VECTOR OPERATORS , ,

Vector: Vector Dot Product: A = xA x + yA y + zA z A B = A xB x + A yB y + A zBz = |A||B|cos

x Vector Cross Product: A B = det A x Bx

y Ay By

z A z = |A||B|sin Bz

= x ( A yBz A zBy ) + y ( A zBx A xBz ) + z ( A xBy A yBx )

Del () Operator: Gradient of : Divergence ofA:

=x +y +z x y z = x +y +z x y z

A x A y A z A = + + x y z

x
Curl of A:

y Ay

z Az
L3-1

A = det x y z Ax

PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ,
i D is the divergence of the vector fieldD
Gausss divergence theorem:

v (i A)dv = s (Ain)da

Gausss Law, Differential Form: D =

(iD)dv =

(Din)da = dv

E is the curl of the vector fieldE

Stokess theorem:

c Eids = A ( E)in da

Faradays Law, Differential Form: E =

B t

E
B

B Eid s = ( E)in da = in da = Eids c A A t c

L3-2

MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
Integral Form: Differential Form:

S D nda = V dv
D = E, B = H S B nda = 0
E
B

D=

0 E ds = t A B nda c

B=0
E = - B t

H ds = A J nda + A D nda t c
E H B D J Electric field Magnetic field Magnetic flux density Electric displacement Electric current density Electric charge density

H
J D

H = J + D t

[volts/meter, V m-1] [amperes/meter, A m-1] [Tesla, T] [ampere sec/m2, A s m-2] [amperes/m2, A m-2] [coulombs/m3, C m-3]
L3-3

MAXWELLS EQUATIONS: VACUUM SOLUTION

B Faradays Law: E = t Amperes Law: H = J + D 0 t

Constitutive Gausss Law Relations D = D = oE B = 0 0 B= H

o

EM Wave Equation: Eliminate H : ( E ) = o ( H)

Yields:
2

t Use identity: ( A ) = ( A ) 2 A ( H) = 2 E ( E ) E = o o o 2 t 0 t

EM Wave Equation

2E = 0 E o o t 2
2

Second derivative in space second derivative in time, therefore solution is any f(r,t) with identical dependencies on r,t 2 2 2 1 2 = ( + + ) Laplacian Operator: ( ) = x 2 y 2 z2
L3-4

WAVE EQUATION SOLUTION

Many are possible Try Uniform Plane Wave (UPW), f(x,y)

2E = 0 Example: Try: E = y Ey(z) in E o o t 2 0 0 2 + 2 + 2 )E 2 Ey = ( 2 y x y 2 z 2 2E y 2E y Yields: o o 2 = 0 2 z t Trial solution: Ey(z,t) = E+(t z/c); E+(arg) = arb. function of (arg)
2

Test solution: c-2 E+ (t z/c) - oo E+(t z/c) = 0 iff: 1 c= 3108 [m s-1] in vacuum (velocity of light)
o o

E+(t z/c) 0 z1 z = t = 0 arg = 0

propagation

The position where arg = 0 moves at velocity c z arg = 0 at t1 = z1/c

L3-5

UNIFORM PLANE WAVE IN Z-DIRECTION

Example:
E.G.:

Ey(z,t) = E+(t - z/c) [V/m] Func(arg) = Func*[(-c)(arg)] = Func*(z ct) Ey(z,t) = E+ cos[(t z/c)] = E+ cos(t kz), where k = /c = o o

To find magnetic fields:

Faradays Law: E = B H = - ( E)o-1 dt t x y z E = det x y z = x + cos ( t kz ) z E

Ex

0 0

Ey

Ez

= - x kE+sin(t kz)

H = x(k/o)E+sin(t kz) dt = - x(E+/o)cos(t kz)

k = oo , o = o / o
L3-6

UNIFORM PLANE WAVE: EM FIELDS

EM Wave in z direction: E ( z,t ) = yE+ cos ( t kz ) , H ( z,t ) = x (E+ o ) cos ( t kz )
x

H ( z,0 )
z

E ( z,0 )

y Electric energy density Magnetic energy density z

Linearity implies superposition of n waves, all ,

L3-7

ELECTROMAGNETIC AND OTHER WAVES

A wave is a fixed disturbance propagating through a medium A,B B

wave velocity 0 A z

A,B energy density

null 0
Medium A B A energy

z
B energy

String Acoustic Ocean Electromagnetic

stretch pressure height H

velocity velocity velocity E

potential potential potential magnetic

kinetic kinetic kinetic electric

L3-8

Role of Maxwells Equations and Fields

Sources
q
J(x,y,z) [A/m2] (x,y,z) [C/m3]

Observable Reality

Maxwells Equations

E,Hv
f [N]

Observer

Lorentz Force Law:

f = q(E + v oH)

The fieldsE,H and the displacement and flux densitiesD,B permit division of electromagnetics into the Maxwell and Lorentz equations
L3-9

MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications

Spring 2009

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.