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d qN g kF k y x u s o ky k u g hag S- e `x r `" . kk d s N y ko s d h c kr v y x g S- ; g c kr
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; g l c d g u s@ d j u s d ks e t c wj d j j g k g S-
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l g h l kf c r d j u s d s f y , f y [ ks x , g Sa- m u e sa y s[ kd ksa d h v i u h v u sd
o Sp kf j d d e t ksf j ; ka> y d r h g Sa- b u e sa, d b u d h n `f " V g St ksi j kb Zf ' k{ kk d h
n su g S- b u e sa f d l ku h l s m i t s [ kki d s p kf j f = d y { k. kksa d ks B hd l s N wv k
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v { ke r k d k , d c M +k d kj . k g S-
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l s f c n k g ks t ku s d s l kB l ky c kn n s' k e sa l e y Saf x d ; kSu o f o o kg i z. kky h
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i f ' p e h t ho u ' kSy h d s g e y s d s l ke u s i wj h r j g u kd kj k l kf c r g ks j g s g Sa]
t c f d [ kki d h d f c y kb Z O; o L F kk b u l s d g ha v f / kd l { ke o i zHkko ' kky h
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g S r kf d x zke h. k v kc kn h d ks c kaV d j v i u s b l ; q) d ks o s t hr l d sa-
; kn j [ kk t ku k p kf g , f d v [ kc kj h t x r o V sf y f o t u O; o l k;
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j g r k g S- l af o / kku e sa c ; ku v f HkO; f D r d h L o r U= r k d kss v i u s f y , l e sV
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f g r ksa l s y su kn su k u g ha g S] o s b l s v i u s f g r ksa d s f y , i z; ksx d j r s g Sa-
, d l an HkZe sag e u sc hr sl ky ; g v o / kkj . kk i zL r qr d h Fkh f d v c Hkkj r
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t c [ kki ksau ssn [ ky n sd j l Ec af / kr i f j o kj ksad ksl g kj k n su k v kj EHk f d ; k r Hkh
l s ; g i ) f r ' kg j h p kS/ kf j ; ksa d s g e y s d k f u ' kku k c u h g Sa- ; g l a; ksx u g ha
g S- u b l sv y x d j d sn s[ kk t k l d r k g S- n s[ ksa] u kS t o ku ks ad h c s p S u n q f u ; kav kS j
c s c l i f j o kj ] ] 2 0 0 9 ] r g j hd i z d k' ku j ks g r d
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e ku q" k r ky h i hV r k v k; k F kk f d u kj s e sa d qN m u d s Hky s d h c kr g ks j g h g S-
y x Hkx 4 0 o " kZ r d x y r Q g e h l s Hkj h v kl d s c kn t c m y V f n ' kk d k
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} kj k v kRe g R; kv ksa d h [ kc j ksa l s e kg kSy Hkj x ; k r c t k d j l i u k V wV k f d
e ke y k d g ha n wl j k g Sv kSj c sg n [ kr j u kd Hkh!
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[ kn ku o t e hu i j n sg kr e ksg R; kx n s- n s[ ksaHkkt i k ' kkl u } kj k t kj h ^u b Z
f " k u hf r & 2 0 0 0 v c b l h d s v u q: i x zke h. k r g t hc d ks u ; k j ax : i n su s
g sr q[ kqy d j d g k t ku sy x k g Sf d n sg kr d ksv i u h n f d ; ku wl h r g t hc N ksM +
d j ' kg j h l H; r k v ks< u h i M +sx h r c d g haj ksV h d k t qx kM +c SB sx k! L o r U= i s' ks
d h l ksp , o a L o ' kkl h O; o L F kk d s l i u s d ks Hkwy t ku s d h Hkj h& i wj h u l hg r
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v kUn ksy u e sam B s l o ky ksad ks i y V k t k j g k g S- m l l e ; f d l h u s u g had g k
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d s ; g ka i ku h Hkj u k i M ++sx k t Sl k ' kg j hd j . k d s u kj s d k v F kZ c u x ; k g S-
' kg j hd j . k d s b l v f Hk; ku d k v F kZ l M +d sa c u ku k o l kQ & l qF kj s
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l s e qD r ; ku h ^L o r U= * m l O; f D r d h t : j r g S t ks m l d s v kn s' kku ql kj
l qc g & ' kke p kg u s i j l L r s n ke [ kV u s d ks r S; kj g ksa- o g r c m i y C/ k
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i j f c d u s o ky k v kn e h f u t h L o kF kZ e sa g So ku c u sx k-
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v kc kn h d s d e l s d e 6 0 i zf r ' kr f g L l s d ks ' kg j h c u ku k g S; ku h x zke h. k
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t ku r s g Sa f d i g y s l s g h u x j h; v kS| ksf x d @ O; o l k; h l H; r k d h v ka[ k
e sa n sg kr [ kV d u s o ky k c ky g S- b l s f u d ky d j c kg j Q Sad u s d h ; kst u k
i j c g qr i g y s l s p ksj h& f N i s d ke p ky wg S( e k= m i ; qD r v o l j d ks ? kM +u s
e sa n sj h g ksu s l s n sg kr c p k g qv k Fkk] v c m l s i y V u s d h i wj h r S; kj h g S-
x zke h. k l H; r k l s ; g u x j h; ' kSy h d ksb Z c sg r j f o d Y i g ks r c r ks
f d l h d ks Hkh v i u h f n ' kk c n y u s e sa Hky k i j g st d Sl s g ks l d r k g S] x zke h. k
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d Sl s e ku k t k, f d ' kg f j ; ksa d s b j kn s u sd g Sa v kSj m u d h p e p e kr h r g t hc
e sa f t an x h d ks l d wu f e y sx k] v ki l n kj h c p h j g sx h v kSj j ksV h d s f y ,
f d l h / ku o ku d h l so k d j u k v kn e h& v kSj r d h e t c wj h u g ha c u sx h]
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g q, g Sa- p kj l kSl ky d k f o ' o O; ki h b f r g kl c r kr k g Sf d u x j h; l H; r k
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f t l d s t M +f o g hu f p d u s i kr d k f o " k y d o ke kj v kd " kZ. k i j i y r k g S-
g ks ; g j g k g Sf d d kf r y g h g o y n kj ] v f / ko D r k o e qu f l Q ; ku h
U; k; / kh' k g Sv kSj L o ; ag h t sy d k g f F k; kj c an v / kh{ kd Hkh! g ky kr d k c M +k
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d h m u d h ; g i f j Hkk" kk L o ; a d k ? kM +k , sl k ' kkL = g Sf t l s x zg . k d j u s d k
v u qY y a? ku h; Q j e ku g S- v i hy d h d g hal EHkko u k Hkh u g ha- v ax zst l j e k; sn kj
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v ax zst d g j g s g Sa f d m Ug s l H; c u ku k g Sg e kj s d g s v u ql kj l q/ kj t kv ks!
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l s x qy ke d h r j g t c j u u kFk d j j [ ku k ; k g kad u k x qy ke h g S f t l d s
f o # ) b r u k y Ec k l a? k" kZ ; g ka p y k F kk- d g u s e k= l s v F kZ u g ha c n y r s-
l q/ kj u k r ks m l s g h g ksx k t ks x y r h i j g ksx k- b l d s f y , i g y s r ;
r ks g ks t k, f d d kSu x y r g S v kSj j kg f d l h c sr qd h g S- n s' k d k HkkX;
f d l l s r ; g ksu k g S v kSj v U; k; d k f u j kd j . k d Sl s g ksx k\ f Q j ] x y r h
d ks B hd l s j s[ kkaf d r d j u k Hkh e u e ku s < ax l s r ; u g ha g ks l d r k g S-
b l d h c qf ) d so y ' kg f j ; ksa d s g h i kl g S] ; g d c wy u g ha f d ; k t k l d r k
g S- d qN l e > x zke h. k Hkh j [ kr s g Sa- ; kn j g s f d b D d hl o ha l n h e sa
v kSi f u o sf ' kd b j kn s l Q y g ksu s d h l EHkko u k c g qr d e g S-
n s[ ku k ; g g S f d f d l v k/ kkj i j ] ] d kSu r ; d j sx k v kSj d Sl s r ;
d j sx k f d u x j h; l H; r k d k l p D ; k g Sv kSj o g x zke h. k Hkkj r d ks l g h
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; g f u . kZ; L o ; a u x j h; l H; r k d s O; ki kj h d j j g s g Sa f d m u d k e ky
l c l s c sg r j g S] m / kkj d s K ku ' kkL = d h ' kg i j ; g i j k e g S- r e k' kk ; g
f d e ky Hkh u d y h] n ke Hkh e u e ku s v kSj x q. kx ku Hkh v i u h r t Z i j ! -
x zke h. k Hkkj r d s f u o kl h l h/ ks& l k/ ks g Sa f d Ur q b l d k v F kZ ; g u g ha
y x ku k p kf g , f d o s e w< g Sav F ko k p ky kd h d ks i j [ ku s d h { ke r k [ kks c SB s g Sa-
f t an x h d s v u qHko v kSj v ki l h v kn ku & i zn ku l s l h[ ku s d k m u d k v i u k
g h v an kt g S- c hr s l kB l ky d k v u qHko m u d s l ke u s g S- v r % m u d s l kFk
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; g r ; g ksu k ' ks" k g S f d p kj l kS l ky d h v kS| ksf x d @ O; o l kf ; d
l H; r k l sf o ' o e saj g u sd h d ksb Zc sg r j t x g c u h g S; k u g ha- , d c kr L i " V
g Sf d v ke v kn e h d h f t an x h l sl d wu x k; c g ksp qd k g S] v Hkko d k v f Hk' kki
f l j i j u kp j g k g S ] Hkkb Z p kj k] l g u ' khy r k] v ki l n kj h@ f e y u l kj h] l g Hkkf x r k
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v Q j kr Q j h d s e kg kSy d h t M +s t e p qd h g Sa- v kn e h d k v e wY ; ; u g qv k g S
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p ky c kt h d k x f . kr f t l l sp kj l kSl ky d h / kks[ kki h f c u j ksd V ksd p y r h
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g S- t e hu g kF k l s t k j g h g S- n wl j s l k/ ku g Sau g ha- ? kj & c kj m t kM +i j g Sa- ? kj
d h l ar ku i a[ k f u d y r sg h c sd kc wg ksr h t k j g h g S] m l d h i j kb Zc ksy h] i j k; k
[ kku & i ku ] i j kb Zp ky & < ky v t hc n kL r ku d g r h y x r h g S- M j & M j e saf n u
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t ku s y x k g S- b u d h o r Ze ku n ' kk Hkh d ksb Z Hkj ksl k u g ha n sr h g S- m l d s p sg j s
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e sa x y r h u j g s v kSj f d l h l ' kD r c p ko d h j kg j ks' ku g ks-
i z' u d h t M +e sal f n ; ksa& n j & l f n ; ksal sf t l r j g d sl qd wu Hkj st ho u
d ks t hu s d s g e v H; L r j g s g Sa o g ? kj & i f j o kj ] f c j kn j h o c L r h l e kt
v FkkZr x kao d sl g kj si j f V d h O; o L Fkk g St kst ho u d sy Ec sv u qHko l sm Hkj h
g Sv kSj f t l s i wo Zt ksa u s v i u h l e > v kSj v i u s g ky kr d s v u ql kj v c r d
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e sai M +u so ky sx kao ksal st qM +h b d kb Zg S- Hkkb Zp kj sd k l w= b Ug sa, d d j r k g S- ; g
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f u j sp u d h { ke r k ; ku h l e ; d s c g ko e sa l M + p qd s v a' k d ks c kg j d j u ; s
d ks x zg . k d j u s d h { ke r k d s p y r s v i u s d ks v kx s B sy u s d h v l he ' kf D r g S-
g j t ho Ur l e kt d k ; g v i u k x q. k j g k g S- Hkkj r b l d k v i o kn u g ha g S-
b l x kao o x kao l e kt d h t ku v ki l n kj h] Hkkb Zp kj k] l g Hkkf x r k]
f e y u l kj h v kSj Hkj ksl k ; si kap v ko ' ; d r Ro g Sa- ; su g ksav Fko k b u e sal sd ksb Z
r Ro x k; c g ks r ks o g x kao u g ha g S] u m l d k l e kt c p r k g S- / kkj . kk ; g g S
f d x kao m u d k t ks o g ka o kl d j r s v k, g Sa- m l d h O; o L F kk d s o s g h L o ; a
e kf y d g Sa- v i u k Hky k& c qj k o s l e > r s g Sa- m u d h e t hZd s f c u k d ksb Zm u i j
c kr F kkSai u s d k v f / kd kj h u g hag S- j kt Hkh u g ha- v i u s v Un : u h d ke d kt d ks
f e y d j i j Ei j k d s v u ql kj p y ku s d k m u d k v i u k g d g S- o g ka f d l h d h
e u e ku h u g ha p y r h] u d ksb Z f Q t wy g S- l c d k v i u k e g Ro g S] l Ee ku
c j kc j h d k g S- d g u s& l qu u s d k g d l c d k l e ku g S-
i f j o kj d s l k> s J e i j v kf J r [ ksr h o m l d s l g k; d t hf o d k d s
/ ka/ ks x zke h. k l e kt d h j h< j g s g Sa- ; g f e y d j p y u s o ky k / ka/ kk g Sf t l l s
v ki l n kj h i u i h g Sv kSj Hkkb Zp kj k c u k g S- v kx s p y d j m | ksx d kS' ky [ ksr h
d k l g k; d { ks= f o d f l r g qv k( y sf d u v kt d s m | ksx & O; ki kj d h p ky kd h
v kSj e kj / kkM +d k [ ksr h d sb l l g k; d d kS' ky d k d qN e sy u g haFkk- o g [ ksr h
i j f u HkZj d kS' ky Fkk f t l d k p kf j f = d y { k. k v y x r j g d k j g k t ks n sg kr h
t ho u ' kSy h d k v k/ kkj g S- ; g l c t ku u k v ko ' ; d g SD ; ksaf d g e kj s l aL d kj
o i j Ei j k, a g e kj s i s' k l s c u r h@ f c x M +r h g Sa f d l h d h e t hZ i j u g ha- t ks
d ksb Zb u l se u e ku h f [ ky o kM +d j r k g So g ; k r ksf d l h i j kb Zr g t hc d sf y ,
t ku s& v u t ku s d ke d j r k g S ; k f Q j / kks[ ks e sa t hr k@ t kx r k g S v kSj i wj s
l e kt d s f y , [ kr j k m Ri Uu d j r k g S-
p p kZ d s l Un FkZ e sa ; g l e > u k c sg r j g ksx k f d Hkkj r d k i f ' p e h
n qf u ; ka l s t g ka v i o kn j g k o g ; g ka d h j kt u O; o L F kk d k v i u k < ax g S]
f t l d k o r Ze ku l aL d j . k j kt l kk d g y kr k g S- ; g ka j kt k d ks d Hkh e kf y d
u g hac u u sf n ; k x ; k- j kt k u d g d j ] b l sj kt U; u ke l st ku k x ; k- j kt U;
d sd ke d k n k; j k l ksp & l e > d j v R; Ur l hf e r j [ kk x ; k- x kao o i f j o kj
d s t ho u e san [ ky n su s d k j kt U; d ks v f / kd kj u g haFkk- v i u s n k; j s l s v kx s
c < u s d h p kg y sd j t ks j kt k e kf y d c u u s p y k m l s c kg j d k j kL r k f n [ kk
f n ; k x ; k- ; g b f r g kl d k n t Zr F ; g S- ; g kad k l ke kf t d t ho u L o ' kkl h
j g k- b l d k v F kZg Sf d v i u s l ke kf t d t ho u d ks x kao l e kt v i u s < ax l s
p y ku sd k g d j [ kr sFks- b l e saj kt d k d qN n [ ky u g hap y r k Fkk- b l d sg e
v H; L r g Sa- b l d sv u q: i m l d sl ke kf t d r ku kc ku sd h c qu x r r S; kj g qb ZFkh-
f d Ur q m | ksx & O; ki kj i j f V d h O; o L F kk b l l c x zke h. k r ku sc ku s d ks
i y V d j v i u sv u q: i , d y qV sj h l H; r k d h u hao [ kM +h d j u se say x h- v i u s
v kSi f u o sf ' kd f g r ksa d ks l qf u f ' p r d j u s g sr q f c zf V k l j d kj } kj k 1 9 0 7 & 0 8
e sax f B r j kW; y f o d sU hd j . k v k; ksx u s b l d h u o j [ kh f t l u s d g k F kk f d
^ f t r u k h m f p r D ; ksa u g ks] g e u g l e > r s g Sa f d kj r d h
kp hu x kao O; o L F kk d h i qu L F kkZi u k l E o g Sf t l e sa v i u s g j
l n L ; d sf y , x kao l e kt f t Ee sn kj g ksr k F kk v kSj m l d sd k; ksd ks
l ap kf y r d j u s d k v f / kd kj h Fkk- y sf d u g e b l s o kaN u h; l e > r s
g Sa f d f o d sU h; d j . k d s f g r d h r j g g h y ksx ksa d ks kkl u d s
L F kku h; d ke d sl kF k t ksM u sd sf y , x kao i ap k; r ksad k x B u f d ; k
t k; s r kf d L F kku h; e ke y ksa d h O; o L F kk g ks- i Sj k 6 9 9 ] i ` V 2 3 9
f c zf V ' k l j d kj u sb l h u hf r i j d ke f d ; k- b j kn st ksg ksa] b l l sl d wu
Hkj s l e kt d s f g r i j Hkkj h p ksV i M +h- b l d h Hkj i kb Z v kl ku u g ha- b l u s
b al ku d h f Q r j r d ks i y V d j j [ k f n ; k-
v kt kn h d h n g y ht i j [ kM +k g ks d j ] 1 9 4 6 & 4 9 e sa] t c ; g kad s f y ,
i z' kkl f u d < kap k r ; g ksu s y x k r ks L o r U= r k v kUn ksy u e sa v kt kn n s' k d s
c r kSj m Hkj h v kd ka{ kkv ksa d ks o k. kh n sr s g q, c kr m B h f d u ; s Hkkj r d ks v i u s
7 y k[ k x kao & x . kj kT ; ksad k i f j l a? k g ksu k p kf g , - ; g i w. kZ: i l sv i u sv r hr
d h L o L Fk f o j kl r d s v u q: i p kg r Fkh f t l s c hp e sal kr l e an j i kj l s v k
d j , d p ky kd b ZL V b f . M ; k d Ei u h d s : i e sa O; ki kj h u s t c j u r g l
u g l d j f n ; k F kk v kSj f t l d ks 1 8 5 7 d s c kn b aXy S. M d h c kn ' kkg r u s
d qp y u s d k d qp p y k; k F kk- l af o / kku l Hkk e sa b l p kg r d s i hN s d k r d Z
m l h L o ' kkl h j kt U; : i h L o ' kkl h x . kj kT ; d h / kkj . kk d ke d j r h F kh-
m u d k d g u k Fkk f d x qy ke h d s n kSj e sa d h x b Z i z' kkl f u d m y V Q sj d ks
f e V kr s g q, ; g l c g ksu s i j g h y x sx k f d g e v kt kn g q, g Sa-
t c 4 u o Ec j 1 9 4 8 d sf n u l af o / kku l Hkk e sai zL r kf o r < kap sd k e l kSn k
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i s' k d j r sl e ; y ksx ksad h b l p kg r i j i ku h Q sj r sg q, , d v R; ar d sUn hHkwr
, o a ' kf D r ' kky h j kt l kk d h o d ky r g qb Z v kSj x zke h. k Hkkj r i j r ksg e r
y x kr s g q, m l h y qV sj h l H; r k d s d l hn s i < s x , r ks v kt kn h v kUn ksy u d s
, d & i j & , d y x Hkx l Hkh i zf r f u f / k; ksa u s t e d j b l HkkSaM +s i z; kl d h d M +s
' kCn ksae saHkRl Zu k d h- f Q j Hkh] b u i zf r f u f / k; ksad h c kr i j / ; ku u n sd j o g h
x qy ke h n kSj d k i qj ku k < kap k v ks< f y ; k x ; k f t l s v ax zst ' kkl d ksa u s ; g ka
y kn k F kk- o g v Hkh Hkh t kj h g S- [ kki O; o L F kk b l M kap s d s m y V i M +r h g S-
b l i j kb Zl ksp o ky sx qy ke h d sn L r ko st e sai qj ku si z' kkl f u d l kaL f r d
< kap sd k : i t u f o j ks/ kh j g k g S] b l e sau d g hax kao l e kt g S] u ? kj & i f j o kj
d ks t x g f e y h g S- c f Y d m y V s] ? kj & i f j o kj o c L r h l e kt d ks g ks l d s r ks
r ksM +u s] u g ha r ks [ kks[ ky k d j d s N ksM +u s d k l ke ku e kSt wn g S- 4 u o Ec j 1 9 4 8
d k o g Hkk" k. k b l d h i qf " V d j r k g S- ; g h u g ha] v kt kn h d s c kn c hr s N g
n ' kd e sab l ; kst u k i j f t l r j g d ke g qv k g Sm l h d k i f j . kke g Sf d v kt
? kj & ? kj e sa p j e O; f D r o kn d h ; q) Hksj h c t j g h g S f t l d s f y , x kao d h
r g t hc ] m l d s e wY ; ksa d ks n j f d u kj d j u s d k v f Hk; ku t kj h g S-
b l v f Hk; ku e sa x kao d ks ^f i r `& l kkRe d e u e ku h d s u hp s n c s& d qp y s
O; f D r d h L o r U= r k* d h d c zc r k d j c kr g ksr h g Sv kSj e kSt wn k i f ' p e h < kap s
d ks O; f D r & L o r U= r k d k L o x Z e ku d j n y hy x < +h t kr h g Sf d Hkkj r d ks
v k/ kqf u d c u u s d h j kg e san sg kr : i h j ksM +s d ks g V ku k r Fkk m l d s ' kg j hd j . k
d k y { ; i j e v ko ' ; d g S! l e > y sa f d ; g r d Zl Q sn > wB d k i qf y an k g S-
? k j & i f j o k j e sa O; f D r ] O; f D r j g r s g q, Hkh , d y v f L r Ro d k / ku h
u g ha g S- o g Hkj s i wj s i f j o kj d k v f HkUu v ax g S t g ka m l s v i u s L F kku i j
L o r U= r k g Sr ks l ke wf g d t ho u i ) f r d s i ky u d h f t Ee sn kj h Hkh f u Hkku h
g ksr h g S- f d Ur q] t c b u f t Ee sn kf j ; ksa d ks f i r `& l kkRe d o t Zu k c r k d j
O; f D r d h L o r U= r k d k u kj k m B r k g Sr ksv k' p Z; g ks r k g S- ; sy ks x ? kj & i f j o kj
d h i wj h O; o L F kk d ks g h y kaf N r d j r s g ksr s g Sa-
y kaN u y x ku s o ky s c r k l d r s g Sa f d Hkkj r d s x kao d h f i r `& l kk d s
e qd kc y si f ' p e t x r d h f t l v kS| ksf x d l H; r k o ky h O; f D r L o r U= r k d k
t ; x ku o s d j j g s g Sa D ; k u kSd j h i j d ke d j u s o ky k m l d k o g L o r U=
O; f D r v i u s e kf y d d h o t Zu k d ks e ku d j p y u s d s f y , e t c wj u g hag ksr k
g S\ m | ksx e kf y d d s f g r ksa d h [ kkf r j v u q' kkl u d h j { kk e sa J e f o Hkkx
y x k; k g qv k g S] v n ky r o i qf y l d k i D d k i zc a/ k g S! r c o g ? kj & i f j o kj
e sa v i u s e ka& c ki d h o t Zu k l s f d l e k; u s e sa c sg r j g Sv kSj r c b l e kf y d
d h o t Zu k d ks f d l l kk d h x qy ke h d g k t k, x k r F kk b l x qy ke h l s d Sl s
e qf D r f e y sx h ; k u g haf e y sx h\ ; g d Sl s g Sf d l c d s l e ku t Ue l s L o r U=
O; f D r l sB d h x qy ke h e sa m l d k i ku h Hkj u s d s f y , D ; ksa e t c wj f d ; k x ; k
g Sv kSj m l d h b l x qy ke h l s e qf D r d k , t s. M k d c c u sx k] d kSu c u k; sx k\
x kao d ks x ky h n su s o ky s D ; k t ku r s g Sa f d O; f D r t ho u i ; ZUr
? kj & i f j o kj d k v ax g ksr k g S] d ksb Zp y r k j Su c l sj s d k t ho u g hag S\ m l e sa
l Ei f k l k> s d h g S- v y x c g h& [ kkr k j [ ku s d k d ksb Zp y u u g ha! N ksV s& c M +s
d k f j ' r sv u ql kj l Ee ku g S- l e j l r k o c j kc j h ? kj & i f j o kj d h t ku g S- , d
p wY g s i j t ks Hkkst u l k> k d j sa ; ku h l k> h j l ksb Z f t l d k v k/ kkj g S] m l s
i f j o kj e ku u s d h j hr g S- d qy d qV qEc m l s e ku k x ; k g S t ks l q[ k& n q[ k e sa
l k> hn kj g Sa o f d l h l n L ; d h x y r h i j , d l e ku ' ke Z' kkj g ksr s g ksa- , sl s
d qy ksa d ks f e y k d j f c j kn j h c u h- [ kwu d k f j ' r k b l d h i g p ku g S- x ks=
f o ' ks" k d k ; g f j ' r k v k/ kkj g S- l x ks= t d sf y , ? kj S, ' kCn d k i z; ksx i zp f y r
g SA- , d g h d qV qEc & [ kku n ku ; ku h , d g h n kn k d h ; sv kSy kn g Sa- x y r h v F ko k
x y r d ke i j ' ke Z d k m y V ' kCn v kWu j ; ku h b T t r d g y kr h g S-
f c j kn j h t c & t c c qy k, r c f e y d j c SB s] f o o kn h i z' u i j e aFku d j s
; k l g e f r i j f u . kZ; y s m l s , d [ kkl { ks= e sa x ks= v F ko k f c j kn j h d h
i ap k; r ] x ks= & [ kki v U; e ke y ksae sa[ kki d k u ke f n ; k x ; k g S- n s' k d s v U;
Hkkx ksa e sa b l s d g ha i ky ] d g ha x . kl Hkk r ks d g ha v U; u ke l s t ku k t kr k g S-
; g g j t kf r e sa i zp f y r f e y c SB d j f o p kj d h i zFkk g S- b l e sa l j d kj h
v n ky r h < kap s d h r j g f j ' o r n sd j N wV u s d k p ksj n j o kt k u g ha g Sf t l l s
v i j k/ kh r Ro o ko sy k e p ku s y x s g Sa- v i u s v Un : u h e ke y ksa e sa l j d kj v Fko k
f d l h c kg j h r Ro ksad s n [ ky l s i j g st d s p y r s g j i f j o kj l ke kU; r v i u h
f c j kn j h d s l g ; ksx e sa l g t e g l wl d j r k g S v kSj m l i j v f / kd Hkj ksl k
d j d s p y j g k g S- b l e saD ; k x y r g Sv kSj b l j kg d ks D ; ksac an f d ; k t k, \
r kt k v f Hk; ku e saHkkb Zp kj s d ks d ksl k x ; k g S- x kao d s Hkkb Zp kj s d h l ksp
o ky h v o / kkj . kk i j v ki f k m B h g S- f t l r j g l s[ kki e saHkkb Zp kj sd ksl ke ar h
l ksp c r k d j x zke h. k Hkkj r d ks f i N M +su i d k d q. M c r ku s i j c y f n ; k x ; k
g S] m l d sr kRi ; Zd ksl e > y sa- b l y kaN u l s; g Hkko m B r k g Sf d ' kg j o kl h
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e sac l r h g S- v kt d k ' kkl u d qy f e y k d j b l V ax M +he kj p y u d k f g e k; r h
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[ kki Q Sl y k d j r h- d an e wy v kf n o u ksi t i j f u HkZj d c hy s f ' kd kj h ; qx d ks
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x ksi ky d - b u d ks p kj kx kg ] i ku h] e kSl e d h e kj v kf n d s l ki s{ k e Sn ku ksa e sa
v ku k y kf t +e h g qv k F kk- n wl j s d c hy ksa l s V d j ko Hkh c u s-
v U; d c hy ksa d s u o ; qo d & u o ; qo f r ; ka i j L i j v ke u s& l ke u s i M +r s r ks
v kd " kZ. k c < +r k- e qX/ kk] i zx Y Hkk v kf n d s l kF k L o ; ao j . k d k n kSj p y k-
[ kki & [ kki d ks L o t u ksa d h j { kk e sa l o Z[ kki i ap k; r c SB ku s d h v ko ' ; d r k
d k v u qHko g qv k- e qX/ kk d U; kv ksa d s d c hy k N ksM +d j t ku s& Hkkx u s d s
m n kg j . k l ke u s F ks- m u d h [ ksr d h t k; k ' kf D r d s : i e sa L o hd k; Zr k Hkh
c u h Fkh- v r % l o Z[ kki e sa d U; k d ks i j k; k& / ku e ku d j n wl j s d c hy s e sa
C; kg n su s d h i f j i kV h c u h- e kx Zu u s b l s j SM b af M ; Ul d c hy s d h sV j h
d g k g SA d c hy k ; kf u l o Z[ kki o sV j h ; ku h x ks= [ kki -
22 21
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
f d l ku h& [ ksr h] n L r d kj h] d kj hx j h v kf n m i t & m Ri kn u d k t Sl s
g h l k/ ku c u s r F kk v kn e h v kSj i ' kq d h t kZ' kf D r d k m i ; ksx g ksu s y x k]
r ks L F kkb Z f u o kl d s c r kSj x ko v kc kn g q, - [ kki d h v o / kkj . k Hkh t e hu h
{ ks= l s t qM + x ; h- [ kki ksa u s x . k l so d ksa ; kf u v i u s t y ] t ax y ] t e hu ]
Q l y v kf n d s j [ ko ky s& j { kd d s : i e sa j kt U; d h f u ; qf D r d h- b l d s
f y , c f y L o : i j kt U; d ks v i u h m i t d k N B o ka Hkkx n su k f u f ' p r
f d ; k- ' k= q l s ; q) g ks ; k f g al d i ' kq d k f ' kd kj ] j kt U; d ks ; q) d y k d k
f o ' ks" kK e ku d j m l d s u sr `Ro e sa v L Fkkb Z L o Sf PN d l so d o kf y aV ; j d k
l kF k f e y r k- L o ; al so d l Sf u d r ks x zke h. k g h g ksr s F ks- [ kki & l o Z[ kki
i ap k; r d s d g u s@ f u . kZ; i j g h ; s j kt k d s d k; Z e sa l g k; d g ksr s-
j kt kv ksa d s i j L i j f u t h ; q) ksa e sa [ kki & l o Z[ kki g e s' kk m n kl hu
j g r ha Fkha- b l l s m u d k l j ksd kj u Fkk- b l r j g l s n ks r j g d s ; q) g ksr s-
t c & t c d ksb Z j kt k i zt k d h v i u h [ kki O; o L F kk e sa g L r { ksi d s f y ,
' kkl d d s c r kSj v kn s' kn kr k m Hkj k m l d ks l kk l s m [ kM +u k i M +k- v u qo r hZ
d ks t u v i s{ kkv ksa i j [ kj k m r j u k i M +r k- d b Z m n kg j . k g Sa- f i r `g Ur k]
g sg s; o a' k d k m Ue qy u g qv k- ? ku u Un d s c kn p k. kD ; & p Un zx qI r e kS; Z d k
j kt g qv k- e qg Ee n f c u r qx y d } kj k y x k; s V SD l f Q j kst r qx y d d ks
l e kI r d j u s i M +s- v kSj ax t sc u s ' kkg t g ka d h ' kks" k. k u hf r d ks i y V d j g h
y Ec s l e ; r d x n ~n h l aHkky h- l S; n v g e n ' kg hn d ks 1 8 2 7 & 3 1 b Z- e sa
Hkj i wj t u l g ; ksx d Ei u h l j d kj d s f o : ) f e y k- 1 8 5 7 & 5 8 b Z- e sa t u
m HkkM d s f o j ks/ k l s d Ei u h l j d kj x b Z- f c zf V ' k r kt e sa y ksx ksa d ks i wo Z
j kt kv ksa t Sl h g h m Ee hn t x h F kh- f o j ks/ k e sa [ kM +s g kssu s o ky ksa d ks 1 9 1 4 g ks
; k 1 9 1 5 ; k 1 9 3 1 ; k 1 9 4 2 e sa j kt k e g sUn z i zr ki ] x n j i kV hZ] Hkx r f l ag
v kf n ] e g kRe k x ka/ kh] u sr kt h l qHkk" k c ksl v kf n d ks [ kki & l o Z[ kki u s i wj k
l g ; ksx f n ; k- M kW- c zg ~e n so ' ke kZ x ko x . kj kT ; r Fkk K ku f l ag n s' k
g e kj k j kg g e kj h Hkh v i u h L i " V L Fkki u kv ksa d s l kFk t u x . k e sa i SB c u k
j g s g SaA- y ksx ksa d s l Ee ku l s g h v u sd [ kkaV h u sr k c u s g Sa-
[ kki & l o Z[ kki i ap k; r ksa ; kf u Hkkj r d s t u e ku l d ks e ky we g S f d
? kj & x `g L F k] d qV qEc & i f j o kj ] L F kku h; l e kt v kf n l aL F kkv ksa d ks d Ei u h
l j d kj l s y sd j v kt r F kkd f F kr j kt l kk u s f o f / k& f o / kku l s [ kkf j t
d j j [ kk g S- f o / kkf ; d k v kSj U; k; i kf y d k O; f D r d ks l o ksZi f j v kSj f o f N Uu
e ku d j O; o L Fkk, an sj g sg Sa- < +kb Zl kSo " kksZad sy x Hkx y Ec h b af M ; u v ax zst h; r h
24 23
d ku wu ksad h l ' kL = g qd we r b u L o ; aHkwl aL Fkkv ksad ksu sL r ksu kc wn u g had j l d haA
r ks] D ; ksa\ D ; ksaf d b u r hu ksa l aL F kkv ksa d h O; f D r d s f y , m i ; ksf x r k f u ' ks" k
u g ha g ks i k j g h g S- i wat ho kn h O; f D r o kf n r k r F kk l e kt o kn d h c u ko V h
l ke wf g d r k l g t o L o kHkkf o d i zkd `f r d u g ha g Sa- n ksu ksa g h F kksi h x b Z
O; o L F kk, ag Sa-An ksu ksag h O; o L F kkv ksad h f u ; Ur k j kt l kk g S& l ' kL = j kt l kk-
b u d k m n ~Hko l Ei f r ] i wat h v kSj l kk d s p Un O; f D r ; ksa e sa l ad sUn z. k l s g S-
? kj & x `g L F k] i f j o kj ] l e kt ] [ kki v kSj l o Z[ kki d h O; o L F kk v d sUn zr k
d h g S- b u l aL Fkkv ksa d s l n L ; i j L i j v i u Ro Hkko l s t qM +s g ksr s g Sa- r U= d k
c U/ ku b u i j v i u s c M +ksa& N ksV ksa d s J ) k& L u sg d s c kn d h c kr j g r k g S- b u
l aL Fkkv ksa d k g j Q Sl y k v i u ksa } kj k r F; ksa i j f V d s l R; } kj k f y ; k t kr k
g S- n s' kd ky ] i f j o s' k d s l kF k x f r ' khy / ke Z b u d k v k/ kkj g ksr k g S- ^g k] e k]
f / kd * b u d k f l ) kUr j g r k g S- c f g " d kj v kSj f u " d kl u ; ku h n s' kc n j b u d s
d B ksj r e n aM g Sa- n q" V d ks n aM n su s d k f t Ee k Hkh b Ug ksau s j kt k i j M ky k g S-
f c d k o d hy ] i { k/ kj x o kg ] o sr u Hkksx h t t o x Sj g d k ; g ka L F kku u g ha
j g r k- N khl t kr d h l o Z[ kki i ap k; r ksae saf d l h d h n c ax b Zu g hap y r h- i { k
g h i ap p qu r s g Sa- L Fkkb Z i n kf / kd kj h p qu u k b u d h i z f r d s m y V g S-
x qy ke i j Ei j k e sa i y +s y ksx g h b l l o ksZPp O; o L F kk l s v y x ko j [ kr s
g Sa- d qN HkV d ko b u d s l e F kZd ksa e sa Hkh v k; k g S- ^g R; k* d k n aM n su k b u d h
v kp kj l af g r k e sa d Hkh u g ha j g k- i zkS< + v f HkHkko d [ kki l e wg g ksr s g SaAM k; u
e k Hkh v i u ksa d ks u g ha [ kkr h-
f c zf V ' k j kt d h x qy ke i j Ei j k e sai y +sg q, y ksx g h b l l o ksZPp O; o L Fkk
l s v y x ko j [ kr s g Sa- d qN HkV d ko b u d s l e F kZd ksa e sa Hkh v k; k g S- ^g R; k* d k
n aM n su k b u d h v kp kj l af g r k e sad Hkh u g haj g k- f d Ug haf l j f Q j sr Ro ksau s; f n
d g ha [ kki d s u ke d k n q# i ; ksx d j , sl h g j d r d h r ks B hd d j u s d h
v kUr f j d O; o L F kk Hkh [ kki i z. kky h d h v i u h [ kkf l ; r g S- u n ko k f d ; k
t k l d r k g Sf d l j d kj h v n ky r ksa e sa U; k; d s u ke i j v U; k; d e g ksr k
g S] [ kki ksa d ks c n u ke d j u k e d l n c u x ; k g S r ks c kr v y x g S-
; g ka , d r F ; L i " V g ksr k g S f d f e y c SB d j v i u h l e L ; kv ksa d ks
l qy > ku s d h i j Ei j k e u q" ; u s v i u s l ke kf t d t ho u d s v kj EHk d ky l s g h
v i u kb Zg qb Zg Sv kSj b l s [ kki d k u ke f n ; k g qv k g S- f y f [ kr b f r g kl l s Hkh
i r k p y r k g Sf d ; g i j Ei j k v kf n d ky l s p ky wg S-
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
26 25
v kj EHk e sa e f g y kv ksa d h Hkkx hn kj h [ kki d h [ kkl i f j i kV h F kh- ; g
c kn e sa i y V h- m l l e ; u kj h d k u v c y k : i m Hkj k F kk] u e k= HkksX; k
d s : i e sa m l s t ku k t kr k F kk- u kj h d ks HkksX; k] f o K ki u d h l qUn j h : i
m l i wat h u s f n ; k g S f t l d h v k/ kqf u d r k o L o r U= r k i zse i j c se r y c
u kp u s o ky ksa d h d e h u g ha- u kj h d ks n f e r d j u s d h ; g d j ke kr Hkh
m | ksx & O; ki kj d h m l l H; r k d h n su g S t ks O; f D r d h L o r U= r k d k ; wa
c M +k x hr x kr h g S- v r hr e sa u kj h [ ksr h d h t u d F kh v kSj i ky d Hkh- i q# " k
j { kd c u k-
t ks b f r g kl d s b u i Uu ksa l s v u f HkK g Sa o s g h e ka : i h u kj h d ks g s;
n `f " V l s n s[ k l d r s g Sa] x zke h. k l H; r k i j ; g r ksg e r y x ku k c sg wn k
i z; kl g S- ; g b l r kt k v k/ kqf u d r k d k d kj u ke k g S f d x y hd qp s e sa
p y r h g j y M +d h e sa m l s e k= Hkx k y s t ku s o ky k ^i zse * f n [ kkb Z n sr k g S]
x zke h. k t ho u e sa u kj h c g q: i h g S v kSj t u l e F kZu d s v k/ kkj i j f o o kg d s
l H; r j hd s d k i sj ksd kj g S- i g y s d s l ke ar h v F ko k x o kaj x zke h. k Hkkj r e sa
d c wy i qj u g ha ? kV r k F kk] ; g v k/ kqf u d r k d h n su g Sf t l s x ko ksa i j t c j u
y kn u s d s b r u s i zp . M i z; kl g ks j g s g Sa v kSj [ kki d ks ' kSr ku c r k; k t ku s
d k v f Hk; ku f ' k[ kj i j g S-
l ko Zt f u d l g e f r ; ksa d s f y , , d f = r l e kt d ks x . kj kT ; v F ko k
[ kki i ap k; r h < ax e ku k x ; k- p p kZd s c kn i ap & Q Sl y s d h i j Ei j k d ks e ku
d j p y u k f j o kt e sav k; k- v f Hky s[ kksae sav u sd i ze k. k m i y C/ k g Sat c i ap k; r ksa
e sa c SB d j i ap U; k; d j r s g Sa] Hky s b l l s L o ; a d ks g kf u g ks- o g ka d ksb Z > wB
c ksy u s d h f g Ee r u g ha d j r k D ; ksaf d l c d s c hp > wB & l p d k [ kqy k [ ksy
[ ksy k t kr k g S- > wB o l p d k f u . kZ; d ksb Z o sr u y sd j v u qd wf y r c an
d e j ksa e sa] i j n s d s i hN s f N i d j u g ha d j r k g S-
[ kki d h [ kqy h i z. kky h d s p y r s l p d k m n ~? kkV u b l i zf ; k d k
v ko ' ; d v ax g S] n . M n su s d k r j hd k Hkh l ke kf t d i ) f r i j f V d k g qv k
g S- Hksn Hkko b l i f j i kV h d h l ksp d s m y V g S- i ap k; r h g ksu s d h d kc f y ; r
b l d h ' kr Z g S- i ap k; r h g ksu s e sa e r n ku u g ha i { kd kj ksa d k Hkj ksl k c qf u ; kn h
g S- l e > n kj h O; f D r d k x q. k e ku k x ; k- l c d s c hp N y d i V u g ha
p y r h%n w/ k d k n w/ k v kSj i ku h d k i ku h g ksr k g S- f u " B k c aV h g qb Zu g ha g S- b l s
g h x kao d g k x ; k g Sv kSj ; g h x kao d h l aL f r d k l kj Hkh g S-
[ kki d h f o ' ks" kr k b l d sO; ki d t u l e FkZu e sag S- t u l e FkZu d k d kj . k
O; o L F kk d s l o Zx zkg h g ksu s e sa g S- b l s v ke t u d c wy r k g S] f c u k n c ko v F ko k
f j ' o r ; k y ky p d s d c wy r k g S- b l e sa u d y hi u c g qr n sj u g ha p y r k g S-
L o kFkhZr Ro d ks i d M +u s o n j f d u kj d j u s d h b u d s i kl v p wd i kj l i Fkj h
x kao d k e w< l s e w< t ku r k@ i g p ku r k g Sf d f d l e sa f d r u k i ku h g Sv kSj
d kSu c kr d k / ku h g S] f d l d k Hkj ksl k f d ; k t k, -
[ kki d h U; k; f i z; r k d k Hkj ksl k v u qHko i j f u HkZj g ksr k g S] d g sd k e ksy
g S- F kwd d j p kV u s o ky ksa d h i h< h n j i h< h i g p ku j g r h g S- Hkkb Zp kj s d h
i ap k; r e sa d ksb Z f d l h d s n c ax g ksu s e k= l s i zHkkf o r u g ha g ksr k- y ksx ksa d ks
m r u k M j n so r k d s ' kki d k u g ha g ksr k f t r u k b l i ap k; r d s i ap i j e s' o j
L o : i l ad Y i d k g ksr k g S- [ kki i ap k; r f g Un w, o ae ql y e ku d su ke i j d Hkh
u g ha c aV h] > wB o l p e sa l n k c aV h j g r h g S-**
[ kki d ks y sd j ; g Hkh d g k t ku s y x k g Sf d b l i zF kk d k d qN c M +k
b f r g kl u g ha g S- b l d s c M I i u d h c kr c u ko V h g S- b u c kr ksa e sa u t kr s g q,
Hkh] v k/ kqf u d b f r g kl d s , d i Uu s l s e k= ; g c r k n su k l e hp hu g S-
c g kn qj ' kkg t Q j u s g j ; ku k l o Z[ kki i ap k; r d s u ke v i u s f n Uu kad t wu
1 8 5 7 d ks f y [ ks i = e sa d g k f d ' kf D r r ks v ki d s i kl g Se Sa r ks u ke e k= d k
c kn ' kkg g wa- f Q j af x ; ksa d ks Hkx ku s d s f y , v i u s i B ~B s y M +u s Hkst ks-
x ks= [ kki v kSj [ kki O; o L F kk e sa v Ur j
x ks= i ap k; r f o f HkUu d qy o x ks= l e qn k; ksa e sa i kf j o kf j d v F ko k
f o o kg l Ec a/ kh f j ' r ksa i j c SB r h g SaA- ; g l g h u g ha g Sf d x ks= i ap k; r d so y
t kV l e qn k; r d l hf e r i z. kky h g SA- d ksb ZHkh t kf r & l e qn k; i kf j o kf j d ; k
x ks= o f o o kg l Ec a/ kh e ke y s d ks l qy > ku s c SB Sx k r ks m l d k L o : i x ks=
i ap k; r d k c u r k g SA- x ks= [ kki t kf r f o ' ks" k d h r ks n wl j h v ksj [ kki
HkkSx ksf y d i z f r d k x kao & x qg k. M o r i s d s c kn l o Zt kr h; L r j g S-
x ksr h l ks Hkkb Z] c kd h l c v L u kb Z
l x ks= t d s f y , ? kj S, ' kCn d k i z; ksx i zp f y r g SA- , d g h
d qV qEc & [ kku n ku ; kf u , d g h n kn k d h v kSy kn g SaA- r k ] c ki wv kSj p kp k
, d v o l j i j v y x & v y x ? kj c l kd j c aV o kj s d s v y x & v y x e d ku ksa
o l q; ksx & l qf o / kk l s v y x & v y x c L r h c l kd j j g u s y x s- D ; k b u d k
[ kwu d k r F kk Hkkb Z& c g u d k f j ' r k l e kI r e ku f y ; k t k; s\ l x s r F kk
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
28 27
r k & p kp kt +kn c g u & Hkkb Z d ks t Su sf V D l d k M h- , u - , - i zksQ kb Zy Hkh
i g p ku r k g S- g e kj s J ) s; i wo Zt ksa u s e kal sj s] Q qQ sj s v kSj e e sj s c g u & Hkkb Z d s
l kF k , d g h x ksr d s Hkku t s& Hkku t h d s o So kf g d l Ec a/ k d ks o f t Zr d j kj
f n ; k g S- , d g h x ko & c L r h d h g j t kar & i kar d k y M +d k& y M +d h Hkh
Hkkb Z& c g u g Sa- Hkkb Z& c g u e sa ; kSu l Ec a/ k l ksp l s Hkh i j s d h c kr g S- ^x ko
d h c sV h] l c d h c sV h* d h / kkj . kk d s l kF k b l d ks x ko d h b T t r e ku k
x ; k g S- f t +u kd kj ksa& O; kf Hkp kf j ; ksa i j c g u & c sV h l s f t +u k d k n . M l [ r
g S- l ke kf t d i j Ei j kx r l kaL d `f r d n `f " V l s c g u & c sV h d ks Hkkb Z] c ki
v kf n d s l kFk v " V e SFkqu e sa o f t Zr l ksp l s l qj f { kr t ku k t kr k g S- n l
g t +kj e sa , d ^e u kst & c c y h* v x j v e ku r e sa [ +k; ku r d j d s l ke kf t d ksa
d k Hkj ksl k r ksM +sa f o ' o kl ? kkr d j sa r ks v i u s c sV k& c sV h d s c kj s e sa g j t u
v k' kad k l s x zL r j g sx k- f o o kg ; qo d & ; qo f r d s n kEi R; & x `g L F k t ho u d h
l ke kf t d L o hd `f r g S- e kr k& f i r k v kf n x q: t u ksa l s b l e sa i zo s' k d h
v kK k i zkI r d h t kr h g S- ; g p ksj h& N wi s d j y su s d k " kM +; U= u g ha g SA
v l ke kf t d g h , sl k d j r s g Sa- o ; L d & c kf y x g ksu s d k e r y c L o sPN kp kj h
g ksu k u g ha g S- [ kq+n i j l r & [ kqn i l Un O; f D r d s d qd e Z d k i f j . kke m l d s
Hkkb Z& c g u ] e k& c ki ] e ke k] Q wQ k v kf n l Hkh f j ' r sn kj ksa d ks y kaN u d s : i
e sa Hkksx u k i M +r k g S- ; s v o l kn x zL r g ksd j [ kqn d q' kh d ks e t c wj g ksr s g Sa-
l kj k l e kt ' kad ky w] ' kd h] l Un sg v kf n d qaB kv ksa l s Hkj d j v i u s i kY ; ksa d s
i zf r f p Ur kv ksae saf ? kj k j g u sy x sr kst ho u u j d g kst k; s- O; f D r Hkko & v Hkko u
g ksu k v kSj u j g u k ? kj d h b d kb Z l s y sd j c zg kzk. M r d g t kj g k L r j ksa
d s r ku sc ku s e sa v u L ; wr j g r k g S- b l d h e u l k& o kp k& d e Z. kk j p u k, a
l o ZF kk i zHkkf o r g ksr h g Sa r F kk l c i j i zHkko M ky r h g Sa- t ho u d h j { kk v kSj
b l d h v ku Un e ; r k& l e j l r k d s f y , d qi zF kkv ksa d ks c kj g k / o L r f d ; k
t k j g k g SA d ku wu l ke kf t d v kd ka{ kk] ' kkaf r v kSj l e `f ) d s v u qd wy j g s-
v Ur t kZr i kar f o o kg ksa d ks l e kt u s u g ha u d kj kA i j Ur q m i ; qZD r o t Zu kv ksa
i j d ksb Z l e > kSr k u g h- c g u & c sV h d h v o / kkj . kk i j f o p kj g ks-
v k' u k g ksu k g e kj h t : j r Hkh g Sv kSj p kg r Hkh- f j ' r sn kj h d kst u c ksy h
e sa v L u kb Z v k' u k g ksu k d g k t kr k g S- n ks x `g L F kksa d s c sV k& c sV h d k f o o kg
t Sl s g h x ks= l s c kg j l Ei Uu g ksr k g Sr ks n ks i f j o kj t qM +d j f o L r `r i f j o kj
d k v kSi p kf j d x B u g ksr k g S- u o n Ei f r d ks l qn `< + l qj { kk d o p f e y r k g SA
n ke kn i wj s x ko d k e g e ku e ku k t kr k g S- m l s l y g t ksa r Fkk l kf y ; ksa l s
g al h& f B B kSy h d h N wV Hkh j g r h g S- L u sg & I ; kj d k [ kqy k e kg kSy c u r k g SA
b l d h e ; kZn k c r d g h e k= r d g h j g r h g S- g kL ; , sl k f d c M +s Hkh
e ql d j k; sa& i qy d sa- n ksg j sf j ' r ksad h f } / kk& n qf o / kk [ kM +h u g hag ksr h- d y r d d k
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d g u k g ksr k- l l qj ky o e k; d s d k i wj k Q d Z c u k j g r k g S-
^f g Un w f o o kg v f / kf u ; e * c u kd j d ksb Z Hkh l j d kj l l qj ky o
e k; d s& i hg j d k Hksn f e V ku s d k v u qf p r i z; kl d j u s i j v ke kn k d Sl s g ks
x ; h\ v kt kn h f e y u s d s r qj Ur c kn t c n s' k n wl j h x EHkhj l e L ; kv ksa l s
t q> j g k F kk , sl s l e ; f g an w f o o kg d ku wu c u ku s d s f y , g M +c M +kg V d h
e a' kk l e > l s c kg j g S- D ; k v l f y ; r e sa , sl h e kax f g Un qv ksa u s d h Fkh\
l EHko r % l kk f " k[ kj i j c SB d j f g an wl e kt d s d f F kr m Pp o . kZ d h ; g
e a' kk j g h g ksx h v kSj b l h d s v u q: i n wl j s l Hkh d ks , d l w= e sa f i j ksu s d k
b j kn k j g k g ks- ^e qf L y e i l Zu y y kW* d h r t Z i j ' kkD r ksa] ' kSo ksa] c kS) ksa] t Su ksa]
o S" . ko ksa] f l D [ kksa v kf n d s c kj s e sa f o p kj D ; ksa u g ha g qv k\ ^f g Un w* ' kCn d ks
Hkkj r d s g j u kx f j d d s f y ; s i z; ksx f d ; k t kr k g S r ks d Hkh f o ' ks" k
l Ei zn k; d s f y , - l af o / kku v u qe f r u g ha n sr k f d d ku wu f d l h l Ei zn k;
d h i j Ei j kv ksa i j p < c SB u s d s f y , i kf j r g ks\ l e qn k; ] l e wg ] { ks= v kf n
d h l ke kf t d i j Ei j kv ksa d ks u kt k; t ] v o SK kf u d o v U/ kr ki w. kZ f l )
d j u s d s f y , p p kZ& c g l p y kd j g h c n y k t k l d r k g S] d ku wu d s
j ksM j ksy j l s l e r y d j u s d h e a' kk [ kksV h g h e ku h t k, x h-
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g S- b u e saHkkb Zp kj k g S- b u { ks= ksad h Hkko u kv ksa& i j Ei j kv ksad si ky d & v f HkHkko d
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c se r y c f p i V s c SB s g Sa v kSj c sf l j i Sj d s Q Sl y s l qu kr s j g r s g Sa- b l l s n s' k d s
f i N M +si u d h c wv kr h g S- Hkkj r d ks v c c y o ku r F kk v k/ kqf u d t x r d k
f l j e ksj c u u k g S- , sl h l aL Fkk o , sl s v kp j . k l s n s' k d h r ksg hu g ksr h g S-
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2 l af o / kku l e kt l s c M +k o d ku wu [ kki l s c M +h v kL F kk d k
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4 [ kki f u e e Z o t kf g y l aL F kk g S
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v i j k/ k u g ha g S- l x ks= f o o kg d h e u kg h t kf g y i u g S-
6 v k/ kqf u d y ksx f t l l s p kg sa ^i zse * d j sa ; k f o o kg d j sa-
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1 f d l s f t an k j g u k g S; k u g ha b l d k f u . kZ; d qN sd i zc q) y ksx ksa d s
f t Ee s g S
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d qN i zc q) r ; d j u s d s v f / kd kj h g SSa
3 o g h v kr ad o kn h g Sf t l s o D r d k ' kkl d d g s
; g Hkh c kr m B h f d [ kki t kV t kf r d h l aL F kk g Sv kSj b l s t kf r o kn
u g ha Q Sy ku k p kf g , - l H; Hkkj r e sa t kf r d k d ksb ZL F kku u g ha g ks l d r k g S-
t kV d kSe v i u h d f c y kb Z ' kSy h d ks i d M +s c SB h g S o x kao e sa n c ax b Z l s
t u t ho u d ks g kad j g h g S- b l d h b t kt r u g ha n h t k l d r h g S-
b l d F ku d k f o ' y s" k. k g ks r ks i r k p y sx k f d %
1 [ kki e k= t kV d kSe d h l aL F kk g S] b l f y , b l s d ke d j u s d k
v f / kd kj u g ha f n ; k t k l d r k g S-
2 t kV d kSe d h f d l h l aL F kk d ks l H; u g ha e ku k t k l d r k g S
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4 t kV n c ax b Z g Sa o x kao d s x Sj n c ax b Z l e kt d s f y , [ kr j k g Sa
5 [ kki t kf r o kn d ks c < ko k n sr h g S-
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d h r j g c sr qd s v kn s' k n sr s g Sa f t u d k b D d hl o ha l n h e sa L Fkku u g ha g S-
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N B k v kj ksi g Sj ku d j u s o ky k g S- d g k t k j g k g Sf d ; s n sg kr h y ksx
b D d hl o ha l n h e sa i g qap d j Hkh ^Hkkb Zp kj s* d h v i u h i qj ku h l ksp d s f ' kd kj
g Sa v kSj b l x ao kj l ksp d s v l j e sa x kao v Fko k x qg k. M d h y M d h d ks c sV h
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b l N B s v k{ ksi d k v F kZ g Sf d %
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2 x kao o x qg k. M d h c sV h d ks c sV h e ku u s d k d ksb Zr qd u g ha g Sv kSj
y M +d s& y M f d ; ksa d s c hp ; kSu l Ec a/ k e u q" ; d k b l Hkkb Zp kj s l s
d g ha e kSf y d o c M +h c kr g Sf t l d h j { kk g ksu k v k/ kqf u d f o p kj g S
3 ; kSu L o r U= r k o i l an d h L o r U= r k u kj h d s l ' kf D r d j . k g sr q
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t : j r g Sf t l d s f y , Hkkb Zp kj s d ks [ kkf j t d j u s e sa f > > d d Sl h
l kr o ka c M +k v kj ksi g S f d [ kki u kj h o n f y r f o j ks/ kh g S-
b l l kr o sa v kj ksi d k v F kZ g S f d
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4 [ kki e sa n f y r o u kj h d h d ksb Z l qu o kb Z u g ha
5 u kj h o n f y r ksad ksL o t u ksad h [ kki e sau g ha] l j d kj h v n ky r ksa] Fkku ksa]
i z' kkl f u d v f / kd kf j ; ksa l s g h U; k; f e y sx k
; kn j g s f d [ kki i zF kk i j r kt k g e y k ? kj l s Hkx ksM +s d f F kr
^^i zse h& ; qx y ksa** d h g R; kv ksa d s c g ku s d ks i d M + d j v kj EHk f d ; k x ; k-
v kj ksi g S f d n sg kr h t kf g y y ksx ^v kWu j * d s f y , i szf e ; ksa d h g R; k d j u s
i j m r j s g q, g Sa v kSj b u i j d ku wu u i kc an h y x s] b Ug sa v i u h c kr d g u s d k
g d f d l f y , \ ; g c kr l qi zhe d ksV Z d s o d hy o i wo Z d ku wu e a= h
t sB e y ku h u s , d p p kZ e sa d g h-
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b u v kj ksi ksa d ks i Sj n su s d s f y , d qN sd f e F kd ksa d ks ? kM f y ; k x ; k g S
f e F kd ksa d h n qf u ; ka
b u f e F kd ksa d s+s f c u k ; g v f Hk; ku p kj f n u u g ha f V d l d r k F kk]
l ks] c M +s d k; n s l s b Ug sa x < +k x ; k g S- b u d h v l f y ; r d ks t ku r s& l e > r s
g q, Hkh c kj & c kj b Ug sa n ksg j kr s t ku s d k n wl j k v FkZ u g ha-
b u e sa , d f e F kd ; g c u k g Sf d n sg kr h y ksx ksa d h [ kki d ksb Z l aL F kk
g S- f u f o Zo kn l p ; g g Sf d [ kki l aL F kk ; k l ax B u u g ha] ; g x zke h. k Hkkj r
d s t hu s d h i z. kky h g S f t l d s p y u i j n sg kr d s y ksx v kn r u v kp j . k
d j r s g Sa- l aL F kk v F ko k l ax B u d k d ksb Z L F kkb Z f o f / k& f o / kku j g r k g S- d ksb Z
u d ksb Z L F kkb Z u sr `Ro g ksr k g S- [ kki d ks l ax B u ; k l aL F kk e ku f y ; k t k,
r ks b l d s f Q j f d l h O; f D r ; k l e wg } kj k c u k, t ku s d k i z' u m B sx k]
m l d h e a' kk d ks c r ku k g ksx k o b l d s f d l h , d y L o : i ; k u sr `Ro d h
c kr Hkh m B sx h t ks b l d h / kkj . kk d s f o # ) g S-
r F ; b l d s m y V g S- [ kki d k f o d kl v ki l h f e y o r Zu ] l ao kn ] e aF ku
, o a f u . kZ; y su s d h i zF kk l s g qv k g S] f t l d k u d ksb Z, d f u / kkZf j r L o : i g S]
u d ksb Z f u ; e ko y h g St ks b l s c ka/ ks- u b l e sa i g y s f d l h L F kkb Z u sr k v F ko k
e qf [ k; k c u ku s d k f j o kt F kk- v kt t g ka d g ha ; g n s[ ku s d ks f e y r k g So g
i j k; k c ks> v F ko k j ksx g S- u ; g f d l h f y f [ kr f u ; e ko y h l s l ap kf y r
g ksr h g S- ; g f e F kd v u t ku O; f D r d s f n e kx e sa f d Ug ha L o ; al so h l aL F kk
t Sl s f p = d ks i ky d j f o p kj d j u s d k l ad sr n sr k g Sa] t ks ; g u g ha g S-
32
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34 33
n wl j k f e F kd c M +s t r u d s l kF k c u k d s j [ kk x ; k g S f d [ kki d k
l Ec a/ k t kV t kf r l s g S- ^v kWu j f d f y zax * d s l o ky i j [ kki d ks f u j Ur j t kV
t kf r d sl kFk t ksM +d j i s' k d j u sd h e a' kk n sg kr d kst kV c u ke v U; e sac kaV
d j i s' k d j u s d h g S] t c f d , sl h g R; kv ksa e sa x zke h. k { ks= g h u g ha ' kg j ksa e sa
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d s e ke y s ' kkf e y g Sa- ; g y M +kb Z t hr u s d h f d y sc an h g S- n sg kr c u ke ' kg j h
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c g k j g s g Sa- b l d s f y , t kV t kf r d ks f u ' kku k c u k d j Hkko i Sn k d j j g s g Sa
f d n wl j h t kf r ; ka ' kg j h r g t hc d h f g e k; r e sa v kx s v k, a v kSj e n n d j sa-
; g n sg kr d ks t kf r d s v k/ kkj i j c kaV d j j [ ku s d h n y hy g S-
; s / kwr Z y ksx c r k j g s g Sf d ; g e ke y k g j ; k. kk] i at kc ] m kj i zn s' k]
j kt L Fkku t Sl s ^t kV g kV Zy S. M * r d l hf e r g S- u g ha c a/ kq] i wat h u s v e j hd k]
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e sa[ kj hn u s c sp u s d k [ kqy k [ ksy c u k f y ; k g Sm u d ks N ksM +d j ] d f Fkr r hl j h
n qf u ; kad s n s' kksae sau kj h o i q# " k d s c hp l n kp kj i f j o kj d h i zf r " B k d k , d
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v U; e qf L y e n s' kksa e sa Hkkj r t Sl h f L Fkf r g S- y sc u ku ] l hf j ; k] e ksj ksd ks] d r kj ]
v Y t hf j ; k] f y f c ; k] b j kd ] b Zj ku ] d qo Sr ] i kf d L r ku e sai f j o kj d h v kWu j d k
i z' u t hu s& e j u s d k l o ky g S- r c ] t kM Zu i j Q j hn k Q d hj d k 2 0 0 1 e sa
i zd kf ' kr y s[ k b u i zc q) i = d kj ksa d h f u x kg l s n wj d Sl s j g x ; k o D ; ksa\
l a{ ksi e sa] [ kki , d i ) f r @ i zF kk g S f t l d k g j d kSe v i u s e ke y s
l qy V ku s d s f y , f c j kn j h d h e n n g ssr q i z; ksx d j r h g S- l c t kf r ; ksa&
f c j kn f j ; ksa e sa ; g i zp f y r i zF kk g S- u ke v y x v y x g ks l d r s g Sa- b l d h
d k; Zi z. kky h , sl h g Sf d f u . kZ; u e u e ku s g ksr s g Sa] u g ks l d r s g Sa- ; f n d Hkh
d ksb Z Q Sl y k x y r g ksr k g Sr ks m l s i y V u s d k j kL r k m l d k v i u k g S-
[ kki d k l ap ky u v u qHko i j f V d r k g S- x ao kj O; f D r d ks o t u u g ha
f e y r k- ; f n v u i < g ksu s d ks g h d ksb Zx o kaj g ksu k e ku r k g Sr ks m l d h c qf )
i j r j l [ kku s d s v f r f j D r j kL r k u g hag S- ; g f o d `f r g h u g ha] j kt k g ksu s d k
n EHk g S- f c j kn j h d h i ap k; r e sa c SB d j f u . kZ; y su s o ky s y ksx ksa d k l Ee ku
g ksr k g St ks v i u s v u qHko o f u " i { k f u . kZ; y su s d s f y , f o [ ; kr g ksr s g Sa- y ksx
f t l s L o hd kj d j r s g Sa r Hkh c kr v kx s c < r h g S- l j d kj h d e Zp kj h d h r j g
f j ' o r ; k i Sj o h l s ; g ka o t u u g ha f e y r k g S- [ kki d h ; g v i u h f o ' ks" kr k
g S- v U; Fkk m l s y ksx ksad k o g l e FkZu u g haf e y l d r k g St ks m l s g kf l y g S-
i wj sHkkj r e sag h u g ha] n qf u ; kaHkj e sam | ksx & O; ki kj d ksi ky u s& i ksl u sd s
f y , r S; kj g qb Z f u t h L o kF kZ i j f V d h l aL f r l s i g y s d s ; qx r d g j
t x g e u q" ; v i u s f o o kn l qy > ku s r F kk v i u s f g r ksa d s l o ky ksa i j f o p kj
d j u s o f u . kZ; y su s g sr q c SB r s j g s g Sa- i g y s d qV qEc ] f c j kn j h ; k x kao ] r Fkk
c kn e sa c qy ko s i j i M +kSl h x kao ] x qg k. M f e y d j c SB r s g Sa- m l d s c kn
t : j r g ksu s i j [ kki d ks c qy ko k t kr k g S- r c e aF ku o m l d s f u . kZ; d h
c kr m B r h g S- b l s f d l h u s x < + d j u g ha c u k; k- O; o g kj o v kp j . k l s
f o d f l r g qb Zi z. kky h g S- i j Ei j k o f j o kt b l d k f o / kku g S] t ks l e ; l e ;
i j f o d f l r g ksr h j g r h g S- ; g l h/ ks t u r U= d k u e wu k g S- b l e sa i zf r f u f / k
r U= d ks u d kj k x ; k g S- b l e sa y ksx l h/ ks f g L l k y sd j f u . kZ; L o ; a y sr s g Sa-
r hl j k c M +k f e F kd ; g c u k g Sf d [ kki d s t f j ; s / ku o ku y ksx x kao
d s x j hc ksa i j g qd we r p y kr s g Sa f t l e sa v u ql wf p r t kf r d h v kc kn h l c l s
v f / kd f i l r h g S- x zke h. k Hkkj r d s / ku h l ke ar h! o x Z} kj k x j hc ksad ks l r ku s
d k ; g v kSt kj g S- n s[ k l d r s g Sf d f c j kn j h d h [ kki e sa d so y f c j kn j h d s
y ksx c SB r sg Saf t l d k n k; j k f c j kn j h d sHkhr j d sl o ky g ksr sg Sa- l c d sl k> s
d s l o ky ksai j l k> s d h [ kki c SB r h g S] f t l e sag j sd Hkkx hn kj d ks v i u h c kr
j [ ku s d k c sj ksd V ksd v o l j b l d h [ kkf l ; r g S- d g ha d ksb Z# d ko V v kr h g S
r ks i ap k; r f c u Q Sl y k f y , m B t kr h g S- l j d kj h i qf y l d h r j g b l e sa
f u . kZ; y kn u s d h d g ha d ksb Z t x g u g ha] L o sPN k i j f V d h i zF kk g S- ; f n
e ke y k f d l h > x M +s d k g S r ks f o o kn l qy V ku s e sa n ksu ksa i { kksa d s i zf r f u f / k
f u . kZ; y su s e sa Hkkx y sr s g Sa- l g e f r c u u s i j g h Q Sl y k l qu k; k t kr k g S-
i wat h d h l kk o b l d sj kt d kt d sp y r sv kt d sn kSj e sa[ kki i z. kky h
e sa ? kql v kb Z v u sd d e t ksj ; ksa d s c ko t wn [ kki i ap k; r ksa l s v f / kd O; o g kj
e sa t u r kf U= d O; o L Fkk d g ha u g ha g S- o kr ku qd wf y r d e j ksa e sa c SB d j ; k f Q j
v i u sf d Ug hav K ku h l w= ksai j Hkj ksl k d j d s[ kki d kst kap u s& i j [ ku so ky ksad ks
g h b u d s x Sj t u r kf U= d g ksu s d k M j l r kr k g S] t ks t e hu i j p y r s g Sa o s
b l r F ; d ks t ku r s g Sa- ; g l EHko g S f d f d Ug hsa n ks f c j kn f j ; ksa d h [ kki ksa
d s c hp r ho z e r Hksn m Hkj u s l s r u ko [ kM +k g ks] f d Ur qb l s l qy V ku s d s f y , Hkh
x zke h. k Hkkj r d h r g t hc e sa l j ksd kj f t an k g S-
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
36 35
r d Zd h [ kkf r j e ku y saf d [ kki e saf u . kZ; e u e ku s FkkSai s t kr s g Sar ks b l s
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f e y r k g S- ; g v f Hk; ku L o ; ae ku r k g Sf d [ kki i ap k; r ksad ksv i kj t u l e FkZu
g Sf t l l s d ksb Z n y b u d k f o j ks/ k d j u s d k l kg l u g ha d j r k g S]
p kSF kk f e F kd c u k d j j [ kk g Sf d [ kki i ap k; r saf u n Z; h f u . kZ; y sr h g Sa
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l se g : e g Sa- b l f e Fkd d si hN sm | ksx & O; ki kj d h p ky kd h l h[ ku s& f l [ kku s
o ky h ^f ' k{ kk* d k x : j d ke d j r k g S! l o Ze kU; r F ; g Sf d ; g f ' k{ kk f o | k
u g hag S- ; g f ' k{ kk / ku o ku d h l so k d j u sd h f u i q. kr k r ksn sr h g Sf d Ur qv kn e h
d ks b al ku c u ku s e sa l o ZF kk f o Q y g ks j g h g S- [ kSj -
; s i ap k; r sa t kf y e y ksx ksa d k f x j ksg u g ha g S] b f r g kl e sa u d Hkh j g ha%
d e l s d e i wat h d s j kt t Sl s t kf y e ; s y ksx d Hkh u g haj g s g Sf t l d s v kx s
u Hkkb Zg S] u f j ' r sn kj h- ; f n d qN g Sr ksf u t h L o kFkZv kSj / ku d h u c q> u so ky h
f i i kl k d k l ke zkT ; g h b l d h [ kkf l ; r g S- i wat h d s l ke zkT ; } kj k Q Sy k,
t g j hy s d hV k. kqv ksa l s c he kj n sg kr d h v kc kn h v kt Hkh ' kg j h l H; r k l s
d g ha v f / kd n ; ky q g S] t ks v i u s o i j k; s e sa m l t Sl k c Sj Hkko u g ha j [ kr h
t Sl k i wat h d h l H; r k i y r h g S- i wat h v i u s L o kF kZ d h [ kkf r j b al ku d ks
g So ku g h u g ha c u kr h] b f r g kl e sa m l l s t kf y e < kap k u g ha-
i kap o sa f e Fkd g Sf d L o t u ksad h ; s[ kki san f y r o e f g y k f o j ks/ kh g Sav kSj
b u d h f n y p L i h x kao o x qg k. M ; k l x ks= h; ' kkf n ; ksa d s v f r f j D r v U;
l e kt l q/ kkj d s l o ky e sa u g ha g S- b l f e F kd d ks [ kM +k d j d s v f Hk; ku d s
i zo r Zd n f y r ksa o u kj h l e kt d ks v i u s L o t u ksa l s v y x d j d s Q wV M ky u s
d h j . ku hf r g S] r kf d n sg kr d s f o # ) b l ; q) e sa l Q y r k d ks l qf u f ' p r
f d ; k t k l d s-] v U; F kk D ; k c r k l d r s g Sa f d ? kj d h u kj h o x kao d s v i u s
l g ; ksx h d si zf r ; f n L o t u f p af r r u g hag aSr kso sr u Hkksx h d e Zp kj h b u d si zf r
f d r u k o Q kn kj g ksx k\ l x ks= [ kki e sa d so y l x ks= d s y ksx g h c SB r s g Sa]
t c f d v ke [ kki e sa f d l h d h f g L l sn kj h i j # d ko V u g ha g ksr h-
d qN m Hkj r s l o ky
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l ke u sv k, g Sam u l sd qN e g Ro i w. kZl o ky m B r sg Sa- b u e sal c l sc qf u ; kn h i z' u
l af o / kku o d ku wu d k g Sf t l s v kj ksi e a< u s o ky ksa u s l e kt l s Hkh i j j [ k
d j c kr d h g S- n wl j k e g Ro i w. k i z' u ? kj & i f j o kj v kSj m l d s l n L ; ksa d s
v ki l h f j ' r s d k m B r k g S- e ku d j p y k x ; k g Sf d l e kt d ks v i u k d n
f d l f y , l af o / kku o l e ; d s d u wu v u ql kj d kV & N kaV d j j [ ku k i M +sx k-
l ke kU; / kkj . kk g Sf d l e kt d s f y , d ku wu c u r s g Sa] d ku wu d s f y , l e kt
d h d V kb Z& N aV kb Z u g ha g ks l d r h g S- ; g c qf u ; kn h c kr g S v kSj L o ; a m l
t u r U= d h g Sf t l d h n qg kb Z n h t k j g h g S-
; g ka , d c kr d g n sa- L o ; a ' kg j h < kap k o r Ze ku l af o / kku d ks f d r u k
i f o = o v i f j o r Zu h; e ku d j p y r k g S; g b l l sg h t kf g j g kst kr k g Sf d
c hr s N g n ' kd ksa e sa f l j d h V ksi h d s f x j u s i j Hkh b l e sa l a' kks/ ku g ksr s j g s
g Sa f t u d k v u sd c kj t u f g r l s d qN o kL r k u g ha g ksr k g S] u n s' k d s y ksx ksZ
l s i wN k t kr k g S] b t kt r y su s d h c kr r ks c g qr n wj g h j g t kr h g S-
n wl j s] e kr k& f i r k d k v i u s c Pp ksa d s l kF k f t l r j g d k f j ' r k v c
r d j g k g Sm l s i y V k t k j g k g S- i wat h l k/ kd p kg r s g Sa f d e ka& c ki v i u s
c Pp ksa d ks i ky & i ksl d j m Ug sa e qD r N ksM + n sa r kf d ; s c Pp s b u i wat hi f r ; ksa
d ks p kg u s i j f c u # d ko V m i y C/ k g ksa- o s m u d s f y , c Pp s i ky u s d h
e ' khu e k= c u sa] b l l s v f / kd c Pp ksa i j m u d k v f / kd kj l e kI r g ks-
; f n ; g l kf t ' k l Q y g ksr h g S r ks c PPkksa o e ka& c ki d s c hp v c
r d p y s v k j g h f t Ee sn kj h d s l ar qy u d ks i y V u s d k n wj x ke h d qi zHkko
g ksu k g S- i z' u g S f d b l l ar qy u d ks i y V u s d k v f / kd kj ' kkl u p y ku s
o ky ksa d ks d g ka l s f e y k g S\ f t u d s c Pp s g Sa v kSj f t Ug sa i ky u s& i ksl u s]
i < ku s& f y [ kku s l s y sd j t ho u l a? k" kZ d s f y , y k; d c u ku s i j v i u h
[ kwu & i l hu s d h d e kb Z e ka& c ki y x kr s g Sa m u l s i wN s f c u k] m u d h b t kt r
d s f c u k b u c Pp ksa d s t ho u e wY ; ksa d ks v ke wy p wy c n y u s d k g d b Ug sa
f d l l af o / kku l s f e y k g S\ ; g d kSu t u r U= d s f o / kku d h O; k[ ; k ; s
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e sa m y > ku s d h p ky c kt h u g ha p y sx h] t ks v c r d g ksr k v k j g k g S- , d
f n y p L i u e wu k n sf [ k, f d t u r k d s / ku i j i y u s o ky s m u d s l kFk D ; k
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l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
38 37
o ; L d N k= ksa d s e kr k& f i r k l s b t kt r d h v ko ' ; d r k u g ha g S- b l d k
f y f [ kr i ze k. k l ke u sv k; k g S- ; se g ku qHkko N k= & N k= kv ks ad ksb u d s? kj & i f j o kj
l s L o r U= t ho e ku d j p y j g s g SA! ; g h u g ha] , d r j g l s b u c Pp ksa d ks
; s y ksx ? kj & i f j o kj l s c x ko r d h V sf u ax n s j g s g Sa- ; s i zk/ ; ki d e g ksn ; Hkwy
j g s g Sa f d i zo s" k d s l e ; N k= d s e kr k& f i r k o f ' k{ k. k l aL F kku ksa d s c hp t ks
f y f [ kr & v f y f [ kr d j kj c u r k g S m l d s n k; j s d ks o s , d r j Q k c n y u s d s
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d j ku s d k D ; k v F kZ g S\ l e > u k p kf g , f d , sl s v kp j . k d k l h/ kk i f j . kke
? kj & i f j o kj d h V wV u e sa? kV r k g S- b l d so st ku s& v u t ku sv i j k/ kh g Sa- o ; L d
N k= d s e ka& c ki l s L o r U= r k d k g h ; g i f j . kke g S t c b l ^f ' k{ kk* d h
g Sd M +h l s t Ue s ? kksj O; f D r o kn d s Q y L o : i ^d c wy i qj * ? kV r s v k j g s g Sa-
e ke y k d so y , d f o ' o f o | ky ; d k u g ha g S- ; g e ku f l d r k v c g j
L d wy ] d kf y t o l aL F kku d h c u h [ kM +h g S- d g ka l s c u h o D ; ksa c u h]
b l d k m kj r y k' ku k d ksb Z d f B u d ke u g ha g S- ; g m l i z. kky h d k d qy
i f j . kke g Sf t l O; f D r o kn d ks f l j v k[ kksa i j c SB k d j n s' k d k i wj k < kap k
d ke d j j g k g S f t l e sa i f j o kj d h t x g f n u & f n u V wV r h t k j g h g S-
r hl j k ' u t u r U= d h v o / kkj . kk d ks f d Ug ha f N i s b j kn ksa l s
l qf o / kku ql kj i y V u s d h l kf t +' k l s t qM +k g S- b l d k i g y k l Q y i z; kl
l af o / kku l Hkk e saf c zf V ' k i z' kkl u d se kWM y d ksg w& c & g wd c wy d j d sg qv k F kk-
y sf d u l kf t +' k i g y s l s g S- b ax y S. M d ksb Z c g qr c M +s v k; ke o ky k n s' k u g ha
g Sr c Hkh m l u s f d l e t c wj h e sa t u r U= d ks i zf r f u f / k r U= e sa c n y f y ; k
F kk- b l d k e kd wy t o kc o s u g ha n sr s g Sa- y sf d u ] 1 9 4 7 e sa m u d h x qy ke h l s
c kg j v k d j v i u s f y , u ; h ' kkl u O; o L F kk p qu u s d s f y , t c c SB k x ; k
r ks o g d kSu e t c wj h F kh f d g e x . kj kT ; d h v i u h [ kkaV h . kky h d ks
x zg . k u g ha d j l d s v kSj f c zf V ' k e kWM y e sa g h v i u k Hkf o " ; n s[ kk x ; k\
, d ' u t u r U= d h v o / kkj . kk e sa g q, m y V Q sj d h l kf t +' k d ks
l e > u sl st qM +k g S- ; kn j g sf d t u r U= d k e wy l w= kal d h kaf r l sm i t k
g S - o g g S %c j kc j h] L o r U= r k v kS j c a/ kq Ro equality, liberty and fraternity-
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F kk t ks kal d h kaf r l s d g ha x g j h b c kj r d k / ku h g S- n s[ k y sa%
c j kc j h d h c kr r ks r kt k t u r U= ^Hkwy * x ; k g S- b l s i wj h n qf u ; ka e sa
g h l qf o / kku ql kj c M +s l y hd s l s Hkqy k f n ; k x ; k g S] ; g d g u k d g ha c sg r j
g ksx k- c j kc j h d s u kj s u s x qy ke h n kSj d h ap & u hap o g hu Hkko u k d ks N ksM +]
r u d j [ kM +k g ksu s d k t u x . k d ks g kSl y k f n ; k F kk- b l l s m u d h l f ; r k
r F kk i g y d n e h d ks i a[ k y x ss- b l l s v Y i l a[ ; d l sf B ; k r c d s d ks i j s' kku h
g qb Z] b l hf y , [ kr j sd ksi g p ku d j c j kc j h d sf l ) kUr d ksn Q u ku sd k i D d k
i zc a/ k f d ; k x ; k( v c g j t x g x Sj & c j kc j h d k l ke zkT ; g S-
= kl n h n s[ ksa% t u r U= d ks c M +s d k; n s l s i zf r f u f / kr U= e sa c n y f y ; k
v kSj v c i zf r f u / kr U= d ks j kt u hf r d n y ksa d s r U= e sa < ky f y ; k g S t g ka
y ksx ksa } kj k p qu k x ; k i zf r f u f / k m u d s i zf r u t o kc n sg g S] u m u d h c kr
i j v e y d j r k g S- o g v i u h i kV hZ d s u sr `Ro d h c kr d k m y a? ku d j s r ks
l hV r d x o ka l d r k g St c f d p qu u s o ky s y ksx ksa d h c kr d k m y a? ku d j s
r ks m l d k d qN u g ha f c x M +r k g S- ; g d Sl k t u r U= g S\ b l l s y ksx ksa d h
t u r U= e sa f g L l sn kj h l e kI r g qb Z g S- m u d s u ke i j f u . kZ; d ksb Z n wl j k
y sr k g So m u i j F kkSai r k g S- e kSf y d t u r U= d h ; g = kl n hZ g S- b l d s c kn
d n e & c & d n e L o r U= r k o c a/ kqRo d k v F kZ Hkh c n y f n ; k x ; k-
f t l t u r U= e sa c j kc j h i ze q[ k f o ' ks" kr k e ku h t kr h j g h g ks] m l s
x Sj c j kc j h d ks f o d kl d h d qt h c r k; k t ku s y x k g S- o s l c r j hd s b t kn
d j f y , g St c ' kkl u + e sa t u r k d h Hkkx hn kj h d ks d e l s d e f d ; k t k, -
l j e k; sn kj ksa d ks v c [ kr j k v ke y ksx ksa d h t u r U= e sa Hkkx hn kj h l s g S]
l ke kf t d l o ky ksa e sa m u d h l f ; # f p l s g S- ; f n t u r U= d ks v ke
v kn e h p y ku s y x t k, a r ks m u d h l f ; ' kf D r d s v kx s d ksb Z f u f g r
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f u j Ur j i z; kl y ksx ksa d h Hkkx hn kj h d ks d e l s d e d j u s d k g S- b l c ksr y
d s f t Uu d ks d kc wd j u s d k m u d s i kl , d g h d kj x j r j hd k F kk v kSj o g
g S f d y ksx ksa d s u ke i j p an y ksx ksa d ks t u r U= d k i zf r f u f / k c r k; k t k, -
; g h f d ; k x ; k- j kt u hf r ' kkL = b l s i zf r f u f / k r U= d s : i e sa t ku r k g S-
b l i zf r f u f / kr U= d s t f j ; s v kSj [ kkl d j j kt u sr kv ksas d h e kQ Zr
t u r U= d ks l kj g hu c u ku s e sa; ss l Q y g q, g S- m / kj ] Hkkj r e sa[ kki y ksx ksad h
l h/ kh Hkkx hn kj h d k l c l s l ' kD r o Hkj kl sy k; d j . k{ ks= j g k g S] v kt Hkh g S-
; g h d kj . k g Sf d i wj k l j e k; sn kj r c d k b u [ kki ksa d k b r u k i zp . M f o j ks/
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40 39
kh c u k x ; k g S- ; s u g ha p kg r s f d [ kki ksa d s t f j ; s y ksx t u r U= e sa l h/ ks
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m u e sa o ke i af F k; ksa d k [ kki f o j ks/ k b l h M j e sa f u f g r g S-
; g ka e kD l Zo kn h i kV hZ d h o `Un k d j kr r ; d j u s y x h g S f d t kV
l e qn k; l x ks= f o o kg d ks v i u k, ; k R; kx s! t kV l e qn k; v F ko k v U;
t kf r l e wg l sd ksb Zi wN u so ky k u g hag Saf d r qEg sa; g j kg p y r s^I ; kj * d h i zFkk
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g S] m Ug sa t u r U= d s e [ kkSy l s y x ko g ks x ; k g S-
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v i u s c p ko e saL o kHkkf o d i zf r f ; k g S! [ kki y ksx ksad k l h/ kk t u r U= g St ks
b u d ksj kl u g hav k j g k g S- b u d sf o # ) b l g ksg Y y sd k ; g h c qf u ; kn h d kj . k
g Sf t l d s f y , n s' k d s l c n y , d t qV g Sa-
g qv k ; g g S f d c j kc j h] L o k/ khu r k] o c a/ kqRo d s l w= o ky s t u r U=
u s t u x . k d h ' kf D r d ks [ kqy [ ksy u s d k o Sp kf j d v k/ kkj n s f n ; k F kk- L o ; a
b l u kj s d k t u d ; g v Y i l a[ ; d r c d k b l l s t c Hk; Hkhr g ks m B k r ks
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i zf r f u f / k r U= d ks d kc w e sa j [ ku s g sr q j kt u hf r d n y d s r U= e sa c n y
f y ; k x ; k] r kf d b l d sUn zhHkwr j kt u hf r d n y d s f ' k[ kj i j f o j kt e ku
p an y ksx ksa d ks v kl ku h l s , d f u / kkZf j r n k; j s e sa c ka/ k d j j [ kk t k l d s-
1 1 5 d j ksM + Hkkj r h; t u x . k d ks i g y s d qN g t kj i zf r f u f / k; ksa e sa l e sV
f y ; k x ; k f t l d s m i j kUr O; ko g kf j d : i e sa j kt u hf r d n y ksa d s 1 5 & 2 0
y ksx ksa r d ; g t u r U= f l e V d j j g x ; k g S- l sB ksa d s f y , b l s d kc we sa
j [ ku k l qf o / kkt u d g S] ; g h d kj . k g S f d i zR; sd p qu ko ksa d s c kn ; s n y o
j kt u sr k v x y s p qu ko r d ] v i o kn ksa d ks N ksM + d j ] l sB ksa d s ; g ka g kf t j h
c t kr s n s[ ks t kr s g Sa- b u d h d y k b l c kr e sa g Sf d g j d ke d ks ; s ^t u r k*
d sf y , c r k d j d j r sg St c f d g ksr h l sf B ; kf x j h g S- [ kki d k l h/ kk t u r U=
/ ku o ku r c d s d s f y , c sd kc wf t Uu g S- l e L ; k b l t x g g S-
p kSF kk l o ky u kS t o ku y M + d s & y M + f d ; ks ad h ; kS u L o r U= r k o i l a n @ p q u ko
d s v f / kd kj (freedom of choice) d k g S- ; g e ku o h; f j ' r ksa e sa f u i V
c kt kj d h L o r U= r k d k f l ) kUr g Sv kSj , d y O; f D r d s? kksj O; f D r o kn d h
o d ky r B g j r h g S- , sl s c sr qd s ^f l ) kUr * d ks t k; t B g j ku s g sr q ; s e g ku qHkko
? kj & i f j o kj r ksM +d v f Hk; ku e sa b l d k i z; ksx d j j g s g Sa- v / kd p j h m e z e sa
t c e ka& c ki b Ug saK ku g kf l y d j u sL d wy & d kf y t Hkst r sg Sam l l e ; [ kki
d s f o j ks/ kh b Ug sa^i zse * d h i kB ' kky k e saHkV d u s n su s d s ^v f / kd kj * d h c kr d j r s
g Sa- i l an d k u kj k c kt kj e saf c d u s@ [ kj hn u sd k u kj k g S- ; su kj sv l y e san wl j s
e g k; q) d s c kn v e j hd k e sa o qe su f y c v kUn ksy u d k v k/ kkj & L r EHk c u s Fks
f t l s v c Hkkj r e sa ; s v k/ kqf u d r k i zse h v i u k j g s g Sa-
i wat h d s j kt e sa i l an d k v f / kd kj / ku o ku d s n j c kj e sa f c d r k g S-
e ke y k f c d u s d h v kt kn h d k g S f t l d h ' kq# v kr h V sf u ax d k g d ; s
e kax j g s g Sa v kSj b l d s f y , l af o / kku d k o kL r k n s j g s g Sa- ; g g d l SD l
d ks v Ur r / ku o ku d s ; g ka f x j o h j [ ku s Hkj d s d ke v kr k g S r kf d x j hc
d h c sV h d ks c kt kj d s f y , r S; kj d j s v kSj b l e sa b T t r d k l o ky c k/
kk u c u s- t ku h g qb Z c kr g S f d i wat h& l SD l g h u g ha] l c j kx kRe d l Ec a/
kksa d ks c kt kj e sa f c d u s@ [ kj hn u s d k e ky c u k d j N ksM +r h g S- [ kki d s
f o j ks/ k e sa i l an d s v f / kd kj d k l o ky b l h l Un HkZ e sa m B j g k g S-
n y hy g Sf d u kj h i q# " k] [ kkl d j f i r k o i f r d h x qy ke g S] f t l d s
f y , f i r `l kkRe d l e kt d g d j n sg kr d ks d ksl k t kr k g S- v kj ksi g Sf d
u kj h d kss v i u h b PN k d s f y , i f j o kj d s n c ko e sa j g u k i M + j g k g S] b l l s
v kt kn h f e y s r ks o g r kd r o j c u t k, x h- v F kZ g qv k f d u kj h ; kSu r `" . kk
c q> ku s t c e u p kg s [ ksr e sa p j u s d ks v kt kn g ks r ks m l s L o x Z f e y sx k- D ; k
[ kwc l wj r n ' kZu d k i zf r i kn u g ks j g k g S\ d ksb Z i wN s f d m u d h i f j Hkk" kk i j
e ksf g r L o r U= u kj h d ks , sl k i j k; k [ ksr d g ka v kSj f d l d k f e y sx k\
t kf g j g S , sl k ? kj / ku o ku d k ; k / kwr Z d k g ksx k- b l e sa p Su o l q[ k d g ka
g S\ n j & n j HkV d u s e sa u kj h d s l Ee ku d k r c D ; k g ksx k\ i f r l s N qV d kj s
d k v F kZ f o o kg t Sl h e kU; r k i zkI r l aL F kk d ks l e kI r d j u s d h o d ky r g S-
t kf g j g S i wat h d h l kk d ks u kj h d s l Ee ku l s x t Z u g ha] m l s v i u s
O; ki kj d h f p ar k g Sf t l d s f y , u kj h d ks c j x y ku s d s ; s u kj s g Sa-
i kap o ka i z' u y M +d s& y M +f d ; ksa e sa v f u ; f U+= r i zse v Fko k ; kSu l Ec a/ k
c u ku s d h f ' k{ kk& n h{ kk r Fkk y Q ax si u d h o d ky r d s i hN s e d l n d k g S-
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
42 41
l f n ; ksa d s O; o g kj l s e u q" ; u s b l i zl ax e sa f t u e kU; r kv ksa d ks [ kM +k d j d s
v i u s d ks l ql ax r v kp j . k e sa < ky k Fkk] m u l c v u qHko ksa i j v k/ kkf j r
e kU; r kv ksad ks n j f d u kj d j d s ; g v f Hk; ku e u q" ; d ks f Q j l s o g ' kh ; qx e sa
f d l e d l n l s o ki l y s t ku s i j r qy k g qv k g S\ b l l s f d l d ks D ; k y kHk
v F ko k ? kkV k g ksx k] ; g l e > u s d h t : j r g S- kal d h kaf r e sa l e kt d ks
j t o kM +k' kkg h d h x qy ke h o ky sx f r j ks/ k l se qD r d j u sd h t : j r d sv kad y u
i j t ks L o r U= r k d k u kj k m B k F kk m l s c M +h [ kwc l wj r h l s v c ? kj & i f j o kj
e sa e ka& c ki l s u kSt o ku ksa d h v kt kn h e sa c n y u s d h e a' kk , d l kf t +' k d k
f g L l k u g ha g Sr ks D ; k g ks l d r k g S\ b l i { k i j x EHkhj r k l s f o p kj v o ' ;
g ksu k p kf g , r kf d g e kj h f t an x h d ks u j d c u ku h d h l kf t ' k f o Q y g ks-
u kSt o ku ksa d s f y , f t l v kt kn h d h y M +kb Z ; s e g ku qHkko y M + j g s g Sa
m l d k i g y k l h/ kk i f j . kke ? kj & i f j o kj d s l kFk m u d s f j ' r s d h V wV u g S-
b l l s l e kt d ks D ; k y kHk g ksx k\ l e kt d ks r ks ? kkV k g h j g sx k] f d Ur q
l sf B ; k r c d s d ks y kHk g h y kHk g ksx k- n s[ k y sa% ? kj & i f j o kj l s f o f N Uu
u kSt o ku & y M +d s o y M +f d ; ksa d h ; g c sj kst x kj l su k j kst h& j ksV h d s f y ,
g j ' kr Z e ku u s d ks r S; kj v kSj l L r h e t n wj h i j l sB ksa d h p kS[ kV i j t Sl k
o s p kg sa o g h i ku h Hkj u s d ks e t c wj g ksr h t k j g h g S- b Ug sa d e y kx r o
v R; f / kd e qu kQ s o ky s / ka/ kksa d s f y , b Ug sa l [ r t : j r g S- b Ug sa x t Z u g ha
g Sf d l e kt d s L o kL F k d k D ; k g ksx k] t c r d b u d k d kj ksc kj Q y r k g S-
m Pp J s. kh d s y ksx v i u h l ar ku d ks i f ' p e h l H; r k e sa j ax u s o
l t ku s d s v H; L r g Sa- b l h j ax e sa n s' k d h i wj h v kc kn h d ks i ksr u k p kg r s
g Sa-s i z' u m u d h t u r kf U= d v kL F kk i j [ kM +k f d ; k t ku k p kf g , f d m l s
v i u h p kg r d ks n wl j ksa i j v kSj o g Hkh d ku wu o i qf y f l ; k M . M s d s n e
i j y kn u s d k g d d Sl s f e y r k g S\ u g ha] b l r j g d h l ksp v kSj O; o g kj
f u i V Q kf l L V p f j = d h g S- b l d k t u r U= l s d qN e sy u g ha g S-
? kj & i f j o kj d s e ksg e sa t ks ; qo d & ; qo f r ; ka v Hkh r d v V d s g q, g Sa]
b Ug as ; kSu f o f r d h v kl ku p l d e sa Q al k d j / ka/ kk p y ku s d s e d l n
l s D ; k l ke kf t d f g r ksa d h v u n s[ kh d j d s ; g , d l qf u ; ksf t r l kf t ' k
u g ha g ks j g h g S\ ; g t u r kf U= d ' kCn ko y h d k n q# i ; ksx g S- D ; k b u c Pp ksa
d k t Ue b l hf y , g qv k F kk f d o s v kt hf o d k d s f y , l sB ksad s ; g kax an k i ku h
Hkj u s d ks e t c wj g ksa\ o s l H; l e kt d s l H; u kx f j d d s c r kSj t ho u f c r ku s
d k g d u g haj [ kr sg Sa\ l ke kf t d t ho u d ksx / ky k d j u sd h r c ; k b t kt r
D ; ksa o f d l d s d g u s i j f e y h g S\ b l d h r g e sa t ku k p kf g , r kf d b l
f [ ky o kM + d ks l e ; j g r s j ksd k t k l d s-
[ kki d ksb Zr kt k i f j ? kV u k r ksg Su g ha] f t l d sv o x q. kksad k b Y g ke v c
N g n ' kd d h v kt kn h d sc kn v p ku d Q wV i M +k g S- l af o / kku d ksc u sHkh N g
n ' kd c hr x , v kSj f g an wf o o kg v f / kf u ; e c u s Hkh i kap n ' kd l s i j d k
l e ; c hr x ; k g S- l x ks= f o o kg d h b l d ku wu e sa u e u kg h g S] u b l s
x Sj & d ku wu h d g k g S- l x ks= f o o kg d ks l ke kf t d e kU; r k u g ha g S v kSj
l ke kf t d e kU; r k d s f c u k f o o kg d k d qN v F kZ u g ha g S- d ksb Z v n ky r ; k
e af n j b l l ke kf t d e kU; r k n su sd k u r ksv f / kd kj h g S] u m l s, sl k v f / kd kj
f e y u k g h p kf g , - f o o kg d h e kU; r k d s f c u k ; kSu l Ec a/ k d ks l e kt
O; f Hkp kj g h e ku r k g S- ; g d ku wu v l y e sa v kc kn h d s , d c M +s r c d s d ks
v i j k/ kh ? kksf " kr d j r k g Sf t l d k m l s v f / kd kj u g ha g S- v kt kn h d s d qN g h
l ky c kn o " kZ 1 9 5 6 e s , sl s c sg wn k d ku wu d ks c u ku s d h D ; k g M c M kg V F kh
f t l s l e kt u s d Hkh d c wy u g ha f d ; k\ l c i j , d g h d l kSV h y kn u s o
g kad u s d k e d l n D ; k g S\ D ; k f o f o / kr k d s l I r j ax ksa l s l j kc ksj Hkkj r d ks
, d y j ax e sa j ax u s o b l f o f o / kr k d ks l e kI r d j u s d k ; g p kaUr Fkk\
[ kki d s l o ky i j f t l t kV d c hy s d ks m i g kl d k f o " k; c u k; k
x ; k o g d c hy k u f g an w g S] u e ql y e ku - o g f d l ku g S- ; g c kr f d l h
v U; u s u g ha l j N ksV wj ke u s , d l e ; d g h Fkh t c o s e qf L y e y hx l s
t w> j g s Fks- v c m l s e wr hZ i wt d j ksM j ksy j d s u hap s i hl u s d k i z; kl f d l
e r y c d s f y , g ks j g k g S-\ D ; k ; g b l d c hy s i j v k; Z l e kt d s v l j
d ks l e kI r d j u s d h ; kst u k F kh\ t kV d c hy k g h u g ha] f l [ k] t Su ] c kS)
v kSj i wj k ' kwn z r c d k f g an qo kn d h m l i f j Hkk" kk d ks L o hd kj u g ha d j r s g Sa]
f t l d h y kB h l s g kad u s d k ; g i z; kl g qv k g S- d Hkh b Zl kb ; ksa i j r y o kj
Hkkat h t kr h g S] d Hkh f l [ kksa o v kf n o kf l ; ksa i j r ks v c t kV l e qn k; d ks
f u ' kku k l EHko r % v d kj . k u g ha c u k; k x ; k g S- L i " V r % ; g d qf Rl r i z; kl
, d f o L r `r ; kst u k d k f g L l k y x r k g S- b l d s [ kr j s d ks l g h l g h
v kad u k g ksx k] v U; F kk v kx s p y d j c p ko v R; Ur d f B u g ks t k, x k-
r
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
44 43
5
||>r ;
[ k k i i z. kky h i j v k{ ksi ksa d h c sc kd e he kal k g ksu h p kf g , - b l d s f y ,
f L F kf r l e > y su h g ksx h- f L F kf r d k i g y k i { k g S f d v k{ ksi y x ku s o ky s
y ksx d qN c sr qd s f e F kd [ kM +k d j d s v i u k v f Hk; ku p y k j g s g Sa- d qN c kr ksa
d ks] d qN c sr qd s y kaN u ksa d ks ; s y ksx l p e ku d j p y s g Sa] m u i j e he kal k
l s c p d j c kr g ks j g h g S] l g wf y ; r d s v u ql kj v k; s f n u r d Z c n y j g s
g Sa- c g l d k ; g c sr qd k v k/ kkj g S- L i " V y x r k g Sf d b u d k , d [ kkl o
l / kk& l / kk; k e d l n g S- b l s L i " V d g u g ha j g s g S- y qd kf N i h d k [ ksy g S-
b l f y , e he kal k e sa F kksM +k f o L r kj d h v ko ' ; d r k g S-
v k{ ksi y x ku s o ky ksa e sa v u sd j ax d s y ksx g Sa- d qN d f Fkr i zx f r ' khy
g Sa t ks b l i z. kky h d h c kr m B r s g h y ky i hy s g ks t kr s g S v kSj f o i { k e sa
[ kM +s g j sd d ks c kc k v kn e d s t e ku s d k e ksg i ky u s o ky k c r k d j y r kM +
j g s g ksr s g aS- ; s e g ku qHkko [ kki d ks l ke ar h d g d j i zx f r e sa j ksM +k c r kr s g Sa-
b u d s f y , i zx f r d k v F kZ i wat ' kkg h d ks e t c wr d j u k g S-- b u e sa v f / kd r j
d E; qf u L V n y ksa d s y ksx g Sa ; k f g e k; r h v [ kc kj o ky s v F ko k o s c f ) t ho h
g Sa f t Ug s g j l o ky d ks i f ' p e h n qf u ; ka d s m | ksx & O; ki kj d h t ho u ' kSy h
e sa i zx f r r y k' ku s d h v kn r g S- b l d s p y r s n s' k d h v i u h e kV h e sa > kad u s
l s b Ug sa l [ r i j g st g Sv kSj m / kkj d h l ksp i j b r j kr s o i y r s v k j g s g Sa-
o ke i af Fk; ksa e sa v kx s j g u s o ky s d E; qf u L V n y ksa d s y ksx g Sa f t Ug sa , d
l e ; v ke v kn e h d s g d d k n y e ku k t kr k F kk- j kt l kk d s l o ky i j
b u d h l e > d k f n o kf y ; k f u d y p qd k g S- , d l e ; ^ kaf r * d s c kn j kt
l kk d ks l e kt o kn h f o d kl d h b u d h d qat h v c l j e k; sn kj h f u t ke d h
l kk d s e ksg e sa i y V p qd h g S- l kk d s v Fkkg e ksg e sa Q al d j e kSd ki j L r h
d s p y r ss Hkkj r d s v o ke l s ; s y ksx v c c qj h r j g d V d j j g x , g Sa- p qu ko
e sa i wat h d s f o # ) v kx m x y u s o ky ksa d ks d sUn z e sa l j e k; sn kj h f o d kl d h
o d ky r d j r s n s[ k d j t u r k d k b u l s e ksg V wV d s d x kj i j i g qap k [ kM +k
g S- b u d h j kt u hf r d k ; g , d i { k g S- = kl n h m u d k g j r j g d h n s' kt l ksp
l s i j g st g S- t M +l ksp d s f ' kd kj g Sa- r d Zg Sf d Hkkj r e sa v c i wat h' kkg h d h
t M +e t c wr d j u s d k o D r g S- b l d s f y , o s c sl kal d ke d j j g s g Sa- b l h d s
v u ql kj u kj s x < + j g s g sa- ? kj & i f j o kj o l e kt d h c qu x r l s b Ug sa l he kg hu
, y t hZg S- x zke h. k Hkkj r e sab Ug sal M ka/ k m B r h y x r h g S- ; U= o r f o p kj b u d h
v kn r e sa g S- b f r g kl d h ; g f o M Ec u k g S- [ kki ' kCn l s ; s f c n d r s g Sa- f d Ur q
o Sp kf j d o O; ko g kf j d } a} d h i hM +k b Ug sa M qc k n su s d s L r j i j t k i g qap h g S-
o ke i aF k d s v / kd p j s i Sj ksd kj ; s y ksx t c [ kki i z. kky h d ks d ku wu o
l af o / kku d si Se ku si j r ksy j g sg ksr sg Sar ksF kksM +k v p EHkk g ksr k g S- b u e g k' k; ksa
d k v n ky r ksao i z' kkl f u d < kap si j U; k; d sf y , b r u k x g j k f o ' o kl n s[ kr s
c u r k g S- v F kZg qv k f d b u d h f u x kg e sa Hkkj r d k l af o / kku ] d ku wu ] v n ky r
o i z' kkl f u d < kap k v kn ' kZ g S] g ky kaf d v u qHko d s v k/ kkj i j v ke v kn e h
d k b u l s f o ' o kl Hkax g qv k [ kM +k g S- ; s e g k' k; b u j kt l aL F kkv ksa d h U; k;
f i z; r k i j ; d hu d j d s [ kki ksa d ks x Sj d ku wu h B g j ku s i j i l hu k c g k j g s
g Sa! y x r k g S b u d h l e > d k f n o ky k g h f i V p qd k g S- y ksx ksa d h ' kf D r
i j v f o ' o kl o l j d kj h v n kj ksa i j f o ' o kl l s b u d h o Sp kf j d c sp kj x h
V i d r h g Sv kSj t u r k g St ks p kj d n e v kx s f u d y d j v kt b u v n kj ksa
l s l ke kU; r f o j D r g qb Z [ kM +h g S-
; sy ksx Hkwy su g hag ksax sf d m u d sx q# y sf u u u sc qt qZo k v n ky r ksad h U; k;
f i z; r k d ks[ kks[ ky k l kf c r d j b u d h t x g t u r k d h p qu h g qb Zv n ky r ksai j
i z; ksx f d ; k F kk] y sf u u d h n y hy x y r Hkh u g ha F kh- o r Ze ku Hkkj r d ks
c qt Zqo k& l ke ar h n s' k c r k d j kaf r d s u kj s d k / ka/ kk d j u s o ky s ; s e g ku qHkko
b l c qt Zqo k l af o / kku o d ku wu d kst u f g r S" kh d c v kSj D ; ksac r ku sy x sg Sa] u g ha
i r k- , d c kr l kQ g Sf d ; sy ksx ; k r ksl e kt i f j o r Zu d h [ kkf r j b ad y kc
d s u kj s d k e k= / ka/ kk d j u ss y x s g Sa ; k i wat h' kkg h d s f u i V i Sj ksd kj c u p qd s
g Sa- } a} o kn h r d Zn ksu ksa d s c hp b l l he k r d e sy r y k' k u g ha d j l d r k g S
f t l d k ; g [ kqy k O; ki kj p y j g k g S- t ks g ks] b u d f F kr o ke i af F k; ksa d h
r kt k v kL Fkk i j c f y g kj h g ksu s d k e u d j r k g S- f d Ur q] i y V h e kj u s d h
b l e g kj r i j b Ug sa c / kkb Z r ks g j f x t n h u g ha t k l d r h g S- f p ar k m u
y ksx ksa d s Hkf o " ; i j g S t ks b u n y ksa e sa v V d s i M +s g Sa-
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
46 45
e kD l Zo kn h d E; qf u L V i kV hZd sj k" V h; o g j ; k. kk L r j d su sr k t c ^i zse h
; qx y ksa* d h f g e k; r e sa[ kki i z. kky h i j d ku wu u i kc an h y x ku s d h c kr d j r s
g Sar ks ; s L o ; ag h t u r k d h g d n kj h d s f o # ) [ kM +s g ks t kr s g Sav kSj ; kSu kp kj
d h f o f r r Fkk b l sc kt kj d k e ky c u ku se sad a/ kk y x kr sg ksr sg Sa! b l l sL o ; a
u kj h v L e r d y af d r g ksr h g Sf t l s ; g u kj k c kt kj e sa c n y u s i j m r k: g S-
; g t u r k d k u Sl f x Zd g d g S f d o s v i u h f u t h i kf j o kf j d f t an x h d s
i g y qv ksas d ks L o ; ar ; d j sa- f d l h l j d kj d ks m u d s f u t h t ho u e sa; g kar d
n [ ky n su s d k v f / kd kj u g ha g S] u ; kSu d ks c kt kj e sa [ kj n & c sp d k / ka/ kk
c u ku s l s u kj h e qf D r d k d kf Q y k v kx s t k l d r k g S- l ksf o ; r l a? k e sa g q,
n ksu ksa r j g d s i ki d k d qQ y l e kt o kn h v kUn ksy u Hkqx r p qd k g S-
d so y O; L d e k= g ksu s i j ; kSu O; f Hkp kj d ks I ; kj d g n su s l s b l d s
l ke kf t d d qQ y i j ; f n d E; qf u L V f o p kj u g had j sax s r ks d kSu d j sx k] c ' kr sZ
o s v l y e sa d E; qf u L V l ksp j [ kr s g Sa\ f l ) kUr ksa d h r ksr kj V ar d s t f j ; s
b f r g kl e sad ksb Zd Hkh d E; qf u L V c u r su g han s[ kk x ; k g S- m Ee hn Fkh f d 1 9 9 1
e sa d f Fkr l e kt o kn h [ kse s d s f x j u s i j ; s y ksx v kRe f o ' y s" k. k d j sax s] f d Ur q
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o `Un k d j kr t Sl sd E; qf u L V ksad h f o M Ec u k n sf [ k, %o r Ze ku ^^' kks" k. ke wy d
o l M +p qd h O; o L F kk** d s f o # ) v ke v kn e h d s g d d h t ks c kr d j sa m u l s
; g m Ee hn g Sf d o s Hkkj r d h ; qo k i h< h d ks Hkx r f l ag & p Un z' ks[ kj v kt kn ]
m n e h j ke c u u s d h u l hg r n sax s] m Ug sa U; k; c ks/ k o m Pp l aL f r l s f ' kf { kr
d j d s t u r k d s f g r ksai j d qc kZu g ksu s d s f y , r S; kj d j sax s- o g h y ksx t c b l
n s' k d s u kSt o ku ksa d ks p y r s j kg l hV h c t ku s o ky s ^i zse h t ksM +s* d k x kSj o i ku s
g sr q O; f D r L o r U= r k d s i Sx Ec j c u t k, a r ks b ad y kc d s i zf r m u d h f u " B k
i j i qu %f o p kj d h f L F kf r [ kM +h g ks t kr h g S- b l d k v F kZg qv k f d o `Un k d j kr
d h f u x kg e sa v kt d s Hkkj r d h l e L ; k u c < r h c sj kst x kj h d h g S] u ; g ka
v U; k; O; kI r g S v kSj u ' kks" k. k l s y M +u s d k , t s. M k c p k g S f t l d s f y ,
u kSt o ku ksa d ks y y d kj k t k, ( v kt r ks i zse d h i hax s c < ku s d k ; qx v o r f j r
g ksp qd k g S! ? kj & i f j o kj d s^f i r `l kkRe d * c a/ ku ksal sb u d h u Q j r v kSj j ksV h
d s p an V qd M +ksa d s f y , d kj [ kku sn kj v F ko k O; ki kj h d h x qy ke h d ks v kt kn h
d k r j ku k c r ku s o ky ksa l s i wN k t k l d r k g Sf d L o r U= r k u ke d t ho d ks
o s f d l o kn e sa < ky u s i j i l hu k c g k j g s g Sa\ ? kksj , o a f u " V O; f D r o kn d s
i { k e sa [ kM +s ; s d f Fkr d E; qf u L V n y f d l Hkkj r d h c kr d j r s g Sa\ c r ku k
p kf g , f d m u d h j kt u hf r d k o Sp kf j d v k/ kkj l e wg o kn i j f V d k g qv k g S
; k O; f D r o kn d s o s i Sx Ec j c u p qd s g Sa-
; f n l e kt o kn h f p ar u e k= / ka/ kk u g ks r ks O; f D r o kn o l e kt o kn h
f p ar u d sQ d Zd ks? kky e sy d j u sl sb Ug sc p u k p kf g , Fkk- v f L r Ro o kn h l ksp
p j e O; f D r o kn d h v f HkO; f D r g S f t l i j l k= s l s l g kj k y sd j ; kSu
L o r U= r k d k f p ar u [ kM +k g S- b l d h o d ky r d j d s ; s v / kd p j s d E; qf u L V
[ kki d s f o # ) o ; kSu f o f r d s g d e sa [ kM +s u t j v kr s g Sa- b Ug sa l e kt
d Sl s v ax hd kj d j sx k v kSj D ; ksa d j sx k\ - ; f n ; s u sr k O; f D r o kn i j f V d s
; kSu n ' kZu l s l kal y su s o ky s b l l o ky i j u t f j ; s d ks u g ha c n y r s] f t l
d h m Ee hn b u l s d e g h c p h g S] r c ' u g S f d m u d s Hkko h l e kt o kn h
l e kt d s , sl s HkkS. M s o y Q ax s f p = d ks d kSu d c wy d j sx k! m u d h ; f n
; g h i zx f r ' khy r k g S r ks b l l s r kSc k d j u k g h c sg r j f o d Y i g S-
l e kt e sa ; kSu f o f r v kSj [ kki d s l o ky ksa i j b u d f F kr o ke i af F k; ksa
v kSj [ kkl d j e kD l Zo kn h d E; qf u L V i kV hZ d h g j d r ksa l s t ks / o f u m Hkj r h
g S m l l s , d l o ky [ kM +k g ksr k g S f d kaf r d s c kn d s Hkkj r d ks ; s
e g ku qHkko f d l r j g d k Hkkj r c u k, ax s- m l l s v ke t u d k i j g st g h
m Hkj sx k- l sB ksa v kSj y Q ax ksa d s f l o k , sl k Hkkj r f d l d ks Hkk, x k\ d g u s d k
e u g S f d v c r d Hkkj r d ks ; s y ksx v i u s f d L e d h kaf r l s e ky ke ky
d j u s e sa v l Q y j g s g Sa r ks b l l s Hkkj r d k d g ha u d g ha Hky k g h g qv k g S-
[ kki f o j ks/ kh f x j ksg + e san wl j s o s y ksx g Sa f t Ug sa o r Ze ku i zf r f u f / kr U= d s
< g t ku s d k M j l r k j g k g S] y sf d u l h/ ks& l h/ ks ; g c kr L o hd kj d j u s d h
f g Ee r m u e sau g hag Sf d d g han ke u i j l sf B ; k n y ky g ksu s d k v kj ksi u y x
t k, b l e kSt wn k i z. kky h e sa b u d k v i u k f u t h L o kF kZ Hkh i y r k g S-
f c zx sM e sar hl j h r j g d sr kd r o j o se g ku qHkko g Saf t u d k f g r x zke h. k
Hkkj r d ks r c kg d j d s m u d s l al k/ ku ksa o l L r h J e & ' kf D r i j v i u k d Ct k
t e ku s d s v f Hk; ku l s c a/ kk g Sv kSj l e > r s g Sa] B hd g h l e > r s g Sa f d [ kki
i z. kky h x zke h. kksa d ks v i u h j { kk e sa] v i u h t ho u i ) f r d ks v i u h p kg d s
v u q l kj p y ku sd sg d e s at q V u sg s r qj kg n s r h g Sv kSj m Ug s av i u sf g r d h [ kkf r j
[ kM +k g ksu s d k b l e ap l s l kg l f e y r k g Sf t l d h m Ug sa l [ r t : j r g S-
p kSd M +h d s p kSF ks i g j sn kj o s y ksx g Sa f t Ug sa n sg kr l s u Q j r g Sv kSj g j
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ 48 47
n sg kr h i { k e sa o s l M ka/ k l wa? kr s g Sa- n sg kf r ; ksa d ks u Q j r g h u g ha d j r s] f u i V
x o kaj e ku d j b u e saf d l h r j g d h l e > l s b ad kj d j r s g Sao n sg kr d ks n s' k
d s e kFks i j d y ad e ku d j p y r s g Sa- o s Hkkj r d ks v i u s r d n s[ kr s g Sa v kSj
p kg r sg Saf d n wl j sl c ; g kal sn Q k g kst k, a- m u d st hu sd sg d d kse k= m Pp
o x Z d h l so k d j u s r d l hf e r d j d s n s[ kr s g ksr as g Sa
d qy f e y k d j r y o kj Hkkat u s o ky s ; s l c y ksx n s' k d h t u l a[ ; k
d k e q hHkj v a' k g Sa- y sf d u g Sa c M +s ' kkf r j o l k/ ku l Ei Uu - b u d s v [ kc kj
N i r s g Sa] V sy hf o t u j kr & f n u HkkSad r s g Sa- l al n e sa b u d s u qe kb an s t ks ; s
d g r s g Sa n g kM r s g Sa- t ks p kg r s g Sa d j x qt j r s g Sa- t u r k d h v ko kt d s
c g ku s d g r s g Sa] e kSt wn k t u r U= d h ; g f o M Ec u k g S f d t u r k d s f o # )
t ks d qN g ks j g k g St u r k d s u ke i j g ks j g k g S- L o ; a t u r k d h N kr h d ks
N y u h Hkh t u f g r d s u ke i j f d ; k t kr k g S!
[ kki d s f o # ) ; s l c r j g d s f l i g l ky kj t ku s& v u t ku s v i u s
v i u s d kj . kksa l s v c f e y d j v f Hk; ku e sa g Sa v kSj g j r j g d k n c ko c u ku s
e sa y x s g q, g S r kf d Hkkj r m u d s l i u ksa d k n s' k c u l d s- b u d s [ kkr s e sa
x zke h. k Hkkj r d s f y , d ksb Z L F kku u g ha g S- x zke h. k Hkkj r d h t e hu ] t y ]
t ax y o [ kf u t l Ei n k d ks g h ; s Hkkj r l e > d j c kr d j r s g Sa- v kc kn h
Q ky r w g S] c sn [ ky d j u s y k; d g S- d g r s g Sa f d n sg kr h v kc kn h d s d Ct s
l s b u l al k/ ku ksa d ks f u d ky d j g h Hkkj r l ksu s d h f p f M +; k c u l d sx k!
g Sj ku g ksu s d h c kr u g ha g S] l u ~ 2 0 0 0 e sa c u h ^d sUn z l j d kj d h u ; h
f " ku hf r * ; g h d g r h g S- b l d k i g y k i Uu k b Ug ha ' kCn ksa e sa c [ kku d j r k g S!
m / kj ] x zke h. k Hkkj r / kj r h i j v i u k t hu s d k g d p kg r k g S] v i u s < ax
l s t hu k p kg r k g S- n s' k m l d k g S- f d l h u s [ kSj kr e sa m l s u g ha f n ; k g S-
v i u h e sg u r l s c u k d j ; g ka i g qap k g S- l j d kj sa m u d h i zf r f u f / k r ks g Sa
f d Ur q b Ug sa e kf y d d s r kSj i j L o hd kj u g ha f d ; k t k l d r k g S] u d j u k
m f p r g S f t l l s ; s l j d kj sa y ksx ksa d s ? kj & i f j o kj v kSj m u d s ' k; u d { k
r d t k i g qap s- v kt ; g h l c d qN d j u s d k b u d k b j kn k g S- m B s u ; s
[ kr j s d s v k; ke d k i wj k v g l kl n sg kr d ks v Hkh u g ha g S- b l f L F kf r e sa
[ kki d st f j ; sp y u so ky h m l d h t ho u ' kSy h i j r kt k g e y k g qv k g S- x EHkhj
f o p kj d j u s d h v ko ' ; d r k b l f y , Hkh g Sf d [ kki d s p kS/ kf j ; ksa e sa v f /
kd r j b l l s [ kc j n kj u g ha g Sa f d g ks D ; k j g k g S- b l hf y , b u d h v ksj l s
e kd wy t o kc u g ha c u j g k g S- d qN p ky kd y ksx i z. kky h d ks v i u s f u t h
L o kFkZe sa] v Fko k p qu ko h j kt u hf r g sr qi z; ksx d j u s Hkj d h f n y p L i h j [ kr s g S-
[ kki f o j ks/ kh v f Hk; ku d h t M + e sa n ks r j g d h l e > d ke d j l d r h
g S- , d ; g f d v kj ksi y x ku s o ky s u kl e > h o x y r Q g e h e sa c sf l j i Sj d h
g kad r s g ksa- n wl j k ; g f d l c d qN t ku r s@ l e > r s g q, f d Ug hsa i wo kZx zg l s
x zf l r g ks d j v f Hk; ku e sa t qV s g ksa- i g y h r j g d s y ksx ksa d ks l p d k i r k
p y u s i j l ar ks" k g ksr k g S v kSj o s f d l h i wo kZx zg l s e qD r g ks t k l d r s g Sa-
n wl j h r j g d s y ksx f d l h u f d l h f N i s y { ; d ks l k/ ku s i j y x s u g ksa
r ks m u d h n y hy e sa v l R; d ks N ksM +u s d h > y d f e y u h p kf g , - ; g i { k
x k; c g ks r ks c n e k' kh g h c p r h g S- , sl s y ksx ksa d ks l e kt l s v y x F ky x
d j d s g h [ kr j s d ks d e f d ; k t k l d r k g S-
, sl h f L F kf r e sa [ kki d s b f r g kl o L o : i d k v kd y u g ks r ks c kr
L i " V g kssx h- b l d s f y , i g y s l af o / kku d h c kr d j y sa r ks c sg r j g ksx k-
l af o / kku o d ku wu d h l he kj s[ kk i j
l af o / kku o d ku wu d s l o ky i j f o p kj d k , d l Un HkZ g S- p waf d
l af o / kku o d ku wu d k l ax m B k d j [ kki d s v f L r Ro d ks p qu kSr h n h x b Zg S
b l f y , m B s [ kr j s l s v kx kg d j u s g sr q i g y s b l l o ky i j FkksM +k f o L r kj
l s c kr d g y sa- v kt kn h d s c kn c u s l af o / kku e sac g qr d qN v PN k r y k' kk t k
l d r k g S] y sf d u l Hkh d qN B hd & B kd u g ha g SA; g c kr g e u g ha d g j g s g Sa]
L o ; al af o / kku f u e kZr kv ksae sal s c g qr y ksx ksau s v i u k n q[ k O; D r d j r s g q, b l
l p d ks m l l e ; d s u sr kv ksa d s l ke u s j [ kk F kk t c b l l af o / kku d k
f u e kZ. k g ks j g k F kk- u sr k y ksx Hkh b l i { k d ks u d kj u g ha i k, F ks- l hf e r
l e ; d k g o ky k n sd j o k; n k f d ; k x ; k F kk f d l af o / kku d ks d qN i F kj hy s
n L r ko st d h r j g u y sa] ; g f o d kl e ; l kf c r g ksx k-
t ku h g qb Z c kr g Sf d l af o / kku e sa v i u h l qf o / kk d s v u ql kj v c r d
v u sd i g y qv ksa i j ] t c p kg k l a' kks/ ku g ksr s j g s g Sa- y sf d u ] ; g c kr Hkh l p
g Sf d x zke h. k Hkkj r d s g d e sab l e saf t l r j g d s c n y ko d h v kl m l f n u
y x kb Zx b ZFkh m l c kj se sa; g l af o / kku c sg n d B ksj v kSj i Fkj hy k l kf c r g qv k
g S- o k; n s d s e qr kf c d u ; s Hkkj r d k l af o / kku f o d kl e ku r ks g qv k f d Ur q
t u f g r d s f o p kj l s m y V f n ' kk e sax ; k] c f Y d d qN e ke y ksae sab l d h ; k= k
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l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
50 49
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e sat ku sd h v f / kd l EHkko u k g S- b l d V qb f r g kl d ks; kn j [ ku k p kf g , v kSj
b l s ; kn d j ku s d h [ kkl t : j r b l f y , e g l wl d h t k j g h g Sf d x ks=
f o o kn ksa e sa [ kki i ap k; r ksa d s v kSf p R; i j v k, f n u x Sj & l ao S/ kkf u d o x Sj
& d ku wu h g ksu s d k v k{ ksi n ksg j k; k t k j g k g Sf t l d k d qN v kSf p R; u g ha g S-
t c v ax zst + ' kkl d ; g ka l s t ku s y x s r ks ^L o r U= * Hkkj r d s f y , , d
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l af o / kku d Sl k g ksx k b l i j l Hkk e sa i g y s n kSj d h c g l p y h- b u e sa v u sd
l n L ; , sl s F ks f t Ug sa ' kk; n i r k u g ha F kk f d b l c u u s o ky s l af o / kku d h
l he kj s[ kk i g y s g h] v ax zst +ksa d s l kF k f e y d j ] [ khap h t k p qd h F kh-
c g l e sa L o r U= r k v kUn ksy u d s n kSj ku m B s v u sd l o ky ksa d k g o ky k
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f o p kj g sr qb l l af o / kku d ks i s' k d j r s g q, f o f / ke U= h u s c M +s x o Zl s d g k f d
e q> s r ks i zl Uu r k g Sf d f o / kku d s e l f o n s e sax kao d ks c kg j Q Sad f n ; k x ; k
g Sv kSj O; f D r d ksj k" V d h e wy b d kb Ze ku k x ; k g S - l a f o / kku l Hkk o kn & f o o kn
d h l j d kj h f j i ks V Z ] i ` " B 7 7 ] i q L r d l a 3 f n Uu kad 4 -1 1 -1 9 4 8 ; kn j [ ksa% Hkkj r
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d ku wu l sl kk d sd sUh; d j . k d k i f j . kke g ksx k f d g e kj k n s k] f t l u sl n k
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4^^d y d k m u d k Hkk" k. k , d i zf r Hkk' kky h u x j f u o kl h d sl e ku Fkk
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l al kj d ks ; f n o g ' kkaf r ] l qj { kk] l q[ k o l Ei Uu r k p kg r k g S] f o d sUn hzd j . k
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f d ; s x kao x . kj kT ; ] : l d h l ksf o ; r ksa d h r j g v PN s L o kkl u d k
e kWM y c u l d r h g Sa- e Sa l ksp r k g wa f d l af o / kku e sa x kao x . kj kT ; L F kkf i r
d j u s d k ko / kku g ks-* m Ug ksau s r ks ; g ka r d d g f n ; k f d ^; g l c l qu d j
e q> s n q[ k g qv k f d f o f / k e a= h m l i z. kky h l s ? k`. kk d j r s g Sa] f t l e sa x zke ksa
d h b PN k l o ksZi f j e ku h t kr h g S- e sj s f o p kj l s g e sa m l Hkkx d k m f p r
l a' kks/ ku d j u k i M +sx k* o g h i `" B 1 1 0 ] f n Uu kad 5 -1 1 -1 9 4 8
J h V h d k ku u s 6 -1 1 -1 9 4 8 d ks c g l e s a Hkkx y s r s g q , d g k f d
4 , sl k g ky ; f n i ap k; r ksad k g qv k g Sr ks l e > u k p kf g , f d f o f
f o n s kh kkl d ksa } kj k b l n s k d ks i f Y y r d j u s d s d kj . k ; s b l n kk e sa
i g qap h g Sa- b l d s c ko t wn ; s f t Un k j g l d -
J h l kj ax / kj n kl u s d g k f d
4 e q> s ; g kav o ; d g u k g Sf d g e kj s L d wy o d kf y t ksae sai f p e h f k{ kk
Q Sy u s l s g e x kao l s u kr k r ksM c +SB s g Sa-
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
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p kS/ kj h j . kc hj f l ag u s 0 6 - 1 1 - 1 9 4 8 d ks d g k f d
4 e Sa , d n sg kr h g wa- f d l ku d s ? kj i y k g wa v kSj i j o f j ' k i k; k g wa-
d qn j r h r kSj i j m l d k l aL d kj e sj s m i j g Sv kSj m l d k e ksg ] m l d h
l kj h l e L ; k; sa v kt e sj s f n e kx e sa g Sa- -----e Sa l ksp r k g wa f d n s k d s
f u e kZ. k e sa x kao ksa d ks m u d k o kf t c f g L l k f e y u k p kf g , v kSj x kao ksa
d k ko g j { ks= e sa j g u k p kf g , -
l af o / kku d sv f Ur e i kB i j c g l d sl e ; 1 7 1 1 1 9 4 9 d ksd s g u qe UF kS; k
u s d g k f d
4 t u kc v z/ ; { k t h] r hu l ky g ksu s d ks g Sa t c g e u s b l d ke d s f y ,
v i u h i g y h c SB d d h F kh- v c ; g d ke i wj k g ksu s d ks g S- v kt
l af o / kku d h i wj h r L o hj kI r g ksu s i j ] e Sa r ks b l l af o / kku d k L o kx r
d j u s v kSj i wj h r j g b l d k x q. kx ku d j u s d s f y , v i u k e u u g c u k
i k j g k g wa- ; g d qN b l r j g g Sf d g e u s e kax k r ks o h. kk ; k f l r kj
n s k d k l ax hr Fkk] y sf d u f n ; k x ; k g Sv ax zst d s l ax hr d k c SaM -+; g
b l f y , g qv k D ; ksasf d g e kj s l af o / kku c u ku s o ky s b l h r j g i < s g Sa- e Sa
m Ug sa n ks k u g n sr k] c f Y d e Sa m u y ksx ksa d ks n ks k n wax k ; k g e e sa l s
m Ug sa f t Ug ksau s b u y ksx ksa d ks , sl k d ke l kSai k Fkk- f t u y ksx ksa d s g kFk
e sa ; g ka l af o / kku c u ku s d k d ke F kk m Ug ksau s kUr ksa d s y ksx ksa d ks g h
d qN kad k d h f u x kg l s u g n s[ kk g S] c f Y d m Ug sa f o k; i j Hkh
kad k j g h g S- f t Ug sa ; s l EHko r % y ksx ksa d k n qO; Zo g kj e ku r s g Sa m u d h
j ksd F kke d s f y , b Ug ksau s b l l af o / kku e sa v ku s o ky h i hf < ; ksa r d l c
r j g d s ko / kku j [ ksg Sa- x ks] g e kj sl af o / kku c u ku so ky ksau sf o d sU hd j . k
d k e kx Z u g v i u k; k g S] f d Ur q] e q> s Hkkj r d s y ksx ksa e sa Hkj ksl k g S-
2 2 1 1 1 9 4 8 d ks l sB x ksf c Un n kl u s d g k f d
4 L kn u e sa M k V i s k d j r s g q, M k v Ec sn d j u s x kao ksa d s l Ec U/ k e sa t ks
d qN d g k m l l s e q> s v kSj e Sa l e > r k g wa b l l n u d h c g qr Hkkj h
l a[ ; k d ks n n Z g qv k g S
J h M k i h , l n s ke q[ k u s 2 2 -1 1 -1 9 4 9 d ks c ks y r s g q , d g k f d
4 e Sa l af o / kku d ks , d n wl j s f c Un q i j Hkh n ks ki w. kZ i kr k g wa- ; g l al n h;
t u r U= e wy r % ; Fkk& f L Fkf r d ks c u k d j j [ ku s d s f y , g S- ; g
o r Ze ku g ky kr e sa e wy Hkwr i f j o r Zu d s f y , u g g S- ; f n g e i hN s e qM
d j n s[ ksa r ks i k; sax s f d g e y ksx ksa d h v kd ka{ kkv ksa i j [ kj s u g m r j s
g S- ; g d g u s e sa v f r u g g Sf d ] f d r u k Hkh v x ksp j D ; ksa u g ks] , d
v ksj l j d kj v kSj n wl j h r j Q t u r k d s c hp , d } U} m Hkj j g k g S-
y ksx l ksp u s y x s g Sa f d ; g kkl u m u d k u g g S- e q> s l Un sg g Sf d
; g l af o / kku o r Ze ku ; qx d h t : j r ksa d ks i wj k d j sx k ; k Hkkj r h;
y ksx ksa d h f r Hkk d ks l Ur q V d j sx k-
J h c h i h > qu > qUo ky k u s d g k f d
4 ; g x kao x . kj kT ; u g F ks f t Ug ksau s n s k d h y qf V ; k M qc ks; h F kh] c f Y d
c kr b l d s m y V g S- f c zf V k j kt e sa ; g d sU Fkk f t l u s x kao d ks
c c kZn f d ; k t ks n s k d h v kc kn h d k 9 0 f r kr f g L l k g Sv kSj f t l u s
n s k d ks f Hk[ ke ax k c u k f n ; k-
J h d e y ki f r f r o kj h u s d g k f d
4 u g j sd t ku r k g Sf d d sU d s g kFk e sa o kL r f o d l kk e k= l Sf u d
kf d s g ksu s l s g S v kSj l Sf u d kf d s t e ko M s d k v FkZ t u r k d s
v f / kd kj ksa d k i wj h r j g f o u k k g S- ; g , sf r g kf l d l Pp kb Z g S- g e kj k
l af o / kku b l [ kr j s d ks i s k d j r k g S- g e sa c r k; k t k j g k g S f d ; g
t u r k d k l af o / kku g Se Sa u e zr k l s d g r k g wa f d e q> s y x r k g Sf d ; g
l ke kU; t u d k l af o / kku r ks l c l s d e g S-
J h e g ko hj R; kx h u s a 2 5 1 1 1 9 4 9 d ks d g k f d
4 , d c kr g S f t l d k e q> s c M k M j y x j g k g S] v kSj ; g g S f d b l
l af o / kku d h , d o f r , sl h t e kr i Sn k d j u s d h g S & , sl h t e kr
f t l s t u r U= u s g j t x g i Sn k f d ; k g S& o g g Si s kso j j kt u hf r K ksa
d h- l Hkh t u r U= ksa d ks i s kso j j kt u hf r K p y k j g s g Sa v kSj e q> s M j g S
f d m u d h v l Q y r k d k ; g h e q[ ; d kj . k g SD ; ksaf d ; s y ksx t u r U=
i j i y u sy x r sg Sa- ; g m u d sf y , i s kk c u t kr k g S] ^j kt d y k* m u d h
t hf o d k c u t kr h g S- ; g t u r U= d k v f Hk kki g Sv kSj e Sa ko h i hf < ; ksa
d ks b l l s l p sr d j u k p kg r k g wa- b l d k b r u k [ kr j k g Sv r %e Sap kg r k
g wa f d v ku s o ky h i hf < ; ka , sl s y ksx ksa d s g kFk e sa u [ ksy sa t ks ^i s kso j
j kt u hf r K * g Sa- x kao o ky ksa d h n `f V l s f p = u hj l v kSj c sd kj g S- x kao
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
54
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o kl h d ks ; d hu f n y ku s d s f y , e Sa d ksb Zn y hy u g n s l d wax k f d 2 6
t u o j h 1 9 5 0 l af o / kku y kx wg ksu s d h r kj h[ k l s m l d h g ky r c sg r j
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l Ec f U/ kr m ) j . k v a k v ax zst h+ l s L o N Un v u qo kn
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f d ; g l af o / kku d ksb Z c kb c y u g ha f d c n y sx k u g ha] g ky kaf d c kn e sa b Ug ha
u sr kv ksa u s l af o / kku d s c kb c y h p f j = d ks m Hkkj u s d k v f Hk; ku Hkh p y k; k
f t l d k f t z d j d s ? kj & i f j o kj o m u d s v ki l h Hkkb Zp kj s d h [ kki O; o L F kk
d s e qd kc y s e sa i f j o kj ksa d s ; qo d & ; qo f r ; ksa d ks [ kM +k d j u s d s o kL r s ^O; f D r
L o r U= r k* d k i kB i < ku s e sa l af o / kku d k g o ky k b l r j g f n ; k t k j g k g S
t Sl s ; g i f j o kj r ksM +d l af o / kku d ksb Z / ke Z& i qL r d g ks!
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; g c kr j s[ kkaf d r d j u k l e hp hu g ksx k f d L o ; a f o f / k& f o K ku d s
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g Sv kSj l Sy kf u ; ksa d ks l g u u g ha g S] m u d s f y , D ; k g e sas ; g n s' k N ksM + n su k
p kf g , ; k l Sy kf u ; ksa d ks d g sa f d o s , sl s n s' k D ; ksa v ku k p kg r s g S f t u d h
l M +d ksa i j l i sj s o f Hk[ ke ax s ? kwe r s g Sa\ t ks b l d s f y , g e sa u Q j r d j r s g Sa
o s ; g ka D ; ksa v k, a\ u g ha] ' kku ; ku h v kWu j d Hkh > wB h u g ha g ksr h] ; g ; kn
j g s- g j n s' k d h r j g g j v kn e h v i u h ' kku d s Hkko e sa t hr k o e j r k g S-
t ks b l s > wB k d g r k@ e ku r k g S o g u Q j r d k g d n kj g S-
e a= ht h d ks b l i j ' ke Z u g ha g Sf d 6 3 l ky d h v kt kn h d s c kn Hkh
j kt / kku h d h l M +d ksa i j Hkh[ k e kax u s d h e t c wj h m u d s ' kkl u e sa c u h g qb Z
g S- o s f n Y y h d h l M +d ksa l s f Hk[ ke ax ksa d ks e k= b l f y , g V k j g s g Sa r kf d
i f ' p e h l Sy kf u ; ksa d ks ; g ka V g y u k c qj k u y x s- b l l s i g y s f n Y y h g kb Z
d ksV Zl e y Saf x d ; kSu d ks t k; t B g j k p qd h g Sv kSj l qi zhe d ksV Zu s f o o kg l s
i g y s ; kSu l Ec a/ k c u ku s d ks d ku wu h e kU; r k n h g S- ; g l c i f ' p e l s v ku s
o ky s l Sy kf u ; ksa d h v ko Hkx r l s v j c ksa [ kp Z d j d s [ kj c ksa # i ; s d e ku s d h
m Ee hn y sd j f d ; k t k j g k m | e g S- L i " V g Sf d b l [ ksy & r e k' ksd h r S; kj h
d s v o l j d ks Hkh ; g ka d h i wj h r g t hc d ks g h i y V u s o ky s r st j r kj
v f Hk; ku e sa c n y f y ; k x ; k g Sr kf d f o j ks/ k d e l s d e g ks- b l h i `" B Hkwf e
e sa] [ kki ksa d ks t kf g y i zF kk l kf c r d j u s d k b r u k r ho zx ke h v f Hk; ku f N M +k
g St ks i g y s d Hkh u g ha p y k- D ; k ; g e k= l a; ksx & n q; ksZx g S- ; k f Q j F kksd
e sa p y j g s m l v e j hd hd j . k v f Hk; ku d k f g L l k g Sf t l s f u i V i wat h' kkg h
d sf g r e san ksn ' kd l s; g ka; kst u kc ) r j hd sl sp y k; k t k j g k g S- b l r j g
d h u d y d k u x kM +k c t r k n s[ k& l qu d j g Sj ku h g ksr h g Sf d f d / kj g kad k
t k j g k g Sv kSj D ; ksa- v i u h l ke kf t d c qu x r d s x q. k& n ks" k d ks i g y s l e >
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @58 57
d j ; f n v e j hd k ; k f d l h n wl j s l s m / kkj d k f u . kZ; g ksr k f d y su k m f p r
g S; k u g har ksc kr l e > e sav kr h- ; g u d j d sn s' k d ksv e j hd hd j . k d h v a/
kh x y h e sa / kd sy d j c r k; k t k t k j g k g Sf d g e t kf g y g Sa! v ax zst ksa u s Hkh
c r k; k F kk f d Hkkj r h; t kf g y g Sa- n s' ko kf l ; ksa u s b l s u g ha e ku k F kk-
[ kki i z. kky h d k L o : i
Hkkj r e sa [ kki O; o L F kk , d f n u i f j o kj v kSj x kao d s l g d kj h L o Hkko
d s p y r s d `f " kd e Z l s m Hkj h F kha- b u d k L o : i l u kr u h o . kZ O; o L F kk d s
v i u s& i j k; s o ap & u hap d ks u d kj d j Hkkb Zp kj s i j v k d j f V d k Fkk]
t ks o . kZ& O; o L F kk d k u d kj g S- v i u s b l l kf o d p f j = e sa ; g O; o L F kk
x Sj & c z f . kd x B u g SA- y Ec s l a? k" kZ d s c kn ; g ka b l i z. kky h d k o p ZL o
c u k F kk- [ kwu Hkh c g k- [ kki i zF kk d ks f e V k d j i j kf t r i qj ku s l u kr u h
< kap s d ks y kn u s d k f Q j l s i z; kl g ks j g k g S! m kj Hkkj r e sa y Ec s l e ;
l s b l d s f V d s j g u s d k Hkh B ksl d kj . k c z . kh l H; r k l s f u j Ur j b l d k
l a? k" kZ c u k- b l f y , v c e u l s o . kZ O; o L F kk d s l c i qt kj h t ku s& v u t ku s
[ kki d h l ke kf t d O; o L F kk d s f o j ks/ kh g SaA- m Ug sab l d k ; g x Sj & l kEi zn kf ; d
p f j = Q wV h v ka[ k u g ha l qg kr k g SA- m Y V k] b l s t kr h; x B u d g d j c n u ke
d j u s d h e a' kk c kj & c kj m N y d j l ke u s v k t kr h g S!
[ kki i z. kky h d s y Ec s l e ; r d c u s j g u s d k e wy d kj . k Hkkj r e sa
i u i h l e kt O; o L F kk d h v i u h n s' kt l e > F kh f t l e sa f " kd e Z d s l kF k
, d v U; l so d d ks [ kM +k d j u s d h t : j r F kh t ks t ax y h t ku o j ksa l s
[ ksr h o c L r h@ x kao d h l qj { kk] c kg j h d c hy ksa l s c p ko ] n q" V ksa d ks l t k
n su s d k d ke d j r k- b l d s c n y s m l s m i t d k N B k f g L l k f e y r k- b l s
j kt U; i n l s t ku k x ; k t ks i f ' p e d s j kt k l s v y x F kk- f d l h d ks n q" V
d j kj n su s d k d ke [ kki d k F kk- e k= l t k n su k j kt U; d ks l kSai k- f t Ee sn kj h
t ks u f u Hkkr k m l s g V k f n ; k t kr k- m l d h t x g c sg r j d ks p qu k t kr k-
d f c y kb Z; qx l sf u d y d j d kf Q y k v kx sc < k- v u qHko v kSj i f j l aL d j . k
l s f u d y h i j Ei j kv ksa d ks y sd j g e kj k l ke kf t d r ku kc ku k c u k v kSj v kx s
c < r k p y k x ; k- f d Ur q c qu x r d s d qN sd v k/ kkj Hkwr e wY ; ksa d ks c j d j kj j [ kk
g S- b l d ke e sa [ kki i z. kky h b l d h N r j h c u h- j kt k n wl j s f d l h j kt k l s
f HkM +s r ks x kao u s b l l s d e g h l j ksd kj j [ kk- t ks t hr t kr k d kf c y e ku d j
m l sj kt U; d k e wy d ke l kSai k v kSj m i t e saN B sHkkx d k g d n kj e ku k t kr k-
f x u s p qu s d ke l s v f / kd n [ ky d k m l d k v f / kd kj u g ha F kk- b l d k o . kZu
e SV d kWQ u s v i u s l aL e j . k e sa f d ; k g S- l af o / kku l Hkk e sa e SV d kWQ d k m Y y s[ k
d j r s g q, x kao d ks y kaf N r f d ; k x ; k f d ; g ka d s x kao v i u s e sa e L r j g u s o
c kg j h g e y ko j ksad si zf r f u f Zy ZI r j g u sd sv kn h g SAr ksb l d k d M +k f o j ks/ k g qv k!
i f ' p e h f ' k{ kk l s y Sl y kaN u y x ku s o ky s y ksx Hkkj r d s l e kt d h b l [ kwc h
d k v kad y u d j u s e sa p wd x , f d ; g ka j kt k d ks d Hkh e kf y d d s c r kSj
L o hd kj g h u g ha f d ; k x ; k g S- ; g L o k; r r k d h / ku h v kc kn h g S- ; g ka
j kt k& j t o kM +s v k, v kSj p y s x , ] f d Ur q x kao l e kt u s v i u s b u e wY ; ksa d ks
l at ksd j j [ kk- b u e sai f j o kj o x kao d h L o ' kkl h O; o L F kk ; ku h L o k; r r k , d
g S- b ZL V b af M ; k d Ei u h o c kn e sav ax zst ' kkl d ksau sb l s[ kks[ ky k v o ' ; f d ; k]
r ksM +u g hai k, - v kf n o kl h { ks= r ks ; g kar d d Hkh u g ha> qd s- b l d h j { kk e sag h
o r Ze ku l af o / kku e sa i kap o ha l wf p t qM +h t ks v kt Hkh d k; e g S-
; g h d kj . k g Sf d t c v kWu j f d f y azx d sc g ku s[ kki i j g e y k r st g qv k
r ksn sg kr l sr hc zf o j ks/ k m B k] f t l sv [ kc kj h t x r u st kV d E; qf u V h d sx : j
d h l aK k n h v kSj j kt u sr kv ksa d ks o ksV d h [ kkf r j p qi j g u s d k n sk" kh c r k; k]
g ky kaf d ] y kaN u y x ku s o ky s ; g h y ksx g Sa t ks o ksV i k d j t hr u s o ky ksa d k
L r qf r x ku d j u s e sa l c l s v kx s g ksr s g Sa! ; g b u d s p f j = d k n ksg j ki u g S-
f t l o ksV d ks ; s e g ku qHkko f n u & j kr Hkkj r d s t u r U= d h i g p ku c r kr s
u g ha v ? kkr s o s g h m u j kt u sr kv ksa d k e [ kkSy m M kr s g Sa v kSj v kj ksi y x kr s
g Saf d e k= o ksV d h [ kkf r j ; sj kt u sr k [ kki i j y x ke y x ku sd h n y hy u g ha
l qu r s- t u r U= e sa c g qe r d s f o # ) e qV ~B hHkj y ksx ksa d h c sg wn k c kr D ; ksa l qu h
t k, \ e k= b l f y , f d m u d s g kF k e sa v [ kc kj o V sf y f o t u g Sa\
f t Ug sa i r k u g ha f d x zke h. k Hkkj r d h c qu x r D ; k g S v kSj o s b l s
f d r kc ksa l s g h t ku r s g Sa] m u d k v kj ksi g Sf d [ kki t kV l aL F kk g S- [ kki u
l aL Fkk g Sv kSj u ; g f d l h t kf r f o ' ks" k d h [ kkf l ; r g S- ? kj & i f j o kj d sv i u s
e ke y ksa e sa f c j kn j h d k g h n [ ky j g r k g S- l ks x ks= i ap k; r sa l Hkh t kf r ; ksa e sa
v i u s d qV qEc & d c hy s d s e ke y ksa d ks l qy > ku s d s f y , c SB r h g Sa- t c e ke y k
l k> k x kao d k g ksr ksHkkb Zp kj sd h x qg k. M r F kk r i sd h i ap k; r ksad h f o Q y r k
i j [ kki d ks c qy k; k t kr k g Sf t l e saf d l h t kf r d ks ' kkf e y g ksu s d h e u kg h
d k f j o kt u g ha g S- ; g l k> s d h i ap k; r l o Zt kr h; g S- f Q j ] [ kki d ks t kf r
f o ' ks" k d h l aL F kk c r ku k v kSj b l s n ksg j kr s t ku k D ; k f c u k e d l n g S\ f c u
L o kFkZ c kr d g u s@ d j u s d s g e kj s l sB v kn h u g ha g Sa!
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
60 59
t g ka r d f d l h f o ' ks" k t kf r d ks n c ax b Zc r ku s d k i z' u g S, sl h d kSu
t kf r g St ks v i u h t x g ; k o D r i M +u s i j n c ax b Z u g ha g S\ b l v kj ksi e sa
t kf r } ks" k V i d r k g S- HkSax h v ka[ k l ss l EHko r , sl s y ksx ksa d ks l c d qN g h
m y V ki qy V k f n [ kkb Z i M +r k g S- b l r d Z l s t kf r } s" k d ks g h g o k f e y r h g S-
^v kWu j f d f y ax * d s i z' u i j
x zke h. k Hkkj r d ks y r kM +k t k j g k g Sf d o g > wB h ' kku e sa t h j g k g S-
f t u d k v i u k d ksb Z i f j o kj c p k u g ha] f t u d h v i u h l ar ku l e kt o
l e kt d h o t Zu kv ksa l s v i f j f p r g Sa] v i u h m u c sV h& c sV ksa d h r t Z i j ; s
e g ku qHkko v c n sg kr d h c sf V ; ksa d ks i g y s ; kSu f i i kl k l s x zL r d j d s v c
b Ug sa c hp c kt kj f c d u s d ks r S; kj d j u s d k v f Hk; ku p y k j g s g Sa! m u d k
r d Z g S f d t c m u d h c sV h ; kSu r `" . kk l s x zL r c kt kj d s f y , r S; kj c SB h
g Sa r c x zke h. k > wB h ' kku d h [ kkf r j m u d ks e kj u s i j f d l f y , m r k: g Sa!
b l r j g i z' u d j u s o ky ksa d ks v g l kl g h u g ha g S f d e ke y k x Sj r l s
y c j st d qy c a/ kq& i f j o kj i j v ku s o ky s d y ad d k g S- v kWu j m l h Hkko d k
n wl j k : i g S- d y ad o i zf r " B k d ks t Sl s u x j o kl h n s[ kr s g Sa m l h d ks
x zke h. k D ; ksa v i u k y sa\ D ; k ; g ' kg j hd j . k d k i g y k i kB u g ha g S\
^v kWu j f d f y ax * d s v kj ksi d ks c ; ku d j r s l e ; m B s r d Z d s v u ql kj
; g ka u kSt o ku y M +d h& y M +d ksa e sa ; kSu f o d `f r d s n ks" k r Fkk ' kku d s i z' u
[ kM +s g ksr s g Sa- i g y h c kr ] l e kt e sa v kt Q Sy h ; kSu & f o d `f r d k n ks" k d kSu
y sx k\ r d Zd ksf t l r j g m B k; k x ; k g Sm l l sy x r k g Sf d ; g ka; kSu f o d `f r
d ks e u q" ; d h L o kHkkf o d f x j ko V c r ku s d h p s" V k g S v kSj m l d k n ks" k
l ke kU; O; f D r i j M ky u s d k i z; kl g S- D ; k ; g l g h g S\ n wl j s] ' kku d ks
e u q" ; d h g Y d h& Q qY d h f o d `f r c r ku s d k D ; k v F kZg S\ e u q" ; d k ; g Hkko
g s; v Fko k n j f d u kj d j u s y k; d (disposable) u g ha g h g S] Hky s ; s y ksx
t ks d g sa\ v kWu j ; ku h i f j o kj d h i zf r " B k f d l h f c j y k& V kV k& v Ec ku h
d h l Sal sD l i j f u HkZj ' kku t Sl k y q< d u s o ky k l o ky g S; k f d l h f N u ky
d s e kF ks d k f l an wj g Sf d t c p kg k i ksr f y ; k] t c e u f d ; k i ksaN f y ; k-
v k/ kqf u d r k i zse h ; s y ksx ^^g k] e k] f / kd ** d s l w= l s c a/ kh [ kki i j b u
g R; kv ksa e sa l k> hn kj g ksu s d k v kj ksi y x kr s g Sa- e ka& c ki u s v i u h e sg u r l s
y M +d s& y M +d h d ks f d l d s f y , i ky & i ksl d j c M +k f d ; k g S] D ; k c kt kj d s
f y , \ b l c kr d k t o kc ; s u g ha n sr s- e ka& c ki d k c sV h& c sV s d s l kF k f j ' r s
b r u s { k. kHkax qj u g ha g Sa- u v i u s c Pp ksa d ks c se r y c n q' e u e ku d j g So ku g ks
t kr s g Sa t Sl k v kj ksi g S- D ; k v k/ kqf u d r k i zse h e q r e sa , sl h f p ar k l s l w[ k j g s
g Sa f t u d k f p ar k d j u s e sa u d qN t kr k g S] u f c x M +r k g S!
r d Z g S f d d f Fkr i zse h ; qx y d h j kg e sa e ka& c ki } kj k j ksM +k M ky u s]
i zr kf M r d j u sl sb u y M +d s& y M +f d ; ksad h l af o / kku i zn k t u r kf U= d L o r U= r k
d k g u u g ksr k g S- e ku o v f / kd kj v k; ksx d ks Hkh b u d s g u u i j f p ar k g qb Z
g S- b l t x g , d t qM +k g qv k l o ky g S% y Q ax s v F ko k ; kSu v a/ kr k l s x zf l r
f d Ug ha c he kj y M +d s& y M +f d ; ksa d s v f / kd kj d h f p ar k d s l kF k e ka& c ki : i h
l aL F kk d s v f / kd kj i j v ka[ k c an d j u s d ks r c D ; k e ku k t k, x k\ e ku o ; k
l ao S/ kkf u d v f / kd kj d sv y Ej n kj ksad ksb l d k t o kc n su k g h g ksx k] v kt u g ha
r ks d y - v f / kd kj , d r j Q k o , d kax h / kkj . kk d n kf i u g ha g S-
, d c kr u kj h n sg l s t qM +s e u ksj at u d h l ksp d ks y sd j g S- b l h
l e > d s l kFk ; kSu & L o r U= r k d ks f e y k d j c kr g ksr h g S- ; f n i zt u u
v ax ksa d ks N ksM + n sa] r ks u kj h o i q# " k d s c hp Hksn f d l c kr d k g S\ e u ksj at u
d h c kr p y r s g h u kj h ' kj hj e sa > kad u s d k v FkZ\ - u kj h d s u kp o u Xu
' kj hj e sa e u ksj at u [ kkst u s d h c he kj e ku f l d r k f u i V i wat h d s [ kqy s c kt kj
d h n su g S- ; g d so y i wat h g Sf t l u s u kj h d s x ks' r d ks ^i wat h* d k n t kZf n ; k]
v kSj r d ks f l [ kk; k f d o g b l [ kqy s c kt kj e sa t c , sl h v u e ksy i wat h d h
e kf y d g Sr ksM j u k f d l c kr d k\ b l d sf y , i l an d h L o r U= r k v kSj v i u s
' kj hj d h L o ; ae kf y d g ksu s d h v t c e qf D r p sr u k l s v c ks/ k u kj h d ks l j kc ksj
d j c kt kj e sa Q Sad u s d k l ke ku t qV k; k g S-
f c x M Sy j t o kM +ksa u s b l s v i u ku k v kj EHk f d ; k r ks t u r k u s b l s d Hkh
u g ha L o hd kj k v kSj m u d s i r u d k y { k. k g h e ku k- ; kSu & L o r U= r k d k u kj h
e qf D r l s D ; k r d Zl ax r l Ec a/ k c u r k g S\ ; g L o r U= r k e k= ; kSu c kt kj d k
f u e kZ. k g h d j l d r h g S] t ks ; g d j r h g S- ; f n f o o kg e sa d ksb Z y M +d k ; k
y M +d h x qy ke h n s[ kr s g Sa v kSj v i u s L r j i j o s ' kkn h u g ha d j r s g Sa ; k d ksb Z
y M +d h t u u h u g hac u u k p kg r h r ks m l s d kSu e u k d j r k g S] c ' kr sZl e kt e sa
x an u m aM sy s\ b Ug sa r ks l e kt v ka[ kksa i j c SB kr k g S-
x t +c l ksp g Sf d e ka& c ki d h l ar ku d s b u L o ; aHkwl aj { kd ksa d ks i zse h
; qx y ksa d s , d r j Q k v f / kd kj ksa d h f p ar k [ kwc l r kr h g Sa] f d Ur q t u r kf U= d
[ kki i zFkk e sa y ksx ksa d s l ao S/ kkf u d o e ku o v f / kd kj ksa l s b Ug sa y su k& n su k
u g ha g S- b u d k t u r U= i zse b l h n ksx y h l ksp i j f V d k g S- x zke h. k Hkkj r
d ks b u d k l Un s' k g S% t e ku k c n y p qd k g S] m u d h c sf V ; ka ^v k/ kqf u d *
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
62 61
f ' k{ kk l s y Sl d j n h x b Zg Sa- > wB h ' kku R; kx d j c g r h x ax k e sa g kFk / kksu s e sa
y kHk g h y kHk g S! b u d s m i n s' k ; k f Q j y r kM + d k ; g l kj ka' k g S-
v kWu j f d f y ax d s i z' u i j j kt c y R; kx h u s l V hd c kr d h g S%
e kr k& f i r k] n kn h& n kn k] u ku h& u ku k] v kf n d h I ; kj h l Ur ku b Ug had s f u . kZ;
v kSj l e FkZu l s d Ry d j n h t kr h g S- l e > y sa% t o ku c sV h& c sV s v Fko k
c g u & Hkkb Z d h g R; k ; k v kRe g R; k d s f u . kZ; d h g `n ; f o n kj d i hM +k d h
v u qHkwf r v kl ku u g hag S- x g u # n u d sc kn f o { kksHk d k wj T o ky ke q[ kh Q wV r k
g S- L o ; a d k t hu k g j ke t ku d j g h , sl h g R; k g ksr h g S-
v kWu j f d f y ax v kRe g R; k d k i ; kZ; g S- f ; t u d h g R; k m l d ks
n qHkkZX; d s x r Z e sa t ku s l s c p ko d k v f Ur e m i k; e ku d j d h t kr h g S-
; f n l g e f r & v u qe f r l s f o o kg g ksr k g S r ks l Hkh c sV h& c g u d k f o o kg
v ku Un d kj t d s : i e sa v i u h l ke F; Z l s v f / kd m i g kj n sd j v kSj
O; ; Hkkj m B kr s g q, d j r s g Sa- d ksF ky h] N wN d ] Hkkr v kf n v o l j ksa i j r F kk
g j f e y u i j f c n kb Zn h t kr h g S- e a' kk j g r h g Sf d o g v Hkko d k t ho u u
x qt kj s- v u ql wf p r t kf r d s u kSd j ' kkg ksa j kt u sr kv ksa] m | ksx i f r ; ksa v kf n d s
l kF k l ke kU; t kr i kar d h y M +f d ; ksa u s f o o kg d j d s ? kj c l k j [ kk g Sa- b l
i j f d l h d h g R; k u g ha d h x b Z- i j Ur q] t c d ksb Zc sV h& c g u f d l h c n e k' k]
y Q ax s v F ko k , sl s d e t ksj d s l kF k ^Hkkx r h* g S t ks m l d s l Ee ku d h j { kk
d j u s d h c t k; m l s e k= m i Hkksx d h o L r q e ku d j p y sx k r ks v f HkHkko d
d ks l ksp u k i M +r k g Sf d f t an k j g r s m l d h l ar ku f d / kj t k j g h g Sv F ko k
m l s f d / kj / kd sy k t k j g k g S- y M +d h d e f l u g Sr ks ' u e ku & l Ee ku d k
c u r k g h g S- d e t ksj ksad h d e f l u c sV h& c g u i j g h y qPp s& y Q ax st ky Q Sad u s
d k l kg l d j l d r as g Sa- d e t ksj h d k ; g l f V Zf Q d sV m Ug sa g R; kj k c u d j
Q kal h d s Q an s r d t ku s d ks r S; kj d j r k g S- ; kn j g s f d x zke h. k i f j o s' k e sa
f d l h c sV h& c sV s d s d qd e Z l s f p i d k d y ad d so y e ka& c ki d k j kL r k u g ha
j ksd r k g S] c f Y d l e L ; k v x y h i h< h d s f j ' r ksa r d t kr h g S- n sg kr d ksb Z
t M +f o g hu u x j u g ha g St ks f j ' r ksa d ks f Q t wy d k c ks> e ku d j p y sa- b u d s
t ho u e sa f j ' r ksa d h l e > f e V t k, r ks o s L o ; a f e V t k, ax s--
g j { ks= h; l e kt e saf o o kg d sf y , d qN o f t Zr f j ' r sg Sa- b u l sc sV h& c sV s
y ki j o kg o v u t ku D ; ksa g Sa\ v Q l ksl t r kd j g k] e u kg h d j d se k o f /
kD d kj d j f / kd Hkh f t l d ks j kg sj kL r i j u y k l d s m l L o t u & f i z; t u
d ks d Ry u d j d s v i u s f y , e j k e ku d j R; kx n su k m f p r g S- b l d s f y ,
v f u o k; Zg Sf d Hkkx k g qv k d Hkh y kSV d j l ke u s u v k, - t ks l hu s i j g h e wax
n y sr c D ; k g ks\ , d v kn e h e k= d k g h o kL r k g ksr kso Sj kx h] l U; kl h g ksd j
n sl N ksM +n s- i j Ur q] g e kj k c l k g qv k , d ? kj g ksr k g S( d qV qEc & [ kku n ku r Fkk
t ho u & e j . k e sa l kFk n su s o ky s x ksr h Hkkb Zg ksr s g Sa( v kSj e ke k] Q wQ k] c g u ksb Z]
l ky ksa v kf n d k g j e ku & v i e ku e sa Hkkx hn kj ksa d k Hkj ki wj k i f j o kj g ksr k g S-
l kF k g h L F kku h; l e kt g S- e ke y k O; f D r e k= r d l hf e r u g ha j g r k-
v kl & v kSy kn o ky k i f j o kj x kao d s , d l k> s e kg kSy e sa j g r k g S] l kal y sr k
g S- m l d ks n j f d u kj d j d s e k= g Sd M o c s' ke Z O; f D r f t an k j g l d r k g S-
, sl sr F kkd f F kr i zse h t ksM +se kj st kr sg Sar ksd g hal sf o j ks/ k i zf r f ; k u g ha
Q wV r h- i wj k l e kt g R; kj ksa d k v F ko k l e kt : i h ' kj hj l s m ax y h d ks d kV
n su s o ky ksa d s f r e wd l e FkZu n sr k g S- l e kt e sa O; f Hkp kj d h Hkh l he k, a g Sa-
g al h& f B B kSy h d s Hkh f j ' r s g Sa- e ka] c g u ] c sV h v kf n d ks c sg ks' k] Hk; Hkhr
v F ko k c g y k d j ; kSu l Ec a/ k c u ku s o ky s d ks D ; k c sV s] Hkkb Z] c ki v kf n
^i qj L d kj * n sa\ d ky x Y l Z] i Ru hc n y v kSj f j ' o r e sa f d l h u kj h d k
m i Hkksx f t u d s f y , ^e kM u Z l H; r k* g S] o Ssl s c qf ) t ho h d k Hky k ; g
l e kt D ; k d j sx k\ x zke h. k Hkkj r d s f y , r ks ; s e g k' k; u kd kj k g h g Sa-*
[ kki i j v k{ ksi ksae sag j f n u d qN u ; k t qM +j g k g S- u ; s r d Zi s' k g ks j g s
g S- b u e sa , d f n u Hkzw. kg R; k d k l o ky t qM +k r ks n wl j s f n u x kao e sa O; kI r
O; f Hkp kj d k l o ky u RF kh g qv k- ; g Hkh d g k x ; k f d [ kki ksa d ks i zse h ; qx y ksa
d ksi zr kf M r d j u sd sf l o k v U; l o ky D ; ksaf n [ kkb Zu g han sr s( t c ; g kan g st
d s f y , e f g y kv ksa d ks t y k; k t kr k g S r ks ; s p kS/ kj h p qi j g r s g Sa- ; g Hkh
n ksg j k; k x ; k f d l ke kf t d c qj kb ; ksa d k v Ec kj y x k g S v kSj [ kki d h
l f d z; r k e k= f o o kg r ksM +u s e sa; k i zsf e ; ksad ks l t k n su s r d l hf e r j g r h g S-
[ kt ku s e sa p ksj h d s f y , j ax s g kFk i d M +s t ku s o ky k p ksj ? ksj u s o ky s d ks
d g sf d r qEg kj sn kn k u se sy se sav e qd d h v ax wB h f [ kl d k y h Fkh] r qe D ; k [ kkd
' kkg c u ksx s\ [ kki d s l o ky i j x kao e saO; kI r O; f Hkp kj d k d qr d Zd qN b l h
r t Z d k g S- c g u d s l kF k i zse f o o kg d ks ; g d g d j t k; t u g ha B g j k; k
t k l d r k g Sf d x kao e sa p kp h i j c n p y u h d k v kj ksi g S- l x ks= f o o kg d s
g d e sa c n p y u h d h ; g d ksb Z l ax r i w. kZ n y hy u g ha c u r h g S- c n p y u h
c n p y u h g h g Sm l s l n kp kj d k n t kZ u g ha f n ; k t l l d r k g S-
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e ke y k d so y x ks= l s t qM +k g qv k u g hag S] c kr Hkkb Zp kj s d h Hkh b r u h g h
e g Ro i w. kZg S- x ks= ksad k m n ~x e t ks Hkh j g k] b l e sai ze q[ k r Ro v c Hkkb Zp kj s d k
g St ks O; ki d v F kZj [ kr k g S- c sV h v F ko k c g u l s ' kkn h g ks ; k u g ks] e ke y k
; g g S- b l sl x ks= f o o kg r d l hf e r d j d sd qr d Z? kM +u k c g l e sav l ax r i w. kZ
v kp j . k g ksx k- t ks l x ks= f o o kg e sa g t Zu g ksu s d h c kr d g j g s g Sd y d ks
; f n i f ' p e e sa ; kSu d ks t ho u d k i ze q[ k r Ro e ku u s o ky s e ka& c sV s d s c hp
l Ec a/ k i j g t Z u g ksu s d k r d Z n sa r c D ; k b l s L o hd kj d j f y ; k t ku k
l ax r i w. kZ e ku k t k, x k ; k f o f r d h i zd k" B k\
O; f Hkp kj d s l o ky i j i g y s ; g c r ku k v ko ' ; d g S f d O; f Hkp kj
u x j h; l H; r k d h i ze q[ k n su g S- ; g x kao d k v i u k j ksx u g ha g S- m Ug sa y Ec s
l e ; r d b l j ksx l s c p ku s d k d ke d so y f j ' r ksa d h i f o = r k d s l kF k
Hkkb Zp kj s d h l e > u s f d ; k g S- v c b l j ksx d k l e . k r ho z x f r l s x kao
e saHkh g qv k g S- b l d k J s; i wat h d h c kt kj l ad Y i u k d ks t kr k g Sf t l u s ; kSu
d ks Hkh m | ksx e sa c n y u s d s f y , c sf g l kc i Sj e kj s g Sa- m l h y { ; d ks y sd j
O; f Hkp kj d s l e . k d k i zp . M i z; kl ' kg j h r c d k d j r k v k j g k g S- f t l
d n z v c f j ' r ksa d h i f o = r l e ) e i M +r h t k j g h g Sv kSj Hkkb Zp kj s d h v o /
kkj . kk d e t ksj g ksr h t k j g h g SO; f Hkp kj d ks m l h d n z i u kg f e y u s y x h g S-
; g l c l p g ksr s g q, Hkh n sg kr e sa O; f Hkp kj u x j h; l H; r k l s d g ha d e g S-
; g ka O; f Hkp kj d ks e f g e ke af M r d j u s d h e aM +h r ks d e l s d e u g ha g S-
x kao e sa O; f Hkp kj d s r d Z i j l x ks= f o o kg d ks t k; t B g j ku s o ky h
n y hy c he kj e ku f l d r k d h l wp d g S- O; f Hkp kj ] O; f Hkp kj g h j g sx k] m l s
l ke kU; v kp j . k d h J s. kh u g ha f e y l d r h g S] u b l n y hy i j d ksb Zf d l h
i j c y kRd kj d k v f / kd kj h c u t kr k g S- ; kn d j k n sa%l u ~1 9 9 1 e sa d ksl y h
x ksg ku k d k. M e sa i qf y l d f e Z; ksa d ks c p ku s d s f y , g j ; k. kk d s m l l e ;
x `g e U= h o i qf y l e qf [ k; k u s i hf M +r e f g y kv ksa d s p f j = d ks ' kad k d s ? ksj s e sa
y su s o ky k c ; ku t kj h f d ; k r ks b l i z; kl d k r hc z f o j ks/ k m B k] e ke y s l s
t qM +s , d e a= h d ks p qu ko e sa e qag d h [ kku h i M +h t ks v c Hkkt i k d s , d u sr k
g Sa- y ksx ksa u s r d ZL o hd kj u g ha f d ; k Fkk f d v kSj r d ks t c j u c sb T t r d j u s
d k f d l h d ks v f / kd kj f e y t kr k t c o g L o ; a c n ~p y u d k v kj ksi h g ks-
n wl j k r d Z[ kki ksad s l so k : i d ks y sd j g S- ; g i z. kky h l so k l f e f r ; kas
d h r j g d k l ax B u u g hag S- t ks ; g r d Zn s j g s g Sam u d h [ kki l Ec a/ kh l e >
i j r j l v kr k g Sf d o sb l sf d r u k l e > r sg Sa- b u e sat ksg j ; k. kk l sg Sam u i j
i z' u m B sx k f d o sv i u si zn s' k d ksf d r u k l e > r sg Sa- ; f n l e > r sg q, ; g l c
d g r s g Sa r ks m u d h e a' kk i j ' kad k m x r h g S-
[ kki d k p y u f u / kkZf j r d k; Z{ ks= y sd j g qv k g S] l so k l f e r ; ka v y x
l s d k; Zj r g Sa- l Hkh l Hkh d ke d s f y , u g hag Sa- d ksb Zb f r g kl d ks > qB y ku s i j
r qy t k, r ksm l d ksc r ku sd k v F kZu g hac p r k g S- [ kki ksad sd k; Z{ ks= d ksd ksb Z
e u e ku s< ax l si f j Hkkf " kr u g had j l d r k g S- f t l e r y c d sf y , d ke d j r h
g Sam u e sa; sl n k l f ; j g r h v kb Zg Sa- f Q j t c e ke y k l x ks= f o o kg d k m B k
r ks m Ug sax f y ; ksae sa> kM wn su s d h u l hg r d s i hN s e a' kk [ kksV h g S] / ; ku i y V u s
d h p ky c kt h d s v f r f j D r d qN u g ha g S-
[ kki ksai j u d y h o ke i af Fk; ksad k f o ' ks" k v kj ksi g Sf d m Ug sal x ks= v Fko k
Hkkb Zp kj sd ksr ksM +d j j p k; st k j g sf o o kg ksae san [ ky n su sd sv f r f D r d qN d ke
u g hag St c f d t u t ho u e san wl j h c g qr l e L ; k, ag Sab u i j / ; ku f n ; k t ku k
p kf g , ! b u d h b l / kwr Z f r d M e c kt h i j r j l g h [ kk; k t k l d r k g S- ; g
l o ky ksa l s / ; ku i y V u s d h p ky c kt h g S- b Ug sa ; kn j [ ku k p kf g , f d
x ks= & [ kki ksa d k d k; Z{ ks= g h i kf j p kf j d e ke y s f i u V ku s d k g S-
; g d g u k x y r g Sf d [ kki e k= f o o kg d s l o ky i j l f ; j g r h
g Sa- b u d s b f r g kl i j / ; ku n sa- f Q j ] f o o kg [ kki ksa d k u g ha] x ks= & [ kki d k
n k; j k g S- t ks g ks] f e l ky d s c r kSj ] 7 e kp Z 1 9 1 1 d ks c j ks. kk f t y k j ksg r d
d h , sf r g kf l d e g ki ap k; r d k , t s. M k x ks= f o o kg u g ha] l e kt l q/ kkj d s
2 8 f c an q F ks] g ky kaf d b l e sa t kV l e qn k; l s t qM +s f o f HkUu x ks= ksa d s 5 0 0 0 0
i zf r f u f / k; ksa u s Hkkx f y ; k F kk-- b l d s c kn l s v u sd i ap k; r ksa u s d so y
l ke kf t d l q/ kkj d s l o ky ksai j / ; ku f n ; k] b l b f r g kl d ks v u n s[ kk d j d s
v kj ksi y x ku k u kl e > h v F ko k / kwr Zr r k g h d g h t k; sx h-
v kWu j f d f y ax d s l o ky d ks u kj ho kf n ; ksa u s e f g y k m Ri hM u o u kj h
L o r U= r k d k i z' u c u k; k g St c f d e j u s o ky ksa e sa i q# " k Hkh g Sa! b u d s r d Zl s
/ o u h f u d y r h g Sf d m Ug s u kj h e sa; kSu kp kj (sexuality) Hkj d h f p ar k g St c
f d u kj h d k d k ; kSu i z' u m l d st u u h g ksu sd k g S- ; g l ksp d h e k= f o ` `f r
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d s e ke y ksa e sa c kg j h n [ ky d ks i l an u g ha f d ; k t kr k F kk- j kt k d s n [ ky
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d s r kSj i j m Hkj h- b l s x ks= & [ kki v F ko k [ kki d k Hkkb Zp kj k d g k x ; k
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kku d sU l kSj e x kao e sa g S- b l d s v Ur x Zr e kSt wn k l g kj u i qj ] g j } kj ]
f c t u kSj ] T ; ksf r c k Q wy su x j ] e qj kn kc kn ] e qt Q j u x j ] e sj B ] x kf t ; kc kn ]
c qy Un kg j ] x kSr e c q) u x j ] c kx i r ] i ku hi r ] l ksu hi r ] f g l kj ] j ksg r d ]
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kkg t g ka d s kkl u d ky e sa o l wy h d h n . M kRe d . kky h d s f [ ky kQ
c x k+o r ksa d ks n c ku s e sa kg a kkg d ks l g ; ksx n su s d s d kj . k l kn kr s c kj g d s
f g Un h l S; n ksa d ks l g kj u i qj ] [ kr kSy h , o a l j o V d s i j x u s t kx hj e sa l S; n
e qt Q j [ kkad ks f n ; s- b Ug d s c sV s l S; n b u k; r [ kkau s v i u s o kf y n d s u ke
i j e qt Q j u x j kg j v kc kn f d ; k- e kS[ kj h j kt o a k u s e ks[ kj k j ksg r d l s
kkl u f d ; k- t EHk l af g r k d ks v i u k ke kf . kd x zaF k r L y he d j u s o ky s
f c u ksb Z [ kki d k f t y k T ; ksf r c k Q wy s d h d kaB r g l hy e sa v kt Hkh HkqRo
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v t he qY y k [ kka] j ko l kg c v kSj c ky k l kg c e j kB k] j e t ku c sx v kSj
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b l v f Hk; ku e say x s e hf M ; k d s , d i zHkko h f g L l s v kSj b u d h e n n l s
i u i u s o ky s , d c qf ) t ho h r c d s u s x zke h. k Hkkj r d h l ke kf t d c qu x r d ks
i y V u s d h f t Ee sn kj h L o ; ag h v i u s d a/ aks i j y s y h g Sv kSj , d l r r c sl kal
v f Hk; ku e sa t qV s g q, g Sa- ; s e qB ~B hHkj y ksx l e kt i j t ks l ke kf t d O; o L F kk
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f d Ug h L o kFkksZa d s f y , v ka[ k c an d j d s p y j g s g Sa o g g S, d Hk; ku d i wat h
d h r ku k' kkg h d k Q kf l L V p sg j k-
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n s' k d h ' kg j h v kc kn h d h r g t hc e sa f n y p L i e ksM + g S- b l d s f y , f t l
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i zf r " B k d k d qN b l r j g c kj & c kj i z; ksx g qv k g Sf t l l s ; g ? o f u f u d y
d j N k x b Z g S f d ; g Hkko b l v kc kn h i j c se r y c d k c ks> g S f t l l s
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M ky u s d h d qp s" V k d j s r ks d ku wu m l d k b y kt d j s!
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v kc kn h v i u sf y , x f j e k d h t x g c sl wn r y k' k d j r h j g h] m l d h u kSt o ku
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b l v f Hk; ku d h , d f o M Ec u k g S( ; ss y ksx t u r U= d ks v i u s g h j ax
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, d i wj k l e qn k; L o t u ksa d h i f j Hkk" kk m u d ss d g u s i j c n y u ss d ks D ; ksa
r S; kj u g ha g S- v i u h r kd r d k u ' kk b l d n z g S f d ; s y ksx i wj s l e qn k;
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, sl s e sa d kSu t u r U= v kSj f d l d ku wu d s j kt d h c kr g ks j g h g S- ; g Hkh
l EHko g Sf d b u d k i wo kZx zg h n EHk b Ug sa n wl j ksa d s f y , t ho u ' kSy h f u / kkZf j r
d j u s d ks m d l k j g k g ks- m u d k v kx zg g S f d n s' k d ks g kad u s d k v o l j
t c g kF k y x k g qv k g S] r c m u d h n h g qb Z i f j Hkk" kk d ks l c i j y kn u k g h
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t u r U= d h v kRe k c r k j g s g aS- b l s d c wy u g ha f d ; k t k l d r k g S-
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j g s r ks i f j o kj d h d Y i u k , d f e u V e sa / kj k' kk; h g ksx h] b l r F ; l s l Hkh
f o o sd h i f j f p r g Sa- y sf d u v f Hk; ku e sa t qV s c qf ) t ho h v u t ku c u s g q, g Sa!
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l s i g y s r d - f d Ur q m l d h ; g L o k; r r k v k/ kqf u d r k i zsf e ; ksa d ks Q wV h
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d g ko r g Sf d d qks d ks x ky h n ks v kSj x ksy h l s m M kv ks!
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x zke h. k Hkkj r d h ; g d qV qEc & i f j o kj u ke d l aL F kk v c t t Zj v o L F kk
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t c r d ? kj & i f j o kj d k c p ko Hkkb Zp kj s d h i ap k; r sa d j r h g Sa] r c r d o g
l kal y s j g k g S- ; g h d kj . k g Sf d b l v f Hk; ku d k y { ; l h/ ks i f j o kj i j
f u ' kku k u l k/ k d j Hkkb Zp kj s d h v o / kkj . kk r F kk Hkkb Zp kj s d h i j Ei j kv ksa d ks
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d k; n s l s e ka& c ki ] n kn k& n kn h v i u h v kSy kn l s Q ky r w d j f n ; s x , g Sa-
v l g k; O; f D r o v l g k; i f j o kj g h o g v kn ' kZ f L F kf r g Sf t l d s c y c wr s
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v i f j o r Zu h; (irreversible) c u ku sd h [ kkf r j x zke h. k Hkkj r d s' kg j hd j . k
d k y { ; ? kksf " kr g S- ; g h f p = g ksx k ' kg j h c u u s d k!
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c sg r j d y d s f y , i z; kl d h v kl t x kr h g S- ; g h t ho u g S- f d Ur q ; g
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f o o kn f u i V ku s l s Hky k i j s' kku g ksu s d k d kSu ] D ; k l e qf p r d kj . k g ks l d r k
g S\ b u l c l o ky ksa i j l e kt e sa v c e aF ku g ks r kf d f o o sd e kj u [ kk, -
l o ky ksa d h x g j kb Z e sa u t kd j y kaN u d ks n ksg j kr s t ku s o ky k ; g
, d r j Q k v f Hk; ku d k : i y s p qd k g S f t l d h l ke kU; r % v [ kc kj h t x r
l s m Ee hn u g ha d h t kr h- g j f n u r d Z c n y r s g Sa- f n Y y h v kb Z-v kb Z-V h d h
f d Ug ha e f g y k u s v c Hkzw. kg R; k l s y M +f d ; ksa d h g j ; k. kk e sa d e g ksr h
l a[ ; k d s l Un HkZe sa f d l h Hkh y M +d h l s ^i zse * d h y y d d ks t k; t B g j k; k
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
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v { ke ; c u t kr k g S\ b l r d Z i j p ksj h d j u k Hkh v i j k/ k u g ksd j O; f D r
; ku h p ksj d h O; f D r & L o r U= r k d k e ke y k c u t k, x k v kSj m l s j ksd u s d k
i z; kl e ku o kf / kd kj d k g u u g ksx k- l af o / kku e sa e kSf y d v f / kd kj ksa d h , sl h
l e > HkSax h g h e ku h t k, x h t ks o kd ~i V qr k l s f d l h r j g c sg r j u g ha-
f o f / kf o K ku l e kt d sj hf r & f j o kT kksad h v u n s[ kh d j u sd h l y kg u g ha
n sr k g S- n sx k r ks v u FkZd s c ht c ks n sx k- v ax zst ksa u s t u t kf r ; ksa d s i zHkko { ks=
e sa , sl k i z; kl f d ; k r ks , sl h r h[ kh c x ko r d k l ke u k g qv k f d l e > kSr k
d j d s i hN k N qM k; k x ; k F kk- b f r g kl d ks Hkqy ku s d s v i u s [ kr j s g Sa-
f g an q f o o kg v f / kf u ; e
i zse i zl ax d s l Un HkZ e sa l x ks= f o o kg o Hkkb Zp kj s d k m y a? ku d j d s
' kkn h j p ku s o ky s ; s n ks r j g d s e ke y s m B s g Sa- l x ks= f o o kg d s l Un HkZe saf g an q
f o o kg v f / kf u ; e ] 1 9 5 5 & 6 f o o kn e sav k; k g S- x zke h. k Hkkj r d sc g qr c M +s{ ks=
e sa l x ks= f o o kg d ks e kU; r k u g ha g S- b l r F ; d ks ; g d ku wu L o hd kj r k
g S v kSj l kF k g h l x ks= f o o kg d k t g ka f j o kt g S m l s e kU; r k n h g S-
y sf d u p ky kd h c j r h x b Z g S- b l l Un HkZ d ks n s[ k y sr s g Sa-
l e kt e sa Hkkb Zp kj s d s c hp ' kkn h& f o o kg d k f j ' r k o f t Zr { ks= g S-
b l l ke kf t d e kU; r k d ks j ksd u s ; k f u ; af = r d j u s o ky k v c r d d ksb Z
d ku wu u g ha g S- t c d g ha , sl k i z; kl g ksx k m l s b f r g kl d k d wM +kn ku n s[ k
y sx k- t Sl k i g y s n s[ kk] ; g d `f " kd e Zl s t qM +k e ke y k g S- x kao d h c l kg r g h
b l e kU; r k i j g qb ZFkh] b f r g kl e sax kao d ksf d l h i z/ kku e U= h u su g hac l k; k]
t Sl k ; kst u k c u k d j i z; kl v c m l s m t kM +u s d k g ks j g k g S] g ky kaf d ] , sl k
d j u s d k Q r o kg y ksx ksa u s d Hkh f d l h p qu ko e sa u g ha f n ; k!
d y r d t ks c g u F kh m l s c ho h L o hd kj d j u k v F ko k Hkkb Zd ks l ky k
e ku u k d g had c wy u g hag S- e ka] p kp h& r kb Zd s' kCn l kl l sv y x g Sa- v f / kd r j
{ ks= Hkkb Zp kj s d h b l e kU; r k i j f V d k g S] f t l s x kao d k x ao k: i u c r k
d j v c g e y k g qv k g S- ; f n ; g x o ka: i u g Sr ks x zke h. k Hkkj r d ks v i u s b l
x o ka: i u i j u kt +g h g ksx k- f d l h d ks ^d ku wu h v F ko k l ao S/ kkf u d * g d u g ha
g S] u g ks l d r k g S f d x zke h. k Hkkj r i j o g v i u k e r t c j u F kksai s- d Hkh
i z; kl g qv k r ks ; g c x ko r d k f u e U= . k g ksx k] D ; ksaf d v i u s v f L r Ro d h
v k[ kj h y M +kb Z g j t ho y M +r k g S& g kj s ; k t hr s! !
g Sv kSj [ kki ksad h i zkl af x d r k d ksu d kj k g S- b l r d Zd ksu ke h i = d kj e `. kky
i kaM s u s Hkh r qj Ur > i V f y ; k n Sf u d t u l kk 2 7 -6 -1 0 - i f j o kj f u ; kst u d s
c sg wn k v f Hk; ku d s f g e k; r h j g s ; s i = d kj c a/ kq d Sl s Hkwy x , f d y M +f d ; ksa
d h l a[ ; k d ks ^Q ky r wt u l a[ ; k* d s r d Zg hu i zp kj u s l e kt d ks b l t x g
i g qap k; k g S- b l d s f y , v c [ kki D ; k d j sx ha\
l p g Sf d d qN x ks= f o o kg l Ec a/ kh f o o kn ksa e sa n q%[ kn k; h f L F kf r c u h-
b u l s f u i V u s e sa L o ; a x zke h. k l e kt l { ke j g k g S- , sl s i z; kl Hkh g q, g Sa-
p waf d l e kt d s , sl s e ke y ksa e sa l q/ kkj d h e qf g e / khe h x f r l s p y r h g Sv kSj
u ; h j hr M ky u s e sa l e ; y x r k g S] r Hkh o g f j o kt c u r k g S- b l f y , ] b u
i z; kl ksa d s c ko t wn l Ec af / kr f c j kn j h e sa d qN sd f o o kn c hr s f n u ksa m Hkj d j
v k, - r c Hkh] b u r Ro ksa u s b l s r wy n sd j v i u k v f Hk; ku p y ku s d k v PN k
v o l j l e > k g Sv kSj [ kki ksa d ks n s' kc n j d j u s d h e kax m B kb Z-
l EHko r % g e kj s ; s f o } ku p kg r s g Sa f d d ksb Z i f j o kj ] x kao ; k [ kki d s
y ksx v i u s v kUr f j d f o o kn v ki l e sa f e y & c SB d j l qy > ku s d h i f j i kV h
N ksM + d j d so y v n ky r ksa d k # [ k d j saA- , sl h O; o L Fkk y kn u k i wj s x zke h. k
l e kt d s l kFk T ; kn r h g ksx h v kSj x Sj t u r kf U= d HkhA- y ksx ksa d ks v i u h
v u kSi p kf j d O; o L F kkv ksa l s e g : e d j u k m u d s l kF k c M +k v U; k; g ksx k-
n s[ k& l qu d j d qN g Sj ku h u g ha g qb Z f d v u sd d f Fkr c qf ) t ho h v kSj
i = d kj [ kki O; o L F kk i j v i u s v Y i K ku d s p y r s c sf l j i Sj d s v k{ ksi y x k
d j d ksb Z b l s l ad h. kZ e ku f l d r k d h f u ' kku h c r k j g k g S r ks d qN l ke ar h
x o ak: i u ! b l l s i < s& f y [ ks g ksu s r F kk v k/ kqf u d r k d s L o ; aHkwi z. ksr k g ksu s d k
b u d k n EHk n s[ kr s c u r k g S- ; s y ksx v i u s d ks ^O; f D r L o r U= r k* d k c M +k
v y Ec j n kj c r k d j ; g i ki d j j g s g Sa- f d Ur qv u t ku s g h l g h] m u d h ; g
c kr b Ug sa ? kksj O; f D r o kn d k f g e k; r h c u k n sr h g S- d g sa u d g sa ; g d so y
i wat ho kn d h l h/ kh o d ky r g S!
f i N y s d qN l ky ksal s l e x ks= v Fko k i M kSl d h y M +d h l s c y kRd kj o
f o o kg j p ku s d h ? kV u kv ksa e sa m N ky v k; k g S- i M kSl d h y M f d ; ksa d ks Hkx k
y s t ku s o f o o kg l Ec a/ kh l ke kf t d o t Zu kv ksa d ks y ka? ku s d h u kSt o ku ksa e sa
y Ei V i zo `f r c < h g S- , sl h v ki j kf / kd g j d r ksa d ks l g kj k n su k v i j k/ k d ks
c < ko k n su s t Sl k d qd e Z g S- D ; k f d Ug ha f c x M S+y y M d s& y M f d ; ksa d s , sl s
v kp j . k d ks O; f D r d h L o r U= r k d k u ke f n ; k t k l d r k g S o v i j k/ k
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
91 92
l ke kf t d f j ' r s j kr ksasaj kr u g ha c n y r s g Sa- f o o kg d h i f j i kV h e sa f u f g r
l ke kf t d e kU; r k d s l kF k j kx kRe d l Ec a/ k i ze q[ k o `f r g S] b l l ss t ho u
i ; ZUr d k f j ' r k c u r k g S- c kt k: ; kSu l Ec a/ k v kSj u L y o `f ) o ky ssL o kHkkf o d
i zo `f r d ks l aL F kkx r v k/ kkj n su s o ky s f o o kg e sa v Ur j d ks Hkqy k d j ; k i n kZ
M ky d j t ks L ; ku s Hkkb Zp kj s d h l e > d ks f Q t wy d k c ks> c r k d j x zke h. k
Hkkj r i j r ksg e r y x k j g s g Sa m u d h e a' kk e sa [ kksV g S-
f o o kg d k c n y r k L o : i
; g ka c kr m u d h u g ha g S t ks / ku v kSj / ku d s l kFk t qM +h ' kksg j r g sr q
f o o kg l Ec a/ k d ksc r kSj l h< h i z; ksx d j u sy x sg Sa- v ke v kn e h o / ku o ku ksad h
f u x kg e saf o o kg d k v F kZv y x g S- m u d sf o o kg ] f o o kg u g hag Sf t l d k o kL r k
v ke v kn e h l s g Sv kSj f t l i j g e y k b l p p kZ d k f o " k; g S-
/ ku o ku r c d s d s f y , f o o kg l Ec a/ k # r c k c < ku s e k= d k v kSt kj g S-
b l d s f y , f d l h t kf r ] / ke Z& i aF k v F ko k j hf r & f j o kt d h e kU; r k j kg d h
# d ko V g S- b u e sa ; kSu l Ec a/ k L Fkkb Zi zd `f r d s u g ha j g r s- ' kkn h v kt g S] d y
t : j r d sl Un HkZe san wl j k ? kj r kd r sj g r sg Sa- r y kd d h v kl ku l qf o / kk d k
v F kZ ; g h g S- ; g ka f o o kg e sa f u f g r j kx kRe d l Ec a/ k d k d qN e ksy u g ha g S-
y sf d u v ke v kn e h d k ? kj & i f j o kj v F ko k d qV qEc & d c hy k b l r j g u g ha
p y r k g S- v r %f o o kg ; k ; kSu f ; k d k ' kg j h o x zke h. k l H; r kv ksa d s f y ,
v F kZv y x v y x g ks x ; k g S] f t l s t ks i l an N kaV y s! y sf d u ] ; g Hkh l e >
y sa f d N kaV d h i f j . kf r l o ZFkk v y x & v y x g ks d j j g sx h-
Hkkj r e sa f o o kg d ks f u ; f U= r d j u s d s d ku wu g Sa- d qN v ax zst ksa u s c u k, ]
d qN 1 9 4 7 d s c kn c u s- b u e sa f g an q f o o kg v f / kf u ; e i ze q[ k g Sr kt k f o o kn
d s l Un HkZ e sa b l d ku wu e sa l a' kks/ ku d k i z' u Hkh m B k g S- ; g d ku wu l f i aM
f o o kg d ks x Sj & d ku wu h e ku r k g S- b l d h / kkj k 3 d h m i & / kkj k (i) o (ii) e s a
i qj [ kksa d s x ks= l s o e kr k] n kn h v kSj u ku h d s x ks= l s r Fkk m i & / kkj k (g)
e sa p kp k] c qv k] e ke k o e kSl h d h l ar ku l s f o o kg l f i aM e ku d j f u f " k) g Sa-
/ kkj k 5 e sa d qN , sl h f L F kf r ; ksa d k m Y y s[ k Hkh g Sf t u d s d kj . k f d Ug ha
d s c hp ' kkn h u g hag ks l d r h g Sf t u e sa] v U; d s v f r f j D r ] l ar ku m Ri f Rr d s
; ksX; u g ksu k f x u k; k g S- v F kkZr e ku k x ; k g Sf d ; kSu l Ec a/ k d k v F kZl ar ku
m Ri f k g S] e u ksj at u u g ha] f t l d s f y , ' kkn h j p h t kr h g S- ; g l ke kf t d
f ; k g S t ks f d l h l af o / ku d h e ksg r kt u g ha g S- j Su c l sj s o ky s l Ec a/ k d k
b l l s d qN e r y c u g ha g S- d ku wu e sa m D r m Y y s[ k d k ; g h v FkZ c u r k g S-
f Q j ] b l h d ku wu d h / kkj k 5 d h m i / kkj k (iv) e sa ; g Hkh d g k x ; k g S
f d n ksu ksa i { kksa d s l f i aM g ksr s g q, Hkh] ; f n b u d s l ke kf t d j hf r & f j o kt
v kK k i zn ku d j r s g ksa r ks , sl s f d l h n ks e sa ' kkn h g ks l d r h g S- b l i zko / kku
d k , d v F kZ ; g g S f d d ku wu , d e ke y s e sa f d l h l e kt f o ' ks" k d h
i j Ei j kv ksa o j hf r & f j o kt d ks t x g n sr k g S- y sf d u ] n wl j s c M +s { ks= d h
l ke kf t d i j Ei j kv ksa o j hf r & f j o kt d ks j kSan r k g S- ; g d ku wu d g r k g Sf d
Hkkb Zd h f o / ko k l s' kkn h ; ku h d j si k x Sj & d ku wu h g S] l x ks= f o o kg d ksL i " V r %
f u f " k) u g had j r k g S] u Hkkb Zp kj sd h i j Ei j k d ksL o hd kj r k g S! b l l s; g Hkko
[ kM +k g ksr k g Sf d b l d ku wu d ks c u ku s d h e a' kk B hd u g ha F kh-
, d i z' u i wN f y ; k t ku k p kf g , %L o N an i zse v kSj ; kSu f ; k d ksO; f D r
d h l ao S/ kkf u d L o r U= r k d k n t kZn sd j c kr d j u so ky sc r k, af d m D r d ku wu
d h b u n ks c kr ksa i j m u d k D ; k d g u k g Sf d ; g i j Ei j k d ks e kU; r k n sr k
g Sv kSj ; kSu f ; k d ks l ar ku m Ri f Rr d s f y , f o o kg d ks L o hd j r k g Sf d l h
e u ksj at u d s f y , ; kSu f ; k d ks L o hd kj u g ha d j r k- n wl j s] ; g d ku wu
L o N an r k d h t x g f u ; U= . k d k i z; kl g St ks m u d h L o N an L o r U= r k d h /
kkj . kk l s m y V i M +r k g S- r c ] m Ug sa 1 9 5 6 d s c kn l s b l d k f o j ks/ k d j u s d h
l w> D ; ksa u g ha v kb Zv c ^i zse h ; qx y * o ky s r kt k f o o kn m Hkj u s d s c kn g h ; s
l c o S/ kkf u d y t y wy r d Z l e > e sa d Sl s v k x , g Sa\ -
l af o / kku o d ku wu g j f n u c n y s t kr s g SA- l e kt d h e kU; r k, a v i u h
v Ur j f u f g r i zf ; k l s c n y r h g Sa] f d l h d s n c ko e sa t c b Ug sa c n y k t kr k
g Sr ks f o L Q ksV d h l ke x zh g h r S; kj g ksr h g S- v ax zst ksa u s b l ss c M +h d he r n sd j
l e > k Fkk t c v kf n o kl h { ks= ksa e sa m u d h l aL f r o t ho u ' kSy h d ks i y V u s
d k i z; kl f d ; k v kSj c qj h r j g e kr [ kkb Z- ; kn j g s] v ki kr d ky d sn kSj ku t c
i f r & i Ru h d s c hp j kx kRe d l Ec a/ kksa i j t c j u u l c an h F kkSai h x b Z m l d k
i f j . kke Hkkj h t u f o { kksHk e sa c n y x ; k F kk-
o r Ze ku kkn h& f o o kg d k d ku wu ] ; f n f o o kg l Ec a/ kh i j Ei j kv ksa ; ku h
(customs) d h v u n s[ kh d j r k g Sr ksv ksPN k g S] m l sc n y u sd h v ko ' ; d r k
g S- d ku wu d s e qr kf c d i j Ei j kv ksa d ks c n y u s d k v kx zg d qaB kx zL r i zL r ko
g S- ; g c sf l j i Sj d k v kx zg g S- f d l h t ho Ur l e kt e sa ; g u g ha p y r k g S-
l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @ l ke kft d c q u x r e s a [ kki @
93 94
' kkn h& f o o kg i g y s Hkh g ksr s F ks] v c x kao ; k Hkkb Zp kj s d s x qg k. M e sa
f o o kg d j u s d s f d l h n qj kx zg d k d qN l ar ks" kt u d d kj . k u g ha g S] t g ka
Hkkb Zp kj s d h e kU; r k d s p y r s x kao d h c sV h l c d h c g u ; k c sV h d k
r d Zl ax r v k/ kkj m l sf V d k c u kr k g S- ; g e kU; r k u c p sr ksd `f " kd e Zp ksi V
g kst k, x k- [ ksr & [ kf y g ku e sa[ kqy ki u o f u HkZ; ? kwe u k& f Q j u k b l c g u & c sV h
d h i j Ei j k i j f V d k g S- ; g i j Ei j k m u d h l qj { kk d k d o p g S-
c g u ; k c sV h d s l kF k f o o kg d h o d ky r c sg wn k r d Zo c he kj l ksp g S-
b l e sa f d l h r j g d s e ku o kf / kd kj d k n [ ky u g ha g ks l d r k g S- b l e kU; r k
d ks r ksM +u s v Fko k e f y ; ke sV d j u s e sa D ; k v k/ kqf u d r k g S] l e > l s c kg j d h
c kr g S- b l e kU; r k d s m y V v kp j . k d ks f d l h d k g d u g ha c r k; k t k
l d r k g S] u ; g d Hkh O; f D r L o r U= r k d k l o ky g h c u l d r k g S- d ksb Z
d ku wu d g s r c Hkh u g ha- , sl s f o f / kf o K ku d k r Ro f d l h d s i kl g S r ks
[ kqy d j c r k, v kSj l ke kf t d f j ' r k d k; e j [ k d j f n [ kk, -
v f / kd l s v f / kd / ku d e ku s g sr q l j e k; sn kj ksa } kj k c Pp ksa e sa ; kSu
f i i kl k d ks m d l k d j f t l t g j d ks ? kksy k t k j g k g S] m l d k f o j ks/ k u
d j d s t ks c qf ) t ho h c a/ kq v c b l s y M +f d ; ksa d h d e g ksr h l a[ ; k d k j kx
v y ki u s y x s g Sa m Ug sa l e > u k p kf g , f d ; g p ky kd h l e kt d ks d g ka y s
t kd j N ksM +sx h\ t u l a[ ; k d ks t c d aV ksy d j u s d k r wQ ku h v f Hk; ku p y k
F kk r c l kQ F kk f d b l l s e u q" ; d k v e wY ; u g ksx k- ; g g qv k- b l
v e wY ; u d h e kj y M f d ; ksa d h ? kV r h l a[ ; k d k d kj . k g S- v c y M +d ksa e sa
j kg p y r s ^i zse * d h y y d d ks e kax & v ki wf r Z d s f u ; e i j r ksy u k e g k
p ky kd h o l e kt d s l kF k / kks[ kk g S-
l ke kf t d o t Zu kv ksad kse ku d j p y u sl sl ke kf t d r ku kc ku k d g haV wV
d j u g ha f x j i M +k F kk f d b Ug sa y ka? ku s d h v ko ' ; d r k v k [ kM +h g ks v kSj
p kp k& r k o Hkkb Z& Hkr ht s d h y M +d h d ks Hkx k y s t ku s v F ko k kkn h d j u s
d h e t c wj h [ kM +h g ks p y h g ks- , sl k d qN u g ha g S] ; g e k= y Ei V p f j = d h
o d ky r B g j r h g S- , sl se saf t u l sl e kt d ksj kg f n [ kku sd h v kl g kso se f y u
v kp j . k d s c p ko d h o d ky r d j sa r ks n q[ kn f L Fkf r g S-
D ; k b l s u kSt o ku h d k e k= y Ei V v kp j . k e ku d j g kF k / kks f y ; k
t k, \ e ke y k b r u k l i kV u g ha g S- ; g f x j ko V x zke h. k l e kt e sa f j ' r ksa
d h V wV u d kst kf g j d j r h g St kso " kZ1 9 4 8 e saN sM +sx , m l v f Hk; ku d k Q y
g Sf t l d k f t l af o / kku d k i zk: i i s' k d j r s g q, c [ kku g qv k F kk] y sf d u
m f p r u ksf V l u g ha f y ; k- ; g m l p j e o L o kF khZO; f D r o kn d h i f j . kf r g S-
b l i g y wd ksv u n s[ kk d j u sd sv i u s[ kr j sg Saf t u d k [ kf e ; kt k l e kt v c
Hkqx r u s d ks v f Hk' kI r f n [ kkb Z i M +r k g S-
fNM+s xg;) dk psgjk%
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Theodore Roosevelt on Americas own disposable Indians and their Land
Theodore Roosevelt, Chapter I: Ranching in the Bad Lands, Hunting
Trips of a Ranchman, 1885
I suppose I should be ashamed to say that I take the Western view of the
Indian. I dont go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead
Indians, but I believe nine out of every ten are, and I shouldnt like to
inquire too closely into the case of the tenth. The most vicious cowboy has
more moral principle than the average Indian. Turn three hundred low families
of New York into New Jersey, support them for fifty years in vicious idleness,
and you will have some idea of what the Indians are. Reckless, revengeful,
fiendishly cruel, they rob and murder, not the cowboys, who can take care
of themselves, but the defenseless, lone settlers on the plains. As for the
soldiers, an Indian chief once asked Sheridan for a cannon. What! Do you
want to kill my soldiers with it? asked the general. No, replied the chief,
want to kill the cowboy; kill soldier with a club.
Theodore Roosevelt, speech, January 1886
Robs comment:
Roosevelts The Winning of the West contains several false or unsupported
claims. Among them:
That the US was generous to the Indians, paying them many times what
their land was worth.
That the Indians broke as many treaties as the white men did.
That they broke treaties at all without provocation.
That just and honorable nations can operate by breaking treaties whenever
they choose.
That international law and morality dont apply to indigenous people.
His claim in Hunting Trips of a Ranchman is also problematical. The
western (i.e. Plains) Indians may have been nomadic, but what about all
the Indians west of the Rockies and east of the Mississippi? What is
Roosevelts rationale for taking their land?
In Hunting Trips Roosevelt doesnt offer a rationale, but you can imagine
what hed say. He made it clear in The Winning of the West that any excuse
would suffice. If the Indians were nomadic, they didnt own the land. If
they were settled, they didnt deserve the land. If they signed treaties
giving them legal ownership, the US had the right to abrogate the treaties
whenever circumstances change