Strains

(2-D deformation -plane strain)

undeformed body
deformed body
dx
dy
ds
x
ds
y
xy
normal
strains
x
xx
y
yy
ds dx
e
dx
ds dy
e
dy

=
x
y
engineering
shear strain
2
xy xy

=
tensor
shear strain 2
xy
xy
e

=
undeformed body
deformed body
state of strain (plane strain)
| |
xx xy
yx yy
e e
e
e e
(
=
(

dn
ds
n
{ }
x y
n n = n
2 2
2
nn xx x yy y xy x y
e e n e n e n n = + +
n
nn
ds dn
e
dn

=
x
y
undeformed body
deformed body
dn
ds
n
{ }
x y
n n = n
x
y
dt
{ }
x y
t t = t
ds
t

nt
1
2 2 2
nt
nt nt
e


| |
= =
|
\ .
( )
nt xx x x yy y y
xy x y y x
e e n t e n t
e n t n t
= +
+ +
dx
dy
dz
ds
x
ds
y
ds
z

xy

xz

yz
undeformed body
deformed body
3-D strains
state of strain
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
zx zy zz
e e e
e e e
e e e
(
(
(
(

3-D Strain transformation relations
2 2 2
2
2
2
nn xx x yy y zz z
xy x y
xz x z
yz y z
e e n e n e n
e n n
e n n
e n n
= + +
+
+
+
( )
( )
( )
nt xx x x yy y y zz z z
xy x y y x
xz x z z x
yz y z z y
e e n t e n t e n t
e n t n t
e n t n t
e n t n t
= + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
or
{ }| |{ }
T
nn
e n e n =
{ }| |{ } { }| |{ }
T T
nt
e n e t t e n = =
nn nt nv x y z xx xy xz x x x
tn tt tv x y z yx yy yz y y y
vn vt vv x y z zx y zz z z z
e e e n n n e e e n t v
e e e t t t e e e n t v
e e e v v v e e e n t v
( (
( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (
( (
( (


or
| | | | | || |
T
e l e l

=
Strains and displacement gradients
(2-D deformation - plane strain)
undeformed body
deformed body
(x,y)
( ) ( ) ( )
, , ,
x x y y
x y u x y u x y = + u e e
x
e
y
e
u(x,y) . displacement vector
dx
dy
u
x
dx
u
x
x
u
dx
x

ds
x
u
y
y
u
dx
x

2
2
2
2 . . 1 2
y
x
x
xx
x x
x
u
u
dx dx dx
x x
ds dx
e
dx dx
u u
dx dx H OT dx dx dx
u
x x
dx dx x

| |
| |
+ +
| |

\ .
\ .
= =

+ + +


=

tan
y
y
x
u
dx
u
x
u
x
dx dx
x

dx
dy
x
u
dy
y

ds
y
u
y

u
y
dy
y
u
dy
y

x
u

1 2
y
y y
yy
u
dy dy
ds dy u
y
e
dy dy y

= =

tan
x
u
y

xy
( )
1 1
2 2 2
1
2
xy xy
y
x
e
u
u
y x

| |
= = +
|
\ .

| |
= +
|

\ .
2-D deformation strain displacement relations
1
2
x
xx
y
yy
y
x
xy
u
e
x
u
e
y
u
u
e
y x

| |
= +
|

\ .
3-D deformation strain displacement relations
, ,
1
2
1
2
1
2
y
x z
xx yy zz
y
x
xy
x z
xz
y
z
yz
u
u u
e e e
x y z
u
u
e
y x
u u
e
z x
u
u
e
z y

= = =

| |
= +
|

\ .

| |
= +
|

\ .

| |
= +
|

\ .
Remarks on Finite Strains
Normal Strain
2 2
2
2
2
n n
nn
n
n n n n
n n
n n
nn
n
dS ds
E
ds
dS ds dS ds
ds ds
dS ds
e
ds

=
+
=

=
Shear Strain
1
1 2 1 2 sin
2 2
1
2 2 2
nt nn tt nt
nt
nt nt
E E E
e

| |
= + +
|
\ .
| |
= =
|
\ .
n
ds
t
ds
n
dS
t
dS
nt

for small strains

for small strains
Strain-Displacement relations
1
2
y y y
x x x z z
xy
u u u
u u u u u
E
y x x y x y x y

| |
= + + + +
|

\ .
etc.
non-linear
Transformations
( )
( )
( )
nt xx x x yy y y zz z z
xy x y y x
xz x z z x
zy z y y z
E E n t E n t E n t
E n t n t
E n t n t
E n t n t
= + +
+ +
+ +
+ +