI Nn-sf Xqs-dn-bm Xs Atlw ]-Xn-bn-p. AXn\mbn In I aX-ns Fm ASbm-f
- s
- f-bpw tXmnb t]mse
]cn-jv-cn-p.
Xpn ssk\n-I-\mbn ISp h Bt-l-ns {]mho-Wyhpw
\nXm {]h-\hpw ImcWw CkvXm-_q-fn-tev Wnp hcpn
A\m-Xzq-ense ssk\nI IamU ]Zhn \In. 1919- tZiob hmZnI-fpsS tbmKw tNp. ]pXnb tZiob hmZ NnI cq]-s-Sp-n-btm AXns sNbam ]Zhn Iam ]mj-m-bn-cp-p. At-lns A]q _pn Ip Xs Aym-]I
- \Inb t]cm-sWs{X
Iam!
1920 G{]n 20-\v Amdbn tN Hmw tZiob Akwn

Iam-ens\ Xmm-enI {]kn-Umbn sXc-s-Sp-p. 1922-se A\mXzq-ense {Kov ssk\-tmSv i-ambn s]mcpXn hnP-b-w ItXmsS
Xs AP--I \S-m-m-\p kphm-h-k-cw apkvX^m Iam-en\p
hoWp Inn. 600 hj-mew \op-\n Dkvam-\nm Jnem-^
- ns\ XpX-Iv ]Icw km{am-P yXz AP--I \S-m-p-I-bm-bn-cpp Atlw.
CkvemanI Jnem-^v Ayw Ipdn-Xmbpw Ckvemw Xpn-bpsS
HutZym-KnI aX-as
- pw {]Jym-]n-s
- -p. Ad_n `mjv ]Icw Snjv
`mj \n_--am-n. ]n-bnse Ad_n JpXzv_ \n-em-n. Xzco-Jp-Isf \ntcm-[n-p. JmJm-lp-I AS-p-]q-n. Xe-mhpw sXmnbpw
\njn-a- m-n. Ad_n `mj-sbbpw Ad_n `mj-bn-ep JpXzv_, \nkvmcw, _mv XpS-n-bh
- s
- bmw Snjv `mj-bn-tev ]cn-h\w sNbvXp.
aXs bpn-bpsS am\-Z-- shp hne-bn-cp-n. skp-e-dnkw, dnt^m-an-kw, t]mp-enkw XpSn aX-in-Yn-eo-I-c-W-n-\p-X-Ip
Fn-t\bpw Iam tNp]nSn-p. Xpn-sb CkvemanI {]uVn
Ifp ]mmXy hXvIr-Xcm-{-am-p-Ib
- m-bn-cpp Iam-en-b ]cn-jvIcWns BsI-p-I.
Xpn- b nse Ccw Iam- e n- b ]cn- j vIm- c - - f psS NphSp
]nSnmWv tIc-f
- nepw ]pXnb hmZ- ISp h-Xv. A-s\-bmWv
tIc-f-n \qm-p-I-fmbn XpSp h Ckvemans X\-Xmb
coXnsb \ntj-[nv sImn-bn BZy-ambn ]cn-`mj JpXzv_ \nh-ln-s--Xv.
bpn-b Xocp-am-\n-t-Xv?
tIc-fob ]cn-jvI-cW hmZn-I JpXzv_sb `mjm--cw sNm
t{]cn-n-Xns Dcw hfsc efn-X-am-Wv; JpXzv_ {Kln-m-\m-h-Ww,
AXn\p ]cn-lmcw JpXzv_ ]cn-`m-j-bn \nh-ln--epamWv. Zo\ns\
Xopw bpn-bn Xfv aX-ns AXn-kq--a--fmb Cemlo
t{]c-I-sf \ntj-[n-p-I-bt CXv? bpn-bpsS {Xmkn shv Afm ]p--XmtWm Zo?
\_n(-k)sb Amlp \ntbm-Kn-Xv hnip aXs P\-v
hni-Zo-I-cnp sImSp-m thn-bm-Wv. Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS cq]-`m-h-fpw
hnizm-k-ns am\-Z--fpw \n-bn--s-tS-Xv B Xncp\_nbpsS PohnXw t\mn-bm-bn-cn-W
- w. A-s\-b
- m-bn-cp-p-sh-n a\p-

jy-cn \nv Hcmsf {]tXyIw sXc-s-Spp \ntbm-Kn-msX \nb-a am{Xw Cd-n-bm aXn-bm-bn-cp-tm? Xncp-\-_n(-k)-bpsS hmv,
{]hr-n, \njvT XpSnbh Poh-X
- n ]I-emWv bYm Cn_m-Av.
JpXzv_ P\--tfm-Sp kwt_m-[-\amWv, kwt_m-[-\-ns
eyw kwt_m-[n-Xv {Kln-emWv F-Xm-Wv JpXzp_ ]cn-`m-jbnse bpn. bpnbpsS ta bpn sImtp sInb \ymbamWnXv. Am-lp-hn\v am{Xw Adn-bp aX-\n-b-a-fpsS kqvam-sf
tIhew a\p-jy-_pn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-p am\-Z-- shv kao-]np-Xv \ymba-. AXn\v Aen(-d)-hns hmp-I Acw {]Xn kmn
\npp: Zo bpn _n-X-am-bn-cp-p-sh-n Jp^v^-bpsS ASn
`mK-am-bn-cpp apI `mK-s-m XS-hm Ghpw A\p-tbm-P yw.
Xncp-\-_n(-k) Ccp Jp^v^-I-fp-sSbpw apI `mKw XS-hp-Xv Rm
Ip (-A-_q- Zm-hq-Zv).(4)
\S-p-tmgpw apw Agpv ]pcfp-Xv Jp^v^-bpsS Xmgv`m-Km-Wv. ]t Amlp Jp^v^b
- psS apI `mK-mWv XS-hm I]n-Xv. Jp^v^ XSh ipo-I-cWamWv, ipo-I-c-W-ns eyw
Agpv \o-emWv F tIhe bpn Nn ChnsS {]k--a-.
AXn-\m \_n-N-cy-s-Xnsc bpn ]cn-K-W-\o-b-a-.
fplv--Akzv, Cim-AvaKvcn_v Fo \nkvm-c-sf Hnpw(Pw-Av) Npcp-n-bpw(-Jkzvdv) \nkv-cn-m \nnX ZoL-ap bm{Xbn A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-Wv. Ippw aebpw Xmn kqcys XovW
DjvWhpw klnv th{X bm{Xm-km-a-{Kn-I-fn-msX {]bm-k-s-Sp-h- b m- b n- c pp \_n(- k )- b psS Imes bm{X- I . As
bm{Xmtiambncpp Cu Cfhv A\p-h-Zn-m kml-N-cy-sam-cp-n-bXv. Fm \nan-j-Iw Hcp _pn-ap-p-an-msX k-cn-m-\mbmepw id-Av- \Inb PwAvJkzvdv Cfhv kzoI-cn-m-hp--Xm-Wv. Nne
k`--fn kpp t]mep-am-Wv. bpnsb am\-Z--am-p--h
Hcp oW-hp-an-msX bm{X sNbvsXn-b-h-t\mSv id-Cs Cu Cfhv
kzoI-cn-m ]mSn Ft \nt-in-t-Xv?
\n-fn-em-sc-nepw t\mv Xpd-p-I-bm-sW-n Cu--gw
sImv Xpd-pI Fv \_n(-k) ]d-n-p-v. bpnsb am\-Z-am- p- - h v ]dbmw: Atd- _ y- b n Cu- gw kpe- ` - a m- b Xp

sImmWv \_n(-k) t\mv Xpd-pXn\v AXp-]-tbm-Kn-m \nt-in--Xv. AXn-\m Hmtcm \mp-Imcpw Ahp kpe-`-ambn Inp
^ew sImt t\mv Xpd-t-Xv? tIc-fo-b-cmb \mw tXm-]qfp
sImmWv t\mv Xpd-t-s
- Xv CXphsc Bcpw DrX lZo-kns\
hymJm-\n-n-n-. AtX t]mse Rm \nkv-cn-p-Xv \n I
{]Imcw \nkv-cn-pI F lZo-kn-s\bpw adnv hmbn-p-Xv A]I-S-I-c-am-Wv.
Fm, Ia-imkv{X {K--fn A]qambn ]cm-ain--sSp bpn-Isf(ln-Iva-p-I-sf) Cu coXn-bn hmbn-m\mhn-. ImcWw, Ah ]e-tmgpw {]_-em-`n-{]m-b-am-hn-. GsX-nepw ]n-X-cpsS
t]cn D-cn--s-Sp-I-bmWv sNm-dp--Xv. am{X-a-, Fm Bcm-[-\Ipw bp-nI-fp-m-I-W-satm Bcm-[-\-I-fpsS coXn \n-bn-ss-tS-Xv Acw bpn-I-fm-h-W-satm Hcp ]n-X\pw A`n-{]mb-an-. bpn Isn Bcm-[-\m-co-XnIfp-m-p-I-b Ah sNbvXXv; Dmb cnXn-Iv .bpn Is-p-Itb Ah sNbvXn-p-q.
Npcp--n, bpn-bn apf \ymb--fmWv JpXzv_ ]cn-`mjm
hmZ-n\p ]nn-sep hyw. Hcp ]t bpnbpw em`hpw shp
t\mp {]tbm-P\ hmZ-ns (pragmatism) Hcp Xcw ]Iv Xsbm-Wn-Xv. {]Xy--n {]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-h kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw Amh \nc-kn-p-Ibpw sNpI F-XmWv C-en-bn cq]w sIm
{]tbm-P-\-hm-Z-ns ImX.
]cn-jvI-cWw; CkvemanI hiw
`uXn-I-amb Hcp ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Ckvemw hne-p-n-. Xncp-\-_n(k) Pohn Bdmw \qm-nse Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-Ifpw Pohn-X-amK-fpw
am{Xta Cpw kzoI-cn-mhq Fv Ckvemw ]d-bp-n-. Av H-Iw,
IpXnc XpSnbh am{Xta hml-\-ambn Ah D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p-q.
]t, Cp \mw hnam-\-nepw ss{S\nepw bm{X sNp--h-cm-Wtm?
Cu--\-I-fn Ir{Xna ]cm-KWw sNp- kzlm_n-Isf I
\_n(-k) As\ sNmsX Xs IqSp-X Cu--g- e`n-psav Ah-tcmSp ]d-p. Ah Ir{Xna ]cm-KWw \nn-sh-p.
^ehpw Ipd-p- h-p. Ah {]hm-N-Isc Cu Ipdhv t_m[n-n-p.
Atm \_n(k) ]dp: `uXnI hnj-b--fn \n-fmWv Ghpw
\mbn Adn-bp--h.

`uXn-I-amb hnj-b--fn Adn-h-\p-k-cnp {]hn-m-sapw

]ptcm-K-a\ apt--v Ckvemw XS--a-spw Cu lZokv hyam-p-p. Pohn-tXm]m[nI-fn ]cn-jvI-cWw ]mSn-sv \mw ]d-bp-n. adnv aX-ns auenI hnj-b-sf ]cn-jvI-cn-p-hmt\m ]cn-h\-s-Sp-mt\m \apv A[n-Im-c-an-. Am-lp-hpw \_n(-k)bpw ]Tnn amta Ah-ew-_n-m-hq. bpn-bpsS aqibn-env Bcm[\-Iv
]pXnb coXnbpw `mhhpw \Ip-Xv Ckvemans hgn-b-.
C{Xbpw hni-Z-am-n-b-Xn \npw PpapA JpXzv_bpsS `mjm-]cn-jvI-cWw aXw ]d-bm--Xm-sWv a\-n-em-mw. Fm Acw
]cn-jvI-c-W-sf(_n-Zv-A-p-I-sf) Fs\ kao-]n--W-sav Xncp-\_n(-k) ]Tn-np Xn-p-v: Hcm aX-n AXn s]Sm-Xv ]pXpXm- n- b p- m- n- b m AXp X- s - t S- - X m- W v (_p- J m- c n) (5) .
Ckvemans\ `uXnI tImWn-eqsS honv bpn-bn Xf-m\pw Acap-dn-b Ckveman-p-Isf krjvSn-m\pw km{am-P yXz in-I Fm
Ime-pw {iaw \S-n-bn-p-v. AXn s]p-t]mb \yq\m -\yq-\-]-amb Hcp hn`m-K-ns DXv]--amWv JpXzv_ ]cn-`m-jm-hm-Zw.
]n-X ]cn-`m-jsb Fp sIm\p-h-Zn-n-?
JpXzv_ ]cn-`mjv henb {]tbm-P\
- a- p-spw aXw ]Tn-m-\p
kphm-h-k-c-ambn AXns\ D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-m-sapw Nnn-m
Ckvemans shfnw Ad-t_-Xc cmP y-f
- n hym]n Imev t]mepw
km[y-X-bp-m-bn-cp-p. ]t, Fm-hpw Xncn-bm thn F
\ymb-bp-nsb Xnc-kvIc
- n-m Am-es ]n-Xamv \nc-h[n
Imc-Wfpmbn-cp-p.
JpXzv_ Hcp C_m-Z-m-Wv, C_m-Z-n\v Cn-_m-Av AXy-h-iyam-sWmWv Ah-bn {][m-\-Xv. JpXzv_ C_m- Z - m- s Wv
]qo-Icmb ]n-X-scmw hy-am-n-bn-pv.
Xplv^(2/446), C_v\p Iko(3/514), \nlm-b(2/313) Fo {K-sfmw JpXzv_ C_m-Z
- m-sWv ]d-bp-p-v. ]cn-`mj hmZ-m Xs
CXw-Ko-I-cn-pp: \nkvIm-chpw JpXzv-_bpw Ckveman Bcm-[-\-IfmWv, {]Xn-^ew e`n-p ]pWy Ia-. (A a-\m: 1986). AXn\m ipn-tbmsS {]tXyI \n_--\-I ]menv \n-ln-t Bcm[\bmWn-Xv. JpXzv_ Bcm-[\
- b
- m-bn-cp-p-tm kzm`m-hn- I-ambpw AXv
\n-ln-tXns am\-Zsa-m-bn-cn-pw?
]qhoI ]WvUn-X Ah-cpsS {K--fn- AXv hy-am-p-p. Bcm-[-\- \n-l-W-ns am\-Zw Cn-_m-Av Xs.
JpXzv_ sImp Dtiyw D]-tZiw am{Xa-, Cn-_m-DamWv.