Structure and Replication

DNA

Transformation:

DNA is the Transformer: Avery (1944)

Chromosomes and DNA

DNA has 4 Bases

Four DNA Bases

Adenine
N NH N NH2 N

Thymine
H3C

O NH NH O

Guanine
N NH

O NH N NH2

Cytosine

NH2 N NH O

The Sugar
HO OH O

OH

Deoxyribose

The Nucleotides
O HO P OH

A
O O OH

NH2 N N N N

NH2

O HO P OH

C
O O OH

N N O

O HO P OH O

G
O OH

N N N

NH NH2

O HO P

T
O

O H3C NH N O O

OH

OH

Adenine pairs with Thymine

Hydrogen Bonding

Guanine pairs with Cytosine

Hydrogen Bonding

DNA

Genes and Base Pairs: A Comparison

Species Yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Genes (estimated) 6,000 19,000 40,000 13,600 40,000

Base Pairs 12 million 99 million 3 billion 165 million 3 billion

Round Worm Mouse

(Caenorhabditis elegans)

(Mus musculus)

Fruit Fly Human

(Drosophila melanogaster)

The Central Dogma

Possible Modes of DNA Replication

Replication: 5 to 3 Direction ONLY

Continuous replication on one strand

Discontinuous replication on one strand

DNA Replication is Catalyzed by Enzymes

DNA Polymerase Adds Complementary Bases

DNA Polymerase Sees Errors

DNA Polymerase Repairs Errors